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Eastern Ghats
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Eastern Ghats (Jats Jhutts Jatts)
Godavari River at Papi Hills of the Eastern Ghats in Andhra Pradesh
Highest point
Peak
Arma Konda[1] (Andhra Pradesh, India)
Elevation
1,680 metres (5,512 ft)
Geography
Country
India
States
Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu
Regions
Eastern India and South India
Settlements
List[show]
Vishakhapatnam
Bhubaneswar
Vijayawada
Tirupati
Kurnool
Tiruvannamalai
Vellore
Salem, Tamil Nadu
Biome
Forests
Geology
Type of rock
Iron, Steel and Limestone
The Eastern Ghats or Kizhakku thodarchi malaigal or Pūrva Ghaṭ or toorpu kanumalu, also known as Mahendra Parvatam in the south, are a discontinuous range of mountains along India's eastern coast. The Eastern Ghats run from the northern Odisha through Andhra Pradesh to Tamil Nadu in the south passing some parts of Karnataka. They are eroded and cut through by the four major rivers of peninsular India, known as the Godavari, Mahanadi, Krishna, and Kaveri.
The mountain ranges run parallel to the Bay of Bengal. The Deccan Plateau lies to the west of the range, between the Eastern Ghats and Western Ghats. The coastal plains, including the Coromandel Coast region, lie between the Eastern Ghats and the Bay of Bengal. The Eastern Ghats are not as high as the Western Ghats.
Contents
[hide]
1 Geography
2 Hill ranges
3 Rivers
4 Ecoregions
5 Flora
6 Fauna
6.1 Mammals
6.2 Birds
6.3 Butterflies
6.4 Amphibians
6.5 Reptiles
7 Protected areas
8 Buddhist culture
9 Hindu pilgrimage sites
10 See also
11 References
Geography[edit]
The Eastern Ghats are older than the Western Ghats, and have a complex geologic history related to the assembly and breakup of the ancient supercontinent of Rodinia and the assembly of the Gondwana supercontinent.
The Eastern Ghats are made up of charnockites, granite gneiss, khondalites, metamorphic gneisses and quartzite rock formations. The structure of the Eastern Ghats includes thrusts and strike-slip faults[2] all along its range. Limestone, bauxite and iron ore are found in the Eastern Ghats hill ranges.
The Eparchaean Unconformity of the Tirumala Hills is a major discontinuity of stratigraphic significance that represents an extensive period of erosion and non-deposition. It is seen at the steep natural slopes, road scars and ravines in the Tirumala ghat roads in the Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh.[3][4]
Hill ranges[edit]
Topography- Eastern Ghats (Southern part)
A view of Kanjamalai hill in the Eastern Ghats near Salem, Tamil Nadu
Eastern Ghats during monsoon in Khammam district, Telangana
The Araku Valley lies in the Eastern Ghats, Visakhapatnam district, Andhra Pradesh
Sanaghagara falls in Kendujhar district, Odisha
As with the Western Ghats, these mountain ranges also have local names along the discontinuous hill ranges.
At their southern end, the Eastern Ghats form several ranges of low hills. The southernmost of the Eastern Ghats are the low Sirumalai and Karanthamalai Hills of southern Tamil Nadu.
North of the Kaveri River are the higher Kollimalai, Pachaimalai, Shevaroy (Servarayan), Kalrayan Hills, Chitteri, Palamalai and Mettur Hills in northern Tamil Nadu state. The climate of the higher hill ranges is generally cooler and wetter than the surrounding plains, and the hills are home to coffee plantations and enclaves of dry forest.
The hill station of Yercaud is located in the Shevaroy Hills. The Biligiriranga Hills, which run east from the Western Ghats to the River Kaveri, form a forested ecological corridor that connects the Eastern and Western Ghats, and allows the second-largest wild Asian elephant population in India to range between the South Eastern Ghats, the Biligiriranga Hills and Nilgiri Hills, and the South Western Ghats.
The Malai Mahadeshwara Hills Temple is situated in Chamarajanagar district in Karnataka state in the Eastern Ghats.
The Ponnaiyar and Palar rivers flow from headwaters on the Kolar Plateau eastward through gaps in the Ghats to empty into the Bay of Bengal; the Javadi Hills lie between the two rivers. There are waterfalls in remote areas, such as the Kiliyur Falls.[5]
Some 40 km from the south end of the Javadu Hills starts the Kalvarayan Hill range. The name Kalvarayan comes from the native people known as "kalvar". This hill range brings much more rainfall to the eastern part of its surrounding areas during the northwest monsoon. The Thenponnaiyar River divides this hill range from the Javadu Hills in the north. The hills continue as the Shervarayan Hills further southwest divided by Manchavaadi Pass. The Komuki River originates in this range and flows into the Bay of Bengal, along with the Kaveri River.
North of the Palar River in Andhra Pradesh, the central portion of the Eastern Ghats consists of two parallel ranges running approximately north-south. The lower Velikonda Range lies to the east, and the higher Palikonda-Lankamalla-Nallamalai Ranges lie to the west. They run in a nearly north-south alignment, parallel to the Coromandel Coast for close to 430 km between the Krishna and Pennar rivers. Its northern boundaries are marked by the flat Palnadu basin, while in the south it merges with the Tirupati hills. An extremely old system, the hills have been extensively weathered and eroded over the years. The average elevation today is about 520 m, but reaches 1,100 m at Bhairani Konda and 1,048 m at Gundla Brahmeswara.
The Tirumala Hills are located along the Seshachalam-Velikonda Range of the Eastern Ghats. The Palar River cuts through the ranges. The Velikonda Range eventually descends to the coastal plain in northern Nellore district, while the Nallamalla Range in kurnool continues to the River Krishna.
The Kondapalli Hills are a range of low hills which lie between the Krishna and the Godavari rivers. These hills are located in the Guntur, Krishna, West Godavari and Khammam districts of Andhra Pradesh. The Krishna River bisects these hills of the Eastern Ghats. The main hill range starts from Nandigrama to Vijayawada known as Kondapalli.
The Papi Hills (Papi Kondalu) are distributed among the Khammam, East Godavari and West Godavari districts of Andhra Pradesh and lie in the Eastern Ghats.
Madhurawada Dome in the Eastern Ghats mobile belt is formed by a tectonic arrangement with the khondalite suite and quartz Archean rocks along the Eastern Ghats north of Visakhapatnam.[6]
The Maliya Range is located in the northern portion of the Eastern Ghats. The Maliya Range generally ranges between elevations of 900–1200 m, although some of its summits soar higher. The tallest peak in this range is Mahendragiri (1,501 m).[7]
The Madugula Konda Range is located in the northern portion of the Eastern Ghats. The Madugula Konda range is higher than the Maliyas and generally ranges between elevations of 1100–1400 m. Prominent summits include the highest peak of the Eastern Ghats - Arma Konda (1680 m), Gali Konda (1643 m) and Sinkram Gutta (1620 m).[7]
The highest mountain peak in the state of Odisha is Deomali (1672 m), which is situated in the Koraput district of southern Odisha. It is part of the Chandragiri-Pottangi mountain system. The region covers about three-fourths of the entire Odisha state. Geologically it is a part of the Indian Peninsula which was a part of the ancient land mass of Gondwanaland. The major rivers of Odisha with their tributaries have cut deep and narrow valleys.
The Garhjat Range is a northeastern prolongation of the eastern Ghats which rises abruptly and steeply in the east and slopes gently to a dissected plateau in the west running from north-west (Mayurbhanj) to south-west (Malkangiri). The Odisha highlands are also known as the Garhjat Hills. This region is well marked by a number of interfluves or watersheds which interrupt the terrain in the form of broad and narrow river valleys and flood plains. The average height of this region is about 900 metres above mean sea level.
The Similipal Massif is considered the farthest northeast extension of the Eastern Ghats.[8]
Rivers[edit]
The Eastern Ghats are the source points for many small and medium rivers[9] along the east coastal plains of South India.
Rivers flowing through Eastern Ghats include:
Godavari
Kaveri
Krishna
Mahanadi
Tungabhadra
Rivers originating on the Eastern Ghats include:
Bahuda River
Rushikulya River
Vamsadhara River
Nagavali River
Champavathi River
Vegavathi River
Gosthani River
Sarada River
Varaha River
Tandava River
Indravathi River
Sabari River
Sileru River
Tammileru
Gundlakamma River
Pennai Yaru River
Swarnamukhi
Kundu River
Vellar River
Papaghni River
Chitravati River
Ecoregions[edit]
The Eastern Ghats consist of different ecoregions along its range from south to north along the east coast of India. The important ecoregions consist of Eastern Highlands moist deciduous forests, East Deccan dry evergreen forests, Deccan thorn scrub forests, shrub lands, and South Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests.
View of Eastern Ghats at Kollimalai (Kolli Hills), Tamil Nadu
Flora[edit]
The southern tropical thorn scrub type forests consist of open, low vegetation that is characterised by thorny trees with short trunks and low, branching crowns that rarely meet to form a closed canopy. Typical grasses of the ecoregion include Chrysopogon fulvus, Heteropogon contortus, Eremopogon foveolatus, Aristida setacea, and Dactyloctenium species. The plants that dominate the vegetation in these forests are acacia species, Balanites roxburghii, Cordia myxa, Capparis spp., Prosopis spp., Azadirachta indica, Cassia fistula, Diospyros chloroxylon, Carissa carandas, and Phoenix sylvestris. There are also several other habitat types found in these forests.
Flora of medicinal and botanical interest include an endemic cycad (Cycas beddomei) and Psilotum nudum. A small patch of the tree Shorea talura also exists within the Chittoor forest division, part of which is being maintained as a preservation plot by the Forest Department of Andhra Pradesh. The area between the Nallamalai and Seshachalam Hills is well known for the red sandal (Pterocarpus santalinus), a rare, endemic tree species that is harvested for the medicinal value of its wood.
The Eastern Highlands moist deciduous ecoregion's forests are dominated by sal (Shorea robusta), in association with Terminalia, Adina, Toona, Syzygium, Buchanania, Cleisanthus, and Anogeissus. The flora of the ecoregion share many affinities with the moist forests of the Western Ghats and the eastern Himalayas.
The original vegetation of the Deccan dry evergreen forests ecoregion consisted of forests with an understory of evergreen trees and an emergent canopy of taller deciduous trees, including sal (Shorea robusta), Albizia amara and Chloroxylon spp. Intensive human use of the forests over the centuries has mostly eliminated the deciduous canopy species, and the ecoregion's remaining forests are now characterized by areas of leathery-leaved evergreen forest, with a relatively low (10-metre) closed canopy.
Predominant species are Manilkara hexandra, Mimusops elengi, Ceylon ebony (Diospyros ebenum), strychnine tree (Strychnos nux-vomica), Eugenia spp., Drypetes sepiaria, and Flacourtia indica. A few small enclaves of deciduous sal forest exist but are under intensive human pressure. Most of the ecoregion's forests have been degraded into tropical dry evergreen scrublands, characterized by thorny species such as Ziziphus glaberrima, Dichrostachys cinerea, Catunaregam spinosa, and Carissa spinarum.
Calophyllum inophyllum
Pterocarpus santalinus
Dichrostachys cinerea
Helicteres isora
Blepharis maderaspatensis
Artocarpus heterophyllus
Fauna[edit]
The endemic fauna of the Eastern Ghats are the Jerdon's courser (Rhinoptilus bitorquatus) and grey slender loris (Loris lydekkerianus). The rare geckos[10] found here are the Indian golden gecko (Calodactylodes aureus), rock gecko (Hemiphyllodactylus aurantiacus), and Sharma's skink Eutropis nagarjuni.
Mammals[edit]
Indian elephant (Elephas maximus indicus), blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra), Asian palm civet (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus), small Indian civet (Viverricula indica), Madras treeshrew (Anathana ellioti), common grey mongoose (Herpestes edwardsii), sambar deer (Rusa unicolor), Indian crested porcupine (Hystrix indica), Indian bison (Bos gaurus), wild boar (Sus scrofa), common muntjac (Muntiacus muntjak), Indian leopard (Panthera pardus fusca), Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris), dhole (Cuon alpinus), golden jackal (Canis aureus), Indian giant squirrel (Ratufa indica), Indian hare (Lepus nigricollis), Asian house shrew (Suncus murinus), tufted grey langur (Semnopithecus priam), Indian flying fox (Pteropus giganteus), bonnet macaque (Macaca radiata), rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta), Bengal fox (Vulpes bengalensis), smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata), jungle cat (Felis chaus), cheetal (Axis axis), striped hyena (Hyaena hyaena), Indian mole-rat (Bandicota bengalensis)[11]
Birds[edit]
Great Indian bustard (Ardeotis nigriceps), red-wattled lapwing (Vanellus indicus), spot-billed pelican (Pelecanus philippensis), blue peafowl (Pavo cristatus), Indian pond heron (Ardeola grayii), hoopoe (Upupa epops), spotted owlet (Athene brama), greater coucal (Centropus sinensis), pied crested cuckoo (Clamator jacobinus), Oriental white ibis (Threskiornis melanocephalus), Indian pitta (Pitta brachyura), Indian paradise flycatcher (Terpsiphone paradisi), red-vented bulbul (Pycnonotus cafer), red-whiskered bulbul (Pycnonotus jocosus), jungle babbler (Turdoides striata), painted stork (Mycteria leucocephala), black-rumped flameback (Dinopium benghalense), brahminy kite (Haliastur indus), jungle myna (Acridotheres fuscus), Indian spotted eagle (Aquila hastata), Indian vulture[12] (Gyps indicus)[13], Malabar whistling thrush (Myophonus horsfieldii)
Butterflies[edit]
Indian sunbeam (Curetis thetis)
Common Mormon (Papilio polytes)
Yellow pansy (Junonia hierta)- female
Three-spot grass yellow (Eurema blanda)
Common pierrot (Castalius rosimon)
Tawny coster (Acraea terpsicore)
Amphibians[edit]
Up to 30 species of amphibians including the Gunther's toad (Bufo hololius), pond frogs (Euphlyctis), cricket frog (Fejervarya), bull frogs (Hoplobatrachus), burrowing frogs (Sphaerotheca), balloon frogs (Uperodon), small-mouthed frogs (Microhyla), and tree frog (Polypedates) occur here. Endemic ones include the golden-backed frogs (Hylarana spp.), the bush frog Raorchestes terebrans and the recently described caecilian Gegeneophis orientalis and an Ichthyophis species that is known from old records.[14][15]
Reptiles[edit]
Nearly 100 species of reptiles occur in the Eastern Ghats. Many endangered species are also present, including the mugger crocodile (Crocodylus palustris), Indian black turtle (Melanochelys trijuga), Indian flapshell turtle (Lissemys punctata), Indian tent turtle (Pangshura tentoria), Indian star tortoise (Geochelone elegans), Leith's softshell turtle (Nilssonia leithii), many of which are found in the northern rivers and riverine valley tracts.
Among lizards are the Roux's forest calotes Calotes rouxii, those of the genera (Psammophilus ), (Sitana), Indian chameleon (Chamaeleo zeylanicus), Reticulated gecko (Hemidactylus reticulatus), the rock geckoes Hemidactylus giganteus, Hemidactylus graniticolus, the golden gecko (Calodactylodes aureus), the slender gecko (Hemiphyllodactylus aurantiacus), the rare ground geckoes (Geckoella nebulosa), (Geckoella collegalensis), the recently rediscovered (Geckoella jeyporensis), Leschenault's snake-eye (Ophisops leschenaultii), Blinking snake-eye (Ophisops minor), Ashwamedh's skink (Eutropis ashwamedhii), Beddome's skink Eutropis beddomei, Nagarjun's skink (Eutropis nagarjuni) and Bengal monitor (Varanus bengalensis). Noteworthy lizards include the endemic, fossorial genera of leg-less skinks such as Sepsophis punctatus, Barkudia melanosticta and Barkudia insularis that are known only from the northern ranges and along the adjoining Eastern coastal plains in northern Andhra Pradesh and Odisha.
Among snakes are the beaked worm snake (Grypotyphlops acutus), the endemic shield-tailed snakes like Uropeltis ellioti, Uropeltis shorttii, the recently described Rhinophis goweri, the endangered Indian rock python (Python molurus), Forsten's cat snake (Boiga forsteni), yellow-green cat snake (Boiga flaviviridis), Srilankan flying snake (Chrysopelea taprobanica), Nagarjun Sagar racer (Coluber bholanathi), green keelback (Macropisthodon plumbicolor), Duméril's black-headed snake (Sibynophis subpunctatus), Indian reed snake (Liopeltis calamaria). Apart from the Big Four Indian venomous snakes, endemic ones like the Beddome's coral snake (Calliophis beddomei) and the Indian green Bamboo pit viper (Trimeresurus gramineus) and the rare King cobra (Ophiophagus hannah) and the Banded krait (Bungarus fasciatus) are also known from parts of this region.[14][15]
Protected areas[edit]
Panoramic view of Sri Venkateswara National Park near Talakona, Andhra Pradesh
Sanctuaries and national parks of the Eastern Ghats:
Badrama Wildlife Sanctuary, Odisha
Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary, Andhra Pradesh
Gundla Brahmeswaram Wildlife Sanctuary, Andhra Pradesh
Hadgarh Wildlife Sanctuary, Odisha
Kalaphat
Kambalakonda Wildlife Sanctuary, Andhra Pradesh
Khalasuni Wildlife Sanctuary, Odisha
Krishna Wildlife Sanctuary, Andhra Pradesh
Kotagarh Wildlife Sanctuary, Odisha
Koundinya Wildlife Sanctuary, Andhra Pradesh
Lakhari Valley Wildlife Sanctuary, Odisha
Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve, Andhra Pradesh and Telangana
Papikonda Wildlife Sanctuary, Andhra Pradesh
Rollapadu Bird Sanctuary
Satkosia Tiger Reserve, Odisha
Simlipal National Park, Odisha
Sri Lankamalleswara Wildlife Sanctuary, Andhra Pradesh
Sri Venkateswara National Park, Andhra Pradesh
Sunabeda Tiger Reserve, Odisha
Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary, Tamil Nadu
Buddhist culture[edit]
Left: Buddhist stupas at Bavikonda;
Right: Udayagiri in the Eastern Ghats
Left: Rock-cut cistern at Pavurallakonda;
Right: Rock-cut Buddhist monastery at Bojjannakonda in the Eastern Ghats in Andhra Pradesh
The Eastern Ghats are home to many Buddhist ruins, from Odisha to South Andhra. Andhra Pradesh has 140 listed Buddhist sites, which provide a panoramic view of the history of Buddhism from the 3rd century BCE to the 14th century CE. There are as many as 501 inscriptions engraved upon various media, including lithic, copper plates, crystals, pots, and conch, of which 360 are lithic records, 7 are sets of copper plates, and 134 are inscribed pots and conches.
Some of the famous Buddhist sites in the Eastern Ghats include:
Amaravati
Bojjannakonda
Bavikonda
Guntupalle
Kapavaram
Lalitgiri
Nagarjunakonda
Pavurallakonda
Ramatheertham
Ratnagiri
Salihundam
Thotlakonda
Udayagiri
Undavalli caves
Hindu pilgrimage sites[edit]
Left: Tirumala Venkateswara Temple;
Right: Kanaka Durga Temple in Vijayawada
Left: Srisailam Mallikarjuna Temple;
Right: Simhachalam Temple in Visakhapatnam
Some Hindu pilgrimage sites in the Eastern Ghats are:
Ahobilam
Amararama
Annamalaiyar Temple
Annavaram
Ardhagiri
Jaugada
Kadiri
Kalahandi
Kanipakam
Mahanandi
Mangalagiri
Namakkal
Pattiseema
Penchalakona
Rayagada
Simhachalam
Srikalahasti Temple
Srisailam
Tirumala Venkateswara Temple
Vijayawada
Yaganti
See also[edit]
Coromandel Coast
Javadi Hills
Nallamala Hills
Sri Venkateswara National Park
Western Ghats
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Kenneth Pletcher (August 2010). The Geography of India: Sacred and Historic Places. The Rosen Publishing Group, 2010. pp. 28–. ISBN 978-16-1530-142-3. Retrieved 4 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Geology of Eastern Ghats in Andhra Pradesh" (PDF). Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences - Section B. 66 (5): 200–205. November 1967. doi:10.1007/BF03052185.
Jump up ^ "Eparchaean Unconformity, Tirumala Ghat section". Geological Survey of India. Retrieved 2009-09-20.
Jump up ^ Geological Monuments of India. Eparchaean Unconformity (Tirupati Tirupati Road). Geological Survey of India. 2001. pp. 5–8.
Jump up ^ "Jungle Look". Chennai, India: The Hindu. 2006-02-11. Retrieved 2006-12-09.
Jump up ^ Jagadeeswara Rao, P.; Harikrishna, P.; Srivastav, S.K.; Satyanarayana, P.V.V.; Vasu Deva Rao, B. (October 2009). "Selection of groundwater potential zones in and around Madhurawada Dome, Visakhapatnam District - A GIS approach" (PDF). J. Ind. Geophys. Union. 13 (4): 191–200. Retrieved 4 April 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b M.S. Kohli (August 2010). Mountains of India: Tourism, Adventure and Pilgrimage. Indus Publishing, 2014. pp. 36–. ISBN 978-81-7387-135-1. Retrieved 4 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan profiles the Eastern Ghats of southern India" originally from http://sdnp.delhi.nic.in/nbsap/dactionp/ecoregion/eghatdraft.html
Jump up ^ Flora of Eastern Ghats: Hill Ranges of South East India - Thammineni Pullaiah, D. Muralidhara Rao, K. Sri Ramamurthy - Google Books. Books.google.co.in. Retrieved on 2013-07-28.
Jump up ^ http://threatenedtaxa.org/ZooPrintJournal/2010/July/o236026vii101109-1113.pdf
Jump up ^ No.1,2006.pdf The Eastern Ghats. Archive of No.1,2006.pdf original site
Jump up ^ Endangered vultures sighted in Raichur. The Hindu (2012-08-29). Retrieved on 2013-07-28.
Jump up ^ Critically endangered vulture found in Adilabad district. The Hindu (2013-06-05). Retrieved on 2013-07-28.
^ Jump up to: a b Srinivasulu, C., & Das, I. (2008). The herpetofauna of Nallamala Hills, Eastern Ghats, India: an annotated checklist, with remarks on nomenclature, taxonomy, habitat use, adaptive types and biogeography. Asiatic Herpetological Research, 11, 110-131.
^ Jump up to: a b Ganesh, S. R., & Arumugam, M. (2015). Species Richness of Montane Herpetofauna of Southern Eastern Ghats, India: A Historical Resume and a Descriptive Checklist. Russian Journal of Herpetology, 23(1), 7-24.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Eastern Ghats.
Coordinates: 15.418°0′N 78.789°0′E / 15.418°N 78.789°E / 15.418; 78.789
[show]
v
t
e
Eastern Ghats
Rivers
Champavathi River
Godavari
Gosthani River
Gundlakamma River
Kaveri
Krishna
Kundu River
Mahanadi
Nagavali River
Palar
Penner River
Ponnaiyar
Rushikulya
Sabari River
Sarada River
Sileru River
Sweata Nadi
Vasishta Nadi
Vellar
Vamsadhara River

Regions
Deccan Plateau
Kolar Plateau
Hills
Bilgiri (Biligirirangan)
Chitteri
Erramala
Kalrayan
Karanthamalai
Kolli
Lankamalla
Mahendragiri
Mettur
Nallamalla
Pachaimalai
Palamalai
Palkonda
Shevaroy
Sirumalai
Vada Chennimalai
Velikonda
Waterfalls
Agaya Gangai
Kiliyur
Mayil Uthu
Mangalam
Periyar
Pudur Megan
Talakona Falls
Ubbalamadugu Falls
States
Andhra Pradesh
Karnataka
Odisha
Tamil Nadu
Telangana
West Bengal
Parks & Reserves
Badrama Wildlife Sanctuary
Chilika Bird Sanctuary
Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary
Gundla Brahmeswaram Wildlife Sanctuary
Kambalakonda Wildlife Sanctuary
Kanger Ghati National Park
Kinnerasani Wildlife Sanctuary
Kolleru Lake Bird Sanctuary
Krishna Wildlife Sanctuary
Koundinya Wildlife Sanctuary
Lakhari Valley Wildlife Sanctuary
Sri Lankamalleswara Wildlife Sanctuary
Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve
Nalbana Bird Sanctuary
Nelapattu Bird Sanctuary
Papikonda Wildlife Sanctuary
Pulicat Lake Bird Sanctuary
Rollapadu Wildlife Sanctuary
Simlipal National Park
Sri Venkateswara National Park
Telineelapuram and Telukunchi Bird Sanctuaries
Sunabeda Wildlife Sanctuary
Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary
[show]
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e
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Rivers
Major tributaries
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Manjira
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Purna
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Ravva oil field
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History of New York
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History of New York may refer to:
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Template:New York was founded in 1664.
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Jnanpith Award
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Jnanpith Award
Awarded by Bharatiya Jnanpith
Category
Literature (Individual)
Description
Description
Literary award in India
Statistics
Instituted
1961
First awarded
1965
Last awarded
2017
Total awarded
58
Cash award
₹11 lakh (equivalent to ₹12 lakh or US$18,000 in 2016)
First awardee(s)
G. Sankara Kurup
Recent awardee(s)
Krishna Sobti
The Jnanpith Award is an Indian literary award presented annually by the Bharatiya Jnanpith to an author for their "outstanding contribution towards literature". Instituted in 1961, the award is bestowed only on Indian writers writing in Indian languages included in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India and English,[a] with no posthumous conferral.[2]
From 1965 till 1981, the award was given to the authors for their "most outstanding work" and consisted of a citation plaque, a cash prize of ₹1 lakh (equivalent to ₹47 lakh or US$73,000 in 2016), and a bronze replica of Saraswati, the Hindu goddess of knowledge and wisdom.[3][4][5] The first recipient of the award was the Malayalam writer G. Sankara Kurup who received the award in 1965 for his collection of poems, Odakkuzhal (The Bamboo Flute), published in 1950.[6] The rules were revised in subsequent years to consider only works published during the preceding twenty years, excluding the year for which the award was to be given and the cash prize was increased to ₹1.5 lakh (equivalent to ₹21 lakh or US$33,000 in 2016) from 1981.[7]
As of 2015[update], the cash prize has been revised to ₹11 lakh (equivalent to ₹12 lakh or US$18,000 in 2016) and out of twenty-three eligible languages the award has been presented for works in fifteen languages: Hindi (eleven), Kannada (eight), Bengali (six), Malayalam (five), Gujarati, Marathi, Odia, and Urdu (four each), Telugu (three), Assamese, Punjabi, and Tamil (two each), Kashmiri, Konkani, and Sanskrit (one each). The award has been conferred upon fifty-seven writers including seven women authors. In 1976, Bengali novelist Ashapoorna Devi became the first woman to win the award and was honoured for the 1965 novel Pratham Pratisruti (The First Promise), the first in a trilogy.[b][8] The most recent recipient of the award is Hindi fiction writer and essayist Krishna Sobti who was awarded for the year 2017.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Rules and selection process
3 List of recipients
4 Explanatory notes
5 See also
6 References
7 Bibliography
8 Further reading
9 External links
Background[edit]
The Bharatiya Jnanpith, a research and cultural institute founded in 1944 by industrialist Sahu Shanti Prasad Jain of the Sahu Jain family, conceived an idea in May 1961 to start a scheme "commanding national prestige and of international standard" to "select the best book out of the publications in Indian languages".[3][7] Later in November, Rama Jain, the Founder President of the Bharatiya Jnanpith, invited a few literary experts to discuss various aspects of the scheme. Jain along with Kaka Kalelkar, Harivansh Rai Bachchan, Ramdhari Singh Dinkar, Jainendra Kumar, Jagdish Chandra Mathur, Prabhakar Machwe, Akshaya Kumar Jain, and Lakshmi Chandra Jain presented the initial draft to the then President of India Rajendra Prasad who had shown interest in the scheme's implementation. The idea was also discussed at the 1962 annual sessions of the All India Gujarati Sahitya Parishad and the Bharatiya Bhasha Parishad.[3]
On 2 April 1962, around 300 writers of various Indian languages were invited to Delhi for the two sessions conducted by Dharamvir Bharati in which the draft was finalised and later presented to Prasad. The first award selection committee meeting was scheduled on 16 March 1963 and Prasad was appointed as its president.[3] However, Prasad died on 28 February 1963 and thus the scheduled meeting was chaired by Kalelkar and Sampurnanand acted as president of the committee.[3][9]
The first Selection Board consisted of Kalelkar, Niharranjan Ray, Karan Singh, R. R. Diwakar, V. Raghavan, B. Gopal Reddy, Harekrushna Mahatab, Rama Jain, and Lakshmi Chandra Jain and was headed by Sampurnanand. Works that were published between 1921 and 1951 were considered for the first award. The nine language committees that were formed were to submit to the board nominations along with translations of the work into Hindi or English. The final round had four authors; Kazi Nazrul Islam (Bengali), D. V. Gundappa (Kannada), Viswanatha Satyanarayana (Telugu), and G. Sankara Kurup (Malayalam). On 19 November 1966, Kurup was presented with the citation, statue of Saraswati, and a cheque for prize of ₹1 lakh (US$1,600) at a ceremony held at Vigyan Bhavan, Delhi.[c] In his acceptance speech, Kurup appreciated the concept of the new award and thanked it for bringing "integration of the diverse people of this land on a spiritual plane".[10]
Rules and selection process[edit]
The nominations for the award are received from various literary experts, teachers, critics, universities, and numerous literary and language associations. Every three years, an advisory committee is constituted for each of the languages.[3] The language of the most recent recipient's work is not eligible for consideration for the next two years.[2] Each committee consists of three literary critics and scholars of their respective languages. All the nominations are scrutinised by the committee and their recommendations are submitted to the Jnanpith Award Selection Board (Pravara Parishad).[2][3]
The Selection Board consists of between seven and eleven members of "high repute and integrity". Each member is part of the committee for a term of three years which can also be extended further for two more terms.[3] The recommendations of all language advisory committees are evaluated by the board based on complete or partial translations of the selected writings of the proposed writers into Hindi or English. The recipient for a particular year is announced by the Selection Board, which has final authority in selection.[2]
List of recipients[edit]
Key
† Indicates a joint award for the given year
G. Sankara Kurup was the first recipient of the award.
Krishna Sobti is the most recent recipient of the award.
List of award recipients, showing the year, and language(s)[11]
Year
Recipient(s)
Language(s)
Refs./Notes
1965
(1st)
Kurup, G. SankaraG. Sankara Kurup
Malayalam !Malayalam [d][12]
1966
(2nd)
Bandyopadhyay, TarasankarTarasankar Bandyopadhyay
Bengali !Bengali [e][12]
1967
(3rd) †
Joshi, UmashankarUmashankar Joshi
Gujarati !Gujarati [f][12]
1967
(3rd) †
Puttappa 'Kuvempu', Kuppali VenkatappaKuppali Venkatappa Puttappa 'Kuvempu'
Kannada !Kannada [g][12]
1968
(4th)
Pant, SumitranandanSumitranandan Pant
Hindi !Hindi [h][12]
1969
(5th)
Gorakhpuri, FiraqFiraq Gorakhpuri
Urdu !Urdu [i][12]
1970
(6th)
Satyanarayana, ViswanathaViswanatha Satyanarayana
Telugu !Telugu [j][12]
1971
(7th)
Dey, BishnuBishnu Dey
Bengali !Bengali [k][12]
1972
(8th)
Singh 'Dinkar', RamdhariRamdhari Singh 'Dinkar'
Hindi !Hindi [l][12]
1973
(9th) †
Bendre, D. R.D. R. Bendre
Kannada !Kannada [m][12]
1973
(9th) †
Mohanty, GopinathGopinath Mohanty
Odia !Odia [n][12]
1974
(10th)
Khandekar, Vishnu SakharamVishnu Sakharam Khandekar
Marathi !Marathi [o][12]
1975
(11th)
, AkilanAkilan
Tamil !Tamil [p][12]
1976
(12th)
Devi, AshapoornaAshapoorna Devi
Bengali !Bengali [q][12]
1977
(13rd)
Karanth, K. ShivaramK. Shivaram Karanth
Kannada !Kannada [r][12]
1978
(14th)
Vatsyayan, SachchidanandaSachchidananda Vatsyayan
Hindi !Hindi [s][12]
1979
(15th)
Bhattacharya, Birendra KumarBirendra Kumar Bhattacharya
Assamese !Assamese [t][12]
1980
(16th)
Pottekkatt, S. K.S. K. Pottekkatt
Malayalam !Malayalam [u][12]
1981
(17th)
Pritam, AmritaAmrita Pritam
Punjabi !Punjabi [v][12]
1982
(18th)
Varma, MahadeviMahadevi Varma
Hindi !Hindi [13]
1983
(19th)
Iyengar, Masti VenkateshaMasti Venkatesha Iyengar
Kannada !Kannada [14]
1984
(20th)
Pillai, Thakazhi SivasankaraThakazhi Sivasankara Pillai
Malayalam !Malayalam [15]
1985
(21st)
Patel, PannalalPannalal Patel
Gujarati !Gujarati [16]
1986
(22nd)
Routray, SachidanandaSachidananda Routray
Odia !Odia [17]
1987
(23rd)
Shirwadkar 'Kusumagraj', Vishnu VamanVishnu Vaman Shirwadkar 'Kusumagraj'
Marathi !Marathi [18]
1988
(24th)
Reddy, C. NarayanaC. Narayana Reddy
Telugu !Telugu [19]
1989
(25th)
Hyder, QurratulainQurratulain Hyder
Urdu !Urdu [20]
1990
(26th)
Gokak, Vinayaka KrishnaVinayaka Krishna Gokak
Kannada !Kannada [21]
1991
(27th)
Mukhopadhyay, SubhashSubhash Mukhopadhyay
Bengali !Bengali [22]
1992
(28th)
Mehta, NareshNaresh Mehta
Hindi !Hindi [23]
1993
(29th)
Mahapatra, SitakantSitakant Mahapatra
Odia !Odia [24]
1994
(30th)
Ananthamurthy, U. R.U. R. Ananthamurthy
Kannada !Kannada [25]
1995
(31st)
Nair, M. T. VasudevanM. T. Vasudevan Nair
Malayalam !Malayalam [26]
1996
(32nd)
Devi, MahaswetaMahasweta Devi
Bengali !Bengali [27]
1997
(33rd)
Jafri, Ali SardarAli Sardar Jafri
Urdu !Urdu [28]
1998
(34th)
Karnad, GirishGirish Karnad
Kannada !Kannada [29]
1999
(35th) †
Verma, NirmalNirmal Verma
Hindi !Hindi [30]
1999
(35th) †
Singh, GurdialGurdial Singh
Punjabi !Punjabi [30]
2000
(36th)
Goswami, Mamoni RaisomMamoni Raisom Goswami
Assamese !Assamese [31]
2001
(37th)
Shah, RajendraRajendra Shah
Gujarati !Gujarati [32]
2002
(38th)
Jayakanthan, Jayakanthan
Tamil !Tamil [33]
2003
(39th)
Karandikar, VindaVinda Karandikar
Marathi !Marathi [34]
2004
(40th)
Rahi, RehmanRehman Rahi
Kashmiri !Kashmiri [35]
2005
(41st)
Narayan, KunwarKunwar Narayan
Hindi !Hindi [36]
2006
(42nd) †
Kelekar, RavindraRavindra Kelekar
Konkani !Konkani [36]
2006
(42nd) †
Shastri, Satya VratSatya Vrat Shastri
Sanskrit !Sanskrit [36]
2007
(43rd)
Kurup, O. N. V.O. N. V. Kurup
Malayalam !Malayalam [37]
2008
(44th)
Khan 'Shahryar', Akhlaq MohammedAkhlaq Mohammed Khan 'Shahryar'
Urdu !Urdu [38]
2009
(45th) †
Amarkant, Amarkant
Hindi !Hindi [39]
2009
(45th) †
Sukla, Sri LalSri Lal Sukla
Hindi !Hindi [39]
2010
(46th)
Kambara, ChandrashekharaChandrashekhara Kambara
Kannada !Kannada [40]
2011
(47th)
Ray, PratibhaPratibha Ray
Odia !Odia [41]
2012
(48th)
Bharadhwaja, RavuriRavuri Bharadhwaja
Telugu !Telugu [42]
2013
(49th)
Singh, KedarnathKedarnath Singh
Hindi !Hindi [43]
2014
(50th)
Nemade, BhalchandraBhalchandra Nemade
Marathi !Marathi [44]
2015
(51st)
Chaudhari, RaghuveerRaghuveer Chaudhari
Gujarati !Gujarati [45]
2016
(52nd)
Ghosh, ShankhaShankha Ghosh
Bengali !Bengali [46]
2017
(53rd)
Sobti, Krishna Krishna Sobti
Hindi !Hindi [47]
Explanatory notes[edit]
Jump up ^ The Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India consists of twenty-two languages viz. Assamese, Bengali, Bodo, Dogri, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Maithili, Malayalam, Manipuri, Marathi, Nepali, Odia, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Santhali, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, and Urdu.[1]
Jump up ^ The trilogy consists of Pratham Pratisruti, Subarnalata, and Bakul Katha.
Jump up ^ The Malayalam language committee headed by N. V. Krishna Warrier submitted an undisputed nomination of Kurup's work Odakkuzhal although the Kerala Sahitya Akademi opined that no work in Malayalam language was worthy of the inaugural prize.[10]
Jump up ^ Awarded for Odakkuzhal.
Jump up ^ Awarded for Ganadevta.
Jump up ^ Awarded for Nishitha.
Jump up ^ Awarded for Sri Ramayana Darshanam.
Jump up ^ Awarded for Chidambara.
Jump up ^ Awarded for Gul-e-Naghma.
Jump up ^ Awarded for Ramayana Kalpavrukshamu.
Jump up ^ Awarded for Smriti Satta Bhavishyat.
Jump up ^ Awarded for Urvashi.
Jump up ^ Awarded for Nakutanti.
Jump up ^ Awarded for Matimatal.
Jump up ^ Awarded for Yayati.
Jump up ^ Awarded for Chitttrappavai.
Jump up ^ Awarded for Pratham Pratisruti.
Jump up ^ Awarded for Mookajjiya Kanasugalu.
Jump up ^ Awarded for Kitni Navon Men Kitni Bar.
Jump up ^ Awarded for Mrityunjay.
Jump up ^ Awarded for Oru Desathinte Katha.
Jump up ^ Awarded for Kagaj te Canvas.
See also[edit]
Moortidevi Award, another annual literary award conferred by the Bharatiya Jnanpith.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Constitution of India: Eighth Schedule" (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs (India). p. 1. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Proposal for the 52nd Jnanpith Award" (PDF). Bharatiya Jnanpith. 18 April 2016. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "Jnanpith Award @ Bharatiya Jnanpith". Bharatiya Jnanpith. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Gujarati writer Raghuveer Chaudhary chosen for Jnanpith Award". The Hindu. New Delhi. 30 December 2015. Retrieved 22 May 2016.
Bhattacharji, Jaya Rose (31 January 2015). "The prize is right?". The Hindu. Retrieved 22 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Vasant Panchami, a celebration of Goddess Saraswati" (PDF). Government of Odisha. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Natarajan, Nalini; Nelson, Emmanuel Sampath (1996). Natarajan, Nalini; Nelson, Emmanuel Sampath, eds. Handbook of Twentieth-century Literatures of India. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 187. ISBN 978-0-313-28778-7.
^ Jump up to: a b Datta, Amaresh (1987). Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature. Sahitya Akademi. p. 298. ISBN 978-81-260-1803-1.
Jump up ^ Surendran, K. V. (1999). Indian Women Writers: Critical Perspectives. Sarup & Sons. p. 163. ISBN 978-81-7625-072-6.
Ames, Roger T.; Kasulis, Thomas P.; Dissanayake, Wimal (1998). Ames, Roger T.; Kasulis, Thomas P.; Dissanayake, Wimal, eds. Self as Image in Asian Theory and Practice. SUNY Press. p. 163. ISBN 978-0-7914-2725-5.
Jump up ^ "Nation honours Dr Rajendra Prasad on his 53rd death anniversary". Rediff.com. 28 February 2016. Retrieved 29 May 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Krishnakumar, Bhaskaramenon (2001). Sweet, Gentle, Radiant: Selected Poems of G. Sankara Kurup. Sahitya Akademi. p. xi. ISBN 978-81-260-1341-8.
Jump up ^ "Jnanpith Laureates". Bharatiya Jnanpith. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s "The Jnanpith Award: All the past awardees from 1965 to now". Outlook India. 25 July 2003. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Das Soumitra, Dey Sreyoshi, Chakraborty, Showli (5 May 2013). "Poet's visual expression". The Telegraph (Calcutta). Retrieved 22 May 2016. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Vasudev, Chetana Divya (10 June 2015). "Literary Trust Launches Programme to Honour Masti". The New Indian Express. Gavipuram. Retrieved 22 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Pillai, Sreedhar (4 January 2014). "Crowning achievement". India Today. Retrieved 22 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Sabharwal 2007, p. 234.
Jump up ^ "Sachidananda Routray passes away". The Hindu. Bhubaneswar. 22 August 2004. Retrieved 22 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Sabharwal 2007, p. 222.
Jump up ^ "Telugu writer Ravuri Bharadwaja honoured with Jnanpith award". Deccan Chronicle. Hyderabad. Archived from the original on 24 September 2016. Retrieved 22 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Naim, C. M. (21 August 2007). "Aini Apa (1927–2007)". Outlook India. Retrieved 22 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Jnanpith for 1990 awarded to well-known Kannada writer Vinayak Krishna Gokak". India Today. 30 November 1991. Retrieved 22 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Everyman's poet bids final farewell: Obituary [Subhas Mukhopadhyay]". The Telegraph (Calcutta). 9 July 2003. Retrieved 22 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Sabharwal 2007, p. 250.
Jump up ^ Srivastava, K. K. (1 March 2015). "The Spirit of Poetry". The Pioneer. Bangalore. Retrieved 22 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Rao, Sunitha. R. (22 August 2014). "UR Ananthamurthy, renowned Kannada writer, dies in Bangalore". The Times of India. Bangalore. Retrieved 22 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Sabharwal 2007, p. 262.
Jump up ^ "Mahasweta Devi and Habib Tanvir appointed as National Research Professors" (Press release). Press Information Bureau, India. 2 March 2006. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Prime Minister Shri Atal Behari Vajpayee presenting the 33rd Jnanpith Award" (Press release). Press Information Bureau, India. 5 June 1998. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Prime Minister Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee presenting the prestigious Jnanpith Award for the year 1998" (Press release). Press Information Bureau, India. 27 March 1999. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
Menon, Parvathi (1999). "The multi-faceted playwright". Frontline. Vol. 16 no. 3. Bangalore: The Hindu.
^ Jump up to: a b "Nirmal Verma, Gurdial Singh jointly get Jnanpith Award". The Hindu. New Delhi. 11 March 2000. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Vice President Shri Krishan Kant presenting the 36th Bhartiya Jnanpith Award" (Press release). Press Information Bureau, India. 24 February 2002. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Third Gujarati to win Jnanpith". The Hindu. New Delhi. 18 July 2003. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Jnanpith award for Jayakanthan". The Times of India. New Delhi/Chennai. 20 March 2005. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "President's address at the conferment of 39th Jnanpith Award for 2003" (Press release). Press Information Bureau, India. 10 August 2006. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "40th Jnanpith Award to Eminent Kashmiri Poet Shri Rahman Rahi" (PDF) (Press release). Bharatiya Jnanpith. 9 March 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 April 2009. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c "41st Jnanpith Award to Eminent Hindi Poet Shri Kunwar Narayan and 42nd Jnanpith Award jointly to Eminent Konkani Poet and Author Shri Ravindra Kelekar and Sanskrit Poet and Scholar Shri Satya Vrat Shastri" (PDF) (Press release). Bharatiya Jnanpith. 22 November 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 February 2010. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Prime Minister's Speech at The Conferment of 43rd Jnanpith Award at Thiruvananthapuram" (Press release). Press Information Bureau, India. 11 February 2011. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Doyen of Urdu poetry Shahryar presented Jnanpith Award". The Hindu. New Delhi. 19 September 2011. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Amar Kant, Shrilal Shukla, Kambar win Jnanpith Award". The Hindu. New Delhi. 20 September 2011. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Address of the Hon'ble President on the Occasion of Conferring the Jnanapith Award for the Year 2010 on Dr.Chandrashekhara Kambar" (Press release). Press Information Bureau, India. 11 October 2012. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Speech by the President of India, Shri Pranab Mukherjee at the presentation of 47th Jnanpith Award to Dr. Pratibha Ray" (Press release). Press Information Bureau, India. 22 May 2013. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "48th Jnanpith Award to Eminent Telugu Littérateur Shri Ravuri Bharadhwaja" (PDF). Bharatiya Jnanpith. 17 April 2013. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Kedarnath Singh chosen for Jnanpith". The Hindu. New Delhi. 21 June 2014. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "50th Jnanpith Award to Eminent Marathi Littérateur Shri Bhalchandra Nemade" (PDF). Bharatiya Jnanpith. 6 February 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "51st Jnanpith Award to Eminent Gujarati Littérateur Shri Raghuveer Chaudhari" (PDF). Bharatiya Jnanpith. 29 December 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Acclaimed Bengali poet Shankha Ghosh to get 2016 Jnanpith Award". Daily News Analysis. 23 December 2016. Retrieved 23 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Hindi writer Krishna Sobti chosen for Jnanpith Award". The Hindu. 3 November 2017. Retrieved 6 November 2017.
Bibliography[edit]
Sabharwal, Gopa (2007). India Since 1947: The Independent Years. Penguin Books India. p. 392. ISBN 978-0-14-310274-8.
Further reading[edit]
Bandyopadhyay, Tarasankar (2009). Ganadevta (in Hindi) (17 ed.). Bhartiya Jnanpith. ISBN 978-81-263-1675-5.
Pant, Sumitranandan (1991). Chidambara (in Hindi). Rajkamal Prakashan. p. 353. ISBN 978-81-267-0491-0.
Gorakhpuri, Firaq (2008). Gul-e-Naghma (in Hindi). Translated by Raza, Jafar. Rajkamal Prakashan. p. 278. ISBN 978-81-8031-285-4.
Dinkar, Ramdhari Singh (2014). उर्वशी: खण्ड काव्य [Urvashi: Poetic Novel] (in Hindi). Bhartiya Sahitya. ISBN 978-1-61301-343-4.
Khandekar, Vishnu Sakharam (1978). Yayati: A Classic Tale of Lust. Translated by Kulkarni, Y. P. Orient Paperbacks. p. 258. ISBN 978-81-222-0428-5.
Devi, Ashapurna (2004). Pratham Pratisruti [The First Promise]. Translated by Chowdhury, Indira. Orient Blackswan. p. 541. ISBN 978-81-250-2650-1.
Karanth, K. Shivarama (2014). Mookajjiya Kanasugalu [Dreams of Mookajji] (in Kannada). Sapna Book House. p. 279. ISBN 978-81-7285-062-3. Cite uses deprecated parameter |trans_title= (help)
Vatsyayan, Sachchidananda (2000). Kitni Navon Mein Kitni Baar (in Hindi). Bharatiya Jnanpith. p. 100. ISBN 978-81-263-0073-0.
Pritam, Amrita (1989). Kagaz Aur Canvas [Paper and Canvas] (in Hindi). Translated by Shanta. Rajkamal Prakashan. p. 155. ISBN 978-81-267-0492-7. Cite uses deprecated parameter |trans_title= (help)
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jnanpith Award.
Official website
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v
t
e
Jnanpith Award recipients
1965–1985
G. Sankara Kurup (1965)
Tarasankar Bandyopadhyay (1966)
Kuvempu and Umashankar Joshi (1967)
Sumitranandan Pant (1968)
Firaq Gorakhpuri (1969)
Viswanatha Satyanarayana (1970)
Bishnu Dey (1971)
Ramdhari Singh Dinkar (1972)
D. R. Bendre and Gopinath Mohanty (1973)
Vishnu Sakharam Khandekar (1974)
Akilan (1975)
Ashapoorna Devi (1976)
K. Shivaram Karanth (1977)
Sachchidananda Vatsyayan (1978)
Birendra Kumar Bhattacharya (1979)
S. K. Pottekkatt (1980)
Amrita Pritam (1981)
Mahadevi Varma (1982)
Masti Venkatesha Iyengar (1983)
Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai (1984)
Pannalal Patel (1985)
1986–2000
Sachidananda Routray (1986)
Kusumagraj (1987)
C. Narayana Reddy (1988)
Qurratulain Hyder (1989)
Vinayaka Krishna Gokak (1990)
Subhas Mukhopadhyay (1991)
Naresh Mehta (1992)
Sitakant Mahapatra (1993)
U. R. Ananthamurthy (1994)
M. T. Vasudevan Nair (1995)
Mahasweta Devi (1996)
Ali Sardar Jafri (1997)
Girish Karnad (1998)
Gurdial Singh and Nirmal Verma (1999)
Mamoni Raisom Goswami (2000)
2001–present
Rajendra Shah (2001)
Jayakanthan (2002)
Vinda Karandikar (2003)
Rehman Rahi (2004)
Kunwar Narayan (2005)
Ravindra Kelekar and Satya Vrat Shastri (2006)
O. N. V. Kurup (2007)
Akhlaq Mohammed Khan (2008)
Amarkant and Sri Lal Sukla (2009)
Chandrashekhara Kambara (2010)
Pratibha Ray (2011)
Ravuri Bharadhwaja (2012)
Kedarnath Singh (2013)
Bhalchandra Nemade (2014)
Raghuveer Chaudhari (2015)
Shankha Ghosh (2016)
Krishna Sobti (2017)
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QRS complex
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses of the term "S wave", see S-wave.
Schematic representation of normal ECG
Diagram showing how the polarity of the QRS complex in leads I, II, and III can be used to estimate the heart's electrical axis in the frontal plane.
The QRS complex is a name for the combination of three of the graphical deflections seen on a typical electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG). It is usually the central and most visually obvious part of the tracing; in other words, it's the main spike seen on an ECG line. It corresponds to the depolarization of the right and left ventricles of the human heart and contraction of the large ventricular muscles.
In adults, the QRS complex normally lasts 0.06–0.10 s; in children and during physical activity, it may be shorter. The Q, R, and S waves occur in rapid succession, do not all appear in all leads, and reflect a single event and thus are usually considered together. A Q wave is any downward deflection immediately following the P wave. An R wave follows as an upward deflection, and the S wave is any downward deflection after the R wave. The T wave follows the S wave, and in some cases, an additional U wave follows the T wave.
Contents
1 Formation
2 Clinical significance
3 Components
3.1 Q wave
3.2 R wave progression
3.3 J-point
4 Terminology
4.1 Monomorphic or polymorphic
5 Algorithms
6 See also
7 References
Formation[edit]
See also: Electrical conduction system of the heart
Depolarization of the heart ventricles occurs almost simultaneously, via the bundle of His and Purkinje fibers. If they are working efficiently, the QRS complex is 80 to 120 ms in duration. This is represented by three small squares or less at the standard paper speed of 25 mm/s.
Clinical significance[edit]
Any abnormality of conduction takes longer and causes "widened" QRS complexes. In bundle branch block, there can be an abnormal second upward deflection within the QRS complex. In this case, such a second upward deflection is referred to as R' (pronounced "R prime"). This would be described as an RSR' pattern.
Ventricles contain more muscle mass than the atria. Therefore, the QRS complex is considerably larger than the P wave. The QRS complex is often used to determine the axis of the electrocardiogram, although it is also possible to determine a separate P wave axis.
The duration, amplitude, and morphology of the QRS complex are useful in diagnosing cardiac arrhythmias, conduction abnormalities, ventricular hypertrophy, myocardial infarction, electrolyte derangements, and other disease states.
High frequency analysis of the QRS complex may be useful for detection of coronary artery disease during an exercise stress test.[1]
Components[edit]
Schematic representation of the QRS complex.
Parameter
Normal value
Value comments
Clinical significance
QRS duration 0.06–0.10 s[2] Shorter in children and in tachycardia[3] Prolonged duration indicates e.g. hyperkalemia.[4] or bundle branch block
QRS amplitude
S amplitude in V1 + R amplitude in V5 < 3.5 millivolt (mV)[3]
R+S in a precordial lead < 4.5 mV[3]
R in V5 or V6 < 2.6 mV
Increased amplitude indicates cardiac hypertrophy
Ventricular
activation
time (VAT)
< 0.05 s in V5 or V6[3]
< 0.03 s in V1[3]
Measured in increased QRS amplitude[3]
Q wave
Duration up to 0.04 seconds in leads other than III and aVR[5]
Amplitude less than 1/3 QRS amplitude[5] (R+S)
Amplitude less than 1/4 of R wave[5]
Abnormality indicates presence of infarction[5]
The QRS complex is also included in estimating the QT interval.
Q wave [edit]
Normal Q waves, when present, represent depolarization of the interventricular septum. For this reason, they are referred to as septal Q waves and can be appreciated in the lateral leads I, aVL, V5 and V6.
Pathologic Q waves occur when the electrical signal passes through stunned or scarred heart muscle; as such, they are usually markers of previous myocardial infarctions, with subsequent fibrosis. A pathologic Q wave is defined as having a deflection amplitude of 25% or more of the subsequent R wave, or being > 0.04 s (40 ms) in width and > 2 mm in amplitude. However, diagnosis requires the presence of this pattern in more than one corresponding lead.
Myocardial infarctions with pathological Q waves are referred to as ST elevation MIs.[6]
R wave progression[edit]
Looking at the precordial leads, the R wave usually progresses from showing an rS-type complex in V1 with an increasing R and a decreasing S wave when moving toward the left side. There is usually an qR-type of complex in V5 and V6 with the R-wave amplitude usually taller in V5 than in V6. It is normal to have a narrow QS and rSr' patterns in V1, and this is also the case for qRs and R patterns in V5 and V6. The transition zone is where the QRS complex changes from predominately negative to predominately positive (R/S ratio becoming >1), and this usually occurs at V3 or V4. It is normal to have the transition zone at V2 (called "early transition") and at V5 (called "delayed transition").[7] In biomedical engineering, the maximum amplitude in the R wave is usually called "R peak amplitude", or just "R peak".[8][9] Accurate R peak detection is essential in signal processing equipment for heart rate measurement and it is the main feature used for arrhythmia detection.[10][11]
The definition of poor R wave progression (PRWP) varies in the literature, but a common one is when the R wave is less than 2–4 mm in leads V3 or V4 and/or there is presence of a reversed R wave progression, which is defined as R in V4 < R in V3 or R in V3 < R in V2 or R in V2 < R in V1, or any combination of these.[7] Poor R wave progression is commonly attributed to anterior myocardial infarction, but it may also be caused by left bundle branch block, Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome, right and left ventricular hypertrophy, or a faulty ECG recording technique.[7]
J-point[edit]
The point where the QRS complex meets the ST segment is the J-point. The J-point is easy to identify when the ST segment is horizontal and forms a sharp angle with the last part of the QRS complex. However, when the ST segment is sloped or the QRS complex is wide, the two features do not form a sharp angle and the location of the J-point is less clear. There is no consensus on the precise location of the J-point in these circumstances.[12] Two possible definitions are:
The "first point of inflection of the upstroke of the S wave"[12]
The point at which the ECG trace becomes more horizontal than vertical[13]
Terminology[edit]
Various QRS complexes with nomenclature.
Not every QRS complex contains a Q wave, an R wave, and an S wave. By convention, any combination of these waves can be referred to as a QRS complex. However, correct interpretation of difficult ECGs requires exact labeling of the various waves. Some authors use lowercase and capital letters, depending on the relative size of each wave. For example, an Rs complex would be positively deflected, while an rS complex would be negatively deflected. If both complexes were labeled RS, it would be impossible to appreciate this distinction without viewing the actual ECG.
Monomorphic or polymorphic[edit]
Monomorphic refers to all QRS waves in a single lead being similar in shape. Polymorphic means that the QRS change from complex to complex.[14] These terms are used in the description of ventricular tachycardia.
Algorithms[edit]
A common algorithm used for QRS complex detection is the Pan-Tompkins[15] algorithm (or method); another is based on the Hilbert transform.[16][17][18][19] Numerous other algorithms have been proposed and investigated.[20]
See also[edit]
Electrophysiology
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Gerald, F; Philip, A; Kligfield, P; et al. (August 2013). "Exercise Standards for Testing and Training A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association". American Heart Association (128): 873–934. CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)
Jump up ^ III. Characteristics of the Normal ECG Frank G. Yanowitz, MD. Professor of Medicine. University of Utah School of Medicine. Retrieved on April 14, 2010
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Compendium for interpretation of ECG at Uppsala Institution for Clinical Physiology. Year 2010
Jump up ^ Complementary and Alternative Medicine Index (CAM) Archived September 4, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine. > EKG Interpretive skills Retrieved on April 22, 2010
Jump up ^ Primary Care: Art and Science of Advanced Practice Nursing. F.A. Davis. 2015. p. 464. ISBN 9780803644946.
^ Jump up to: a b c Poor R-Wave Progression. By: Ross MacKenzie, MD. J Insur Med 2005;37:58–62 [1]
Jump up ^ Piotr S. Szczepaniak; Paulo J. G. Lisboa; Janusz Kacprzyk (2000). Fuzzy Systems in Medicine. Springer. p. 256. ISBN 978-3-7908-1263-3.
Jump up ^ Adam Gacek; Witold Pedrycz (2011). ECG Signal Processing, Classification and Interpretation: A Comprehensive Framework of Computational Intelligence. Springer. p. 108. ISBN 978-0-85729-867-6.
Jump up ^ S J Pise (2011). ThinkQuest 2010: Proceedings of the First International Conference on Contours of Computing Technology. Springer. p. 8. ISBN 978-81-8489-988-7.
Jump up ^ Hoi-Jun Yoo; Chris van Hoof (2010). Bio-Medical CMOS ICs. Springer. p. 197. ISBN 978-1-4419-6596-7.
^ Jump up to: a b Brownfield, J; Herbert, M (January 2008). "EKG Criteria for Fibrinolysis: What's Up with the J Point?". The western journal of emergency medicine. 9 (1): 40–42. PMC 2672223  . PMID 19561701.
Jump up ^ PSTF Paramedic Student Electrocardiography
Jump up ^ Kenneth M Sutin; Marino, Paul L. (2007). The ICU book. Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 356. ISBN 0-7817-4802-X.
Jump up ^ Pan, J.; Tompkins, W. J. (1985). "A Real-Time QRS Detection Algorithm". IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering (3): 230. doi:10.1109/TBME.1985.325532.
Jump up ^ Tarek Sobh; Khaled Elleithy (2010). Innovations in Computing Sciences and Software Engineering. Springer. p. 462. ISBN 978-90-481-9111-6.
Jump up ^ Chwee Teck Lim; James Goh Cho Hong (2009). 13th International Conference on Biomedical Engineering: ICBME 2008, 3–6 December 2008, Singapore. Springer. p. 469. ISBN 978-3-540-92840-9.
Jump up ^ Subhasis Chaudhuri; Tanmay D. Pawar; Siddhartha Duttagupta (2009). Ambulation Analysis in Wearable ECG. Springer. p. 67. ISBN 978-1-4419-0725-7.
Jump up ^ Lodewijk Bos (2010). Medical and Care Compunetics 6. IOS Press. p. 41. ISBN 978-1-60750-564-8.
Jump up ^ Kohler, B. -U.; Hennig, C.; Orglmeister, R. (2002). "The principles of software QRS detection". IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine. 21 (1): 42–57. doi:10.1109/51.993193. PMID 11935987.
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text:
List of cities in El Salvador
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
A map of El Salvador.
The San Salvador Metropolitan Area.
This article shows a list of cities in El Salvador.
Contents
[hide]
1 Cities
2 Towns
3 Villages
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Cities[edit]
Over 100,000 or a High Human Development Index, and a high urbanization. AMSS = San Salvador Metropolitan Area
Acajutla - Pop. 47,678
Apopa - Pop. 217,733 (AMSSIOO)
Antiguo Cuscatlán - Highest HDI in the country (0.896-very high) Pop. 55,608 (AMSS)
Ciudad Delgado - Pop. 174,825 (AMSS)
Cuscatancingo - Pop. 117,013 (AMSS)
Ilopango - Pop. 159,232 (AMSS)
La Unión - Pop. 26,739
Mejicanos - Pop. 211,878(AMSS)
Metapán - Pop.59,004
San Miguel - Pop. 218,410
San Salvador - (capital) Pop. City 540,989; Metro 2,290,000 (AMSS)
Santa Tecla - Pop. 164,171 (AMSS)
Santa Ana - Pop. 280,000
San Martin - Pop. 144,722 (AMSS)
Sonsonate - Pop. 110,501
Soyapango - Pop. 262,975 (AMSS)
Towns[edit]
Over 50,000, medium to low urbanization, or departmental capital.
Ahuachapán - Pop. 110,511
Chalatenango - Pop. 29,271
Cojutepeque - Pop. 70,000
Nejapa - Pop. 50,966
San Vicente - Pop. 53,213
Tacuba - Pop. 50,000
Usulután - Pop. 71,636
Zacatecoluca - Pop. 62,576
Villages[edit]
Within the range of 1,001 to 49,999 or have a really low urbanization, and keeps the colonial look of the country.
Alegria - Pop. 15,000
Arambala - Pop. 1,821
Apaneca - Pop. 8,597
Berlín - Pop. 15,000
Chirilagua - Pop. 24,000
Comasagua - Pop. 11,870
Conchagua - Pop. 37,362
Concepción de Ataco - Pop. 18,101 - Tourist's favorite village.
Juayúa - Pop. 24,465
Jujutla - Pop. 39,596
La Palma, Chalatenango - Pop. 24,000 - village with coolest temperature (Daily Mean. 53F/12C Lowest Record 19.6F/-6C)
Nahuizalco - Pop. 49,081
Santa Rosa de Lima - Pop. 27,693
Suchitoto - Pop. 24,786
See also[edit]
El Salvador portal
Municipalities of El Salvador
List of Salvadoran departmental capitals
Geography of El Salvador
Salvadoran Departments by HDI
References[edit]
External links[edit]
Media related to Cities in El Salvador at Wikimedia Commons
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values: Category:Populated places in El Salvador

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values: Сьпіс гарадоў Сальвадору – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values: Liste der Städte in El Salvador – German

values: Κατάλογος πόλεων του Ελ Σαλβαδόρ – Greek

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values: エルサルバドルの都市の一覧 – Japanese

values: Lista de municípios em El Salvador – Portuguese

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values: Luettelo El Salvadorin kaupungeista – Finnish

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values: فہرست ایل سیلواڈور کے شہر – Urdu

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