text:
Armenia–Turkey relations
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Armenia–Turkey relations

Armenia

Turkey
Armenia–Turkey relations are very limited.[1] Turkey recognized the modern Republic of Armenia shortly after the latter gained independence in 1991, but the two countries failed to establish formal diplomatic relations. In 1993 Turkey reacted to the war in Nagarno-Karabakh by closing its border with Armenia out of support for Azerbaijan.
In 2009, following Turkish president Abdullah Gül's visit to Armenia in 2008, a provisional roadmap for normalizing diplomatic ties was announced.[2][3][4] However, in the following year, due to intense internal pressure on both sides, and disagreements between the two countries, the diplomatic thaw came to a close.[5][6]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Turkic migration to Anatolia from Central Asia, and the rise of empire
1.2 Armenian–Turkish relations during the decline of the Ottoman Empire
1.2.1 Hamidian rule
1.2.2 The Armenian national movement
1.2.3 The Armenian Genocide
1.2.4 Democratic Republic of Armenia
1.3 The interwar period, and the Soviet era
1.3.1 Capital tax and Aşkale
1.3.2 Istanbul Pogrom
1.3.3 Paramilitary activity
2 Modern relations
2.1 Armenian independence 1991
2.2 Diplomatic freeze
2.2.1 Nagorno-Karabakh War
2.2.2 United Nations Security Council Resolution 822
2.2.3 Ongoing blockade
2.2.4 Metsamor re-commissioning
2.2.5 Elie Wiesel affirmation of the Armenian Genocide
2.2.6 Metsamor deadline
2.2.7 Turkish-Armenian Reconciliation Commission
2.2.8 AK Party comes to power in Turkey
2.2.9 The issue of Turkey′s accession to EU
2.2.10 Proposed joint historical commission on events of 1915
2.3 Post-2007 diplomatic thaw
2.3.1 Hrant Dink assassination
2.3.2 Nobel Laureate genocide re-affirmation
2.3.3 Metsamor replacement
2.3.4 2008 Armenian Genocide Remembrance Day
2.3.5 2008–2009 Georgia–Russia crisis
2.4 Attempted rapprochement
2.4.1 Turkish Presidential visit to Armenia and subsequent negotiations
2.4.2 Announcement of provisional roadmap and reactions
2.4.3 United States statements on Armenian Remembrance Day
2.4.4 2009 Turkish Presidential visit to Azerbaijan and Russia
2.4.5 2009 signing of accord
2.4.6 Suspension of the ratification process
2.5 Events after the failed thaw
2.5.1 Possible territorial claims by Armenia
2.5.2 Since 2015
3 Outstanding issues
3.1 Armenian Genocide denial
3.2 Border dispute
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
Turkic migration to Anatolia from Central Asia, and the rise of empire[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (October 2007)
Further information: History of Anatolia and Turkic migration
In the 10th century, certain Turkic tribes, traditionally agrarian nomads of the Pontic Steppe and Central Asia, began moving westward towards the Middle East and Anatolia, encroaching upon indigenous local populations that included Armenians, Kurds, Assyrians, and Greeks. In 1071, at the Battle of Manzikert, a city in Byzantine-controlled Eastern Anatolia, the Seljuk Turks routed the Byzantine armies and captured the Byzantine emperor. In the resulting chaos, the Turks easily overran much of the Byzantine empire and, despite Byzantine reconquests and occasional western incursions in the form of crusading armies, a series of Turkish states were established in Anatolia. These Turkic tribes came around the south end of the Caspian Sea for the most part, and hence absorbed and transmitted Islamic culture and civilization in contrast to other Turks who, such as the Cumans, became partially Westernized and Christianized. With some superiority in population[citation needed] and organization, regional power naturally came to rest in the hands of the Turkic speaking population. Many Turkic people came into the region fleeing from the Mongol invasions, and others later came in as soldiers fighting in the ranks of Mongol armies. Turkic Islamized populations also absorbed large numbers of the older inhabitants of Asia Minor, including Greeks, Phyrigians, and Armenians, who went over to the Islamic religion and Turkic language, creating a frontier society. Armenian communities continued to flourish under relatively tolerant Ottoman rule for centuries, either as minority populations in urban areas or as exclusively Armenian towns in rural areas. In cities such as Istanbul and İzmir, Armenians played particularly important roles; an 1851 New York Times report, for instance, indicates that Armenians comprised nearly one quarter of the population of Istanbul at that time, with over 200,000 residents.[7]
Abandoned since 1915, the tenth-century Armenian Cathedral of the Holy Cross on Akhtamar Island underwent a controversial restoration in 2006, paid for by the Turkish Ministry of Culture.[8]
Armenian–Turkish relations during the decline of the Ottoman Empire[edit]
Hamidian rule[edit]
For a half century leading up to World War I, the Armenian populations of Anatolia became increasingly politically active, and in turn endured increasingly more brutal persecution under Sultan Abdul Hamid II. As the Ottoman Empire declined, its political leadership either authorized or tolerated increasingly violent and reckless attacks on the Armenian population, attracting harsh criticism from various Western nations whose missionary communities in Anatolia witnessed several wide scale massacres of Armenians. From 1894 to 1896 the Sultan ordered the deaths of up to 300,000 Armenians,[9] resulting in at least 50,000 Armenian orphans,[10] in the Hamidian massacres, which were later described by BBC correspondent Chris Morris in The New Turkey (Granta Books, 2005) as "a portent of the grim events of 1915".[11]
The concurrent and accumulated testimony of hundreds and thousands of intelligent people, Christian and Jew, Catholic and Protestant, European and American, made it conclusively certain that a massacre of innocents, unparalleled for ages, had been perpetrated in the Armenian provinces of Turkey. The New York Times January 25, 1896
Following the Hamidian massacres, the seizure of the Ottoman Bank by Armenian revolutionaries later that year, apparently a naive plea for Western intervention on behalf of the Armenians of the Ottoman Empire, contributed to stoking Hamidian persecution of Armenians. Those who stormed the bank were eventually granted safe passage out of the empire, but the Armenian population found itself subject to intensified violence as the sultan made no distinction between the revolutionaries who had stormed the bank and the Christian populations at large.
The ensuing violence prompted condemnation from several heads of state, including American President Grover Cleveland, who condemned the "bloody butchery" in Anatolia. While it was unclear to what extent the violence against Armenians was governmentally organized, Cleveland's speech noted that "strong evidence exists of actual complicity of Turkish soldiers in the work of destruction and robbery."[12]
In 1909, as the authority of the nascent Young Turk government splintered, Abdul Hamid II briefly regained his sultanate with a populist appeal to Islamism. 30,000 Armenians perished in the subsequent Adana Massacre.[13]
The Armenian national movement[edit]
Fedayee group fighting under the ARF banner. Text in Armenian reads "Azadoutioun gam mah" (Liberty or Death).
See also: Armenian national movement
Armenian national movement, also known as the "Armenian revolutionary movement", was the Armenian national effort to re-establish an Armenian state in the historic Armenian homelands of eastern Asia Minor and the Transcaucasus. The decline of the Ottoman Empire in part was the result and in part the cause of rise of nationalism among various groups that made up the multi-ethnic and multi-religion Empire. The Russo-Turkish War, which resulted in the independence of Romania, Serbia and Montenegro, provided a model for other aspiring nationalists and revolutionaries. The Hinchak and Dashnak, Armenian revolutionary committees, were formed in Eastern provinces of the Ottoman Empire following the Berlin Treaty, which were very much under direct Russian threat.[14] Yet, this is contrasted by Fâ'iz el-Ghusein, who stated, "I have enquired of many Armenians whom I have met, but I have not found one who said that he desired political independence."[15]
Zaven, the Armenian Bishop in Istanbul had already declared, before the war started, to the reporter of Msak, the organ of the Armenian nationalist-liberals, that "the radical solution of the Armenian Question would be the unification of all Armenia (including the Eastern Anatolia of Turkey-M.P.) under Russian sovereignty with which Armenians' fate was historically linked. The Bishop stated that "the sooner the Russians arrive here, the better for us."[16]
Agitation for improvement of living conditions in the Ottoman Empire among Armenians had started much before the events of World War I, as reported in New York Times, 1894, July 29:
Two hundred patriotic Armenians, members of the Hentchakiste, or Greek Patriotic Association, organized to liberate Armenia from Turkish rule, marched through the streets of New-York last night with banners and transparencies. The banners were peaceful and quiet, and simply indicated that it was the Armenian Hentchakiste of New-York that was on parade, but the transparencies cried: "Down with the Turkish Government!" and "Hurrah for Armenian Revolution!" . . They consist of patriotic young Armenians who have had to expatriate themselves because the cruel practices of the Turk, and who are trying in this way to bring about the relief which Turkish rulers have promised ever since the Berlin Congress.
In 1894, Zeki Pasha, Commandant of the Fourth Army Corps, was decorated for his participation during the Sassoun massacre.[17][18][19] During the massacres, he reportedly stated, "not finding any rebellion we cleared the country so none should occur in the future."[20]
The Armenian Genocide[edit]
Main article: Armenian Genocide
The Armenian Genocide was the forced deportation [21] of the majority of the Ottoman Armenian population between 1915 and 1917.[22]
According to Rafael de Nogales, Ottoman commander of the artillery at Van Resistance, "the Armenians’ posture was defensive and in response to the massacres being committed in villages surrounding Van".[23] Also, Armenians were being forcibly relocated from Zeitun in March 1915, months before the Tehcir Law was passed.[24] Further massacres and deportations occurred during the closing stages and immediate aftermath of World War I. The modern Turkish government has always denied the fact that the massacres of the Armenians during the Ottoman period constituted genocide, inflaming Armenian resentment in Armenia and around the world.[25] In recent years the Armenian Genocide of 1915 has been increasingly discussed in Turkey, at conferences and universities,[26] since the law does not prevent debates on the topic. Even though freedom of speech and freedom of thought are guaranteed by Turkish law[26][27] due to the nature of Article 301, people claiming an Armenian Genocide can be accused of calling the nation "killers" and thus "insulting Turkishness".[28] Over eighty authors have faced prosecution for "insulting Turkishness";[29] Kemal Kerinçsiz, an ultra-nationalist lawyer, is responsible for at least forty of them, and his group Büyük Hukukçular Birliği ("Great Union of Jurists" or "Turkish Lawyer's Union") for most of the rest.[30][31] The Turkish educational system continues to proffer an alternative view of the events in its public schools[citation needed] and through many of its governmental websites.
Democratic Republic of Armenia[edit]
The 1918 Treaty of Brest-Litowsk established three independent states in the Caucasus, including the Democratic Republic of Armenia. Within two months of its signing, the Ottoman Empire reneged on the treaty by invading the nascent Armenian state. Ottoman victory culminated in the Treaty of Batum in June 1918.
See also: Treaty of Alexandropol
The interwar period, and the Soviet era[edit]
See also: Turkish-Armenian War and Armenian SSR
The interwar period was marked by the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire; Anatolia became the Republic of Turkey in 1923. Turkish revolutionaries waged the Turkish War of Independence against Ottoman loyalists and invading forces, and engaged in continuing conflict with the Democratic Republic of Armenia.
Armenia formally declared war on September 24, 1920 after Turkish forces invaded and advanced unto Sarighamish and Kars resulting in the Turkish-Armenian War. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk sent delegations to Moscow; the DRA would ultimately become the Armenian SSR of the Soviet Union. The Treaty of Kars, identical to the previously concluded Russo-Turkish Treaty of Moscow, was signed on October 23, 1921, between the Grand National Assembly of Turkey and representatives of Bolshevist Russia, Soviet Armenia, Soviet Azerbaijan and Soviet Georgia (all of which formed part of the Soviet Union after the December 1922 Union Treaty).
The Soviet Union and Turkey remained officially neutral after the Treaty of Kars, and there was no hostility between Turkey and the Armenian SSR. The land border was closed except for the Kars–Leninakan railway.
Capital tax and Aşkale[edit]
During World War II, an extremely high tax burden was imposed on Armenian, Greek and Jewish citizens of Turkey, and tax assessors had a free hand in determining the amount, often amounts that could not be paid. In the winter of 1942, hundreds who could not pay, including elderly men, were brought to the town of Aşkale, with very harsh winters, and made to shovel snow continually for as much as five months. Some were able to pay locals to perform the labor for them, and some succumbed to the cold and conditions, sleeping in barns, coffeehouses, or anywhere else they could get shelter.[32] The book "You Rejoice My Heart" by Turkish author Kemal Yalçın includes a visit by the author to Aşkale in the 1990s to learn first hand about the tax and the labor camps, the conditions and the victims at a time when this incident was dangerous and taboo to discuss in Turkey.[33]
Istanbul Pogrom[edit]
The Istanbul Pogrom was launched in Turkey against ethnic minorities residing in Istanbul, in particular Greeks and Armenians during the year September 1955.[34]
Paramilitary activity[edit]
Main article: Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia
ASALA, the Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia, was a Marxist-Leninist organization of Lebanese extraction, that operated from 1975 to 1991.[35] In the 1980s it launched a series of assassinations against Turkish diplomats in several countries, with the stated intention to compel the Turkish Government to acknowledge its responsibility for the Armenian Genocide, pay reparations, and cede territory.[36] The territorial claim related to the 1920 Treaty of Sèvres and a Woodrow Wilson-era plan for an Armenian homeland.[37]
The group planned attacks worldwide, though it experienced internal splintering after its 1983 Orly Airport attack incurred non-Turkish casualties.[36] The attacks, which were routinely condemned by Armenian church leaders, as well as the international community, were famously protested by an Armenian named Artin Penik in 1982, who self-immolated in Istanbul's Taksim Square to demonstrate the force of his opposition to ASALA tactics. The Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople, who visited the badly burned Penik in the hospital shortly before his death, described him as "a symbol of Armenian discontent with these brutal murders."[38][39]
A similar organization, Justice Commandos against the Armenian Genocide, at times known as the Armenian Revolutionary Army, was responsible for at least an additional six killings.[citation needed] In a particular 1983 attack on the Turkish Embassy in Lisbon, the gunmen deliberately "sacrificed" themselves by setting off a bomb in the building, such that none of them survived.[40]
Amidst a spate of attacks in 1985, U.S. President Ronald Reagan asked Congress to defeat a resolution recognizing the "genocidal massacre" of Armenians, in part for his fear that it might indirectly "reward terrorism".[41] According to the MIPT website, there had been 84 incidents involving ASALA leaving 46 people dead, and 299 people injured.[citation needed]
Modern relations[edit]
Armenian independence 1991[edit]
The Khor Virap monastery, which dates to the 7th century, lies on the closed Turkish-Armenian border.
Interestingly, Turkey was one of the first countries to recognize Armenia's independence after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. Relations between Armenia and Turkey had not formally developed in decades, as Soviet control co-opted Armenian diplomacy, preserving intercultural tensions between Armenians and Turks stemming from the 1915 genocide of the Armenian peoples of Anatolia and Turkey refused to establish formal diplomatic relations with its new neighbour unless preconditions were met.[citation needed] The land border between the two states was however opened for both road and rail traffic.
Diplomatic freeze[edit]
Nagorno-Karabakh War[edit]
Main article: Nagorno-Karabakh War
Turkey was an active member of the OSCE Minsk Group created in 1992 by the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe to mediate an end to the conflict between Armenia and Turkey's fellow Turkic ally Azerbaijan over the disputed autonomous oblast of Nagorno-Karabakh, which had been raging since the oblast's parliament had voted to unify with Armenia on February 20, 1988, but the group made little progress and full-scale fighting quickly re-erupted.
Armenia–Turkey relations gradually worsened as the Armenian military continued to make gains in the Nagorno-Karabakh region, and the May 9, 1992 capture of Shusha by the Armenians resulted in Turkish Prime Minister Suleyman Demirel coming under intense public pressure to intervene. Demirel opposed such intervention, saying that Turkey's entrance into the war would trigger an even greater Muslim–Christian conflict. Turkey did not send troops to aid Azerbaijan, but provided Azerbaijan with military aid and advisors.
Subsequent ethnic cleansing of Nagorno-Karabakh of all of its Azerbaijani population which culminated in the Khojaly Massacre in February 1992, further aggravated relations, which have never really recovered.
United Nations Security Council Resolution 822[edit]
Turkey cosponsored UN Security Council Resolution 822 affirming Nagorno-Karabakh as part of Azerbaijan's territorial integrity and demanding that Armenian forces withdraw from Kelbajar. Following the passing of the resolution on April 30, 1993 Turkey joined Azerbaijan in imposing an economic embargo on Armenia and the border between the two states was closed.[42]
In mid-August, 1993, Armenians massed a force to take the Azeri regions of Fizuli and Jebrail, south of Nagorno-Karabakh proper and Turkish Prime Minister Tansu Çiller responded by sending thousands of Turkish troops to the border and demanding that Armenia pull out of Azerbaijan's territories.[citation needed] Russian Federation forces in Armenia however countered their movements and thus warded off any possibility that Turkey might play a military role in the conflict.[citation needed]
Memories of the Armenian Genocide were re-awoken during the conflict by claims of ethnic cleansing [43] and in November 1993 American historian Bernard Lewis entered the debate by saying in an interview that calling the massacres committed by the Turks in 1915 a genocide was just "the Armenian version of this history".[44] He was subsequently prosecuted and fined by French authorities for the comment.[45]
Ongoing blockade[edit]
Turkey does not recognize the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic that has emerged from the May 16, 1994 Russian mediated cease-fire to the Nagorno-Karabakh War, and has set Armenian withdrawal from the disputed oblast and seven surrounding districts as a precondition for establishing diplomatic relations and reopening their joint border.[46][47]
Armenia claims that Turkey has used the ongoing blockade that resulted from the unresolved Nagorno-Karabakh conflict to isolate the country with projects such as the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan oil pipeline, Baku-Tbilisi-Erzurum natural gas pipeline and the Kars-Tbilisi-Baku railway, all of which directly bypass Armenia despite the economic logic of incorporating Armenia. A rail line from Kars to Baku already existed in fact, but had been closed by Turkey, as it passes through the closed Turkey-Armenia border.[48]
Armenia, which has no coal, natural gas or oil of its own and scant wind and water resources, had long been suffering from severe energy shortages and now blockaded by neighbouring Turkey and Azerbaijan, from whom it used to import nearly all its fuel, was forced to announce that it would restart the second of two VVER reactors in the Metsamor Nuclear Power Plant. Armenian Environmental Committee Chairman Samuel Shahinian explained the decision; "Our people are so cold we cannot explain anything to them, they just want to be warm."[49] The reactors, which had been commissioned by the Soviet authorities in 1979 and had long been considered dangerously out-of-date, were shut down in 1988 over safety concerns following the nearby Spitak earthquake. The announcement prompted uproar in Turkey whose border is just 17 km from Metsamor. "There are certain risks", confirmed Armenian Deputy Speaker Ara Sahakian, "but we should realise and everyone should realise we have no other choice."[49]
Metsamor Nuclear Power Plant
Metsamor re-commissioning[edit]
Main article: Metsamor Nuclear Power Plant
Metsamor unit-2 was recommissioned in 1995 after an estimated $50m had been spent on safety improvements but this did little to alleviate safety concerns in Turkey and the Turkish Atomic Energy Agency (TAEK) along with the Turkish Environment and Forestry Ministry, Kafkas University and various institutes and foundations formed a tight infrastructure of control in the region across the border from the reactor and set up the RESAI early warning system to take constant measurements of airborne gamma radiation levels and sample analyses of local soil, plant, and food to give advance warning when levels rise above threshold limits. TAEK Deputy Chairman Dr. Erdener Birol confirms, "As the radiation level increases, Ankara is notified about it immediately."[50][51]
Further safety concerns arose when it was revealed that the ongoing blockade of the country by its neighbours Turkey and Azerbaijan meant that nuclear fuel for the plant was flown onboard Antonov and Tupolev airplanes from Russia into Yerevan Airport in secret shipments which Alexis Louber, Head of the EU delegation in Yerevan, likened to "flying around a potential nuclear bomb."[52]
Elie Wiesel affirmation of the Armenian Genocide[edit]
On June 9, 2000, in a full-page statement in The New York Times, 126 scholars, including Nobel Prize-winner Elie Wiesel, historian Yehuda Bauer, and sociologist Irving Horowitz, signed a document "affirming that the World War I Armenian Genocide is an incontestable historical fact and accordingly urge the governments of Western democracies to likewise recognize it as such."[53] According to Stephen Kinzer the reshaping of the national consciousness in the first years of the new century "allowed [the Turks] to open their minds to alternative views of the 1915 tragedy," and, "more than a dozen books touching on this subject were published in Turkey, bearing titles like Armenians in Our Neighbourhood and The Armenian Taboo."[54]
Metsamor deadline[edit]
Shortly after Armenia became a member of the Council of Europe in 2001 authorities in Yerevan stated that they expected EU assistance in the construction of a gas pipeline linking Armenia to neighbouring Iran and in the lifting of Turkish and Azerbaijani blockade, but Armenian Energy Ministry Spokeswoman Zhasmena Ghevondian told Radio Liberty that the agreement with the IAEA and the EU that Metsamor unit-2 would only be in operation until the end of 2004 was "no longer realistic."[55] Armenian Deputy Energy Minister Areg Galstyan indicated that the plant, which provides 40 per cent of Armenia's energy and sells excess power to neighbouring Georgia, should remain running until 2016 and possibly 2031 as, "It was a big mistake to shut the plant in 1988; it created an energy crisis and the people and the economy suffered. It is impossible for the government to cause the same problem again by closing the plant."[52]
Professor Hayrettin Kilic of Ferrara University speaking at a conference jointly organised by the Kars City Council and Kafkas University responded that, "The risk is tremendous. Metsamor nuclear power plant is not a problem of Kars, Ağrı, Igdir, Yerevan and Nakhichevan but a problem of Turkey, Georgia and all Armenia. This is a regional problem."[50] Igdir Mayor Nurettin Aras stated, "We are in danger of a disaster. We will apply for the closing down of the nuclear plant,"[56] and Kars Mayor Naif Alibeyoglu confirmed that, "We are doing everything to close this plant, but not everything is in our power. It is essential that state authorities attend to this matter closely,"[50] and, "The Turkish government should start an initiative for the closure of the plant. Both Turkish and Armenian people should be aware of the this [sic] danger."[57][58]
Galstyan dismissed safety concerns stating that it is more important to Armenians "to keep the electricity on,"[52] whilst Jeremy Page, writing in The Times pointed out that, "The mostly Christian nation is also reluctant to rely on imported energy because of its history of hostility with its Islamic neighbours."[59]
A final agreement had been achieved with the EU and other involved international organisations to prolong the exploitation of the plant at least until 2016.
Turkish-Armenian Reconciliation Commission[edit]
The Turkish-Armenian Reconciliation Commission was launched on 9 July 2001 in Geneva, Switzerland with ten individuals from Armenia, Turkey, Russia, and the United States mostly consisting of former high-ranking politicians renowned for their past achievements who aimed "to promote mutual understanding and goodwill between Turks and Armenians and to encourage improved relations." Armenian Assembly of America (AAA) Chairman Harair Hovnanian stated, "This is the first multi-disciplinary, comprehensive attempt to reconcile differences between two neighbors, separated by bitterness and mistrust, and as such, it is a major advance", and AAA President Carolyn Mugar added, "We believe that the Turkish-Armenian Reconciliation Commission will benefit and build on the experiences of other similar international efforts."[60]
AK Party comes to power in Turkey[edit]
The Justice and Development Party (AKP) came to power in Turkey, following the 2002 Turkish general election, under Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and Abdullah Gül with a foreign policy formulated by Ahmet Davutoğlu that postulated "zero problems with neighbours" leading to new hope for Armenian–Turkish relations.
Restrictions on Armenians entering Turkey had been lifted in January 2002, and although the border between the two countries remained closed, Armenian workers were reportedly entering the country via Georgia and remaining illegally after their 30-day non-resident visa expired. An undeclared official Turkish policy developed to keep the illegal immigrants relatively comfortable with Turkish Prime Minister Erdoğan later announcing, "they could not sustain themselves in their homeland, and we opened our doors. We could deport them but we are not doing so." Gazi University professor Mehmet Seyfettin Erol confirmed that, "This is soft power for Turkey," of the policy credited with improving bilateral relations, "Treating them as ‘others’ does not serve any purpose and it will in all likelihood push Armenians away from Turkey."[61][62]
The International Center for Transitional Justice was asked by the Turkish-Armenian Reconciliation Commission to provide a report on the applicability of the Genocide Convention to the controversy. This report ruled that the term "genocide" aptly describes "the Ottoman massacre of Armenians in 1915–1918", but added, in an effort to ease adverse Turkish reaction[citation needed], that the modern Republic of Turkey was not legally liable for the event.[63][64]
The issue of Turkey′s accession to EU[edit]
Some European Union politicians pressured Turkey into formally recognizing the Armenian Genocide as a precondition for joining the EU.[65][66] These efforts to exploit Turkey's vulnerability in its attempted accession into the EU have been widely criticized within Turkey.[67][68]
Among the fiercest critics of this method of pressuring Turkey was the late Hrant Dink, who accused Angela Merkel of sponsoring legislation acknowledging the Armenian Genocide to undermine Turkey's EU ambitions.[69] Dink suggested that anyone sincerely interested in the welfare of the Armenian and Turkish peoples would sooner pressure Yerevan to finally replace the Metsamor reactor, or press Turkey to finally open the Armenian–Turkish border, or even just generally "help economically and diplomatically and support the moderates who exist on both sides."[69]
According to Armenian President Robert Kocharyan, "Armenia has never been against Turkey's accession to the European Union."[70][71] Armenia itself is a member of the EU's New Neighborhood group, which may one day lead to EU membership.[72]
Former Armenian Foreign Minister Vardan Oskanyan, while conceding that "genocide denial hurts", insists that the Turkish viewpoint does not necessarily "impede the normalization of our relations".[73]
For us, there's no court case, we'll never talk about this, because we grew up with the real evidence, our parents and our grandparents. That living evidence of this tragedy, survival of genocide, I'm the son of one them. So for Armenians there has never been an issue where we ourselves have to prove this by going to court, that this genocide happened. The question for us is to get a political solution. Because the issue is neither historical nor legal, it's political... between the governments of Turkey and Armenia.[73]
As of 2005 Turkey opened its airspace to Armenia in a limited capacity with the resumption of Armavia flights between Yerevan and Istanbul; land trade however continued to be diverted through Georgia.
Proposed joint historical commission on events of 1915[edit]
In 2005 a group of Turkish scholars and opinion makers held an academic conference at which, it was vowed, all points of view about the Armenian massacre would be respectfully heard. According to Stephen Kinzer, "Some commentators objected to parts of what was said at the conference, but nearly all welcomed the breakthrough to open debate on this painful subject."[54] The International Association of Genocide Scholars affirmed[74] that scholarly evidence revealed the "Young Turk government of the Ottoman Empire began a systematic genocide of its Armenian citizens – an unarmed Christian minority population. More than a million Armenians were exterminated through direct killing, starvation, torture, and forced death marches" and condemned Turkish attempts to deny its factual and moral reality.
The idea of the establishment of a joint commission composed of historians from Turkey and Armenia, which would examine both countries′ national archives and disclose the findings of their research to the international public was approved by the Turkish Grand National Assembly.[75]
However, the Armenian president′s letter as of April 2005 to prime minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan said,
It is the responsibility of governments to develop bilateral relations and we do not have the right to delegate that responsibility to historians. That is why we have proposed and propose again that, without pre-conditions, we establish normal relations between our two countries.[76]
In 2006, after years of campaigning by French citizens of Armenian descent, the French National Assembly, in what Stephen Kinzer calls "an astonishing victory"[54] officially declared that Ottoman Turks committed genocide in 1915, and voted it a crime for anyone to assert otherwise.
In February 2007, Armenia′s president Robert Kocharian while on a visit to France said that the "normalization of bilateral relations is the responsibility of governments, not historians."[77]
In April 2015, Armenia′s president Serzh Sargsyan said "It becomes obvious that the Turkish proposal of establishing the so-called commission of historians has only one goal, which is to delay the process of the Armenian Genocide recognition, and divert the attention of international community from that crime. That is not only our view but also the view of the international community that goes on recognizing and condemning the Armenian Genocide."[78]
Post-2007 diplomatic thaw[edit]
Hrant Dink assassination[edit]
The January 2007 assassination of Hrant Dink, a Turkish citizen of Armenian descent, brought the issue of Armenian–Turkish relations into the national consciousness of modern Turkish citizens. Dink was instrumental in getting Turks to discuss the Armenian Genocide, an effort for which he found himself the target of criminal prosecution on three separate occasions. Nonetheless, Dink also reserved some criticism for the Armenian diaspora, for its insistence on enforcing a claim of genocide without engaging the modern Turkish people.
Shortly after the arrest of Ogün Samast, the 17-year-old nationalist suspected in the murder, pictures surfaced of the assassin flanked by smiling Turkish police and gendarmerie, who were posing with the killer in front of the Turkish flag while he was in police custody.[79] The pictures triggered a spate of investigations and the removal from office of those involved.[79]
In Turkey, a hundred thousand mourners marched in protest of the January 2007 assassination of Armenian intellectual Hrant Dink by a nationalist radical. The office of the Agos newspaper, where Dink was gunned down, is near the right edge of the image; it is the first house to the right of the one with the large black banner.
At Hrant Dink's funeral, tens of thousands of Turkish citizens marched in solidarity with Dink, many bearing placards reading "We are all Hrant Dink, we are all Armenians" sounding a hopeful note in the development of Armenian–Turkish relations.[80]
Nobel Laureate genocide re-affirmation[edit]
In 2007, the Elie Wiesel Foundation for Humanity produced a letter signed by 53 Nobel Laureates re-affirming the Genocide Scholars' conclusion that the 1915 killings of Armenians constituted genocide.[81][82] Then Turkish Foreign Minister, Abdullah Gül, responded by reaffirming calls for a committee of Turkish and Armenian historians to re-examine the events of 1915, as first suggested in 2005,[77] but Armenians showed no interest in the suggestion with a 2007 public opinion survey quoted by Stephen Kinzer indicating that, "only 3 percent of Armenians believe that forcing Turkey to admit genocide should be their government's top priority," and, "Only 4 percent even placed it on their list of priorities."[54]
Efforts by Americans of Armenian descent to have the US Congress pass a resolution recognising the Armenian Genocide, however, continued through what Stephen Kinzer calls "their superbly effective lobby in Washington" and "almost passed the House of Representatives in 2007, thanks to the influence of Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi, in whose home state of California many prosperous Armenian-Americans live,"[54] until Condoleezza Rice and Robert M. Gates signed an open letter to Congress, warning that formally recognizing the Armenian Genocide "could harm American troops in the field" by "antagonizing" Turkey.[83][84]
Metsamor replacement[edit]
On September 7, 2007, Armenian Energy Minister Armen Movsisyan announced that Metsamor unit-2 was to be replaced with a new nuclear power plant built on the same site at a cost of $2 billion. "The project's feasibility study is being carried out by Armenia, Russia, the US and the International Atomic Energy Agency. The old nuclear power plant is to be rebuilt within four-and-a-half years", he stated, clarifying that "many foreign countries now understand that Armenia must have a nuclear power plant." [85] TAEK, which had recently denied claims in Today's Zaman that its latest protest to the IAEA was made in response to the RESAI early warning system indicating "an increase in radioactive leakage in the region,"[86] stating, "None of the radioactivity analyses or RESAI station measurements done up until now have uncovered radioactivity or radiation levels above normal,"[85] confirmed that it would be involved in following related developments and taking the necessary precautions from the Turkish side.
2008 Armenian Genocide Remembrance Day[edit]
On April 24, 2008, during Armenia's annual Genocide Remembrance Day, a Turkish flag was stomped on during an official demonstration in Yerevan. The Turkish Foreign Ministry reacted by issuing the statement: "With the meaning that it carries, the Turkish flag symbolizes freedom and all the fundamental values and beliefs of the Turkish nation. The flag is accepted as synonymous with our nation's existence. The importance attributed by the Turkish nation to these values and its flag is widely known. In this regard, the related news reports led to great sadness, upset and indignation in our society."[87]
2008–2009 Georgia–Russia crisis[edit]
Following the 2008 South Ossetia war, which prompted concerns over stability of energy routes in the Caucasus, normalisation of ties with Armenia became a priority for the Turkish government.[88][89]
Attempted rapprochement[edit]
Main article: Zurich Protocols
Turkish Presidential visit to Armenia and subsequent negotiations[edit]
In September 2008, Turkish President Abdullah Gül became the first Turkish head of state to visit Armenia after he accepted the invitation of Armenian President Serzh Sargsyan to attend a FIFA World Cup qualifier football match between the Turkish and Armenian national football teams.[90] Talks during the game focused on bilateral relations and Karabakh, and did not touch upon the Armenian Genocide,[91] though Foreign Minister Ali Babacan raised the issue soon afterward.[92] Both of the presidents and their countries’ respective press reflected positively on the visit setting the ground for a thaw in diplomatic relations that was expected to have made great progress in time for Sargsyan's reciprocal visit to Turkey in October to watch the return match.[93]
On the eve of the 2009 US presidential visit to Turkey by Barack Obama sources in Ankara and Yerevan announced that a deal might soon be struck to reopen the border between the two states and exchange diplomatic personnel[3]
Armenian Foreign Minister Eduard Nalbandyan confirmed, "Turkey and Armenia have gone a long way toward opening the Turkey-Armenia border, and they will come closer to opening it soon,"[94] but dismissed any connection to the Nagorno-Karabakh dispute. The International Crisis Group (ICG) issued a report on the normalisation stating, "The politicized debate whether to recognize as genocide the destruction of much of the Ottoman Armenian population and the stalemated Armenia-Azerbaijan conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh should not halt momentum." Stating that whilst, "The unresolved Armenia-Azerbaijan conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh still risks undermining full adoption and implementation of the potential package deal between Turkey and Armenia", the, "Bilateral détente with Armenia ultimately could help Baku recover territory better than the current stalemate."[95]
Announcement of provisional roadmap and reactions[edit]
On 22 April 2009, it was announced that high-level diplomatic talks underway in Switzerland since 2007 "had achieved tangible progress and mutual understanding," and that "a road map has been identified,"[96] for normalizing diplomatic relations between the two countries, although no formal text had yet been signed. Today's Zaman concluded that the cautious approach by Turkish authorities was intended to minimise criticism from Azerbaijan and nationalist Turks who would complain of "submission to Western pressure" but went on to quote an unnamed Western diplomat who speaking to Reuters confirmed that, "All the documents have been agreed in principle," and that, "We are talking about weeks or months."[97]
The Armenian Dashnak Party responded to the announcement in an April 26 closed-door meeting with a decision to withdraw its 16 deputies, who held three ministries in the Armenian Cabinet, from the coalition government. Reaction to the announcement within Turkey was more muted with opposition MHP leader Bahçeli complaining that, "Armenia knows what is going on; Switzerland knows what is going on; Turkish officials involved in the process know. That means the Turkish nation and Parliament are the only ones who have no information about the process," before going on to conclude that, "It would be beneficial if the prime minister or the minister for foreign affairs would inform Parliament. We will follow developments, but for the moment we don’t know the depth of the agreement. Taking the explanations made so far into account, we are monitoring whether any further steps are being taken in the issue of opening the border."[98]
International reaction to the announcement was positive, despite concerns that adverse reaction from Azerbaijan could affect European energy security.
United States statements on Armenian Remembrance Day[edit]
The 2009 statement by U.S. President Barack Obama on Armenian Remembrance Day[99] claimed that, "reckoning with the past holds out a powerful promise of reconciliation," before going on to state that, "the best way to advance that goal right now is for the Armenian and Turkish people to address the facts of the past as part of their effort to move forward," and reaffirming his strong support for "efforts by the Turkish and Armenian people to work through this painful history in a way that is honest open and constructive," but although, as previously indicated, US President Obama did not use the word ‘genocide’ his use of the Armenian term Meds Yeghern, translated as "Great Crime" or "Calamity", managed to offend both sides of the dispute.[100] Armenian groups felt betrayed at the reversal of promises of recognition made during the 2008 U.S. Presidential election whist Turkish authorities felt that Obama had gone back on promises made during the recent 2009 US presidential visit to Turkey. Despite not saying the word genocide, Obama made it clear that he had not changed his views about the Armenian Genocide in the statement, saying "I have consistently stated my own view of what occurred in 1915, and my view of that history has not changed."
Turkish prime minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan said, "Turkey is not a country that can be flattered and then fooled," before going on to conclude that, "Turkish-Armenian relations will be normalised, historical matters will be enlightened and the road will be paved for peace if countries that have nothing to do with the issue stop getting involved." Turkish opposition leaders were equally critical with MHP leader Bahçeli stating, "Looking at the entire statement, one will see that it is unacceptable," and, "If the U.S. sacrifices Turkey for the sake of Armenian votes, everyone, including most notably Armenia, will have to suffer the consequences," and CHP leader Baykal clarifying that, "Obama's statement shows that efforts to please outsiders by giving concessions are not yielding any result, and we have managed to alienate Azerbaijan, too." [101]
2009 Turkish Presidential visit to Azerbaijan and Russia[edit]
Armenian authorities responded to comments made by Turkish Prime Minister Erdoğan during his official visit to Baku that, "There is a relation of cause and effect here. The occupation of Nagorno-Karabakh is the cause, and the closure of the border is the effect. Without the occupation ending, the gates will not be opened,"[102] with a statement from the office of Armenian President Sarksyan that read, "The president said that, as he repeatedly pointed out during Armenian-Turkish contacts, any Turkish attempt to interfere in the settlement of the Nagorno-Karabakh problem can only harm that process."[103] Armenian Foreign Minister Nalbandian reiterated that, "Concerning the Armenian-Turkish normalisation process, over the past year, following the initiative of the Armenian President together with our Turkish neighbours and with the help of our Swiss partners, we have advanced toward opening one of the last closed borders in Europe and the normalisation of our relations without preconditions. The ball is on the Turkish side now. And we hope that they will find the wisdom and the courage to make the last decisive step. We wish to be confident that the necessary political will can eventually leave behind the mentality of the past."[104]
Erdoğan flew on from Baku to Sochi, Russia, for a 16 May "working visit" with Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin at which he stated, "Turkey and Russia have responsibilities in the region. We have to take steps for the peace and well being of the region. This includes the Nagorno-Karabakh problem, the Middle East dispute, the Cyprus problem." Putin responded that, "Russia and Turkey seek for such problems to be resolved and will facilitate this in every way," but, "As for difficult problems from the past–and the Karabakh problem is among such issues-a compromise should be found by the participants in the conflict. Other states which help reach a compromise in this aspect can play a role of mediators and guarantors to implement the signed agreements."[105][106]
2009 signing of accord[edit]
Main article: Zurich Protocols
Wikinews has related news: Turkey and Armenia sign historic agreement
Nalbandyan and Davutoglu signing the accord
An accord between Armenia and Turkey was signed by the foreign ministers of the two countries, Ahmet Davutoğlu and Eduard Nalbandyan, on 10 October 2009.[107][108] The signing took place in Zürich, Switzerland.[108][109] Armenians worldwide had protested against the deal because of the controversial concessions that the Armenian leadership was preparing to make, most notably in regards to the Armenian genocide and the Turkish-Armenian border. The deal followed more than one year of talks.[107] It was designed to allow the opening of borders and to set up a formal diplomatic relationship.[109] The signing was attended by Bernard Kouchner, Sergey Lavrov and Hillary Clinton, the foreign ministers of France, Russia and the United States, respectively.[107]
Suspension of the ratification process[edit]
Those diplomatic efforts to normalise the relations initiated by Armenia eventually faltered.
The ruling coalition decided to propose a suspension of the ratification process to the president after the Turkish Prime Minister Erdogan announced multiple times that the Turkish ratification depended on a peace deal in Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. On the same day President Sargsyan suspended the ratification process although announcing, that Armenia does not suspend the process of normalisation of relationships with Turkey as a whole.[5]
Events after the failed thaw[edit]
Possible territorial claims by Armenia[edit]
On July 5, 2013,[110] during a forum of Armenian lawyers in Yerevan on the 100th Anniversary of the Armenian Genocide organized by the Ministry of Diaspora, Armenia's Prosecutor General Aghvan Hovsepyan made a "sensational statement".[111][112] Hovsepyan stated:
“ Indeed, the Republic of Armenia should have its lost territories returned and the victims of the Armenian Genocide should receive material compensation. But all these claims must have perfect legal grounds. I strongly believe that the descendants of the genocide must receive material compensation, churches miraculously preserved in Turkey’s territory and church lands must be returned to the Armenian Church, and the Republic of Armenia must get back its lost lands. ”
According to ArmeniaNow news agency "this was seen as the first territorial claim of Armenia to Turkey made on an official level. The prosecutor general is the carrier of the highest legal authority in the country, and his statement is equivalent to an official statement."[111]
In response, the Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs released a statement on July 12, 2013:
“ Such a declaration made by an official occupying a position as important as that of Prosecutor General reflects the prevailing problematic mentality in Armenia as to the territorial integrity of its neighbor Turkey and to Turkish-Armenian relations and also contradicts the obligations it has undertaken towards the international organizations of which it is a member, particularly the UN and the OSCE. One should be well aware that no one can presume to claim land from Turkey.[113] ”
During his visit to Baku on July 17, 2013, Turkish Foreign Affairs Minister Ahmed Davutoglu described Armenian land claims as "product of delirium."[114]
Since 2015[edit]
See also: Armenia–Russia relations § Military union
The signing, on 23 December 2015, by Russian defence minister Sergei Shoygu and his Armenian counterpart Seyran Ohanyan of an agreement to form a Joint Air Defense System in the Caucasus[115][116] that followed the Armenian minister′s statement that the ceasefire with Azerbaijan over the breakaway region of Nagorno-Karabakh virtually no longer existed, provoked concern on the part Turkey′s government.[117]
Outstanding issues[edit]
Armenian Genocide denial[edit]
Main article: Denial of the Armenian Genocide
The Turkish flag being burnt in Freedom Square, Yerevan
Tensions stemming from the Armenian Genocide the systematic murder of an estimated 1,500,000 Armenians by the authorities of the Ottoman Empire during the First World War, are a bitter point of contention, with most historians defining the killings as a Genocide,[118][119] a term whose applicability the Turkish state rejects.[120]
Most historians maintain that it was a deliberate and intentional attempt to exterminate the Armenian population of the Ottoman Empire. This view is also the position of the Republic of Armenia.[121][122][123][124]
The Republic of Turkey rejects the 1.5 million figure for the final death toll, insisting that the deaths were closer to the range of 200,000–300,000,[125] and insists that they were the result of disease, famine and inter-ethnic strife during the turmoil of World War I, saying that the Armenian Dashnak and Henchak rebels had sided with the Russian Army which invaded eastern Anatolia during the war and committed massacres against the local Muslim population (Turks and Kurds) in that area.[126]
Merely to speak of the Armenian Genocide in Turkey is to risk "insulting Turkishness", a criminal offense for which various Turkish intelligentsia have been brought to trial, as mentioning the word genocide itself infers its occurrence.[127][127]
In response to Turkey's calls for a further impartial study, Israel Charny and the International Association of Genocide Scholars responded in an open letter to the Turkish prime minister,
We represent the major body of scholars who study genocide in North America and Europe. We are concerned that in calling for an impartial study of the Armenian Genocide you may not be fully aware of the extent of the scholarly and intellectual record on the Armenian Genocide and how this event conforms to the definition of the United Nations Genocide Convention. We want to underscore that it is not just Armenians who are affirming the Armenian Genocide but it is the overwhelming opinion of scholars who study genocide: hundreds of independent scholars, who have no affiliations with governments, and whose work spans many countries and nationalities and the course of decades.
Numerous international organizations have conducted studies of the events, each in turn determining that the term "genocide" aptly describes "the Ottoman massacre of Armenians in 1915–1916."[128] Among the organizations asserting this conclusion are the International Center for Transitional Justice, the International Association of Genocide Scholars,[129] and the United Nations' Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities.[128]
Several nations and U.S. states,[130] have passed formal legislative condemnations of the Armenian Genocide, despite intense Turkish diplomatic and economic pressure.[128] Switzerland has adopted laws that punish genocide denial.[131][132]
Border dispute[edit]
Mount Ararat was in ancient and medieval times at the center of Armenia.[133] Today, it is located in Turkey, though still towering over the Armenian capital of Yerevan.
Armenia-Turkey border, Ani, Shirak Province.
In the post-Soviet climate of irredentism, Turkey was particularly wary of hard-line Armenian sentiment laying claim to the territory of "Historic Armenia" within Turkey. The Armenian Revolutionary Federation, an Armenian political party among the Armenian coalition government, continues to insist on a reversion to the Treaty of Sèvres territorial boundaries.[134] After the Ottoman Empire signed the treaty, it was rejected by Turkey after it succeeded in the Turkish War of Independence and succeeded the empire.[135]
Armenia has officially stated that it has always recognised the current border with Turkey and, in the words of its Foreign Minister Vardan Oskanyan, "Armenia has never made a problem of validity of the Treaty of Kars, as Armenia remains loyal to all agreements inherited from the Soviet Union."[136]
These ongoing border disputes threatened to derail the negotiations between Armenia and Turkey prior to the announcement of the provisional road map in April 2009 with a group of Azerbaijani journalists reportedly refused permission to travel to Turkey to view renovation work on the border gate and Turkish journalist Servet Yanatma and four colleagues later being detained by Armenian authorities after attempting to film the Turkish–Armenian border without permission.[93]
Yanatma, writing in the English-language Today's Zaman, however states that they were treated cordially and released after two hours and quotes an unnamed official as confirming that Armenia would adhere to the 1923 Treaty of Kars and renounce any territorial claims implicit in the national constitution's description of the Turkish territory of Eastern Anatolia as Western Armenia with the statement, "We are talking about the opening of a border. Can a border be opened if it is not recognized?"[137]
It was in response to this issue following the announcement that the Dashnak Party decided to withdraw from the coalition government feeling that renunciation of Armenian territorial claims would be an unacceptably radical change in the country's foreign policy.[138]
See also[edit]
Armenia portal
Turkey portal
Europe portal
Foreign relations of Armenia
Recognition of the Armenian Genocide
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Arsu, Sebnem (August 31, 2009). "Turkey and Armenia to Establish Diplomatic Ties". New York Times. Retrieved 2009-09-01. Turkey and Armenia, whose century of hostilities constitutes one of the world's most enduring and acrimonious international rivalries, have agreed to establish diplomatic relations, the two countries announced Monday.
Jump up ^ "Gul in landmark visit to Armenia". Europe. BBC News. 2008-09-06. Archived from the original on 9 September 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
^ Jump up to: a b Paul Richter (2009-04-03). "Turkey, Armenia are likely to ease conflict". L.A. Times. Archived from the original on 7 April 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-03.
Jump up ^ Turkey, Armenia to sign diplomatic deal next month, says official. Hürriyet. September 27, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b Hairenik. "President Sarkisian Announces Suspension of Protocols". Armenian Weekly. Retrieved 24 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Critics 'Vindicated' By Turkish-Armenian Fiasco". «Ազատ Եվրոպա/Ազատություն» ռադիոկայան. Retrieved 24 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Asia's News—The Greek Insurrection". New York Times. 1854-03-10. Retrieved 2008-08-14.
Jump up ^ "Unearthing the past, endangering the future". Economist. 2007-10-18. Retrieved 2008-08-14.
Jump up ^ Akcam, Taner (2006). A Shameful Act. p. 42.
Jump up ^ "Fifty thousand orphans; made so by the Turkish massacres of Armenians". New York Times. 1896-12-18. Retrieved 2008-08-14.
Jump up ^ Morris, Chris (2005). "Chapter 1: They've Got a Bit of History". The New Turkey. London: Granta Books. pp. 11–30. ISBN 1-86207-865-3.
Jump up ^ Cleveland, Grover (1896-12-08) "MESSAGE OF THE PRESIDENT; Belief Expressed that Christendom Will Not Much Longer Tolerate Atrocities in Armenia. THE CUBAN MATTER DISCUSSED Conditions Under Which the United States Might Be Compelled to Intervene. THINKS THE WILSON BILL SHOULD HAVE A LONGER TRIAL. Suggests the Use of the Surplus to Meet Any Deficiency in the Treasury. WOULD RETIRE DEMAND NOTES Army and Navy Progress Commended—Post Office mill Pension Reforms Urged—General Suggestions", New York Times
Jump up ^ "30,000 KILLED IN MASSACRES; Conservative Estimate of Victims of Turkish Fanaticism in Adana Vilayet. DEADLY WORK CONTINUES Tribesmen Besiege Towns and March on Others—Messengers to American Women Slain. CLASH FEARED AT BEIRUT Druses Gather to Avenge Murder of Deputy and Mohammedans Prepare to Oppose Them". New York Times. 1909-04-25. Retrieved 2008-08-14.
Jump up ^ Louise Nalbandian, "The Armenian Revolutionary Movement", 1963[page needed]
Jump up ^ el-Ghusein, Fâ'iz, Martyred Armenia, (George H. Doran Co., 1918), 3.
Jump up ^ Armenian SSR State Central History Archives (TsGİA Arm. SSR) fond vıpisok, folder 37, sheet 45–46, cited in K.N. Karamyan, PolojenieZapadnıh Armyan, "ArmyanskiVopros" i Mejdunarodnaya Diplomatiya V Posledney Çetverti XIX Veka İ Naçale XX Veka, Yerevanski Gosudarstvennıy Universitet, Yerevan, 1972, p.87 vd.
Jump up ^ Robert Melson, "Revolution and Genocide" (1992), 60.
Jump up ^ W. Blackwood, "Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine" (1897), 21.
Jump up ^ George Shaw/Lefevre Eversley, "The Turkish Empire from 1288 to 1914" (1914), 341.
Jump up ^ Arman Dzhonovich, "The Armenian Massacres, 1894–1896" (2004), 63–64.
Jump up ^ "Lord Bryce's report on Armenian atrocities an appalling catalogue of outrage and massacre", New York Times, Lord Bryce on Armenian Atrocities Fashions Drama, Page X2, October 8, 1916.
Jump up ^ Bevan, Robert. "Cultural Cleansing: Who Remembers The Armenians", The Destruction of Memory, Reaction Books, London. 2006, pp. 25–60
Jump up ^ Balakian, Peter, The Burning Tigris (New York: HarperCollins, 2003), 208.
Jump up ^ Hartunian, Abraham H., Neither to Laugh nor to Weep (Boston: Beacon Press, 1968), 54.
Jump up ^ Balakian, Peter. The Burning Tigris[page needed]
^ Jump up to: a b "Turkish Scholars Acknowledge the Armenian Issue". Archived from the original on 2007-09-26.
Jump up ^ "Turkey, Constitution, Government & Legislation". Archived from the original on 2007-08-12.
Jump up ^ Bostom, Andrew G. (2007-08-26) "Congress Must Recognize the Armenian Genocide Archived August 28, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.", American Thinker. Accessed 2008-08-15.
Jump up ^ Lea, Richard (2007-08-07). "Continental collisions (Maureen Freely and Elif Shafak talk to Richard Lea)". Guardian. London. p. Books. Retrieved 2008-08-14.
Jump up ^ Rainsford, Sarah (2006-09-21). "Turkish novelist case collapses". BBC. Retrieved 2008-08-14.
Jump up ^ "In Turkey, ultra-nationalist lawyer wins supporters as enthusiasm for the EU falls". International Herald Tribune. Associated Press. 2006-09-05. Retrieved 2008-08-14.
Jump up ^ Yalcin, Kemal. "You Rejoice My Heart", Gomidas Institute, London. 2007, pp. 78–89
Jump up ^ Yalçın, Kemal. You Rejoice My Heart[page needed]
Jump up ^ Speros Vryonis, The Mechanism of Catastrophe: The Turkish Pogrom of September 6–7, 1955, and the Destruction of the Greek Community of Istanbul, New York: Greekworks.com 2005, ISBN 0-9747660-3-8
Jump up ^ Hayutyan, Vasn. "Vasn Hayrenyats", ASALA, 1995[verification needed]
^ Jump up to: a b U.S. Department of State. "Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia (ASALA)". Patterns of Global Terrorism. Archived from the original on 3 July 2008. Retrieved 2008-08-14.
Jump up ^ Pitman, Paul M (January 1995). "Plans for Partitioning Turkey". Turkey: Country Studies. DR417.T874 1996: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. pp. 283, 354–355. Archived from the original on 12 August 2008. Retrieved 2008-08-14.
Jump up ^ "He was an Armenian: Artin Penik". Turkish Journal. Retrieved 2007-02-21. [dead link]
Jump up ^ "Armenian Dies from Self-Inflicted Burns". Associated Press. 1982-08-15.
Jump up ^ Freudenheim, Milt; Giniger, Henry (1983-07-31). "THE WORLD; A New Armenian Death Mission". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-08-14.
Jump up ^ "Inconvenience vs. Armenians". New York Times. 1985-05-04. p. Late City Final Edition, Section 1, Page 26, Column 1. Retrieved 2008-08-14.
Jump up ^ William M. Hale. Turkish Foreign Policy, 1774–2000, Routledge, 2000, ISBN 0-7146-5071-4, p. 273
Jump up ^ Rieff, David (June 1997). "Case Study in Ethnic Strife. (Nagorno-Karabakh)". Foreign Affairs. Council on Foreign Relations. 76 (1997). Retrieved 2008-08-14.
Jump up ^ "... que la qualification de génocide, attribuée aux massacres perpétrés par les Turcs en 1915, n'était que 'la version arménienne de cette histoire.'" Herzberg, Nathaniel. Bernard Lewis condamné pour avoir nié la réalité du génocide arménien (in French) ("Bernard Lewis Censured For Having Denied the Reality of the Armenian Genocide"), Le Monde, p. 11, June 23, 1995: Copy of article on private website Archived January 3, 2009, at the Wayback Machine..
Jump up ^ Civil judgment finding Lewis at fault, 21 June 1995 (in French); English-language translation of judgment on private website Archived January 3, 2009, at the Wayback Machine..
Jump up ^ Gerard J. Libaridian. Modern Armenia: People, Nation, State, Transaction Publishers, 2004, ISBN 0-7658-0205-8, p. 245
Jump up ^ "The Ties That Divide". Economist. Global Heritage Fund. 2006-06-15. Archived from the original on April 5, 2008. Retrieved 2008-08-14.
Jump up ^ "Country Report on Human Rights Practices in Armenia". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 24 April 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Higgins, Andrew (1995-06-07). "Energy-starved Armenians risk a new Chernobyl". The Independent. London. Retrieved 2009-05-01.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Nuclear threat on Turkish border". Turkish Daily News. 2003-01-24. Archived from the original on 2013-04-18. Retrieved 2009-05-01.
Jump up ^ "Turkish Atomic Energy Agency: No leakage from Armenia's Metsamor reactor". Today's Zaman. 2007-05-09. Retrieved 2009-05-01. [dead link]
^ Jump up to: a b c Brown, Paul (2004-06-02). "EU halts aid to Armenia over quake-zone nuclear plant". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2009-05-01.
Jump up ^ Armenian Genocide denial: The case against Turkey, By Alan S. Rosenbaum, Jewish News, 2007
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Kinzer, Stephen (2008). "Chapter 4: Ghosts". Crescent and Star. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. pp. 87–108. ISBN 978-0-374-13143-2.
Jump up ^ "Armenian nuclear power station may continue to threat Turkey". Turkish Daily News. Archived from the original on 2013-04-18. Retrieved 2009-05-01.
Jump up ^ "Aras warns of Armenian nuclear plant threat". Turkish Daily News. 2003-01-24. Archived from the original on 2013-04-18. Retrieved 2009-05-01.
Jump up ^ "Kars people to open case for the closure of Armenian nuclear plant". Turkish Daily News. 2003-01-28. Retrieved 2009-05-01. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Alibeyoglu, Naif (2003-03-11). "Open letter to Dr. ElBaradei". Today's Zaman. Archived from the original on February 1, 2010. Retrieved 2009-05-01.
Jump up ^ Page, Jeremy (2004-11-16). "Experts fear Armenian Chernobyl". The Times. London. Retrieved 2009-05-01.
Jump up ^ Nedyalkova, Yordanka (2001-07-20). "Commission Formed to Improve Armenian-Turkish Relations". Retrieved 2009-05-11.
Jump up ^ "Ankara not expects negative decision on genocide resolution". Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2008-08-14.
Jump up ^ "Welcoming Armenian workers may boost Turkey's hand in foreign policy". Sunday's Zaman. 2009-05-10.
Jump up ^ "ICTJ ruling on the Armenia Genocide" (PDF).
Jump up ^ "Turkey Recalls Envoys Over Armenian". ICTJ. 2006-05-08. Archived from the original on 2008-07-03.
Jump up ^ Watson, Ivan (2005-04-26). "Turkey Pressed to Admit Armenian Genocide". NPR. Retrieved 2008-08-14.
Jump up ^ Danielyan, Emil (2005-06-03) "Turkey, Armenia Miss Opportunity for Rapprochement", Eurasia Insight
Jump up ^ "Armenia vote splits Turkish press". BBC News. 2006-10-12. Archived from the original on 14 August 2008. Retrieved 2008-08-14.
Jump up ^ "Turkey condemns 'genocide' vote". BBC News. 2006-10-12. Retrieved 2008-08-14.
^ Jump up to: a b Zand, Bernhard (2005-04-25). "Turkey's Memory Lapse: Armenian Genocide Plagues Ankara 90 Years On". Spiegel. Archived from the original on 16 September 2008. Retrieved 2008-08-14.
Jump up ^ Tapan, Noyan (2006-06-20). "House Members Call On Eu To Encourage Turkey Reform And Recognition Of Genocide, ArmeniaDiaspora.Com
Jump up ^ Karslian, Kristine (2006-12-21). "We would like to see Turkey among EU members". New Neighbors. H2 TV Channel. Archived from the original on 2007-10-17. Retrieved 2008-08-14.
Jump up ^ Lobjakas, Ahto (2004-05-12). "EU: European Commission Unveils Details Of 'New Neighborhood' Strategy". Radio Free Europe. Retrieved 2008-08-14.
^ Jump up to: a b Erel, Nursun (2006-12-04). "Armenian FM Vartan Oskanian gives exclusive interview to TNA". New Anatolian. Archived from the original on 2008-04-02. Retrieved 2008-08-14.
Jump up ^ International Association of Genocide Scholars (2005-06-13). "Letter to Prime Minister Erdogan". Genocide Watch. Archived from the original on June 4, 2007. Retrieved 2007-06-30.
Jump up ^ "Declaration by the Turkish Grand National Assembly, supporting the Turkish proposal to form a joint historical commission with Armenia (2005)". Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 24 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Minister Oskanian Comments on Turkish Foreign Minister Abdullah Gul's Recent Remarks". Armenian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 2006-11-04. Retrieved 2007-04-23.
^ Jump up to: a b "Armenia ready for ties, talks with Turkey". Reuters. 2007-02-19. Retrieved 2008-08-14.
Jump up ^ "Armenia ready for normalization of ties, President Sargsyan says". Hurriyet Daily. 24 April 2015. Retrieved 25 December 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Samast'a jandarma karakolunda kahraman muamelesi". Radikal (in Turkish). 2007-02-02. Archived from the original on 2007-02-05. Retrieved 2008-08-14.
Jump up ^ Boland, Vincent (2007-01-23). "Turks flock to editor's funeral". Financial Times. Retrieved 2008-08-14.
Jump up ^ Danielyan, Emil (2007-04-10). "Nobel Laureates Call For Armenian-Turkish Reconciliation". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Archived from the original on 2 July 2007. Retrieved 2007-06-30.
Jump up ^ Phillips, David L. (2007-04-09). "Nobel Laureates Call For Turkish-Armenian Reconciliation" (PDF). The Elie Wiesel Foundation for Humanity. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 23, 2007. Retrieved 2007-06-30.
Jump up ^ "Ankara takes Turkish agenda to Washington". Turkish Daily News. 2007-02-05. Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2008-08-14.
Jump up ^ Arsu, Sebnem; Knowlton, Brian (2007-03-30). "Planned House Vote on Armenian Massacre Angers Turks". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-08-14.
^ Jump up to: a b "Armenia plans nuclear plant near Turkish border". Today's Zaman. 2007-09-10. Retrieved 2011-09-06.
Jump up ^ Yavuz, Ercan (2007-04-11). "Data shows increased radioactive leakage from Metsamor". Today's Zaman. Archived from the original on July 15, 2007. Retrieved 2009-05-01.
Jump up ^ Yanatma, Servet (2009-04-16). "ARF vows to prevent disrespect of Turkish flag on April 24". Today's Zaman.
Jump up ^ Eksi, Muharrem (April 2009). "Where is Turkey in NATO's Transformation into a US-EU Alliance?". 2 (1). EurasiaCritic.
Jump up ^ "Erdoğan in bid to mend fences with Baku". Today's Zaman. 2009-05-13.
Jump up ^ O'Toole, Pam (2008-09-03). "Turkish president in Armenia trip". BBC News. Archived from the original on 3 September 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-04.
Jump up ^ Hakobyan, Tatul (2008-09-13). "Armenia receives Turkey's president for six-hour visit". Armenian Reporter. Archived from the original on December 4, 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
Jump up ^ "Babacan presses Armenia for joint study of genocide claims". Today's Zaman. 2008-09-13. Retrieved 2008-09-12. [dead link]
^ Jump up to: a b Yanatma, Servet (2009-04-13). "Turkey-Armenia deal to refer to Karabakh solution". Today's Zaman.
Jump up ^ Ünal, Mustafa (2009-04-16). "Babacan: We want Turkey, Armenia and Azerbaijan to win". Today's Zaman. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "ICG urges Turkey to normalize Armenia ties without delay". Today's Zaman. 2009-04-16. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "Turkey and Armenia move to ease tensions". Today's Zaman. 2009-04-25.
Jump up ^ "Turkey and Armenia expect gradual normalization in ties". Today's Zaman. 2009-04-25.
Jump up ^ "MHP wants transparency in Armenia talks". Today's Zaman. 2009-04-25.
Jump up ^ "Statement of President Barack Obama on Armenian Remembrance Day, 2009". White House Press Office (Press release). 2009-04-24.
Jump up ^ "Obama avoids g-word, brands Armenian killings 'great atrocity'". Today's Zaman. 2009-04-26. Archived from the original on 28 April 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-26.
Jump up ^ "Obama's message brings no relief to Ankara". Today's Zaman. 2009-04-27.
Jump up ^ "Erdoğan puts Baku's Armenia concerns to rest". Today's Zaman. 2009-05-14.
Jump up ^ "Yerevan to Erdoğan: Don't interfere in Karabakh row". Today's Zaman. 2009-05-16.
Jump up ^ "Nalbandian: Ball in Turkey's court". Today's Zaman. 2009-05-18.
Jump up ^ "Erdoğan to visit Russia next month, report says". Today's Zaman. 2009-04-25.
Jump up ^ "Erdoğan seeks Russian backing in Karabakh peace effort". Today's Zaman. 2009-05-18.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Turkey-Armenia ink historic accord". Al Jazeera. 2009-10-10. Archived from the original on 12 October 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-10.
^ Jump up to: a b "Armenia and Turkey normalise ties". BBC. 2009-10-10. Archived from the original on 10 October 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-10.
^ Jump up to: a b "Turkey, Armenia sign deal on normalising relations". The Sofia Echo. 2009-10-10. Retrieved 2009-10-10.
Jump up ^ "Turkey Angry at Yerevan Over 'Land Claim' Remarks". Asbarez. 15 July 2013. Retrieved 15 July 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Hayrumyan, Naira (11 July 2013). "Armenia and Year 2015: From Genocide recognition demand to demand for eliminating its consequences". ArmeniaNow. Retrieved 11 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Prosecutor General: Armenia Should Have Its Territories Back". Asbarez. 8 July 2013. Retrieved 11 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "QA-18, 12 July 2013, Statement of the Spokesman of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey in Response to a Question Regarding the Declaration of the Prosecutor General of Armenia about the Border between Turkey and Armenia". Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 14 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Turkish Foreign Minister: Armenian Lands Claims are "Product of Delirium"". Hetq. 18 July 2013. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Russia, Armenia unite air defenses, create regional system in the Caucasus RT, 23 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "Russia, Armenia unify air defense systems in Caucasus". Hürriyet Daily News. 24 December 2015. Retrieved 25 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "Ankara: Russia-Armenia deal heats up Caucasus". Hürriyet Daily News. 25 December 2015. Retrieved 25 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Ferguson, Niall. The War of the World: Twentieth-Century Conflict and the Descent of the West. New York: Penguin Press, 2006 p. 177 ISBN 1-59420-100-5
Jump up ^ A Letter from The International Association of Genocide Scholars Archived April 16, 2006, at the Wayback Machine. June 13, 2005
Jump up ^ The Psychological Satisfaction of Denials of the Holocaust or Other Genocides by Non-Extremists or Bigots, and Even by Known Scholars, by Israel Charny, "IDEA" journal, July 17, 2001, Vol.6, no.1
Jump up ^ Josh Belzman (April 23, 2006). "PBS effort to bridge controversy creates more". MSNBC. Archived from the original on 22 October 2006. Retrieved 2006-10-05.
Jump up ^ Letter Archived April 16, 2006, at the Wayback Machine. from the International Association of Genocide Scholars to Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, June 13, 2005
Jump up ^ Kamiya, Gary. Genocide: An inconvenient truth. Salon.com. October 16, 2007.
Jump up ^ Jaschik, Scott. Genocide Deniers. History News Network. October 10, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Armenian Genocide". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 24 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Q&A Armenian 'genocide'". BBC. 2006-10-12. Retrieved 2006-12-29.
^ Jump up to: a b Watson, Ivan (2006-10-04). "Schism: Free Speech vs. 'Insulting Turkishness'". National Public Radio. Retrieved 2008-08-14.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Turkey Recalls Envoys Over Armenian Genocide Archived July 3, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.", International Center for Transitional Justice
Jump up ^ Letter to Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan Archived April 16, 2006, at the Wayback Machine., International Association Of Genocide Scholars, 2005-06-13
Jump up ^ "Armenian Genocide - Recognition of the Armenian Genocide". Retrieved 24 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Swiss court finds Turks guilty for denying Armenian genocide". Retrieved 24 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen (SRF)". Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen (SRF). Retrieved 24 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "An Armenian Perspective on the Search for Noah's Ark" (PDF).
Jump up ^ "Goals of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation". Archived from the original on 2 February 2007. Retrieved 2006-12-29.
Jump up ^ Current History, Volume 13, New York Times Co., 1921, "Dividing the Former Turkish Empire" pp. 441-444 (retrieved October 26, 2010)
Jump up ^ "In Vartan Oskanian's Words, Turkey Casts Doubt on Treaty of Kars with Its Actions"[1][permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Yanatma, Servet (2009-04-15). "Armenia gives assurances on border recognition". Today's Zaman.
Jump up ^ "Press roundup: Radikal". Today's Zaman. 2009-04-28.
External links[edit]
Armenian genocide: Why many Turkish people have trouble accepting it, GlobalPost, 2012
Video – Armenia and Turkey Protocol Signed
Has Armenia Set Preconditions for Normalisation?, Mehmet Fatih Öztarsu, Strategic Outlook Institution
Brief history of Armenian–Turkish relations after the Armenian Genocide.
Armenian-Turkish Conflict
Revisiting the Armenian Genocide
Turkish-Armenian Relations: Roadmap to Peace?
Turkey-Armenia Relations: Football Diplomacy Starts to Bear Fruits
'Stop The Protocols' Armenian Website
Armenian-Turkish dialogue platform
A new era in Turkish-Armenian relations, Opinion by Bulent Aras, September 2009, European Union Institute for Security Studies
Armenian Genocide History
Mustafa Aydin, Armando Garcia Schmidt, Tabib Huseynov, Alexander Iskandaryan, Andrei Zagorski: "After Soccer Diplomacy: The Turkish-Armenian Relations", spotlight europe 2009/10, October 2009
Articles about the Armenian-Turkish relations in the Caucasus Analytical Digest No. 11
Iskandaryan, Alexander: "Armenia–Turkey Relations: Options for 2025" in the Caucasus Analytical Digest No. 19
[show]
v
t
e
Foreign relations of Armenia
Africa
Egypt
Americas
Argentina
Brazil
Canada
Mexico
United States
Uruguay
Asia
Azerbaijan
China
Cyprus
Georgia
India
Iran
Israel
Japan
Kazakhstan
Lebanon
Pakistan
Philippines
Singapore
Syria
Tajikistan
Turkey
Turkmenistan
Europe
Belarus
Bulgaria
Croatia
Denmark
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Kosovo
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russia
Serbia
Switzerland
United Kingdom
Related ethnic groups
Assyrian
Kurdish
Jewish
Multilateral
United Nations
European Union
Related topics
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Diplomatic missions of / in Armenia
Armenian diaspora
[show]
v
t
e
Foreign relations of Turkey
Africa
Egypt
Ethiopia
Kenya
Morocco
Somalia
South Africa
Tunisia
Americas
Argentina
Brazil
Canada
Chile
Mexico
United States
Asia
Abkhazia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Bangladesh
China
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Israel
Japan
Kazakhstan
Kuwait
Malaysia
Pakistan
Palestine
Philippines
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Singapore
South Korea
Syria
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
United Arab Emirates
Europe
Albania
Austria
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Denmark
Finland
France
Georgia
Germany
Greece
Holy See
Kosovo
Macedonia
Malta
Montenegro
Netherlands
Poland
Romania
Russia
Serbia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Ukraine
United Kingdom
Oceania
Australia
New Zealand
Multilateral
European Union
economic relations
D8
Disputes
Aegean dispute
Armenian Genocide dispute/recognition
Cyprus dispute
Turkish military forces in Northern Cyprus
Syrian Civil War
Turkish occupation of northern Syria
Related topics
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Current minister: Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu
past ministers
Diplomatic missions of / in Turkey
Turkish diplomats
Turkish diaspora
Australia
Canada
Europe
United States
Immigration to Turkey
Presidential visits by Abdulah Gül
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armenia–Turkey_relations&oldid=801266422"
Categories:
Armenia–Turkey relations
Bilateral relations of Armenia
Bilateral relations of Turkey
Hidden categories:
Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2010
Webarchive template wayback links
All pages needing factual verification
Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from August 2008
All articles with dead external links
Articles with dead external links from June 2016
Articles with French-language external links
Articles with dead external links from November 2010
Articles with dead external links from December 2016
Articles with permanently dead external links
CS1 Turkish-language sources (tr)
Articles with dead external links from May 2016
Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows
Pages using Infobox bilateral relations with deprecated parameters
Articles to be expanded from October 2007
All articles to be expanded
Articles using small message boxes
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from October 2011
Articles with unsourced statements from October 2007
Articles with unsourced statements from August 2008
Articles with unsourced statements from August 2009
Articles with unsourced statements from September 2009
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Български
Deutsch
فارسی
Français
Հայերեն
Bahasa Indonesia
ქართული
Português
Русский
Simple English
Türkçe
Edit links
This page was last edited on 18 September 2017, at 17:48.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: caption

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: Map indicating locations of Armenia and Turkey

attrs: href class title

value: td

attrs: colspan style

value: tr

value: th

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href title

attrs: scope style

values:
col
width:50%; text-align:center

values: width:50%; text-align:center; border-left:thin solid lightgrey;

values: Edit section: Turkic migration to Anatolia from Central Asia, and the rise of empire

values: plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content

values:
/wiki/Ancient_Assyrians
mw-redirect
Ancient Assyrians

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2011)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/New_York_Times
mw-redirect
New York Times

values:
/wiki/Akhtamar_Island
mw-redirect
Akhtamar Island

values: Edit section: Armenian–Turkish relations during the decline of the Ottoman Empire

values:
/wiki/Granta_Books
mw-redirect
Granta Books

values:
/wiki/Ottoman_Bank_Takeover
mw-redirect
Ottoman Bank Takeover

values:
/wiki/United_States_of_America
mw-redirect
United States of America

values:
/wiki/Adana_Massacre
mw-redirect
Adana Massacre

values: Edit section: The Armenian national movement

values:
/wiki/Armenian_national_movement
mw-redirect
Armenian national movement

values: Rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire

values:
/wiki/Berlin_Congress
mw-redirect
Berlin Congress

values:
/wiki/Zekki_Pasha
mw-redirect
Zekki Pasha

values:
/wiki/Rafael_de_Nogales
mw-redirect
Rafael de Nogales

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2007)

values: Edit section: Democratic Republic of Armenia

values:
/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litowsk
mw-redirect
Treaty of Brest-Litowsk

values:
/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Armenia
mw-redirect
Democratic Republic of Armenia

values: Edit section: The interwar period, and the Soviet era

values:
/wiki/Turkish-Armenian_War
mw-redirect
Turkish-Armenian War

values:
/wiki/Armenian_SSR
mw-redirect
Armenian SSR

values:
/wiki/Republic_of_Turkey
mw-redirect
Republic of Turkey

values:
/wiki/Turkish_revolutionaries
mw-redirect
Turkish revolutionaries

values: Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic

values:
/wiki/Azerbaijani_SSR
mw-redirect
Azerbaijani SSR

values:
/wiki/Georgian_SSR
mw-redirect
Georgian SSR

values:
/wiki/Istanbul_Pogrom
mw-redirect
Istanbul Pogrom

values: Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia

values: Demands for Armenian Genocide reparations

values: List of Armenian Patriarchs of Constantinople

values: Justice Commandos Against Armenian Genocide

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2008)

values: National Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism

values: Edit section: Armenian independence 1991

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2009)

values: Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe

values:
/wiki/Suleyman_Demirel
mw-redirect
Suleyman Demirel

values: Edit section: United Nations Security Council Resolution 822

values:
/wiki/UN_Security_Council
mw-redirect
UN Security Council

values: United Nations Security Council Resolution 822

values:
/wiki/Kars-Tbilisi-Baku_railway
mw-redirect
Kars-Tbilisi-Baku railway

values:
/wiki/Turkish_Atomic_Energy_Agency
mw-redirect
Turkish Atomic Energy Agency

values: Ministry of Environment and Forestry (Turkey)

values:
/wiki/Gamma_radiation
mw-redirect
Gamma radiation

values:
/wiki/Yerevan_Airport
mw-redirect
Yerevan Airport

values: Edit section: Elie Wiesel affirmation of the Armenian Genocide

values:
/wiki/Irving_Horowitz
mw-redirect
Irving Horowitz

values:
/wiki/Radio_Liberty
mw-redirect
Radio Liberty

values:
/wiki/Ferrara_University
mw-redirect
Ferrara University

values: Edit section: Turkish-Armenian Reconciliation Commission

values: Edit section: AK Party comes to power in Turkey

values: International Center for Transitional Justice

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2009)

values: Edit section: The issue of Turkey′s accession to EU

values:
/wiki/Vardan_Oskanyan
mw-redirect
Vardan Oskanyan

values: Edit section: Proposed joint historical commission on events of 1915

values: International Association of Genocide Scholars

values:
/wiki/Robert_Kocharian
mw-redirect
Robert Kocharian

values:
/wiki/Turkish_Gendarmerie
mw-redirect
Turkish Gendarmerie

values: margin-left: auto; margin-right:auto; overflow:hidden; width:auto; max-width:1208px;

values: Edit section: Nobel Laureate genocide re-affirmation

values:
/wiki/Nobel_Laureate
mw-redirect
Nobel Laureate

values:
/wiki/US_Congress
mw-redirect
US Congress

values: Speaker of the United States House of Representatives

values:
/wiki/Robert_M._Gates
mw-redirect
Robert M. Gates

values: Edit section: 2008 Armenian Genocide Remembrance Day

values:
/wiki/Turkish_Foreign_Ministry
mw-redirect
Turkish Foreign Ministry

values: Edit section: 2008–2009 Georgia–Russia crisis

values:
/wiki/2008_South_Ossetia_war
mw-redirect
2008 South Ossetia war

values: Edit section: Turkish Presidential visit to Armenia and subsequent negotiations

values:
/wiki/Armenian_President
mw-redirect
Armenian President

values:
/wiki/Armenian_national_football_team
mw-redirect
Armenian national football team

values: Edit section: Announcement of provisional roadmap and reactions

values: Edit section: United States statements on Armenian Remembrance Day

values:
/wiki/2008_U.S._Presidential_election
mw-redirect
2008 U.S. Presidential election

values: Edit section: 2009 Turkish Presidential visit to Azerbaijan and Russia

values:
/wiki/Russian_Prime_Minister
mw-redirect
Russian Prime Minister

values:
/wiki/Cyprus_problem
mw-redirect
Cyprus problem

values: wikinews:Turkey and Armenia sign historic agreement

values: Edit section: Suspension of the ratification process

values: Edit section: Events after the failed thaw

values: Edit section: Possible territorial claims by Armenia

values: width: 20px; vertical-align: top; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: left; padding: 10px 10px;

values: vertical-align: top; border: none; padding: 4px 10px;

values: width: 20px; vertical-align: bottom; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: right; padding: 10px 10px;

values: margin:auto; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; background-color: transparent; width: auto;

values:
/wiki/Ahmed_Davutoglu
mw-redirect
Ahmed Davutoglu

values:
/wiki/Sergei_Shoygu
mw-redirect
Sergei Shoygu

values:
/wiki/Denial_of_the_Armenian_Genocide
mw-redirect
Denial of the Armenian Genocide

values:
/wiki/Imperial_Russia
mw-redirect
Imperial Russia

values:
/wiki/Article_301_(Turkish_penal_code)
mw-redirect
Article 301 (Turkish penal code)

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values: This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2010)

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.greekworks.com

values: The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (August 2008)

values:
nofollow
external text
http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/trtoc.html

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.cilicia.com/armo19e.html

values:
/wiki/Turkish_Daily_News
mw-redirect
Turkish Daily News

values:
nofollow
external text
http://groong.usc.edu/ICTJ-analysis.pdf

values:
/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe
mw-redirect
Radio Free Europe

values:
/wiki/White_House_Press_Office
mw-redirect
White House Press Office

values:
nofollow
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/12397821/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://hnn.us/articles/43861.html

values:
/wiki/National_Public_Radio
mw-redirect
National Public Radio

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.meforum.org/article/748

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.stoptheprotocols.com

values: European Union Institute for Security Studies

values:
nofollow
http://armenocide.am/
external text

values: Template talk:Foreign relations of Armenia

values:
/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Armenia.svg
image
Coat of arms of Armenia

values:
navbox-image
7
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values:
/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Belarus_relations
mw-redirect
Armenia–Belarus relations

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Template talk:Foreign relations of Turkey

values: Escutcheon used by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the diplomatic missions of Turkey.

values:
navbox-image
8
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values:
/wiki/Greece%E2%80%93Turkey_relations
mw-redirect
Greece–Turkey relations

values:
/wiki/Montenegro-Turkey_relations
mw-redirect
Montenegro-Turkey relations

values: Accession of Turkey to the European Union

values:
/wiki/Developing_8_Countries
mw-redirect
Developing 8 Countries

values: Turkish military forces in Northern Cyprus

values: Turkish involvement in the Syrian Civil War

values: List of Ministers of Foreign Affairs (Turkey)

values:
/wiki/Turkish_citizens_living_abroad
mw-redirect
Turkish citizens living abroad

values:
/wiki/Turkish_Australian
mw-redirect
Turkish Australian

values:
/wiki/Turkish_Canadian
mw-redirect
Turkish Canadian

values:
/wiki/Turkish_American
mw-redirect
Turkish American

values: List of presidential trips made by Abdullah Gül

values: Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2010

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:All pages needing factual verification

values: Category:Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from August 2008

values: Category:All articles with dead external links

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from June 2016

values: Category:Articles with French-language external links

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from November 2010

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from December 2016

values: Category:Articles with permanently dead external links

values: Category:CS1 Turkish-language sources (tr)

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from May 2016

values: Category:Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows

values: Category:Pages using Infobox bilateral relations with deprecated parameters

values: Category:Articles to be expanded from October 2007

values: Category:Articles using small message boxes

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2011

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2007

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2008

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2009

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2009

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: Отношения между Армения и Турция – Bulgarian

values: Armenisch-türkische Beziehungen – German

values: روابط ارمنستان و ترکیه – Persian

values: Relations entre l'Arménie et la Turquie – French

values: Հայ-թուրքական հարաբերություններ – Armenian

values: Hubungan Armenia dengan Turki – Indonesian

values: თურქეთ-სომხეთის ურთიერთობები – Georgian

values: Relações entre Armênia e Turquia – Portuguese

values: Армяно-турецкие отношения – Russian

values: Armenia-Turkey relations – Simple English

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Armenia–Turkey_relations rootpage-Armenia–Turkey_relations vector-experimental-print-styles vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view