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Tom Hiddleston
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For the footballer, see Tom Huddlestone.
Tom Hiddleston
Hiddleston in 2013
Born
Thomas William Hiddleston
(1981-02-09) 9 February 1981 (age 36)
Westminster, London, United Kingdom
Residence
Belsize Park, North West London
Education
Dragon School
Eton College
Alma mater
Pembroke College, Cambridge
Royal Academy of Dramatic Art
Occupation
Actor
Years active
2001–present
Home town
Wimbledon, London, England
Oxford, England
Signature
Thomas William Hiddleston (born 9 February 1981)[1] is an English actor, producer and musical performer. At the beginning of his career, he appeared in West End theatre productions of Cymbeline (2007) and Ivanov (2008). He won the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Newcomer in a Play for his role in Cymbeline and was also nominated for the same award for his role as Cassio in Othello.
He came to wider public attention when cast as Loki in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, appearing in Thor (2011), The Avengers (2012), Thor: The Dark World (2013), and Thor: Ragnarok (2017). In 2011, he won the Empire Award for Best Male Newcomer and was nominated for the BAFTA Rising Star Award. Hiddleston has also appeared in Steven Spielberg's War Horse (2011), The Deep Blue Sea (2011), Woody Allen's romantic comedy Midnight in Paris (2011), the 2012 BBC series Henry IV and Henry V, and the romantic vampire film Only Lovers Left Alive (2013).
In late 2013 and early 2014, Hiddleston starred as the title character in the Donmar Warehouse production of Coriolanus, winning the Evening Standard Theatre Award for Best Actor. In 2015, he starred in Guillermo del Toro's Crimson Peak, Ben Wheatley's High Rise, and played the troubled country music singer Hank Williams in the biopic I Saw The Light.
In 2016, he starred in and was an executive producer of the AMC / BBC limited series The Night Manager, for which he received two Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Limited Series or Movie and Outstanding Limited Series, and won his first Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
2.1 2001–2010: Early work
2.2 2011–2014: Career breakthrough
2.3 2015–present: varied roles
3 Personal life
4 Filmography
4.1 Film
4.2 Television
4.3 Theatre
4.4 Video game
4.5 Radio
5 Awards and nominations
6 References
7 External links
Early life
Hiddleston was born in Westminster, London.[1] He is the son of Diana Patricia (née Servaes) Hiddleston, an arts administrator and former stage manager, and James Norman Hiddleston, a physical chemist.[2] His father is from Greenock, Scotland[3] and his mother is from Suffolk, England.[4] His younger sister, Emma, is also an actress, whilst his older sister, Sarah, is a journalist in India.[5] Through his mother, he is a great-grandson of Vice Admiral Reginald Servaes, and a great-great-grandson of food producer Sir Edmund Vestey.[6]
He was raised in Wimbledon in his early years, and later moved to a Cotswold village near Oxford.[4] He attended the Dragon School preparatory school[7] in Oxford, and his parents divorced when he was 12.[8] When discussing his parents' divorce in an interview with The Daily Telegraph, he stated: "I like to think it made me more compassionate in my understanding of human frailty".[9]
At the age of 13, Hiddleston began boarding at Eton College. He continued on to Pembroke College at the University of Cambridge, where he earned a double first in Classics.[3][10][11] During his second term at Cambridge, he was seen in a production of A Streetcar Named Desire by talent agent Lorraine Hamilton, of Hamilton Hodell.[12] He proceeded to study acting at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, from which he graduated in 2005.[13]
Career
2001–2010: Early work
While still doing student plays, Hiddleston began appearing on television, landing parts in Stephen Whittaker's adaptation of Nicholas Nickleby (2001) for ITV,[12] the BBC/HBO co-production Conspiracy (2001), and as Randolph Churchill, the son of Winston Churchill, in the BBC/HBO drama The Gathering Storm (2002).[14]
Upon graduating from RADA, Hiddleston was cast in his first film role, playing Oakley in Joanna Hogg's first feature film, Unrelated (2006). His sister Emma also appeared in the film as Badge. Casting director, Lucy Bevan, who cast him in the film said "there was just a fantastic confidence about him". Hiddleston had leading roles in Declan Donnellan's company Cheek by Jowl's productions The Changeling (2006), and Cymbeline (2007). For the latter he won the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Newcomer in a Play.[15] His Donmar Warehouse credits include Cassio in Michael Grandage's production of Shakespeare's Othello (2008) alongside Chiwetel Ejiofor and Ewan McGregor,[16][17] and Lvov in the West End revival of Chekhov's Ivanov (2008) with Kenneth Branagh.[12]
Hiddleston was the voiceover for BBC's documentary on the Galapagos Island in 2006.[18] He also narrated the audiobook The Red Necklace by Sally Gardner in 2007,[19] Hiddleston played the leading role of Edward in Hogg's second feature, Archipelago (2010).[20] His TV credits include Magnus Martinsson in the BBC detective drama Wallander (2008), Bill Hazledine in Suburban Shootout (2006), John Plumptre in the BBC costume drama TV film Miss Austen Regrets (2008) and William Buxton in the BBC drama series Return to Cranford (2009). In 2007, he joined a list of British actors, including Kate Winslet and Orlando Bloom, to have guest starred in the long-running medical drama Casualty.[21]
2011–2014: Career breakthrough
At the New York premiere of The Avengers during the Tribeca Film Festival in April 2012
Hiddleston is well known for his portrayal of Loki in the 2011 Marvel Studios film, Thor. He was invited to audition by Kenneth Branagh, the film's director, after having previously worked with Branagh on Ivanov and Wallander. Hiddleston said of Branagh, "Ken has had a life-changing effect. He was able to say to the executives, 'Trust me on this, you can cast Tom and he will deliver'. It was massive and it's completely changed the course of what is available to me to do. Ken gave me my break."[22] In the beginning, he originally auditioned for the part of Thor. "I initially auditioned to play Thor. That was what I was being considered for, because I'm tall and blonde and classically trained, and that seemed to be the mold for what Thor was, he was to be a classical character. And it was in my auditions. I owe this entirely to Marvel and their open-mindedness, they saw something that they thought was interesting. They saw some temperament that they liked."[23] The casting director gave Hiddleston six weeks to bulk up, so he went on a strict diet and gained twenty pounds of muscle.[24] In the end, Branagh decided he was more suitable as the antagonist and cast him as Loki. The film magazine Empire ranked Hiddleston's portrayal as Loki the 19th Greatest Movie Character of All Time.[25]
In November 2010, Hiddleston appeared with Benedict Cumberbatch, Gemma Arterton, Eddie Redmayne and Rose Byrne among others in Danny Boyle's one time production of The Children's Monologues, in which he played Prudence, a young girl upset with her mother for her father leaving and excited for her birthday. The play was a one time event of adapted stories of children's first-hand experiences in South Africa being re-interpreted by and performed by various actors.[26]
In 2011, Hiddleston portrayed novelist F. Scott Fitzgerald in writer-director Woody Allen's Midnight in Paris. He then played the noble Captain Nicholls in War Horse, a film based on the 1982 novel by Michael Morpurgo, directed by Steven Spielberg. The same year he starred as Freddie Page, a RAF pilot in the drama The Deep Blue Sea, alongside Rachel Weisz. In 2012, he reprised his role as the supervillain Loki in The Avengers. While filming a scene with Chris Hemsworth, who plays Thor, the film's director, Joss Whedon told the fighting duo that the scene did not look real enough, so Hiddleston told Hemsworth to really hit him for the fight scene. "I said to Chris, 'Dude, just hit me. Just hit me because I'm protected here and it's fine.' He's like, 'Are you sure?' I was like, 'Yeah, it will look great. Just go for it.'"[27] He provided the voiceover the Ancient Egyptian Book of the Dead in 2011 and poetry for iF Poems and The Love Book on iTunes in 2012.[28][29]
On television in 2012, Hiddleston appeared in the BBC Two series The Hollow Crown, portraying Prince Hal opposite Jeremy Irons as Henry IV in the adaptation of Shakespeare's Henry IV, Part I and Part II. He later as appeared as King Henry V in the television film Henry V.[30] In 2013, Hiddleston played Loki again in Thor: The Dark World,[31] following which he played a vampire in Jim Jarmusch's film Only Lovers Left Alive with Tilda Swinton and Mia Wasikowska.[32]
From December 2013 to February 2014, Hiddleston played the title character in William Shakespeare's Coriolanus at the Donmar Warehouse in Covent Garden directed by Josie Rourke. It was also aired live internationally on 30 January 2014.[33][34] David Benedict of Variety praised a "scorching" performance.[35] He had a cameo in the 2014 film Muppets Most Wanted, as the Great Escapo.[21]
2015–present: varied roles
In character as Loki at the San Diego Comic-Con International promoting Thor: The Dark World in 2013.
Hiddleston replaced Benedict Cumberbatch in the gothic horror film Crimson Peak, directed by Guillermo del Toro.[36] The film started filming in Toronto in February 2014, and was released in October 2015.[37][38] He starred as Robert Laing in High-Rise (2015), based on J. G. Ballard's novel of the same name and directed by Ben Wheatley.[39][40][41]
In January 2014, Hiddleston became a spokesperson for Jaguar Cars in their "Good to be Bad" ad campaign featuring British actors in villain-themed commercials to promote Jaguars new models.[42] The first commercial of the campaign, titled "Rendezvous", first aired during the 2014 Super Bowl and featured Hiddleston along with Mark Strong and Ben Kingsley.[43][44]
In April 2014, Hiddleston starred in another commercial in the campaign, titled "The Art of Villainy". It was released on YouTube, promoting the F-Type coupe. However, the Advertising Standards Authority received complaints about the video "encouraging irresponsible driving". Jaguar Land Rover said that in the ad, when the car did leave the car park, it "accelerated briefly" and that police were present at filming to confirm the speed limit was not breached but the ASA ruled against it and banned the commercial.[45]
It was announced in June 2014 that Hiddleston would play country music singer Hank Williams in the 2015 biopic I Saw the Light, based on the 1994 biography. It was directed by Marc Abraham and started shooting in Louisiana in October 2014.[46] In 2017, Hiddleston starred in Legendary Pictures' King Kong film, Kong: Skull Island.[47] It was released on 10 March, and was directed by Jordan Vogt-Roberts.[48] He reprised his role as Loki in Thor: Ragnarok, released on 3 November 2017,[49] and will also appear in Avengers: Infinity War (2018) and its as yet untitled sequel (2019).[50]
Hiddleston was one of the narrators in the 2015 documentary Unity directed by Shaun Monson.[51] Hiddleston appeared as Jonathan Pine in the 2016 television mini-series The Night Manager based on the espionage and detective novel of the same name by John le Carré. The series started filming in Spring 2015 and aired on AMC with Hugh Laurie also starring.[52][53]
Personal life
Hiddleston lives in the Belsize Park area of north-west London.[54][55] He was one of the celebrities (alongside Benedict Cumberbatch, E. L. James and Rachel Riley, among others) to design and sign his own card for the UK-based charity the Thomas Coram Foundation for Children. The campaign was launched by crafting company Stampin' Up! UK and the cards were auctioned off on eBay during May 2014.[56] He is also a UK ambassador of the humanitarian and developmental assistance fund group UNICEF. He travelled to Guinea in early 2013 to help women and children and raise awareness about hunger and malnutrition.[57] Hiddleston is a self-described feminist.[58]
Hiddleston won the light-hearted UK award Rear of the Year 2016, in which the public nominate the male and female UK-based celebrities that they think should win the titular award.[59] One of the highest profile actors in contemporary British popular culture, Hiddleston appeared on Debrett's 2017 list of the most influential people in the UK.[60]
Filmography
Hiddleston at the San Diego Comic-Con International promoting Crimson Peak in 2015.
Film
Year
Title
Role
Notes
Refs.
2006
Unrelated Oakley
2010
Archipelago Edward
2011
Thor Loki
2011
Midnight in Paris F. Scott Fitzgerald
2011
War Horse Captain Nicholls
2011
Friend Request Pending Tom Short film
2012
The Deep Blue Sea Freddie Page
2012
Out of Time Man Short film [61][62]
2012
The Avengers Loki
2012
Out of Darkness Male Short film [63]
2013
Only Lovers Left Alive Adam
2013
Exhibition Jamie Macmillan
2013
Thor: The Dark World Loki
2014
Muppets Most Wanted Great Escapo Cameo
2014
The Pirate Fairy James Hook Voice [64]
2015
Unity Narrator Documentary
2015
Crimson Peak Sir Thomas Sharpe
2015
High-Rise Dr. Robert Laing
2015
I Saw the Light Hank Williams Actor and musical performer
2017
Kong: Skull Island Captain James Conrad
2017
Thor: Ragnarok Loki [65]
2018
Early Man Lord Nooth Voice; in production [66][67]
2018
Avengers: Infinity War Loki Post-production [68][69]
2019
Untitled Avengers film Filming [70]

Television
Year
Title
Role
Notes
Refs.
2001
The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby Lord Television film
2001
Conspiracy Phone Operator Television film
2001
Armadillo Toby Sherrifmuir Television film
2002
The Gathering Storm Randolph Churchill Television film
2005
A Waste of Shame John Hall Television film
2006
Victoria Cross Heroes Capt. 'Jack' Randle Episode: "The Modern Age" [71]
2006
Suburban Shootout Bill Hazeldine 10 episodes [72]
2006
Galápagos Charles Darwin (voice) Episode: "Islands that Changed the World"
2007
Casualty Chris Vaughn Episode: "The Killing Floor"
2008
Wallander Magnus Martinsson 6 episodes [73]
2008
Miss Austen Regrets Mr. John Plumptre Television film
2009
Return to Cranford William Buxton 2 episodes [74]
2009
Darwin's Secret Notebooks Charles Darwin (voice) Documentary [75]
2012
Robot Chicken Lorax narrator (voice) Episode: "Butchered in Burbank" [76]
2012
Henry IV Part I and Part II Prince Hal Television film
2012
Henry V Henry V Television film
2013
Family Guy Statue Griffin (voice) Episode: "No Country Club for Old Men" [76]
2016
The Night Manager Jonathan Pine 6 episodes; also executive producer
2016
Trollhunters Kanjigar the Courageous (voice) Episode: "Becoming: Part 1" [77]
Theatre
Year
Title
Role
Venue
Ref.
1999
Journey's End Captain Stanhope Edinburgh Festival Fringe [78]
2005
Yorgjin Oxo: The Man Yorgjin Oxo Theatre 503 [79]
2006
The Changeling Alsemero Cheek by Jowl/Barbican/European Tour [80]
2007
Cymbeline Posthumus Leonatus & Cloten Cheek by Jowl/Barbican/World Tour [12]
2008
Othello Cassio Donmar Warehouse
2008
Ivanov Lvov Donmar Warehouse
2010
The Children's Monologues Prudence Old Vic Theatre
2012
The Kingdom of Earth Lot Criterion Theatre [81]
2013
Coriolanus Coriolanus Donmar Warehouse/Covent Garden Theatre [33][34]
2017
Hamlet Hamlet Royal Academy of Dramatic Art [82]
Video game
Year
Title
Voice role
2011
Thor: God of Thunder Loki
Radio
Year
Title
Role
Director
Notes
Ref.
2002
The Trial of the Angry Brigade John Barker Peter Kavanagh BBC Radio 4
2006
Dracula Jonathan Harker Marion Nancarrow BBC World Service [18]
2006
Another Country Tommy Judd Marc Beeby BBC Radio 4 [83]
2007
Caesar III: An Empire Without End Romulus Jeremy Mortimer BBC Radio 4 [18]
2008
Othello Cassio Michael Grandage BBC Radio 3 [18]
2008
The Leopard Tancredi Lucy Bailey BBC Radio 3 [84]
2008
Cyrano de Bergerac Christian David Timson BBC Radio 3 [85]
2009
Carnival Lords of Misrule Zahid Warley BBC Radio 3 [86]
2015
Words and Music: Memory Reader David Papp (producer) BBC Radio 3 [87]
Awards and nominations
Year
Award
Work
Result
Ref.
2006
Ian Charleson Award The Changeling Nominated
2007
Ian Charleson Award Third Prize Othello Won [88]
2008
Laurence Olivier Award for Best Newcomer in a Play
(nominated twice for separate roles) Othello Nominated [89]
2008
Laurence Olivier Award for Best Newcomer in a Play
(nominated twice for separate roles) Cymbeline Won [15][89]
2009
Theatregoers' Choice Awards for Best Supporting Actor in a Play Othello/Ivanov Won [90]
2010
Crime Thriller Award for Best Supporting Actor Wallander Nominated
2011
Phoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best Cast Midnight in Paris Nominated
2011
Scream Award for Breakout Performance – Male Thor Nominated [91]
2012
Empire Award for Best Male Newcomer Thor Won [92]
2012
Evening Standard British Film Award for Best Actor Archipelago Nominated [93]
2012
BAFTA Rising Star Award Thor Nominated [94]
2012
Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor Thor Nominated [95]
2012
Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Villain The Avengers Nominated [96]
2012
Glamour Award for Man of the Year N/A Won [97]
2013
Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Villain The Avengers Nominated [98]
2013
MTV Movie Award for Best Fight The Avengers (shared with the cast) Won [99]
2013
MTV Movie Award for Best Villain The Avengers Won [99]
2014
Empire Award for Best Supporting Actor Thor: The Dark World Nominated [100]
2014
Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor Coriolanus Nominated [101]
2014
Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor Thor: The Dark World Nominated [102]
2014
Evening Standard Theatre Award for Best Actor Coriolanus Won [103]
2015
WhatsOnStage.com Award for Best Actor in a Play Coriolanus Nominated [104]
2015
Chlotrudis Award for Best Supporting Actor Unrelated Nominated [105]
2015
British Independent Film Award for Best Actor High-Rise Nominated [106]
2015
Evening Standard British Film Award for Best Actor High-Rise; Crimson Peak Nominated [107]
2016
TV Choice Award for Best Actor The Night Manager Won [108]
2016
Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Limited Series or Movie Nominated [109]
2016
Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Limited Series Nominated [110]
2016
Critics' Choice Award for Best Actor in a Movie/Miniseries Nominated [111]
2016
Satellite Award for Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film Nominated [112]
2016
TV Times Award for Favourite Actor Nominated [113]
2017
Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film Won [114]
2017
National Television Award for Favourite Drama Performance Nominated [115]
2017
Producers Guild of America David L. Wolper Award – Outstanding Producer of Long-Form Television Nominated [116]
2017
Empire Hero Award Won [117]
2017
Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Actor – Sci-Fi/Fantasy Kong: Skull Island Nominated [118]
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External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tom Hiddleston.
Tom Hiddleston on IMDb
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[show]
Awards for Tom Hiddleston
[show]
v
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e
Empire Award for Best Male Newcomer
Tom Hiddleston (2012)
Tom Holland (2013)
Aidan Turner (2014)
Taron Egerton (2015)
John Boyega (2016)
Dave Johns (2017)
[show]
v
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e
Evening Standard Theatre Award for Best Actor
1955-1959
Richard Burton (1955)
Paul Scofield (1956)
Laurence Olivier (1957)
Michael Redgrave (1958)
Eric Porter (1959)
1960-1969
Alec Guinness (1960)
Christopher Plummer (1961)
Paul Scofield (1962)
Michael Redgrave (1963)
Nicol Williamson (1964)
Ian Holm (1965)
Albert Finney (1966)
Laurence Olivier (1967)
Alec McCowen (1968)
Nicol Williamson (1969)
1970–1979
John Gielgud (1970)
Alan Bates (1971)
Laurence Olivier (1972)
Alec McCowen (1973)
John Wood (1974)
John Gielgud (1975)
Albert Finney (1976)
Donald Sinden (1977)
Alan Howard (1978)
Warren Mitchell (1979)
1980–1989
Tom Courtenay (1980)
Alan Howard (1981)
Alec McCowen (1982)
Derek Jacobi (1983)
Ian McKellen (1984)
Antony Sher (1985)
Albert Finney (1986)
Michael Gambon (1987)
Eric Porter (1988)
Ian McKellen (1989)
1990–1999
Richard Harris (1990)
John Wood (1991)
Nigel Hawthorne (1992)
Ian Holm (1993)
Tom Courtenay (1994)
Michael Gambon (1995)
Paul Scofield (1996)
Ian Holm (1997)
Kevin Spacey (1998)
Stephen Dillane (1999)
2000–2009
Simon Russell Beale (2000)
Alex Jennings (2001)
Simon Russell Beale (2002)
Michael Sheen (2003)
Richard Griffiths (2004)
Simon Russell Beale (2005)
Rufus Sewell (2006)
Patrick Stewart (2007)
Chiwetel Ejiofor (2008)
Mark Rylance (2009)
2010–9999
Rory Kinnear (2010)
Benedict Cumberbatch and Jonny Lee Miller (2011)
Simon Russell Beale (2012)
Adrian Lester and Rory Kinnear (2013)
Tom Hiddleston (2014)
James McAvoy (2015)
Ralph Fiennes (2016)
[show]
v
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Glamour Awards Man of the Year
David Schwimmer (2004)
Usher (2005)
Paul Bettany (2006)
Eric Mabius (2007)
Mark Ronson (2008)
Kanye West (2009)
Aaron Johnson (2010)
Garrett Hedlund (2011)
Tom Hiddleston (2012)
Daniel Radcliffe (2013)
Sam Claflin (2014)
Calvin Harris (2015)
James Norton (2016)
[show]
v
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e
Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film
Mickey Rooney (1981)
Anthony Andrews (1982)
Richard Chamberlain (1983)
Ted Danson (1984)
Dustin Hoffman (1985)
James Woods (1986)
Randy Quaid (1987)
Michael Caine/Stacy Keach (1988)
Robert Duvall (1989)
James Garner (1990)
Beau Bridges (1991)
Robert Duvall (1992)
James Garner (1993)
Raúl Juliá (1994)
Gary Sinise (1995)
Alan Rickman (1996)
Ving Rhames (1997)
Stanley Tucci (1998)
Jack Lemmon (1999)
Brian Dennehy (2000)
James Franco (2001)
Albert Finney (2002)
Al Pacino (2003)
Geoffrey Rush (2004)
Jonathan Rhys Meyers (2005)
Bill Nighy (2006)
Jim Broadbent (2007)
Paul Giamatti (2008)
Kevin Bacon (2009)
Al Pacino (2010)
Idris Elba (2011)
Kevin Costner (2012)
Michael Douglas (2013)
Billy Bob Thornton (2014)
Oscar Isaac (2015)
Tom Hiddleston (2016)
[show]
v
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Laurence Olivier Award for Best Newcomer in a Play
Edward Duke (1980)
Alice Krige (1981)
Kenneth Branagh (1982)
John Retallack (1983)
Tim Flavin (1984)
Cheek by Jowl Company (1985)
Sally Dexter (1986)
Suzan Sylvester (1987)
Richard Jones (1988)
Jeremy Northam (1990)
Debbie Tucker Green (2004)
Tom Hiddleston (2008)
[show]
v
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MTV Movie Award for Best Fight
Adam Sandler vs. Bob Barker – Happy Gilmore (1996)
Fairuza Balk vs. Robin Tunney – The Craft (1997)
Will Smith vs. Cockroach – Men in Black (1998)
Ben Stiller vs. Puffy the Dog – There's Something About Mary (1999)
Keanu Reeves vs. Laurence Fishburne – The Matrix (2000)
Zhang Ziyi vs. Entire bar – Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (2001)
Jackie Chan and Chris Tucker vs. Hong Kong gang – Rush Hour 2 (2002)
Yoda vs. Christopher Lee – Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones (2003)
Uma Thurman vs. Chiaki Kuriyama – Kill Bill: Volume 1 (2004)
Uma Thurman vs. Daryl Hannah – Kill Bill: Volume 2 (2005)
Angelina Jolie vs. Brad Pitt – Mr. & Mrs. Smith (2006)
Gerard Butler vs. Robert Maillet – 300 (2007)
Sean Faris vs. Cam Gigandet – Never Back Down (2008)
Robert Pattinson vs. Cam Gigandet – Twilight (2009)
Beyoncé Knowles vs. Ali Larter – Obsessed (2010)
Robert Pattinson vs. Bryce Dallas Howard and Xavier Samuel – The Twilight Saga: Eclipse (2011)
Jennifer Lawrence and Josh Hutcherson vs. Alexander Ludwig – The Hunger Games (2012)
Robert Downey Jr., Chris Evans, Mark Ruffalo, Chris Hemsworth, Scarlett Johansson and Jeremy Renner vs. Tom Hiddleston – The Avengers (2013)
Orlando Bloom and Evangeline Lilly vs. Orcs – The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug (2014)
Dylan O'Brien vs. Will Poulter – The Maze Runner (2015)
Ryan Reynolds vs. Ed Skrein - Deadpool (2016)
[show]
v
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e
MTV Movie Award for Best Villain
Rebecca De Mornay (1992)
Jennifer Jason Leigh (1993)
Alicia Silverstone (1994)
Dennis Hopper (1995)
Kevin Spacey (1996)
Jim Carrey (1997)
Mike Myers (1998)
Matt Dillon / Stephen Dorff (1999)†
Mike Myers (2000)
Jim Carrey (2001)
Denzel Washington (2002)
Daveigh Chase (2003)
Lucy Liu (2004)
Ben Stiller (2005)
Hayden Christensen (2006)
Jack Nicholson (2007)
Johnny Depp (2008)
Heath Ledger (2009)
Tom Felton (2010)
Tom Felton (2011)
Jennifer Aniston (2012)‡
Tom Hiddleston (2013)
Mila Kunis (2014)
Meryl Streep (2015)
Adam Driver (2016)
Jeffrey Dean Morgan (2017)
† Tie; ‡ The Award was re-named Best On-Screen Dirtbag
Authority control
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Mariana Trench
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the deep sea trench. For the Canadian band named after the geological formation, see Marianas Trench (band).
Coordinates: 11°21′N 142°12′E / 11.350°N 142.200°E / 11.350; 142.200
Location of the Mariana Trench
The Mariana Trench or Marianas Trench[1] is the deepest part of the world's oceans. It is located in the western Pacific Ocean, an average of 200 kilometres (124 mi) to the east of the Mariana Islands, in the Western Pacific east of Philippines. It is a crescent-shaped scar in the Earth's crust, and measures about 2,550 km (1,580 mi) long and 69 km (43 mi) wide on average. It reaches a maximum-known depth of 10,994 metres (36,070 ft) (± 40 metres [130 ft]) at a small slot-shaped valley in its floor known as the Challenger Deep, at its southern end,[2] although some unrepeated measurements place the deepest portion at 11,034 metres (36,201 ft).[3] For comparison: if Mount Everest were dropped into the trench at this point, its peak would still be over 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) underwater.[a] In 2009, the Marianas Trench was established as a United States National Monument.[5]
At the bottom of the trench the water column above exerts a pressure of 1,086 bars (15,750 psi), more than 1,000 times the standard atmospheric pressure at sea level. At this pressure, the density of water is increased by 4.96%, so that 95.27 litres of water under the pressure of the Challenger Deep would contain the same mass as 100 litres at the surface. The temperature at the bottom is 1 to 4 °C (34 to 39 °F).[6]
The trench is not the part of the seafloor closest to the center of the Earth. This is because the Earth is not a perfect sphere; its radius is about 25 kilometres (16 mi) less at the poles than at the equator.[7] As a result, parts of the Arctic Ocean seabed are at least 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) closer to the Earth's center than the Challenger Deep seafloor.
Xenophyophores have been found in the trench by Scripps Institution of Oceanography researchers at a record depth of 10.6 kilometres (6.6 mi) below the sea surface.[8] On 17 March 2013, researchers from the Scottish Association for Marine Science reported data that suggested microbial life forms thrive within the trench.[9][10]
Contents
[hide]
1 Names
2 Geology
3 Measurements
3.1 Descents
3.2 Planned descents
4 Life
4.1 Pollution
5 Possible nuclear waste disposal site
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
Names[edit]
The Mariana Trench is named for the nearby Mariana Islands (in turn named Las Marianas in honor of Spanish Queen Mariana of Austria, widow of Philip IV of Spain). The islands are part of the island arc that is formed on an over-riding plate, called the Mariana Plate (also named for the islands), on the western side of the trench.
Geology[edit]
The Pacific plate is subducted beneath the Mariana Plate, creating the Mariana trench, and (further on) the arc of the Mariana islands, as water trapped in the plate is released and explodes upward to form island volcanoes and earthquakes .
The Mariana Trench is part of the Izu-Bonin-Mariana subduction system that forms the boundary between two tectonic plates. In this system, the western edge of one plate, the Pacific Plate, is subducted (i.e., thrust) beneath the smaller Mariana Plate that lies to the west. Crustal material at the western edge of the Pacific Plate is some of the oldest oceanic crust on earth (up to 170 million years old), and is therefore cooler and more dense; hence its great height difference relative to the higher-riding (and younger) Mariana Plate. The deepest area at the plate boundary is the Mariana Trench proper.
The movement of the Pacific and Mariana plates is also indirectly responsible for the formation of the Mariana Islands. These volcanic islands are caused by Flux melting of the upper mantle due to release of water that is trapped in minerals of the subducted portion of the Pacific Plate.
Measurements[edit]
See also: Challenger Deep
The trench was first sounded during the Challenger expedition in 1875, using a weighted rope, which recorded a depth of 4,475 fathoms (8,184 metres; 26,850 feet).[11] In 1877, a map was published called Tiefenkarte des Grossen Ozeans ("Deep map of the Great Ocean") by Petermann, which showed a Challenger Tief ("Challenger deep") at the location of that sounding. In 1899, USS Nero, a converted collier, recorded a depth of 5,269 fathoms (9,636 metres; 31,614 feet).[12]
In 1951, Challenger II surveyed the trench using echo sounding, a much more precise and vastly easier way to measure depth than the sounding equipment and drag lines used in the original expedition. During this survey, the deepest part of the trench was recorded when the Challenger II measured a depth of 5,960 fathoms (10,900 metres; 35,760 feet) at 11°19′N 142°15′E / 11.317°N 142.250°E / 11.317; 142.250, known as the Challenger Deep.[13]
In 1957, the Soviet vessel Vityaz reported a depth of 11,034 metres (36,201 ft) at a location dubbed the Mariana Hollow.[3]
In 1962, the surface ship M.V. Spencer F. Baird recorded a maximum depth of 10,915 metres (35,810 ft) using precision depth gauges.
In 1984, the Japanese survey vessel Takuyō (拓洋) collected data from the Mariana Trench using a narrow, multi-beam echo sounder; it reported a maximum depth of 10,924 metres (35,840 ft), also reported as 10,920 metres (35,830 ft) ±10 m (33 ft).[14] Remotely Operated Vehicle KAIKO reached the deepest area of the Mariana Trench and made the deepest diving record of 10,911 metres (35,797 ft) on March 24, 1995.[15]
During surveys carried out between 1997 and 2001, a spot was found along the Mariana Trench that had depth similar to that of the Challenger Deep, possibly even deeper. It was discovered while scientists from the Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology were completing a survey around Guam; they used a sonar mapping system towed behind the research ship to conduct the survey. This new spot was named the HMRG (Hawaii Mapping Research Group) Deep, after the group of scientists who discovered it.[16]
On 1 June 2009, sonar mapping of the Challenger Deep by the Simrad EM120 sonar multibeam bathymetry system for deep water, mapping aboard the RV Kilo Moana (mothership of the Nereus vehicle), indicated a spot with a depth of 10,971 metres (35,994 ft). The sonar system uses phase and amplitude bottom detection, with an accuracy of better than 0.2% of water depth across the entire swath (implying that the depth figure is accurate to ± 22 metres (72 ft)).[17][18]
In 2011, it was announced at the American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting that a US Navy hydrographic ship equipped with a multibeam echosounder conducted a survey which mapped the entire trench to 100 metres (330 ft) resolution.[2] The mapping revealed the existence of four rocky outcrops thought to be former seamounts.[19]
The Mariana Trench is a site chosen by researchers at Washington University and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in 2012 for a seismic survey to investigate the subsurface water cycle. Using both ocean-bottom seismometers and hydrophones the scientists are able to map structures as deep as 97 kilometres (60 mi) beneath the surface.[20]
Descents[edit]
The bathyscaphe Trieste (designed by Auguste Piccard), the first manned vehicle to reach the bottom of the Mariana Trench.[21]
Four descents have been achieved. The first was the manned descent by Swiss-designed, Italian-built, United States Navy-owned bathyscaphe Trieste which reached the bottom at 1:06 pm on 23 January 1960, with Don Walsh and Jacques Piccard on board.[13][22] Iron shot was used for ballast, with gasoline for buoyancy.[13] The onboard systems indicated a depth of 11,521 m (37,799 ft), but this was later revised to 10,916 m (35,814 ft).[23] The depth was estimated from a conversion of pressure measured and calculations based on the water density from sea surface to seabed.[22]
This was followed by the unmanned ROVs Kaikō in 1996 and Nereus in 2009. The first three expeditions directly measured very similar depths of 10,902 to 10,916 m (35,768 to 35,814 ft). The fourth was made by Canadian film director James Cameron in 2012. On 26 March, he reached the bottom of the Mariana Trench in the submersible vessel Deepsea Challenger.[24][25][26]
In July 2015, members of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Oregon State University, and the Coast Guard submerged a hydrophone into the deepest part of the Mariana Trench, the Challenger Deep, never having deployed one past a mile. The titanium-shelled hydrophone was designed to withstand the immense pressure 7 miles under.[27] Although researchers were unable to retrieve the hydrophone until November, the data capacity was full within the first 23 days. After months of analyzing the sounds, the experts were surprised to pick up natural and man-made sounds such as boats, earthquakes, a typhoon, and baleen whales.[28] Due to the mission's success, the researchers announced plans to deploy a second hydrophone in 2017 for an extended period of time.
Planned descents[edit]
This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (May 2018)
As of February 2012[update], at least two other teams are planning piloted submarines to reach the bottom of the Mariana Trench. Triton Submarines, a Florida-based company that designs and manufactures private submarines, plans for a crew of three to take 120 minutes to reach the seabed.[29] DOER Marine, a marine technology company based near San Francisco and set up in 1992, plans for a crew of two or three to take 90 minutes to reach the seabed.[30]
Life[edit]
The expedition conducted in 1960 claimed to have observed, with great surprise because of the high pressure, large creatures living at the bottom, such as a flatfish about 30 cm (12 in) long,[23] and shrimp.[31] According to Piccard, "The bottom appeared light and clear, a waste of firm diatomaceous ooze".[23] Many marine biologists are now skeptical of the supposed sighting of the flatfish, and it is suggested that the creature may instead have been a sea cucumber.[32][33] During the second expedition, the unmanned vehicle Kaikō collected mud samples from the seabed.[34] Tiny organisms were found to be living in those samples.
In July 2011, a research expedition deployed untethered landers, called dropcams, equipped with digital video and lights to explore this region of the deep sea. Amongst many other living organisms, some gigantic single-celled amoebas with a size of more than 10 cm (4 in), belonging to the class of xenophyophores were observed.[35] Xenophyophores are noteworthy for their size, their extreme abundance on the seafloor and their role as hosts for a variety of organisms.
In December 2014, a new species of snailfish was discovered at a depth of 8,145 m (26,722 ft), breaking the previous record for the deepest living fish seen on video.[36]
During the 2014 expedition, several new species were filmed including huge crustaceans known as supergiants. Deep-sea gigantism is the process where species grow larger than their shallow water relatives.[36]
In May 2017 an unidentified type of snailfish was filmed at a depth of 8,178 metres (26,800 ft).[37]
Pollution[edit]
In 2016, a research expedition looked at the chemical makeup of crustacean scavengers collected from a range of 7,841–10,250 metres within the trench. Within these organisms, the researchers found extremely elevated concentrations of PCBs, a chemical toxin banned for its environmental harm in the 1970s, concentrated at all depths within the sediment of the trench.[38]
Possible nuclear waste disposal site[edit]
Like other oceanic trenches, the Mariana Trench has been proposed as a site for nuclear waste disposal,[39][40] in the hope that tectonic plate subduction occurring at the site might eventually push the nuclear waste deep into the Earth's mantle, the second layer of the Earth. However, ocean dumping of nuclear waste is prohibited by international law.[39][40][41] Furthermore, plate subduction zones are associated with very large megathrust earthquakes, the effects of which are unpredictable for the safety of long-term disposal of nuclear wastes within the hadopelagic ecosystem.[40]
See also[edit]
Oceania portal
Marianas Trench Marine National Monument, United States national monument at the trench. This National Monument protects 95,216 square miles (246,610 km2) of submerged lands and waters of the Mariana Archipelago. It includes some of the Mariana Trench, but not the deepest part, the Challenger Deep, which lies just outside the monument area.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Mariana Trench is 10,994 m deep,[2] while Mount Everest is 8,848 m tall.[4] The difference is 2,146 m, or at least no less than 2,104 m, accounting for the combined 42 m uncertainty in the measurements.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "NGA GeoNames Search". National Geospatial Agency. Retrieved 29 February 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Scientists map Mariana Trench, deepest known section of ocean in the world". The Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group. 7 December 2011. Retrieved 23 June 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Mariana Trench". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica.
Jump up ^ "Official height for Everest set". BBC News. 8 April 2010. Retrieved 24 June 2018.
Jump up ^ "About the Monument – Mariana Trench". U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
Jump up ^ infoplease.com – The Temperature in the Mariana Trench, read 2012-05-13
Jump up ^ David R. Williams (17 November 2010).Earth Fact Sheet. National Space Science Data Center. Retrieved 23 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Giant amoeba found in Mariana Trench – 6.6 miles beneath the sea". Los Angeles Times. 26 October 2011. Retrieved 23 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Choi, Charles Q. (17 March 2013). "Microbes Thrive in Deepest Spot on Earth". LiveScience. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
Jump up ^ Glud, Ronnie; Wenzhöfer, Frank; Middleboe, Mathias; Oguri, Kazumasa; Turnewitsch, Robert; Canfield, Donald E.; Kitazato, Hiroshi (17 March 2013). "High rates of microbial carbon turnover in sediments in the deepest oceanic trench on Earth". Nature Geoscience. Bibcode:2013NatGe...6..284G. doi:10.1038/ngeo1773. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "About the Mariana Trench – DEEPSEA CHALLENGE Expedition". Deepseachallenge.com. 26 March 2012. Archived from the original on 28 June 2013. Retrieved 8 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Theberge, A. (24 March 2009). "Thirty Years of Discovering the Mariana Trench". Hydro International. Retrieved 31 July 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c "The Mariana Trench – Exploration". marianatrench.com.
Jump up ^ Tani, S. "Continental shelf survey of Japan" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 March 2011. Retrieved 24 December 2010.
Jump up ^ Development and Construction of Launcher System of 10000m‐Class Remotely Operated Vehicle KAIKO Mitsubishi Heavy Industry
Jump up ^ Whitehouse, David (16 July 2003). "Sea floor survey reveals deep hole". BBC News. Retrieved 17 December 2011.
Jump up ^ "Daily Reports for R/V KILO MOANA June and July 2009". University of Hawaii Marine Center. Archived from the original on 24 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "Inventory of Scientific Equipment aboard the R/V KILO MOANA". University of Hawaii Marine Center. Archived from the original on 13 June 2010.
Jump up ^ Duncan Geere (7 February 2012). "Four 'bridges' span the Mariana Trench". Wired. Condé Nast Digital. Archived from the original on 11 March 2012. Retrieved 23 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Seismic Survey at the Mariana Trench Will Follow Water Dragged Down Into the Earth's Mantle". ScienceDaily. 22 March 2012. Retrieved 23 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Strickland, Eliza (2012-02-29). "Don Walsh Describes the Trip to the Bottom of the Mariana Trench – IEEE Spectrum". Spectrum.ieee.org. Retrieved 2013-07-08.
^ Jump up to: a b "Mariana Trench". Earthquake Hazards Program. U.S. Geological Survey. 21 October 2009. Archived from the original on 18 March 2012. Retrieved 23 March 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c "NOAA Ocean Explorer: History: Quotations: Soundings, Sea-Bottom, and Geophysics". oceanexplorer.noaa.gov.
Jump up ^ AP Staff (25 March 2012). "James Cameron has reached deepest spot on Earth". MSNBC. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Broad, William J. (25 March 2012). "Filmmaker in Submarine Voyages to Bottom of Sea". New York Times. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Than, Ker (25 March 2012). "James Cameron Completes Record-Breaking Mariana Trench Dive". National Geographic Society. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Schneider, Kate (2016), “Eerie sounds from the bottom of the Earth”, News.com.au.
Jump up ^ Chappell, Bill (4 March 2016). "Deep-Sea Audio Recordings Reveal A Noisy Mariana Trench, Surprising Scientists". The Two-Way: Breaking News from NPR. National Public Radio. Retrieved 1 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Triton Submarines". Tritonsubs.com. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "DOER Marine". DOER Marine. 20 December 2010. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Bathyscaphe Trieste | Mariana Trench | Challenger Deep". Geology.com. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "James Cameron dives deep for Avatar", Guardian, 18 January 2011
Jump up ^ "James Cameron heads into the abyss", Nature, 19 March 2012
Jump up ^ Woods, Michael; Mary B. Woods (2009). Seven Natural Wonders of the Arctic, Antarctica, and the Oceans. Twenty-First Century Books. p. 13. ISBN 0-8225-9075-1. Retrieved 23 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Giant amoebas discovered in the deepest ocean trench". Retrieved 26 March 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Morelle, Rebecca (2014-12-09). "New record for deepest fish". BBC News. Retrieved 2017-08-26.
Jump up ^ "Ghostly fish in Mariana Trench in the Pacific is deepest ever recorded". CBC News. 2017-08-25. Retrieved 2017-08-26.
Jump up ^ Jamieson, Alan J.; Malkocs, Tamas; Piertney, Stuart B.; Fujii, Toyonobu; Zhang, Zulin (2017-02-13). "Bioaccumulation of persistent organic pollutants in the deepest ocean fauna". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 1. doi:10.1038/s41559-016-0051. ISSN 2397-334X.
^ Jump up to: a b Hafemeister, David W. (2007). Physics of societal issues: calculations on national security, environment, and energy. Berlin: Springer. p. 187. ISBN 0-387-95560-7.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kingsley, Marvin G.; Rogers, Kenneth H. (2007). Calculated risks: highly radioactive waste and homeland security. Aldershot, Hants, England: Ashgate. pp. 75–76. ISBN 0-7546-7133-X.
Jump up ^ "Dumping and Loss overview". Oceans in the Nuclear Age. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 18 September 2010.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mariana Trench.
Mariana Trench Dive (25 March 2012) – Deepsea Challenger.
Mariana Trench Dive (23 January 1960) – Trieste (Newsreel).
Mariana Trench Dive (50th Anniv) – Trieste – Capt Don Walsh.
Mariana Trench – Maps (Google).
NOAA – Ocean Explorer (Ofc Ocean Exploration & Rsch).
NOAA – Ocean Explorer – Multimedia – Mariana Arc (podcast).
NOAA – Ocean Explorer – Video Playlist – Ring of Fire (2004–2006).
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Redshirts (Italy)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see Redshirt (disambiguation) and Redcoats (disambiguation).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Truppa di Garibaldi
Redshirts (Italian Camicie rosse) or Red coats (Italian Giubbe Rosse) is the name given to the volunteers who followed Giuseppe Garibaldi in southern Italy during his Mille expedition to southern Italy, but sometimes extended to other campaigns of his. The name derived from the color of their shirts or loose fitting blouses (complete uniforms were beyond the finances of the Italian patriots).
Background[edit]
The red shirts were started by Giuseppe Garibaldi. During his years of exile, Garibaldi was involved in a military action in Uruguay, where, in 1843, he originally used red shirts from a stock destined for slaughterhouse workers in Buenos Aires. Later, he spent time in private retirement in New York City. Both places have been claimed as the birthplace of the Garibaldian red shirt.[1]
The formation of his force of volunteers in Uruguay, his mastery of the techniques of guerilla warfare, his opposition to the Emperor of Brazil and Argentine territorial ambitions (perceived by liberals as also imperialist), and his victories in the battles of Cerro and Sant'Antonio in 1846 that assured the independence of Uruguay, made Garibaldi and his followers heroes in Italy and Europe. Garibaldi was later hailed as the "Hero of Two Worlds" on the basis of these exploits.
In Uruguay, calling on the Italians of Montevideo, Garibaldi formed the Italian Legion in 1843. In later years, it was claimed that in Uruguay the legion first sported the red shirts associated with Garibaldi's "Thousand", which were said to have been obtained from a factory in Montevideo which had intended to export them to the slaughter houses of Argentina. Red shirts sported by Argentinian butchers in the 1840s are not otherwise documented, however, and the famous camicie rosse did not appear during Garibaldi's efforts in Rome in 1849–50.
Sewing red shirts for the volunteers: Odoardo Borrani, Cucitrici di camicie rosse, 1863
Giuseppe Barboglio a Red Shirt volunteer of the Thousand wearing the Marsala Medal
Later, after the failure of the campaign for Rome, Garibaldi spent a few years, circa 1850–53, with the Italian patriot and inventor, Antonio Meucci, in a modest gothic frame house (now designated a New York City Landmark), on Staten Island, New York City, before sailing for Italy in 1853. There is a Garibaldi-Meucci museum on Staten Island.
In New York, during the pre-Civil War era, rival companies of volunteer firemen were the great working-class heroes of the city. Their courage, their civic spirit, and the lively comradeship they demonstrated inspired fanatic followers throughout New York, the original "fire buffs".
A typical patriotic communal monument to the Garibaldini, at Monte Porzio
Volunteer fire companies varied in the completeness and details of their uniforms, but they all wore the red flannel shirt. When Garibaldi returned to Italy after his New York stay, the red shirts made their first appearance among his followers.
Garibaldi remained a local hero among European immigrants back in New York. The "Garibaldi Guard" (39th New York State Volunteers) fought in the American Civil War, 1861–65. As part of their uniform, they wore red woolen "Garibaldi Shirts" – at least, all enlisted men did. The New York Tribune sized them up:
The officers of the Guard are men who have held important commands in the Hungarian, Italian, and German revolutionary armies. Many of them were in the Sardinian and French armies in the Crimea and in Algeria.
A woman's fashion, the Garibaldi shirt, was begun in 1860 by the Empress Eugénie of France, and the blousy style remained popular for some years, eventually turning into the Victorian shirt waist and modern woman's blouse.[2]
Giuseppe Garibaldi's son, Ricciotti Garibaldi, later led redshirt volunteer troops that fought with the Greek Army in the Greco-Turkish War of 1897 and the First Balkan War of 1912–13.
The Redshirts gave inspiration to Mussolini, to form the Fascist blackshirts units and, from there, to Hitler's brownshirted Sturmabteilung (SA) units, as well as, the quasi-fascist Irish Blueshirts, under Eoin O'Duffy. However, they had nothing to do with any proto-Fascist ideology; Garibaldi's men were patriots, of different political leanings, banded together in the name of national freedom and unity.
Gallery[edit]
Garibaldian volunteers
One of Garibaldi's lancers carrying a dispatch
Red uniform of the Italian politician, Antonio Fratti, killed in the Greco-Turkish War of 1897
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Pécout, Gilles (1999). Il lungo Risorgimento: la nascita dell'Italia contemporanea (1770–1922). Paravia Bruno Mondadori. p. 173. ISBN 9788842493570.
Jump up ^ Young, Julia Ditto, "The Rise of the Shirt Waist", Good Housekeeping, May 1902, pp. 354-357
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Redshirts_(Italy)&oldid=803724598"
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