text:
Human papillomavirus infection
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
"HPV" redirects here. For other uses, see HPV (disambiguation).
Human papillomavirus infection
Synonyms
Human papillomavirus
Papillomavirus large T antigen helicase domain
Specialty
Infectious disease, gynecology
Symptoms
None, warts[1][2]
Complications
Cancer of the cervix, vulva, vagina, penis, anus, mouth or throat[1][2]
Causes
Human papillomavirus spread by direct contact[3][4]
Prevention
HPV vaccines, condoms[3][5]
Frequency
Most people are infected at some point in time[3]
Human papillomavirus infection is an infection by human papillomavirus (HPV).[4] Most HPV infections cause no symptoms and resolve spontaneously.[1] In some people, an HPV infection persists and results in warts or precancerous lesions.[2] The precancerous lesions increase the risk of cancer of the cervix, vulva, vagina, penis, anus, mouth, or throat.[1][2] Nearly all cervical cancer is due to HPV with two types, HPV16 and HPV18, accounting for 70% of cases.[1][6] Between 60% and 90% of the other cancers mentioned above are also linked to HPV.[6] HPV6 and HPV11 are common causes of genital warts and laryngeal papillomatosis.[1]
An HPV infection is caused by human papillomavirus, a DNA virus from the papillomavirus family, of which over 170 types are known.[7] More than 40 types are transmitted through sexual contact and infect the anus and genitals.[3] Risk factors for persistent HPV infections include early age of first sexual intercourse, multiple partners, smoking, and poor immune function.[1] HPV is typically spread by sustained direct skin-to-skin contact with vaginal and anal sex being the most common methods.[3] Occasionally, it can spread from a mother to her baby during pregnancy.[8] It does not spread via common items like toilet seats.[8] People can become infected with more than one type of HPV.[8] HPV only affects humans.[4][9]
HPV vaccines can prevent the most common types of infection.[3] To be most effective, they should be used before an infection occurs and are therefore recommended between the ages of nine and 13.[1] Cervical cancer screening, such as with the Papanicolaou test (pap) or looking at the cervix after using acetic acid, can detect early cancer or abnormal cells that may develop into cancer.[1] This allows for early treatment which results in better outcomes.[1] Screening has reduced both the number of and deaths from cervical cancer in the developed world.[10] Warts can be removed by freezing.[4]
HPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection globally.[4] Most people are infected at some point in their lives.[3] In 2012, about 528,000 new cases and 266,000 deaths occurred from cervical cancer worldwide.[11] Around 85% of these occurred in the developing world.[1] In the United States, about 27,000 cases of cancer due to HPV occur each year.[8] About 1% of sexually active adults have genital warts.[8] While cases of warts have been described since the time of ancient Greece, their viral nature was not discovered until 1907.[12]
Contents
1 Signs and symptoms
1.1 Warts
1.1.1 Genital warts
1.1.2 Laryngeal papillomatosis
1.2 Cancer
1.2.1 Cervical cancer
1.2.2 Genital cancers
1.2.3 Cancers of the head and neck
1.2.4 Lung cancer
1.3 Immunocompromised individuals
2 Cause
2.1 Transmission
2.1.1 Perinatal
2.1.2 Genital infections
2.1.3 Hands
2.1.4 Shared objects
2.1.5 Blood
2.1.6 Surgery
2.2 Virology
2.2.1 E6/E7 proteins
2.2.2 Latency period
2.2.3 Clearance
3 Diagnosis
3.1 Cervical testing
3.2 Mouth testing
3.3 Testing men
3.4 Other testing
4 Prevention
4.1 Vaccines
4.2 Condoms
4.3 Disinfection
5 Treatment
6 Epidemiology
6.1 United States
7 History
8 Research
9 References
10 External links
Signs and symptoms[edit]
Notable HPV[13] types and associated diseases
Over 170 types of HPV have been identified, and they are designated by numbers.[7][14]
Some HPV types, such as HPV-5, may establish infections that persist for the lifetime of the individual without ever manifesting any clinical symptoms. HPV types 1 and 2 can cause common warts in some infected individuals.[citation needed] HPV types 6 and 11 can cause genital warts and laryngeal papillomatosis.[1] HPV types 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 68, 73, and 82 are considered carcinogenic.[15]
This table lists common symptoms of HPV infection and associated strains of HPV:
Disease
HPV type
Common warts 2, 7, 22
Plantar warts 1, 2, 4, 63
Flat warts 3, 10, 28
Anogenital warts 6, 11, 42, 44 and others[16]
Anal dysplasia (lesions) 6, 16, 18, 31, 53, 58[17]
Genital cancers
Highest risk:[16] 16, 18, 31, 45
Other high-risk:[16][18] 33, 35, 39, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59
Probably high-risk:[18] 26, 53, 66, 68, 73, 82
Epidermodysplasia verruciformis more than 15 types
Focal epithelial hyperplasia (mouth) 13, 32
Mouth papillomas 6, 7, 11, 16, 32
Oropharyngeal cancer 16
Verrucous cyst 60
Laryngeal papillomatosis 6, 11
Warts[edit]
Papilloma
A sample DNA test report for HPV Genotype from a laboratory
Skin infection ("cutaneous" infection) with HPV is very widespread.[19] Skin infections with HPV can cause noncancerous skin growths called warts (verrucae). Warts are caused by a rapid growth of cells on the outer layer of the skin.[20] While cases of warts have been described since the time of ancient Greece, their viral cause was not known until 1907.[12]
Skin warts are most common in childhood and typically appear and regress spontaneously over the course of weeks to months. About 10% of adults also suffer from recurring skin warts.[citation needed] All HPVs are believed to be capable of establishing long-term "latent" infections in small numbers of stem cells present in the skin. Although these latent infections may never be fully eradicated, immunological control is thought to block the appearance of symptoms such as warts. Immunological control is HPV type-specific, meaning an individual may become resistant to one HPV type while remaining susceptible to other types. In one study, infection by HPV types 2, 27, and 57 was found in people with warts, while infection by HPV types 1, 2, 63, and 27 was found in people with clinically normal skin.[21]
Types of warts include:
Common warts are usually found on the hands and feet, but can also occur in other areas, such as the elbows or knees. Common warts have a characteristic cauliflower-like surface and are typically slightly raised above the surrounding skin. Cutaneous HPV types can cause genital warts but are not associated with the development of cancer.
Plantar warts are found on the soles of the feet; they grow inward, generally causing pain when walking.
Subungual or periungual warts form under the fingernail (subungual), around the fingernail, or on the cuticle (periungual). They are more difficult to treat than warts in other locations.[22]
Flat warts are most commonly found on the arms, face, or forehead. Like common warts, flat warts occur most frequently in children and teens. In people with normal immune function, flat warts are not associated with the development of cancer.[23]
Genital warts are quite contagious, while common, flat, and plantar warts are much less likely to spread from person to person.
Genital warts[edit]
HPV infection of the skin in the genital area is the most common sexually transmitted infection worldwide.[11] Such infections are associated with genital or anal warts (medically known as condylomata acuminata or venereal warts), and these warts are the most easily recognized sign of genital HPV infection.
The strains of HPV that can cause genital warts are usually different from those that cause warts on other parts of the body, such as the hands or feet, or even the inner thighs. A wide variety of HPV types can cause genital warts, but types 6 and 11 together account for about 90% of all cases.[24][25] However, in total more than 40 types of HPV are transmitted through sexual contact and can infect the skin of the anus and genitals.[3] Such infections may cause genital warts, although they may also remain asymptomatic.
The great majority of genital HPV infections never cause any overt symptoms and are cleared by the immune system in a matter of months. Moreover, people may transmit the virus to others even if they do not display overt symptoms of infection. Most people acquire genital HPV infections at some point in their lives, and about 10% of women are currently infected.[11] A large increase in the incidence of genital HPV infection occurs at the age when individuals begin to engage in sexual activity. As with cutaneous HPVs, immunity to genital HPV is believed to be specific to a specific strain of HPV.
Laryngeal papillomatosis[edit]
In addition to genital warts, infection by HPV types 6 and 11 can cause a rare condition known as recurrent laryngeal papillomatosis, in which warts form on the larynx[26] or other areas of the respiratory tract.[27][28] These warts can recur frequently, may interfere with breathing, and in extremely rare cases can progress to cancer. For these reasons, repeated surgery to remove the warts may be advisable.[27][29]
Cancer[edit]
HPV-induced cancers[30]
About a dozen HPV types (including types 16, 18, 31, and 45) are called "high-risk" types because persistent infection has been linked to cancers such as cancer of the oropharynx, larynx, vulva, vagina, cervix, penis, and anus.[31][32] These cancers in common involve sexually transmitted infection of HPV to the stratified epithelial tissue.[1][2][30] Individuals infected with both HPV and HIV have an increased risk of developing cervical or anal cancer.[31]
An estimated 561,200 new cancer cases worldwide (5.2% of all new cancers) were attributable to HPV in 2002, making HPV one of the most important infectious causes of cancer.[30] HPV-associated cancers make up over 5% of total diagnosed cancer cases worldwide, and this incidence is higher in developing countries where it is estimated to cause almost half a million cases each year.[30]
In the United States, about 27,000 cases of cancer due to HPV occur each year.[8]
The number of HPV-associated cancers in the period of 2004-2008 in the US.[33]
Cancer area
Average annual number of cases
HPV attributable (estimated)
HPV 16/18 attributable (estimated)
Cervix 11,967 11,500 9,100
Vulva 3,136 1,600 1,400
Vagina 729 500 400
Penis 1,046 400 300
Anus (women) 3,089 2,900 2,700
Anus (men) 1,678 1,600 1,500
Oropharynx (women) 2,370 1,500 1,400
Oropharynx (men) 9,356 5,900 5,600
Total (women) 21,291 18,000 15,000
Total (men) 12,080 7,900 7,600
Genome organization of human papillomavirus type 16, one of the subtypes known to cause cervical cancer (E1-E7 early genes, L1-L2 late genes: capsid)
In some infected individuals, their immune systems may fail to control HPV. Lingering infection with high-risk HPV types, such as types 16, 18, 31, and 45, can favor the development of cancer.[34] Co-factors such as cigarette smoke can also enhance the risk of such HPV-related cancers.[35][36]
HPV is believed to cause cancer both by integrating into DNA and in non-integrated episomes.[37] Some of the "early genes" carried by the HPV virus, such as genes E6 and E7, act as oncogenes that promote tumor growth and malignant transformation. Furthermore, HPV can induce a tumorigenic process through integration into a host genome which is associated with alterations in DNA copy number.[38]
E6 produces a protein (also called E6) that binds to and inactivates a protein in the host cell called p53. Normally, p53 acts to prevent cell growth, and promotes cell death in the presence of DNA damage. p53 also upregulates the p21 protein, which blocks the formation of the cyclin D/Cdk4 complex, thereby preventing the phosphorylation of RB, and in turn, halting cell cycle progression by preventing the activation of E2F. In short, p53 is a tumor-suppressor protein that arrests the cell cycle and prevents cell growth and survival when DNA damage occurs. Thus, inactivation of p53 by E6 can promote unregulated cell division, cell growth, and cell survival, characteristics of cancer.
E6 also has a close relationship with the cellular protein E6-associated protein (E6-AP), which is involved in the ubiquitin ligase pathway, a system that acts to degrade proteins. E6-AP binds ubiquitin to the p53 protein, thereby flagging it for proteosomal degradation.
Studies have also shown a link between a wide range of HPV types and squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. In such cases, in vitro studies suggest that the E6 protein of the HPV virus may inhibit apoptosis induced by ultraviolet light.[39]
Cervical cancer[edit]
Cervical cancer caused by HPV.
Nearly all cases of cervical cancer are associated with HPV infection, with two types, HPV16 and HPV18, present in 70% of cases.[1][6][40][41][42][43]
HPV type 16 is the most malignant strain, present in 41 to 54% of all cervical cancers,[40][44] and in many cases of vaginal/vulvar cancer,[45] penile cancers, anal cancers, and cancers of the head and neck.[46]
In 2012, about 528,000 new cases and 266,000 deaths from cervical cancer occurred worldwide.[11] Around 85% of these occurred in the developing world.[1]
Most HPV infections of the cervix are cleared rapidly by the immune system and do not progress to cervical cancer (see below the Clearance subsection in Virology). Because the process of transforming normal cervical cells into cancerous ones is slow, cancer occurs in people having been infected with HPV for a long time, usually over a decade or more (persistent infection).[27][47]
Non-European (NE) HPV16 variants are significantly more carcinogenic than European (E) HPV16 variants.[48]
Genital cancers[edit]
Studies show a link between HPV infection and penile and anal cancers. Sexually transmitted HPVs are found in a large percentage of anal cancers.[30] Moreover, the risk for anal cancer is 17 to 31 times higher among gay and bisexual men than among heterosexual men[49][50] - though one survey did not find a difference between the HPV infection rate of men who had sex with men versus those who had sex only with women.[51]
Anal Pap smear screening for anal cancer might benefit some subpopulations of men or women engaging in anal sex.[52] No consensus exists, though, that such screening is beneficial, or who should get an anal Pap smear.[53][54]
Cancers of the head and neck[edit]
See also: HPV-mediated oropharyngeal cancer
High-risk carcinogenic HPV types (including HPV 16 and HPV 18) are associated with an increasing number of head and neck cancers.[42]
Sexually transmitted forms of HPV account for about 25% of cancers of the mouth and upper throat (the oropharynx).[30] The latter commonly present in the tonsil area, and HPV is linked to the increase in oral cancers in nonsmokers.[55][56] Engaging in anal or oral sex with an HPV-infected partner may increase the risk of developing these types of cancers.[57] Oral infection with several types of HPV, in particular type 16, have been found to be associated with HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer, a form of head and neck cancer.[57][58] This association is independent of tobacco and alcohol use.[58] In the United States, HPV is expected to replace tobacco as the main causal agent for oral cancer, and the number of newly diagnosed, HPV-associated head and neck cancers is expected to surpass that of cervical cancer cases by 2020.[59][60]
In recent years, the United States has experienced an increase in the number of cases of throat cancer caused by HPV type 16. Throat cancers associated with HPV have been estimated to have increased from 0.8 cases per 100,000 people in 1988 to 2.6 per 100,000 in 2004.[61] Researchers explain these recent data by an increase in oral sex. Moreover, findings indicate this type of cancer is much more prevalent in men than in women, something that needs to be further explored.[62] Currently, two immunizations, Gardasil and Cervarix, are recommended to girls to prevent HPV-related cervical cancer, but not as a precaution against HPV-related throat cancer.[63]
The mutational profile of HPV-positive and HPV-negative head and neck cancer has been reported, further demonstrating that they are fundamentally distinct diseases.[64]
Lung cancer[edit]
Some evidence links HPV to benign and malignant tumors of the upper respiratory tract. The International Agency for Research on Cancer has found that people with lung cancer were significantly more likely to have several high-risk forms of HPV antibodies compared to those who did not have lung cancer.[65] Researchers looking for HPV among 1,633 lung cancer patients and 2,729 people without the lung disease found that people with lung cancer had more types of HPV than noncancer patients did, and among lung cancer patients, the chances of having eight types of serious HPV were significantly increased.[66] In addition, expression of HPV structural proteins by immunohistochemistry and in vitro studies suggest HPV presence in bronchial cancer and its precursor lesions.[67] Another study detected HPV in the EBC, bronchial brushing and neoplastic lung tissue of cases, and found a presence of an HPV infection in 16.4% of the subjects affected by nonsmall cell lung cancer, but in none of the controls.[68] The reported average frequencies of HPV in lung cancers were 17% and 15% in Europe and the Americas, respectively, and the mean number of HPV in Asian lung cancer samples was 35.7%, with a considerable heterogeneity between certain countries and regions.[69]
Immunocompromised individuals[edit]
In very rare cases, HPV may cause epidermodysplasia verruciformis in individuals with a weakened immune system. The virus, unchecked by the immune system, causes the overproduction of keratin by skin cells, resulting in lesions resembling warts or cutaneous horns.[70]
Cause[edit]
Sexually transmitted HPV is divided into 2 categories: low-risk and high-risk. Low-risk HPVs cause warts on or around the genitals. Type 6 and 11 cause 90% of all genital warts and recurrent respiratory papillomatosis that causes benign tumors in the air passages. High-risk HPVs cause cancer and consist of about a dozen identified types. Type 16 and 18 are two that are responsible for causing most of HPV-caused cancers. These high-risk HPVs cause 5% of the cancers in the world. In the United States, high-risk HPVs cause 3% of all cancer cases in women and 2% in men.[71]
Transmission[edit]
Risk factors for persistent genital HPV infections include early age of first sexual intercourse, multiple partners, smoking, and immunosuppression.[1] Genital HPV is typically spread by sustained direct skin-to-skin contact, with vaginal and anal sex being the most common method though transmission from oral sex can occur.[3][31] Occasionally it can spread from a mother to her baby during pregnancy. It does not spread via common items like toilet seats.[8] The period of communicability is still unknown, but probably at least as long as visible lesions persist. HPV may still be transmitted even after lesions are treated and no longer visible or present.[72]
Perinatal[edit]
Although genital HPV types can be transmitted from mother to child during birth, the appearance of genital HPV-related diseases in newborns is rare. However, the lack of appearance does not rule out asymptomatic latent infection, as the virus has proven to be capable of hiding for decades. Perinatal transmission of HPV types 6 and 11 can result in the development of juvenile-onset recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (JORRP). JORRP is very rare, with rates of about 2 cases per 100,000 children in the United States.[27] Although JORRP rates are substantially higher if a woman presents with genital warts at the time of giving birth, the risk of JORRP in such cases is still less than 1%.
Genital infections[edit]
Since cervical and female genital infection by specific HPV types is highly associated with cervical cancer, those types of HPV infection have received most of the attention from scientific studies.
HPV infections in that area are transmitted primarily via sexual activity.[73]
Of the 120 known human papilloma viruses, 51 species and three subtypes infect the genital mucosa.[74] 15 are classified as high-risk types (16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 68, 73, and 82), three as probable high-risk (26, 53, and 66), and 12 as low-risk (6, 11, 40, 42, 43, 44, 54, 61, 70, 72, 81, and CP6108).[75]
If a woman has at least one different partner per year for four years, the probability that she will leave college with an HPV infection is greater than 85%.[76] Condoms do not completely protect from the virus because the areas around the genitals including the inner thigh area are not covered, thus exposing these areas to the infected person’s skin.[76]
Hands[edit]
Studies have shown HPV transmission between hands and genitals of the same person and sexual partners. Hernandez tested the genitals and dominant hand of each person in 25 heterosexual couples every other month for an average of seven months. She found two couples where the man's genitals infected the woman's hand with high-risk HPV, two where her hand infected his genitals, one where her genitals infected his hand, two each where he infected his own hand, and she infected her own hand.[77][78] Hands were not the main source of transmission in these 25 couples, but they were significant.
Partridge reports men's fingertips became positive for high risk HPV at more than half the rate (26% per 2 years) as their genitals (48%).[79] Winer reports 14% of fingertip samples from sexually active women were positive.[80]
Non-sexual hand contact seems to have little or no role in HPV transmission. Winer found all 14 fingertip samples from virgin women negative at the start of her fingertip study.[80] In a separate report on genital HPV infection, 1% of virgin women (1 of 76) with no sexual contact tested positive for HPV, while 10% of virgin women reporting non-penetrative sexual contact were positive (7 of 72).[81]
Shared objects[edit]
Sharing of possibly contaminated objects, for example, razors,[72] may transmit HPV.[82][83][84] Although possible, transmission by routes other than sexual intercourse is less common for female genital HPV infection.[73] Fingers-genital contact is a possible way of transmission but unlikely to be a significant source.[80][85]
Blood[edit]
Though it has traditionally been assumed that HPV is not transmissible via blood—as it is thought to only infect cutaneous and mucosal tissues—recent studies have called this notion into question. Historically, HPV DNA has been detected in the blood of cervical cancer patients.[86] In 2005, a group reported that, in frozen blood samples of 57 sexually naive pediatric patients who had vertical or transfusion-acquired HIV infection, 8 (14.0%) of these samples also tested positive for HPV-16.[87] This seems to indicate that it may be possible for HPV to be transmitted via blood transfusion. However, as non-sexual transmission of HPV by other means is not uncommon, this could not be definitively proven. In 2009, a group tested Australian Red Cross blood samples from 180 healthy male donors for HPV, and subsequently found DNA of one or more strains of the virus in 15 (8.3%) of the samples.[88] However, it is important to note that detecting the presence of HPV DNA in blood is not the same as detecting the virus itself in blood, and whether or not the virus itself can or does reside in blood in infected individuals is still unknown. As such, it remains to be determined whether HPV can or cannot be transmitted via blood.[86] This is of concern, as blood donations are not currently screened for HPV, and at least some organizations such as the American Red Cross and other Red Cross societies do not presently appear to disallow HPV-positive individuals from donating blood.[89]
Surgery[edit]
Hospital transmission of HPV, especially to surgical staff, has been documented. Surgeons, including urologists and/or anyone in the room, is subject to HPV infection by inhalation of noxious viral particles during electrocautery or laser ablation of a condyloma (wart).[90] There has been a case report of a laser surgeon who developed extensive laryngeal papillomatosis after providing laser ablation to patients with anogenital condylomata.[90]
Virology[edit]
Human papillomavirus infection
TEM of papillomavirus
Virus classification
Group: Group I (dsDNA)
Order: Unassigned
Family: Papillomaviridae
Genera
Alphapapillomavirus
Betapapillomavirus
Gammapapillomavirus
Mupapillomavirus
Nupapillomavirus
HPV infection is limited to the basal cells of stratified epithelium, the only tissue in which they replicate.[91] The virus cannot bind to live tissue; instead, it infects epithelial tissues through micro-abrasions or other epithelial trauma that exposes segments of the basement membrane.[91] The infectious process is slow, taking 12–24 hours for initiation of transcription. It is believed that involved antibodies play a major neutralizing role while the virions still reside on the basement membrane and cell surfaces.[91]
HPV lesions are thought to arise from the proliferation of infected basal keratinocytes. Infection typically occurs when basal cells in the host are exposed to the infectious virus through a disturbed epithelial barrier as would occur during sexual intercourse or after minor skin abrasions. HPV infections have not been shown to be cytolytic; rather, viral particles are released as a result of degeneration of desquamating cells. HPV can survive for many months and at low temperatures without a host; therefore, an individual with plantar warts can spread the virus by walking barefoot.[25]
HPV is a small double-stranded circular DNA virus with a genome of approximately 8000 base pairs.[31][92] The HPV life cycle strictly follows the differentiation program of the host keratinocyte. It is thought that the HPV virion infects epithelial tissues through micro-abrasions, whereby the virion associates with putative receptors such as alpha integrins, laminins, and annexin A2[93] leading to entry of the virions into basal epithelial cells through clathrin-mediated endocytosis and/or caveolin-mediated endocytosis depending on the type of HPV.[94] At this point, the viral genome is transported to the nucleus by unknown mechanisms and establishes itself at a copy number of 10-200 viral genomes per cell. A sophisticated transcriptional cascade then occurs as the host keratinocyte begins to divide and become increasingly differentiated in the upper layers of the epithelium.
The phylogeny of the various strains of HPV generally reflects the migration patterns of Homo sapiens and suggests that HPV may have diversified along with the human population. Studies suggest that HPV evolved along five major branches that reflect the ethnicity of human hosts, and diversified along with the human population.[95] Researchers have identified two major variants of HPV16, European (HPV16-E), and Non-European (HPV16-NE).[96]
E6/E7 proteins[edit]
The two primary oncoproteins of high risk HPV types are E6 and E7. The “E” designation indicates that these two proteins are expressed early in the HPV life cycle, while the "L" designation indicates late expression.[42] The HPV genome is composed of six early (E1, E2, E4, E5, E6, and E7) open-reading frames (ORF), two late (L1 and L2) ORFs, and a non-coding long control region (LCR).[97] After the host cell is infected viral early promoter is activated and a polycistronic primary RNA containing all six early ORFs is transcribed. This polycistronic RNA then undergoes active RNA splicing to generate multiple isoforms of mRNAs.[98] One of the spliced isoform RNAs, E6*I, serves as an E7 mRNA to translate E7 protein.[99] However, viral early transcription subjects to viral E2 regulation and high E2 levels repress the transcription. HPV genomes integrate into host genome by disruption of E2 ORF, preventing E2 repression on E6 and E7. Thus, viral genome integration into host DNA genome increases E6 and E7 expression to promote cellular proliferation and the chance of malignancy. The degree to which E6 and E7 are expressed is correlated with the type of cervical lesion that can ultimately develop.[92]
Role in cancer
The E6/E7 proteins inactivate two tumor suppressor proteins, p53 (inactivated by E6) and pRb (inactivated by E7).[14] The viral oncogenes E6 and E7[100] are thought to modify the cell cycle so as to retain the differentiating host keratinocyte in a state that is favourable to the amplification of viral genome replication and consequent late gene expression. E6 in association with host E6-associated protein, which has ubiquitin ligase activity, acts to ubiquitinate p53, leading to its proteosomal degradation. E7 (in oncogenic HPVs) acts as the primary transforming protein. E7 competes for retinoblastoma protein (pRb) binding, freeing the transcription factor E2F to transactivate its targets, thus pushing the cell cycle forward. All HPV can induce transient proliferation, but only strains 16 and 18 can immortalize cell lines in vitro. It has also been shown that HPV 16 and 18 cannot immortalize primary rat cells alone; there needs to be activation of the ras oncogene. In the upper layers of the host epithelium, the late genes L1 and L2 are transcribed/translated and serve as structural proteins that encapsidate the amplified viral genomes. Once the genome is encapsidated, the capsid appears to undergo a redox-dependent assembly/maturation event, which is tied to a natural redox gradient that spans both suprabasal and cornified epithelial tissue layers. This assembly/maturation event stabilizes virions, and increases their specific infectivity.[101] Virions can then be sloughed off in the dead squames of the host epithelium and the viral lifecycle continues.[102] A 2010 study has found that E6 and E7 are involved in beta-catenin nuclear accumulation and activation of Wnt signaling in HPV-induced cancers.[103]
Latency period[edit]
Once an HPV virion invades a cell, an active infection occurs, and the virus can be transmitted. Several months to years may elapse before squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL) develop and can be clinically detected. The time from active infection to clinically detectable disease may make it difficult for epidemiologists to establish which partner was the source of infection.[104]
Clearance[edit]
Most HPV infections are cleared up by most people without medical action or consequences. The table provides data for high-risk types (i.e. the types found in cancers).
Clearance rates of high risk types of HPV
Months after initial positive test
8 months
12 months
18 months
% of men tested negative[105] 70% 80% 100%
Clearing an infection does not always create immunity if there is a new or continuing source of infection. Hernandez' 2005-6 study of 25 couples reports "A number of instances indicated apparent reinfection [from partner] after viral clearance."[77]
Diagnosis[edit]
There are multiple types of HPV, sometimes called "low-risk" and "high-risk" types. Low-risk types cause warts and high-risk types can cause lesions or cancer.[106]
Health guidelines recommend HPV testing in patients with specific indications including certain abnormal Pap test results.[needs update]
Cervical testing[edit]
According to the National Cancer Institute, “The most common test detects DNA from several high-risk HPV types, but it cannot identify the type(s) that are present. Another test is specific for DNA from HPV types 16 and 18, the two types that cause most HPV-associated cancers. A third test can detect DNA from several high-risk HPV types and can indicate whether HPV-16 or HPV-18 is present. A fourth test detects RNA from the most common high-risk HPV types. These tests can detect HPV infections before cell abnormalities are evident.
“Theoretically, the HPV DNA and RNA tests could be used to identify HPV infections in cells taken from any part of the body. However, the tests are approved by the FDA for only two indications: for follow-up testing of women who seem to have abnormal Pap test results and for cervical cancer screening in combination with a Pap test among women over age 30.” [107]
In 1988, the first HPV test gained FDA approval; the test was ViraPap, developed by Life Technologies, which had been formed by the merger of GIBCO and Bethesda Research Laboratories in 1983. Clinical uptake was slow, and Life sold the test and associated intellectual property to Digene in 1990. Digene continued to develop HPV testing and soon developed its "Hybrid Capture" (HC) technology, on a proprietary platform; it was a nonradioactive method for detecting specific HPV strains by hybridizing HPV DNA from clinical samples with complementary RNA sequences from a kit; the RNA and DNA formed a ‘hybrid’ molecule that was detected antibodies. The first generation could detect ten high-risk HPV types; the second generation test (HC2) could detect 13.[108][109]
In April 2011, the Food and Drug Administration approved the cobas HPV Test, manufactured by Roche.[108][109][110] This cervical cancer screening test “specifically identifies types HPV 16 and HPV 18 while concurrently detecting the rest of the high risk types (31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 66 and 68).”[110]
In March 2003, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the HC2 test from Digene as an adjunct to Pap testing.[108][111][112]
The recent outcomes in the identification of molecular pathways involved in cervical cancer provide helpful information about novel bio- or oncogenic markers that allow monitoring of these essential molecular events in cytological smears, histological, or cytological specimens. These bio- or onco- markers are likely to improve the detection of lesions that have a high risk of progression in both primary screening and triage settings. E6 and E7 mRNA detection PreTect HPV-Proofer (HPV OncoTect) or p16 cell-cycle protein levels are examples of these new molecular markers. According to published results, these markers, which are highly sensitive and specific, allow to identify cells going through malignant transformation.[113][114]
In October 2011 the US Food and Drug Administration approved the Aptima HPV Assay test for RNA created when and if any HPV strains start creating cancers (see virology).[115][116][117]
The vulva/vagina has been sampled with Dacron swabs and shows more HPV than the cervix. Among women who were HPV positive in either place, 90% were positive in the vulvovaginal region, 46% in the cervix.[81]
Mouth testing[edit]
Studies have found heightened HPV in mouth cell samples from people with squamous cell carcinoma of the mouth. Studies have not found significant HPV in mouth cells after sampling with toothbrushes (5 of 2,619 samples)[81] and cytobrushes (no oral transmission found).[77]
Testing men[edit]
Research studies have tested for and found HPV, including high-risk types (i.e. the types found in cancers), on fingers, mouth, saliva, anus, urethra, urine, semen, blood, scrotum and penis. However, most research tests have used Dacron swabs and custom analysis not available to the general public.[118][needs update]
A Brazilian study used the readily available Qiagen/Digene test mentioned above (off label) to test men's penis, scrotum and anus.[119] Each of the 50 men had been a partner for at least 6 months of a woman who was positive for high-risk HPV. They found high-risk HPV on 60% of these men, primarily the penis. "The specimens were obtained using a vigorous motion of the conical brush included in the Digene kit after spraying the anogenital region with saline solution."[119][needs update]
A slightly different method also used cytobrushes (but custom lab analysis) and found 37% of 582 Mexican army recruits positive for high risk HPV.[120][needs update] They were told not to wash genitals for 12 hours before sampling. (Other studies are silent on washing, a particular gap in studies of hands). They included the urethra as well as scrotum and penis, but the urethra added less than 1% to the HPV rate. Studies like this led Giuliano to recommend sampling the glans, shaft and crease between them and scrotum, since sampling the urethra or anus added very little to diagnosis.[79] Dunne recommends glans, shaft, their crease, and foreskin.[118]
A small study of cytobrushes on 10 US men where the brush was wet, rather than the skin, found 2 of 10 men were positive for HPV (type not reported).[121][needs update] Their lab analysis was not the same as either study above. This small study found 4 of 10 men positive for HPV when the skin was rubbed with 600 grit emery paper, then swabbed with a wet Dacron swab. Since emery paper and brush were analyzed together at the lab, it is not known if the emery paper collected viruses or loosened them for the swab to collect.
Studies have found collection by men from their own skin (with emery paper and Dacron swabs) as effective as by a clinician, sometimes more so, since patients were more willing to scrape vigorously.[122][needs update][123][124][needs update]
Other studies have used similar cytobrushes to sample fingertips and under the fingernails, though without wetting the area or brush.[80][85][125][needs update]
Other studies analyzed urine, semen, and blood and found varying amounts of HPV,[118] but there is no publicly available test for them.
There is not a wide range of tests even though HPV is common. Clinicians depend on the vaccine among young people and high clearance rates (see Clearance subsection in Virology) to create a low risk of disease and mortality, and treat the cancers when they appear. Others believe that reducing HPV infection in more men and women, even when it has no symptoms, is important (herd immunity) to prevent more cancers rather than just treating them.[126][127][needs update] Where tests are used, negative test results show safety from transmission, and positive test results show where shielding (condoms, gloves) is needed to prevent transmission until the infection clears.[128]
Other testing[edit]
Although it is possible to test for HPV DNA in other kinds of infections,[129] there are no FDA-approved tests for general screening in the United States[49] or tests approved by the Canadian government,[130] since the testing is inconclusive and considered medically unnecessary.[131]
Genital warts are the only visible sign of low-risk genital HPV and can be identified with a visual check. These visible growths, however, are the result of non-carcinogenic HPV types. Five percent acetic acid (vinegar) is used to identify both warts and squamous intraepithelial neoplasia (SIL) lesions with limited success[citation needed] by causing abnormal tissue to appear white, but most doctors have found this technique helpful only in moist areas, such as the female genital tract.[citation needed] At this time, HPV tests for males are used only in research.[citation needed]
Research into testing for HPV by antibody presence has been done. The approach is looking for an immune response in blood, which would contain antibodies for HPV if the patient is HPV positive.[132][133][134][135] The reliability of such tests hasn't been proven, as there hasn't been a FDA approved product as of March 2014; testing by blood would be a less invasive test for screening purposes.
Prevention[edit]
The HPV vaccines can prevent the most common types of infection.[3] To be effective they must be used before an infection occurs and are therefore recommended between the ages of nine and thirteen. Cervical cancer screening, such as with the Papanicolaou test (pap) or looking at the cervix after using acetic acid, can detect early cancer or abnormal cells that may develop into cancer. This allows for early treatment which results in better outcomes.[1] Screening has reduced both the number and deaths from cervical cancer in the developed world.[10] Warts can be removed by freezing.[4]
Methods of reducing the chances of infection include sexual abstinence, condoms, and vaccination.[136]
Vaccines[edit]
Main article: HPV vaccine
Three vaccines are available to prevent infection by some HPV types: Gardasil, Cervarix, and Gardasil 9. All protect against initial infection with HPV types 16 and 18, which cause most of the HPV-associated cancer cases. Gardasil also protects against HPV types 6 and 11, which cause 90% of genital warts. Gardasil is a recombinant quadrivalent vaccine, whereas Cervarix is bivalent, and is prepared from virus-like particles (VLP) of the L1 capsid protein. Gardasil 9 is nonavalent, it has the potential to prevent about 90% of cervical, vulvar, vaginal, and anal cancers. It can protect for HPV types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58. The latter five additional types cause up to 20% of cervical cancers, which were not previously covered beforehand.[137]
The vaccines provide little benefit to women already infected with HPV types 16 and 18.[138] For this reason, the vaccine is recommended primarily for those women not yet having been exposed to HPV during sex. The World Health Organization position paper on HPV vaccination clearly outlines appropriate, cost-effective strategies for using HPV vaccine in public sector programs.[139]
There is high-certainty evidence that HPV vaccines protect against precancerous cervical lesions in young women, particularly those vaccinated aged 15 to 26.[140] HPV vaccines do not increase the risk of serious adverse events.[140] Longer follow-up is needed to monitor the impact of HPV vaccines on cervical cancer.[141]
The CDC recommends the vaccines be delivered in two shots, with an interval of at least 6 months between them, for those who are 11 to 12, and three doses for those who are older.[142] In most countries, they are funded only for female use, but are approved for male use in many countries, and funded for teenage boys in Australia. The vaccine does not have any therapeutic effect on existing HPV infections or cervical lesions.[143] In 2010, 49% of teenage girls in the US got the HPV vaccine.
Following studies suggesting that the vaccine is more effective in younger girls[144] than in older teenagers, the United Kingdom, Switzerland, Mexico, the Netherlands and Quebec began offering the vaccine in a two-dose schedule for girls aged under 15 in 2014.
Cervical cancer screening recommendations have not changed for females who receive HPV vaccine. It remains a recommendation that women continue cervical screening, such as Pap smear testing, even after receiving the vaccine, since it does not prevent all types of cervical cancer.[143][145]
Both men and women are carriers of HPV.[146] The Gardasil vaccine also protects men against anal cancers and warts and genital warts.[147]
Duration of both vaccines' efficacy has been observed since they were first developed, and is expected to be longlasting.[148]
In December 2014, the FDA approved a nine-valent Gardasil-based vaccine, Gardasil 9, to protect against infection with the four strains of HPV covered by the first generation of Gardasil as well as five other strains responsible for 20% of cervical cancers (HPV-31, HPV-33, HPV-45, HPV-52, and HPV-58).[149]
Condoms[edit]
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention says that male "condom use may reduce the risk for genital human papillomavirus (HPV) infection" but provides a lesser degree of protection compared with other sexual transmitted diseases "because HPV also may be transmitted by exposure to areas (e.g., infected skin or mucosal surfaces) that are not covered or protected by the condom."[150]
Female condoms provide somewhat greater protection than male condoms, as the female condom allows for less skin contact.[151]
Studies have suggested that regular condom use can effectively limit the ongoing persistence and spread of HPV to additional genital sites in individuals already infected.[needs update]
Disinfection[edit]
The virus is relatively hardy and immune to many common disinfectants. Exposure to 90% ethanol for at least 1 minute, 2% glutaraldehyde, 30% Savlon, and/or 1% sodium hypochlorite can disinfect the pathogen.[152]
The virus is resistant to drying and heat, but killed at 100 °C (212 °F) and by ultraviolet radiation.[152]
Treatment[edit]
See also: Genital warts
There is currently no specific treatment for HPV infection.[153][154][155] However, the viral infection, more often than not, clears to undetectable levels by itself.[156] According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the body's immune system clears HPV naturally within two years for 90% of cases (see Clearance subsection in Virology for more detail).[153] However, experts do not agree on whether the virus is completely eliminated or reduced to undetectable levels, and it is difficult to know when it is contagious.[157]
Follow up care is usually recommended and practiced by many health clinics.[158] Follow-up is sometimes not successful because a portion of those treated do not return to be evaluated. In addition to the normal methods of phone calls and mail, text messaging and email can improve the number of people who return for care.[159]
Epidemiology[edit]
Worldwide, HPV is estimated to infect about 12% of women at any given time.[160] HPV infection is the most frequently sexually transmitted disease in the world.[161]
United States[edit]
HPV prevalence among women by age, including 20 low-risk types and 23 high-risk types[162]
Age (years)
Prevalence (%)
14 to 19 24.5%
20 to 24 44.8%
25 to 29 27.4%
30 to 39 27.5%
40 to 49 25.2%
50 to 59 19.6%
14 to 59
26.8%
HPV is estimated to be the most common sexually transmitted infection in the United States.[162] Most sexually active men and women will probably acquire genital HPV infection at some point in their lives.[40] The American Social Health Association estimates that about 75–80% of sexually active Americans will be infected with HPV at some point in their lifetime.[163][164] By the age of 50 more than 80% of American women will have contracted at least one strain of genital HPV.[162][165] It was estimated that, in the year 2000, there were approximately 6.2 million new HPV infections among Americans aged 15–44; of these, an estimated 74% occurred to people between ages of 15 and 24.[166] Of the STDs studied, genital HPV was the most commonly acquired.[166] In the United States, it is estimated that 10% of the population has an active HPV infection, 4% has an infection that has caused cytological abnormalities, and an additional 1% has an infection causing genital warts.[167]
Estimates of HPV prevalence vary from 14% to more than 90%.[168] One reason for the difference is that some studies report women who currently have a detectable infection, while other studies report women who have ever had a detectable infection.[169][170] Another cause of discrepancy is the difference in strains that were tested for.
One study found that, during 2003–2004, at any given time, 26.8% of women aged 14 to 59 were infected with at least one type of HPV. This was higher than previous estimates; 15.2% were infected with one or more of the high-risk types that can cause cancer.[162][171]
The prevalence for high-risk and low-risk types is roughly similar over time.[162]
Human papillomavirus is not included among the diseases that are typically reportable to the CDC as of 2011.[172][173]
History[edit]
In 1972, the association of the human papillomaviruses with skin cancer in epidermodysplasia verruciformis was proposed by Stefania Jabłońska in Poland. In 1978, Jabłońska and Gerard Orth at the Pasteur Institute discovered HPV-5 in skin cancer.[174][page needed] In 1976 Harald zur Hausen published the hypothesis that human papilloma virus plays an important role in the cause of cervical cancer. In 1983 and 1984 zur Hausen and his collaborators identified HPV16 and HPV18 in cervical cancer.[175]
The HeLa cell line contains extra DNA in its genome that originated from HPV type 18.[176]
Research[edit]
Ludwig-McGill HPV Cohort, large longitudinal study of the natural history of human papillomavirus infection and cervical cancer risk
One study found tentative evidence in support of an extract from garlic.[177]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q "Human papillomavirus (HPV) and cervical cancer". WHO. June 2016. Archived from the original on 5 August 2016. Retrieved 10 August 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Ljubojevic, Suzana; Skerlev, Mihael (2014). "HPV-associated diseases". Clinics in Dermatology. 32 (2): 227–234. doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2013.08.007. ISSN 0738-081X. PMID 24559558.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j "What is HPV?". CDC. 28 December 2015. Archived from the original on 7 August 2016. Retrieved 10 August 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Milner, Danny A. (2015). Diagnostic Pathology: Infectious Diseases. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 40. ISBN 9780323400374. Archived from the original on 11 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Fact Sheet for Public Health Personnel | Condom Effectiveness | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 25 March 2013. Archived from the original on 27 May 2017. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c "The Link Between HPV and Cancer". CDC. September 30, 2015. Archived from the original on 9 November 2015. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Bzhalava, D; Guan, P; Franceschi, S; Dillner, J; Clifford, G (2013), "A systematic review of the prevalence of mucosal and cutaneous human papillomavirus types", Virology, 445 (1–2): 224–31, doi:10.1016/j.virol.2013.07.015, PMID 23928291
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Questions and Answers". CDC. 28 December 2015. Archived from the original on 11 August 2016. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Pink Book (Human Papillomavirus)" (PDF). CDC.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 March 2017. Retrieved 18 April 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Sawaya, GF; Kulasingam, S; Denberg, TD; Qaseem, A; Clinical Guidelines Committee of American College of, Physicians (16 June 2015). "Cervical Cancer Screening in Average-Risk Women: Best Practice Advice From the Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of Physicians". Annals of Internal Medicine. 162 (12): 851–9. doi:10.7326/M14-2426. PMID 25928075. Archived from the original on 5 May 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d World Cancer Report 2014. World Health Organization. 2014. pp. Chapter 5.12. ISBN 978-9283204299.
^ Jump up to: a b Tyring, Stephen; Moore, Angela Yen; Lupi, Omar (2016). Mucocutaneous Manifestations of Viral Diseases: An Illustrated Guide to Diagnosis and Management (2 ed.). CRC Press. p. 207. ISBN 9781420073133.
Jump up ^ EHPV, archived from the original on 17 December 2014
^ Jump up to: a b Chaturvedi, Anil; Maura L. Gillison (4 March 2010). "Human Papillomavirus and Head and Neck Cancer". In Andrew F. Olshan. Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Prevention of Head and Neck Cancer (1st ed.). New York: Springer. ISBN 978-1-4419-1471-2.
Jump up ^ Muñoz, N; Bosch, F. X.; De Sanjosé, S; Herrero, R; Castellsagué, X; Shah, K. V.; Snijders, P. J.; Meijer, C. J.; International Agency for Research on Cancer Multicenter Cervical Cancer Study Group (2003), "Epidemiologic classification of human papillomavirus types associated with cervical cancer", The New England Journal of Medicine, 348 (6): 518–27, doi:10.1056/NEJMoa021641, hdl:2445/122831, PMID 12571259
^ Jump up to: a b c Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Fausto, Nelson; Mitchell, Richard (2007). "Chapter 19 The Female Genital System and Breast". Robbins Basic Pathology (8 ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. ISBN 978-1-4160-2973-1.
Jump up ^ Palefsky, Joel M.; Holly, Elizabeth A.; Ralston, Mary L.; Jay, Naomi (February 1988). "Prevalence and Risk Factors for Human Papillomavirus Infection of the Anal Canal in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)–Positive and HIV-Negative Homosexual Men" (PDF). Departments of Laboratory Medicine, Stomatology, and Epidemiology Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco. The Journal of Infectious Diseases Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 15 January 2013. Retrieved 2 March 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Muñoz N, Castellsagué X, de González AB, Gissmann L; Castellsagué; De González (2006). "Chapter 1: HPV in the etiology of human cancer". Vaccine. 24 (3): S1–S10. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.05.115. PMID 16949995. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Antonsson A, Forslund O, Ekberg H, Sterner G, Hansson BG (2000). "The ubiquity and impressive genomic diversity of human skin papillomaviruses suggest a commensalic nature of these viruses". J. Virol. 74 (24): 11636–41. doi:10.1128/JVI.74.24.11636-11641.2000. PMC 112445. PMID 11090162.
Jump up ^ Mayo Clinic.com, Common warts, http://www.mayoclinic.com/print/common-warts/DS00370/DSECTION=all&METHOD=print Archived 17 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ De Koning MN, Quint KD, Bruggink SC, Gussekloo J, Bouwes Bavinck JN, Feltkamp MC, Quint WG, Eekhof JA (2014). "High prevalence of cutaneous warts in elementary school children and ubiquitous presence of wart-associated HPV on clinically normal skin". The British Journal of Dermatology. 172 (1): 196–201. doi:10.1111/bjd.13216. PMID 24976535.
Jump up ^ Lountzis NI, Rahman O (2008). "Images in clinical medicine. Digital verrucae". N. Engl. J. Med. 359 (2): 177. doi:10.1056/NEJMicm071912. PMID 18614785.
Jump up ^ MedlinePlus, Warts, https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/warts.html#cat42 Archived 5 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine. (general reference with links). Also, see
Jump up ^ Greer CE, Wheeler CM, Ladner MB, Beutner K, Coyne MY, Liang H, Langenberg A, Yen TS, Ralston R (1995). "Human papillomavirus (HPV) type distribution and serological response to HPV type 6 virus-like particles in patients with genital warts". J. Clin. Microbiol. 33 (8): 2058–63. PMC 228335. PMID 7559948.
^ Jump up to: a b "Human Papillomavirus". Medscape. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Photos of larynx Papillomas — Voice Medicine, New York". Voicemedicine.com. Archived from the original on 12 June 2010. Retrieved 29 August 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Sinal SH, Woods CR (2005). "Human papillomavirus infections of the genital and respiratory tracts in young children". Seminars in Pediatric Infectious Diseases. 16 (4): 306–16. doi:10.1053/j.spid.2005.06.010. PMID 16210110.
Jump up ^ Wu R, Sun S, Steinberg BM (2003). "Requirement of STAT3 activation for differentiation of mucosal stratified squamous epithelium". Mol. Med. 9 (3–4): 77–84. doi:10.2119/2003-00001.Wu. PMC 1430729. PMID 12865943.
Jump up ^ Moore CE, Wiatrak BJ, McClatchey KD, Koopmann CF, Thomas GR, Bradford CR, Carey TE (1999). "High-risk human papillomavirus types and squamous cell carcinoma in patients with respiratory papillomas". Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 120 (5): 698–705. doi:10.1053/hn.1999.v120.a91773. PMID 10229596.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Parkin DM (2006). "The global health burden of infection-associated cancers in the year 2002". Int. J. Cancer. 118 (12): 3030–44. doi:10.1002/ijc.21731. PMID 16404738.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Pahud, BA; Ault, KA (December 2015). "The Expanded Impact of Human Papillomavirus Vaccine". Infectious Disease Clinics of North America (Review). 29 (4): 715–24. doi:10.1016/j.idc.2015.07.007. PMID 26610422.
Jump up ^ Nowińska, K; Ciesielska, U; Podhorska-Okołów, M; Dzięgiel, P (2017). "The role of human papillomavirus in oncogenic transformation and its contribution to the etiology of precancerous lesions and cancer of the larynx: A review". Advances in Clinical and Experimental Medicine : Official Organ Wroclaw Medical University. 26 (3): 539–547. doi:10.17219/acem/67461. PMID 28791831.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 24 August 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2012. CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link) (subscription required)[clarification needed]
Jump up ^ Schiffman M, Castle PE (2005). "The promise of global cervical-cancer prevention". N. Engl. J. Med. 353 (20): 2101–4. doi:10.1056/NEJMp058171. PMID 16291978.
Jump up ^ Alam S, Conway MJ, Chen HS, Meyers C (2007). "Cigarette Smoke Carcinogen Benzo[a]pyrene Enhances Human Papillomavirus Synthesis". J Virol. 82 (2): 1053–8. doi:10.1128/JVI.01813-07. PMC 2224590. PMID 17989183.
Jump up ^ Lu B, Hagensee ME, Lee JH, Wu Y, Stockwell HG, Nielson CM, Abrahamsen M, Papenfuss M, Harris RB, Giuliano AR (February 2010). "Epidemiologic factors associated with seropositivity to human papillomavirus type 16 and 18 virus-like particles and risk of subsequent infection in men". Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 19 (2): 511–6. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-09-0790. PMID 20086109.
Jump up ^ Liu, Ying (2015). "Comprehensive mapping of the human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA integration sites in cervical carcinomas by HPV capture technology". Oncotarget. 7 (5): 5852–5864. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.6809. PMC 4868726. PMID 26735580.
Jump up ^ Parfenov, Michael (2014). "Characterization of HPV and host genome interactions in primary head and neck cancers". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 111 (43): 15544–15549. doi:10.1073/pnas.1416074111. PMC 4217452. PMID 25313082.
Jump up ^ Karagas MR, Waterboer T, Li Z, Nelson HH, Michael KM, Bavinck JN, Perry AE, Spencer SK, Daling J, Green AC, Pawlita M (2010). "Genus β human papillomaviruses and incidence of basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas of skin: population based case-control study". BMJ. 341: 2986. doi:10.1136/bmj.c2986. PMC 2900549. PMID 20616098. Archived from the original on 15 July 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c Baseman JG, Koutsky LA (2005). "The epidemiology of human papillomavirus infections". J. Clin. Virol. 32 (Suppl 1): S16–24. doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2004.12.008. PMID 15753008. Overall, these DNA-based studies, combined with measurements of type-specific antibodies against HPV capsid antigens, have shown that most (>50%) sexually active women have been infected by one or more genital HPV types at some point in time [S17].
Jump up ^ Cohen J (2005). "Public health. High hopes and dilemmas for a cervical cancer vaccine". Science. 308 (5722): 618–21. doi:10.1126/science.308.5722.618. PMID 15860602.
^ Jump up to: a b c Ault KA (2006). "Epidemiology and Natural History of Human Papillomavirus Infections in the Female Genital tract". Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2006: 1–5. doi:10.1155/IDOG/2006/40470. PMC 1581465. PMID 16967912.
Jump up ^ Kreimer, Aimee R.; Clifford, Gary M.; Boyle, Peter; Franceschi, Silvia (1 February 2005). "Human papillomavirus types in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas worldwide: a systematic review". Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention. 14 (2): 467–475. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-04-0551. ISSN 1055-9965. PMID 15734974.
Jump up ^ Noel J, Lespagnard L, Fayt I, Verhest A, Dargent J (2001). "Evidence of human papilloma virus infection but lack of Epstein-Barr virus in lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma of uterine cervix: report of two cases and review of the literature". Hum. Pathol. 32 (1): 135–8. doi:10.1053/hupa.2001.20901. PMID 11172309.
Jump up ^ "Vulvar Intraepithelial Neoplasia: Varied signs, varied symptoms: what you need to know". www.advanceweb.com. Archived from the original on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 5 August 2009.
Jump up ^ Bolt J, Vo QN, Kim WJ, McWhorter AJ, Thomson J, Hagensee ME, Friedlander P, Brown KD, Gilbert J (2005). "The ATM/p53 pathway is commonly targeted for inactivation in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) by multiple molecular mechanisms". Oral Oncol. 41 (10): 1013–20. doi:10.1016/j.oraloncology.2005.06.003. PMID 16139561.
Jump up ^ Greenblatt, R. J. (2005). "Human papillomaviruses: Diseases, diagnosis, and a possible vaccine". Clinical Microbiology Newsletter. 27 (18): 139–145. doi:10.1016/j.clinmicnews.2005.09.001.
Jump up ^ Freitas LB, Chen Z, Muqui EF, Boldrini NA, Miranda AE, Spano LC, Burk RD (2014-07-01). "Human Papillomavirus 16 Non-European Variants Are Preferentially Associated with High-Grade Cervical Lesions". PLOS ONE. 9 (7): e100746. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0100746. PMC 4077691. PMID 24983739.
^ Jump up to: a b "HPV and Men — CDC Fact Sheet". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 3 April 2008. Archived from the original on 17 October 2009. Retrieved 13 November 2009.
Jump up ^ Frisch M, Smith E, Grulich A, Johansen C (2003). "Cancer in a population-based cohort of men and women in registered homosexual partnerships". Am. J. Epidemiol. 157 (11): 966–72. doi:10.1093/aje/kwg067. PMID 12777359. Archived from the original on 19 May 2009. However, the risk for invasive anal squamous carcinoma, which is believed to be caused by certain types of sexually transmitted human papillomaviruses, a notable one being type 16, was significantly 31-fold elevated at a crude incidence of 25.6 per 100,000 person-years
Jump up ^ Thomas W. Gaither; et al. (2015). "The Influence of Sexual Orientation and Sexual Role on Male Grooming-Related Injuries and Infections". J Sex Med. 12 (3): 631–640. doi:10.1111/jsm.12780. PMC 4599875. PMID 25442701.
Jump up ^ Chin-Hong PV, Vittinghoff E, Cranston RD, Browne L, Buchbinder S, Colfax G, Da Costa M, Darragh T, Benet DJ, Judson F, Koblin B, Mayer KH, Palefsky JM (2005). "Age-related prevalence of anal cancer precursors in homosexual men: the EXPLORE study". J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 97 (12): 896–905. doi:10.1093/jnci/dji163. PMID 15956651.
Jump up ^ "AIDSmeds Web Exclusives : Pap Smears for Anal Cancer? — by David Evans". AIDSmeds.com. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 29 August 2010.
Jump up ^ Goldie SJ, Kuntz KM, Weinstein MC, Freedberg KA, Palefsky JM (June 2000). "Cost-effectiveness of screening for anal squamous intraepithelial lesions and anal cancer in human immunodeficiency virus-negative homosexual and bisexual men". Am. J. Med. 108 (8): 634–41. doi:10.1016/S0002-9343(00)00349-1. PMID 10856411.
Jump up ^ Gillison ML, Koch WM, Capone RB, Spafford M, Westra WH, Wu L, Zahurak ML, Daniel RW, Viglione M, Symer DE, Shah KV, Sidransky D (2000). "Evidence for a causal association between human papillomavirus and a subset of head and neck cancers". J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 92 (9): 709–20. doi:10.1093/jnci/92.9.709. PMID 10793107.
Jump up ^ Gillison ML (2006). "Human papillomavirus and prognosis of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: implications for clinical research in head and neck cancers". J. Clin. Oncol. 24 (36): 5623–5. doi:10.1200/JCO.2006.07.1829. PMID 17179099.
^ Jump up to: a b D'Souza G, Kreimer AR, Viscidi R, Pawlita M, Fakhry C, Koch WM, Westra WH, Gillison ML (2007). "Case-control study of human papillomavirus and oropharyngeal cancer". N. Engl. J. Med. 356 (19): 1944–56. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa065497. PMID 17494927. Archived from the original on 12 May 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b Ridge JA, Glisson BS, Lango MN, et al. "Head and Neck Tumors" Archived 20 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine. in Pazdur R, Wagman LD, Camphausen KA, Hoskins WJ (Eds) Cancer Management: A Multidisciplinary Approach Archived 4 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine.. 11 ed. 2008.
Jump up ^ "Oral Cancer on the rise among non-smokers under 50" (PDF). California Dental Hygienists’ Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 January 2011. Retrieved 10 January 2011.
Jump up ^ Chaturvedi, Anil K.; Engels, Eric A.; Pfeiffer, Ruth M.; Hernandez, Brenda Y.; Xiao, Weihong; Kim, Esther; Jiang, Bo; Goodman, Marc T.; Sibug-Saber, Maria (10 November 2011). "Human papillomavirus and rising oropharyngeal cancer incidence in the United States". Journal of Clinical Oncology. 29 (32): 4294–4301. doi:10.1200/JCO.2011.36.4596. ISSN 1527-7755. PMC 3221528. PMID 21969503.
Jump up ^ Chaturvedi AK, Engels EA, Pfeiffer RM, Hernandez BY, Xiao W, Kim E, Jiang B, Goodman MT, Sibug-Saber M, Cozen W, Liu L, Lynch CF, Wentzensen N, Jordan RC, Altekruse S, Anderson WF, Rosenberg PS, Gillison ML (October 2011). "Human Papillomavirus and Rising Oropharyngeal Cancer Incidence in the United States". Journal of Clinical Oncology. 29 (32): 4294–301. doi:10.1200/JCO.2011.36.4596. PMC 3221528. PMID 21969503.
Jump up ^ Ernster JA, Sciotto CG, O'Brien MM, Finch JL, Robinson LJ, Willson T, Mathews M (December 2007). "Rising incidence of oropharyngeal cancer and the role of oncogenic human papilloma virus". The Laryngoscope. 117 (12): 2115–28. doi:10.1097/MLG.0b013e31813e5fbb. PMID 17891052.
Jump up ^ Kidon MI, Shechter E, Toubi E (January 2011). "[Vaccination against human papilloma virus and cervical cancer]". Harefuah (in Hebrew). 150 (1): 33–6, 68. PMID 21449154.
Jump up ^ Lechner M, Frampton GM, Fenton T, Feber A, Palmer G, Jay A, Pillay N, Forster M, Cronin MT, Lipson D, Miller VA, Brennan TA, Henderson S, Vaz F, O'Flynn P, Kalavrezos N, Yelensky R, Beck S, Stephens PJ, Boshoff C, Boshoff G (2013). "Targeted next-generation sequencing of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma identifies novel genetic alterations in HPV+ and HPV- tumors". Genome Medicine. 5 (5): 49. doi:10.1186/gm453. PMC 4064312. PMID 23718828. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ "Lung Cancer Risk Rises in the Presence of HPV Antibodies". Archived from the original on 27 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Lung Cancer Patients More Likely to Have High-Risk Human Papillomavirus". NPIN. Archived from the original on 27 July 2012.
Jump up ^ Syrjänen K, Syrjänen S, Kellokoski J, Kärjä J, Mäntyjärvi R (1989). "Human papillomavirus (HPV) type 6 and 16 DNA sequences in bronchial squamous cell carcinomas demonstrated by in situ DNA hybridization". Lung. 167 (1): 33–42. doi:10.1007/BF02714928. PMID 2537916.
Jump up ^ Carpagnano GE, Koutelou A, Natalicchio MI, Martinelli D, Ruggieri C, Di Taranto A, Antonetti R, Carpagnano F, Foschino-Barbaro MP (11 October 2011). "HPV in exhaled breath condensate of lung cancer patients". British Journal of Cancer. 105 (8): 1183–90. doi:10.1038/bjc.2011.354. PMC 3208494. PMID 21952627.
Jump up ^ Klein F, Amin Kotb WF, Petersen I (July 2009). "Incidence of human papillomavirus in lung cancer". Lung Cancer. 65 (1): 13–8. doi:10.1016/j.lungcan.2008.10.003. PMID 19019488.
Jump up ^ Moore, Matthew (12 November 2007). "Tree man 'who grew roots' may be cured". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 13 November 2007.
Jump up ^ "HPV and Cancer". National Cancer Institute. Archived from the original on 18 April 2017. Retrieved 18 April 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Heymann, MD, David (2015). Control of Communicable Diseases Manual (20th ed.). Washington D.C.: Apha Press. pp. 299–300. ISBN 978-0-87553-018-5.
^ Jump up to: a b Burchell AN, Winer RL, de Sanjosé S, Franco EL (Aug 2006). "Chapter 6: Epidemiology and transmission dynamics of genital HPV infection". Vaccine. 24 Suppl 3: S3/52–61. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.05.031. ISSN 0264-410X. PMID 16950018.
Jump up ^ Schmitt M, Depuydt C, Benoy I, Bogers J, Antoine J, Arbyn M, Pawlita M (2012). "Prevalence and viral load of 51 genital human papillomavirus types and 3 subtypes". Int J Cancer. 132 (10): 2395–2403. doi:10.1002/ijc.27891. PMID 23034864.
Jump up ^ Muñoz N, Bosch FX, de Sanjosé S, Herrero R, Castellsagué X, Shah KV, Snijders PJ, Meijer CJ (2003). "Epidemiologic classification of human papillomavirus types associated with cervical cancer". N. Engl. J. Med. 348 (6): 518–27. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa021641. hdl:2445/122831. PMID 12571259.
^ Jump up to: a b Egendorf, Laura. Sexually Transmitted Diseases (At Issue Series). New York: Greenhaven Press, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b c Hernandez BY, Wilkens LR, Zhu X, Thompson P, McDuffie K, Shvetsov YB, Kamemoto LE, Killeen J, Ning L, Goodman MT (2008). "Transmission of human papillomavirus in heterosexual couples". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 14 (6): 888–894. doi:10.3201/eid1406.070616. PMC 2600292. PMID 18507898.
Jump up ^ Hernandez BY, Wilkens LR, Zhu X, et al. (June 2008). "Transmission of human papillomavirus in heterosexual couples" (PDF). Emerging Infect. Dis. 14 (6): 888–94. doi:10.3201/eid1406.070616. PMC 2600292. PMID 18507898. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 July 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Giuliano AR, Nielson CM, Flores R, Dunne EF, Abrahamsen M, Papenfuss MR, Markowitz LE, Smith D, Harris RB (2007). "The Optimal Anatomic Sites for Sampling Heterosexual Men for Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Detection: The HPV Detection in Men Study". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 196 (8): 1146–1152. doi:10.1086/521629. PMC 3904649. PMID 17955432.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Winer RL, Hughes JP, Feng Q, Xi LF, Cherne S, O'Reilly S, Kiviat NB, Koutsky LA (2010). "Detection of genital hpv types in fingertip samples from newly sexually active female university students". Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention. 19 (7): 1682–1685. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-10-0226. PMC 2901391. PMID 20570905.
^ Jump up to: a b c Winer RL, Lee SK, Hughes JP, Adam DE, Kiviat NB, Koutsky LA (2003). "Genital human papillomavirus infection: Incidence and risk factors in a cohort of female university students". American Journal of Epidemiology. 157 (3): 218–226. doi:10.1093/aje/kwf180. PMID 12543621.
Jump up ^ Tay SK (Jul 1995). "Genital oncogenic human papillomavirus infection: a short review on the mode of transmission" (Free full text). Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore. 24 (4): 598–601. ISSN 0304-4602. PMID 8849195. Archived from the original on 27 July 2012.
Jump up ^ Pao CC, Tsai PL, Chang YL, Hsieh TT, Jin JY (Mar 1993). "Possible non-sexual transmission of genital human papillomavirus infections in young women". European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases. 12 (3): 221–222. doi:10.1007/BF01967118. ISSN 0934-9723. PMID 8389707.
Jump up ^ Tay SK, Ho TH, Lim-Tan SK (Aug 1990). "Is genital human papillomavirus infection always sexually transmitted?" (Free full text). The Australian & New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 30 (3): 240–242. doi:10.1111/j.1479-828X.1990.tb03223.x. ISSN 0004-8666. PMID 2256864. Archived from the original on 6 April 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Sonnex C, Strauss S, Gray JJ (October 1999). "Detection of human papillomavirus DNA on the fingers of patients with genital warts". Sexually Transmitted Infections. 75 (5): 317–319. doi:10.1136/sti.75.5.317. ISSN 1368-4973. PMC 1758241. PMID 10616355.
^ Jump up to: a b Hans Krueger; Gavin Stuart; Richard Gallagher; Dan Williams, Jon Kerner (12 April 2010). HPV and Other Infectious Agents in Cancer:Opportunities for Prevention and Public Health: Opportunities for Prevention and Public Health. Oxford University Press. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-19-973291-3. Archived from the original on 9 June 2013. Retrieved 24 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Bodaghi S, Wood LV, Roby G, Ryder C, Steinberg SM, Zheng ZM (November 2005). "Could human papillomaviruses be spread through blood?". J. Clin. Microbiol. 43 (11): 5428–34. doi:10.1128/JCM.43.11.5428-5434.2005. PMC 1287818. PMID 16272465.
Jump up ^ Chen AC, Keleher A, Kedda MA, Spurdle AB, McMillan NA, Antonsson A (October 2009). "Human papillomavirus DNA detected in peripheral blood samples from healthy Australian male blood donors". J. Med. Virol. 81 (10): 1792–6. doi:10.1002/jmv.21592. PMID 19697401.
Jump up ^ "Eligibility Criteria by Topic - American Red Cross". Archived from the original on 1 January 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Watson RA (2005). "Human Papillomavirus: Confronting the Epidemic—A Urologist's Perspective". Rev Urol. 7 (3): 135–44. PMC 1477576. PMID 16985824.
^ Jump up to: a b c Schiller JT, Day PM, Kines RC (2010). "Current understanding of the mechanism of HPV infection". Gynecologic Oncology. 118 (1 Suppl): S12–7. doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2010.04.004. PMC 3493113. PMID 20494219.
^ Jump up to: a b Scheurer ME, Tortolero-Luna G, Adler-Storthz K (2005). "Human papillomavirus infection: biology, epidemiology, and prevention". International Journal of Gynecological Cancer. 15 (5): 727–746. doi:10.1111/j.1525-1438.2005.00246.x. PMID 16174218.
Jump up ^ Woodham, Andrew W.; Da Silva, Diane M.; Skeate, Joseph G.; Raff, Adam B.; Ambroso, Mark R.; Brand, Heike E.; Isas, J. Mario; Langen, Ralf; Kast, W. Martin (2012). "The S100A10 subunit of the annexin A2 heterotetramer facilitates L2-mediated human papillomavirus infection". PLoS One. 7 (8): e43519. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0043519. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3425544. PMID 22927980.
Jump up ^ Raff, Adam B.; Woodham, Andrew W.; Raff, Laura M.; Skeate, Joseph G.; Yan, Lisa; Da Silva, Diane M.; Schelhaas, Mario; Kast, W. Martin (June 2013). "The evolving field of human papillomavirus receptor research: a review of binding and entry". Journal of Virology. 87 (11): 6062–6072. doi:10.1128/JVI.00330-13. ISSN 1098-5514. PMC 3648114. PMID 23536685.
Jump up ^ Chen Z, Schiffman M, Herrero R, Desalle R, Anastos K, Segondy M, Sahasrabuddhe VV, Gravitt PE, Hsing AW, Burk RD (2011). "Evolution and Taxonomic Classification of Human Papillomavirus 16 (HPV16)-Related Variant Genomes". PLOS ONE. 6 (5): 1–16. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020183. PMC 3103539. PMID 21673791.
Jump up ^ Zuna RE, Tuller E, Wentzensen N, Mathews C, Allen RA, Shanesmith R, Dunn ST, Gold MA, Wang SS, Walker J, Schiffman M (2011). "HPV16 Variant Lineage, Clinical Stage, And Survival in Women With Invasive Cervical Cancer". Infectious Agents & Cancer. 6: 19–27. doi:10.1186/1750-9378-6-19. PMC 3226431. PMID 22035468.
Jump up ^ Ganguly N, Parihar SP (2009). "Human papillomavirus E6 and E7 oncoproteins as risk factors for tumorigenesis". Journal of Biosciences. 34 (1): 113–123. doi:10.1007/s12038-009-0013-7. PMID 19430123.
Jump up ^ Zheng ZM, Baker CC (2006). "Papillomavirus genome structure, expression, and post-transcriptional regulation". Frontiers in Bioscience. 11: 2286–2302. doi:10.2741/1971. PMC 1472295. PMID 16720315.
Jump up ^ Tang S, Tao M, McCoy JP, Zheng ZM (2006). "The E7 Oncoprotein is Translated from Spliced E6*I Transcripts in High-Risk Human Papillomavirus Type 16- or Type 18-Positive Cervical Cancer Cell Lines via Translation Reinitiation". Journal of Virology. 80 (9): 4249–4263. doi:10.1128/JVI.80.9.4249-4263.2006. PMC 1472016. PMID 16611884.
Jump up ^ Münger K, Howley PM (2002). "Human papillomavirus immortalization and transformation functions". Virus Research. 89 (2): 213–228. doi:10.1016/S0168-1702(02)00190-9. PMID 12445661.
Jump up ^ Conway MJ, Alam S, Ryndock EJ, Cruz L, Christensen ND, Roden RB, Meyers C (October 2009). "Tissue-spanning redox gradient-dependent assembly of native human papillomavirus type 16 virions". Journal of Virology. 83 (20): 10515–26. doi:10.1128/JVI.00731-09. PMC 2753102. PMID 19656879.
Jump up ^ Bryan JT, Brown DR (March 2001). "Transmission of human papillomavirus type 11 infection by desquamated cornified cells". Virology. 281 (1): 35–42. doi:10.1006/viro.2000.0777. PMID 11222093.
Jump up ^ Rampias T, Boutati E, Pectasides E, Sasaki C, Kountourakis P, Weinberger P, Psyrri A (2010). "Activation of Wnt signaling pathway by human papillomavirus E6 and E7 oncogenes in HPV16-positive oropharyngeal squamous carcinoma cells". Molecular Cancer Research. 8 (3): 433–443. doi:10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-09-0345. PMID 20215420.
Jump up ^ Watson RA (2005). "Human Papillomavirus: Confronting the Epidemic—A Urologist's Perspective". Reviews in Urology. 7 (3): 135–44. PMC 1477576. PMID 16985824.
Jump up ^ Giuliano AR, Lu B, Nielson CM, Flores R, Papenfuss MR, Lee JH, Abrahamsen M, Harris RB (2008). "Age‐Specific Prevalence, Incidence, and Duration of Human Papillomavirus Infections in a Cohort of 290 US Men". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 198 (6): 827–835. doi:10.1086/591095. PMID 18657037.
Jump up ^ Schiffman M, Castle PE; Castle (August 2003). "Human papillomavirus: epidemiology and public health" [1 January 2017]. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 127 (8): 930–4. doi:10.1043/1543-2165(2003)127<930:HPEAPH>2.0.CO;2 (inactive 2018-09-25). ISSN 1543-2165. PMID 12873163. Archived from the original on 2013-04-14.
Jump up ^ "National Cancer Institute Fact Sheet: HPV and Cancer". Cancer.gov. Archived from the original on 31 October 2013. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Hogarth, Stuart; Hopkins, Michael; Rotolo, Daniele (2015). "Chapter 5: Technological Accretion in Diagnostics: HPV Testing and Cytology in Cervical Cancer Screening". Medical Innovation: Science, technology and practice. Routledge. ISBN 9781138860346.
^ Jump up to: a b Abreu, AL; Souza, RP; Gimenes, F; Consolaro, ME (6 November 2012). "A review of methods for detect human Papillomavirus infection". Virology Journal. 9: 262. doi:10.1186/1743-422X-9-262. PMC 3507852. PMID 23131123.
^ Jump up to: a b "FDA Approval of cobas HPV Test – P1000020". U.S Food and Drug Administration. Archived from the original on 15 February 2013. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Qiagen to Buy Digene, Maker of Tests for Cancer-Causing Virus". The New York Times. 4 June 2007. Archived from the original on 30 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "So Close Together for So Long, and Now One". The Washington Post. 20 August 2007. Archived from the original on 6 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Wentzensen N, von Knebel Doeberitz M (2007). "Biomarkers in cervical cancer screening". Dis. Markers. 23 (4): 315–30. doi:10.1155/2007/678793. PMC 3851733. PMID 17627065. Archived from the original on 2013-01-28.
Jump up ^ Molden T, Kraus I, Skomedal H, Nordstrøm T, Karlsen F (June 2007). "PreTect HPV-Proofer: real-time detection and typing of E6/E7 mRNA from carcinogenic human papillomaviruses". J. Virol. Methods. 142 (1–2): 204–12. doi:10.1016/j.jviromet.2007.01.036. PMID 17379322.
Jump up ^ FDA approval of APTIMA HPV Assay - P100042 Archived 14 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Dockter J, Schroder A, Hill C, Guzenski L, Monsonego J, Giachetti C (2009). "Clinical performance of the APTIMA® HPV Assay for the detection of high-risk HPV and high-grade cervical lesions". Journal of Clinical Virology. 45: S55–S61. doi:10.1016/S1386-6532(09)70009-5. PMID 19651370.
Jump up ^ "Press". gen-probe.com. Archived from the original on 12 December 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c Dunne EF, Nielson CM, Stone KM, Markowitz LE, Giuliano AR (2006). "Prevalence of HPV Infection among Men: A Systematic Review of the Literature". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 194 (8): 1044–1057. doi:10.1086/507432. PMID 16991079.
^ Jump up to: a b Nicolau SM, Camargo CG, Stávale JN, Castelo A, Dôres GB, Lörincz A, de Lima GR (2005). "Human papillomavirus DNA detection in male sexual partners of women with genital human papillomavirus infection". Urology. 65 (2): 251–255. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2004.09.031. PMID 15708032.
Jump up ^ Aguilar LV, Lazcano-Ponce E, Vaccarella S, Cruz A, Hernández P, Smith JS, Muñoz N, Kornegay JR, Hernández-Avila M, Franceschi S (2006). "Human papillomavirus in men: Comparison of different genital sites". Sexually Transmitted Infections. 82 (1): 31–33. doi:10.1136/sti.2005.015131. PMC 2563819. PMID 16461598.
Jump up ^ Weaver BA, Feng Q, Holmes KK, Kiviat N, Lee SK, Meyer C, Stern M, Koutsky LA (2004). "Evaluation of Genital Sites and Sampling Techniques for Detection of Human Papillomavirus DNA in Men". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 189 (4): 677–685. doi:10.1086/381395. PMID 14767822.
Jump up ^ Hernandez BY, McDuffie K, Goodman MT, Wilkens LR, Thompson P, Zhu X, Wong W, Ning L (2006). "Comparison of Physician- and Self-Collected Genital Specimens for Detection of Human Papillomavirus in Men". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 44 (2): 513–517. doi:10.1128/JCM.44.2.513-517.2006. PMC 1392697. PMID 16455906.
Jump up ^ Ogilvie GS, Taylor DL, Achen M, Cook D, Krajden M (2008). "Self-collection of genital human papillomavirus specimens in heterosexual men". Sexually Transmitted Infections. 85 (3): 221–225. doi:10.1136/sti.2008.033068. PMID 19066196.
Jump up ^ Women had similar success in self-sampling, using tampons, swabs, cytobrush and lavage. Petignat P, Faltin DL, Bruchim I, Tramèr MR, Franco EL, Coutlée F (2007). "Are self-collected samples comparable to physician-collected cervical specimens for human papillomavirus DNA testing? A systematic review and meta-analysis". Gynecologic Oncology. 105 (2): 530–535. doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2007.01.023. PMID 17335880.
Jump up ^ Partridge JM, Hughes JP, Feng Q, Winer RL, Weaver BA, Xi LF, Stern ME, Lee SK, O'Reilly SF, Hawes SE, Kiviat NB, Koutsky LA (2007). "Genital Human Papillomavirus Infection in Men: Incidence and Risk Factors in a Cohort of University Students". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 196 (8): 1128–1136. doi:10.1086/521192. PMID 17955430.
Jump up ^ Burchell AN, Richardson H, Mahmud SM, Trottier H, Tellier PP, Hanley J, Coutlée F, Franco EL (2006). "Modeling the Sexual Transmissibility of Human Papillomavirus Infection using Stochastic Computer Simulation and Empirical Data from a Cohort Study of Young Women in Montreal, Canada". American Journal of Epidemiology. 163 (6): 534–543. doi:10.1093/aje/kwj077. PMID 16421235.
Jump up ^ Kim JJ (2007). "Vaccine Policy Analyses Can Benefit from Natural History Studies of Human Papillomavirus in Men". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 196 (8): 1117–1119. doi:10.1086/521199. PMID 17955427.
Jump up ^ "FAQs for Men". thehpvtest.com. Archived from the original on 5 September 2012.
Jump up ^ Dunne EF, Nielson CM, Stone KM, Markowitz LE, Giuliano AR (2006). "Prevalence of HPV infection among men: A systematic review of the literature". J. Infect. Dis. 194 (8): 1044–57. doi:10.1086/507432. PMID 16991079.
Jump up ^ "Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and Men: Questions and Answers". 2007. Archived from the original on 14 September 2008. Retrieved 10 September 2008. Currently, in Canada there is an HPV DNA test approved for women but not for men.
Jump up ^ "What Men Need to Know About HPV". 2006. Archived from the original on 7 April 2007. Retrieved 4 April 2007. There is currently no FDA-approved test to detect HPV in men. That is because an effective, reliable way to collect a sample of male genital skin cells, which would allow detection of HPV, has yet to be developed.
Jump up ^ Haedicke, Juliane; Thomas Iftner (2013). "Detection of Immunoglobulin G against E7 of Human Papillomavirus in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer". Journal of Oncology. Archived from the original on 18 March 2014. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
Jump up ^ Rocha-Zavaleta L, Ambrosio JP, Mora-Garcia Mde L, Cruz-Talonia F, Hernandez-Montes J, Weiss-Steider B, Ortiz-Navarrete V, Monroy-Garcia A (2004). "Detection of antibodies against a human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 peptide that differentiate high-risk from low-risk HPV-associated low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions" (PDF). Journal of General Virology. 85 (9): 2643–2650. doi:10.1099/vir.0.80077-0. PMID 15302958. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
Jump up ^ Bolhassani, Azam; Farnaz Zahedifard, Yasaman Taslimi, Mohammad Taghikhani, Bijan Nahavandian, Sima Rafati (2009). "Antibody detection against HPV16 E7 & GP96 fragments as biomarkers in cervical cancer patients" (PDF). Indian J. Med. (130): 533–541. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 December 2010. Retrieved 18 March 2014. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Fitzgerald, Kelly (18 June 2013). "Blood Test May Detect Sexually Transmitted Throat Cancer". Medical News Today. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "Genital Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection - Ready-to-Use - Faculty Notes" (PDF). Retrieved 7 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "FDA approves Gardasil 9 for prevention of certain cancers caused by five additional types of HPV". 10 December 2014. Archived from the original on 10 January 2015. Retrieved 8 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "Human Papillomavirus Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases". CDC.gov. Archived from the original on 3 February 2014. Retrieved 30 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Human papillomavirus vaccines. WHO position paper" (PDF). Wkly. Epidemiol. Rec. 84 (15): 118–31. April 2009. PMID 19360985. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 December 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Koliopoulos, George; Nyaga, Victoria N.; Santesso, Nancy; Bryant, Andrew; Martin-Hirsch, Pierre Pl; Mustafa, Reem A.; Schünemann, Holger; Paraskevaidis, Evangelos; Arbyn, Marc (2017-08-10). "Cytology versus HPV testing for cervical cancer screening in the general population". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 8: CD008587. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008587.pub2. ISSN 1469-493X. PMID 28796882.
Jump up ^ Cite error: The named reference ol2017 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
Jump up ^ "CDC recommends only two HPV shots for younger adolescents". CDC. 20 October 2016. Archived from the original on 23 March 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Markowitz LE, Dunne EF, Saraiya M, Lawson HW, Chesson H, Unger ER (March 2007). "Quadrivalent Human Papillomavirus Vaccine: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) (Cervical Cancer Screening Among Vaccinated Females)". MMWR Recomm Rep. 56 (RR–2): 1–24 [17]. PMID 17380109. Archived from the original on 20 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Simon R. M. Dobson; MD; et al. (1 May 2013). "Immunogenicity of 2 Doses of HPV Vaccine in Younger Adolescents vs 3 Doses in Young Women A Randomized Clinical Trial". JAMA. 309 (17): 1793–1802. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.1625. PMID 23632723. Archived from the original on 6 June 2015. Retrieved 2 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "HPV Vaccine Information For Young Women". CDC. 3 January 2017. Archived from the original on 25 March 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "HPV Virus: Information About Human Papillomavirus". WebMD. Archived from the original on 8 March 2008.
Jump up ^ "Gardasil patient information leaflet" (PDF). April 2015. Retrieved 2018-07-11.
Jump up ^ Yvonne Deleré; et al. (September 2014). "The Efficacy and Duration of Vaccine Protection Against Human Papillomavirus: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis". Dtsch Arztebl Int. 111 (35–36): 35–36. doi:10.3238/arztebl.2014.0584. PMC 4174682. PMID 25249360.
Jump up ^ "FDA approves Gardasil 9 for prevention of certain cancers caused by five additional types of HPV" (press release). 10 December 2014. Archived from the original on 10 January 2015. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "CDC — Condom Effectiveness — Male Latex Condoms and Sexually Transmitted Diseases". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 22 October 2009. Archived from the original on 17 October 2009. Retrieved 23 October 2009.
Jump up ^ "Information About What is Human Papillomavirus (HPV)?". City of Toronto Public Health Agency. September 2010. Retrieved 20 July 2011. [permanent dead link]
^ Jump up to: a b "Human papillomavirus - Public Health Agency of Canada". phac-aspc.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 23 August 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Genital HPV Infection Fact Sheet". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 10 April 2008. Archived from the original on 11 September 2012. Retrieved 13 November 2009.
Jump up ^ "HPV Vaccine Information For Young Women". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 26 June 2008. Archived from the original on 26 October 2009. Retrieved 13 November 2009.
Jump up ^ American Cancer Society. "What Are the Risk Factors for Cervical Cancer?". Archived from the original on 19 February 2008. Retrieved 21 February 2008.
Jump up ^ "Cure for HPV". Webmd.com. Archived from the original on 18 August 2010. Retrieved 29 August 2010.
Jump up ^ Gilbert LK, Alexander L, Grosshans JF, Jolley L (2003). "Answering frequently asked questions about HPV". Sex. Transm. Dis. 30 (3): 193–4. doi:10.1097/00007435-200303000-00002. PMID 12616133. Archived from the original on 24 December 2011.
Jump up ^ "Updated U.S. Public Health Service guidelines for the management of occupational exposures to HIV and recommendations for postexposure prophylaxis". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived from the original on 16 November 2015. Retrieved 23 October 2015.
Jump up ^ Desai, Monica; Woodhall, Sarah C; Nardone, Anthony; Burns, Fiona; Mercey, Danielle; Gilson, Richard (2015). "Active recall to increase HIV and STI testing: a systematic review". Sexually Transmitted Infections. 91 (5): sextrans–2014–051930. doi:10.1136/sextrans-2014-051930. ISSN 1368-4973. PMID 25759476.
Jump up ^ "Human papillomavirus vaccines: WHO position paper, October 2014" (PDF). Weekly Epidemiological Record. 89 (43): 465–492. 24 October 2014. PMID 25346960. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 October 2015.
Jump up ^ Gavillon N, Vervaet H, Derniaux E, Terrosi P, Graesslin O, Quereux C (2010). "Papillomavirus humain (HPV) : comment ai-je attrapé ça ?". Gynécologie Obstétrique & Fertilité. 38 (3): 199–204. doi:10.1016/j.gyobfe.2010.01.003. PMID 20189438.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Dunne EF, Unger ER, Sternberg M, McQuillan G, Swan DC, Patel SS, Markowitz LE (February 2007). "Prevalence of HPV infection among females in the United States". JAMA. 297 (8): 813–9. doi:10.1001/jama.297.8.813. PMID 17327523. Archived from the original on 30 May 2011.
Jump up ^ "American Social Health Association — HPV Resource Center". Archived from the original on 18 July 2007. Retrieved 17 August 2007.
Jump up ^ "American Social Health Association — National HPV and Cervical Cancer Prevention Resource Center". Archived from the original on 19 June 2008. Retrieved 1 July 2008.
Jump up ^ "HPV vaccine report", STD, HIV, Planned Parenthood, In fact, the lifetime risk for contracting HPV is at least 50 percent for all sexually active women and men, and, it is estimated that, by the age of 50, at least 80 percent of women will have acquired sexually transmitted HPV (CDC, 2004; CDC, 2006).
^ Jump up to: a b Weinstock H, Berman S, Cates W (January–February 2004). "Sexually Transmitted Diseases Among American Youth: Incidence and Prevalence Estimates, 2000". Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 36 (1): 6–10. doi:10.1363/3600604. PMID 14982671. Archived from the original on 4 July 2008.
Jump up ^ Koutsky, LA (1997). "Epidemiology of human papilomavirus infection". The American Journal of Medicine. 102 (5): 3–8. doi:10.1016/s0002-9343(97)00177-0.
Jump up ^ Revzina NV, Diclemente RJ (2005). "Prevalence and incidence of human papillomavirus infection in women in the USA: a systematic review". International Journal of STD & AIDS. 16 (8): 528–37. doi:10.1258/0956462054679214. PMID 16105186. The prevalence of HPV reported in the assessed studies ranged from 14% to more than 90%.
Jump up ^ McCullough, Marie (28 February 2007). "Cancer-virus strains rarer than first estimated". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Archived from the original on 10 March 2007. Retrieved 2 March 2007.
Jump up ^ Brown, David (28 February 2007) [The Washington Post, "More American Women Have HPV Than Previously Thought"]. "Study finds more women than expected have HPV". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on 9 November 2007. Retrieved 2 March 2007.
Jump up ^ Tanner, Lindsey (11 March 2008). "Study Finds 1 in 4 US Teens Has a STD". Newsvine. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 16 March 2008. Retrieved 17 March 2008.
Jump up ^ "MMWR: Summary of Notifiable Diseases". Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. CDC. Archived from the original on 17 August 2014. Retrieved 18 August 2014.
Jump up ^ Reportable diseases Archived 12 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine., from MedlinePlus, a service of the U.S. National Library of Medicine, from the National Institutes of Health. Update: 19 May 2013 by Jatin M. Vyas. Also reviewed by David Zieve.
Jump up ^ Human papillomaviruses. World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer. 2007. ISBN 978-92-832-1290-4.
Jump up ^ "HPV — the Shy Virus" (radio program). Sound print. 6 December 2008. Archived from the original on 28 March 2009. Retrieved 6 December 2008.
Jump up ^ Picken RN, Yang HL (1987). "The integration of HPV-18 into HeLa cells has involved duplication of part of the viral genome as well as human DNA flanking sequences". Nucleic Acids Research. 15 (23): 10068. doi:10.1093/nar/15.23.10068. PMC 306572. PMID 2827110.
Jump up ^ Lipke, MM (December 2006). "An armamentarium of wart treatments". Clinical Medicine & Research. 4 (4): 273–93. PMC 1764803. PMID 17210977.
External links[edit]
Viruses portal
Classification
D
ICD-10: B97.7
ICD-9-CM: 078.1 079.4
MeSH: D030361
DiseasesDB: 6032
External resources
eMedicine: med/1037
Human papillomavirus infection at Curlie
Information Centre on HPV and Cancer, ICO .
HPV Fact sheets, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention .
"Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccines", National Cancer Institute Fact Sheet, US National Institutes of Health, 22 October 2009.
show
v
t
e
Human papillomavirus
Related
diseases
Cancers
Cervical cancer
cancers
Anal
Vaginal
Vulvar
Penile
Head and neck cancer (HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer)
Warts
genital
plantar
flat
Laryngeal papillomatosis
Epidermodysplasia verruciformis
Focal epithelial hyperplasia
Papilloma
Others
Acrochordon (skin tags)
Vaccine
HPV vaccines
Cervarix
Gardasil
Screening
Pap test:
stain
Bethesda system
Cytopathology
Cytotechnology
Experimental techniques:
Speculoscopy
Cervicography
Colposcopy
Biopsy histology
Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)
Koilocyte
Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN)
Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN)
Treatment
Cervical conization
Loop electrical excision procedure (LEEP)
History
Georgios Papanikolaou
Harald zur Hausen
show
v
t
e
Sexually transmitted infection (STI) (primarily A50–A64, 090–099)
Bacterial
Chancroid (Haemophilus ducreyi)
Chlamydia/Lymphogranuloma venereum (Chlamydia trachomatis)
Donovanosis or Granuloma Inguinale (Klebsiella granulomatis)
Gonorrhea (Neisseria gonorrhoeae)
Mycoplasma hominis infection (Mycoplasma hominis)
Syphilis (Treponema pallidum)
Ureaplasma infection (Ureaplasma urealyticum)
Protozoal
Trichomoniasis (Trichomonas vaginalis)
Parasitic
Crab louse/crabs
Scabies
Viral
AIDS (HIV-1/HIV-2)
Cervical cancer, vulvar cancer & Genital warts (condyloma), Penile cancer, Anal cancer (Human papillomavirus (HPV))
Hepatitis B (Hepatitis B virus)
Herpes simplex (HSV1/HSV2)
Molluscum contagiosum (MCV)
General
inflammation
female
Cervicitis
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
male
Epididymitis
Prostatitis
either
Proctitis
Urethritis/Non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU)
show
v
t
e
Infectious diseases – viral systemic diseases (A80–B34, 042–079)
Oncovirus
DNA virus
HBV
Hepatocellular carcinoma
HPV
Cervical cancer
Anal cancer
Penile cancer
Vulvar cancer
Vaginal cancer
Oropharyngeal cancer
KSHV
Kaposi's sarcoma
EBV
Nasopharynx cancer
Burkitt's lymphoma
Hodgkin's lymphoma
Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma
Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type
MCPyV
Merkel-cell carcinoma
RNA virus
HCV
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Splenic marginal zone lymphoma
HTLV-I
Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma
Immune disorders
HIV
AIDS
Central
nervous system
Encephalitis/
meningitis
DNA virus
JCV
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
RNA virus
MeV
Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
LCV
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis
Arbovirus encephalitis
Orthomyxoviridae (probable)
Encephalitis lethargica
RV
Rabies
Chandipura virus
Herpesviral meningitis
Ramsay Hunt syndrome type 2
Myelitis
Poliovirus
Poliomyelitis
Post-polio syndrome
HTLV-I
Tropical spastic paraparesis
Eye
Cytomegalovirus
Cytomegalovirus retinitis
HSV
Herpes of the eye
Cardiovascular
CBV
Pericarditis
Myocarditis
Respiratory system/
acute viral nasopharyngitis/
viral pneumonia
DNA virus
Epstein–Barr virus
EBV infection/Infectious mononucleosis
Cytomegalovirus
RNA virus
IV: SARS coronavirus
Severe acute respiratory syndrome
V: Orthomyxoviridae: Influenzavirus A/B/C/D
Influenza/Avian influenza
V, Paramyxoviridae: Human parainfluenza viruses
Parainfluenza
RSV
hMPV
Human digestive system
Pharynx/Esophagus
MuV
Mumps
Cytomegalovirus
Cytomegalovirus esophagitis
Gastroenteritis/
diarrhea
DNA virus
Adenovirus
Adenovirus infection
RNA virus
Rotavirus
Norovirus
Astrovirus
Coronavirus
Hepatitis
DNA virus
HBV (B)
RNA virus
CBV
HAV (A)
HCV (C)
HDV (D)
HEV (E)
HGV (G)
Pancreatitis
CBV
Urogenital
BK virus
MuV
Mumps
show
v
t
e
Infectious skin disease: Viral cutaneous conditions, including viral exanthema (B00–B09, 050–059)
DNA virus
Herpesviridae
Alpha
HSV
Herpes simplex
Herpetic whitlow
Herpes gladiatorum
Herpes simplex keratitis
Herpetic sycosis
Neonatal herpes simplex
Herpes genitalis
Herpes labialis
Eczema herpeticum
Herpetiform esophagitis
Herpes B virus
B virus infection
VZV
Chickenpox
Herpes zoster
Herpes zoster oticus
Ophthalmic zoster
Disseminated herpes zoster
Zoster-associated pain
Modified varicella-like syndrome
Beta
Human herpesvirus 6/Roseolovirus
Exanthema subitum
Roseola vaccinia
Cytomegalic inclusion disease
Gamma
KSHV
Kaposi's sarcoma
Poxviridae
Ortho
Variola
Smallpox
Alastrim
MoxV
Monkeypox
CPXV
Cowpox
VV
Vaccinia
Generalized vaccinia
Eczema vaccinatum
Progressive vaccinia
Buffalopox
Para
Farmyard pox: Milker's nodule
Bovine papular stomatitis
Pseudocowpox
Orf
Sealpox
Other
Yatapoxvirus: Tanapox
Yaba monkey tumor virus
MCV
Molluscum contagiosum
Papillomaviridae
HPV
Wart/plantar wart
Heck's disease
Genital wart
giant
Laryngeal papillomatosis
Butcher's wart
Bowenoid papulosis
Epidermodysplasia verruciformis
Verruca plana
Pigmented wart
Verrucae palmares et plantares
BPV
Equine sarcoid
Parvoviridae
Parvovirus B19
Erythema infectiosum
Reticulocytopenia
Papular purpuric gloves and socks syndrome
Polyomaviridae
Merkel cell polyomavirus
Merkel cell carcinoma
RNA virus
Paramyxoviridae
MeV
Measles
Togaviridae
Rubella virus
Rubella
Congenital rubella syndrome ("German measles" )
Alphavirus infection
Chikungunya fever
Picornaviridae
CAV
Hand, foot and mouth disease
Herpangina
FMDV
Foot-and-mouth disease
Boston exanthem disease
Ungrouped
Asymmetric periflexural exanthem of childhood
Post-vaccination follicular eruption
Lipschütz ulcer
Eruptive pseudoangiomatosis
Viral-associated trichodysplasia
Gianotti–Crosti syndrome
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human_papillomavirus_infection&oldid=864692465"
Categories:
Carcinogens
Carcinogenesis
Papillomavirus
Infectious causes of cancer
Vaccine-preventable diseases
Hidden categories:
Pages with reference errors
CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list
Webarchive template wayback links
CS1 maint: Archived copy as title
Pages containing links to subscription-only content
Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2015
CS1 Hebrew-language sources (he)
Pages with DOIs inactive since 2018
Pages with broken reference names
All articles with dead external links
Articles with dead external links from September 2017
Articles with permanently dead external links
Use dmy dates from March 2017
Infobox medical condition (new)
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from September 2010
Articles with 'species' microformats
Wikipedia articles in need of updating from July 2015
All Wikipedia articles in need of updating
Wikipedia articles in need of updating from May 2015
Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012
Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011
Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2014
Articles with Curlie links
Articles with inconsistent citation formats
RTT
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Afrikaans
العربية
Asturianu
Azərbaycanca
Български
Català
Čeština
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Gaeilge
Galego
한국어
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
Қазақша
Latviešu
Lietuvių
Magyar
Македонски
മലയാളം
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
ଓଡ଼ିଆ
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Scots
සිංහල
Simple English
Slovenščina
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
Tagalog
தமிழ்
తెలుగు
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
اردو
Tiếng Việt
粵語
中文
45 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 18 October 2018, at 20:55 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/HPV_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
HPV (disambiguation)

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: th

attrs: colspan style

value: tr

value: td

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

attrs: href title

values:
/wiki/Vulva_cancer
mw-redirect
Vulva cancer

values:
/wiki/Penis_cancer
mw-redirect
Penis cancer

values:
/wiki/Precancerous_lesions
mw-redirect
Precancerous lesions

values:
/wiki/Vaginal_sex
mw-redirect
Vaginal sex

values:
/wiki/Cervical_cancer_screening
mw-redirect
Cervical cancer screening

values:
/wiki/Papanicolaou_test
mw-redirect
Papanicolaou test

values:
/wiki/Developing_world
mw-redirect
Developing world

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2010)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Anogenital_warts
mw-redirect
Anogenital warts

values:
/wiki/Epithelial_hyperplasia
mw-redirect
Epithelial hyperplasia

values:
/wiki/Immediate_early_genes
mw-redirect
Immediate early genes

values: Edit section: Cancers of the head and neck

values:
/wiki/HPV-mediated_oropharyngeal_cancer
mw-redirect
HPV-mediated oropharyngeal cancer

values: Edit section: Immunocompromised individuals

values:
/wiki/Respiratory_papillomatosis
mw-redirect
Respiratory papillomatosis

values:
/wiki/Vertical_transmission
mw-redirect
Vertical transmission

values: text-align: center; background-color: rgb(250,250,190)

values: min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(250,250,190)

values:
/wiki/DsDNA_virus
mw-redirect
DsDNA virus

values: text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%

values:
/wiki/Transcription_(genetics)
mw-redirect
Transcription (genetics)

values:
/wiki/Ras_(protein)
mw-redirect
Ras (protein)

values:
/wiki/Squamous_epithelium
mw-redirect
Squamous epithelium

values: The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (July 2015)

values: Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers

values: Food and Drug Administration (United States)

values: The text near this tag is dated. (May 2015)

values:
noprint Inline-Template
margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2012)

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2011)

values: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

values:
/wiki/Genital_warts
mw-redirect
Genital warts

values:
/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_disease
mw-redirect
Sexually transmitted disease

values:
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values:
wikitable sortable jquery-tablesorter
float:right;

values: This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (October 2014)

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0738-081X

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24559558

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.virol.2013.07.015

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23928291

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.7326%2FM14-2426

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25928075

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMoa021641

values:
nofollow
external text
//hdl.handle.net/2445%2F122831

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12571259

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16949995

values: Category:CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11090162

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1111%2Fbjd.13216

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24976535

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMicm071912

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18614785

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7559948

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1053%2Fj.spid.2005.06.010

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16210110

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2119%2F2003-00001.Wu

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12865943

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1053%2Fhn.1999.v120.a91773

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10229596

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1002%2Fijc.21731

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16404738

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.idc.2015.07.007

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26610422

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.17219%2Facem%2F67461

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28791831

values: Category:CS1 maint: Archived copy as title

values: The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (November 2015)

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMp058171

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16291978

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1128%2FJVI.01813-07

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17989183

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20086109

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.18632%2Foncotarget.6809

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26735580

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1416074111

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25313082

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.c2986

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20616098

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jcv.2004.12.008

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15753008

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15860602

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1155%2FIDOG%2F2006%2F40470

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16967912

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1055-9965

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15734974

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1053%2Fhupa.2001.20901

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11172309

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16139561

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24983739

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1093%2Faje%2Fkwg067

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12777359

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1111%2Fjsm.12780

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25442701

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1093%2Fjnci%2Fdji163

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15956651

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10856411

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1093%2Fjnci%2F92.9.709

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10793107

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1200%2FJCO.2006.07.1829

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17179099

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMoa065497

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17494927

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1200%2FJCO.2011.36.4596

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1527-7755

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21969503

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17891052

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21449154

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1186%2Fgm453

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23718828

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02714928

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2537916

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1038%2Fbjc.2011.354

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21952627

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19019488

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0264-410X

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16950018

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1002%2Fijc.27891

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23034864

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.3201%2Feid1406.070616

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18507898

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1086%2F521629

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17955432

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20570905

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1093%2Faje%2Fkwf180

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12543621

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0304-4602

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8849195

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01967118

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0934-9723

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8389707

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0004-8666

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2256864

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1136%2Fsti.75.5.317

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1368-4973

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10616355

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16272465

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1002%2Fjmv.21592

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19697401

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16985824

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ygyno.2010.04.004

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20494219

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16174218

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22927980

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1128%2FJVI.00330-13

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1098-5514

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23536685

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21673791

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1186%2F1750-9378-6-19

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22035468

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19430123

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2741%2F1971

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16720315

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16611884

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12445661

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1128%2FJVI.00731-09

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19656879

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1006%2Fviro.2000.0777

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11222093

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20215420

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1086%2F591095

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18657037

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1543-2165

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12873163

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1186%2F1743-422X-9-262

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23131123

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1155%2F2007%2F678793

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17627065

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17379322

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19651370

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1086%2F507432

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16991079

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15708032

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1136%2Fsti.2005.015131

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16461598

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1086%2F381395

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14767822

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16455906

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1136%2Fsti.2008.033068

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19066196

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ygyno.2007.01.023

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17335880

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1086%2F521192

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17955430

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1093%2Faje%2Fkwj077

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16421235

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1086%2F521199

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17955427

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1099%2Fvir.0.80077-0

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15302958

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.who.int/wer/2009/wer8415.pdf

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19360985

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1469-493X

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28796882

values: Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17380109

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.2013.1625

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23632723

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.3238%2Farztebl.2014.0584

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25249360

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12616133

values:
nofollow
external text
http://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/20711#

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25759476

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.who.int/wer/2014/wer8943.pdf

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25346960

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20189438

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.297.8.813

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17327523

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1363%2F3600604

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14982671

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16105186

values:
/wiki/Washington_Post
mw-redirect
Washington Post

values:
nofollow
https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/mmwr_nd/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2F15.23.10068

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2827110

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17210977

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values: International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems

values: width:22em;width:100%; margin:0 0 0.5em 0;

values:
nofollow
http://www.hpvcentre.net/
external text

values:
nofollow
https://www.cdc.gov/STD/HPV/
external text

values:
/wiki/Human_papillomavirus
mw-redirect
Human papillomavirus

values:
/wiki/Squamous-cell_carcinoma
mw-redirect
Squamous-cell carcinoma

values:
/wiki/HPV_vaccines
mw-redirect
HPV vaccines

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values: ICD-10 Chapter I: Certain infectious and parasitic diseases

values: List of ICD-9 codes 001–139: infectious and parasitic diseases

values:
/wiki/Ureaplasma_infection
mw-redirect
Ureaplasma infection

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values: Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type

values:
/wiki/Herpes_of_the_eye
mw-redirect
Herpes of the eye

values: Template talk:Viral cutaneous conditions

values:
/wiki/Herpetic_sycosis
mw-redirect
Herpetic sycosis

values:
/wiki/Herpes_genitalis
mw-redirect
Herpes genitalis

values:
/wiki/B_virus_infection
mw-redirect
B virus infection

values:
/wiki/Herpes_zoster
mw-redirect
Herpes zoster

values:
/wiki/Ramsay_Hunt_syndrome_type_II
mw-redirect
Ramsay Hunt syndrome type II

values:
/wiki/Ophthalmic_zoster
mw-redirect
Ophthalmic zoster

values:
/wiki/Disseminated_herpes_zoster
mw-redirect
Disseminated herpes zoster

values:
/wiki/Modified_varicella-like_syndrome
mw-redirect
Modified varicella-like syndrome

values:
/wiki/Exanthema_subitum
mw-redirect
Exanthema subitum

values:
/wiki/Cowpox_virus
mw-redirect
Cowpox virus

values:
/wiki/Vaccinia_virus
mw-redirect
Vaccinia virus

values:
/wiki/Equine_sarcoid
mw-redirect
Equine sarcoid

values: Papular purpuric gloves and socks syndrome

values:
/wiki/Merkel_cell_carcinoma
mw-redirect
Merkel cell carcinoma

values:
/wiki/Hand,_foot_and_mouth_disease
mw-redirect
Hand, foot and mouth disease

values: Asymmetric periflexural exanthem of childhood

values:
/wiki/Viral-associated_trichodysplasia
mw-redirect
Viral-associated trichodysplasia

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Pages containing links to subscription-only content

values: Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2015

values: Category:CS1 Hebrew-language sources (he)

values: Category:Pages with DOIs inactive since 2018

values: Category:Pages with broken reference names

values: Category:All articles with dead external links

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from September 2017

values: Category:Articles with permanently dead external links

values: Category:Infobox medical condition (new)

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2010

values: Category:Articles with 'species' microformats

values: Category:Wikipedia articles in need of updating from July 2015

values: Category:All Wikipedia articles in need of updating

values: Category:Wikipedia articles in need of updating from May 2015

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011

values: Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2014

values: Category:Articles with inconsistent citation formats

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values:
/wiki/Human_papillomavirus_infection
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-af
display: none;

values: فيروس الورم الحليمي البشري – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

values: Човешки папиломен вирус – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-de
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values:
https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/HPV
HPV – Greek
el
el
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: ویروس پاپیلوم انسانی – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ga
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values: 인간 유두종바이러스 – Korean

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values: ह्यूमेन पेपिलोमावाइरस – Hindi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: נגיף הפפילומה האנושי – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values: Папиллома – Kazakh

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

values: Cilvēka papilomas vīrusa infekcija – Latvian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values: Човечки папиломен вирус – Macedonian

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values: ഹ്യൂമൻ പാപ്പിലോമ വൈറസ് – Malayalam

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: ヒトパピローマウイルス – Japanese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values: Papillomavirus hos mennesker – Norwegian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values: ପାପିଲୋମାଭୁତାଣୁ ସଂକ୍ରମଣ – Odia

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-or
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/HPV
HPV – Romanian
ro
ro
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Папилломавирусы человека – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

values: මානව පැපිලෝමා වෛරසය – Sinhala

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-si
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tl
display: none;

values: மனித சடைப்புத்துத் தீ நுண்மம் – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values: మానవ పాపిల్లోమా వైరస్ – Telugu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-te
display: none;

values: ฮิวแมนแพปพิลโลมาไวรัส – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Вірус папіломи людини – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: انسانی ورم حلیمی وائرس – Urdu

values: Nhiễm virus papilloma ở người – Vietnamese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

values: 人類乳突病毒 – Chinese

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Human_papillomavirus_infection rootpage-Human_papillomavirus_infection skin-vector action-view