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Music of Egypt
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Egyptian instrumentals
Ancient Egyptian guitar
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Egypt portal
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Music has been an integral part of Egyptian culture since antiquity. The Bible documents the instruments played by the ancient Hebrews, all of which are correlated in Egyptian archaeology. Egyptian music probably had a significant impact on the development of ancient Greek music, and via the Greeks was important to early European music well into the Middle Ages. The modern music of Egypt is considered as a core of Arabic music and Oriental music as it has been a source for or a main influence on other regional styles. The tonal structure of Oriental Arabic music is defined by the maqamat, loosely similar to Western modes, while the rhythm of Arabic music is governed by the iqa'at, standard rhythmic modes formed by combinations of accented and unaccented beats and rests.
Contents
1 History
1.1 Neolithic period
1.2 Predynastic period
1.3 Old Kingdom
1.4 Medieval music
1.5 Modern Egyptian classical and pop music
2 Religious music in Egypt
3 Folkloric music
4 Folk and roots revival
4.1 Saidi (Upper Egyptian)
4.2 Nubian
5 Western classical music
6 Egyptian Arabic musical instruments
7 Electronic music
8 Reconstruction of ancient Egyptian music
9 See also
10 Notes and references
11 Further reading
12 External links
History[edit]
The ancient Egyptians credited the goddess Bat with the invention of music. The cult of Bat was eventually syncretised into that of Hathor because both were depicted as cows. Hathor's music was believed to have been used by Osiris as part of his effort to civilise the world. The lion-goddess Bastet was also considered a goddess of music.
Neolithic period[edit]
In prehistoric Egypt, music and chanting were commonly used in magic and rituals. Rhythms during this time were unvaried and music served to create rhythm. Small shells were used as whistles.[1](pp26–30)
Predynastic period[edit]
During the predynastic period of Egyptian history, funerary chants continued to play an important role in Egyptian religion and were accompanied by clappers or a flute. Despite the lack of physical evidence in some cases, Egyptologists theorise that the development of certain instruments known of the Old Kingdom period, such as the end-blown flute, took place during this time.[1](pp33–34)
Old Kingdom[edit]
The evidence is for instruments played more securely attested in the Old Kingdom when harps, flutes and double clarinets were played.[citation needed] Percussion instruments and lutes were added to orchestras by the Middle Kingdom. Cymbals frequently accompanied music and dance, much as they still do in Egypt today.
Typically ancient Egyptian music was composed from the phrygian dominant scale, phrygian scale, double harmonic scale (Arabic scale) or lydian scale.[citation needed] The phrygian dominant scale may often feature an altered note or two in parts to create tension. For instance the music could typically be in the key of E phrygian dominant using the notes E, F, G sharp, A, B, C, D and then have an A sharp, B, A sharp, G natural and E to create tension.
Medieval music[edit]
Early Arabic music was influenced by Byzantine and Persian forms, which were themselves heavily influenced by earlier Greek, Semitic, and Ancient Egyptian music.
Egyptians in Medieval Cairo believed that music exercised "too powerful an effect upon the passions, and leading men into gaiety, dissipation and vice." However, Egyptians generally were very fond of music. Though, according to E.W. Lane, no "man of sense" would ever become a musician, music was a key part of society. Tradesmen of every occupation used music during work and schools taught the Quran by chanting.[2](p359)
The music of Medieval Egypt was derived from Greek and Persian traditions. Lane said that "the most remarkable peculiarity of the Arab system of music is the division of tones into thirds," although today Western musicologists prefer to say that Arabic music's tones are divided into quarters. The songs of this period were similar in sound and simple, within a small range of tones. Egyptian song, though simple in form, is embellished by the singer. Distinct enunciation and a quavering voice are also characteristics of Egyptian singing.[2](pp360–361)
Male professional musicians during this period were called Alateeyeh (plural), or Alatee (singular), which means "a player upon an instrument". However, this name applies to both vocalists as well as instrumentalists. This position was considered disreputable and lowly. However, musicians found work singing or playing at parties to entertain the company. They generally made three shillings a night, but earned more by the guests' givings.
Female professional musicians were called Awalim (pl) or Al’meh, which means a learned female. These singers were often hired on the occasion of a celebration in the harem of a wealthy person. They were not with the harem, but in an elevated room that was concealed by a screen so as not to be seen by either the harem or the master of the house. The female Awalim were more highly paid than male performers and more highly regarded than the Alateeyeh as well. Lane relates an instance of a female performer who so enraptured her audience that she earned up to fifty guineas for one night's performance from the guests and host, themselves not considered wealthy.
Modern Egyptian classical and pop music[edit]
In the second half of the 19th century, the Hasaballah genre of popular improvisational brass band folk music emerged, initiated by clarinettist Mohammad Hasaballah and his band, also called Hasaballah, playing in Cairo's music and entertainment quarter on Mohammed Ali Street. The typical line-up of trumpet, trombone, bass and snare drums, was popular, such as at family events, for well over a century, and is still played.[3][4]
Egyptian music began to be recorded in the 1910s when Egypt was still part of the Ottoman Empire. The cosmopolitan Ottomans encouraged the development of the arts, encouraging women and minorities to develop their musical abilities. By the fall of the Empire, Egypt's classical musical tradition was already thriving, centered on the city of Cairo. In general, modern Egyptian music blends its indigenous traditions with Turkish, Arabic, and Western elements.
Since the end of World War I, some of the Middle East's biggest musical stars have been Egyptian. Contemporary Egyptian music traces its beginnings to the creative work of luminaries such as Abdu-l Hamuli, Almaz and Mahmud Osman, who were all patronized by the Ottoman Khedive Ismail, and who influenced the later work of the 20th century's most important Egyptian composers: Sayed Darwish, Umm Kulthum, Mohammed Abdel Wahab, Abdel Halim Hafez, and Zakariyya Ahmad. Most of these stars, including Umm Kulthum and Najat Al Saghira, were part of the classical Egyptian and Arabic music tradition. Some, like Abd el-Halim Hafez, were associated with the Egyptian nationalist movement from 1952 onward.
Religious music in Egypt[edit]
Religious music remains an essential part of traditional Sufi Muslim and Coptic Christian celebrations called mulids. Mulids are held in Egypt to celebrate the saint of a particular church. Muslim mulids are related to the Sufi zikr ritual. The Egyptian flute, called the ney, is commonly played at mulids. The liturgical music of the Alexandrian Rite also constitutes an important element of Egyptian music and is said to have preserved many features of ancient Egyptian music.
Lute and double pipe players from a painting found in the Theban tomb of Nebamun, a nobleman of the 18th Dynasty of the New Kingdom, c. 1350 BC
Folkloric music[edit]
Egyptian folk music, including the traditional Sufi dhikr rituals, are the closest contemporary music genre to ancient Egyptian music, having preserved many of its features, rhythms and instruments.[5][6]
Folk and roots revival[edit]
The 20th century has seen Cairo become associated with a roots revival. Musicians from across Egypt are keeping folk traditions alive, such as those of rural Egyptians (fellahin), the Saii'da, the Berbers, the Gypsies, the Bedouins and the Nubians. Mixtures of folk and pop have also risen from the Cairo hit factory.
Since the Nasser era, Egyptian pop music has become increasingly important in Egyptian culture, particularly among the large youth population of Egypt. Egyptian folk music continues to be played during weddings and other traditional festivities. In the last quarter of the 20th century, Egyptian music was a way to communicate social and class issues. Among some of the most popular Egyptian pop singers today are Mohamed Mounir and Amr Diab.
Sawahli (coastal) music is a type of popular music from the northern coast, and is based around the simsimiyya, an indigenous stringed instrument. Well-known singers include Abdo'l Iskandrani and Aid el-Gannirni.
Saidi (Upper Egyptian)[edit]
Egyptian musicians from Upper Egypt play a form of folk music called Ṣa‘īdi which originates from Upper Egypt). Discovered in 1975 by Alan Weber, Metqal Qenawi's Les Musiciens du Nil( Musicians of the Nile) are the most popular saidi group, and were chosen by the government to represent Egyptian folk music abroad. They spent over three decades touring Europe performing at various festivals and musical events and in 1983 after their performance in the World of Music and Dance Festival, they were signed to Peter Gabriel's label Real World-Carolina and went on to feature on his Album Passion. Other performers include Shoukoukou, Ahmad Ismail, Omar Gharzawi, Sohar Magdy and Ahmed Mougahid.
Nubian[edit]
Nubians are native to the south of Egypt and northern Sudan, though many live in Cairo and other cities. Nubian folk music can still be heard, but migration and intercultural contact with Egyptian and other musical genres have produced new innovations. Ali Hassan Kuban's efforts had made him a regular on the world music scene, while Mohamed Mounir's social criticism and sophisticated pop have made him a star among Nubians, Egyptians, and other people worldwide. Ahmed Mounib, Mohamed Mounir's mentor, was by far the most notable Nubian singer to hit the Egyptian music scene, singing in both Egyptian Arabic his native Nobiin. Hamza El Din is another popular Nubian artist, well-known on the world music scene and has collaborated with the Kronos Quartet.
Western classical music[edit]
Western classical music was introduced to Egypt, and, in the middle of the 18th century, instruments such as the piano and violin were gradually adopted by Egyptians. Opera also became increasingly popular during the 18th century, and Giuseppe Verdi's Egyptian-themed Aida was premiered in Cairo on December 24, 1871.
By the early 20th century, the first generation of Egyptian composers, including Yusef Greiss, Abu Bakr Khairat, and Hasan Rashid, began writing for Western instruments. The second generation of Egyptian composers included notable artists such as Gamal Abdelrahim. Representative composers of the third generation are Ahmed El-Saedi and Rageh Daoud. In the early 21st century, even fourth generation composers such as Mohamed Abdelwahab Abdelfattah (of the Cairo Conservatory) have gained international attention.
Egyptian Arabic musical instruments[edit]
A typical Egyptian Arabic ensemble compromising the Oud, qanun, violin, ney and cello.
During the Abbasid and Ottoman dynasty Egypt was one of the main musical hubs in the middle east and therefore after the fall of the Ottoman Empire in 1923 Egypt became the capital of Arabic music where classical instrument such as the oud, qanun and ney were widely used. The typical tact (ensemble) consisted of an Oud player, qanun player, ney player and violin player. The takht (literally meaning a sofa) was the most common form of ensembles in the early 20th century before the adoption of more orchestral instruments which were introduced by composers such as Mohamed El Qasabgi, Riad Al Sunbati and Mohammed Abdel Wahab.
Electronic music[edit]
One of the most respected early electronic music composers, Halim El-Dabh, is an Egyptian. However, the Egyptian electronic music scene has only gained a mainstream foothold recently in the form of techno, trance and dance pop DJs such as Aly & Fila. In the 2010s, Shaabi music, a form of electronic music which often contains political lyrics, gained popularity both inside and outside music.[7]
Reconstruction of ancient Egyptian music[edit]
In the early 21st century, interest in the music of the pharaonic period began to grow, inspired by the research of such foreign-born musicologists as Hans Hickmann. By the early 21st century, Egyptian musicians and musicologists led by the musicology professor Khairy El-Malt at Helwan University in Cairo had begun to reconstruct musical instruments of Ancient Egypt, a project that is ongoing.[8]
Broken Egyptian Sistrum
Egyptian Sistrum
Collection of sistrums at the Louvre
From the Walters Art Museum, 380–250 BC
Ancient Egyptian Long Flute
Ancient Egyptian Stringed Instruments
Ancient Egyptian With TwoSided Drum
Ancient Egyptian Music Band
Late Style Egyptian Lyre
Ancient Egyptian Woman Playing Drum
Egyptian Lyre
See also[edit]
Egyptian contemporary art
Notes and references[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Arroyos, Rafael Pérez (2003). Egypt: Music in the Age of the Pyramids (1st ed.). Madrid: Centro de Estudios Egipcios. p. 28. ISBN 8493279617.
^ Jump up to: a b Lane, Edward William (2003). An Account of the Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians: The Definitive 1860 Edition. Cairo: American University in Cairo Press. ISBN 9789774247842.
Jump up ^ Egypt: Hasaballah, the People's Music, Al Jazeera, 22 Nov 2017
Jump up ^ Hasaballah Music: The Past and The Present, The Community Times, 24 May 2016
Jump up ^ Hickmann, Hans (1957). "Un Zikr Dans le Mastaba de Debhen, Guizah (IVeme Dynastie)". Journal of the International Folk Music Council. 9: 59–62. doi:10.2307/834982.
Jump up ^ Hickmann, Hans (January 1960). "Rythme, mètre et mesure de la musique instrumentale et vocale des anciens Egyptiens". Acta Musicologica. 32 (1): 11–22. doi:10.2307/931818.
Jump up ^ "Six Explosive Tracks that Define Mahraganat, Egypt's Wildly Popular Street Music". Thump. Retrieved 2017-05-23.
Jump up ^ Ancient Egyptian Music Symposium
Further reading[edit]
Lodge, David and Bill Badley. "Partner of Poetry". 2000. In Duane, Orla; McConnachie, James (2000). Broughton, Simon; Ellingham, Mark, eds. World Music, Vol. 1: Africa, Europe and the Middle East. London: Rough Guides. pp. 323–31. ISBN 1-85828-636-0.
Marcus, Scott L. (2007). Music in Egypt. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-514645-X.
External links[edit]
Coptic Orthodox Music of Egypt at Saint Takla Haymanout Church
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Wendy's
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the current parent company previously called DWG and Triarc, see The Wendy's Company. For the Australian franchise chain, see Wendy's Supa Sundaes.
Wendy's
Wendy's headquarters in Dublin, Ohio
Type
Subsidiary of The Wendy's Company
Industry
Restaurant
Founded
November 15, 1969; 48 years ago (1969-11-15)
Columbus, Ohio, U.S.
Founder
Dave Thomas
Headquarters
1 Dave Thomas Boulevard, Dublin, Ohio, United States
Number of locations
6,500+[1] (January 2, 2016)
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
Dave Thomas (founder)
Wendy Thomas (namesake)
Emil Brolick (CEO, Director)[2]
John T. Schuessler (Former CEO, Chairman, and President; [2000-2006])
Products
Hamburgers
Chicken sandwich
Salads
French fries
Breakfast sandwich
Frozen dessert
Owner
The Wendy's Company
Website
www.wendys.com
Wendy's is an American international fast food restaurant chain founded by Dave Thomas on November 15, 1969, in Columbus, Ohio. The company moved its headquarters to Dublin, Ohio, on January 29, 2006. As of 2016, Wendy's was the world's third largest hamburger fast food chain with 6,500+ locations, following Burger King and McDonald's. On April 24, 2008, the company announced a merger with Triarc Companies Inc., a publicly traded company and the parent company of Arby's. Despite the new ownership, Wendy's headquarters remained in Dublin. Previously, Wendy's had rejected more than two buyout offers from Triarc.[citation needed] Following the merger, Triarc became known as Wendy's/Arby's Group, and later as The Wendy's Company.
As of January 2, 2017, there were a total of 6,537 locations, including 330 that are company-owned. 6,207 restaurants are franchised, and 77% of them are located in North America. While Wendy's sets standards for exterior store appearance, food quality, and menu, individual owners have control over hours of operations, interior decor, pricing, staff uniforms, and wages.
Wendy's menu consists primarily of hamburgers, chicken sandwiches, French fries, and beverages, including the signature Frosty, which is a soft-serve frozen dairy dessert. Since phasing out their famous "Big Classic", the company does not have a signature sandwich, such as the Burger King Whopper or the McDonald's Big Mac - although, by default, the "signature sandwich" spot seems to have been filled by Dave's 1/4 lb Single (introduced in 2011 as Dave's Hot 'N Juicy as a reworking of the longstanding Wendy's Single, shortened to simply Dave's in 2016), a square-pattied burger made with fresh ground beef rather than round frozen patties. Wendy's uses square hamburger patties – which hang over the edge of a circular bun – as its signature item.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Wendy's by country and continent
1.1.1 Asia
1.1.2 North America
1.1.3 Oceania
1.1.4 South America
1.2 Former locations
2 Menu
2.1 Breakfast
2.2 Notable menu items
3 Advertising
3.1 Slogans
3.1.1 United States – Canada
3.1.2 Other countries
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
History
Wendy's flagship restaurant in Dublin, Ohio.[3]
The chain is known for its square hamburgers, sea salt fries, and the Frosty, a form of soft serve ice cream mixed with frozen starches. The idea for Wendy's "old fashioned" hamburgers was inspired by Dave Thomas's trips to Kewpee Hamburgers in his home town of Kalamazoo, Michigan. The Kewpee sold square hamburgers and thick malt shakes, much like the well-known restaurant that Thomas eventually founded in Columbus, Ohio, in 1969. Square patties had corners that stuck out so that customers could easily see the quality of the meat.[4] The Columbus location later added a Tim Hortons and was closed on March 2, 2007, after 38 years of business due to declining sales.[5][6]
Thomas named the restaurant after his fourth child Melinda Lou "Wendy" Thomas.[7] Photographs of her were on display at the original Wendy's restaurant until it closed.[citation needed] In August 1972, the first Wendy's franchisee, L.S. Hartzog, signed an agreement for Indianapolis, Indiana.[8] Also, in 1972, Wendy's aired its first TV commercials that were only broadcast locally in Ohio. This series of commercials was titled "C'mon to Wendy's" because they stressed Wendy's superiority through the "Quality Is Our Recipe" slogan and featured an animated Wendy similar to the one from the corporate logo along with dancing hamburgers.
The first Canadian restaurant opened in Hamilton, Ontario in 1976.[9] In December 1976, Wendy's opened its 500th restaurant, located in Toronto, Ontario.[citation needed] In March 1978, Wendy's opened its 1000th restaurant in Springfield, Tennessee.[citation needed]
Wendy's founded the fried chicken chain Sisters Chicken in 1978 and sold it to its largest franchiser in 1987.[10] In 1979, the first European Wendy's opened in Munich.[11] The same year, Wendy's became the first fast-food chain to introduce the salad bar.[12] Wendy's entered the Asian market by opening its first restaurants in Japan in 1980, in Hong Kong in 1982, and in the Philippines and Singapore in 1983.[13][14][15][16] In 1984, Wendy's opened its first restaurant in South Korea.[17]
A busy front counter at a Wendy's restaurant in Niagara Falls, Ontario
In response to a 1986 slowdown in the chain's performance, Wendy's restructured its cleanliness standards, menu, and other operational details to ensure that stores met the goals and standards of the parent company so that its franchises were competitive in the market.[18] Wendy's closed all its outlets in Hong Kong in 1986 and in Singapore in the following year.[14][16]
A Wendy's restaurant in Kingston, Ontario, built just before the introduction of the new logo in 2012.
From 1988 to 1990, Wendy's expanded operations globally to Mexico, New Zealand, Indonesia, Greece, Turkey, Guatemala, as well as the U.S. Naval Base in Naples, Italy.[19][20] In 1988, Wendy's expanded its bar to a full-blown buffet called the Superbar for $2.99. The Superbar had various stations: "Mexican Fiesta", the Italian "Pasta Pasta," and the "Garden Spot", salad and fruit. The Superbar was popular but difficult to maintain and thus was discontinued in 1998.[21]
In 1989, Wendy's opened its first restaurant in Greece at Syntagma Square being the first foreign fast-food chain in the country. After opening 12 restaurants in 3 cities, the company abandoned the Greek market in 2002.[22] In 1996, the chain expanded in Argentina by opening 18 local restaurants. However, all of them closed only four years later due to the economic crisis in the country.[23] In 1998, Wendy's pulled out of South Korea by closing all its 15 restaurants and in 2000 exited from the UK, Argentina, and Hong Kong.[11][17][24]
Garden Sensations salads were added in 2002.[12] Wendy's signed a franchise agreement to re-enter the Singapore market in 2009[16] though that agreement was short-lived; in April 2015, Wendy's once again ceased operation in the country and closed all the restaurants.[25] In 2011, Wendy's returned to Japan and Argentina announcing a development agreement for 50 restaurants in the country.[26][27] It also entered the Russian market for the first time with plans to open 180 restaurants over a 10-year period.[28]
In 2013, Wendy's opened the first restaurant in Georgia and made a deal to open 25 restaurants in Georgia and the Republic of Azerbaijan.[29] In 2014, Wendy's closed all its restaurants in Russia.[28] In September 2014, several pork based products were introduced to be on sale until early November. These included a standard pulled pork sandwich with slaw and three sauce options, a BBQ Pulled Pork Cheeseburger and cheese fries with pulled pork, cheddar cheese sauce, onions, and barbecue sauce.[30] In May 2015, Wendy's announced they would be expanding into India, with its first outlet located in Gurgaon.[31]
Wendy's is planning to sell 540 of its restaurants. The divesture is the second step in a three-step action plan to improve the brand. Other steps include new openings and remodeling of existing stores. In 2015, the brand expects to open 80 new restaurants. It will remodel 450 of its existing locations. The brand's goal is to remodel at least 60% of its North American locations by year-end 2020.[32]
In September 2016, it was announced that JAE Restaurant Group had acquired 97 Wendy's restaurants throughout the South Florida region.[33] JAE Restaurant Group is one of the country’s largest franchisee owners. The Group owns 177 Wendy’s Restaurants. Wendy’s Co. has been looking to remodel existing stores and upgrade the curb appeal of its locations. They have been doing this by adding fireplaces, more seating options, adding WiFi and flat screen TVs, and digital menus.[33] Wendy’s Co expects to sell 258 more restaurants during the rest of 2016. In total, they will be looking to sell $435 million of its restaurants.[needs update]
Wendy's by country and continent
Asia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
United Arab Emirates
India
Indonesia (since 1990, from 2013 acquired by Trans Corp)
Japan (since 1980)
Kuwait
Malaysia
Philippines (since 1982)
North America
Aruba
The Bahamas
Canada (since 1976)
Dominican Republic
El Salvador
Cayman Islands
Guatemala
Honduras
Jamaica
Mexico
Panama
Puerto Rico
Trinidad and Tobago
United States (since 1969)
United States Virgin Islands
Oceania
Guam
New Zealand
South America
Argentina
Brazil
Chile
Ecuador
Venezuela
Former locations
Australia
Costa Rica (operated 2005–2015)
Germany
Greece (operated 1989–2002)
Hong Kong (operated 1982–2000)
Israel (operated for a few years from 1987)[34]
Italy
Netherlands
Russia (operated 2011–2014)
Singapore (operated 2009–2015)
South Africa[35]
South Korea (operated 1984–1998)
Turkey
United Kingdom
Menu
A Wendy's restaurant in Jakarta, Indonesia during a children's birthday party.
Wendy's offers two different hamburger patties, a "Junior" 1.78 ounce (50.4 gram) patty and its "Single" 4 ounce (113.4 gram) patty. 4-ounce patties are sold in single, double, and triple sizes whereas the junior patties sell in single and double patties. The previous size of 2 ounces per junior patty was altered to its current size in 2007 to save on expenses from rising food costs. Originally Wendy's had only two kinds of chicken sandwiches, fried and grilled. The spicy chicken sandwich started out as a promotional sandwich. It was later put on the menu full-time in 1996 due to its popularity and the fact that, compared to most promotional sandwiches, it was much simpler to make (it used the same condiments as the standard breaded chicken sandwich).
The Frescata line of sandwiches also went from being promotional items to main menu items. After going through several revisions, the Turkey and Swiss and the Ham and Swiss were put on the menu full-time. However, the Frescata sandwiches were discontinued in mid-December 2007. Occasionally, some Wendy's restaurants offer a fried fish sandwich for some of its customers who desire fish instead of beef or chicken.
In 1988, Wendy's was the first fast-food chain to create a single price-point value menu where all items listed on that menu were priced exclusively at 99¢. The menu was restructured in 2007 due to rising costs as the Super Value Menu with prices ranging from 99¢ to $2.00 USD.
Breakfast
In mid-2007, Wendy's began a national debut of its new breakfast menu in its U.S. and Canadian stores. Wendy's experimented with serving breakfast for a short time in 1985, but the endeavor was unsuccessful due to many issues.[36][37] While approximately 12 Wendy's restaurants in the U.S. and its territories have been serving breakfast since then, Wendy's has not had a company-wide breakfast offering.[37][38]
The newer breakfast menu differs slightly from the ones featured in 1985, and it is structured similarly to its lunch/dinner menu, with value meals and various sides like blended fruit.[38] Menu items include several breakfast sandwiches served on biscuits, frescuit and Kaiser rolls, breakfast burritos, and side orders of hash browns, muffins, and cinnamon sticks.[39] In order to avoid the same issues the original 1985 breakfast offerings faced, the new menu was designed for ease of operation, lower costs, and reduced preparation time.[37]
In January 2016, Wendy's announced a transition plan to source only cage-free eggs by the year 2020 in all U.S. and Canadian locations that serve breakfast.[40][41]
Notable menu items
A Wendy's outlet in Manila, Philippines.
Frosty dessert – a frozen dairy dessert sold in chocolate and vanilla flavors. The Frosty flavors are also sold as a float. Recently, Frosty Shakes – a Frosty blended with either caramel, strawberry, or chocolate fudge syrup – have been served at Wendy's.
Dave's - In late 2011, Wendy's altered the recipe for their Single, Double, and Triple burgers, which had been staples of the menu for decades, in order to rerelease each as part of the new Dave's Hot 'N Juicy line. As before, they were constructed from the same basic patty (and the words "Single," "Double," and "Triple" were retained at the end of the new names), but the patty was now thicker, and its square edges had been rounded off slightly. The cheese began to be stored at a warmer temperature, allowing it to melt more completely over the patty, alterations were made to the bun, and the selection of produce (white onions were replaced by red onions), and the condiments now consisted of ketchup and mayonnaise rather than ketchup, mayonnaise, and mustard.[42] They were updated in 2016 and renamed as simply Dave's, now using bakery-style buns.
Big Classic – A sandwich that directly competed with the Burger King Whopper (no longer available in US stores). Mayonnaise, lettuce, tomato, pickles, ketchup, and onions served on a Kaiser-style roll. A second version with bacon was available, called the Big Bacon Classic, which was replaced with the Bacon Deluxe in 2009 when the Applewood Smoked Bacon was introduced.
Baconator - Single Baconator is one quarter-pound patty topped with mayonnaise, ketchup, three strips of bacon, and two slices of cheese; Double Baconator has mayonnaise, ketchup, six strips of bacon, two quarter-pound (113.4 gram) patties, and three slices of American cheese; and the Triple Baconator (1360 calories) is three quarter-pound patties with nine strips of bacon, four slices of cheese, ketchup, and mayonnaise.
Ciabatta Bacon Cheeseburger - Introduced in January 2014, the Ciabatta Bacon Cheeseburger is made with a quarter-pound beef patty, aged Asiago cheese, thick-cut applewood smoked bacon, rosemary garlic aïoli, and oven-roasted tomatoes.[43][44] At launch, the sandwich was priced at $4.79 in the United States and was part of a strategy to market higher-priced menu items to help position Wendy's as a premium fast food chain.[45] Wendy's advertised the sandwich as a limited-time product that would be withdrawn in March 2014.[46][47] According to the company, the sandwich has 670 calories.[48] The debut of the burger received positive reviews. Syndicated fast food columnist Ken Hoffman called the burger "another winner" and "worth the carbs," [49] while the Phoenix New Times declared it was "one of the better burgers in the entire fast food industry."[50] Reviewers at the Sioux City Journal offered more mixed evaluations, with only two of four taste testers saying they would be likely to try the burger a second time.[51]
Black bean burger - Wendy's and a number of major fast food chains have been targeted for decades for meatless entrees, typically, meatless 'veggieburgers' - and Wendy's response is the black bean burger (still in 'beta' testing in Salt Lake City, Utah; Columbus, Ohio; and Columbia, South Carolina).[52] Its major ingredients are black beans, wild rice, farro, onions, brown rice, carrots, quinoa, corn, green bell peppers, and red bell peppers; and the sauce and seasonings include red wine vinegar, chili peppers, cumin, cilantro, oregano, and sea salt.
Advertising
This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
Last update: Advertising (July 2013)
After successful early growth of the chain, sales flattened as the company struggled to achieve brand differentiation in the highly competitive fast-food market. This situation would turn around in the mid-1980s. Starting on January 9, 1984, elderly actress Clara Peller was featured in the successful "Where's the Beef?" North American commercial campaign written by Cliff Freeman. Her famous line quickly entered the American pop culture (it was even used by Walter Mondale in a debate with Gary Hart in the Democratic primary election) and served to promote Wendy's hamburgers. Peller, age 83, was dropped from the campaign in 1985 because she performed in a commercial for Prego spaghetti sauce, saying she "finally found" the beef.[53]
Peller was soon after replaced by Wendy's founder Dave Thomas himself. Soft-spoken and bashful, the "Dave" ads generally focused on Thomas praising his products and offering a commitment to quality service, although there would occasionally be "wackier" ads as well. Thomas ultimately appeared in more than 800 commercials, more than any other company founder in television history.[54]
After Dave Thomas' death in 2002, Wendy's struggled to find a new advertising campaign. After a round of conventional ads describing the food they serve, in 2004 they tried using a character they made called "Mr. Wendy" who claimed to be the unofficial spokesperson for the chain. These proved to be extremely unsuccessful. After seven months, Wendy's returned to an animated campaign focusing on the difference between Wendy's square hamburgers and the round hamburgers of competitors.
Wendy's marketing arm engages in product placement in films and television and is sometimes seen on ABC's reality show Extreme Makeover: Home Edition, serving food to the more than 100 construction workers.
A 2007 Wendy's commercial featured the tune from the Violent Femmes song "Blister in the Sun." The inclusion of the song in the commercial provoked an internal conflict between members of the Violent Femmes, which resulted in a lawsuit between bassist Brian Ritchie and lead singer Gordon Gano that ultimately led to the band disbanding in 2009 (however, they would reunite in 2013).[55][56]
With their "That's right" ad campaign not a success, Wendy's unveiled a new ad campaign, featuring the animated version of their mascot voiced by Luci Christian highlighting certain menu items. The new ad campaign made its debut in late January 2008, with slogans: in the USA: "It's waaaay better than fast food. It's Wendy's." and in Canada,"It's waaaay delicious. It's Wendy's." [57] The company's slogan, "you know when it's real," was introduced in 2010.
In November 2010, a series of commercials aired featuring the company's namesake, Wendy Thomas, which marked the first time she had appeared in a Wendy's advertisement.[58][59] In April 2012, Morgan Smith Goodwin began appearing as the redhead in ads with the slogan "Now that's better."[60][61] In 2013, social media advertising featuring Nick Lachey directed at millennials promoted the Pretzel Bacon Cheeseburger.[62]
A 2014 campaign to promote the Tuscan Chicken on Ciabatta sandwich entitled "L'Estrella de la Toscana," or "Star of Tuscany" in English was launched on television and social media.[63] A 2014 campaign to promote the Pretzel Bacon Cheeseburger was run until November 2014 was shown to many people watching TV starting on March 18, 2014.
Slogans
United States – Canada
1969–present: Quality Is Our Recipe
1977–1980, 1987: Hot-N-Juicy
1977: We fix 'em 256 ways (alternate slogan)[64]
1978–1979: Juicy hamburgers
1980–1981: Wendy's Has the Taste
1981–1982: Ain't No Reason to Go Anyplace Else
1982–1985: You're Wendy's Kind of People
1983-1985: That's fresh, that's class, that's Wendy's (Canada)
1983–1984: Parts is parts[18]
1984–1986: Where's the beef?[18]
1985–1988: Choose Fresh, choose Wendy's[65] (Originally used alongside "Where's the Beef?")
1987–1993: Give a little nibble was to be a catchy phrase that would capture the attention of consumers and help make Wendy's a major player on the fast-food scene once again. This television commercial was a flop and sent Wendy's hunting for a new advertising agency.[66] After a poorly received seven-week run, Wendy's pulled the television commercials[67] created by Dick Rich Inc.[68][69] The "nibble" spots were meant to emphasize Wendy's better-tasting hamburger. They showed customers ripping off chunks of meat from an absurdly large hamburger.
1988–1992: The best burgers in the business.
1989–1998: The best burgers and a whole lot more (also was printed inside the hamburger wrappers during the 1990s)
1996–1998: The Best Burgers Yet!!
1997–present: You can eat great, even late
2001–2005: It's hamburger bliss.
2002–2004: It's better here[70]
2003–2007: It's Always Great, Even Late. (Canada)
2004–2007: Do what tastes right. (primary slogan)
2005–present: It's good to be square.
August 2006–March 2008: That's right.
August 2006–March 2008: Uh-Huh.
2007–2008: Hot Juicy Burgers
August 2007–October 2009: It's way better than fast food... It's Wendy's. (United States)
August 2007–October 2009: It's way delicious. It's Wendy's. (Canada)
August 2007–October 2009: Carrément bon. C'est Wendy's. (EN: "Squarely good. It's Wendy's.") (Quebec, Canada)
January 2010–April 2012: You know when it's real.
March 2012–2016: Now that's better.
2016–present: Not just different, deliciously different.
Other countries
1983–present: It's the best time for... Wendy's (Philippines)
1994 (approx)–2002: Wendy's η τετράγωνη επιλογή (Wendy's the square option) (Greece)
2000 (approx–present: Quality is our recipe (Indonesia, New Zealand, Chile & United States)
2000 (approx)–present: Wendy's cuadra contigo (Wendy's fits with you). The word cuadra (fit) is a reference to the Spanish word cuadrado that means square. (Venezuela)
2001 (approx)–present: El Sabor de lo Recién Hecho (The Flavor of the Freshly Made) (Honduras)
2007 (approx)–2009: Wendy's es Sensacional (Wendy's is Sensational) (El Salvador)
200 –present: It's not just fast food; it's fresh food, made fast (Malaysia)
2008–present: Old Fashion Hamburgers (Dominican Republic)
2009–present: "Wendy's, sabor al cuadrado" (Wendy's, taste to the square) (Mexico)
2009–present: Es muuuuucho más que comida rápida, es Wendy's (It's waaaaay more than fast food, it's Wendy's.) (El Salvador)
See also
List of hamburger restaurants
Wendy's High School Heisman (student-athletes in various sports)
Ohio portal
Food portal
Companies portal
References
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Jump up ^ "Wendy`s/Arby`s Group Announces Development Agreement with Wenphil Corporation". reuters.com. Retrieved September 24, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c "(WEN) Wendy's/Arby's Group Opens Store in Singapore". stockbloghub.com. Retrieved September 24, 2015.
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^ Jump up to: a b c Hoovers.com. "Hoover's profile of Wendy's". Answers.com. Retrieved June 29, 2007.
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Jump up ^ "Το καρέ των ταχυφαγάδικων" (in Greek). tovima. Retrieved September 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Wendy's se fue de la Argentina". clarin.com. Retrieved September 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Wendy's UK pull-out nets £1.5m". the caterer. Retrieved September 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Wendy's closure in April 2015". Retrieved July 31, 2015.
Jump up ^ Nakamoto, Michiyo. "Wendy's re-enters Japanese market". FT.com. Retrieved September 24, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Wendy's/Arby's International Announces Argentina Development Agreement". Wendy's/Arby's Group, Inc. Retrieved September 23, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Wendy's leaves Russian market over beef with local manager". rt.com. Retrieved September 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Wendy's makes moves in Eastern Europe". globalmeatnews.com. Retrieved September 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ Zacks Investment Research (May 30, 2015). "Can Wendy's' Focus on New Pork Items Beat Rising Beef Costs?". Zacks Investment Research. Retrieved May 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Wendys, Worlds Third Largest Burger Chain to Open Outlet in India - NDTV Food". food.ndtv.com. Retrieved May 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ "More Restaurant Chains Cooking Up Plans to Cash In on Real Estate - CoStar Group". www.costar.com. Retrieved November 14, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Wendy's Continues Restaurant Sell Off - CoStar Group". www.costar.com. Retrieved October 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ Dovrat, Zehava (July 21, 1996). "Wendy's Burger Chain Seeks Franchisee to Renew Activity in Israel". Globes. Retrieved February 7, 2018. Wendy's has already tried its luck in Israel. It entered activities in Israel nine years ago through the Blue Square supermarket chain, then managed by Benny Gaon. The chain was operated by the franchise method and reached six branches. [People] in the industry say that the chain failed due to managerial problems and a poor marketing plan. In addition, [Israelis] simply didn't like the product.
Jump up ^ https://whichfranchise.co.za/burgers-are-king-and-south-africans-are-licking-their-lips/
Jump up ^ David Zuckerman (July 1, 1985). "Wendy's enters breakfast arena; chain faces fierce competition". Nation's Restaurant News. Retrieved July 1, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b c Gazette news services (March 8, 2005). "Wendy's considers new breakfast menu". the Billings Gazette. Archived from the original on October 6, 2007. Retrieved July 1, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b Stock (April 7, 2006). "Wendy's to try breakfast at three local stores". The News & Observer. Archived from the original on January 25, 2007. Retrieved July 1, 2007.
Jump up ^ Cheryl V. Jackson (June 26, 2007). "Wendy's joins scramble to lure morning diners". the Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on October 13, 2007. Retrieved July 1, 2007.
Jump up ^ Quirk, Mary Beth. "Wendy's Pledges To Use Only Eggs From Cage-Free Hens By 2020 In North American Locations". consumerist.com. Consumerist.com. Retrieved January 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ Settembre, Jeanette. "Wendy's is the latest fast-food chain to join the cage-free egg movement". nydailynews.com. New York Daily News. Retrieved January 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Reality Check: Wendy's New Hot 'N Juicy". Retrieved May 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ Thorn, Brett (January 23, 2014). "Wendy's introduces Ciabatta Bacon Cheeseburger". Nation's Restaurant News.
Jump up ^ "Wendy's Unveils Mediterranean-Inspired Cheeseburger". QSR Magazine. January 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ Wong, Venessa (January 23, 2014). "Wendy's Next Expedition in Bread: Ciabatta". Businessweek.
Jump up ^ Mary, Vanac (January 27, 2014). "Meet Wendy's Ciabatta Bacon Cheeseburger". Columbus Dispatch. Columbus, Ohio.
Jump up ^ Hugh, Robert (January 27, 2014). "Wendy's rolls out its Ciabatta Bacon Cheeseburger". The Republican. Springfield, Mass.
Jump up ^ "CIABATTA BACON CHEESEBURGER". wendys.com. Wendy's. Retrieved February 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ Hoffman, Ken (February 10, 2014). "Drive-thru review: Wendy's Ciabatta Bacon Cheeseburger brings new, exciting tastes to burgers". The Gazette. Colorado Springs, CO.
Jump up ^ Grence, JK (February 26, 2014). "Wendy's Ciabatta Bacon Cheeseburger Makes Drive-Thru (Almost) Upscale". Phoenix New Times. Retrieved March 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ Horlyk, Earl (February 6, 2014). "Fast food taste test: Ciabatta Bacon Cheeseburger". Sioux City Journal. Sioux City, IA.
Jump up ^ "Wendy's - Quality Is Our Recipe". Retrieved March 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Clara Peller, the Actress In 'Where's the Beef?' TV Ad". August 12, 1987.
Jump up ^ "Dave Thomas Biography" (PDF). Wendy's International. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 28, 2007. Retrieved June 27, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Violent Femmes Embroiled In Inter-Band Lawsuit". Billboard. Retrieved July 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Grinderman reform for Coachella". theMUSIC.au. January 25, 2013. Retrieved January 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ CNN Money article on news feed Archived January 31, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Finnegan, Amanda (November 5, 2010). "Las Vegas to serve as test market for Wendy's burger line; Ad campaign next week will feature daughter of founder Dave Thomas". Las Vegas Sun. Retrieved August 6, 2011.
Jump up ^ Morrison, Maureen (November 12, 2010). "Real Wendy Takes Star Turn in Wendy's Advertising". Advertising Age. Retrieved August 6, 2011.
Jump up ^ Morrison, Maureen (April 5, 2012). "Wendy's Unveils New Ad Tagline". Advertising Age. Retrieved January 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ Scott, Walter (September 6, 2014). "Is the Actress in the Wendy's Commercials a Real Redhead?". Parade.
Jump up ^ Kyle Russell (July 8, 2013). "Wendy's Believes This Pretzel Bacon Cheeseburger Will Bring In The Millennials". Business Insider. Retrieved July 11, 2013.
Jump up ^ Maureen Morrison. (April 18, 2014). "Wendy's Sells Italian Chicken Sandwich With 'Short Film' - News - Advertising Age". Retrieved May 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Wendy's 1977". Flickr - Photo Sharing!. Retrieved May 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ Philip H. Dougherty (June 26, 1986). "Wendy's Spot Created By Lockhardt & Pettus". The New York Times. Retrieved December 29, 2007. The group has a song Fresh that fits in well with the Wendy's theme, Choose fresh. Choose Wendy's.
Jump up ^ "Wendy's has a beef with "Where's the beef?" effect". Chicago Sun-Times. June 18, 1987.
Jump up ^ "Stakes are rising in the battle for JWT Group". Chicago Sun-Times. June 16, 1987.
Jump up ^ "It's Now America's Not-so-Fast Food Industry". Philadelphia Inquirer. June 6, 1987.
Jump up ^ "Wendy's taps agency contenders". Chicago Sun-Times. May 29, 1987.
Jump up ^ Davide Dukcevich (April 9, 2002). "Wendy's Salad Days". Forbes. Retrieved December 29, 2007. Earlier this month, Wendy's released a new advertising tagline, "It's Better Here," as part of a campaign that purports to showcase Dublin, Ohio, where it has its headquarters.
External links
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wendy%27s&oldid=841720624"
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