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A party system is a concept in comparative political science concerning the system of government by political parties in a democratic country. The idea is that political parties have basic similarities: they control the government, have a stable base of mass popular support, and create internal mechanisms for controlling funding, information and nominations.
The concept was originated by European scholars studying the United States, especially James Bryce and Moisey Ostrogorsky, and has been expanded to cover other democracies.[1] Giovanni Sartori devised the most widely used classification method for party systems. He suggested that party systems should be classified by the number of relevant parties and the degree of fragmentation.[2] Party systems can be distinguished by the effective number of parties.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Types of party systems
2 Party systems by country or region
2.1 Europe
2.1.1 European Union
2.1.2 Italy
2.1.3 Germany
2.1.4 Central and Eastern Europe
2.1.5 Finland
2.2 Canada
2.3 United States
2.4 Argentina
3 Notes
4 Bibliography
4.1 Italy
4.2 United States
5 External links
Types of party systems[edit]
Dominant-party system: a system where there is "a category of parties/political organizations that have successively won election victories and whose future defeat cannot be envisaged or is unlikely for the foreseeable future".
Non-partisan system: a system of government or organization such that universal and periodic elections take place without reference to political parties.
One-party system: a system in which a single political party has the right to form the government, usually based on the existing constitution, or where only one party has the exclusive control over political power
Two-party system: a system where only two parties or alliances, typically placed either side of the centre, have a realistic chance of forming a majority. Other parties are very minor or solely regional.
Three-party system or two-and-a-half party system: a system with two large parties that can form a government, and a smaller but still considerable party which can join either in coalition and acts as a kingmaker.[4][5]
Multi-party system: a system in which multiple political parties have the capacity to gain control of government offices, separately or in coalition.
Party systems by country or region[edit]
Europe[edit]
European Union[edit]
Two structures of party system have been identified in the European Parliament since its first universal direct election in 1979, albeit the main EU party groups remained the same:[6]
1979–1994: a system split in two blocs on the left/right dimension, with the left bloc (Socialists, Radical Left and Greens) opposing a right bloc (Populars, Liberals, Gaullists and British Conservatives)
1994-onwards: a system in which the three central parties (the conservative EPP, the socialist PES and the liberal ELDR) have voted as much with each other as with their smaller allies, thus 'governing' the system, and facing different oppositions from the left (European Left and Greens and leftist euroskeptics) and from the right (Gaullists, British Conservatives, rightist euroskeptics and nationalists).
Italy[edit]
Italian party systems are usually considered only since the foundation of the Italian Republic (1946) as pre-fascist parties lacked a wide popular base.
The party system of the so-called First Republic (1946–1994), though based on a proportional electoral law, saw the dominance of the Christian Democracy (DC) and the conventio ad excludendum against the Italian Communist Party (PCI). DC and PCI together gathered around 85% of the votes in average. The system was thus a blocked bipolar system; governments were very short (in average lasting less than one year) and post-electoral, but the supporting parties and personnel could not change. With time, some parties (especially the Italian Socialist Party, PSI) gained momentum, till reaching the role of government-making in the 1980s. The system was completely destroyed by the bribery scandals of Tangentopoli, which shattered DC and PSI. According to Sartori, the two possible degenerations of proportionalism (fragmentation and lack of party discipline) were reduced by two factors: the strong role of parties ("partitocrazia") and the polarization between Christian-democrats and communists. Therefore, the first republic saw a maximum level of 5 effective parties, with only one dominant party.[7]
The so-called Second Republic party system (since 1994) bears the following characteristic marks:
a majoritarian electoral law, introduced by referendum in 1993, which brought about a bi-polarization of the game (although limited by the 1/4 of votes still gathered proportionally)
the birth of Forza Italia as personal party of Silvio Berlusconi, with a strong polarization effect
the rise of new parties (the environmentalists Verdi and the autonomist Lega Nord since the late 1980s, Alleanza Nazionale through a reform of the post-fascist Italian Social Movement)
the split of old parties (between reformed post-communist Democratic Party of the Left and neo-communists of Rifondazione Comunista; between left-wing and right-wing of old Christian Democrats and Socialists, siding with or against Berlusconi)
Though more fragmented in the number of parties, the system was bipolar in its functioning. With time, both sides saw a strengthening of coalitions (even if with ups and downs) and the birth of unified parties (the Ulivo federation and then the Democratic Party on the left, and the People of Freedom party on the right side). The change in the electoral law in 2005 and the return to proportionality (although with a majority premium able to transform, in the lower chamber, the plurality in a 55% majority) didn't bring about a return to collusion, while still leaving such prospect open for the future.
Germany[edit]
The 2009 Bundestag election in Germany was characterized by widespread public apathy and record low voter turnout. Weldon and Nüsser (2010) argue that it solidified a new stable, but fluid five-party system that they see as a defining feature of the emerging German political system. The three minor parties each achieved historical bests at the polls with steep losses for the two traditional Volksparteien. They report that the increased volatility and fluidity of the party system is structured along the left-right ideological spectrum with the parties divided into two major camps and vote-switching much more likely within the respective camps rather than between them.[8]
The 2009 election also marked a devastating defeat for the SPD, leading some commentators to speculate about the end of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) as a "catch-all party" and, against the backdrop of recent poor performance of center-left parties all across Europe—perhaps even "the end of social democracy."[9]
The 2013 election saw the first time that the liberal Free Democratic Party (FDP) that had been represented in parliament since 1949 and formed part of government as a coalition partner to either SPD or CDU (Christian Democratic Union, the major conservative / center-right party) for almost all of the period from 1949 to 1998 and again from 2009 to 2013 fell below the 5% threshold for parliamentary representation. The same election also saw the rise of the "Alternative for Germany" (AfD) party that ran on an anti-Euro platform and failed to enter parliament on their first federal election just barely with 4.8% of the vote.
After this election the second "große Koaltion" (big coalition of the major parties CDU and SPD) since 2005 was formed. Prior to that Germany had only had one big coalition that governed from 1966 to 1969, preferring coalitions of one big and one small party at the federal level instead. Whether this shift proves temporary or permanent remains yet to be seen
Central and Eastern Europe[edit]
Four party systems have been identified in post-communist countries of Central-Eastern Europe:[10]
I system (late 1980s - early 1990s): dominated by the opposition between communists and anti-communists, i.e. from supporters and opponents of the old regime; spontaneous mass movements formed on idealistic bases and transformed into 'umbrella parties'
II system (early 1990s): opposition between winners and losers of the economic transition to a market economy. Anti-communist parties split and formed unstable coalition governments. Many parties, with a narrow political base, grew up
III system (late 1990s): the social conflicts of market transition aggravated, and social-democratic post-communist parties took over. The party system concentrated, while electoral volatility was extremely high
IV system (2000s): rise of a relatively stable and modestly concentrated party system, organized on a left-right dimension, including post-communist parties. Fragmentation did not rise again after the fall of many social-democratic parties from government.
Finland[edit]
Finland was a Grand Duchy controlled by Russia until 1918. Nationalistic demands from the peasants and workers for greater use of the Finnish language led to the first political party: the Finnish Party in 1860. In response, the Swedish-speaking aristocracy, landowners and businessmen formed their own political party. Thus emerged the first party system.[11]
Canada[edit]
According to recent scholarship there have been four party systems in Canada at the federal level since Confederation, each with its own distinctive pattern of social support, patronage relationships, leadership styles, and electoral strategies.[12] Political scientists disagree on the names and precise boundaries of the eras, however. Steve Patten identifies four party systems in Canada's political history[13]
The first party system emerged from pre-Confederation colonial politics, had its "heyday" from 1896 to 1911 and lasted until the Conscription Crisis of 1917, and was characterized by local patronage administered by the two largest parties, the Liberals and the Conservatives.
The second system emerged following the First World War, and had its heyday from 1935 and 1957, was characterized by regionalism and saw the emergence of several protest parties, such as the Progressives, the Social Credit Party, and the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation.
The third system emerged in 1963 and had its heyday from 1968 to 1983 and began to unravel thereafter. The two largest parties were challenged by a strong third party, the New Democratic Party. Campaigns during this era became more national in scope due to the electronic media, and involved a greater focus on leadership. The dominant policy of the era was Keynesian economics.
The fourth party system has involved the rise of the Reform Party of Canada, the Bloc Québécois, and the merger of the Canadian Alliance with the Progressive Conservatives. It saw most parties move to one-member-one-vote leadership contests, and a major reform to campaign finance laws in 2004. The fourth party system has been characterized by market-oriented policies that abandoned Keynesian policies, but maintained the welfare state.
It could be argued that a fifth party system has emerged at some point over the past decade as Canadian politics is no longer defined by the regionalism and fiscally conservative orthodoxy of the 1990s and early 2000s. The current make-up of the House of Commons, dominated by three nationally-oriented parties (Liberal, Conservative and NDP), bears a far more striking resemblance to that of the third party system rather than the fourth; the governing Liberals have arguably abandoned or loosened their commitment to fiscal conservatism and free market economics by returning to a more Keynesian outlook; and the left of centre New Democratic Party (NDP) has been a contender in the past two elections, having occupied the role of official opposition in between 2011 and 2015. This greatly differs from the post-1993 situation in which aside from the governing Liberals, Canada's two other nationally-oriented political parties (the NDP and PC Party) were marginalised, allowing the opposition benches to be dominated by the Western-based Reform Party and separatist Bloc Quebecois. However, it is difficult to pinpoint precisely when the fourth party system came to a close. As mentioned earlier, the Canadian Alliance and PC Party merged in 2004 creating the Conservative Party of Canada, but the Bloc Quebecois continued to dominate Quebec, benefiting from First Past the Post, until 2011. The Liberals, in opposition to the governing Conservatives after 2006, gradually moved leftwards as centrist parties often do when in an opposition role to a conservative government.
Clarkson (2005) shows how the Liberal Party has dominated all the party systems, using different approaches. It began with a "clientelistic approach" under Laurier, which evolved into a "brokerage" system of the 1920s, 1930s and 1940s under Mackenzie King. The 1950s saw the emergence of a "pan-Canadian system", which lasted until the 1990s. The 1993 election — categorized by Clarkson as an electoral "earthquake" which "fragmented" the party system, saw the emergence of regional politics within a four party-system, whereby various groups championed regional issues and concerns. Clarkson concludes that the inherent bias built into the first-past-the-post system, has chiefly benefited the Liberals.[14]
United States[edit]
Main articles: Realigning election, First Party System, Second Party System, Third Party System, Fourth Party System, Fifth Party System, and Sixth Party System
The concept of the party system was introduced by English scholar James Bryce in American Commonwealth (1885).
American Party Systems was a major textbook by Charles Merriam in 1920s. In 1967 the most important single breakthrough appeared, The American Party Systems. Stages of Political Development, edited by William Nisbet Chambers and Walter Dean Burnham. It brought together historians and political scientists who agreed on a common framework and numbering system. Thus Chambers published The First Party System in 1972. Burnham published numerous articles and books. Closely related is the concept of critical elections (introduced by V. O. Key in 1955), and "realignments." Critical elections or Realigning elections involve major changes to the political system, regarding the coalition of voters, the rules of the game, finance and publicity, party organization, and party leadership.
A political science college textbook explains:
"Scholars generally agree that realignment theory identifies five distinct party systems with the following approximate dates and major parties: 1. 1796–1816, First Party System: Jeffersonian Republicans and Federalists; 2. 1840–1856, Second Party System: Democrats and Whigs; 3. 1860–1896, Third Party System: Republicans and Democrats; 4. 1896–1932, Fourth Party System: Republicans and Democrats; 5. 1932-, Fifth Party System: Democrats and Republicans."[15]
There have been at least six different party systems throughout the history of the United States:[16]
First Party System: This system can be considered to have developed as a result of the factions in the George Washington administration. The two factions were Alexander Hamilton and the Federalists and Thomas Jefferson and the Democratic-Republican Party. The Federalists argued for a strong national government with a national bank and a strong economic and industry system. The Democratic-Republicans argued for a limited government, with a greater emphasis on farmers and states' rights. After the 1800 Presidential election, the Democratic-Republicans gained major dominance for the next twenty years, and the Federalists slowly died off.
Second Party System: This system developed as a result of the one party rule of the Democratic-Republicans not being able to contain some of the most pressing issues of the time, namely slavery. Out of this system came the Whig Party and Henry Clay's American System. Wealthier people tended to support the Whigs, and the poorer tended to support the Democrats. During the Jacksonian era, his Democratic Party evolved from Democratic-Republicans. The Whig party began to break apart into factions, mainly over the issue of slavery. This period lasted until 1860.
Third Party System: Beginning around the time of the start of the Civil War, this system was defined by bitter conflict and striking party differences and coalitions. These coalitions were most evidently defined by geography. The South was dominated by the Democrats who opposed the ending of slavery, and the North, with the exception of some major political machines, was dominated by the Republicans, who supported ending slavery. This era was a time of extreme industrial and economic expansion. The Third Party System lasted until 1896.
Fourth Party System: This era was defined by Progressivism and immigration, as well as the political aftermath of the American Civil War. Northeastern business supported the Republicans while the South and West supported the Democrats. Immigrant groups were courted by both parties. The Fourth Party System came to an end around 1932.[17]
Fifth Party System: This system was defined by the creation of the New Deal Coalition by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in response to the Great Depression. This coalition supporting new social welfare programs brought together many under-privileged, working class, and minority groups including unions, Catholics, and Jews. It also attracted African-Americans, who had previously largely supported the Republican Party due to Lincoln's freeing of the slaves. This era lasted approximately until 1968.[18]
Sixth Party System: The transition to this system appears to have begun with the Civil Rights Act of 1964 with the Democrats subsequently losing their long dominance of the South in the late 1960s, leading to a Republican dominance as evidenced by election results.[19]
Argentina[edit]
Scholars of Argentina identify two distinct party systems, one in place between 1912 and 1940, the other emerging after 1946. The first party system was not consistently class based, but the second was, with the Radical Party representing the middle classes and the Peronists, workers and the poor.[20]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Sartori (1976); Lipset and Rokkan (1967); Karvonen and Kuhnle (2000)
Jump up ^ Sartori (1976)
Jump up ^ Golosov, Grigorii V. (2010): The Effective Number of Parties: A New Approach. Party Politics, 16(2):171-192.
Jump up ^ Mair, Peter (12 July 1990). The West European Party System. Oxford University Press. p. 305. ISBN 9780198275831.
Jump up ^ Sartori, Giovanni (1 February 2014). Parties and Party Systems: A Framework for Analysis. ECPR Press. p. 310. ISBN 9780954796617.
Jump up ^ Simon Hix, "A supranational party system and the legitimacy of the European Union", The International Spectator, 4/2002, pp.50-59
Jump up ^ Corriere della Sera, 8 November 2010
Jump up ^ Steven Weldon and Andrea Nüsser, "Bundestag Election 2009: Solidifying the Five Party System", German Politics and Society, 9/30/2010, Vol. 28 Issue 3, pp 47-64
Jump up ^ William E. Paterson, and James Sloam, "The SPD and the Debacle of the 2009 German Federal Election: An Opportunity for Renewal", German Politics and Society, 9/30/2010, Vol. 28 Issue 3, pp 65-81
Jump up ^ Agh (1998) and Oppelland (2003), as quoted by Schmitt and Thomassed, "The EU Party System after Eastern Enlargement", Political Science Series #105, Institute for Advanced Studies, Vienna, 2005
Jump up ^ Alan Siaroff, "Democratic Breakdown and Democratic Stability: A Comparison of Interwar Estonia and Finland", Canadian Journal of Political Science Vol. 32,No. 1 (Mar., 1999), pp. 103-124, esp. p 109 in JSTOR
Jump up ^ Gagnon and Tanguay, 2007: 1
Jump up ^ Patten, 2007: 57-58
Jump up ^ Stephen Clarkson, The Big Red Machine: How the Liberal Party Dominates Canadian Politics (2005)
Jump up ^ Robert C. Benedict, Matthew J. Burbank and Ronald J. Hrebenar, Political Parties, Interest Groups and Political Campaigns. Westview Press. 1999. Page 11.
Jump up ^ Marjorie Randon Hershey, Party Politics in America (12th ed. 2007) pages 119-123
Jump up ^ Hershey, Marjorie Randon. Party Politics in America 14th ed. 2011: Longman Classics in Political Science. pages 120-121
Jump up ^ Hershey, Marjorie Randon. Party Politics in America 14th ed. 2011: Longman Classics in Political Science. page 121
Jump up ^ Marjorie Randon Hershey, Party Politics in America (12th ed. 2007) pages 119-123
Jump up ^ Noam Lupu and Susan C. Stokes, "The Social Bases of Political Parties in Argentina, 1912–2003", Latin American Research Review Vol. 44#1, 2009 pp 58-87
Bibliography[edit]
Aronoff, Myron Joel. "The Americanization of Israeli Politics and Realignment of the Party System", Israel Studies, Volume 5, Number 1, Spring 2000, pp. 92–127
Belloc, Hilaire, and Cecil Chesterton. The Party System. (1911) online edition, on British politics
Patten, Steve (2007). "The Evolution of the Canadian Party System". In Gagnon, Alain-G.; Tanguay, A. Brain. Canadian Parties in Transition (3rd ed.). Broadview. pp. 55–81. ISBN 978-1-55111-785-0.
Gagon, Alain-G.; Tanguay, A. Brain (2007). "Introduction". In Gagnon, Alain-G.; Tanguay, A. Brain. Canadian Parties in Transition (3rd ed.). Broadview. pp. 1–14. ISBN 978-1-55111-785-0.
Ishiyama, John. "Electoral Systems, Ethnic Fragmentation, and Party System Volatility in Sub-Saharan African Countries", Northeast African Studies, Volume 10, Number 2, 2003 (New Series), pp. 203–220
Karvonen, Lauri, and Stein Kuhnle, eds. Party Systems and Voter Alignments Revisited (2000) updates on Lipset and Rokkan (1967) excerpt and text search
Lewis, Paul G. and Paul Webb, eds. Pan-European Perspectives on Party Politics (2003)
Lipset, Seymour M. and Stein Rokkan, eds. Party Systems And Voter Alignments (1967)
Mainwaring, Scott, and Timothy R. Scully. Building Democratic Institutions: Party Systems in Latin America (1996)
Mair, Peter, ed. The West European Party System (Oxford University Press, 1990) online excerpt pp. 302-310
Mair, Peter. The Changing Irish Party System: Organisation, Ideology and Electoral Competition (London, 1987).
Meleshevich, Andrey A. Party Systems in Post-Soviet Countries: A Comparative Study of Political Institutionalization in the Baltic States, Russia, and Ukraine (2007)
Sartori, Giovanni . Parties and Party Systems: A framework for analysis (1976; reprint in 2005)
Tan, Alexander C. Emerging Party Systems (2005)
Tan, Paige Johnson. "Indonesia Seven Years after Soeharto: Party System Institutionalization in a New Democracy", Contemporary Southeast Asia: A Journal of International and Strategic Affairs, Volume 28, Number 1, April 2006, pp. 88–114
Walch, James. Faction and Front: Party Systems in South India (1976)
Ware, Alan. Political Parties and Party Systems (1995), covers France, Germany, Britain, Japan and U.S.
Italy[edit]
The Italian Party System Between Crisis and Transition, by Sidney Tarrow
The Italian party system between parties and coalitions, West European Politics, January 1, 2004; Bartolini, Stefano; Chiaramonte, Alessandro; D'Alimonte, Roberto
Party system dynamics and the making and breaking of Italian governments by Daniela Giannettia and Michael Laver, 2001
Remaking the Italian party system: how Lijphart got it wrong by saying it right West European Politics; October 1, 1993; Calise, Mauro
Daaldera, Ivo H. "The Italian party system in transition: The end of polarised pluralism?" West European Politics, Volume 6, Issue 3 July 1983, pages 216–236 online
Pridham, Geoffrey. The Nature of the Italian Party System (St. Martin's Press, 1981)
United States[edit]
Bartley, Numan V. "Voters and Party Systems: A Review of the Recent Literature", The History Teacher, Vol. 8, No. 3 (May, 1975), pp. 452–469. online at JSTOR
Beck, Paul Allen. "Micropolitics in Macro Perspective: The Political History of Walter Dean Burnham." Social Science History 1986 10(3): 221-245. ISSN 0145-5532 Fulltext in Jstor
Brady, David, and Joseph Stewart, Jr. "Congressional Party Realignment and Transformations of Public Policy in Three Realignment Eras", American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 26, No. 2 (May, 1982), pp. 333–360 online at JSTOR Looks at links among cross-cutting issues, electoral realignments, the U.S. House and public policy changes during the Civil War, 1890s and New Deal realignments. In each case the policy changes are voted through by a partisan "new" majority party. The Civil War and 1890s realignments were more polarized than was the New Deal realignment, and the extent of party structuring of issue dimensions was greater.
Burnham, Walter Dean. "Periodization Schemes and 'Party Systems': The 'System of 1896' as a Case in Point" Social Science History, Vol. 10, No. 3, 263-314.
Campbell, James E. "Party Systems and Realignments in the United States, 1868–2004", Social Science History Fall 2006, Vol. 30 Issue 3, pp 359-386
Chambers, William Nisbet, and Walter Dean Burnham, eds. The American Party Systems. Stages of Political Development, (1967)
Chambers, William Nisbet. Political Parties in a New Nation: The American Experience, 1776–1809 (1963)
Hofstadter, Richard. The Idea of a Party System: The Rise of Legitimate Opposition in the United States, 1780–1840 (1970)
James, Scott C. Presidents, Parties, and the State: A Party System Perspective on Democratic Regulatory Choice, 1884–1936 (2000)
Jensen, Richard. "American Election Analysis: A Case History of Methodological Innovation and Diffusion", in S. M. Lipset, ed, Politics and the Social Sciences (Oxford University Press, 1969), 226-43.
Jensen, Richard. "History and the Political Scientist", in S. M. Lipset, ed, Politics and the Social Sciences (Oxford University Press, 1969),, 1-28.
Jensen, Richard. "Historiography of Political History", in Jack Greene ed., Encyclopedia of American Political History (Scribners, 1984), 1:1-25. online
Jensen, Richard. "The Changing Shape of Burnham's Political Universe", Social Science History 10 (1986) 209-19 ISSN 0145-5532 Fulltext in Jstor
Renda, Lex. "Richard P. McCormick and the Second American Party System." Reviews in American History (1995) 23(2): 378-389. ISSN 0048-7511 Fulltext in Project Muse.
Sundquist, James L. Dynamics of the party system: Alignment and realignment of political parties in the United States (1983)
External links[edit]
A detailed bibliography
"Psephos," archive of recent electoral data from 182 countries
[hide]
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Political eras of the United States
First Party System
Second Party System
Third Party System
Fourth Party System
Fifth Party System
Sixth Party System
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Karl Urban
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For other people named Karl Urban, see Karl Urban (disambiguation).
The lead section of this article may need to be rewritten. The reason given is: it does not "summarize the body of the article with appropriate weight". Please discuss this issue on the article's talk page. Use the lead layout guide to ensure the section follows Wikipedia's norms and to be inclusive of all essential details. (January 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Karl Urban
Urban at the 2017 San Diego Comic-Con promoting Thor: Ragnarok
Born
Karl-Heinz Urban
(1972-06-07) 7 June 1972 (age 46)[1]
Wellington, New Zealand
Occupation
Actor
Years active
1990–present
Spouse(s)
Natalie Wihongi
(m. 2004; sep. 2014)
Partner(s)
Katee Sackhoff
(2014–present)
Children
2
Karl-Heinz Urban (born 7 June 1972) is a New Zealand actor. He is known for playing Leonard McCoy in the Star Trek reboot film series (2009–), Éomer in the second and third installments of Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings trilogy, Vaako in the Riddick film series, Gavin in Pete's Dragon , John Grimm in Doom and Judge Dredd in Dredd. He won acclaim for his performances in New Zealand films The Price of Milk and Out of the Blue.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
2.1 New Zealand roles
2.2 International roles
3 Personal life
4 Filmography
4.1 Film
4.2 Television
4.3 Video games
5 References
6 External links
Early life[edit]
Urban was born in Wellington, New Zealand. His father, a German immigrant, owned a leather goods store, and his mother once worked for Film Facilities in Wellington. Through his mother, the young Urban was exposed to classic New Zealand cinema, and developed an interest in the film industry.[2] Urban attended St Mark's Church School, where he showed an early love for public performance. His first acting role came at age eight, when he had a single line in one episode of the New Zealand television series Pioneer Woman. Though continuing to take part in school stage productions, he did not act professionally again until after high school.
He attended Wellington College in 1986–1990. He then enrolled at Victoria University of Wellington in the Bachelor of Arts program but left after one year to pursue a career in acting. Over the next few years, he appeared in several local TV commercials in addition to theater roles in the Wellington area. Eventually he moved to Auckland, where he was offered many guest roles in TV shows (one of which was playing a heroin addict in the police drama Shark in the Park). Urban then moved briefly to Bondi Beach, Sydney, Australia in 1995, before returning to New Zealand the following year.[3]
Career[edit]
New Zealand roles[edit]
Urban was seen on the internationally syndicated American/New Zealand TV series Hercules: The Legendary Journeys and on its spin-off Xena: Warrior Princess, in which he played the recurring roles of both Cupid and Julius Caesar from 1996 to 2001. He also made an appearance as Mael in the episode "Altared States", from the first season of Xena. Both programs were filmed in New Zealand. In 2001, he appeared in the offbeat rural romance The Price of Milk, for which he received his first nomination at the New Zealand Qantas Film and Television Awards. Urban later won acclaim for his portrayal of policeman Nick Harvey in Out of the Blue, a dramatization of New Zealand's Aramoana massacre, for which he won the Qantas Film and Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in 2008.
International roles[edit]
Urban's first Hollywood role was in the 2002 horror film Ghost Ship. Since then, he has worked on many high-profile movies, including the second and third instalments of The Lord of the Rings trilogy (The Two Towers and The Return of the King), The Bourne Supremacy (as Russian Federal Security Service agent Kirill), The Chronicles of Riddick, Star Trek and Doom. The Hollywood Reporter speculated that Urban was one of several actors being considered for the part of British secret service agent 007 in Casino Royale, directed by fellow New Zealander Martin Campbell.[4] However, he was unable to make the audition because of filming commitments. The role eventually went to Daniel Craig.
Urban, Zachary Quinto, J. J. Abrams, and Chris Pine, at the Star Trek Into Darkness in Sydney, Australia movie premiere, in April 2013
Urban played John "Reaper" Grimm in Universal Pictures' Doom (based on the first-person shooter video game Doom), which was released on 21 October 2005. In 2007, he starred in the Viking adventure Pathfinder. A longtime fan of Westerns,[5] Urban appeared as Woodrow Call in Comanche Moon, the CBS miniseries prequel to Lonesome Dove, in January 2008.
In 2009, he played Dr. Leonard "Bones" McCoy, a role famously originated by DeForest Kelley, in the eleventh Star Trek film.[6][7][8][9] A fan of the Star Trek franchise since childhood, Urban actively pursued a role in the film.[10] His performance was widely embraced by the Star Trek fan community for its faithfulness to the spirit of Kelley's McCoy.[11] In 2009, he also appeared as himself in the documentary film Reclaiming the Blade, discussing his sword-wielding experience in films such as The Lord of the Rings.
Urban next appeared as CIA agent William Cooper in Red, adapted from the DC Comics graphic novel of the same name and co-starring Bruce Willis and Helen Mirren.[12] He portrayed Black Hat, a villainous priest-turned-vampire, in the film adaption of the Korean manhwa Priest, released in 3-D in 2011.[13]
In 2012, Urban starred as law-enforcing comic book hero Judge Dredd in the film Dredd. In an interview with Shave magazine, Urban described it as a "high-octane, action-fueled film... about the day in the life of Dredd." The film was directed by Pete Travis, with a script by Alex Garland.[14] Though it underperformed at the box office, Dredd was well received by critics.[15] He then reprised his role of "Bones" McCoy in the sequel to Star Trek, Star Trek Into Darkness, which was released on 15 May 2013.
In 2013, Urban starred as Detective John Kennex in Almost Human, a TV series created by J. H. Wyman. The series was set 35 years into the future when cops in the L.A.P.D. are paired up with lifelike androids. Urban played a detective who has a dislike for robots but ends up being teamed up with one with emotional feelings. Urban next appeared in the ensemble thriller The Loft, a remake of the Belgian film of the same name. It was filmed in New Orleans and Belgium by the director of the 2008 original, Erik Van Looy.[16] In January 2015, Urban replaced Michael C. Hall as the role as the main antagonist in the 2016 remake of Pete's Dragon.[17] In May 2016, he was cast as Skurge in Thor: Ragnarok.[18]
Personal life[edit]
Urban married his long time partner, Natalie Wihongi (who was his makeup artist for the 2000 television movie The Privateers),[19] in September 2004. Together they have two sons: Hunter, born December 16, 2000,[20] and Indiana ("Indy"), born January 2005[21] and named for the eponymous hero of the Indiana Jones franchise,[22] the first movie of which he has cited as one of his favorites.[23] They lived in their NZ$5.25 million mansion in the affluent Herne Bay section of Auckland, New Zealand.[24] The couple announced their separation in June 2014,[24] selling their home for NZ$6.65 million in December 2014.[25] He has been in a relationship with actress Katee Sackhoff, his co-star on the 2013 film Riddick, since November 2014.[25][26]
Urban serves as a celebrity ambassador for KidsCan, a charity which currently supports over 16,000 disadvantaged children in New Zealand by providing them with essentials such as food, clothing, and shoes.[27]
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1992 Chunuk Bair Wellington Soldier
1998 Heaven Sweeper
1998 Via Satellite Paul
2000 The Irrefutable Truth about Demons Harry Ballard
2000 The Price of Milk Rob
2002 Ghost Ship Munder
2002 The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers Éomer
2003 The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King Éomer Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Cast
Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Acting Ensemble
National Board of Review Award for Best Cast
Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture
Nominated—Phoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best Cast
2004 The Chronicles of Riddick Vaako
2004 The Bourne Supremacy Kirill
2005 Doom John Grimm Nominated—Fangoria Chainsaw Award for Bloodiest Beatdown (with Dwayne Johnson)
2006 Out of the Blue Nick Harvey
2007 Pathfinder Ghost
2009 Star Trek Leonard McCoy Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Cast
Denver Film Critics Society Award for Best Cast
Nominated—Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Acting Ensemble
Nominated—Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Award for Best Ensemble
2009 Black Water Transit[28] Earl Pike
2010 And Soon the Darkness Michael
2010 RED William Cooper
2011 Priest Black Hat
2012 Dredd Judge Dredd
2013 Star Trek Into Darkness Leonard McCoy
2013 Riddick Vaako Cameo only
2013 Walking with Dinosaurs Zack
2014 The Loft Vincent Stevens
2016 Star Trek Beyond Leonard McCoy
2016 Pete's Dragon Gavin
2017 Thor: Ragnarok Skurge
2017 Acts of Vengeance Officer Strode
2017 Hangman Detective Will Ruiney
2018 Bent Danny Gallagher
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1990 Shark in the Park Rohann Murdoch Recurring role, 6 episodes
1992 Homeward Bound Tim Johnstone [unknown episodes]
1993 White Fang David Episode: "Tough Kid"
1993–1994 Shortland Street Paramedic Jamie Forrest [unknown episodes]
1995 Riding High James Westwood [unknown episodes]
1996 Hercules: The Legendary Journeys Cupid Episode: "The Green-Eyed Monster"
1996 Xena: Warrior Princess Mael Episode: "Altared States"
1997 Amazon High Kor Television movie
1997–2001 Xena: Warrior Princess Julius Caesar Recurring role, 8 episodes
1997 Xena: Warrior Princess Cupid 2 episodes
1998 Hercules: The Legendary Journeys Julius Caesar Episode: "Render Unto Caesar"
2000 Xena: Warrior Princess Kor Episode: "Lifeblood"
2000 The Privateers Capt. Aran Dravyk Television movie
2008 Comanche Moon Woodrow F. Call Television miniseries
2013–2014 Almost Human John Kennex Main role, 13 episodes
2014 Short Poppies Alex Turnbull Episode: "Mary Ledbetter"
2019 The Boys[29] Billy Butcher Main role
Video games[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2013 Star Trek Leonard McCoy Voice and likeness
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Miami Herald: Search Results". 7 June 2009.
Jump up ^ "Biography". Karlurbanonline.com. Retrieved 2011-08-21.
Jump up ^ Greg Dixon (15 July 2000). "Karl Urban – The price of fame". The New Zealand Herald.
Jump up ^ [1] Archived 1 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Karl Urban rewinds TV favorites, 10 January 2008
Jump up ^ And Karl Urban as McCoy!, 17 October 2007
Jump up ^ Urban, Pine join Abrams' 'Star Trek', 18 October 2007
Jump up ^ Karl Urban: From Comanche Moon's Old West to Star Trek's Exciting Future, 11 January 2008
Jump up ^ Urban Talks Trek Characters and Production Design, 11 January 2008
Jump up ^ "Karl Urban Was Ready For Star Trek". TrekMovie.com. Retrieved 2011-08-21.
Jump up ^ "Happy Birthday, Karl Urban". TrekMovie.com. Retrieved 2011-08-21.
Jump up ^ Interview: Karl Urban on the set of RED, 15 July 2010
Jump up ^ "SD Comic-Con '10: Karl Urban Goes Vampirific in 'Priest'". Bloody Disgusting!.
Jump up ^ "Interview: Karl Urban". Shave. Retrieved 2010-09-10.
Jump up ^ "Dredd Wraps Its Theatrical Run". comicbook.com. Retrieved 2012-03-11.
Jump up ^ Extraterrestre (2011-06-08). "Erik Van Looy's Loft Receives Second Remake in Three Years". Twitchfilm.com. Retrieved 2012-11-20.
Jump up ^ Sneider, Jeff (January 29, 2015). "Karl Urban to Replace Michael C. Hall in Disney's 'Pete's Dragon' Remake". TheWrap. Retrieved January 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Marvel Studios Confirms Stellar New Cast Members of the Highly Anticipated 'Thor: Ragnarok' - News - Marvel.com".
Jump up ^ "Karl Urban Online". Karl Urban Online. Retrieved 2011-08-21.
Jump up ^ "Hunter's Instagram post". Retrieved 2017-03-30.
Jump up ^ "Star Trek beams back". Waikato Times. 24 May 2008. Retrieved 8 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Empire Online". Empire Online. Retrieved 2012-11-20.
Jump up ^ Atchity, Matt (2010-07-23). "Five Favorite Films with Karl Urban". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2012-11-20.
^ Jump up to: a b Staff writers (2014-06-28). "Karl Urban and wife separate". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 2018-04-07.
^ Jump up to: a b Glucina, Rachel (2015-01-09). "The Diary: Karl Urban's new romance gets serious". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 2018-04-07.
Jump up ^ "Comic-Con 2016: Star Sightings: Katee Sackhoff & Karl Urban". E! News. July 2016.
Jump up ^ "Patrons and Ambassadors". KidsCan. Retrieved 2011-08-21.
Jump up ^ Tony Kaye Says Unreleased 'Black Water Transit' Is "Not Finished Yet", 28 April 2011
Jump up ^ Deadline
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Karl Urban.
Karl Urban on Twitter
Karl Urban on IMDb
Karl Urban at the TCM Movie Database
Karl Urban at AllMovie
hide
v
t
e
Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Acting Ensemble
2000s
2001
Gosford Park
Eileen Atkins, Bob Balaban, Alan Bates, Charles Dance, Stephen Fry, Michael Gambon, Richard E. Grant, Tom Hollander, Derek Jacobi, Kelly Macdonald, Helen Mirren, Jeremy Northam, Clive Owen, Ryan Phillippe, Maggie Smith, Geraldine Somerville, Kristin Scott Thomas, Sophie Thompson, Emily Watson, James Wilby
2002
Chicago
Christine Baranski, Ekaterina Shchelkanova, Taye Diggs, Denise Faye, Colm Feore, Richard Gere, Deidre Goodwin, Queen Latifah, Lucy Liu, Susan Misner, Mýa, John C. Reilly, Dominic West, Renée Zellweger, Catherine Zeta-Jones
2003
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King
Sean Astin, Sean Bean, Cate Blanchett, Orlando Bloom, Billy Boyd, Bernard Hill, Ian Holm, Ian McKellen, Dominic Monaghan, Viggo Mortensen, John Noble, Miranda Otto, John Rhys-Davies, Andy Serkis, Liv Tyler, Karl Urban, Hugo Weaving, David Wenham, Elijah Wood
2004
Sideways
Thomas Haden Church, Paul Giamatti, Virginia Madsen, Sandra Oh
2005
Crash
Christopher "Ludacris" Bridges, Sandra Bullock, Don Cheadle, Matt Dillon, Jennifer Esposito, William Fichtner, Brendan Fraser, Terrence Howard, Thandie Newton, Ryan Phillippe, Larenz Tate
2006
Little Miss Sunshine
Alan Arkin, Abigail Breslin, Steve Carell, Toni Collette, Paul Dano, Greg Kinnear
2007
Hairspray
Nikki Blonsky, Amanda Bynes, Paul Dooley, Zac Efron, Allison Janney, Elijah Kelley, Queen Latifah, James Marsden, Michelle Pfeiffer, Brittany Snow, Jerry Stiller, John Travolta, Christopher Walken
2008
Milk
Josh Brolin, Joseph Cross, James Franco, Victor Garber, Emile Hirsch, Diego Luna, Denis O'Hare, Sean Penn, Alison Pill
2009
Inglourious Basterds
Daniel Brühl, August Diehl, Julie Dreyfus, Michael Fassbender, Sylvester Groth, Jacky Ido, Diane Kruger, Mélanie Laurent, Denis Ménochet, Mike Myers, Brad Pitt, Eli Roth, Til Schweiger, Rod Taylor, Christoph Waltz, Martin Wuttke
2010s
2010
The Fighter
Amy Adams, Christian Bale, Melissa Leo, Jack McGee, Mark Wahlberg
2011
The Help
Jessica Chastain, Viola Davis, Bryce Dallas Howard, Allison Janney, Chris Lowell, Ahna O'Reilly, Sissy Spacek, Octavia Spencer, Mary Steenburgen, Emma Stone, Cicely Tyson, Mike Vogel
2012
Silver Linings Playbook
Bradley Cooper, Robert De Niro, Anupam Kher, Jennifer Lawrence, Chris Tucker, Jacki Weaver
2013
American Hustle
Amy Adams, Christian Bale, Louis C.K., Bradley Cooper, Jack Huston, Jennifer Lawrence, Alessandro Nivola, Michael Peña, Jeremy Renner, Elisabeth Röhm, Shea Whigham
2014
Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance)
Zach Galifianakis, Michael Keaton, Edward Norton, Andrea Riseborough, Amy Ryan, Emma Stone, Naomi Watts
2015
Spotlight
Billy Crudup, Brian d'Arcy James, Michael Keaton, Rachel McAdams, Mark Ruffalo, Liev Schreiber, John Slattery, Stanley Tucci
2016
Moonlight
Mahershala Ali, Patrick Decile, Alex R. Hibbert, Naomie Harris, André Holland, Jharrel Jerome, Janelle Monáe, Jaden Piner, Trevante Rhodes, Ashton Sanders
2017
Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri
Abbie Cornish, Peter Dinklage, Woody Harrelson, John Hawkes, Lucas Hedges, Željko Ivanek, Caleb Landry Jones, Frances McDormand, Clarke Peters, Sam Rockwell, Samara Weaving
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BNF: cb14607951t (data)
GND: 1012273547
ISNI: 0000 0001 1937 0392
LCCN: no2003067908
SUDOC: 160201055
VIAF: 85570475
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Urban&oldid=846617253"
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The Plain Dealer
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Plain Dealer
Type
Daily newspaper
Format
Broadsheet
Owner(s)
Advance Publications
(Newhouse Newspapers)
Founded
1842; 176 years ago (1842)
Headquarters
Plain Dealer Publishing Co
4800 Tiedeman Road
Brooklyn, Ohio 44144
U.S.
Circulation
258,356 daily and 792,233 Sunday[citation needed]
Website
cleveland.com
plaindealer.com
The Plain Dealer is the major daily newspaper of Cleveland, Ohio, United States. It has the largest circulation of any Ohio newspaper and was a top 20 newspaper for Sunday circulation in the United States as of March 2013.[1]
As of December 2015, The Plain Dealer had more than 250,000 daily readers and 790,000 readers on Sunday.[2] The Plain Dealer's media market, the Cleveland-Akron DMA (Designated Market Area), is one of the Top 20 markets in the United States. With a population of 3.8 million people, it is the fourth-largest market in the Midwest, and Ohio's largest media market.[3]
In April 2013 The Plain Dealer announced it would reduce home delivery to four days a week, including Sunday.[4] This went into effect on August 5, 2013. A daily version of The Plain Dealer is available electronically as well as in print at stores, newsracks and newsstands.
Contents
[hide]
1 History and ownership
2 Awards and honors
3 Pricing, distribution, circulation
4 Bureaus
5 Major sections
5.1 All editions
5.2 Weekly features
5.3 Discontinued sections
6 Design
7 Criticism and controversies
7.1 Political leanings
7.2 Publishing concealed weapons permit holder lists
7.3 "Held stories" controversy
7.4 Music critic sidelined
7.5 Shirley Strickland Saffold
7.6 Removal of debate video
8 cleveland.com
8.1 Politifact Ohio
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
History and ownership[edit]
Front page of the Cleveland Plain Dealer dated August 7, 1945 featuring the atomic bombing of Hiroshima, Japan.
The newspaper was established in 1842, less than 50 years after Moses Cleaveland landed on the banks of the Cuyahoga River in The Flats, and is currently owned by Advance Publications (Newhouse Newspapers).[5] The Plain Dealer Publishing Company is under the direction of George Rodrigue (president). The paper employs over 700 people.
The newspaper was sold on March 1, 1967, to S.I. Newhouse's newspaper chain, and has been under the control of the Newhouse family ever since.[6] The paper was previously held by the trusts of the Holden estate, and operated as The Plain Dealer Publishing Company, part of the Forest City Publishing Company, which also published the Cleveland News until its purchase and subsequent closing by its major competitor, the Cleveland Press, owned by the E.W. Scripps Company, in 1960.[7]
On December 18, 2005, The Plain Dealer ceased publication of its weekly Sunday Magazine, which had been published uninterrupted for over 85 years.[8] The demise of the paper's Sunday Magazine was attributed to the high cost of newsprint and declining revenue, and the PD reassigned the editors, designers and reporters to other areas of the newspaper. It also assured readers that the stories that would formerly have appeared in the Sunday Magazine would be integrated into other areas of the paper.
On the morning of Wednesday, July 31, 2013, nearly a third of the newsroom staff was eliminated through layoffs and voluntary resignations. The Plain Dealer's corporate owner, New York-based Advance Publications Inc., a private company run by the heirs of S.I. Newhouse, under a strategy to focus more on online news delivery, had been cutting staff and publication schedules. Previously, in December 2012, under an agreement with the Newspaper Guild, nearly two dozen union newsroom staff voluntarily accepted severance packages.[9] The July round of layoffs led to accusations by the Guild that management had misled the union by cutting more employees than had been agreed upon.[10]
On August 5, 2013, the Northeast Ohio Media Group launched and The Plain Dealer Publishing Company was formed. Northeast Ohio Media Group operates cleveland.com and Sun Newspapers (also known as the Sun News suburban papers) and is responsible for all multimedia ad sales and marketing for The Plain Dealer, Sun News and cleveland.com. It also provides content to The Plain Dealer, cleveland.com and Sun News. The Plain Dealer Publishing Company provides content and publishes in print seven days a week. The company also provides production, distribution, finance, information technology, accounting and other support services for the Plain Dealer Publishing Co. and Northeast Ohio Media Group.
Awards and honors[edit]
1953 Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning (Edward D. Kuekes).
2005 Pulitzer Prize for Commentary (Connie Schultz).[11][12][13][14]
2003 Editor & Publisher Editor of the Year Award (Doug Clifton)
12-time Ohio News Photographer's Association Award recipient (2001-2011, 2013).[15][16]
Nine-time Ohio Associated Press General Excellence Award winner:
1994 (Division IV)
2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2010, 2012 (Division V)[17][18]
Two-time Ohio Associated Press First Amendment Award recipient (2001, 2004)[19]
Numerous other AP Awards in various individual and specific categories (Division V)[20]
Pricing, distribution, circulation[edit]
The daily paper costs $1.50 and the Sunday/Thanksgiving Day edition is $2.25 at newsstands/newsracks. The full subscription weekly price is $4.65. These prices only apply to The Plain Dealer's home delivery area, which are the Northeast Ohio counties of Cuyahoga, Lake, Geauga, Portage, Erie, Ottawa, Summit, Ashtabula, Medina and Lorain. The Plain Dealer is available all over the state at select newsstands, including in the state capital, Columbus, and anywhere in the US or world via US mail service, in which prices are higher. The newspaper reported daily readership of 543,110 and Sunday readership of 858,376 as of October, 2013.[2]
Effective August 5, 2013, home delivery was reduced to four days a week; a "premium" (full) edition on Wednesday, Friday, and Sunday, and a bonus version on Saturday.[21] Subscribers to the three premium editions have access to a digital version seven days a week, which is an exact replica of the morning's paper.[22] A print edition is still available daily at stores, newsracks and newsstands.[22]
Bureaus[edit]
The Plain Dealer formerly operated a variety of news bureaus. By the middle of 2014, both the state capital bureau in Columbus and the Washington bureau were shifted to the Northeast Ohio Media Group, as shown by the affiliations of their bureau chiefs. [23][24]
Major sections[edit]
The Plain Dealer is organized into several major sections, depending on the day of the week. The Sunday edition is, as with any major U.S. daily newspaper, the largest edition of the week. The current organization took effect August 5, 2013.
Major sections printed in most editions include:
All editions[edit]
News
Local, state, national, and international news, editorial/op-ed page, and weather
Business
Local and national business news, stocks, bonds.
Sports
Cleveland and national sports news and commentary. The sports section focuses its beat reporters on the Browns, Cavaliers, Indians, Cleveland State Vikings men's basketball, Mid-American Conference football and basketball and Ohio State Buckeyes football and men's basketball.
Diversions
Includes comics (printed in full color), TV listings, and the Dear Abby advice column.
Classifieds
Home, auto, jobs, other classified advertising.
Weekly features[edit]
On October 8, 1922, The Plain Dealer, published an article written by Royal S. Copeland telling Clevelanders to "Eat Candy as a Part of Your Daily Meal and Enjoy the Best of Health."
Friday! Magazine
Weekend magazine featuring movie reviews, event calendars, restaurant reviews and other cultural/nightlife pieces. (Friday)
Taste
Articles and stories about the latest trends in food, locally and nationally (Wednesday)
North Coast
detailing local trends and community stories. (Sunday)
Arts
expanded arts section. (Sunday)
Business
expanded business section. (Sunday)
Buckeyes Extra
expanded Ohio State football coverage. (Sunday)
Browns Extra
expanded Browns coverage (Monday)
Forum
expanded editorial and opinion section. (Sunday)
Discontinued sections[edit]
The Plain Dealer Sunday Magazine
discontinued as of December 18, 2005
Style
discontinued and merged into Style & Taste as of July 1, 2008[25]
PDQ
a section devoted to younger readers that was discontinued in 2008.
Design[edit]
The Plain Dealer employs a modern styling of a daily newspaper, but has undergone dramatic stylistic changes in the past few years to update the print edition's look. Weekday and Sunday editions regularly feature front pages with content boxes on the upper part of the page detailing news inside. The physical width of the paper has been reduced in recent years as well, a trend throughout the newspaper industry.
Criticism and controversies[edit]
Political leanings[edit]
The Plain Dealer has been criticized by liberal columnists for staking out generally conservative positions on its editorial page, despite serving a predominantly Democratic readership base. In 2004, the editorial board voted to endorse John Kerry; after publisher Alex Machaskee overruled it, ordering the board to write an endorsement of George W. Bush, editorial page editor Brent Larkin managed to talk Machaskee into withholding an endorsement.[26] The news coverage is generally more neutral, with national and international news often culled from wire services, including the New York Times'.
The paper had also been accused of being too soft on Sen. George Voinovich, and in the 2004 election cycle for the U.S. Senate, not providing fair coverage, if any, to Voinovich's opponent, State Sen. Eric Fingerhut, a Democrat.[27]
Publishing concealed weapons permit holder lists[edit]
In 2005, the newspaper twice published lists of concealed weapon permit holders from the 5 counties around Cleveland. Editor Doug Clifton defended the paper's decision, sparking a feud with a pro-carry lobbyist group. State Senator Steve Austria called it abuse of the media access privilege, saying publishing these names would threaten the safety of the men and women who obtain these permits. An Ohio gun rights group then published Clifton's home address and phone number.[28]
"Held stories" controversy[edit]
Wikinews has related news: Newspaper refuses to utilize leaked documents in article
The Plain Dealer made national headlines in the summer of 2005, when editor Douglas Clifton announced that the newspaper was withholding two stories "of profound importance" after Judith Miller of The New York Times and Matthew Cooper of Time Magazine were ordered to reveal confidential sources who had provided information on Joseph Wilson's wife being a CIA operative. The decision to compel the reporters to reveal sources was seen in the news media as a license to go after reporters and newspapers in the courtroom for not revealing confidential informants and a violation of the trust between reporter and said informants. Clifton was vilified in the news media as "having no backbone" and he himself even admitted that people could refer to him as "chickenshit." Clifton told the national press that while he and the reporters involved in the story were willing to be jailed for not revealing sources, the legal department of the Plain Dealer Publishing Company was worried that the newspaper itself would be sued and strongly opposed the printing of the stories. "Talking isn't an option and jail is too high a price to pay", Clifton said.[29]
The controversy ended when the Cleveland Scene, an alternative weekly Cleveland newspaper, published a similar story, thus allowing The Plain Dealer to print the withheld story. The story turned out to be on former Mayor Michael R. White's federal corruption probe, which was leaked to the press by an attorney on the case. The second withheld story has yet to be revealed.[30]
Music critic sidelined[edit]
On September 17, 2008, The Plain Dealer's music critic of 16 years, Donald Rosenberg, was told by the paper's editor, Susan Goldberg, that he would no longer be covering performances of the Cleveland Orchestra. Rosenberg had been critical of orchestral performances under its conductor Franz Welser-Möst, although his reviews of Welser-Möst as a conductor of operas had been positive. Terrance C. Z. Egger, president and publisher of the paper, is also on the orchestra's board.[31]
Welser-Möst is no stranger to robust criticism; during his tenure at the London Philharmonic Orchestra London critics gave him the nickname "Frankly Worse than Most".[32] In December 2008, Rosenberg sued Cleveland's Musical Arts Association, the newspaper and several members of their staffs, alleging a conspiracy to have him demoted.[33] Rosenberg dropped a number of claims against the paper in 2009,[34] and in August, 2009, a jury rejected the remaining claims.[35]
Shirley Strickland Saffold[edit]
In March 2010, the Plain Dealer reported that approximately 80 comments had been posted to articles on its web site by an account registered to the email address of Shirley Strickland Saffold, a judge sitting on the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas.[36] Several of the comments, posted under the pseudonym lawmiss, discussed matters that were or had been before the judge.[36] Although the judge's 23-year-old daughter Sydney Saffold took responsibility for the postings, the paper was able to use a public records request and determine that the exact times and dates of some of the postings corresponded to the times that the corresponding articles were being viewed on the judge's court-issued computer.[36] The revelation led one attorney, who had been criticized in the postings, to request the judge recuse herself from a homicide trial in which he represented the defendant.[37] Ohio Supreme Court Acting Chief Justice Paul E. Pfeifer subsequently removed Saffold from the case.[38]
In April, the judge sued the paper, its editor Susan Goldberg, and affiliated companies for $50 million, claiming violation of its privacy policy.[37] In December 2010, Saffold dropped the suit against the newspaper, and reached settlement with Advance Internet, the Plain Dealer affiliate that ran the newspaper's website.[39] The terms of the settlement were undisclosed, but included a charitable contribution in the name of Saffold's mother.[39]
Removal of debate video[edit]
In October 2014, the Northeast Ohio Media Group hosted the three Ohio candidates for governor in what would be their only joint appearance. The debate was held before the NEOMG's editorial board (which also serves as the editorial board of The Plain Dealer) and NEOMG reporters. Incumbent Gov. John Kasich, a Republican, showed up at the debate without a tie and largely ignored his main rival, Democrat Ed FitzGerald. Kasich went so far as to refuse to admit he could hear the questions of FitzGerald, who was sitting next to him, and instead insisted that a reporter repeat them.[40]
During the debate, a video camera was positioned eight feet in front of the candidates. The resulting video was posted on cleveland.com. A few days later, however, it was removed.[41] When other sites posted copies of the now-deleted video, the NEOMG sent letters threatening legal action.[42] The NEOMG's actions drew coverage from other media organizations[43][44] and criticism from media observers, particularly because Chris Quinn, the NEOMG vice president who sent the letters, declined all requests for comment.[45][46]
At 7 a.m. on the day after the election, which Kasich—endorsed by the NEOMG—won easily, the news organization posted online an explanation of events written by its reader representative. The column cited this as Quinn's explanation: Shortly after the video was posted, the Kasich campaign contacted him and said it had not been aware a video would be posted online. Quinn eventually decided that his failure to explicitly explain the presence of a video camera was unfair. Further, "I thought that if I stated my reasons, the obvious next step would be people going to the candidates and asking them if they had any objection to putting the video back up," Quinn is quoted as saying. "That would mean my error could put people into an uncomfortable situation."[47] The explanation left at least some critics unsatisfied.[48][49]
cleveland.com[edit]
The Plain Dealer is the major news contributor to cleveland.com, the regional news, event and communication portal run by Advance Digital via Northeast Ohio Media Group. The paper does not operate its own editorial website. Northeast Ohio Media Group runs a separate website for the business side of the newspaper, including advertising. cleveland.com also features news from the Sun Newspapers, which are a group of smaller, weekly, more suburban-oriented newspapers in the Greater Cleveland metro area also owned by Advance Publications. The Sun Newspapers are the largest chain of paid weekly newspapers in the country.
The quality of the site (as well as other Advance Internet sites) has been criticized by the staff, newsroom staff and locals.[50]
Politifact Ohio[edit]
In July 2010, The Plain Dealer launched Politifact Ohio, a website that analyzes issues relevant to Ohio and the greater Cleveland area. The feature was produced in conjunction with its creator, the Tampa Bay Times. Four years later, the relationship was ended. Although the operation had generated criticism, the decision to drop it was attributed instead to a desire to keep all content on cleveland.com rather than the separate PolitiFact Ohio site, which remains available as an archive.[51]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Top 25 U.S. Newspapers for March 2013
^ Jump up to: a b The Plain Dealer |Northeast Ohio Media Group
Jump up ^ Cleveland DMA |Northeast Ohio Media Group
Jump up ^ Northeast Ohio Media Group to launch in summer: Press Release | cleveland.com
Jump up ^ Columbia Journalism Review (2005). [1] Who Owns What. Retrieved June 5, 2006.
Jump up ^ Cleveland: Confused City on a See-saw (Electronic Edition). [2] Philip W. Porter, 1976. Pages 234–235.
Jump up ^ Cleveland: Confused City on a See-saw (Electronic Edition). [3] Philip W. Porter, 1976. Page 10.
Jump up ^ "The Plain Dealer kills off Sunday Magazine", Editor and Publisher, December 2005.
Jump up ^ Robert L. Smith (December 11, 2012). "Newspaper Guild endorses labor agreement with The Plain Dealer". Archived from the original on January 15, 2013.
Jump up ^ Robert L. Smith (July 31, 2013). "The Plain Dealer executes newsroom layoffs as era of daily delivery nears end".
Jump up ^ The Pulitzer Prizes (2005) [4]. Retrieved June 5, 2006.
Jump up ^ "It's Time To Do What Feels Right", Connie Schultz, February 16, 2006. [5]. Retrieved June 5, 2006.
Jump up ^ Connie Schultz Devotes First Post-Sabbatical Column to Her Father
Jump up ^ Pulitzer Prize-winning columnist Connie Schultz resigns from The Plain Dealer
Jump up ^ "Plain Dealer photo staff named best in Ohio 11th straight year". Retrieved 7 November 2014.
Jump up ^ Ewinger, James. "The Plain Dealer's Gus Chan named Ohio news photographer of the year; staff named best in state". Retrieved 7 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "PD AP awards" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-04-30.
Jump up ^ "PD AP awards" (PDF). Associated Press. Retrieved 2014-04-30.
Jump up ^ "PD AP awards" (PDF). Associated Press. Retrieved 2014-04-30.
Jump up ^ APSOContestWinners
Jump up ^ Dear Readers: Information about The Plain Dealer's delivery schedule | cleveland.com
^ Jump up to: a b "Dear Readers: Information about The Plain Dealer's delivery schedule". The Plain Dealer. May 21, 2013. Retrieved May 27, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Profile page, Washington bureau chief Stephen Koff". Retrieved 7 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "Profile page, Columbus bureau chief Robert Higgs". Retrieved 7 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "PD Changes" (PDF). Cleveland Plain Dealer. June 29, 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-12.
Jump up ^ The power of a publisher.
Jump up ^ Cool Cleveland on PD and Voinovich.
Jump up ^ Ohio for Concealed Carry
Jump up ^ "WHO HAS YOUR BACK? Journalism in the Corporate Age", Columbia Journalism Review, September 2005.
Jump up ^ "Keeping reporters' notes out of court", The American Editor, August 2005 – October 2005, FREEDOM OF INFORMATION. Pam Luecke, Author.
Jump up ^ Wakin, Daniel J. (September 25, 2008). "Music Critic vs. Maestro: One Loses His Beat". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-09-28.
Jump up ^ Lebrecht, Norman (February 12, 2004). "Franz Welser-Möst – The conductor they loved to hate". La Scena Musicale. Retrieved 2007-09-04.
Jump up ^ Cleveland Orchestra Scandal: Update, The New Yorker blog, December 12, 2008
Jump up ^ "Plain Dealer reporter drops all but one claim against paper". The Plain Dealer. 28 January 2009. Retrieved 2010-05-17.
Jump up ^ Wakin, Daniel J. (6 August 2010). "Cleveland Critic Loses in Suit Over Job Change". New York Times. Retrieved 2010-12-20.
^ Jump up to: a b c McCarty, James F. (March 27, 2010). "Anonymous online comments are linked to the personal e-mail account of Cuyahoga County Common Pleas Judge Shirley Strickland Saffold". The Plain Dealer. Retrieved January 4, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Atassi, Leila (April 8, 2010). "Cuyahoga County Judge Shirley Strickland Saffold files $50 million lawsuit against The Plain Dealer and others". The Plain Dealer. Retrieved January 4, 2011.
Jump up ^ Farkas, Karen (April 22, 2010). "Judge Shirley Strickland Saffold is removed from the Anthony Sowell murder trial". The Plain Dealer. Retrieved January 4, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Saffolds dismiss lawsuit against Plain Dealer, settle with Advance Internet". The Plain Dealer. December 31, 2010. Retrieved January 4, 2011.
Jump up ^ Gomez, Henry. "Gov. John Kasich ignores Ed FitzGerald in their only meeting of election season: 5 observations". Northeast Ohio Media Group. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
Jump up ^ Mismas, Joseph. "PD Pulls Video Of Kasich Refusing To Answer Editorial Board Questions". Retrieved 7 November 2014.
Jump up ^ Cushing, Tim. "Cleveland Plain Dealer Owner Demands Takedown Of Unflattering Video Featuring Candidate It Endorsed In Governor's Race". Retrieved 7 November 2014.
Jump up ^ Jackson, Tom. "PD silent on debate video". Sandusky Register. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
Jump up ^ Castele, Nick. "The Only Video of Kasich and FitzGerald Debating Isn't Online Anymore. What Happened?". Retrieved 7 November 2014.
Jump up ^ Rosen, Jay. "Chris Quinn, vice president for content at the Northeast Ohio Media Group… What's up?". Retrieved 7 November 2014.
Jump up ^ Marx, Greg. "News executives need to explain why video of an Ohio campaign interview disappeared". Columbia Journalism Review. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
Jump up ^ Diadiun, Ted. "Here's why Chris Quinn took down the interview video of John Kasich, Ed FitzGerald and Anita Rios: Ted Diadiun". Northeast Ohio Media Group. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
Jump up ^ Zimon, Jill Miller. "NEOMG Finally Publishes Its Explanation, Apology For Chris Quinn's Video Removal Decision". Retrieved 7 November 2014.
Jump up ^ Allard, Sam. "Finally, Poorly, the NEOMG Explains the Kasich Video Debacle and Chris Quinn's "Error in Judgement"". Cleveland Scene. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "The New Dealer", Cleveland Magazine, Jan 2006
Jump up ^ "The Plain Dealer drops PolitiFact, but keeps on factchecking". Columbia Journalism Review. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
Further reading[edit]
Tidyman, John (2009). Gimme Rewrite, Sweetheart: Tales From the Last Glory Days of Cleveland Newspapers. Cleveland, OH: Gray & Company, Publishers. ISBN 978-1-59851-016-4
Archer H. Shaw: The Plain Dealer. One Hundred Years in Cleveland. Publisher: Alfred A. Knopf, New York 1942 - Internet Archive - online
External links[edit]
Cleveland portal
Journalism portal
The Plain Dealer on Cleveland.Com (editorial site)
Cleveland Plain Dealer (business site)
The Plain Dealer article in the Encyclopedia of Cleveland History
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