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Spider-Man 2
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Spider-Man 2
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Sam Raimi
Produced by
Avi Arad
Laura Ziskin
Screenplay by
Alvin Sargent
Story by
Alfred Gough
Miles Millar
Michael Chabon
Based on
The Amazing Spider-Man
by Stan Lee
Steve Ditko
Starring
Tobey Maguire
Kirsten Dunst
James Franco
Alfred Molina
Rosemary Harris
Donna Murphy
Music by
Danny Elfman
Cinematography
Bill Pope
Edited by
Bob Murawski
Production
company
Marvel Enterprises
Laura Ziskin Productions
Distributed by
Columbia Pictures
Release date
June 22, 2004 (2004-06-22) (Mann Village Theater)
June 30, 2004 (2004-06-30) (United States)
Running time
127 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$200 million[2]
Box office
$783.8 million[2]
Spider-Man 2 is a 2004 American superhero film directed by Sam Raimi and written by Alvin Sargent from a story by Alfred Gough, Miles Millar, and Michael Chabon. The first sequel to the 2002 film Spider-Man, it is the second film in Raimi's Spider-Man film trilogy based on the fictional Marvel Comics comic book series The Amazing Spider-Man. Tobey Maguire, Kirsten Dunst, and James Franco reprise their respective roles as Peter Parker / Spider-Man, Mary Jane "M.J." Watson and Harry Osborn.
Set two years after the events of Spider-Man, the film finds Peter Parker struggling to manage both his personal life and his duties as Spider-Man, while Dr. Otto Octavius becomes a diabolical villain after a failed experiment kills his wife and leaves him neurologically fused to mechanical tentacles. Spider-Man must stop him from successfully recreating the experiment, which threatens to annihilate the city.
Spider-Man 2 was released in both conventional and IMAX theaters on June 30, 2004 and grossed $783.8 million worldwide, becoming the third highest-grossing film of the year. It won the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects and was also nominated for Best Sound Mixing and Best Sound Editing. It received five awards at the Saturn Awards ceremony including Best Fantasy Film and Best Director for Raimi. The film is often cited as one of the best superhero films of all-time,[3][4][5][6][7] and its success led to the release of Spider-Man 3 in 2007.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Development
3.2 Filming
3.3 Effects
4 Release
4.1 Home media
4.1.1 Spider-Man 2.1 (2007)
5 Reception
5.1 Box office
5.2 Critical reception
5.3 Awards and nominations
6 Legacy
7 References
8 External links
Plot[edit]
Peter Parker (Tobey Maguire), secretly the superhero Spider-Man, is estranged from both love interest Mary Jane "M.J." Watson (Kirsten Dunst) and best friend Harry Osborn (James Franco), and additionally discovers his Aunt May (Rosemary Harris) is facing eviction. He also finds himself suffering temporary, but reoccurring losses of his powers, often in life-threatening situations.
Harry, now head of Oscorp's research division, is sponsoring a fusion power project by nuclear scientist Otto Octavius (Alfred Molina), who befriends and mentors Peter. While handling hazardous materials, Octavius wears a harness of powerful robotic tentacle arms with artificial intelligence. During a public demonstration that Peter and Harry attend, a power spike causes the fusion reactor to destabilize. Octavius refuses to shut down the reactor, which goes critical — killing his wife and burning the inhibitor chip blocking the arms from his nervous system. Peter shuts the experiment down, destroying it in the process.
At a hospital, doctors prepare to surgically remove Octavius' harness. However, without the inhibitor chip the arms have developed sentience and attack them. Upon regaining consciousness and seeing the carnage, Octavius escapes and takes refuge at a harbor. Becoming increasingly influenced by the arms' AI, he robs a bank in order to fund a second experiment. Peter and May coincidentally are there, and Octavius takes May hostage. Peter rescues her, but Octavius flees with stolen money. The Daily Bugle subsequently dubs the scientist Doctor Octopus.
Mary Jane becomes engaged to astronaut John Jameson, son of Bugle publisher J. Jonah Jameson (J. K. Simmons). Peter suffers an emotional breakdown over his inability to balance his life, resulting in him powerless. He abandons his Spider-Man identity, returns to his normal life, and attempts to reconcile with Mary Jane. A garbageman brings Peter's Spider-Man costume to Jameson, who takes credit for driving Spider-Man into hiding. Peter tells May the truth behind his Uncle Ben's death and how he is responsible. May forgives him, but the rise in New York City crime rate worries Peter.
Requiring the isotope tritium to fuel his reactor, Octavius visits Harry to demand it. Harry agrees in exchange for Spider Man's life. He tells Octavius to seek Peter, who is supposedly friends with Spider-Man, but requests Octavius not harm him. Octavius locates Peter, tells him to find Spider-Man, and captures Mary Jane. Her endangerment leads to Peter's powers resurfacing. Just as Jameson admits he was wrong about Spider-Man, Peter steals his costume back from the Bugle and goes after Octavius.
As Peter battles Octavius, they fall onto a New York City subway train. Octavius sabotages the controls and leaves Peter to save the passengers, which he does at a great physical toll. When he faints from exhaustion, the grateful passengers save him from falling and bring him into the train, seeing his unmasked face but promising to keep their knowledge hidden. In vain, they try to protect him when Octavius returns to capture Peter, whom Octavius delivers to Harry.
After giving Octavius the tritium, Harry prepares to kill Peter, only to be shocked to discover his real identity. Peter convinces Harry to direct him to Octavius' lair. As Spider-Man, he arrives at the doctor's waterfront laboratory and attempts to rescue Mary Jane discreetly. Octavius discovers him and they fight once again as the nuclear reaction swells. Peter ultimately subdues Octavius, damaging his tentacles. He then reveals his identity and persuades Octavius to let his dream go for the greater good. Octavius finally commands the tentacles to obey him, and sacrifices himself to destroy the experiment. Mary Jane sees Spider-Man's true identity and feelings, as well as why they cannot be together. Peter returns Mary Jane to John, and leaves.
Harry is visited by a vision of his father in a mirror, pleading for Harry to avenge his death. Refusing to hurt Peter, Harry shatters the mirror, unintentionally revealing a secret room containing prototypes of the Green Goblin's equipment. On her wedding day, Mary Jane abandons John at the altar and runs to Peter's apartment. After they kiss, they hear police sirens, and Mary Jane encourages him go help as Spider-Man.
Cast[edit]
Tobey Maguire as Peter Parker / Spider-Man
A superhero, a brilliant Columbia University physics student and photographer for the Daily Bugle. Juggling these separate lives means he briefly gives up his responsibilities as a superhero in a moment of adversity. When Maguire signed on to portray Spider-Man in 2000, he was given a three-film contract.[8] While filming Seabiscuit in late 2002, Maguire suffered injuries to his back and Sony was faced with the possibility of recasting their lead.[9] Negotiations arose to replace Maguire with Jake Gyllenhaal, who at the time was dating Kirsten Dunst, who portrayed Mary Jane Watson. However, Maguire recovered and was able to reprise his role, with a salary of $17 million.[10] Maguire and Gyllenhaal would later play brothers in the 2009 film Brothers.
Kirsten Dunst as Mary Jane "M.J." Watson
A friend Peter Parker has loved since he was a child, yet he gave up the chance of being with her out of concern for her safety.
James Franco as Harry Osborn
Oscorp's leader, Norman Osborn's son and Peter's best friend who resents Spider-Man for his father's death.
Alfred Molina as Dr. Otto Octavius / Doctor Octopus
A scientist and Peter's role model who goes insane after his failure to create a self-sustaining fusion reaction. Octavius is bonded with his handling equipment, four artificially intelligent mechanical tentacles. Molina was cast as Octavius in February 2003 and immediately began physical training for the role.[11] Raimi had been impressed by his performance in Frida and also felt he had the physicality.[12] Molina only briefly discussed the role and was not aware that he was a strong contender,[13] and was excited, being a big fan of Marvel Comics.[14] Although he was not familiar with Doc Ock, Molina found one element of the comics that he wanted to maintain, and that was the character's cruel, sardonic sense of humor.[15]
Rosemary Harris as May Parker
Ben Parker's widow and Peter's aunt.
J. K. Simmons as J. Jonah Jameson
The miserly manager and editor-in-chief of the Daily Bugle who carries a personal vendetta against Spider-Man, whom he considers a criminal and does not want to accept him as the city's hero.
Donna Murphy as Rosalie Octavius
Otto Octavius's wife and assistant who died following the failed attempt to introduce her husband's experiment.
Daniel Gillies as John Jameson
J. Jonah Jameson's son, Mary Jane's fiancé, astronaut and a national hero.
Dylan Baker as Dr. Curt Connors
One of Peter's college physics professors. He is a colleague of Octavius.
Willem Dafoe as Norman Osborn / Green Goblin
Harry Osborn's deceased father who appears as a hallucination. Dafoe came up with the idea during promotion for Spider-Man, which he compared to King Hamlet haunting his son to avenge him.[16]
Elya Baskin as Mr. Ditkovitch
Peter's landlord.
Mageina Tovah as Ursula Ditkovitch
Mr. Ditkovitch's daughter.
As with the previous film, Bruce Campbell has a cameo appearance, this time as an usher in the doors of MJ's show. Years later, Jeffrey Henderson who worked on the storyboards for the cancelled Spider-Man 4 movie, released information regarding which villains would appear within the movie. One of those included Bruce Campbell's character's progression into Quentin Beck / Mysterio.[17][18] Spider-Man co-creator Stan Lee portrays a man on the street who saves a woman from falling debris during a battle between Spider-Man and Doctor Octopus, identified as "Stanley Lieber" in the film's novelization; Scott Spiegel portrays a man who attempts to eat some pizza Spider-Man is delivering, only to have it webbed from his hands. Joel McHale portrays a bank teller. Hal Sparks portrays an elevator passenger who has a conversation with Spider-Man. Donnell Rawlings portrays the New Yorker who exclaims that Spider-Man "stole that guy's pizzas" and Emily Deschanel portrays a receptionist. Elizabeth Banks portrays once again Betty Brant, one of the Bugle staff and J. Jonah Jameson's secretary, as well as Bill Nunn reprising his role as Robbie Robertson and Ted Raimi reprising his role as Hoffman. Daniel Dae Kim plays an assistant of Doctor Octavius working in his laboratory. Aasif Mandvi portrays Mr. Aziz, the owner of a local pizza store. Joey Diaz portrays a similar passenger. Vanessa Ferlito portrays one of Mary Jane's co-stars. Joy Bryant appears as a spectator that witnesses Spider-Man in action. John Landis plays one of the doctors who operates on Doctor Octopus. Phil LaMarr portrays a train passenger who is most easily seen to the left of Spider-Man (the viewer's right) while the hero uses webbing to slow the train down. Greg Edelman portrays Dr. Davis, the doctor at the University, that Peter Parker sees to talk about the loss of his superpowers. One of the men present at the public demonstration of Otto Octavius' fusion power project is identified as Dr. Henry Pym in the film's novelization.
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
Peter Parker gives up being Spider-Man.
Panel of "Spider-Man No More!" which Raimi replicated for the film. Art by John Romita Sr.
Immediately after finishing Spider-Man, director Sam Raimi with help from James Keltie segued into directing a sequel.[13] In April 2002, Sony hired Alfred Gough and Miles Millar to write a script with Doctor Octopus, the Lizard[19] and Black Cat as the villains.[9] On May 8, 2002, following Spider-Man's record breaking $115 million opening weekend, Sony Pictures announced a sequel for 2004.[20] Entitled The Amazing Spider-Man, after the character's main comic book title,[21] the film was given a budget of $200 million[22] and aimed for a release date of May 7, 2004. The following month, David Koepp was added to co-write with Gough and Millar.[9]
In September 2002, Michael Chabon was hired to rewrite.[9] His draft had a younger Doc Ock, who becomes infatuated with Mary Jane. His mechanical limbs use endorphins to counteract the pain of being attached to his body, which he enjoys. When he injures two muggers on a date, this horrifies Mary Jane and in the resulting battle with Spider-Man his tentacles are fused together, and the fusion begins to kill him. In the script, Octavius is the creator of the genetically-altered spider from the first film, and gives Peter an antidote to remove his powers: this means when Octavius is dying with his tentacles, he wants to extract Spider-Man's spine to save himself. This leads to the alliance with Harry in the final film. Beforehand, Harry and the Daily Bugle put a $10 million price on Spider-Man's head, causing the city's citizens to turn against him.[23] Producer Avi Arad rejected the love triangle angle on Ock, and found Harry putting a price on Spider-Man's head unsubtle.[13]
Raimi sifted through the previous drafts by Gough, Millar, Koepp and Chabon, picking what he liked with screenwriter Alvin Sargent.[24] He felt that thematically the film had to explore Peter's conflict with his personal wants against his responsibility, exploring the positive and negatives of his chosen path, and how he ultimately decides that he can be happy as a heroic figure.[13] Raimi stated the story was partly influenced by Superman II, which also explored the titular hero giving up his responsibilities.[25] The story is mainly taken from The Amazing Spider-Man No. 50, "Spider-Man No More!" It was decided that Doctor Octopus would be kept as the villain, as he was both a visually interesting villain who was a physical match for Spider-Man, and a sympathetic figure with humanity, accompanied by the fact that the character had been repeatedly considered as a villain for the first film over the course of its 15-year development.[13] Raimi changed much of the character's backstory, however, adding the idea of Otto Octavius being a hero of Peter, and how their conflict was about trying to rescue him from his demons rather than kill him.[21]
Filming[edit]
The Spydercam
Spider-Man 2 was shot on over one hundred sets and locations, beginning with a pre-shoot on the Loop in Chicago during two days in November 2002. The crew bought a carriage, placing sixteen cameras for background shots of Spider-Man and Doc Ock's train fight.[13] Principal photography began on April 12, 2003 in New York City. The crew moved on May 13 to Los Angeles,[9] shooting on ten major sets created by production designer Neil Spisak. After the scare surrounding his back pains, Tobey Maguire relished performing many of his stunts, even creating a joke of it with Raimi, creating the line "My back, my back" as Spider-Man tries to regain his powers.[24] Even Rosemary Harris took a turn, putting her stunt double out of work. In contrast, Alfred Molina joked that the stunt team would "trick" him into performing a stunt time and again.[13]
Filming was put on hiatus for eight weeks, in order to build Doc Ock's pier lair. It had been Spisak's idea to use a collapsed pier as Ock's lair, reflecting an exploded version of the previous lab and representing how Octavius' life had collapsed and grown more monstrous,[13] evoking the cinema of Fritz Lang and the film The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari.[26] Filming then resumed on that set, having taken fifteen weeks to build, occupying Sony's Stage 30. It was 60 feet (18 m) by 120 feet (37 m) long, and 40 feet (12 m) high, and a quarter-scale miniature was also built for the finale as it collapses.[13] Filming was still going after Christmas 2003.[27]
A camera system called the Spydercam was used to allow filmmakers to express more of Spider-Man's world view, at times dropping fifty stories and with shot lengths of just over 2,400 feet (730 m) in New York or 3,200 feet (980 m) in Los Angeles. For some shots the camera would shoot at six frames per second for a faster playback increasing the sense of speed. Shots using the Spydercam were pre-planned in digital versions of cities, and the camera's movement was controlled with motion control, making it highly cost-effective. The camera system was only used in the previous film for the final shot.[13]
Effects[edit]
Although roughly the same, costume designer James Acheson made numerous subtle changes to Spider-Man's costume. The colors were made richer and bolder, the spider emblem was given more elegant lines and enlarged, the eye-lenses were somewhat smaller, and the muscle suit underneath was made into pieces, to give a better sense of movement. The helmet Maguire wore under his mask was also improved, with better movement for the false jaw and magnetic eye pieces, which were easier to remove.[13]
To create Doctor Octopus' mechanical tentacles, Edge FX was hired to create a corset, a metal and rubber girdle, a rubber spine and four foam rubber tentacles which were 8 feet (2.4 m) long, which altogether weighed 100 pounds (45 kg). The claws of each tentacle, which were dubbed "death flowers", were controlled by a single puppeteer in a chair. Each tentacle was controlled by four people, who rehearsed every scene with Molina to give a natural sense of movement as if the tentacles were moving due to Octavius' muscle movement.[28] On-set, Molina christened his co-stars "Larry", "Harry", "Moe" and "Flo", with "Flo" being the top-right tentacle.[29]
Edge FX was only hired to do scenes where Octavius carries his tentacles. CGI was used for when the tentacles carry Octavius: a 20 ft (6.1 m) high rig held Molina to glide through his surroundings, with CG tentacles added later.[28] The CG versions were scanned straight from the practical ones.[13] However, using the practical versions was always preferred to save money,[28] and each scene was always filmed first with Edge FX's creations to see if CGI was truly necessary. Completing the illusion, the sound designers chose not to use servo sound effects, feeling it would rob the tentacles of the sense that they were part of Octavius' body, and instead used motorcycle chains and piano wires.[13]
Release[edit]
Home media[edit]
The film was initially released on VHS and DVD on November 30, 2004. The DVD was available in both anamorphic widescreen and Pan-and-scan "fullscreen", as well as a Superbit edition and in a box-set with the first film. There was also a collector's DVD gift set including a reprint of The Amazing Spider-Man #50.[30]
The film was released on Blu-ray in October 2007 as a part of the Spider-Man: The High Definition Trilogy box set. It was also released separately on Blu-ray in November 2010 as well as the previous film as part of Sony's Blu-ray Essentials Collection including both the theatrical release and the 2.1 extended cut.[31] All three films were rereleased on Blu-ray as part of the Spider-Man: Origins set on June 13, 2017.
Spider-Man 2.1 (2007)[edit]
Spider-Man 2.1 DVD Cover
An extended cut of the film, entitled Spider-Man 2.1, was released as on DVD and Blu-ray on April 17, 2007 and on October 30, 2007. The cut included eight minutes of new footage, with new special features not included in the original release, as well as a sneak preview of the then-upcoming Spider-Man 3.[32] The cut featured 3 new, 1 alternate, and 11 extended scenes, and a featurette: "Inside Spider-Man 2.1", detailing the making of the cut.[33]
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
Spider-Man 2 opened in the United States on June 30, 2004 and grossed $40.4 million in its first day; this broke the first film's opening day record of $39.4 million[34] until it was surpassed a year later by Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith ($50.0 million).[35] The film also broke The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King's record ($34.5 million) for the highest-grossing Wednesday of all time.[36] It held the Wednesday record for three years until it was topped by Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix ($44.2 million).[37] Its Friday-to-Sunday gross reached a total of $88.2 million, which was the highest Independence Day weekend, breaking Men in Black II's record ($52.1 million), until it was broken seven years later by Transformers: Dark of the Moon ($97.9 million).[38] In its first six days, the film had grossed over $180 million.[39] The film also eventually went on to gross $373.5 million, becoming 2004's second-highest-grossing film, behind Shrek 2. Worldwide, the film grossed $783.7 million, ranking as 2004's third highest-grossing film behind Shrek 2 and Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban. Spider-Man 2 is the 28th highest-grossing film in the U.S. and Canada and sold an estimated 60,158,700 tickets in the US.[40]
Critical reception[edit]
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, Spider-Man 2 has an approval rating of 94% based on 261 reviews, with an average rating of 8.3/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Boasting an entertaining villain and deeper emotional focus, this is a nimble sequel that improves upon the original".[41] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, calculated an average score of 83 out of 100, based on 41 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[42] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale.[43] The film was placed at No. 411 on Empire magazine's top 500 movies list.[44]
Chicago Tribune's Mark Caro stated that Alfred Molina was a "pleasingly complex" villain, and the film as a whole "improves upon its predecessor in almost every way."[45] Kenneth Turan, of the Los Angeles Times, gave the film 4 out of 5 stars, and concurred with Caro when he stated, "Doc Ock grabs this film with his quartet of sinisterly serpentine mechanical arms and refuses to let go."[46] Roger Ebert, who had given the first film two and a half stars, gave Spider-Man 2 a perfect four out of four stars, calling it "The best superhero movie since the modern genre was launched with Superman (1978)", and praising the film for "effortlessly [combining] special effects and a human story, keeping its parallel plots alive and moving."[47] He later called it the fourth best film of 2004."[48] IGN's Richard George felt "Sam Raimi and his writing team delivered an iconic, compelling version of Spider-Man's classic foe... We almost wish there was a way to retroactively add some of these elements to the original character."[49] In 2016, James Charisma of Playboy ranked the film #9 on a list of 15 Sequels That Are Way Better Than The Originals.[50]
Conversely, J. Hoberman, of The Village Voice, thought the first half of the film was "talky bordering on tiresome", with the film often stopping to showcase Raimi's idea of humor.[51] Charles Taylor believed, "The script's miscalculation of Peter's decision feeds into the pedestrian quality of Raimi's direction and into Maguire's weightlessness... [Maguire] simply does not suggest a heroic presence", and suggested that "Dunst appears to be chafing against strictures she cannot articulate."[52]
Awards and nominations[edit]
Main article: List of accolades received by the Spider-Man film series
Spider-Man 2 won the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects, and was nominated for Best Sound Mixing (Kevin O'Connell, Greg P. Russell, Jeffrey J. Haboush and Joseph Geisinger) and Best Sound Editing, but lost to Ray and The Incredibles, respectively.[53] The film won Saturn Awards for Best Actor, Best Director, Best Fantasy Film, Best Special Effects, and Best Writer, while being nominated for Best Supporting Actor and Best Music.[54] It was nominated for two British Academy Film Awards for Special Visual Effects and Sound, but lost to The Day After Tomorrow and Ray, respectively.[55] The AFI listed the film as one of the 2004's ten best films,[56] and nominated it for positions on the lists of the top 10 fantasy films,[57] the 100 most inspiring American films,[58] and the 100 greatest American films.[59]
Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipients and nominees
Outcome
Academy Awards[60] February 27, 2005
Best Sound Editing
Paul N.J. Ottosson Nominated
Best Sound Mixing
Kevin O'Connell, Greg P. Russell, Jeffrey J. Haboush and Joseph Geisinger Nominated
Best Visual Effects
John Dykstra, Scott Stokdyk, Anthony LaMolinara and John Frazier Won
American Film Institute Awards[61] 2005
Movie of the Year
Spider-Man 2 Won
BMI Film and TV Awards[62] May 18, 2005
BMI Film Music Award
Danny Elfman Won
British Academy Film Awards[63] February 12, 2005
Best Achievement in Special Visual Effects
John Dykstra, Scott Stokdyk, Anthony LaMolinara and John Frazier Nominated
BAFTA Award for Best Sound
Paul N.J. Ottosson, Kevin O'Connell, Greg P. Russell and Jeffrey J. Haboush Nominated
Orange Film of the Year
Spider-Man 2 Nominated
Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards[64] January 10, 2005
Best Family Film
Spider-Man 2 Nominated
Best Popular Movie
Spider-Man 2 Won
Cinema Audio Society Awards[65] February 19, 2005
Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for Motion Pictures
Joseph Geisinger, Kevin O'Connell, Greg P. Russell and Jeffrey J. Haboush Nominated
Empire Awards[66][67] March 13, 2005
Best Actor
Tobey Maguire Nominated
Best Director
Sam Raimi Won
Golden Trailer Awards[68] May 25, 2004
Summer 2004 Blockbuster
Spider-Man 2 Nominated
Hugo Awards[69] August 7, 2005
Best Dramatic Presentation – Long Form
Spider-Man 2 Nominated
London Critics Circle Film Awards[70] February 9, 2005
British Supporting Actor of the Year
Alfred Molina Nominated
MTV Movie Awards[71] June 4, 2005
Best Action Sequence
Spider-Man 2 Nominated
Best Movie
Spider-Man 2 Nominated
Best Villain
Alfred Molina Nominated
People's Choice Awards[72] January 9, 2005
Favorite Motion Picture
Spider-Man 2 Nominated
Favorite On-Screen Chemistry
Kirsten Dunst and Tobey Maguire Nominated
Favorite Sequel
Spider-Man 2 Nominated
Favorite Villain Movie Star
Alfred Molina Nominated
Satellite Awards[73] December 17, 2005
Best Actor in a Supporting Role, Drama
Alfred Molina Nominated
Best Cinematography
Bill Pope and Anette Haellmigk Nominated
Best DVD Extra
Spider-Man 2 Nominated
Best Film Editing
Bob Murawski Nominated
Best Original Score
Danny Elfman Nominated
Best Overall DVD
Spider-Man 2 Won
Best Sound (Editing & Mixing)
Kevin O'Connell, Greg P. Russell, Jeffrey J. Haboush, Joseph Geisinger, Paul N.J. Ottosson and Susan Dudeck Nominated
Best Visual Effects
John Dykstra, Scott Stokdyk, Anthony LaMolinara and John Frazier Nominated
Saturn Awards[74] May 3, 2005
Best Fantasy Film
Spider-Man 2 Won
Best Actor
Tobey Maguire Won
Best Supporting Actor
Alfred Molina Nominated
Best Director
Sam Raimi Won
Best Writer
Alvin Sargent Won
Best Music
Danny Elfman Nominated
Best Special Effects
John Dykstra, Scott Stokdyk, Anthony LaMolinara
and John Frazier Won
Best DVD Special Edition Release
Spider-Man 2 Nominated
Visual Effects Society Award[75] February 16, 2005
Best Single Visual Effect of the Year
John Dykstra, Lydia Bottegoni, Dan Abrams and John Monos Nominated
Outstanding Compositing in a Motion Picture
Colin Drobnis, Greg Derochie, Blaine Kennison and Ken Lam Won
Outstanding Created Environment in a Live Act on Motion Picture
Dan Abrams, David Emery, Andrew Nawrot and John Hart Won
Outstanding Performance by an Actor or Actress in a Visual Effects Film
Alfred Molina Won
Outstanding Special Effects in Service to Visual Effects in a Motion Picture
John Frazier, James D. Schwalm, James Nagle and David Amborn Nominated
Outstanding Visual Effects in a Visual Effects Driven Motion Picture
John Dykstra, Lydia Bottegoni, Anthony LaMolinara and Scott Stokdyk Nominated
World Stunt Awards[76] September 25, 2005
Best Overall Stunt by a Stunt Man
Chris Daniels and Michael Hugghins Won
Best Specialty Stunt
Tim Storms, Garrett Warren, Susie Park, Patricia M. Peters, Norb Phillips, Lisa Hoyle, Kevin L. Jackson and Clay Donahue Fontenot Nominated
Best Work with a Vehicle
Tad Griffith, Richard Burden, Scott Rogers, Darrin Prescott and Mark Norby Nominated
Legacy[edit]
Despite the many comic book super-hero movies which have followed after it, Spider-Man 2 still regularly tops rankings as one of the best-loved of the genre.[77][78][79][80][81][82][83] In 2012, Ask Men wrote, "This is the high-water mark for Spider-Man movies, and good luck to anyone who wants to top it."[84]
In 2013, Screen Crush wrote,"Sam Raimi's second outing with the web-slinging hero is as perfect as superhero movies get, nailing everything that's great about its hero without sacrificing the unique tone established by the first film. How exactly does Raimi pull off a movie that's simultaneously goofy, melancholy, romantic, frightening, melodramatic, crazily intense and emotionally fulfilling? Some kind of cinematic alchemy, apparently."[85] Forbes described it as "Not just one of the greatest sequels, but one of the best films of the genre, period."[86]
In 2014, Yahoo Movies! wrote, "Raimi's best superhero movie still takes the cake."[87]
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National Research Act
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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National Research Act
Other short titles
National Research Service Award Act of 1974
Long title
An Act to amend the Public Health Service Act to establish a program of National Research Service Awards to assure the continued excellence of biomedical and behavioral research and to provide for the protection of human subjects involved in biomedical and behavioral research and for other purposes.
Nicknames
National Biomedical Research Fellowship, Traineeship, and Training Act
Enacted by
the 93rd United States Congress
Effective
July 12, 1974
Citations
Public law
93-348
Statutes at Large
88 Stat. 342
Codification
Titles amended
42 U.S.C.: Public Health and Social Welfare
U.S.C. sections amended
42 U.S.C. ch. 6A, subch. I § 218
42 U.S.C. ch. 6A, subch. II § 241
42 U.S.C. ch. 6A, subch. III §§ 289l-1, 289l-3
Legislative history
Introduced in the House as H.R. 7724 by Paul G. Rogers (D–FL) on May 10, 1973
Committee consideration by House Interstate and Foreign Commerce, Senate Labor and Public Welfare
Passed the House on May 31, 1973 (354-9)
Passed the Senate on September 11, 1973 (81-6)
Reported by the joint conference committee on June 24, 1974; agreed to by the Senate on June 27, 1974 (72-14) and by the House on June 28, 1974 (311-10)
Signed into law by President Gerald Ford on July 12, 1974
The National Research Act was enacted by the 93rd United States Congress. It created the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research to develop guidelines for human subject research and to oversee and regulate the use of human experimentation in medicine. It was partly a response to the infamous Tuskegee syphilis study.
The act was signed into law on July 12, 1974.[1]
See also[edit]
Human experimentation in the United States
References[edit]
Jump up ^ National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research (April 18, 1979). "The Belmont Report: Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the protection of human subjects of research". Regulations and Ethical Guidelines. Department of Health, Education and Welfare. Retrieved 2014-03-28.

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Digestive enzyme
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the naturally produced enzymes. For the medication, see Pancreatic enzymes (medication).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Digestive enzymes are a group of enzymes that break down polymeric macromolecules into their smaller building blocks, in order to facilitate their absorption by the body. Digestive enzymes are found in the digestive tracts of animals (including humans) and in the traps of carnivorous plants, where they aid in the digestion of food, as well as inside cells, especially in their lysosomes, where they function to maintain cellular survival. Digestive enzymes of diverse specificities are found in the saliva secreted by the salivary glands, in the secretions of cells lining the stomach, in the pancreatic juice secreted by pancreatic exocrine cells, and in the secretions of cells lining the small and large intestines.
Digestive enzymes are classified based on their target substrates:
Proteases and peptidases split proteins into small peptides and amino acids.
Lipases split fat into three fatty acids and a glycerol molecule.
Amylases split carbohydrates such as starch and sugars into simple sugars such as glucose.
Nucleases split nucleic acids into nucleotides.
In the human digestive system, the main sites of digestion are the oral cavity, the stomach, and the small intestine. Digestive enzymes are secreted by different exocrine glands including:
Salivary glands
Secretory cells in the stomach
Secretory cells in the pancreas
Secretory glands in the small intestine
Contents
[hide]
1 Mouth
2 Stomach
3 Pancreas
4 Small intestine
5 References
Mouth[edit]
Complex food substances that are taken by animals and humans must be broken down into simple, soluble, and diffusible substances before they can be absorbed. In the oral cavity, salivary glands secrete an array of enzymes and substances that aid in digestion and also disinfection. They include the following:[1]
lingual lipase: Lipid digestion initiates in the mouth. Lingual lipase starts the digestion of the lipids/fats.
Salivary amylase: Carbohydrate digestion also initiates in the mouth. Amylase, produced by the salivary glands, breaks complex carbohydrates to smaller chains, or even simple sugars. It is sometimes referred to as ptyalin.
lysozyme: Considering that food contains more than just essential nutrients, e.g. bacteria or viruses, the lysozome offers a limited and non-specific, yet beneficial antiseptic function in digestion.
Of note is the diversity of the salivary glands. There are two types of salivary glands:
serous glands: These glands produce a secretion rich in water, electrolytes, and enzymes. A great example of a serous oral gland is the parotid gland.
Mixed glands: These glands have both serous cells and mucous cells, and include sublingual and submandibular glands. Their secretion is mucinous and high in viscosity.
Stomach[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The enzymes that are secreted in the stomach are called gastric enzymes. The stomach plays a major role in digestion, both in a mechanical sense by mixing and crushing the food, and also in an enzymatic sense, by digesting it. The following are enzymes produced by the stomach and their respective function:
Pepsin is the main gastric enzyme. It is produced by the stomach cells called "chief cells" in its inactive form pepsinogen, which is a zymogen. Pepsinogen is then activated by the stomach acid into its active form, pepsin. Pepsin breaks down the protein in the food into smaller particles, such as peptide fragments and amino acids. Protein digestion, therefore, first starts in the stomach, unlike carbohydrate and lipids, which start their digestion in the mouth.
Gastric lipase: Gastric lipase is an acidic lipase secreted by the gastric chief cells in the fundic mucosa in the stomach. It has a pH optimum of 3–6. Gastric lipase, together with lingual lipase, comprise the two acidic lipases. These lipases, unlike alkaline lipases (such as pancreatic lipase), do not require bile acid or colipase for optimal enzymatic activity. Acidic lipases make up 30% of lipid hydrolysis occurring during digestion in the human adult, with gastric lipase contributing the most of the two acidic lipases. In neonates, acidic lipases are much more important, providing up to 50% of total lipolytic activity.
hormones or compounds produced by the stomach and their respective function:
Hydrochloric acid (HCl): This is in essence positively charged hydrogen atoms (H+), or in lay-terms stomach acid, and is produced by the cells of the stomach called parietal cells. HCl mainly functions to denature the proteins ingested, to destroy any bacteria or virus that remains in the food, and also to activate pepsinogen into pepsin.
Intrinsic factor (IF): Intrinsic factor is produced by the parietal cells of the stomach. Vitamin B12 (Vit. B12) is an important vitamin that requires assistance for absorption in terminal ileum. Initially in the saliva, haptocorrin secreted by salivary glands binds Vit. B, creating a Vit. B12-Haptocorrin complex. The purpose of this complex is to protect Vitamin B12 from hydrochloric acid produced in the stomach. Once the stomach content exits the stomach into the duodenum, haptocorrin is cleaved with pancreatic enzymes, releasing the intact vitamin B12. Intrinsic factor (IF) produced by the parietal cells then binds Vitamin B12, creating a Vit. B12-IF complex. This complex is then absorbed at the terminal portion of the ileum.
Mucin: The stomach has a priority to destroy the bacteria and viruses using its highly acidic environment but also has a duty to protect its own lining from its acid. The way that the stomach achieves this is by secreting mucin and bicarbonate via its mucous cells, and also by having a rapid cell turn-over.
Gastrin: This is an important hormone produced by the "G cells" of the stomach. G cells produce gastrin in response to stomach stretching occurring after food enters it, and also after stomach exposure to protein. Gastrin is an endocrine hormone and therefore enters the bloodstream and eventually returns to the stomach where it stimulates parietal cells to produce hydrochloric acid (HCl) and Intrinsic factor (IF).
Of note is the division of function between the cells covering the stomach. There are four types of cells in the stomach:
Parietal cells: Produce hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor.
Gastric chief cells: Produce pepsinogen. Chief cells are mainly found in the body of stomach, which is the middle or superior anatomic portion of the stomach.
Mucous neck and pit cells: Produce mucin and bicarbonate to create a "neutral zone" to protect the stomach lining from the acid or irritants in the stomach chyme.
G cells: Produce the hormone gastrin in response to distention of the stomach mucosa or protein, and stimulate parietal cells production of their secretion. G cells are located in the antrum of the stomach, which is the most inferior region of the stomach.
Secretion by the previous cells is controlled by the enteric nervous system. Distention in the stomach or innervation by the vagus nerve (via the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system) activates the ENS, in turn leading to the release of acetylcholine. Once present, acetylcholine activates G cells and parietal cells.
Pancreas[edit]
Pancreas is both an endocrine and an exocrine gland, in that it functions to produce endocrinic hormones released into the circulatory system (such as insulin, and glucagon), to control glucose metabolism, and also to secrete digestive/exocrinic pancreatic juice, which is secreted eventually via the pancreatic duct into duodenum. Digestive or exocrine function of pancreas is as significant to the maintenance of health as its endocrine function.
Two of the population of cells in the pancreatic parenchyma make up its digestive enzymes:
Ductal cells: Mainly responsible for production of bicarbonate (HCO3), which acts to neutralize the acidity of the stomach chyme entering duodenum through the pylorus. Ductal cells of the pancreas are stimulated by the hormone secretin to produce their bicarbonate-rich secretions, in what is in essence a bio-feedback mechanism; highly acidic stomach chyme entering the duodenum stimulates duodenal cells called "S cells" to produce the hormone secretin and release to the bloodstream. Secretin having entered the blood eventually comes into contact with the pancreatic ductal cells, stimulating them to produce their bicarbonate-rich juice. It is interesting to note that secretin also inhibits production of gastrin by "G cells", and also stimulates acinar cells of the pancreas to produce their pancreatic enzyme.
Acinar cells: Mainly responsible for production of the inactive pancreatic enzymes (zymogens) that, once present in the small bowel, become activated and perform their major digestive functions by breaking down proteins, fat, and DNA/RNA. Acinar cells are stimulated by cholecystokinin (CCK), which is a hormone/neurotransmitter produced by the intestinal cells (I cells) in the duodenum. CCK stimulates production of the pancreatic zymogens.
Pancreatic juice, composed of the secretions of both ductal and acinar cells, is made up of the following digestive enzymes:[2]
Trypsinogen, which is an inactive(zymogenic) protease that, once activated in the duodenum into trypsin, breaks down proteins at the basic amino acids. Trypsinogen is activated via the duodenal enzyme enterokinase into its active form trypsin.
Chymotrypsinogen, which is an inactive (zymogenic) protease that, once activated by duodenal enterokinase, turns into chymotrypsin and breaks down proteins at their aromatic amino acids. Chymotrypsinogen can also be activated by trypsin.
Carboxypeptidase, which is a protease that takes off the terminal amino acid group from a protein
Several elastases that degrade the protein elastin and some other proteins.
Pancreatic lipase that degrades triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol.
Sterol esterase
Phospholipase
Several nucleases that degrade nucleic acids, like DNAase and RNAase
Pancreatic amylase that breaks down starch and glycogen which are alpha-linked glucose polymers. Humans lack the cellulases to digest the carbohydrate cellulose which is a beta-linked glucose polymer.
Pancreas's exocrine function owes part of its immaculate function to bio-feedback mechanisms controlling secretion of its juice. The following significant pancreatic bio-feedback mechanisms are essential to the maintenance of pancreatic juice balance/production:[3]
Secretin, a hormone produced by the duodenal "S cells" in response to the stomach chyme containing high hydrogen atom concentration (high acidicity), is released into the blood stream; upon return to the digestive tract, secretion decreases gastric emptying, increases secretion of the pancreatic ductal cells, as well as stimulating pancreatic acinar cells to release their zymogenic juice.
Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a unique peptide released by the duodenal "I cells" in response to chyme containing high fat or protein content. Unlike secretin, which is an endocrine hormone, CCK actually works via stimulation of a neuronal circuit, the end-result of which is stimulation of the acinar cells to release their content. CCK also increases gallbladder contraction, resulting in bile squeezed into the cystic duct, common bile duct and eventually the duodenum. Bile of course helps absorption of the fat by emulsifying it, increasing its absorptive surface. Bile is made by the liver, but is stored in the gallbladder.
Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) is produced by the mucosal duodenal cells in response to chyme containing high amounts of carbohydrate, proteins, and fatty acids. Main function of GIP is to decrease gastric emptying.
Somatostatin is a hormone produced by the mucosal cells of the duodenum and also the "delta cells" of the pancreas. Somatostatin has a major inhibitory effect, including on pancreatic production.
Small intestine[edit]
The following enzymes/hormones are produced in the duodenum:
secretin: This is an endocrine hormone produced by the duodenal "S cells" in response to the acidity of the gastric chyme.
Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a unique peptide released by the duodenal "I cells" in response to chyme containing high fat or protein content. Unlike secretin, which is an endocrine hormone, CCK actually works via stimulation of a neuronal circuit, the end-result of which is stimulation of the acinar cells to release their content.[4] CCK also increases gallbladder contraction, causing release of pre-stored bile into the cystic duct, and eventually into the common bile duct and via the ampulla of Vater into the second anatomic position of the duodenum. CCK also decreases the tone of the sphincter of Oddi, which is the sphincter that regulates flow through the ampulla of Vater. CCK also decreases gastric activity and decreases gastric emptying, thereby giving more time to the pancreatic juices to neutralize the acidity of the gastric chyme.
Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP): This peptide decreases gastric motility and is produced by duodenal mucosal cells.
motilin: This substance increases gastro-intestinal motility via specialized receptors called "motilin receptors".
somatostatin: This hormone is produced by duodenal mucosa and also by the delta cells of the pancreas. Its main function is to inhibit a variety of secretory mechanisms.
Throughout the lining of the small intestine there are numerous brush border enzymes whose function is to further break down the chyme released from the stomach into absorbable particles. These enzymes are absorbed whilst peristalsis occurs. Some of these enzymes include:
Erepsin: converts peptones and polypeptides into amino acids.
Maltase: converts maltose into glucose.
Lactase: This is a significant enzyme that converts lactose into glucose and galactose. A majority of Middle-Eastern and Asian populations lack this enzyme. This enzyme also decreases with age. As such lactose intolerance is often a common abdominal complaint in the Middle-Eastern, Asian, and older populations, manifesting with bloating, abdominal pain, and osmotic diarrhea.
Sucrase: converts sucrose into glucose and fructose.
Other disaccharidases
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Brown, Thomas A. "Rapid Review Physiology." Mosby Elsevier, 1st Ed. p. 235
Jump up ^ Bowen, R. [1] "Exocrine Secretion of the Pancreas"
Jump up ^ Brown, Thomas A. "Rapid Review Physiology." Mosby Elsevier, 1st Ed. p. 244
Jump up ^ Morino, P; Mascagni, F; McDonald, A; Hökfelt, T (1994). "Cholecystokinin corticostriatal pathway in the rat: Evidence for bilateral origin from medial prefrontal cortical areas". Neuroscience. 59 (4): 939–52. doi:10.1016/0306-4522(94)90297-6. PMID 7520138.
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Pancreatic amylase

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values: Mannose-binding protein-associated serine protease

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