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Frederick North, Lord North
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"Frederick North" and "Lord North" redirect here. For other uses, see Frederick North (disambiguation) and Lord North (disambiguation).
The Right Honourable
The Earl of Guilford
KG PC
Portrait by Nathaniel Dance
Prime Minister of Great Britain
In office
28 January 1770 – 22 March 1782
Monarch
George III
Preceded by
The Duke of Grafton
Succeeded by
The Marquess of Rockingham
Chancellor of the Exchequer
In office
11 September 1767 – 27 March 1782
Monarch
George III
Prime Minister
The Duke of Grafton
himself
The Marquess of Rockingham
Preceded by
Charles Townshend
Succeeded by
Lord John Cavendish
Secretary of State for Home Affairs
In office
2 April 1783 – 19 December 1783
Monarch
George III
Prime Minister
The Duke of Portland
Preceded by
Thomas Townshend
Succeeded by
The Earl Temple
Member of Parliament
for Banbury
In office
1754 – 4 August 1790
Preceded by
John Willes
Succeeded by
Lord North
Personal details
Born
(1732-04-13)13 April 1732
Piccadilly, Middlesex, England
Died
5 August 1792(1792-08-05) (aged 60)
Mayfair, Middlesex, England
Political party
Tory
Other political
affiliations
Whig
Spouse(s)
Anne Speke (m. 1756)
Children
George, Lord North (1757–1802)
Lady Catherine North (1760–1817)
The Hon. Francis North (1761–1817)
Lady Charlotte North (d. 1849)
The Hon. Frederick North (1766–1827)
Lady Anne North (d. 1832)
Parents
Francis North, 1st Earl of Guilford
Lady Lucy Montagu
Alma mater
Trinity College, Oxford
Signature
Frederick North, 2nd Earl of Guilford, KG PC (13 April 1732 – 5 August 1792), more often known by his courtesy title, Lord North, which he used from 1752 until 1790, was Prime Minister of Great Britain from 1770 to 1782. He led Great Britain through most of the American War of Independence. He also held a number of other cabinet posts, including Home Secretary and Chancellor of the Exchequer.
North's reputation among historians has swung back and forth. It reached its nadir in the late nineteenth century when he was depicted as a creature of the king and an incompetent who lost the American colonies. In the early twentieth century a revisionism emphasized his strengths in administering the Treasury, handling the House of Commons, and in defending the Church of England. Herbert Butterfield, however, argued that his indolence was a barrier to efficient crisis management; he neglected his role in supervising the entire war effort.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life (1732–1754)
2 Early political career (1754–70)
2.1 Chancellor of the Exchequer
3 Prime Minister (1770–82)
3.1 Appointment
3.2 Falklands Crisis
3.3 American War of Independence
3.4 Resignation
4 Fox–North Coalition (1783)
5 Later life (1783–92)
6 Legacy
7 Marriage and progeny
8 Titles from birth to death
9 Notes
10 References
10.1 Primary sources
11 External links
Early life (1732–1754)[edit]
Lord North was born in London on 13 April 1732, at the family house at Albemarle Street, just off Piccadilly,[2] though he spent much of his youth at Wroxton Abbey in Oxfordshire. North's strong physical resemblance to George III suggested to contemporaries that Prince Frederick might have been North's real father (and North the King's brother), a theory compatible with the Prince's reputation but supported by little real evidence.[3] His father, the first Earl, was at the time Lord of the Bedchamber to Prince Frederick, who stood as godfather to the infant.
North was descended from the 1st Earl of Sandwich and was related to Samuel Pepys and the 3rd Earl of Bute. He at times had a slightly turbulent relationship with his father Francis North, 1st Earl of Guilford, yet they were very close. In his early years the family was not wealthy, though their situation improved in 1735 when his father inherited property from his cousin.[4] Frederick's mother, Lady Lucy Montagu, died in 1734. His father remarried, but his stepmother, Elizabeth North, died in 1745, when Frederick was thirteen. One of his stepbrothers was Lord Dartmouth, who remained a close friend for life.[5]
He was educated at Eton College between 1742 and 1748, and at Trinity College, Oxford, where in 1750 he was awarded an MA. After leaving Oxford he travelled in Europe on the Grand Tour with Dartmouth, visiting Leipzig. He visited Vienna, Milan, and Paris, returning to England in 1753.
Early political career (1754–70)[edit]
On 15 April 1754, North, then twenty-two, was elected unopposed as the Member of Parliament for the constituency of Banbury,[6] He served as an MP from 1754 to 1790 and joined the government as a junior Lord of the Treasury on 2 June 1759 during the Pitt–Newcastle ministry (an alliance between Newcastle and Pitt). He soon developed a reputation as a good administrator and parliamentarian, and was generally liked by his colleagues. Although he initially considered himself a Whig, he did not closely align with any of the Whig factions in Parliament and it became obvious to many contemporaries that his sympathies were largely Tory.[7]
In November 1763 he was chosen to speak for the Government concerning radical MP John Wilkes. Wilkes had made a savage attack on both the Prime Minister and the King in his newspaper The North Briton, which many thought libelous. North's motion that Wilkes be expelled from the House of Commons passed by 273 votes to 111. Wilkes' expulsion took place in his absence, as he had already fled to France following a duel.[8]
When a government headed by the Whig magnate Lord Rockingham came to power in 1765, North left his post and served for a time as a backbench MP. He turned down an offer by Rockingham to rejoin the government, not wanting to be associated with the Whig grandees that dominated the Ministry.[9]
He returned to office when Pitt returned to head a second government in 1766. North was appointed Joint Paymaster of the Forces in Pitt's ministry and became a Privy Counsellor. As Pitt was constantly ill, the government was effectively run by the Duke of Grafton, with North as one of its most senior members.[10]
Chancellor of the Exchequer[edit]
In December 1767, he succeeded Charles Townshend as Chancellor of the Exchequer. With the resignation of the secretary of state Henry Seymour Conway in early 1768, North became Leader of the Commons as well. He continued to serve when Pitt was succeeded by Grafton in October.
Prime Minister (1770–82)[edit]
Further information: North ministry
In The State Tinkers (1780), James Gillray caricatured North (on his knees) and his allies as incompetent tinkers of the National Kettle. George III cries out in rapture in the rear.
Appointment[edit]
When the Duke of Grafton resigned as Prime Minister, North formed a government on 28 January 1770. His ministers and supporters tended to be known as Tories, though they were not a formal grouping and many had previously been Whigs. He took over with Great Britain in a triumphant state, following the Seven Years' War, which had seen the First British Empire expand to a peak by taking in vast new territories on several continents. Circumstances forced him to keep many members of the previous cabinet in their jobs, despite their lack of agreement with him.[11] In contrast to many of his predecessors, North enjoyed a good relationship with George III, partly based on their shared patriotism and desire for decency in their private lives.[12]
Falklands Crisis[edit]
Main article: Falklands Crisis (1770)
North's ministry had an early success during the Falklands Crisis in 1770 in which Great Britain faced down a Spanish attempt to seize the Falkland islands, nearly provoking a war.[11] Both France and Spain had been left unhappy by Great Britain's perceived dominance following the British victory in the Seven Years War.[citation needed] Spanish forces seized the British settlement on the Falklands and expelled the small British garrison. When Britain opposed the seizure, Spain sought backing from her ally, France. However, Louis XV did not believe his country was ready for war and in the face of a strong mobilisation of the British fleet the French compelled the Spanish to back down. Louis also dismissed Choiseul, the hawkish French Chief Minister, who had advocated war and a large invasion of Great Britain by the French.
The British government's prestige and popularity were enormously boosted by the incident. They had successfully managed to drive a wedge between France and Spain, and demonstrated the power of the Royal Navy – although it was suggested by critics that this gave Lord North a level of complacency and an incorrect belief that the European powers would not interfere in British colonial affairs. This was contrasted with the previous administration's failure to prevent France from annexing the Republic of Corsica, a British ally, during the Corsican Crisis two years earlier. Using his newly found popularity, North took the chance to appoint Lord Sandwich to the cabinet as First Lord of the Admiralty.
American War of Independence[edit]
French caricature on the government of Frederick North after the defeat of Grenada (1779).
Most of North's government was focused first on the growing problems with the American colonies and later on conducting the American War of Independence which broke out in 1775, beginning with the Battle of Lexington. Following the Boston Tea Party in 1773, Lord North proposed a number of legislative measures which were supposed to punish the Bostonians. These measures were known as the Coercive Acts in Great Britain, while dubbed the Intolerable Acts in the colonies. By shutting down the Boston government and cutting off trade, he hoped it would keep the peace and dispirit the rebellious colonists. Instead, the acts further inflamed Massachusetts and the other colonies, eventually resulting in open war during the Boston campaign. North deferred overall strategy of the war to his key subordinates Lord George Germain and the Earl of Sandwich. Despite a series of victories and the capture of New York and Philadelphia the British were unable to secure a decisive victory. In 1778 the French allied themselves with the American rebels, and Spain joined the war in 1779 as an ally of France, followed by the Dutch Republic in 1780. The British found themselves fighting a global war on four continents without a single ally. After 1778 the British switched the focus of their efforts to the defense of the West Indies, as their sugar wealth made them much more valuable to Great Britain than the Thirteen Colonies. In 1779 Great Britain was faced with the prospect of a major Franco-Spanish invasion, but the Armada of 1779 was ultimately a failure. Several peace initiatives fell through, and an attempt by Richard Cumberland to negotiate a separate peace with Spain ended in frustration.
The country's problems were added to by the First League of Armed Neutrality, which was formed to counter the British blockade strategy, and threatened British naval supplies from the Baltic. With severe manpower shortages, North's government passed an act abandoning previous statutes placing restrictions on Catholics serving in the military. This provoked an upsurge of anti-Catholic feelings and the formation of the Protestant Association leading to the Gordon Riots in London in June 1780.[13] For around a week the city was in the control of the mob, until the military was called out and martial law imposed.[14] In spite of these problems Great Britain's fortunes in the war in America had temporarily improved, following the failure of a Franco-American attack on Newport and the prosecution of a Southern Strategy which saw Great Britain capture Charleston and its garrison. During 1780 and 1781 the North government gained strength in the House of Commons.[15]
Resignation[edit]
This modern Silver medallion commemorates the motion of no confidence against Lord North on 27 February 1782 to end the American War of Independence. Subsequently, Prime Minister Lord North resigned in March 1782.
North was the second British Prime Minister to be forced out of office by a motion of no confidence, the first having been Sir Robert Walpole in 1742. Lord North resigned March 20, 1782 on account of the British defeat at Yorktown the year before. In an attempt to end the war, he proposed the Conciliation Plan, in which he promised that Great Britain would eliminate all disagreeable acts if the colonies ended the war. The colonies rejected the plan, as their goal had become full independence.
In April 1782 it was suggested in cabinet by Lord Shelburne that North should be brought to public trial for his conduct of the American War, but the prospect was soon abandoned.[16] Ironically, in 1782 the war began to turn in Great Britain's favour again through naval victories, owing largely to policies adopted by Lord North and the Earl of Sandwich. The British naval victory at the Battle of the Saintes took place after the government's fall. Despite predictions that Gibraltar's fall was imminent, that fortress managed to hold out and was relieved. Great Britain was able to make a much more favourable peace in 1783 than had appeared likely at the time when North had been ousted. In spite of this North was critical of the terms agreed by the Shelburne government which he felt undervalued the strength of the British negotiating position.
Portrait (1753), oil on canvas, of Frederick North, 2nd Earl of Guilford (1732–1792) by Pompeo Batoni (1708–1787)
Fox–North Coalition (1783)[edit]
Main article: Fox–North coalition
In April 1783, North returned to power as Home Secretary in an unlikely coalition with the radical Whig leader Charles James Fox known as the Fox–North Coalition under the nominal leadership of the Duke of Portland. King George III, who detested the radical and republican Fox, never forgave this supposed betrayal, and North never again served in government after the ministry fell in December 1783. One of the major achievements of the coalition was the signing of the Treaty of Paris which formally ended the American War of Independence.
The new Prime Minister, William Pitt the Younger, was not expected to last long and North, a vocal critic, still entertained hopes of regaining high office. In this, he was to be frustrated, as Pitt dominated the British political scene for the next twenty years, leaving both North and Fox in the political wilderness.
Later life (1783–92)[edit]
North was an active speaker until he began to go blind in 1786. He succeeded his father as 2nd Earl of Guilford on 4 August 1790 and entered the House of Lords, by which time he had entirely lost his sight.[17] Lord Guilford died in London and was buried at All Saints' Church, Wroxton (Oxfordshire) near his family home of Wroxton Abbey. His son George North, Lord North, took over the constituency of Banbury, and in 1792 acceded to his father's title. Wroxton Abbey is now owned by Fairleigh Dickinson University, ironically an American college, and the modernised abbey serves as a location for American students to study abroad in England.
Legacy[edit]
Lord North is today predominantly remembered as the Prime Minister "who lost America".[18]
A preserved 18th-century door on display in Edinburgh Castle shows a hangman's scaffold labelled "Lord Nord" carved by a prisoner captured during the American War of Independence.
Guilford Street in London is named after him.
Marriage and progeny[edit]
Anne Speke (before 1741–1797), wife of Lord North. Portrait after Sir Joshua Reynolds (1723–1792)
On 20 May 1756 Lord North married Anne Speke (before 1741–1797), daughter of George Speke, MP, of Whitelackington in Somerset. She was the sole heiress of the Devonshire estates of the Drake family of Ash, which subsequently were sold piecemeal by Lord North.[19] By Anne he had six children:
George Augustus North, 3rd Earl of Guilford (11 September 1757 – 20 April 1802), who married, firstly, Maria Frances Mary Hobart-Hampden (died 23 April 1794), daughter of the 3rd Earl of Buckinghamshire, on 30 September 1785 and had issue. He married, secondly, Susan Coutts (died 24 September 1837), on 28 February 1796.
Catherine Anne North (1760–1766). Catherine died at the age of six after drowning in one of the ponds on the grounds of the Norths' former estate. Circumstances surrounding her death were of suspicious nature; however, no formal investigation ever took place, and her death was determined to be an accident.
Francis North, 4th Earl of Guilford (1761–1817)
Lady Charlotte North (died 25 October 1849), who married Lt. Col. The Hon. John Lindsay (15 March 1762 – 6 March 1826), son of the 5th Earl of Balcarres, on 2 April 1800.
Frederick North, 5th Earl of Guilford (1766–1827)
Lady Anne North (before 1783-18 January 1832), who married the 1st Earl of Sheffield on 20 January 1798 and had two children
Titles from birth to death[edit]
The Hon. Frederick North (1732–1752)
Lord North (1752–1754)
Lord North, MP (1754–1766)
The Rt Hon. Lord North, MP (1766–1772)
The Rt Hon. Lord North, KG, MP (1772–1790)
The Rt Hon. Lord North, KG (1790)
The Rt Hon. The Earl of Guilford, KG, PC (1790–1792)
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Nigel Aston, "North, Frederick, 2nd Earl of Guilford" in David Loads, ed., Readers Guide to British History (2003) pp 960-62
Jump up ^ Whitely p.1
Jump up ^ Tuchman, Barbara (1984). The March of Folly: From Troy to Vietnam. New York: Knopf, 185.
Jump up ^ Whiteley p.2
Jump up ^ Whiteley p.6-7
Jump up ^ Whiteley p.19
Jump up ^ Whiteley p.24
Jump up ^ Whiteley p.49
Jump up ^ Whiteley p.51
Jump up ^ Whiteley p.60
^ Jump up to: a b Rodger p.329
Jump up ^ Whiteley p.329
Jump up ^ Hibbert p.23-62
Jump up ^ Hibbert p.84-140
Jump up ^ Rodger p.343
Jump up ^ Whiteley p.215
Jump up ^ [1] History of Parliament article on Lord North by John Brooke.
Jump up ^ Whiteley Title of the Book
Jump up ^ Prince, John, (1643–1723) The Worthies of Devon, 1810 edition, London, p.331, footnote 2
References[edit]
Aston, Nigel. "North, Frederick, 2nd Earl of Guilford" in David Loads, ed., Readers Guide to British History(2003) pp 960–62; Historiography
Butterfield, Herbert. George III, Lord North, and the People, 1779–80 (1949)
Cannon, John. Lord North: The Noble Lord in the Blue Ribbon (1970), Short survey
Hibbert, Christopher. King Mob: The Story of Lord George Gordon and the Riots of 1780. London, 1958.
Rodger, N.A.M. Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain 1649–1815, (2007)
O'Shaughnessy, Andrew Jackson. The Men who Lost America: British Leadership, the American Revolution, and the Fate of the Empire (Yale UP, 2014).
Smith, Charles Daniel. The Early Career of Lord North, the Prime Minister, (1979)
Valentine, Alan. Lord North (1967, 2 vol.), the standard biography
Whiteley, Peter. Lord North: The Prime Minister who lost America, (1996)
Primary sources[edit]
Lord North, The Correspondence of King George the Third with Lord North from 1768 to 1783, William Bodham Donne, ed. (1867) online edition
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Guilford, Barons and Earls of". Encyclopædia Britannica. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 691.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Frederick North, Lord North.
More about Lord North on the Downing Street website.
Political offices
Preceded by
Charles Townshend Paymaster of the Forces
1766–1767
Served alongside: George Cooke Succeeded by
George Cooke
Thomas Townshend
Chancellor of the Exchequer
1767–1782 Succeeded by
Lord John Cavendish
Leader of the House of Commons
1767–1782 Succeeded by
Charles James Fox
Preceded by
The Duke of Grafton Prime Minister of Great Britain
28 January 1770 – 22 March 1782 Succeeded by
The Marquess of Rockingham
First Lord of the Treasury
1770–1782
Preceded by
Thomas Townshend Home Secretary
1783 Succeeded by
The Earl Temple
Leader of the House of Commons
1783
Served alongside: Charles James Fox Succeeded by
William Pitt the Younger
Parliament of Great Britain
Preceded by
John Willes Member of Parliament for Banbury
1754–1790 Succeeded by
Lord North
Honorary titles
Preceded by
The Duke of Bedford President of the Foundling Hospital
1771–1792 Succeeded by
The Duke of Portland
Preceded by
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1774–1792 Succeeded by
The Earl Poulett
Preceded by
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1778–1792 Succeeded by
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Preceded by
The Earl of Bute Oldest living Prime Minister of Great Britain
1792 Succeeded by
The Duke of Grafton
Academic offices
Preceded by
The Earl of Lichfield Chancellor of the University of Oxford
1772–1792 Succeeded by
The Duke of Portland
Peerage of Great Britain
Preceded by
Francis North Earl of Guilford
1790–1792 Succeeded by
George North
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Cabinet of Prime Minister Lord North (1770–1782)
Prime Minister
Chancellor of the Exchequer
Lord North (1770–1782)
Lord Chancellor
Commission (1770–1771)
The Earl Bathurst (1771–1778)
Lord Thurlow (1778–1782)
Lord President of the Council
The Earl Gower (1770–1779)
The Earl Bathurst (1779–1782)
Lord Privy Seal
The Earl of Halifax (1770–1771)
The Earl Suffolk (1771)
The Duke of Grafton (1771–1775)
The Earl of Dartmouth (1775–1782)
Lord Steward
The Earl Talbot (1770–1782)
Lord Chamberlain
The Earl of Hertford (1770–1782)
Southern Secretary
The Viscount Weymouth (1770)
The Earl of Rochford (1770–1775)
The Viscount Weymouth (1775–1779)
The Earl of Hillsborough (1779–1782)
Northern Secretary
The Earl of Rochford (1770)
The Earl of Sandwich (1770–1771)
The Earl of Halifax (1771)
The Earl of Suffolk (1771–1779)
The Viscount Weymouth (1779)
The Viscount Stormont (1779–1782)
Colonial Secretary
The Earl of Hillsborough (1770–1772)
The Earl of Dartmouth (1772–1775)
The Lord George Germain (1775–1782)
Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
Lord Strange (1770–1771)
The Earl of Clarendon (1771–1782)
First Lord of the Admiralty
Sir Edward Hawke (1770–1771)
The Earl of Sandwich (1778–1782)
Master-General of the Ordnance
Vacant (1770–1772)
The Viscount Townshend (1772–1782)
Lord Lieutenant of Ireland
The Viscount Townshend (1770–1772)
The Earl Harcourt (1772–1777)
The Earl of Buckinghamshire (1777–1780)
The Earl of Carlisle (1780–1782)
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 39593553
LCCN: n79056537
ISNI: 0000 0000 7365 4313
GND: 119119935
SUDOC: 119119919
BNF: cb14423917r (data)
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Canon of Sherlock Holmes
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Sherlock Holmes and his biographer Dr John Watson
Traditionally, the canon of Sherlock Holmes consists of the 56 short stories and four novels written by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle.[1] In this context, the term "canon" is an attempt to distinguish between Doyle's original works and subsequent works by other authors using the same characters.
Contents
[hide]
1 Canon
1.1 Novels
1.2 Short stories
1.2.1 The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes
1.2.2 The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes
1.2.3 The Return of Sherlock Holmes
1.2.4 His Last Bow
1.2.5 The Case-Book of Sherlock Holmes
2 Extracanonical works
3 Works by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle
3.1 Short stories
3.1.1 "The Field Bazaar" (1896)
3.1.2 "The Lost Special" (1898)
3.1.3 "The Man with the Watches" (1898)
3.1.4 Plot for Sherlock Holmes Story (c. 1900)
3.1.5 "How Watson Learned the Trick" (1924)
3.2 Sherlock Holmes on stage
3.3 Essays and retrospectives
4 Works of interest by other authors
4.1 The Exploits of Sherlock Holmes
4.2 Short stories
4.3 Sherlock Holmes on stage
5 Notes
6 References
7 External links
7.1 Canon
7.2 Extracanonical works
Canon[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Sherlock Holmes
The traditional canon—usually capitalized by aficionados of the Sherlockian game as "the Canon"—consists of four novels and 56 short stories.
The description of these 60 adventures as the Sherlock Holmes canon and the game of applying the methods of "Higher Criticism" to it was started by Ronald Knox as a playful use of the traditional definition of Canon as an authoritative list of books accepted as Holy Scripture.[2]
Novels[edit]
The four novels of the canon:
A Study in Scarlet (published 1887)
The Sign of the Four (published 1890)
The Hound of the Baskervilles (serialised 1901–1902 in The Strand)
The Valley of Fear (serialised 1914–1915)
Short stories[edit]
The 56 short stories are collected in five books:
The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes (published 1892)
The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes (published 1894)
The Return of Sherlock Holmes (published 1905)
His Last Bow (published 1917)
The Case-Book of Sherlock Holmes (published 1927)
Frequently, "The Adventure of …" is dropped from some story titles in current-day anthologies. However, in their original appearance in The Strand, this is how the titles were given in many cases.
The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes[edit]
Published 31 October 1892; contains 12 stories published in The Strand between July 1891 and June 1892[3] with original illustrations by Sidney Paget.
"A Scandal in Bohemia"
"The Red-Headed League"
"A Case of Identity"
"The Boscombe Valley Mystery"
"The Five Orange Pips"
"The Man with the Twisted Lip"
"The Adventure of the Blue Carbuncle"
"The Adventure of the Speckled Band"
"The Adventure of the Engineer's Thumb"
"The Adventure of the Noble Bachelor"
"The Adventure of the Beryl Coronet"
"The Adventure of the Copper Beeches"
The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes[edit]
Contains 12 stories published in The Strand as further episodes of the Adventures between December 1892 and December 1893 with original illustrations by Sidney Paget. (After the magazine publication Conan Doyle included "The Adventure of the Cardboard Box" in His Last Bow only.)
"The Adventure of Silver Blaze"
"The Adventure of the Cardboard Box" (this story is included as part of His Last Bow in the early editions of the collection)
"The Adventure of the Yellow Face"
"The Adventure of the Stockbroker's Clerk"
"The Adventure of the Gloria Scott" (Holmes's first case, described to Watson)
"The Adventure of the Musgrave Ritual" (another early case, told by Holmes to Watson)
"The Adventure of the Reigate Squire"
"The Adventure of the Crooked Man"
"The Adventure of the Resident Patient"
"The Adventure of the Greek Interpreter" (Mycroft appears for the first time)
"The Adventure of the Naval Treaty"
"The Adventure of the Final Problem" (Watson reports the death of Holmes)
The Return of Sherlock Holmes[edit]
Contains 13 stories published in The Strand between October 1903 and December 1904 with original illustrations by Sidney Paget.
"The Adventure of the Empty House" (the return of Holmes)
"The Adventure of the Norwood Builder"
"The Adventure of the Dancing Men"
"The Adventure of the Solitary Cyclist"
"The Adventure of the Priory School"
"The Adventure of Black Peter"
"The Adventure of Charles Augustus Milverton"
"The Adventure of the Six Napoleons"
"The Adventure of the Three Students"
"The Adventure of the Golden Pince-Nez"
"The Adventure of the Missing Three-Quarter"
"The Adventure of the Abbey Grange"
"The Adventure of the Second Stain"
His Last Bow[edit]
Contains 7 stories published 1908–1917. (Early editions have 8 stories, including "The Adventure of the Cardboard Box" in this collection instead of in The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes.)
"The Adventure of Wisteria Lodge" (originally published simply as "A Reminiscence of Mr Sherlock Holmes," this story is made up of two parts given separate titles: "The Singular Experience of Mr. John Scott Eccles" and "The Tiger of San Pedro")
"The Adventure of the Red Circle"
"The Adventure of the Bruce-Partington Plans" (Mycroft appears)
"The Adventure of the Dying Detective"
"The Disappearance of Lady Frances Carfax"
"The Adventure of the Devil's Foot"
"His Last Bow" (told in third-person)
The Case-Book of Sherlock Holmes[edit]
Contains 12 stories published 1921–1927.
"The Adventure of the Mazarin Stone" (told in third-person)
"The Problem of Thor Bridge"
"The Adventure of the Creeping Man"
"The Adventure of the Sussex Vampire"
"The Adventure of the Three Garridebs"
"The Adventure of the Illustrious Client"
"The Adventure of the Three Gables"
"The Adventure of the Blanched Soldier" (narrated by Holmes; Watson does not appear)
"The Adventure of the Lion's Mane" (narrated by Holmes; Watson does not appear)
"The Adventure of the Retired Colourman"
"The Adventure of the Veiled Lodger"
"The Adventure of Shoscombe Old Place"
Extracanonical works[edit]
Since the author's death, professional and amateur Holmesians have discussed endlessly the expansion of this canon, to include other works by Doyle, including works in other media, into the current complete adventures.[4] Rumours have always surrounded lost works,[1] and in recent years further investigations have revealed more to the traditionally collected canon. As there exists no definitive body to argue what is, and what is not canon beyond the already established novels and stories, it is unlikely that any piece, no matter how good its claim to be "canonical" will ever be popularly received into published versions of the Complete Sherlock Holmes. However, as many as eighteen works have been cited as possible entrants. These works include plays, poems, essays on the character, and even short stories.
Published collections of extracanonical works include: Sherlock Holmes: The Published Apocrypha, edited by Jack Tracy; The Final Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, edited by Peter Haining; The Uncollected Sherlock Holmes, edited by Richard Lancelyn Green; and the final volume of Leslie S. Klinger's Sherlock Holmes Reference Library titled The Apocrypha of Sherlock Holmes. These works, each with slightly different contents, discussed several titles and their place in the canon.[5]
Works by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle[edit]
In addition to the canon, Conan Doyle wrote (occasionally with a co-writer) a number of vignettes, play adaptations and essays involving Holmes, and two short stories in which Holmes makes a possible cameo appearance. Most were published in various places during his lifetime; another has only come to light since his death. These are listed below with further detail.
Short stories[edit]
"The Field Bazaar" (1896)[edit]
"The Field Bazaar" was written for an Edinburgh University fundraising event. Doyle had been requested by his university to contribute a short piece of literature for a charity magazine. In the story Watson has received a similar request and whilst he reads the letter at breakfast, Holmes correctly deduces the sender of the letter and Watson's thoughts with regard to the letter. It shares many similarities to the canonical stories. Aside from the metafictional twist in which Watson supplants Doyle as the author publishing his own stories in a magazine, it also plays not only about the famous skill of Holmes' observations producing apparently miraculous results, but also upon the notion of the "traditional breakfast scenes" which open many Holmes short stories.[6] The Stories of Sherlock Holmes, which ran on Springbok Radio in South Africa from 1979 to 1985, used the title & plot as a beginning to one of their own episodes in which Holmes & Watson travel to Watson's Alma Mater to solve a murder on a cricket pitch.
"The Lost Special" (1898)[edit]
Main article: The Lost Special
Though Doyle had killed off his character by 1894, he still wrote other short stories for publication in the Strand Magazine. "The Lost Special" was one such story, a seemingly inexplicable mystery in which a special train and its few passengers disappear between two stations. After the mystery is described in full, it is stated that a letter appeared in the press, giving a proposed solution from "an amateur reasoner of some celebrity". It is possible, and has been proposed by Haining, Tracy, and Green, amongst others that this "amateur reasoner" was Sherlock Holmes. The strongest clue to this is the quotation, "once one has eliminated the impossible...", used by Holmes throughout his deductions. However, this suggested solution is proved wrong by a confession from the organising criminal once he is later arrested for an unrelated crime. Haining suggested that Doyle was "getting out some Holmes" during the series hiatus, but given the failure of the unnamed detective it appears he was parodying his most famous creation. The story was published in book form in Arthur Conan Doyle’s Tales of Terror and Mystery in 1923 and has for years appeared in French editions of the complete adventures.[7]
"The Man with the Watches" (1898)[edit]
Like "The Lost Special", "The Man with the Watches" appeared in the Strand (in 1898), and later in Round the Fire Stories and Tales of Terror and Mystery. It follows the same pattern; the mystery this time surrounds the appearance of a dead man in a railway carriage, with six pocket watches in his jacket. An explanation is offered by an amateur detective but the narrator notes it is flawed, as it doesn't take into account all the facts. A man involved in the accidental murder of the victim writes a letter to the detective, saying that it was a "mighty clever solution" but entirely incorrect and continues to share the true events of that day. It shares the same backing for categorising as a Sherlock Holmes story as "The Lost Special", and appears in French anthologies.[7] The story was adapted for BBC Radio 4 in 2009 as "The Thirteen Watches", in an episode from The Further Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. The number of watches was changed because the new title came from a reference (in the Holmes story "The Noble Bachelor") to Holmes' involvement with the watches incident.
Plot for Sherlock Holmes Story (c. 1900)[edit]
When searching through Conan Doyle’s papers, Hesketh Pearson, a biographer of his, came across a plan for an unwritten story. As Richard Lancelyn Green notes, "there is no evidence to show that it is by [Conan Doyle] and strong internal evidence to suggest that it's not".[8] Various authors have attempted to complete the story (named "The Adventure of the Tall Man" by Peter Haining) and put it alongside the canon. Some are very close to Doyle’s plot, others include variations from it.[9] However no 'official' completion has been made (In the same way as The Exploits of Sherlock Holmes was intended as an official continuation of the canon).
"How Watson Learned the Trick" (1924)[edit]
Main article: How Watson Learned the Trick
In 1922, several authors were approached to contribute to the library of Queen Mary's Dolls' House. Conan Doyle wrote a short Sherlock Holmes story, just 503 words long, onto the tiny pages of a specially constructed miniature book: "How Watson Learned the Trick". The story was later published alongside works by other authors in The Book of the Queen's Dolls' House Library (1924). Though written 28 years after "The Field Bazaar", this is almost a companion piece to that story. Like "The Field Bazaar", this story is a breakfast scene, during which Watson attempts to mimic Holmes' style in guessing his thoughts. Watson's intuitions are proved wrong, however. Unlike almost all parts of the Sherlock Holmes story it is written in the third person, presumably due to its length.[10]
Sherlock Holmes on stage[edit]
Angels of Darkness (c. 1889)
Unpublished until 2000, this play was written shortly after A Study in Scarlet was published. It is essentially a rewrite of the American chapters of A Study in Scarlet, with the London action moving to San Francisco. Holmes is not present, but Watson is, in a very different form. He acts discreditably and even marries another woman. The publication of this play was at first suppressed, Doyle’s biographer, John Dickson Carr stated that it would do no good for the public to read this, a view that Haining endorses readily.[11] The play is notable for its contrasting sensationalist and comic scenes, and it is contained in Klinger's Apocrypha.[citation needed]
Sherlock Holmes: A Drama in Four Acts (or Sherlock Holmes) (1899)
Main article: Sherlock Holmes (play)
The original Sherlock Holmes play written by Arthur Conan Doyle and William Gillette had a successful run of over 30 years. It has many original parts which are not found in the short stories but borrows many events from the canonical adventures, namely "A Scandal in Bohemia" and "The Adventure of the Final Problem". Also, it had elements from A Study in Scarlet, The Sign of Four, "The Boscombe Valley Mystery", "The Adventure of the Greek Interpreter", and "The Adventure of the Naval Treaty". It includes the very first mention of the phrase "Elementary, my dear Watson". While Conan Doyle wrote the original version, it is unclear how much of his material survived in the play as performed, which was written by Gillette. Conan Doyle and Gillette later revised the play together; it has since been revised by others twice.[citation needed]
The Speckled Band (or The Stonor Case) (1902)
Around 1902, Doyle wrote and produced a play based on his short story "The Adventure of the Speckled Band". It premièred 8 years later, at the Adelphi Theatre, London on 4 June 1910, with H. A. Saintsbury as Sherlock Holmes and Lyn Harding as Dr. Grimesby Roylott. The play, originally entitled The Stonor Case, differs from the story in several small details, such as the names of some of the characters.[12]
The Crown Diamond: An Evening With Mr Sherlock Holmes (1921)
"The Crown Diamond" is an alternate version of the short story "The Adventure of the Mazarin Stone" though it predates its counterpart by some time,[13] Sometime during the original run the short story was adapted from the play, this is the reason that the narrative is told in third person rather than by the traditional narrator Watson. Some claim that the play originally appeared in an early draft of "Sherlock Holmes" (above) and was later removed, with some elements finding their way into "The Adventure of the Empty House" before the entire play was resurrected, some years later, into "The Crown Diamond" and "The Mazarin Stone."
Essays and retrospectives[edit]
Arthur Conan Doyle rarely gave interviews or publicly discussed his character. However, the following is a list of Conan Doyle essays on his character which are currently in publication, either in Green or Haining's book or in standard editions of the Complete Stories:
"To An Undiscerning Critic" (1912)
Guiterman first published his homage in America in Life (5 December 1912) and then in London Opinion (14 December 1912), and in his collection The Laughing Muse. Conan Doyle’s answer appeared in the 26 December 1912 issue of London Opinion and was reprinted in the memoir of the editor of London Opinion, Lincoln Springfield. The late Dean Dickensheet appears to be the first to print the poems together, in An ‘Undiscerning Critic’ Discerned.[citation needed]
"Some Personalia about Mr. Sherlock Holmes" (1917)
This essay was featured in the Strand Magazine as a Christmas treat to its readers. It talks of the way Holmes had caught the public imagination and Conan Doyle’s view on his character.[14]
"The Truth About Sherlock Holmes" (1923)
An essay from Collier's Weekly, in which Doyle explains exactly where Holmes came from. It contains, at the end, J. M. Barrie’s "The Adventure of the Two Collaborators".[15]
"Mr. Sherlock Holmes to His Readers" (1927)
This appeared in The Strand Magazine to introduce a competition to name the best Sherlock Holmes adventures. The same essay, with two paragraphs cut, appears as the preface to The Case-Book of Sherlock Holmes.[citation needed]
"How I Made My List" (1927)
This is the sequel to the article mentioned above. In it, Conan Doyle listed what he thought were the best Holmes adventures. He noted that had he been able to include stories from The Case-Book of Sherlock Holmes he would certainly have included "The Adventure of the Lion's Mane" and "The Adventure of the Illustrious Client".[16] The list is as follows:
"The Adventure of the Speckled Band"
"The Red-Headed League"
"The Adventure of the Dancing Men"
"The Adventure of the Final Problem"
"A Scandal in Bohemia"
"The Adventure of the Empty House"
"The Five Orange Pips"
"The Adventure of the Second Stain"
"The Adventure of the Devil's Foot"
"The Adventure of the Priory School"
"The Adventure of the Musgrave Ritual"
"The Adventure of the Reigate Squire"
Richard Lancelyn Green's The Uncollected Sherlock Holmes also includes five prefaces to the various editions of Sherlock Holmes stories and novels, Conan Doyle's speech at the Stoll Convention Dinner (1921), some chapters from Conan Doyle's autobiography Memoirs and Adventures, and several interviews.[citation needed]
Works of interest by other authors[edit]
These are works which have in the past been thought to have been written by Conan Doyle. Some have been conclusively proved to have no Conan Doyle input, the composition of others still remains unclear.
The Exploits of Sherlock Holmes[edit]
Main article: The Exploits of Sherlock Holmes
The Exploits of Sherlock Holmes, is a collection of stories written by Conan Doyle's son Adrian Conan Doyle and Arthur's biographer, novelist John Dickson Carr. The stories are generally extrapolations of cases briefly mentioned in the canonical work, but tend to contradict themselves and each other. They are generally considered Sherlock Holmes pastiches.[17]
The stories contained in the collection are:
"The Adventure of the Seven Clocks"
"The Adventure of the Gold Hunter"
"The Adventure of the Wax Gamblers"
"The Adventure of the Highgate Miracle"
"The Adventure of the Black Baronet"
"The Adventure of the Sealed Room"
"The Adventure of Foulkes Rath"
"The Adventure of the Abbas Ruby"
"The Adventure of the Dark Angels"
"The Adventure of the Two Women"
"The Adventure of the Deptford Horror"
"The Adventure of the Red Widow"
Short stories[edit]
"The Case of the Man Who Was Wanted" (c. 1914)
This mystery, a completed Sherlock Holmes story, was found in 1942 by a Conan Doyle biographer, Hesketh Pearson, searching through a box of Conan Doyle's papers. It was originally announced that the story would not be published by the Doyle estate, but it was announced it certainly was by Doyle, as the manuscript supposedly appeared in his own handwriting. However, according to Jon L. Lellenberg in Nova 57 Minor, the manuscript was not in Conan Doyle's handwriting, but typewritten. The Strand Magazine published extracts from it in August 1943, and it was finally published after demand from Sherlock Holmes societies in 1947, when it was embraced as a new (if slightly inferior) part of the canon by The Baker Street Irregulars amongst others.[18] Initial suspicions of forgery were reported by Vincent Starret[19] and it was eventually discovered by Hesketh Pearson that the story was originally written by Arthur Whitaker, who had sent it to Conan Doyle in hope of a collaboration. Doyle had bought the story, in the thought that he might use the idea at a later date, but he never did. Pearson, Green, Tracy and the Doyle estate agree that Whitaker wrote the story, though Haining still claims that “the opening scene between Holmes and Watson betrays the hand of the master,” and that the story is partly written by Conan Doyle. He points out that Doyle's wife, sons and biographer were fooled by the style, and it is possible there was a redraft made.[20] The story is published in Penguin's The Further Adventures of Sherlock Holmes collection under the title of "The Adventure of the Sheffield Banker."
"The Adventure of the Two Collaborators" (first published 1923)
Though never claimed by any serious critic to be a Conan Doyle work, this parody is listed here due to a popular misconception that this was written by Doyle for his friend, J. M. Barrie (of Peter Pan fame). (Perhaps contributing to this misconception is the fact that the story appears for the first time only in a work of Conan Doyle's, and all subsequent printings are from that source.) In fact, this story was written by Barrie for Doyle following a period of the two of them working together on a play. The story itself involves Doyle and Barrie visiting Holmes, with Doyle killing Holmes due to his irritating intelligence (which perhaps reflects Doyle's killing off of the character in "The Adventure of the Final Problem").
Sherlock Holmes on stage[edit]
The Painful Predicament of Mr Sherlock Holmes (1905)
The recognition of William Gillette as Sherlock Holmes was growing as a result of the success of the play Sherlock Holmes. Playing upon his most famous role, a short comedy sketch performed by William Gillette as a curtain raiser to an unrelated play. It involves a mute Sherlock Holmes, and a very talkative client. In Haining and Tracy’s books, they speculate as to whether or not this play was written by Arthur Conan Doyle. Certainly Gillette would have needed Doyle’s consent to write an original work involving Sherlock Holmes, as the character was under copyright, but it is presumed by most Sherlockians that Gillette wrote the whole thing himself. Haining, however claims that Gillette may have asked Doyle to ‘whip up something quickly for him’. However, no manuscript exists in Doyle’s hand, and no reference of the play is left by him, it has been assumed by most that it is little more than a William Gillette curiosity.[21]
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Peter Haining, "Introduction" in Doyle, Arthur Conan (1993). The Final Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. New York: Barnes & Noble Books. ISBN 1-56619-198-X. Edited by Peter Haining.
Jump up ^ Dorothy L. Sayers, Unpopular Opinions (London: Victor Gollancz, 1946), 7.
Jump up ^ Wolfreys, Julian (1996). Introduction to The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. Ware: Wordsworth Classics. pp. vii, 115. ISBN 1-85326-033-9.
Jump up ^ Peter Haining, "Introduction" in Doyle, Arthur Conan (1993). The Final Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. New York: Barnes & Noble Books. pp. 8–9. ISBN 1-56619-198-X. Edited by Peter Haining.
Jump up ^ O'Leary, James C. (2014-06-04). "Classics of Sherlockiana: the Apocrypha of Sherlock Holmes". I Hear of Sherlock Everywhere. Retrieved 2016-11-10.
Jump up ^ Richard Lancelyn Green, "Introduction" in Green, Richard Lancelyn (1986). The Further Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. London: Penguin. p. 14. ISBN 0-14-007907-6.
^ Jump up to: a b Peter Haining, "Introduction" in Doyle, Arthur Conan (1993). The Final Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. New York: Barnes & Noble Books. pp. 14–15. ISBN 1-56619-198-X. Edited by Peter Haining.
Jump up ^ Richard Lancelyn Green, in Doyle, Arthur Conan (1983). The Uncollected Sherlock Holmes. Penguin Books. p. 357. ISBN 014006432-X. . Edited by Richard Lancelyn Green.
Jump up ^ Peter Haining, "Introduction" in Doyle, Arthur Conan (1993). The Final Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. New York: Barnes & Noble Books. p. 16. ISBN 1-56619-198-X. Edited by Peter Haining.
Jump up ^ Peter Haining, "Introduction" in Doyle, Arthur Conan (1993). The Final Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. New York: Barnes & Noble Books. pp. 21–23. ISBN 1-56619-198-X. Edited by Peter Haining.
Jump up ^ Peter Haining, "Introduction" in Doyle, Arthur Conan (1993). The Final Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. New York: Barnes & Noble Books. pp. 10–11. ISBN 1-56619-198-X. Edited by Peter Haining.
Jump up ^ Green, Richard Lancelyn (1998). "Explanatory Notes". The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. Oxford University Press. pp. 361–367. ISBN 0-19-283508-4.
Jump up ^ Peter Haining, "Introduction" in Doyle, Arthur Conan (1993). The Final Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. New York: Barnes & Noble Books. p. 21. ISBN 1-56619-198-X. Edited by Peter Haining.
Jump up ^ Richard Lancelyn Green, in Doyle, Arthur Conan (1983). The Uncollected Sherlock Holmes. Penguin Books. pp. 277–283. ISBN 014006432-X. Edited by Richard Lancelyn Green.
Jump up ^ Peter Haining, "Introduction" in Doyle, Arthur Conan (1993). The Final Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. New York: Barnes & Noble Books. p. 12. ISBN 1-56619-198-X. Edited by Peter Haining.
Jump up ^ Richard Lancelyn Green, in Doyle, Arthur Conan (1983). The Uncollected Sherlock Holmes. Penguin Books. pp. 317–320. ISBN 014006432-X. Edited by Richard Lancelyn Green.
Jump up ^ Doyle, Steven; Crowder, David A. (2010). Sherlock Holmes For Dummies. John Wiley & Sons. p. 245. ISBN 978-0-470-48444-9.
Jump up ^ Richard Lancelyn Green, "Introduction" in Green, Richard Lancelyn (1986). The Further Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. London: Penguin. p. 16. ISBN 0-14-007907-6.
Jump up ^ Richard Lancelyn Green, "Introduction" in Green, Richard Lancelyn (1986). The Further Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. London: Penguin. p. 17. ISBN 0-14-007907-6.
Jump up ^ Peter Haining, "Introduction" in Doyle, Arthur Conan (1993). The Final Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. New York: Barnes & Noble Books. pp. 18–19. ISBN 1-56619-198-X. Edited by Peter Haining.
Jump up ^ Peter Haining, "Introduction" in Doyle, Arthur Conan (1993). The Final Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. New York: Barnes & Noble Books. pp. 16–18. ISBN 1-56619-198-X. Edited by Peter Haining.
References[edit]
Doyle, Arthur Conan (1980). Sherlock Holmes: The Published Apocrypha. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-29454-1. Edited by Jack Tracy.
Doyle, Arthur Conan (1981). The Final Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. Secaucus: Castle Books. ISBN 0-89009-407-1. Edited by Peter Haining.
Doyle, Arthur Conan (1983). The Uncollected Sherlock Holmes. Harmondsworth Eng.: Penguin. ISBN 0-14-006432-X. Edited by Richard Lancelyn Green.
Doyle, Arthur Conan (2009). The Apocrypha of Sherlock Holmes. Indianapolis: Gasogene. ISBN 0-938501-49-6. Edited by Leslie S. Klinger.
Lellenberg, Jon L. (1990). Nova 57 Minor. Bloomington: Gaslight Publications.
External links[edit]
Canon[edit]
"Sherlock Holmes". at Internet Archive
Sherlockian-sherlock.com: Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes Canon - with online audiobooks
Sherlockian.Net: The original stories
Arthur Conan Doyle at Project Gutenberg
Writings about the Agent, the Canon, and the Apocrypha
Extracanonical works[edit]
Classics of Sherlockiana: the Apocrypha of Sherlock Holmes
Sherlockian parodies or apocrypha
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle: Other Works on the Web
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