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Historically black colleges and universities
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Historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs) are institutions of higher education in the United States that were established before the Civil Rights Act of 1964 with the intention of primarily serving the African-American community. This was because the overwhelming majority of predominantly white institutions of higher-learning disqualified African Americans from enrollment during segregation.[1][2] There are 101 HBCUs in the United States, including public and private institutions. This figure is down from the 121 institutions that existed during the 1930s.[3] Of these remaining HBCU institutions in the United States, 27 offer doctoral programs, 52 schools offer master's programs, 83 colleges offer bachelor's degree programs and 38 schools offer associate degrees.[4]
Contents
1 History
1.1 19th century
1.2 Sports
1.3 Florida's black junior colleges
1.4 Since 1965
2 Current status of HBCUs
2.1 Racial diversity at HBCUs today
2.2 Special academic programs
2.3 Intercollegiate sports
2.4 Notable alumni
3 See also
4 References
5 Further reading
6 External links
History[edit]
19th century[edit]
Howard University, an HBCU founded in 1867.
Most HBCUs were established in the Southern United States after the American Civil War, often with the assistance of northern United States religious missionary organizations. However, Cheyney University of Pennsylvania (1837) and Lincoln University (Pennsylvania) (1854), were established for blacks before the American Civil War. In 1856 the African Methodist Episcopal Church of Ohio collaborated with the Methodist Episcopal Church, a predominantly white denomination, in sponsoring Wilberforce University, the third college in Ohio. Established in 1865, Shaw University was the first HBCU in the South to be established after the American Civil War.
Morehouse College, an HBCU founded in 1867
In 1862, the federal government's Morrill Act provided for land grant colleges in each state. Some educational institutions in the North or West were open to blacks before the Civil War. But 17 states, mostly in the South, had segregated systems and generally excluded black students from their land grant colleges. In response, Congress passed the second Morrill Act of 1890, also known as the Agricultural College Act of 1890, requiring states to establish a separate land grant college for blacks if blacks were being excluded from the existing land grant college. Many of the HBCUs were founded by states to satisfy the Second Morrill Act. These land grant schools continue to receive annual federal funding for their research, extension and outreach activities.
Sports[edit]
In the 1920s and 1930s the historically black colleges developed a strong interest in athletics. Sports were expanding rapidly at state universities, but very few black stars were recruited there. Race newspapers hailed athletic success as a demonstration of racial progress. Black schools hired coaches, recruited and featured stellar athletes, and set up their own leagues.[5][6]
Florida's black junior colleges[edit]
After the landmark Brown v. Board of Education decision of 1954, the legislature of Florida, with support from various counties, started a series of eleven junior colleges serving the African-American population. The purpose was to show that separate but equal education was working in Florida. Prior to this, there had been only one junior college in Florida serving African Americans, Booker T. Washington Junior College, in Pensacola. The new ones, with their year of founding, are:
Gibbs Junior College (1957)
Roosevelt Junior College (1958)
Volusia County Junior College (1958)
Hampton Junior College (1958)
Rosenwald Junior College (1958)
Suwannee River Junior College (1959)
Carver Junior College (1960)
Collier-Blocker Junior College (1960)
Lincoln Junior College (1960)
Johnson Junior College (1960)
Jackson Junior College (1961)
The new junior colleges began as extensions of black high schools, using the same facilities and often the same faculty. Some, over the next few years, did build their own buildings. After passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 mandating an end to school segregation, the colleges were all abruptly closed. Only a fraction of the students and faculty were able to transfer to the previously all-white junior colleges, where they found, at best, an indifferent reception.[7]
Since 1965[edit]
The Higher Education Act of 1965 established a program for direct federal grants to HBCUs, including federal matching of private endowment contributions.[8]
The Higher Education Act of 1965, as amended, defines a "part B institution" as: "...any historically black college or university that was established before 1964, whose principal mission was, and is, the education of black Americans, and that is accredited by a nationally recognized accrediting agency or association determined by the Secretary [of Education] to be a reliable authority as to the quality of training offered or is, according to such an agency or association, making reasonable progress toward accreditation."[9][10] Part B of the 1965 Act provides for direct federal aid to Part B institutions. Some colleges with a predominantly black student body are not classified as a HBCU because they were founded (or opened their doors to African Americans) after the implementation of the Sweatt v. Painter (1950) and Brown v. Board of Education (1954) rulings by the U.S. Supreme Court (the court decisions which outlawed racial segregation of public education facilities) and the Higher Education Act of 1965.
Texas Southern University, an HBCU founded in 1927
In 1980, Jimmy Carter signed an executive order to distribute adequate resources and funds to strengthen the nation's public and private HBCUs. His executive order manifested the White House Initiative on historically black colleges and universities (WHIHBCU), which is a federally funded program that operates within the U.S. Department of Education.[11] In 1989, George H. W. Bush continued to adopt Carter's pioneering spirit through signing Executive Order 12677, which created the presidential advisory board on HBCUs, to counsel the government and the secretary on the future development of these organizations.[12]
Starting in 2001, directors of libraries of several HBCUs began discussions about ways to pool their resources and work collaboratively. In 2003, this partnership was formalized as the HBCU Library Alliance, "a consortium that supports the collaboration of information professionals dedicated to providing an array of resources designed to strengthen historically black colleges and Universities and their constituents."[13]
In 2015, the Bipartisan Congressional Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCU) Caucus was established by U.S. Representatives Alma S. Adams and Bradley Byrne. The purpose of the caucus is to serve as an advocate for HBCUs on Capitol Hill.[14] As of September 2017, there are 62 elected politicians who are members of the caucus.[15]
Every year, the U.S. Department of Education deems one week in the Fall as "National HBCU Week." During this week, several conferences and events are held in Washington, D.C. centered on discussing and celebrating HBCUs as well as acknowledging select scholars and alumni from the HBCU community.[16]
Current status of HBCUs[edit]
In 2015, the share of black students attending HBCUs had dropped to 8.5% of the total amount of black students enrolled in degree granting institutions nationwide. This figure is a decline from the 13% of black students that enrolled in an HBCU in the year 2000 and the 17% that enrolled in 1980. This is a result of desegregation, rising incomes and increased access to financial aid which has resulted in more college options for black students in the 21st century.[3]
The percentages of bachelor's and master's degrees awarded to black students by HBCUs has decreased over time. HBCUs awarded 35% of the bachelor's degrees and 21% of the master's degrees blacks earned in 1976–77, compared with 14 and 6% respectively, of bachelor's and master's degrees blacks earned in 2014–15. Additionally, the percentage of black doctor's degree recipients who received their degrees from HBCUs was lower in 2014–15 (12%) than in 1976–77 (14%).[17]
The number of total students enrolled at an HBCU rose by 32% between 1976 and 2015, from 223,000 to 293,000. In comparison, total enrollment in degree-granting institutions nationwide increased by 81%, from 11 million to 20 million, during the same period.[17]
Although HBCUs were originally founded to educate black students, diversity has increased over time. In 2015, students who were either white, Hispanic, Asian or Pacific Islander, or Native American made up 22% of total enrollment at HBCUs, compared with 15% in 1976.[18]
In 2007, the Thurgood Marshall College Fund published a study of minority recruiting practices by Fortune 400 companies and by government agencies that found that 13% of minority college graduates were recruited from HBCUs while 87% of minority college students were recruited from non-HBCU institutions.[19]
In 2006, the National Center for Education Statistics released a study showing that HBCUs had a $10.2 billion positive impact on the nation's economy with 35% coming from the multiplier effect.[20]
Racial diversity at HBCUs today[edit]
Following the enactment of Civil Rights laws in the 1960s, all educational institutions in the United States that receive federal funding have undertaken affirmative action to increase their racial diversity.[dubious – discuss] Some historically black colleges and universities now have non-black majorities, notably West Virginia State University and Bluefield State College, whose student bodies have had large white majorities since the mid-1960s.[3]
As HBCUs work harder to maintain enrollment levels and because of increased racial harmony and the low cost of tuition in the 21st century, the percentage of non–African American enrollment has risen.[21][22] The following table highlights HBCUs with high non–African American enrollments:
Racial Diversity at HBCUs today[23] School year 2016-2017
College name
State
Percentage
African
American
non-African
American
Bluefield State College[24] West Virginia 8.41 91.59
West Virginia State University[25] West Virginia 7.58 92.42
Kentucky State University[26] Kentucky 46.3 53.7
Delaware State University[27] Delaware 64.17 35.83
Lincoln University (Pennsylvania)[28] Pennsylvania 83.89 16.11
University of the District of Columbia[29] District of Columbia 59 41
Elizabeth City State University[30] North Carolina 75.86 24.14
Fayetteville State University[31] North Carolina 60 40
Winston Salem State University[32] North Carolina 70.76 29.24
Xavier University of Louisiana[33] Louisiana 69.94 30.06
North Carolina A&T State University[34] North Carolina 80 20
Other HBCUs with relatively high non–African American student populations
The following list illustrates the percentage of white student populations currently attending historically black colleges and universities according to statistical profiles compiled by the U.S. News and World Report Best Colleges 2011 edition: Langston University 12%; Shaw University 12%; Tennessee State University 12%; University of Maryland Eastern Shore 12%; North Carolina Central University 10%. The U.S. News and World Report's statistical profiles indicate that several other HBCUs have relatively significant percentages of non-African American student populations consisting of Asian, Hispanic, International and white American students.[35]
Special academic programs[edit]
HBCU libraries have formed the HBCU Library Alliance. That alliance together with Cornell University have a joint program to promote the digitization of HBCU collections. The project is funded by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation.[36]
Additionally, an increasing number of historically black colleges and universities are offering online education programs. As of November 23, 2010, 19 historically black colleges and universities offer online degree programs.[37] Much of the growth in these programs is driven by partnerships with online educational entrepreneurs like Ezell Brown.
Intercollegiate sports[edit]
NCAA Division I has two historically black athletic conferences: Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference and Southwestern Athletic Conference. The top football teams from the conferences have played each other in postseason bowl games: Pelican Bowl (1970s), Heritage Bowl (1990s) and Celebration Bowl (2010s). These conferences are home to all Division I HBCUs except for Hampton University and Tennessee State University. Tennessee State has been a member of the Ohio Valley Conference since 1986, while Hampton left the MEAC in 2018 for the Big South Conference.
The Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association and Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference are part of the NCAA Division II, whereas the Gulf Coast Athletic Conference is part of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics Division I.
See also: List of black college football classics and Black college football national championship
Notable alumni[edit]
See also the "Notable alumni" sections of each institution's article
HBCUs have a rich legacy of matriculating many African-American leaders in the fields of business, law, science, education, military service, entertainment, art, and sports. This list of alumni includes people such as Martin Luther King Jr., who began his studies at Morehouse College, following in the footsteps of his father, Martin Luther King, Sr.. Oprah Winfrey attended Tennessee State University to pursue a broadcasting career. W. E. B. Du Bois, relying on money donated by neighbors, attended Fisk University, from 1885 to 1888. After Dubois earned his doctorate, he became a professor of history, sociology, and economics at Clark Atlanta University, between 1897 and 1910.[38] Althea Gibson entered Florida A&M University on a full athletic scholarship. Michael Strahan played one season of high school football, which was enough for him to get a scholarship offer from Texas Southern University. Thurgood Marshall attended Frederick Douglass High School in Baltimore and was placed in classes with the best students. He later went on to graduate from Lincoln University, in Pennsylvania and Howard University School of Law. In 1933, he graduated first in his law class at Howard. Roscoe Lee Browne also attended Lincoln University, in Pennsylvania, where he graduated with a bachelor's degree, in 1946. Browne also occasionally returned to Lincoln, between 1946–52, to teach English, French and comparative literature. Spike Lee enrolled in Morehouse College, where he made his first student film, Last Hustle in Brooklyn. He took film courses at Clark Atlanta University and graduated with a BA in mass communication from Morehouse. Rod Paige earned a bachelor's degree from Jackson State University in Jackson, Mississippi. Anika Noni Rose attended Florida A&M University where she earned a bachelor's degree in theater. The Tuskegee Airmen were educated at Tuskegee University. Douglas Wilder received his bachelor's degree from Virginia Union University and his law degree from Howard University School of Law. Astronaut Dr. Ronald McNair graduated from North Carolina A&T State University. NASA mathematician Katherine Johnson along with first African American on a Fortune 500 Company General Motors Board, and Leon H. Sullivan, developer of the Sullivan Principles used to end apartheid in South Africa, attended West Virginia State College (now West Virginia State University).
See also[edit]
African American portal
University portal
Historically black law schools
List of historically black colleges and universities
Minority-serving institution
Thurgood Marshall College Fund
United Negro College Fund
Honda Battle of the Bands
A Different World
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "White House Initiative on Historically Black Colleges and Universities". Ed.gov. 2008-04-11. Archived from the original on 2015-10-05. Retrieved 2008-04-23.
Jump up ^ E., Wooten, Melissa (2016). In the face of inequality. [Place of publication not identified]: State Univ Of New York Pr. ISBN 9781438456904. OCLC 946968175.
^ Jump up to: a b c "A look at historically black colleges and universities as Howard turns 150". Pewresearch.org. 28 February 2017. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Historically Black Colleges and Universities - American School Search". American-school-search.com. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
Jump up ^ Patrick B. Miller, "To "bring the race along rapidly": Sport, student culture, and educational mission at historically black colleges during the interwar years." History of Education Quarterly 35#2 (1995): 111-133.
Jump up ^ Patrick B. Miller and David Kenneth Wiggins, eds. Sport and the color line: Black athletes and race relations in twentieth-century America (Psychology Press, 2004).
Jump up ^ Smith, Walter L. (1994), The Magnificent Twelve: Florida's Black Junior Colleges, Winter Park, Florida: FOUR-G Publishers, ISBN 1885066015
Jump up ^ 20 U.S.C. § 1062.
Jump up ^ U.S Department of Education (2008-01-15). "HBCUs: A National Resource". White House Initiative on Historically Black Colleges and Universities. Archived from the original on 2008-05-13. Retrieved 2008-02-08.
Jump up ^ 20 U.S.C. § 1061.
Jump up ^ "About Us - White House Initiative on Historically Black Colleges and Universities". Sites.ed.gov. Retrieved 24 August 2016.
Jump up ^ Gasman, Marybeth; Tudico, Christopher L. (2008). Historically Black Colleges and Universities: triumphs, troubles, and taboos (1st ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 4–5. ISBN 978-0-230-61726-1.
Jump up ^ "HBCU Library Alliance". Hbuclibraries.org. 2010-04-23. Retrieved 2010-05-15.
Jump up ^ "Members of Congress Launch Bipartisan Congressional HBCU Caucus". Byrne.house.gov. 28 April 2015. Retrieved 24 August 2016.
Jump up ^ [1] Archived 2017-10-03 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "2015 HBCU Week Conference - White House Initiative on Historically Black Colleges and Universities". Sites.ed.gov. Retrieved 24 August 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "The NCES Fast Facts Tool provides quick answers to many education questions (National Center for Education Statistics)". Nces.ed.gov. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Digest of Education Statistics, 2016". Nces.ed.gov. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "How Corporations and Government Recruit Talent From Historically Black Colleges and Universities" (PDF). Thurgood Marshall College Fund. 2007. Retrieved 2010-01-24.
Jump up ^ "Economic Impact of the Nation's Historically Black Colleges and Universities" (PDF). Nces.ed.gov. Retrieved 2017-01-21.
Jump up ^ "More Non-Black Students Attending HBCUs". Newsone.com (2010-10-07). Retrieved on 2013-08-09.
Jump up ^ "Why Black Colleges Might Be the Best Bargains". U.S. News and World Report. Retrieved 24 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Apart No More? HBCUs Heading Into an Era of Change". hbcuconnect.com. Retrieved 24 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Bluefield State College : Student Profile Analysis : COLLEGE WIDE SUMMARY : Fall Term 2017 Census" (PDF). Bluefieldstate.edu. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "West Virginia State University : Office of Institutional Research and Assessment : 2015-2016 University Factbook" (PDF). Wvstateu.edu. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Kentucky State University : Statistics" (PDF). Kysu.edu. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Delaware State University : Factbook" (PDF). Desu.edu. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Lincoln State University : Factbook" (PDF). Lincoln.edu. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "University of the District of Columbia : Factbook" (PDF). Docs.udc.edu. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Elizabeth City State University : Factbook" (PDF). Ecsu.edu. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Fayetteville State University : Fact Book : 2016-2017" (PDF). Uncfsu.edu. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Tableau Public". Public.tableau.com. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
Jump up ^ U.S. News & World Report Best Colleges, 2011 ed.Directory p182
Jump up ^ "NCAT IR - University Fast Facts". ir.ncat.edu. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
Jump up ^ US News & World Report Best Colleges, 2011 ed. Directory p. 129
Jump up ^ "HBCU Library Alliance—Cornell University Library Digitization Initiative Update" (PDF). Hbculigraries.org. 2006. Retrieved 2010-12-01.
Jump up ^ "Modest Gains for Black Colleges Online". Insidehighered.com. 2010. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
Jump up ^ "Home Page". Cauduboislegacy. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
Further reading[edit]
Arnold, Bruce Makoto, Roland Mitchell, Noelle W. Arnold, "Massified Illusions of Difference: Photography and the Mystique of the American Historically Black Colleges and Universities," Journal of American Studies of Turkey 41 (2015): 69–94. online
Betsey, Charles L., ed. Historically Black colleges and universities (Transaction Publishers, 2011)
Brooks, F. Erik and Glenn L. Starks. Historically Black Colleges and Universities: An Encyclopedia (Greenwood, 2011).
Cohen, Rodney T. The Black Colleges of Atlanta (College History Series).
Gasman, Marybeth, and Christopher L. Tudico, eds. Historically Black colleges and universities (Palgrave Macmillan, 2008)
Lovett, Bobby L. 2015. America's Historically Black Colleges and Universities. Mercer University Press.
Mays, Benjamin E. "The Significance of the Negro Private and Church-Related College," Journal of Negro Education (1960) 29#3, pp. 245–251 in JSTOR
Minor, James T., "A Contemporary Perspective on the Role of Public HBCUs: Perspicacity from Mississippi", Journal of Negro Education, 77 (Fall 2008), 323–35.
Palmer, Robert T., Adriel A. Hilton, and Tiffany P. Fountaine, eds. Black graduate education at historically Black colleges and universities: Trends, experiences, and outcomes (IAP, 2012).
Stephen, Provasnik; Shafer, Linda L. (2004). "Historically Black Colleges and Universities, 1976 to 2001". Historically Black Colleges and Universities, 1976 to 2001 (NCES 2004–062). Washington, DC: Government Printing Office: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics.
Roebuck, Julian B., et al. eds. Historically Black colleges and universities: Their place in American higher education (1993) online
Wright, Stephanie R. "Self-Determination, Politics, and Gender on Georgia's Black College Campuses, 1875-1900". Georgia Historical Quarterly 92 (2008): 93-119.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Historically black colleges and universities.
White House Initiative on Historically Black Colleges and Universities – details about this federal initiative, including its history and recent achievements
Information about HBCU from Peterson's including tuition, selectivity and cost
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Historically black colleges and universities
Public
institutions
Alabama A&M
Alabama State
Albany State
Alcorn State
Arkansas–Pine Bluff
Bishop State CC
Bluefield State
Bowie State
Central State
Cheyney
Coahoma CC
Coppin State
Delaware State
Elizabeth City State
Fayetteville State
Florida A&M
Fort Valley State
Gadsden State CC
Grambling State
Harris–Stowe
Hinds CC
Jackson State
Kentucky State
Langston
Lincoln, Missouri
Lincoln, Pennsylvania
Maryland, Eastern Shore
Mississippi Valley State
Morgan State
Norfolk State
North Carolina A&T
North Carolina Central
Prairie View A&M
Savannah State
Shelton State CC
South Carolina State
Southern
Southern–New Orleans
Southern–Shreveport
Tennessee State
Texas Southern
UDC
UVI
Virginia State
West Virginia State
Winston-Salem State
Private
institutions
Allen
Arkansas Baptist
Barber–Scotia
Benedict
Bennett
Bethune–Cookman
Claflin
Clark Atlanta
Dillard
Edward Waters
Fisk
Florida Memorial University
Hampton
Howard
Huston–Tillotson
Interdenominational Theological Center
Jarvis Christian
Johnson C. Smith
Lane
LeMoyne–Owen
Livingstone
Meharry
Miles
Morehouse
Morehouse School of Medicine
Morris Brown
Morris
Oakwood
Paine
Paul Quinn
Philander Smith
Rust
Selma
Shaw
Simmons College (Ky.)
Southwestern Christian
Spelman
Stillman
St. Augustine's
Talladega
Texas College
Tougaloo
Tuskegee
Virginia Union
Virginia University
Voorhees
Wilberforce
Wiley
Xavier (Louisiana)
Defunct
institutions
Bishop
Booker T. Washington
Carver
Collier-Blocker
Concordia Alabama
Daniel Payne
Gibbs
Guadalupe
Hampton
Jackson
Johnson
Kittrell
Knoxville
Lewis College of Business
Lincoln Junior College
Mississippi Industrial College
Morristown
Mount Hermon Female Seminary
Roosevelt
Rosenwald
Saint Paul's
Storer
Straight
Suwannee River
Volusia County
Western
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