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Jon Heder
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Jon Heder
Heder at the 2011 San Diego Comic-Con International
Born
Jonathan Joseph Heder
(1977-10-26) October 26, 1977 (age 40)
Fort Collins, Colorado, U.S.
Residence
Saugus, California, U.S.
Education
South Salem High School
Alma mater
Brigham Young University
Occupation
Actor, producer
Years active
2000–present
Spouse(s)
Kirsten Bales (m. 2002)
Children
4
Jonathan Joseph Heder (/ˈhiːdər/) (born October 26, 1977)[1] is an American actor and producer. His feature film debut came in 2004 as the title character of the comedy film Napoleon Dynamite. He has also acted in the films The Benchwarmers, School for Scoundrels, Blades of Glory, Mama's Boy, When in Rome, and Walt Before Mickey as Roy Disney, and provided voice talents in the animated films Monster House and Surf's Up, as well as the Napoleon Dynamite animated series.
Contents
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Personal life
4 Filmography
4.1 Film
4.2 Television
4.3 Web
4.4 Video games
5 References
6 External links
Early life[edit]
Heder was born in Fort Collins, Colorado, the son of Helen (née Brammer) and Dr. James Heder, a practicing physician. He has an identical twin brother,[2] Dan, as well as an older sister and brother, Rachel and Doug, and two younger brothers, Adam and Matt. Heder is the nephew by marriage of former NFL running back and WCAU sportscaster, Vai Sikahema.[3] Heder is of part Swedish descent.[4] Heder and his parents moved to Salem, Oregon, when he was about two years old.[5] He attended Walker Middle School in Salem and graduated from South Salem High School in 1996,[5] where he was on the swim team and was a member of the Drama Association.
A 2002 alumnus of Brigham Young University, Heder worked on the short CGI animated film Pet Shop, written by Logan Deans, which earned a non-traditional animation student Emmy in 2005. After his movie career took off, he did not return to complete the work he started on the short, although his name does appear in the credits. While attending BYU he befriended Jared Hess and starred in Hess' short film Peluca, which was later expanded into Napoleon Dynamite. Peluca received rave reviews on the BYU campus after showing at a few college and local film festivals and competitions.
Career[edit]
Napoleon Dynamite, filmed in Preston, Idaho, earned $44.5 million at the box office.[6] In June 2005, Heder received the MTV Movie Award for Best Musical Performance and Breakthrough Male Performance for the role. On October 8, 2005, he hosted Saturday Night Live with musical guest Ashlee Simpson. After his success with Napoleon Dynamite, Heder and his film co-star Efren Ramirez filmed a series of commercials to promote the Utah's 2005 State Fair. They reprised their roles in a self-parody sketch called "Napoleon Bonamite" on the animated series Robot Chicken.[citation needed]
Heder appeared in the film The Sasquatch Gang. He had a supporting role as a clerk in a new age bookstore in the romantic comedy Just Like Heaven. Heder also appeared with Rob Schneider and David Spade in producer Adam Sandler's The Benchwarmers (2006), a comedy about three grown men making up for lost chances by creating their own Little League baseball team. He was the voice of the character Skull in the animated film Monster House, and starred in the comedy School for Scoundrels, opposite Billy Bob Thornton and Jacinda Barrett. With the exception of the Academy Award-nominee Monster House, Heder's post-Dynamite movies were widely panned[citation needed] and he risked becoming a one-hit wonder until he co-starred in 2007 with Will Ferrell in the well-received Blades of Glory (2007). Like many of Heder's films, Blades of Glory is an absurd, slapstick caricature, in this case revolving around rival male figure skaters who must team up in a pairs competition.
Heder's second turn at voice acting came in 2007 when he voiced the character of Chicken Joe, a surfing chicken, in the animated film Surf's Up. His first foray into web television was in the 2008 web series Woke Up Dead starring and produced by Heder.[7] Woke Up Dead is a web-based, live-action sci-fi comedy thriller about Drex, a twenty-something USC student who wakes up underwater in the bathtub one morning and suspects that he might be dead.
Heder and his twin brother, Dan, star together as villains in the fourth installment of the popular internet martial arts comedy series Sockbaby. Heder's performance in When in Rome was praised by New York Times critic A. O. Scott: "Jon Heder as a goofy street magician is the funniest of the bunch."[8] In 2012, Heder returned to the role that made him famous by supplying the voice of Napoleon Dynamite in the Fox Network animated series, Napoleon Dynamite, which debuted in January 2012. In 2013, Heder appeared in the music video for "On Top of the World" with numerous other Utah-based actors and musicians, and in 2014 he appeared in the music video for the Chromeo song "Old 45s".[9]
In January 2017, Heder reprised his role as Chicken Joe in the direct-to video sequel to Surf's Up.
Personal life[edit]
Heder has been married to Kirsten Bales since 2002. The couple met while they were studying at Brigham Young University. They have four children, one daughter named Evan, and two sons named Philip and Timothy. In July 2016, the couple announced that they were expecting another child.[10] They welcomed their fourth child, a daughter, on December 16 of the same year.
Like his brothers and father, Heder is a Scouting enthusiast having achieved the rank of Eagle Scout.[11] In 2010, he served as a Scoutmaster for the organization.[11]
Heder is a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. He voiced support for Mitt Romney in the 2012 United States presidential election.[12]
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2000 The Wrong Brother Audience Member Short
2000 Funky Town Officer Hardy Short
2003 Peluca Seth Short
2004 Napoleon Dynamite Napoleon Dynamite MTV Movie Award for Best Breakthrough Performance
MTV Movie Award for Best Musical Sequence
Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Dance Scene
Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Hissy Fit
Nominated - Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Breakthrough Performance
Nominated - Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Actor: Comedy
Nominated - Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Breakout Performance - Male
Nominated - Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Blush Scene
Nominated - Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Liar
Nominated - Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Love Scene
Nominated - Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Rumble
2005 Just Like Heaven Darryl Nominated - Teen Choice Award for Choice Actor: Comedy
2005 Tankman Begins Batman Short
2006 The Benchwarmers Clark Reedy Nominated - Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Actor: Comedy
Nominated - Teen Choice Award for Choice Chemistry
Nominated - Teen Choice Award for Choice Rumble
2006 Monster House Reginald "Skull" Skulinski Voice
2006 School for Scoundrels Roger Nominated - Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Actor: Comedy
2007 The Sasquatch Gang Lazer Tag Employee Cameo
2007 Blades of Glory Jimmy MacElroy Nominated - MTV Movie Award for Best Fight
Nominated - Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Actor: Comedy
Nominated - Teen Choice Award for Choice Chemistry
Nominated - Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Dance Scene
2007 Surf's Up Chicken Joe Voice
2007 Moving McAllister Orlie
2007 Mama's Boy Jeffrey McMannus
2008 Sockbaby 4 Manatu Short
2010 When in Rome Lance
2011 Life Happens Wrong Number Caller Cameo
2011 Legend of Kung Fu Rabbit Fu Voice
2012 For Ellen Fred Butler
2012 Drained Producer
Short
DC Independent Film Festival for Best Experimental/Animation
2012 Peter at the End Peter Short
2013 Pororo, The Racing Adventure Mango Voice
2013 Killing Winston Jones Edwin Jones Post-production
2013 Bud Selig Must Die Tim Short
Complete
2013 Buddy Holly Is Alive and Well on Ganymede Oliver Vale
2013 On Top of the World Russian Cosmonaut Music video cameo
2014 Reality Denis
2014 My Dad Is Scrooge Raffi Voice
2015 Walt Before Mickey Roy Disney
2015 Christmas Eve James Also known as Stuck
2015 Weepah Way for Now Ernie
2015 Huevos: Little Rooster's Egg-cellent Adventure Mickey Mallard Voice
2015 A Mouse Tale Sir Jonas Voice
2016 Bling Wilmer Voice
2016 Ghost Team Louis
2016 The Tiger Hunter Alex
2017 Surf's Up 2: WaveMania Chicken Joe Voice
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2005 Robot Chicken Astronaut
Bully's Friend
Napoleon Bonamite Voice
Episode: "The Black Cherry"
2005 Saturday Night Live Himself (host) Episode: "Jon Heder/Ashlee Simpson"
2008 My Name Is Earl Joel Malone Episode: "Girl Earl"
2010 WWE RAW Himself 1 Episode
2011 Talking Dead Himself Guest
2012 Napoleon Dynamite Napoleon Dynamite Voice
Main role
2012 Gulliver Quinn Gulliver Quinn Pilot
2012 The Aquabats! Super Show! Eagle Claw Episode: "Eagle Claw"
2014 How I Met Your Mother Narshall Episode: "Vesuvius"
2014 Uncle Grandpa Kev Voice
Episode: "Viewer Special"
2014 Kroll Show Himself Episode: "Blisteritos Presents Dad Academy Graduation Congraduritos Red Carpet Viewing Party"
2014 The Legend of Korra Ryu/Ryu's Dad Voice
Episode: "Rebirth"
Episode: "Beyond the Wilds"
2014 Clarence Randy Voice
Episode: "Rise 'n' Shine"
2014 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Napoleon Bonafrog Voice
Episode: "The Croaking"
2014 Ben 10: Omniverse Clyde Five Voice
Episode: "Clyde 5"
2015-present Star vs. the Forces of Evil Oskar Greason Voice
5 episodes
2015-2018 Pickle and Peanut Pickle Voice
Main role[13]
2016 Motive Murray Schultz Episode: "The Vanishing Policeman"
2016 Home: Adventures with Tip & Oh Mopo Store Manager Voice
Episode: "Sitting on Babies/Best Frenemies"
2017 VeggieTales in the House Avacajoe Voice
Episode: "Jimmy Makes a Comic Book"
2017 All Hail King Julien Tentacle Voice
Episode: "Raiders of the Lord Shark"
Web[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2009 Woke Up Dead Drex Greene Main role
2010 Fact Checkers Unit Jon Series regular
2011 Dead Grandma Series Host Main role
2014 TableTop Guest Gamer Cameo
2017 Critical Role Lionel Gayheart Guest
Video games[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2012 Epic Mickey 2: The Power of Two Seth Voice
2014 Armikrog Vognaut Voice
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Jon Heder profile, FilmReference.com; accessed February 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Jon Heder biography and filmography". Tribute.ca. Retrieved 2014-04-21.
Jump up ^ "Dan Gross: Vai not big fan of actor/kin" article from Philly.com
Jump up ^ B. Alan Orange (2007-06-04). "Shia LaBeouf and Jon Heder Compete for Waves in 'Surf's Up'". Movieweb.com. Retrieved 2014-04-21.
^ Jump up to: a b Owen, Rob (January 12, 2012). "Heder returns as 'Dynamite' gets animated". The Oregonian. p. E1. Retrieved April 7, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Napoleon Dynamite". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved February 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ Jon Heder To Star in Electric Farm’s ‘Woke Up Dead’
Jump up ^ Chris Hicks. Deseret News, February 5, 2010, p. W1
Jump up ^ "Chromeo - Old 45's". Retrieved March 24, 2018.
Jump up ^ Murphy, Desiree (July 6, 2016). "Jon Heder and Wife Expecting Baby No. 4 -- See Their Cute Announcement!". Entertainment Tonight. Retrieved September 22, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Boy Scouts Prepared To Celebrate A Century". National Public Radio. February 6, 2010. Retrieved February 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ Marsh, Steve (January 11, 2012). "Jon Heder on Napoleon Dynamite, Avoiding Raunchy Roles, and Fellow Mormon Mitt Romney". Vulture. Retrieved September 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Greg/Gramma Jail". Pickle and Peanut. Season 1. Episode 1. September 7, 2015. Disney XD.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jon Heder.
Jon Heder on Twitter
Jon Heder on IMDb
One of Jon Heder's first projects
Snopes article debunking the myth of his death
Video and transcript of an interview with Heder
Jon Heder on The Hour
show
Awards for Jon Heder
show
v
t
e
MTV Movie Award for Next Generation
Best Breakthrough Performance
Edward Furlong (1992)
Marisa Tomei (1993)
Alicia Silverstone (1994)
Kirsten Dunst (1995)
George Clooney (1996)
Matthew McConaughey (1997)
Heather Graham (1998)
James Van Der Beek & Katie Holmes (1999)
Haley Joel Osment & Julia Stiles (2000)
Sean Patrick Thomas & Erika Christensen (2001)
Orlando Bloom & Mandy Moore (2002)
Eminem & Jennifer Garner (2003)
Shawn Ashmore & Lindsay Lohan (2004)
Jon Heder & Rachel McAdams (2005)
Isla Fisher (2006)
Jaden Smith (2007)
Zac Efron (2008)
Robert Pattinson & Ashley Tisdale (2009)
Shailene Woodley (2012)
Rebel Wilson (2013)
Will Poulter (2014)
Dylan O'Brien (2015)
Daisy Ridley (2016)
Best Breakout Star
Anna Kendrick (2010)
Chloë Grace Moretz (2011)
Next Generation
Daniel Kaluuya (2017)
show
v
t
e
Teen Choice Award for Choice Hissy Fit
Sandra Bullock (1999)
Lisa Kudrow (2000)
Jim Carrey (2001)
Ben Stiller (2002)
Adam Sandler (2003)
Lindsay Lohan (2004)
Jon Heder (2005)
Keira Knightley (2006)
Ryan Seacrest (2007)
None (2008)
Miley Cyrus (2009)
Miley Cyrus (2010)
Ed Helms (2011)
Charlize Theron (2012)
Taylor Lautner (2013)
Jonah Hill (2014)
Anna Kendrick (2015)
Ryan Reynolds (2016)
Madelaine Petsch (2017)
Madelaine Petsch (2018)
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
BIBSYS: 5097451
BNF: cb15527950v (data)
GND: 1011252570
ISNI: 0000 0001 1874 5842
LCCN: no2005011824
SUDOC: 172610893
VIAF: 305230792
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jon_Heder&oldid=854756560"
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Pip (Great Expectations)
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This article may contain improper references to self-published sources. Please help improve it by removing references to unreliable sources, where they are used inappropriately. (November 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Philip
Great Expectations character
Pip and Joe sitting on the marshes, by John McLenan
Created by
Charles Dickens
Portrayed by
Jack Pickford (1917)
Phillips Holmes (1934)
John Mills (1946)
Dinsdale Landen (1959)
Gary Bond (1967)
Simon Gipps-Kent (1974)
Michael York (1974)
Gerry Sundquist (1981)
Todd Boyce (1986)
Anthony Calf (1989)
Ethan Hawke (1998)
Ioan Gruffudd (1999)
Douglas Booth (2011)
Jeremy Irvine (2012)[1]
Information
Nickname(s)
Pip
Aliases
Pip
Gender
Male
Family
Mrs Joe (older sister)
Relatives
Joe Gargery (brother-in-law)
Nationality
British
Philip Pirrip, called Pip, is the protagonist and narrator in Charles Dickens's novel Great Expectations (1861). He is amongst the most popular characters in English literature, widely portrayed all over the world on stage and screen.
Pip narrates his story many years after the events of the novel take place. The novel follows Pip's process from childhood innocence to experience. The financial and social rise of the protagonist is accompanied by an emotional and moral deterioration, which finally forces Pip to recognize his negative expectations in a new self-awareness.[2]
Characterization[edit]
When the novel begins in the early 1800s, Philip is a seven-year-old orphan raised by his cruel sister, Mrs. Joe, who beats him regularly, and her husband Joe Gargery, a blacksmith and Pip's best friend. He lives in the marsh area of Kent, England, twenty miles from the sea.[3]
Pip never saw either of his parents; he is more than twenty years younger than his sister. Five brothers died in infancy between them: Alexander, Bartholomew, Abraham, Tobias and Roger. He says he was short for his age when he encountered the convicts at age seven, but when is apprentice to Joe, he is taller and becomes very strong to master the work of a blacksmith. He is known to himself and to the world as Pip because his "infant tongue could make of both names nothing longer or more explicit than Pip".[2]
He is destined for, and wants, a career as a blacksmith like his brother-in-law, until an unexpected chain of events thrusts him into a different social class. During the novel Pip goes through many changes in his personality, as he is influenced by various people. As a very young child he is a innocent young boy who does not mind the fact he is relatively low ranking in society. At around the age of eight, he meets a beautiful girl named Estella who is of the upper class, Pip falls in love with her, and becomes ashamed of his background and his relatives because he has such a different life to her. When he is old enough he is bound apprentice to Joe. But he longs to be a gentleman, in a social class very different from a village blacksmith. He suffers guilt for his ungrateful feelings toward Joe, who is a kind friend to him throughout his life.[citation needed]
When four years into his apprenticeship mysterious benefactor enables him to escape the working class, Pip moves to London as a teenager to become a gentleman. In his youth, he believes that his patron is Miss Havisham, Estella's adopted mother, who wants to make him desirable for her daughter. Once he moves to London, though his benefactor is not named, Pip is persuaded it is Miss Havisham, who means him to marry Estella. He is not wise in spending the money he gets before he comes of age at 21, running up debts. His legal guardian is Mr. Jaggers, a lawyer, who points out the difficulties Pip creates, but leaves it to Pip to guide his own life. He does not entirely lose his good character, which is expressed mainly in his relationship with his friend Herbert Pocket.
Two years after Pip comes of age his benefactor appears in person, and it is the convict he met as a boy. Whose name he learns is Abel Magwitch. This deflates his hope that he is meant for Estella and at first disgusts him, as he knows nothing about what sort of criminal the man is. Despite his disgust and disappointment, the sense of duty that compels Pip to help the convict is a mark of his inner goodness, just as it was when Pip first met him at age seven. After Abel Magwitch, the convict, dies and the Crown confiscates his fortune, Pip, aged 23,[4] understands that good clothes, well-spoken English and a generous allowance do not make one a gentleman. Pip falls ill for several weeks; Joe learns of this and comes to care for him until he can walk on his own. A few days after Joe leaves, Pip goes home, to find Biddy has married Joe that very day. Without income or training for any profession, he is at loose ends. Herbert Pocket suggests Pip join the firm where he works, in an office in Cairo. Pip starts as a clerk. Herbert marries his fiancee Clara, and Pip lives with them. There is irony in this, as Pip used his gift at age 21 of 500 pounds to engage Herbert with the new firm. When Pip lost his funds, he asked Miss Havisham to complete the money owed, and she does. Joe ends up paying the rest of the debt that Pip is unable to pay.
Eleven years later, Pip returns to England to see Joe, Biddy and their children. He walks to the land where Satis House once stood and meets Estella there. Both have changed much from their experience of life. After they reconcile, they hold hands, and Pip sees no shadow to part them again.[5]
References[edit]
Charles Dickens portal
Jump up ^ "Great Expectations". IMDb. Retrieved 2012-12-09.
^ Jump up to: a b "Analysis of Major Characters". sparknotes. Retrieved 2012-12-09.
Jump up ^ "Pip Pirrip Character Analysis". exampleessays. Retrieved 2012-12-09.
Jump up ^ "Great Expectations Stage I-III". Retrieved 2012-12-09.
Jump up ^ "Great Expectations Summary". shmoop. Retrieved 2012-12-09.
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Great Expectations: The Untold Story
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Female reproductive system
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the reproductive system in human females. For the reproductive system in human males, see human male reproductive system. For the female reproductive systems of other animals, see reproductive system.
Female reproductive system (human)
A pictorial illustration of the female reproductive system.
Details
Identifiers
Latin
systema genitale femininum
MeSH
D005836
TA
A09.1.00.001
FMA
45663
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
The female reproductive system is made up of the internal and external sex organs that function in reproduction of new offspring. In the human the female reproductive system is immature at birth and develops to maturity at puberty to be able to produce gametes, and to carry a fetus to full term. The internal sex organs are the uterus, Fallopian tubes, and ovaries. The uterus or womb accommodates the embryo which develops into the fetus. The uterus also produces vaginal and uterine secretions which help the transit of sperm to the Fallopian tubes. The ovaries produce the ova (egg cells). The external sex organs are also known as the genitals and these are the organs of the vulva including the labia, clitoris, and vaginal opening. The vagina is connected to the uterus at the cervix.[1]
At certain intervals, the ovaries release an ovum, which passes through the Fallopian tube into the uterus. If, in this transit, it meets with sperm, a single sperm can enter and merge with the egg, fertilizing it.
Fertilization usually occurs in the Fallopian tubes and marks the beginning of embryogenesis. The zygote will then divide over enough generations of cells to form a blastocyst, which implants itself in the wall of the uterus. This begins the period of gestation and the embryo will continue to develop until full-term. When the fetus has developed enough to survive outside the uterus, the cervix dilates and contractions of the uterus propel the newborn through the birth canal (the vagina).
The corresponding equivalent among males is the male reproductive system.
Contents
[hide]
1 External organs
1.1 Vulva
2 Internal organs
2.1 Vagina
2.2 Cervix
2.3 Uterus
2.4 Fallopian tube
2.5 Ovaries
3 Physiology
4 Development
5 Clinical significance
5.1 Vaginitis
5.2 Bacterial vaginosis
5.3 Yeast infection
5.4 Genital mutilation
5.5 Genital surgery
6 Reproductive rights
7 History
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
External organs[edit]
thumb|right|External female genital organs
Vulva[edit]
Main article: Vulva
The vulva consists of all of the external parts and tissues and includes the mons pubis, pudendal cleft, labia majora, labia minora, Bartholin's glands, clitoris, and vaginal opening.
Internal organs[edit]
Sagittal MRI showing the location of the vagina, cervix, and uterus
Illustration depicting female reproductive system (sagittal view)
Frontal view as scheme of reproductive organs
The female internal reproductive organs are the vagina, uterus, Fallopian tubes, and ovaries.
Vagina[edit]
Main article: Vagina
The vagina is a fibromuscular (made up of fibrous and muscular tissue) canal leading from the outside of the body to the cervix of the uterus or womb. It is also referred to as the birth canal in the context of pregnancy. The vagina accommodates the male penis during sexual intercourse. Semen containing spermatozoa is ejaculated from the male at orgasm, into the vagina potentially enabling fertilization of the egg cell (ovum) to take place.
Cervix[edit]
Main article: Cervix
The cervix is the neck of the uterus, the lower, narrow portion where it joins with the upper part of the vagina. It is cylindrical or conical in shape and protrudes through the upper anterior vaginal wall. Approximately half its length is visible, the remainder lies above the vagina beyond view. The vagina has a thick layer outside and it is the opening where the fetus emerges during delivery.
Uterus[edit]
Main article: Uterus
The uterus or womb is the major female reproductive organ. The uterus provides mechanical protection, nutritional support, and waste removal for the developing embryo (weeks 1 to 8) and fetus (from week 9 until the delivery). In addition, contractions in the muscular wall of the uterus are important in pushing out the fetus at the time of birth.
The uterus contains three suspensory ligaments that help stabilize the position of the uterus and limits its range of movement. The uterosacral ligaments keep the body from moving inferiorly and anteriorly. The round ligaments restrict posterior movement of the uterus. The cardinal ligaments also prevent the inferior movement of the uterus.
The uterus is a pear-shaped muscular organ. Its major function is to accept a fertilized ovum which becomes implanted into the endometrium, and derives nourishment from blood vessels which develop exclusively for this purpose. The fertilized ovum becomes an embryo, develops into a fetus and gestates until childbirth. If the egg does not embed in the wall of the uterus, a female begins menstruation.
Fallopian tube[edit]
Main article: Fallopian tube
The Fallopian tubes are two tubes leading from the ovaries into the uterus. On maturity of an ovum, the follicle and the ovary's wall rupture, allowing the ovum to escape and enter the Fallopian tube. There it travels toward the uterus, pushed along by movements of cilia on the inner lining of the tubes. This trip takes hours or days. If the ovum is fertilized while in the Fallopian tube, then it normally implants in the endometrium when it reaches the uterus, which signals the beginning of pregnancy.
Ovaries[edit]
Main article: Ovary
The ovaries are small, paired organs located near the lateral walls of the pelvic cavity. These organs are responsible for the production of the egg cells (ova) and the secretion of hormones. The process by which the egg cell (ovum) is released is called ovulation. The speed of ovulation is periodic and impacts directly to the length of a menstrual cycle.
After ovulation, the egg cell is captured by the Fallopian tube, after traveling down the Fallopian tube to the uterus, occasionally being fertilized on its way by an incoming sperm. During fertilization the egg cell plays a role; it releases certain molecules that are essential to guiding the sperm and allows the surface of the egg to attach to the sperm's surface. The egg can then absorb the sperm and fertilization can then begin.[citation needed] The Fallopian tubes are lined with small hairs (cilia) to help the egg cell travel.
Physiology[edit]
The reproductive tract (or genital tract) is the lumen that starts as a single pathway through the vagina, splitting up into two lumens in the uterus, both of which continue through the Fallopian tubes, and ending at the distal ostia that open into the abdominal cavity.
In the absence of fertilization, the ovum will eventually traverse the entire reproductive tract from the fallopian tube until exiting the vagina through menstruation.
The reproductive tract can be used for various transluminal procedures such as fertiloscopy, intrauterine insemination, and transluminal sterilization.
Development[edit]
Main article: Development of the reproductive system
Chromosome characteristics determine the genetic sex of a fetus at conception. This is specifically based on the 23rd pair of chromosomes that is inherited. Since the mother's egg contains an X chromosome and the father's sperm contains either an X or Y chromosome, it is the male who determines the fetus's sex. If the fetus inherits the X chromosome from the father, the fetus will be a female. In this case, testosterone is not made and the Wolffian duct will degrade thus, the Müllerian duct will develop into female sex organs. The clitoris is the remnants of the Wolffian duct. On the other hand, if the fetus inherits the Y chromosome from the father, the fetus will be a male. The presence of testosterone will stimulate the Wolffian duct which will bring about the development of the male sex organs and the Müllerian duct will degrade.[2]
Clinical significance[edit]
Further information: Vulva disease
Vaginitis[edit]
Vaginitis is inflammation of the vagina and largely caused by an infection. It is the most common gynaecological condition presented. It is difficult to determine any one organism most responsible for vaginitis because it varies from range of age, sexual activity, and method of microbial identification. Vaginitis is not necessarily caused by a sexually transmitted infection as there are many infectious agents that make use of the close proximity to mucous membranes and secretions. Vaginitis is usually diagnosed based on the presence of vaginal discharge, which can have a certain color, odor, or quality.[3]
Bacterial vaginosis[edit]
Main article: Bacterial vaginosis
This is a vaginal infection in women. It is differs from vaginitis in that there is no inflammation. Bacterial vaginosis is polymicrobial, consisting of many bacteria species. The diagnosis for bacterial vaginosis is made if three of the following four criteria are present: (1) Homogenous, thin discharge, (2) a pH of 4.5 in the vagina, (3) epithelial cells in the vagina with bacteria attached to them, or (4) a fishy odor. It has been associated with an increased risk of other genital tract infections such as endometritis.[3]
Yeast infection[edit]
Main article: Vaginal yeast infection
This is a common cause of vaginal irritation and according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention at least 75% of adult women have experienced one at least once in their lifetime. Yeast infections are caused by an overgrowth of fungus in the vagina known as Candida. Yeast infections are usually caused by an imbalance of the pH in the vagina, which is usually acidic. Other factors such as pregnancy, diabetes, weakened immune systems, tight fitting clothing, or douching can also be a cause. Symptoms of yeast infections include itching, burning, irritation, and a white cottage-cheese-like discharge from the vagina. Women have also reported that they experience painful intercourse and urination as well. Taking a sample of the vaginal secretions and placing them under a microscope for evidence of yeast can diagnose a yeast infection. Treatment varies from creams that can be applied in or around the vaginal area to oral tablets that stop the growth of fungus.[3]
Genital mutilation[edit]
Main article: Female genital mutilation
There are many practices of mutilating female genitalia in different cultures. The most common two types of genital mutilation practiced are clitoridectomy, the circumcision of the clitoris and the excision of the prepuce the skin around the clitoris. They can all involve a range of adverse health consequences such as bleeding, irreparable tissue damage, and sepsis which can sometimes prove fatal.
Genital surgery[edit]
Main article: Genitoplasty
Genitoplasty refers to surgery that is carried out to repair damaged sex organs particularly following cancer and its treatment. There are also elective surgical procedures which change the appearance of the external genitals.
Reproductive rights[edit]
The International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics was founded in 1954 to promote the well-being of women particularly in raising the standards of gynaecological practice and care. As of 2010 there were 124 countries involved.
Reproductive rights are legal rights related to reproduction and reproductive health. Women have the right to control matters involving their sexuality including their sexual and reproductive health. Violation of these rights include forced pregnancy, forced sterilization, forced abortion and genital mutilation. Female genital mutilation is the complete or partial removal of a female's external genitals.
History[edit]
It is claimed in the Hippocratic writings that both males and females contribute their seed to conception; otherwise, children would not resemble either or both of their parents. Four-hundred years later, Galen "identified" the source of 'female semen' as the ovaries in female reproductive organs.[4]
See also[edit]
Conception
Development of the reproductive system
Evolution of sexual reproduction
Female infertility
Oogenesis
Human sexuality#Female anatomy and reproductive system
Orgasm#In females
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Mahadevan, Harold Ellis, Vishy (2013). Clinical anatomy applied anatomy for students and junior doctors (13th ed.). Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 9781118373767.
Jump up ^ "Details of genital development". Retrieved August 6, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c Zaino, Nucci, & Kurman, Richard, Marisa, & Robert. "Diseas of the Vagina". CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Anwar, Etin. "The Transmission of Generative Self and Women's Contribution to Conception." Gender and Self in Islam. London: Routledge, 2006. 75. Print.
External links[edit]
The Wikibook Human Physiology has a page on the topic of: The female reproductive system
Female reproductive system
Interactive diagram of female reproductive system
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