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A Wrinkle in Time (2018 film)
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A Wrinkle in Time
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Ava DuVernay
Produced by
Jim Whitaker
Catherine Hand
Screenplay by
Jennifer Lee
Jeff Stockwell
Based on
A Wrinkle in Time
by Madeleine L'Engle
Starring
Oprah Winfrey
Reese Witherspoon
Mindy Kaling
Gugu Mbatha-Raw
Michael Peña
Storm Reid
Zach Galifianakis
Chris Pine
Music by
Ramin Djawadi
Cinematography
Tobias A. Schliessler
Edited by
Spencer Averick
Production
companies
Walt Disney Pictures
Whitaker Entertainment
Distributed by
Walt Disney Studios
Motion Pictures
Release date
February 26, 2018 (2018-02-26) (El Capitan Theatre)
March 9, 2018 (2018-03-09) (United States)
Running time
109 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$100–130 million[2][3][4]
Box office
$122 million[5]
A Wrinkle in Time is a 2018 American science fantasy adventure film directed by Ava DuVernay and written by Jennifer Lee and Jeff Stockwell, based on the 1962 novel of the same name by Madeleine L'Engle. The film stars Oprah Winfrey, Reese Witherspoon, Mindy Kaling, Gugu Mbatha-Raw, Michael Peña, Storm Reid, Zach Galifianakis and Chris Pine, and follows a young girl who, with the help of three astral travelers, sets off on a quest to find her father, who went missing after discovering a new planet.
Principal photography began on November 2, 2016, in Los Angeles, California. With a production budget of over $100 million, the film became the first live-action film with a nine-digit budget to be directed by a woman of color. A Wrinkle in Time premired at the El Capitan Theatre on February 26, 2018, and with general theatrical release on March 9, 2018, through the Disney Digital 3-D, Real D 3D, and IMAX formats.[6] The film received mixed reviews, with critics "taking issue with the film's heavy use of CGI and numerous plot holes" while "celebrating its message of female empowerment and diversity",[7] and it has grossed $122 million worldwide against a budget of over $100 million,[8] being considered a box office disappointment.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Filming
4 Music
5 Release
5.1 Marketing
6 Reception
6.1 Box office
6.2 Critical response
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Plot[edit]
Thirteen-year-old Meg Murry struggles to adjust to school and home life ever since her father Alex, a well-renowned scientist, mysteriously disappeared while he was studying astrophysics. Both Meg and her mother Kate believe he solved the question of humanity's existence and theorize he was teleported to another world.
During the night, Meg's younger brother Charles Wallace welcomes a stranger in a large white dress named Mrs. Whatsit into the Murry family house. She mentions the tesseract, a type of space-travel Alex was working on, is real, and leaves soon after. The next day, one of Meg's classmates, Calvin O'Keefe, joins them to go to the house of Mrs. Who, another strange woman who only speaks in quotes and seems to know Charles Wallace.
When Calvin joins Meg and Charles Wallace in their backyard, Mrs. Whatsit appears with Mrs. Who and another woman, Mrs. Which, who is the oldest and appears as a giant. The three reveal themselves as astral travelers, and lead Meg, Calvin, and Charles Wallace through a tesseract taking them to a distant planet named Uriel.
Mrs. Whatsit transforms into a beautiful green creature, and takes the children up into the atmosphere, where they see a dark shadow known as The IT. Mrs. Which tells Meg her father's experiments resulted in his being captured by The IT, a malevolent entity plotting to take over the universe. Gaining the women's trust, Meg and the others tesser to another planet where a seer known as the Happy Medium resides.
The Happy Medium shows them Meg's father is trapped on a planet called Camazotz, The IT's homeworld. Mrs. Which also explains The IT represents all of the greed, anger, pride, selfishness, and low self-esteem in the world. Showing them examples of these characteristics, Meg learns that while Calvin is popular at school, he is neglected and bullied by his father and her school enemy Veronica Kiley is extremely self-conscious. The three Mrs. propose they travel back to Earth to regroup, but Meg's refusal messes with the tesseract, and they travel to Camazotz instead.
Upon arriving on Camazotz, Mrs. Which, Mrs. Whatsit, and Mrs. Who are unable to stay because Camazotz's evil is stronger than their light. Before they depart, they bestow gifts upon Meg; these include Mrs. Who's glasses, the knowledge of Meg's faults, and the command to never separate.
The trio treks through Camazotz's hazardous traps before reaching a crowded beach where they meet the IT's bodyguard, Red. He offers the starving children food and tells them Alex is safe and happy. He reveals to them there is nothing to worry about here, but Calvin and Meg realize something is wrong when Charles Wallace proclaims all of the food tastes like sand. When Red starts repeating the times tables, Charles Wallace is hypnotized by the rhythm, allowing the IT to take full control of his mind.
When Meg and Calvin pursue Charles Wallace, they find themselves in a seemingly empty room. Using Mrs. Who's glasses, Meg finds an invisible staircase leading to the room where her father is being kept prisoner. After bringing him out of captivity, the IT's power allows Charles Wallace to forcefully drag them to finally meet his master. As Calvin and Meg fall under the IT's power, Alex opens another tesser and prepares to leave with the children, abandoning Charles Wallace. Meg refuses and projects out of the tesser herself, leaving her alone. When she confronts Charles Wallace in corruption, she realizes the IT uses deception and hatred for power. Using her love for her brother and the knowledge she is imperfect, Meg frees Charles Wallace from the control of the IT and releases the control of Camazotz from the evil entity. The three Mrs. return and tell Meg her time is here to tesser for herself.
Returning home, Meg thanks the women for their help and for rescuing her father and they part ways, while Veronica became nice to her. The film ends with the Murry family celebrating a joyful reunion and Calvin going home to confront his father.
Cast[edit]
Oprah Winfrey as Mrs. Which
Reese Witherspoon as Mrs. Whatsit
Mindy Kaling as Mrs. Who
Storm Reid as Meg Murry, a gifted young girl
Levi Miller as Calvin O'Keefe, Meg's classmate and friend
Deric McCabe as Charles Wallace Murry, Meg's prodigious adoptive 6-year-old brother
Chris Pine as Dr. Alexander Murry, Meg and Charles Wallace's long-lost father
Zach Galifianakis as The Happy Medium
Michael Peña as Red[9]
David Oyelowo as the IT, Red's true diabolical form[9]
Gugu Mbatha-Raw as Dr. Kate Murry, Meg and Charles Wallace's mother
André Holland as Principal James Jenkins[9]
Rowan Blanchard as Veronica Kiley[9]
Bellamy Young as Camazotz Woman[9]
Conrad Roberts as Elegant Man[9]
Yvette Cason as a teacher[9]
Will McCormack as another teacher[9]
Daniel MacPherson as Calvin's Father[9]
Production[edit]
DuVernay became the first black woman to direct a live-action film with a budget of over $100 million.
In October 2010, it was announced that Walt Disney Pictures had retained the film rights for the 1962 novel A Wrinkle in Time, by Madeleine L'Engle, which had previously been made as a 2003 television film. Following the financial success of Tim Burton's Alice in Wonderland (2010), Disney announced that they had hired Jeff Stockwell to write the screenplay for Cary Granat and his new Bedrock Studios. Granat had previously worked with Disney on the Chronicles of Narnia and Bridge to Terabithia films.[10] The project's budget was slated to be $35 million, which the company compared to District 9 and Bridge to Terabithia, both of which were made for less than $30 million.[11] On August 5, 2014, Jennifer Lee was announced as the screenwriter, taking over from Stockwell, who wrote the first draft.[12][13] On February 8, 2016, it was reported that Ava DuVernay had been offered the job of directing the film, and she was confirmed to direct later that same month.[14][15] She became the first woman of color to direct a live-action film with a production budget over $100 million.[16]
On July 26, 2016, Variety reported that Oprah Winfrey had began final negotiations to join the film, to play Mrs. Which, the eldest of the three Mrs. Ws, celestial beings who help guide the children along their journey.[17] On September 7, 2016, Reese Witherspoon and Mindy Kaling were reported as being in talks to join the film, with Witherspoon to play Mrs. Whatsit, who presents as a chatty, grandmotherly hobo, and Kaling set for the quotation-reciting Mrs. Who.[18] On September 13, 2016, Storm Reid was cast in the lead role of Meg Murry, a young girl traumatized by the disappearance of her scientist father years before.[19] In October 2016, Gugu Mbatha-Raw and Chris Pine were cast as the parents of Meg, Dr. Kate Murry and Dr. Alex Murry, respectively.[20][21] On November 1, 2016, more cast were announced, including Zach Galifianakis as the Happy Medium, André Holland as Principal Jenkins, Levi Miller as Calvin, and Deric McCabe as Charles Wallace, along with Bellamy Young, Rowan Blanchard and Will McCormack.[22] Michael Peña later also joined the cast to play the character Red.[23] The producers on the film are James Whitaker and Catherine Hand.[22]
Filming[edit]
Principal photography on the film began on November 2, 2016, in Los Angeles, California.[22][24][25] After Los Angeles, production moved to New Zealand for two weeks.[22] Tobias A. Schliessler was the film's cinematographer, Naomi Shohan its production designer, Paco Delgado its costume designer, and Rich McBride its visual effects supervisor.[22][26] During production, DuVernay asked McBride to be as flexible as possible on visual effects sequences to allow her to make changes and incorporate new ideas during shooting.[27]
Filming for A Wrinkle in Time took place in multiple locations including Eureka, California, in Humboldt County, starting on November 29, 2016.[28] Filming also took place at Eureka's Sequoia Park, located next to Sequoia Park Zoo. None of the film's major actors were present in Eureka.[29] In mid-December, Pine was spotted during filming in Los Angeles.[30]
During the last two weeks of February 2017, filming locations for A Wrinkle in Time were established to be in Central Otago, New Zealand.[31] Actors and crew involved were in New Zealand for the two weeks to shoot scenes in the Southern Alps, including at Hunter Valley Station near Lake Hāwea, with cast and crew treated to a traditional Māori powhiri and karakia.[32] Filming wrapped in New Zealand's South Island after two weeks, and DuVernay declared the cast and crew's love for New Zealand in an Instagram post.[33]
Music[edit]
Main article: A Wrinkle in Time (soundtrack)
On September 28, 2017, Ramin Djawadi was announced as the composer for the film, replacing Jonny Greenwood, who was initially chosen to compose, and scored the film.[34] On February 20, 2018, it was announced that the soundtrack would feature appearances from Sade, Sia, Kehlani, Chloe x Halle, Freestyle Fellowship, DJ Khaled, and Demi Lovato.[35]
Release[edit]
The film was released in the United States on March 9, 2018.[36] It was previously set for an April 6, 2018 release.[37]
Marketing[edit]
DuVernay announced a teaser trailer for the film would debut at the 2017 D23 expo; it was released on July 15, 2017.[38]
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
As of April 17, 2018[update], A Wrinkle in Time grossed $92.8 million in the United States and Canada, and just over $29.2 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $122 million.[5] With a combined $250 million spent on production and advertisement, the film will need to gross at least $400 million worldwide to turn a profit.[39]
In the United States and Canada, A Wrinkle in Time was released alongside The Hurricane Heist, Gringo and The Strangers: Prey at Night, and was projected to gross $30–38 million from 3,980 theaters in its opening weekend.[40] It made $10.2 million on its first day, including $1.3 million from Thursday night previews. It went on to debut to $33.3 million, finishing second behind Disney's own Black Panther ($41.1 million in its fourth weekend).[4] In its second weekend the film made $16.6 million, dropping 50% to 4th place.[41]
Internationally the film opened in six countries alongside the United States and grossed $6.3 million in its opening weekend, with Russia being the largest market with $4.1 million.[42]
Critical response[edit]
On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 39% based on 241 reviews, and an average rating of 5.2/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "A Wrinkle in Time is visually gorgeous, big-hearted, and occasionally quite moving; unfortunately, it's also wildly ambitious to a fault, and often less than the sum of its classic parts."[43] On Metacritic, which assigns normalized rating to reviews, the film has a weighted average score of 53 out of 100, based on 50 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[44] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale; filmgoers under the age of 18 gave it an average grade of "A–" and a PostTrak positive score of 89%.[4]
Alonso Duralde of TheWrap praised the film's visuals and performances, writing, "Awash in bold colors, bright patterns and ebullient kids, director Ava DuVernay's new take on A Wrinkle in Time dazzles its way across time and space even if it doesn't quite stick the landing."[45] David Ehrlich of IndieWire gave the film a "C+" and praised what he described as its ambition, saying: "It almost doesn't matter that the movie is too emotionally prescriptive to have any real power, or too high on imagination to leave any room for wonder; DuVernay evinces such faith in who she is and what she's doing that A Wrinkle in Time remains true to itself even when everything on screen reads false."[46]
Alex Hudson of Exclaim! gave the film a 5 out of 10, saying that it felt "like a missed opportunity. Rather than a family classic, all we get is a perfectly fine kids movie."[47] Vince Mancini of Uproxx gave the film a negative review, saying, "...if anything, the trouble with Wrinkle is that you never really get a sense of DuVernay's personal touch. In fact, it feels a lot like Brad Bird's big budget, equally smarmy 2015 Disney film, Tomorrowland. Both attempt to be so broad and universal that they feel disconnected from anything human. But universality doesn't work that way, no matter how much you tell everyone to think like a kid."[48]
See also[edit]
A Wrinkle in Time (2003)
Afrofuturism in film
Black film
List of black films of 2018
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "A WRINKLE IN TIME (PG)". British Board of Film Classification. February 23, 2018. Retrieved February 24, 2018.
Jump up ^ http://thedisneyblog.com/2018/01/12/director-ava-duvernay-discusses-working-wrinkle-time/
Jump up ^ McDonald, Soraya Nadia (March 8, 2018). "'A Wrinkle in Time' has Ava DuVernay, Oprah and a $100 million budget. But it still needs a better villain". The Undefeated. ESPN Internet Ventures. Retrieved March 9, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c Anthony D'Alessandro (March 11, 2018). "'Black Panther' Rules 4th Frame With $41M+; 'A Wrinkle In Time' At $33M+: A Diversity & Disney Dominant Weekend". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved March 11, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "A Wrinkle in Time (2018)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved April 17, 2018.
Jump up ^ Lieberman, David (February 22, 2017). "Disney Films To Show On Imax Through 2019 With New Distribution Deal". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved March 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Kirsten Chuba (March 7, 2018). "'A Wrinkle in Time' Reviews: What the Critics Are Saying". Variety. Retrieved March 7, 2018.
Jump up ^ Jacob Shamsian (March 12, 2018). "5 reasons why Disney's fantasy epic 'A Wrinkle in Time' failed at the box office". Insider.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i "A Wrinkle in Time Press Kit" (PDF). wdsmediafile.com. The Walt Disney Studios. Retrieved March 7, 2018.
Jump up ^ Fernandez, Jay (October 14, 2010). "Bedrock taps Jeff Stockwell to adapt 'Wrinkle'". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved October 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ Pond, Steve (March 17, 2010). "Granat Launches Family-Oriented Bedrock Studios (Updated)". TheWrap. Retrieved October 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ McNary, Dave (August 5, 2014). "'Frozen' Director Jennifer Lee to Adapt 'A Wrinkle in Time' for Disney". Variety. Retrieved October 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ Han, Angie (August 5, 2014). "'Frozen' Director Jennifer Lee to Adapt 'A Wrinkle in Time'". /Film. Retrieved October 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kit, Borys (February 8, 2016). "Lupita Nyong'o in Talks to Star in Sci-Fi Thriller With Ava DuVernay Eyed to Direct (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved February 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Fleming Jr, Mike (February 23, 2016). "Ava DuVernay Set To Direct Disney's 'A Wrinkle In Time'; Script By 'Frozen's Jennifer Lee". Deadline. Retrieved February 24, 2016.
Jump up ^ Keegan, Rebecca (August 3, 2016). "With 'A Wrinkle In Time,' Ava DuVernay will pass a milestone". LA Times. Retrieved November 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ Kroll, Justin (July 26, 2016). "Oprah Winfrey Joins Ava Duvernay's 'A Wrinkle in Time' Adaptation". Variety. Retrieved July 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ Kit, Borys (September 7, 2016). "Reese Witherspoon, Mindy Kaling in Talks to Join Ava DuVernay's 'A Wrinkle in Time' (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved September 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ Kit, Borys (September 13, 2016). "Rising Actress Storm Reid Nabs Starring Role in Ava DuVernay's 'A Wrinkle in Time' (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved September 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ Patten, Dominic (October 21, 2016). "Chris Pine Joins Ava DuVernay's 'A Wrinkle In Time'". Deadline. Retrieved October 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ Lincoln, Ross A. (October 20, 2016). "Gugu Mbatha-Raw Signs On For Ava DuVernay's 'Wrinkle In Time'". Deadline. Retrieved October 22, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Wrinkle in Time Cast Announced as Filming Begins". ComingSoon.net. November 1, 2016. Retrieved November 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Michael Pena Joins Disney's A Wrinkle in Time Movie". ComingSoon.net. November 2, 2016. Retrieved November 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Ava DuVernay on Facebook". Retrieved November 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ Chitwood, Adam (November 1, 2016). "Ava DuVernay's 'A Wrinkle in Time' Finalizes Cast as Filming Begins This Week". Collider. Retrieved November 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Ava DuVernay on Twitter". Retrieved November 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ Hogg, Trevor (April 3, 2018). "A WRINKLE IN TIME: 'The Emotional Visual Effects Show'". VFX Voice. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
Jump up ^ Schneider, Ruth (December 19, 2016). "'Postcard of Humboldt County': 'Wrinkle in Time' brings local beauty to big screen". Redwood Times. Retrieved December 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ Houston, Will (November 28, 2016). "Film production in town: 'A Wrinkle in Time' director's Instagram indicates filming in Eureka". Eureka Times-Standard. Retrieved December 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Chris Pine looks sports bushy beard on A Wrinkle In Time set". Mail Online. December 15, 2016. Retrieved December 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ "A Wrinkle in Time: What you need to know about the latest movie to shoot in NZ". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved March 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Oprah: 'It's a gorgeous day NZ' star shares chopper ride in NZ with millions - Entertainment - NZ Herald News". Nzherald.co.nz. February 18, 2017. Retrieved March 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "A Wrinkle in Time cast declare their love for New Zealand after filming wraps". Newshub.co.nz. February 26, 2017. Retrieved March 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "A Wrinkle in Time Recruits Game of Thrones Composer". ScreenRant. September 28, 2017. Retrieved September 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ Snetiker, Marc (February 20, 2018). "A Wrinkle in Time soundtrack taps Sade, Sia, Game of Thrones composer". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved February 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ Lesnick, Silas (April 25, 2017). "Disney Movie Release Schedule Gets a Major Update". ComingSoon.net. Retrieved April 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (November 14, 2016). "Ava DuVernay's 'A Wrinkle In Time' To Hit Theaters In Spring 2018". Deadline.com. Retrieved November 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ @ava (July 3, 2017). "Teaser trailer coming at @D23Expo. Hope you like what you see! ✨" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ Hughes, Mark (March 8, 2018). "Review: 'A Wrinkle In Time' Delivers Weird, Fun, And Heartfelt Family Entertainment". Forbes. Retrieved March 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ Rebecca Rubin; Dave McNary (March 6, 2018). "Box Office Preview: 'A Wrinkle in Time' Looks to Lure Kids as 'Black Panther' Stays Muscular". Variety. Retrieved March 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro (March 18, 2018). "'Black Panther' Keeps B.O. Treasure From 'Tomb Raider'; How 'I Can Only Imagine' Hit A $17M High Note". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved March 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione (March 11, 2018). "'Black Panther' Tops $500M Overseas, $1B WW With $67M China Bow; 'Tomb Raider' Kicks Off – International Box Office". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved March 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ "A Wrinkle in Time (2018)". Rotten Tomatoes (Fandango Media). Retrieved April 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ "A Wrinkle in Time Reviews". Metacritic (CBS Interactive). Retrieved April 4, 2018.
Jump up ^ Durande, Alonso (March 7, 2018). "'A Wrinkle in Time' Film Review: Oprah Hitchhikes the Galaxy in Trippy Kiddie Treat". TheWrap. Retrieved March 7, 2018.
Jump up ^ Ehrlich, David (March 7, 2018). "'A Wrinkle in Time' Review: Ava DuVernay's Eye-Popping Spectacle Proves that a Little Imagination Can Go a Long Way". Indiewire. Retrieved March 7, 2018.
Jump up ^ Hudson, Alex (March 7, 2018). "'A Wrinkle In Time' review". Exclaim!. Retrieved March 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ Mancini, Vince (March 7, 2018). "'A Wrinkle In Time' Is A Series Of Affirmations In Search Of A Story". Uproxx. Retrieved March 7, 2018.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: A Wrinkle in Time (2018 film)
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[show]
v
t
e
Works of Ava DuVernay
Films directed
This Is the Life (2008)
I Will Follow (2010)
Middle of Nowhere (2012)
Selma (2014)
13th (2016)
A Wrinkle in Time (2018)
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[show]
v
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Films by Jennifer Lee
Screenplay and directed
Frozen (2013)
Frozen Fever (2015)
Frozen 2 (2019)
Screenplay and story only
Wreck-It Ralph (2012)
Zootopia (2016)
A Wrinkle in Time (2018)
[show]
v
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Madeleine L'Engle
Time Quintet
A Wrinkle in Time
A Wind in the Door
Many Waters
A Swiftly Tilting Planet
An Acceptable Time
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A House Like a Lotus
An Acceptable Time
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A Wrinkle in Time (2003 film)
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A Wrinkle in Time (2018 film)
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text:
Give me liberty, or give me death!
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Give me liberty, or give me death!" is a quotation attributed to Patrick Henry from a speech he made to the Second Virginia Convention on March 23, 1775, at St. John's Church in Richmond, Virginia.
He is credited with having swung the balance in convincing the convention to pass a resolution delivering Virginian troops for the Revolutionary War. Among the delegates to the convention were future U.S. Presidents Thomas Jefferson and George Washington.
Contents
[hide]
1 Publication
2 Reception
3 Precursors
4 "Liberty or death" in other contexts
5 See also
6 References
6.1 Footnotes
6.2 Works cited
7 External links
Publication[edit]
The speech was not published until the Port Folio printed a version of it in 1816.[1] The version of the speech that is known today first appeared in print in Sketches of the Life and Character of Patrick Henry, a biography of Henry by William Wirt, in 1817.[1] There is debate among historians as to whether, and to what extent, Henry or Wirt should be credited with authorship of the speech and its famous closing words.[1][2]
Reception[edit]
Whatever the exact words of Henry were, there can be no doubt of their impact. According to Edmund Randolph, the convention sat in silence for several minutes afterwards. Thomas Marshall told his son John Marshall, who later became Chief Justice of the United States, that the speech was “one of the most bold, vehement, and animated pieces of eloquence that had ever been delivered.”[3] Edward Carrington, who was listening outside a window of the church, requested that he be buried on that spot. In 1810, he got his wish. And the drafter of the Virginia Declaration of Rights, George Mason, said, “Every word he says not only engages but commands the attention, and your passions are no longer your own when he addresses them.”[3] More immediately, the resolution, declaring the United Colonies to be independent of the Kingdom of Great Britain, passed, and Henry was named chairman of the committee assigned to build a militia. Britain's royal governor, Lord Dunmore, reacted by seizing the gunpowder in the public magazine at Williamsburg—Virginia’s equivalent of the battles of Lexington and Concord.[3] Whatever the exact words of Henry were, “scholars, understandably, are troubled by the way Wirt brought into print Henry’s classic Liberty or Death speech,” wrote historian Bernard Mayo. “Yet . . . its expressions. . . seemed to have burned themselves into men’s memories. Certainly its spirit is that of the fiery orator who in 1775 so powerfully influenced Virginians and events leading to American independence.”[3]
Precursors[edit]
There have been similar phrases used before Henry's speech. The play, Cato, a Tragedy, was popular in the Colonies and well known by the Founding Fathers, who would quote from the play. George Washington had this play performed for the Continental Army at Valley Forge.[4] It contains the line, "It is not now time to talk of aught/But chains or conquest, liberty or death" (Act II, Scene 4). The phrase "Liberty or Death" also appears on the Culpeper Minutemen flag of 1775.[5]
"Liberty or death" in other contexts[edit]
The phrase appears in other nationalist contexts.
The national anthem of Uruguay, Orientales, la Patria o la Tumba, contains the line ¡Libertad o con gloria morir! (Liberty or with glory to die!)
The motto of Greece is "Liberty or Death" (Eleftheria i thanatos). It arose during the Greek War of Independence in the 1820s, where it was a war cry for the Greeks who rebelled against Ottoman rule.
A popular (and possibly concocted) story in Brazil relates that in 1822, the emperor Dom Pedro I uttered the famous Cry from [the river] Ipiranga, "Independence or Death" (Independência ou Morte), when Brazil was still a colony of Portugal.
In March 1941 the motto of the public demonstrations in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia against signing the treaty with Nazi Germany was "Better grave than slave" (Bolje grob nego rob).
During the Indonesian National Revolution the Pemuda (youth) used the phrase "Merdeka atau Mati" which means Independence or Death.
More recently, in China, Ren Jianyu, a 25-year-old former college student "village official" was given a two-year re-education through labor sentence for an online anti-CPC speech. A T-shirt of Ren's saying "Give me liberty or give me death!" (in Chinese) has been taken as evidence of his anti-social guilt.[6][7]
See also[edit]
American Revolutionary War portal
Liberty or Death
Join, or Die
Live Free or Die
Liberté, égalité, fraternité
Give Me Convenience or Give Me Death
References[edit]
Footnotes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Cohen (1981), p. 702n2.
Jump up ^ Cohen (1981), pp. 703-04, 710ff.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Patrick Henry and His Famous Speech". Colonial Williamsburg Foundation and Rowman and Littlefield Publishers. Archived from the original on February 13, 2015. Retrieved February 2, 2014 – via iCitizen Forum. Excerpt from Aron, Paul (2008). "John Adams". We Hold These Truths. Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, in association with The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. pp. 86–88.
Jump up ^ Randall (1997), p. 43.
Jump up ^ "Culpepper Flags".
Jump up ^ Yu Jincui (October 12, 2012). "Punishing Criticisms Outdated in Today’s China". Global Times. Beijing. Retrieved October 10, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Chongqing Village "Liberty or Give Me Death" T shirt Is Evidence for Detention". 大河报 (in Chinese). October 11, 2012. Retrieved October 10, 2012.
Works cited[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Give me liberty or give me death
Cohen, Charles (October 1981). "The ‘Liberty or Death’ Speech: A Note on Religion and Revolutionary Rhetoric". The William and Mary Quarterly. 38 (4): 702–717. JSTOR 1918911. doi:10.2307/1918911.
Nelson, Craig (2006). Thomas Paine, Enlightenment, Revolution, and the Birth of Modern Nations. New York: Viking. ISBN 0-670-03788-5.
Randall, William (1997). George Washington: A Life. New York: Henry Holt & Co. ISBN 0-8050-2779-3.
Raphael, Ray (2004). Founding Myths: Stories that Hide Our Patriotic Past. New York: New Press. ISBN 1-56584-921-3.
Wirt, William (1816). Sketches of the Life and Character of Patrick Henry. Philadelphia: Webster. OCLC 4519869.
External links[edit]
Give Me Liberty public domain audiobook at LibriVox
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text:
Plastic surgery
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Plastic surgery is a surgical specialty involving the restoration, reconstruction, or alteration of the human body. It can be divided into two categories. The first is reconstructive surgery which includes craniofacial surgery, hand surgery, microsurgery, and the treatment of burns. The other is cosmetic or aesthetic surgery.[1] While reconstructive surgery aims to reconstruct a part of the body or improve its functioning, cosmetic surgery aims at improving the appearance of it. Both of these techniques are used throughout the world.
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 History
3 Development of modern techniques
4 Sub-specialties
4.1 Aesthetic surgery
4.2 Burn surgery
4.3 Craniofacial surgery
4.4 Hand surgery
4.5 Microsurgery
4.6 Pediatric plastic surgery
5 Techniques and procedures
6 Reconstructive surgery
7 Cosmetic surgery procedures
8 Complications, risks and reversals
9 Psychological disorders
10 See also
11 References
12 Further reading
13 External links
Etymology[edit]
In the term "plastic surgery," the adjective plastic implies sculpting and/or reshaping, which is derived from the Greek πλαστική (τέχνη), plastikē (tekhnē), "the art of modelling" of malleable flesh.[2] This meaning in English is seen as early as 1598.[3] The surgical definition of "plastic" first appeared in 1839, preceding the modern "engineering material made from petroleum" sense of plastic (coined by Leo Baekeland in 1909) by 70 years.[4]
History[edit]
See also: History of surgery
Ancient Indian method of nose reconstruction, illustrated in the Gentleman's Magazine, 1794
Plates vi & vii of the Edwin Smith Papyrus at the Rare Book Room, New York Academy of Medicine[5]
Treatments for the plastic repair of a broken nose are first mentioned in the Edwin Smith Papyrus,[6] a transcription of an Ancient Egyptian medical text, one of the oldest known surgical treatises, dated to the Old Kingdom from 3000 to 2500 BC.[7] Reconstructive surgery techniques were being carried out in India by 800 BC.[8] Sushruta was a physician who made important contributions to the field of plastic and cataract surgery in 6th century BC.[9] The medical works of both Sushruta and Charak, originally in Sanskrit, were translated into the Arabic language during the Abbasid Caliphate in 750 AD.[10] The Arabic translations made their way into Europe via intermediaries.[10] In Italy, the Branca family[11] of Sicily and Gaspare Tagliacozzi (Bologna) became familiar with the techniques of Sushruta.[10]
Statue of Sushrut, the Father of Plastic Surgery, at Haridwar
British physicians traveled to India to see rhinoplasties being performed by Indian methods.[12] Reports on Indian rhinoplasty performed by a Kumhar vaidya were published in the Gentleman's Magazine by 1794.[12] Joseph Constantine Carpue spent 20 years in India studying local plastic surgery methods.[12] Carpue was able to perform the first major surgery in the Western world in the year of 1815.[13] Instruments described in the Sushruta Samhita were further modified in the Western world.[13]
The Roman scholar Aulus Cornelius Celsus recorded surgical techniques, including plastic surgery, in the first century AD.
The Romans also performed plastic cosmetic surgery. The Romans were able to perform simple techniques, such as repairing damaged ears, from around the 1st century BC. For religious reasons, they did not dissect either human beings or animals, thus their knowledge was based in its entirety on the texts of their Greek predecessors. Notwithstanding, Aulus Cornelius Celsus left some surprisingly accurate anatomical descriptions,[14] some of which — for instance, his studies on the genitalia and the skeleton — are of special interest to plastic surgery.[15]
In 1465, Sabuncu's book, description, and classification of hypospadias was more informative and up to date. Localization of urethral meatus was described in detail. Sabuncuoglu also detailed the description and classification of ambiguous genitalia.[citation needed] In mid-15th-century Europe, Heinrich von Pfolspeundt described a process "to make a new nose for one who lacks it entirely, and the dogs have devoured it" by removing skin from the back of the arm and suturing it in place. However, because of the dangers associated with surgery in any form, especially that involving the head or face, it was not until the 19th and 20th centuries that such surgery became common.
Up until the use of anesthesia became established, surgeries involving healthy tissues involved great pain. Infection from surgery was reduced by the introduction of sterile techniques and disinfectants. The invention and use of antibiotics, beginning with sulfonamide and penicillin, was another step in making elective surgery possible.
In 1793, François Chopart performed operative procedure on a lip using a flap from the neck. In 1814, Joseph Carpue successfully performed operative procedure on a British military officer who had lost his nose to the toxic effects of mercury treatments. In 1818, German surgeon Carl Ferdinand von Graefe published his major work entitled Rhinoplastik. Von Graefe modified the Italian method using a free skin graft from the arm instead of the original delayed pedicle flap.
The first American plastic surgeon was John Peter Mettauer, who, in 1827, performed the first cleft palate operation with instruments that he designed himself. In 1845, Johann Friedrich Dieffenbach wrote a comprehensive text on rhinoplasty, titled Operative Chirurgie, and introduced the concept of reoperation to improve the cosmetic appearance of the reconstructed nose.
In 1891, American otorhinolaryngologist John Roe presented an example of his work: a young woman on whom he reduced a dorsal nasal hump for cosmetic indications. In 1892, Robert Weir experimented unsuccessfully with xenografts (duck sternum) in the reconstruction of sunken noses. In 1896, James Israel, a urological surgeon from Germany, and in 1889 George Monks of the United States each described the successful use of heterogeneous free-bone grafting to reconstruct saddle nose defects. In 1898, Jacques Joseph, the German orthopaedic-trained surgeon, published his first account of reduction rhinoplasty. In 1928, Jacques Joseph published Nasenplastik und Sonstige Gesichtsplastik.
Development of modern techniques[edit]
Walter Yeo, a sailor injured at the Battle of Jutland, is assumed to have received plastic surgery in 1917. The photograph shows him before (left) and after (right) receiving a flap surgery performed by Gillies
The father of modern plastic surgery is generally considered to have been Sir Harold Gillies. A New Zealand otolaryngologist working in London, he developed many of the techniques of modern facial surgery in caring for soldiers suffering from disfiguring facial injuries during the First World War.[16]
During World War I he worked as a medical minder with the Royal Army Medical Corps. After working with the renowned French oral and maxillofacial surgeon Hippolyte Morestin on skin graft, he persuaded the army's chief surgeon, Arbuthnot-Lane, to establish a facial injury ward at the Cambridge Military Hospital, Aldershot, later upgraded to a new hospital for facial repairs at Sidcup in 1917. There Gillies and his colleagues developed many techniques of plastic surgery; more than 11,000 operations were performed on more than 5,000 men (mostly soldiers with facial injuries, usually from gunshot wounds). After the war, Gillies developed a private practice with Rainsford Mowlem, including many famous patients, and travelled extensively to promote his advanced techniques worldwide.
Jimmy Edwards, comedy actor who underwent plastic surgery on his face at the hands of McIndoe — he disguised the traces of surgery with a huge handlebar moustache. He was a member of the Guinea Pig Club.
In 1930, Gillies' cousin, Archibald McIndoe, joined the practice and became committed to plastic surgery. When World War II broke out, plastic surgery provision was largely divided between the different services of the armed forces, and Gillies and his team were split up. Gillies himself was sent to Rooksdown House near Basingstoke, which became the principal army plastic surgery unit; Tommy Kilner (who had worked with Gillies during the First World War, and who now has a surgical instrument named after him, the kilner cheek retractor), went to Queen Mary's Hospital, Roehampton, and Mowlem to St Albans. McIndoe, consultant to the RAF, moved to the recently rebuilt Queen Victoria Hospital in East Grinstead, Sussex, and founded a Centre for Plastic and Jaw Surgery. There, he treated very deep burn, and serious facial disfigurement, such as loss of eyelids, typical of those caused to aircrew by burning fuel.
McIndoe is often recognized for not only developing new techniques for treating badly burned faces and hands but also for recognising the importance of the rehabilitation of the casualties and particularly of social reintegration back into normal life. He disposed of the "convalescent uniforms" and let the patients use their service uniforms instead. With the help of two friends, Neville and Elaine Blond, he also convinced the locals to support the patients and invite them to their homes. McIndoe kept referring to them as "his boys" and the staff called him "The Boss" or "The Maestro."[citation needed]
His other important work included development of the walking-stalk skin graft, and the discovery that immersion in saline promoted healing as well as improving survival rates for victims with extensive burns — this was a serendipitous discovery drawn from observation of differential healing rates in pilots who had come down on land and in the sea. His radical, experimental treatments led to the formation of the Guinea Pig Club at Queen Victoria Hospital, Sussex. Among the better known members of his "club" were Richard Hillary, Bill Foxley and Jimmy Edwards.
Sub-specialties[edit]
Plastic surgery is a broad field, and may be subdivided further. In the United States, plastic surgeons are board certified by American Board of Plastic Surgery.[17] Subdisciplines of plastic surgery may include:
Aesthetic surgery[edit]
Aesthetic surgery is an essential component of plastic surgery and includes facial and body aesthetic surgery. Plastic surgeons use cosmetic surgical principles in all reconstructive surgical procedures as well as isolated operations to improve overall appearance.[18]
Burn surgery[edit]
Burn surgery generally takes place in two phases. Acute burn surgery is the treatment immediately after a burn. Reconstructive burn surgery takes place after the burn wounds have healed.
Craniofacial surgery[edit]
Craniofacial surgery is divided into pediatric and adult craniofacial surgery. Pediatric craniofacial surgery mostly revolves around the treatment of congenital anomalies of the craniofacial skeleton and soft tissues, such as cleft lip and palate, craniosynostosis, and pediatric fractures. Adult craniofacial surgery deals mostly with fractures and secondary surgeries (such as orbital reconstruction) along with orthognathic surgery. Craniofacial surgery is an important part of all plastic surgery training programs, further training and subspecialisation is obtained via a craniofacial fellowship. Craniofacial surgery is also practiced by Maxillo-Facial surgeons.
Hand surgery[edit]
Main article: Hand surgery
Hand surgery is concerned with acute injuries and chronic diseases of the hand and wrist, correction of congenital malformations of the upper extremities, and peripheral nerve problems (such as brachial plexus injuries or carpal tunnel syndrome). Hand surgery is an important part of training in plastic surgery, as well as microsurgery, which is necessary to replant an amputated extremity. The hand surgery field is also practiced by orthopedic surgeons and general surgeons. Scar tissue formation after surgery can be problematic on the delicate hand, causing loss of dexterity and digit function if severe enough. There have been cases of surgery to women's hands in order to correct perceived flaws to create the perfect engagement ring photo.[19]
Microsurgery[edit]
Main article: Microsurgery
Microsurgery is generally concerned with the reconstruction of missing tissues by transferring a piece of tissue to the reconstruction site and reconnecting blood vessels. Popular subspecialty areas are breast reconstruction, head and neck reconstruction, hand surgery/replantation, and brachial plexus surgery.
Pediatric plastic surgery[edit]
Main article: Pediatric plastic surgery
Children often face medical issues very different from the experiences of an adult patient. Many birth defects or syndromes present at birth are best treated in childhood, and pediatric plastic surgeons specialize in treating these conditions in children. Conditions commonly treated by pediatric plastic surgeons include craniofacial anomalies, Syndactyly[20] (webbing of the fingers and toes), Polydactyly (excess fingers and toes at birth), cleft lip and palate, and congenital hand deformities.
Techniques and procedures[edit]
In plastic surgery, the transfer of skin tissue (skin grafting) is a very common procedure. Skin grafts can be derived from the recipient or donors:
Autografts are taken from the recipient. If absent or deficient of natural tissue, alternatives can be cultured sheets of epithelial cells in vitro or synthetic compounds, such as integra, which consists of silicone and bovine tendon collagen with glycosaminoglycans.
Allografts are taken from a donor of the same species.
Xenografts are taken from a donor of a different species.
Usually, good results would be expected from plastic surgery that emphasize careful planning of incisions so that they fall within the line of natural skin folds or lines, appropriate choice of wound closure, use of best available suture materials, and early removal of exposed sutures so that the wound is held closed by buried sutures.[original research?]
Reconstructive surgery[edit]
Navy doctors perform reconstructive surgery on a 21-year-old patient
Reconstructive plastic surgery is performed to correct functional impairments caused by burns; traumatic injuries, such as facial bone fractures and breaks; congenital abnormalities, such as cleft palates or cleft lips; developmental abnormalities; infection and disease; and cancer or tumors. Reconstructive plastic surgery is usually performed to improve function, but it may be done to approximate a normal appearance.
The most common reconstructive procedures are tumor removal, laceration repair, scar repair, hand surgery, and breast reduction plasty. According to the American Society of Plastic Surgeons, the number of reconstructive breast reductions for women increased in 2007 by 2 percent from the year before. Breast reduction in men also increased in 2007 by 7 percent. In 2012, there were 68,416 performed.
Some other common reconstructive surgical procedures include breast reconstruction after a mastectomy for the treatment of cancer, cleft lip and palate surgery, contracture surgery for burn survivors, and creating a new outer ear when one is congenitally absent.
Plastic surgeons use microsurgery to transfer tissue for coverage of a defect when no local tissue is available. Free flaps of skin, muscle, bone, fat, or a combination may be removed from the body, moved to another site on the body, and reconnected to a blood supply by suturing arteries and veins as small as 1 to 2 millimeters in diameter.
Cosmetic surgery procedures[edit]
Cosmetic surgery is an optional or elective surgery that is performed on normal parts of the body with the only purpose of improving a person’s appearance and/or removing signs of aging. In 2014, nearly 16 million cosmetic procedures were performed in the United States alone.[21] The number of cosmetic procedures performed in the United States has almost doubled since the start of the century. 92% of cosmetic procedures were performed on women in 2014, up from 88% in 2001.[22] Nearly 12 million cosmetic procedures were performed in 2007, with the five most common surgeries being breast augmentation, liposuction, breast reduction, eyelid surgery and abdominoplasty. The American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery looks at the statistics for 34 different cosmetic procedures. Nineteen of the procedures are surgical, such as rhinoplasty or facelift. The nonsurgical procedures include Botox and laser hair removal. In 2010, their survey revealed that there were 9,336,814 total procedures in the United States. Of those, 1,622,290 procedures were surgical (p. 5). They also found that a large majority, 81%, of the procedures were done on Caucasian people (p. 12).[23] The American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS) estimates that more than 333,000 cosmetic procedures were performed on patients 18 years of age or younger in the US in 2005 compared to approx. 14,000 in 1996. This is significant because it encourages younger people to continue these procedures later in life.[24] The increased use of cosmetic procedures crosses racial and ethnic lines in the U.S., with increases seen among African-Americans, Asian Americans and Hispanic Americans as well as Caucasian Americans. In Europe, the second largest market for cosmetic procedures, cosmetic surgery is a $2.2 billion business.[25] Of 1191 UK newspaper articles, 89% used the term ‘plastic surgery’ in the context of cosmetic surgery. This is significant as it shows the frequency in which the western world portrays cosmetic surgery.[26] In Asia, cosmetic surgery has become more popular, and countries such as China and India have become Asia's biggest cosmetic surgery markets.[27]
Plastic surgery is increasing slowly, rising 115% from 2000 to 2015. "According to the annual plastic surgery procedural statistics, there were 15.9 million surgical and minimally-invasive cosmetic procedures performed in the United States in 2015, a 2 percent increase over 2014."[28]
The most popular aesthetic/cosmetic procedures include:
Abdominoplasty ("tummy tuck"): reshaping and firming of the abdomen
Blepharoplasty ("eyelid surgery"): reshaping of upper/ lower eyelids including Asian blepharoplasty
Phalloplasty ("penile surgery") : construction (or reconstruction) of a penis or, sometimes, artificial modification of the penis by surgery, often for cosmetic purposes
Mammoplasty:
Breast augmentations ("breast implant" or "boob job"): augmentation of the breasts by means of fat grafting, saline, or silicone gel prosthetics, which was initially performed to women with micromastia
Reduction mammoplasty ("breast reduction"): removal of skin and glandular tissue, which is done to reduce back and shoulder pain in women with gigantomastia and for men with gynecomastia
Mastopexy ("breast lift"): Lifting or reshaping of breasts to make them less saggy, often after weight loss (after a pregnancy, for example). It involves removal of breast skin as opposed to glandular tissue
Buttock augmentation ("butt implant"): enhancement of the buttocks using silicone implants or fat grafting ("Brazilian butt lift") and transfer from other areas of the body
Buttock lift: lifting, and tightening of the buttocks by excision of excess skin
Cryolipolysis: refers to a medical device used to destroy fat cells. Its principle relies on controlled cooling for non-invasive local reduction of fat deposits to reshape body contours.
Cryoneuromodulation: Treatment of superficial and subcutaneous tissue structures using gaseous nitrous oxide, including temporary wrinkle reduction, temporary pain reduction, treatment of dermatologic conditions, and focal cryo-treatment of tissue
Calf Augmentation: done by silicone implants or fat transfer to add bulk to calf muscles
Labiaplasty: surgical reduction and reshaping of the labia
Lip enhancement: surgical improvement of lips' fullness through enlargement
Rhinoplasty ("nose job"): reshaping of the nose
Otoplasty ("ear surgery"/"ear pinning"): reshaping of the ear, most often done by pinning the protruding ear closer to the head.
Rhytidectomy ("face lift"): removal of wrinkles and signs of aging from the face
Neck lift: tightening of lax tissues in the neck. This procedure is often combined with a facelift for lower face rejuvenation.
Browplasty ("brow lift" or "forehead lift"): elevates eyebrows, smooths forehead skin
Midface lift ("cheek lift"): tightening of the cheeks
Genioplasty ("chin implant"): augmentation of the chin with an implant, usually silicone, by sliding genioplasty of the jawbone or by suture of the soft tissue
Cheek augmentation ("cheek implant"): implants to the cheek
Orthognathic Surgery: manipulation of the facial bones through controlled fracturing
Fillers injections: collagen, fat, and other tissue filler injections, such as hyaluronic acid
Brachioplasty ("Arm lift"): reducing excess skin and fat between the underarm and the elbow[29]
Laser Skin Rejuvenation or laser resurfacing: the lessening of depth in pores of the face
Liposuction ("suction lipectomy"): removal of fat deposits by traditional suction technique or ultrasonic energy to aid fat removal
Zygoma reduction plasty: reshaping the face
The most popular surgeries are Botox, liposuction, eyelid surgery, breast implants, nose jobs, and facelifts.[30]
Complications, risks and reversals[edit]
All surgery has risks. Common complications of cosmetic surgery includes hematoma, nerve damage, infection, scarring, implant failure and organ damage.[31][32][33] Breast implants can have many complications, including rupture. In 2011 FDA stated that one in five patients who received implants for breast augmentation will need them removed within 10 years of implantation.[34]
Psychological disorders[edit]
Though media and advertising do play a large role in influencing many people's lives, such as by making people believe plastic surgery to be an acceptable course to change our identities to our liking,[35] researchers believe that plastic surgery obsession is linked to psychological disorders like body dysmorphic disorder.[36] There exists a correlation between sufferers of BDD and the predilection toward cosmetic plastic surgery in order to correct a perceived defect in their appearance.[37]
BDD is a disorder resulting in the sufferer becoming "preoccupied with what they regard as defects in their bodies or faces." Alternatively, where there is a slight physical anomaly, then the person’s concern is markedly excessive.[37] While 2% of people suffer from body dysmorphic disorder in the United States, 15% of patients seeing a dermatologist and cosmetic surgeons have the disorder. Half of the patients with the disorder who have cosmetic surgery performed are not pleased with the aesthetic outcome. BDD can lead to suicide in some of its sufferers. While many with BDD seek cosmetic surgery, the procedures do not treat BDD, and can ultimately worsen the problem. The psychological root of the problem is usually unidentified; therefore causing the treatment to be even more difficult. Some say that the fixation or obsession with correction of the area could be a sub-disorder such as anorexia or muscle dysmorphia.[38]
In some cases, people whose physicians refuse to perform any further surgeries, have turned to "do it yourself" plastic surgery, injecting themselves and running extreme safety risks.[39]
See also[edit]
Biomaterial
Body modification
Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
Scalp reconstruction
List of plastic surgery flaps
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Plastic surgery". Aman Garg. Citelighter. Retrieved 15 January 2013.
Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary, s.v. 'plastic'
Jump up ^ "plastic". OED Online. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Plastic". Etymonline. Retrieved 2 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "Academy Papyrus to be Exhibited at the Metropolitan Museum of Art". The New York Academy of Medicine. 2005-07-27. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 27 November 2010. Retrieved 12 August 2008. . Retrieved 2008-08-12.
Jump up ^ Shiffman, Melvin. Cosmetic Surgery: Art and Techniques. Springer. p. 20. ISBN 978-3-642-21837-8.
Jump up ^ Mazzola, Ricardo F.; Mazzola, Isabella C. Plastic Surgery: Principles. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 11–12. ISBN 978-1-4557-1052-2.
Jump up ^ MSN Encarta (2008). Plastic Surgery Archived 22 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine..
Jump up ^ Dwivedi, Girish & Dwivedi, Shridhar (2007). History of Medicine: Sushruta – the Clinician – Teacher par Excellence. National Informatics Centre (Government of India).
^ Jump up to: a b c Lock, Stephen etc. (200ĞďéĠĊ1). The Oxford Illustrated Companion to Medicine. USA: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-262950-6. (page 607)
Jump up ^ Maniglia A.J. (1989), Reconstructive rhinoplasty, The Laryngoscope, 99(8), page 865.
^ Jump up to: a b c Lock, Stephen etc. (2001). The Oxford Illustrated Companion to Medicine. USA: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-262950-6. (page 651)
^ Jump up to: a b Lock, Stephen etc. (2001). The Oxford Illustrated Companion to Medicine. USA: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-262950-6. (page 652)
Jump up ^ Wolfgang H. Vogel, Andreas Berke (2009). "Brief History of Vision and Ocular Medicine". Kugler Publications. p.97. ISBN 90-6299-220-X
Jump up ^ P. Santoni-Rugiu, A History of Plastic Surgery (2007)
Jump up ^ Chambers, J; P. Ray (2009). "Achieving growth and excellence in medicine: the case history of armed conflict and modern reconstructive surgery". Annals of Plastic Surgery. 63 (5): 473–478. doi:10.1097/SAP.0b013e3181bc327a. PMID 20431512.
Jump up ^ "Introduction". American Board of Plastic Surgery. 2013. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 4 April 2013.
Jump up ^ Description of Plastic Surgery American Board of Plastic Surgery Archived 15 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ ABC News. "Hand Rejuvenation for Better Engagement Ring Selfies". ABC News. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
Jump up ^ Deune, E Gene. "Syndactyly". Medscape. WebMD LLC. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 April 2016. Retrieved 31 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "2001 Cosmetic Surgery Statistics". Retrieved 12 September 2015.
Jump up ^ Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (2010). "Cosmetic Surgery National Data Bank Statistics". Aesthetic Surgery Journal: 1–18.
Jump up ^ Zuckerman, Diana; Abraham, Anisha (2008-10-01). "Teenagers and Cosmetic Surgery: Focus on Breast Augmentation and Liposuction". Journal of Adolescent Health. 43 (4): 318–324. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2008.04.018.
Jump up ^ "Cosmetic Surgery Market: Current Trends". Retrieved 12 September 2015.
Jump up ^ Reid, A. J.; Malone, P. S. C. (2008-08-01). "Plastic Surgery in the Press". Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery. 61 (8): 866–869. doi:10.1016/j.bjps.2008.06.012.
Jump up ^ India, China Among Plastic Surgery Hot Spots - WebMD
Jump up ^ "New Statistics Reflect the Changing Face of Plastic Surgery". 25 February 2015. Retrieved 15 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Arm lift" - Novasans
Jump up ^ "The Most Popular Cosmetic Procedures". WebMD. Archived from the original on 10 September 2015. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
Jump up ^ "The 10 Most Common Plastic Surgery Complications".
Jump up ^ Choices, NHS. "Plastic surgery - Complications - NHS Choices". www.nhs.uk.
Jump up ^ "Cosmetic surgery Risks - Mayo Clinic".
Jump up ^ http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm260235.htm
Jump up ^ Elliott, Anthony (2011-12-01). "'I Want to Look Like That!': Cosmetic Surgery and Celebrity Culture". Cultural Sociology. 5 (4): 463–477. doi:10.1177/1749975510391583. ISSN 1749-9755.
Jump up ^ "Obsessed With Beauty: The Rush To Cosmetic Surgery". Retrieved 12 September 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Veale, D. Veale D Body dysmorphic disorder Postgraduate Medical Journal 2004;80:67-71, available online from: http://pmj.bmj.com/content/80/940/67
Jump up ^ Miller, M (2005). "What is body dysmorphic disorder?". Harvard Mental Health Letter. 22: 8.
Jump up ^ Canning, Andrea (20 July 2009). "Woman's DIY Plastic Surgery 'Nightmare'". ABC News.
Further reading[edit]
Santoni-Rugiu, Paolo (2007). A History of Plastic Surgery. Springer. ISBN 3-540-46240-6.
Fraser, Suzanne (2003). Cosmetic surgery, gender and culture. Palgrave. ISBN 1-4039-1299-8.
Gilman, Sander (2005). Creating Beauty to Cure the Soul: Race and Psychology in the Shaping of Aesthetic Surgery. Duke University Press. ISBN 0-8223-2144-0.
Haiken, Elizabeth (1997). Venus Envy: A History of Cosmetic Surgery. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-5763-5.
Atkinson, M. (2008). Exploring male femininity in thecrisis': men and cosmetic surgery. Body & Society, 14(1), 67-87.
External links[edit]
Media related to Plastic surgery at Wikimedia Commons
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values: جراحة تجميل – Arabic

values: Пластична хирургия – Bulgarian

values: Cirurgia plàstica i reparadora – Catalan

values: Πλαστική χειρουργική – Greek

values: جراحی پلاستیک – Persian

values: प्लास्टिक सर्जरी – Hindi

values: ניתוח פלסטי – Hebrew

values: ಪ್ಲ್ಯಾಸ್ಟಿಕ್ ಸರ್ಜರಿ – Kannada

values: Пластикалық хирургия – Kazakh

values: Пластикалык операция – Kyrgyz

values: Пластична хирургија – Macedonian

values: प्लास्टिक शल्यक्रिया – Nepali

values: प्लास्टिक शल्यचिकित्सा – Newari

values: प्लास्टिक शल्यचिकित्सा – Pali

values: Chirurgie plastică-microchirurgie reconstructivă – Romanian

values: Пластическая хирургия – Russian

values: प्लास्टिक शल्यचिकित्सा – Sanskrit

values: ප්ලාස්ටික් සැත්කම් – Sinhala

values: پلاسٽڪ سرجري – Sindhi

values: ஒட்டுறுப்பு அறுவை மருத்துவம் – Tamil

values: Plastik, rekonstrüktif ve estetik cerrahi – Turkish

values: Пластична хірургія – Ukrainian

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