text:
Black and White (Three Dog Night song)
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"Black and White"
Single by Three Dog Night
from the album Seven Separate Fools
B-side
"Freedom for the Stallion"
Released
August 1972
Format
7" 45 RPM
Genre
Pop
Length
3:51 (album)
3:24 (single)
Label
Dunhill
Songwriter(s)
David I. Arkin, Earl Robinson
Producer(s)
Richard Podolor
Three Dog Night singles chronology
"The Family of Man"
(1972) "Black and White"
(1972) "Pieces of April"
(1972)
"The Family of Man"
(1972) "Black and White"
(1972) "Pieces of April"
(1972)
"Black and White" is a song written in 1954 by David I. Arkin and Earl Robinson.
The most successful recording of the song was the pop version by Three Dog Night in 1972, when it reached number one on both the Billboard Hot 100 and Billboard Easy Listening charts. Billboard ranked it as the number 63 song for 1972.[1] This was one of the few hits for Three Dog Night on which Danny Hutton sang the lead vocals.
Contents
[hide]
1 Earlier recordings
2 Meaning
3 Chart history
3.1 Weekly charts
3.2 Year-end charts
4 See also
5 External links
6 References
Earlier recordings[edit]
The song was first recorded by Pete Seeger in 1956, followed by Sammy Davis Jr. in 1957.[2]
The song's author Earl Robinson released his own recording in 1957, on the Folkways album A Walk in the Sun and other Songs and Ballads. (The album title refers to a song written for the 1945 film A Walk in the Sun.[3])
Reggae groups The Maytones, from Jamaica, and Greyhound, from the UK, both recorded the song in 1971, the latter achieving a UK top ten hit.[4][5]
Having heard the Greyhound version, Three Dog Night covered the song and included it on their 1972 album Seven Separate Fools.[6] Their version of the song peaked at number one on the U.S. pop chart on September 16, 1972, and topped the easy listening chart on October 7.[7] Billboard ranked it as the number 63 song for 1972.[8]
Meaning[edit]
The song was inspired by the United States Supreme Court decision of Brown v. Board of Education (1954), which outlawed racial segregation of public schools.
The original lyrics of the song opened with this verse, in reference to the court:
Their robes were black, Their heads were white,
The schoolhouse doors were closed so tight,
Nine judges all set down their names,
To end the years and years of shame.
However, the version of the song recorded by Greyhound, and subsequently covered by Three Dog Night, did not include this verse - making the song more universal, but also less historically specific.
Chart history[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1971-72)
Peak
position
Australia Kent Music Report[9] 21
Austria 8
Canada RPM Top Singles 1
New Zealand (Listener)[10] 1
US Billboard Hot 100[11] 1
US Billboard Adult Contemporary[12] 1
US Cash Box Top 100[13] 1
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1972)
Rank
Canada 13
US Billboard Hot 100[14] 63
US Cash Box [15] 42
See also[edit]
List of Hot 100 number-one singles of 1972 (U.S.)
List of number-one adult contemporary singles of 1972 (U.S.)
Preceded by
"Alone Again (Naturally)" by Gilbert O'Sullivan Billboard Hot 100 number-one single
September 16, 1972 (one week) Succeeded by
"Baby, Don't Get Hooked on Me" by Mac Davis
External links[edit]
Version by The Maytones on YouTube
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1972
Jump up ^ Second Hand Songs database, Decca records 45: Sammy Davis Jr., "Songs for Americans to live by", rec. 20 Feb. 1957. This has not been reissued and is now a rare collector's item.
Jump up ^ Earl Robinson: A Walk in the Sun and Other Songs and Ballads Retrieved February 19, 2015
Jump up ^ Trojan Records box set, The Trojan Story (1972, reissued 1980)
Jump up ^ Black and White by Three Dog Night Songfacts
Jump up ^ Liner notes, Ultimate Seventies: 1972, Time Life Records.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (1996). The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits, 6th Edition (Billboard Publications)
Jump up ^ Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1972
Jump up ^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (doc)|format= requires |url= (help). Australian Chart Book, St Ives, N.S.W. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.
Jump up ^ Flavour of New Zealand, 4 December 1972
Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles 1955-1990 - ISBN 0-89820-089-X
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (1993). Top Adult Contemporary: 1961–1993. Record Research. p. 240.
Jump up ^ Cash Box Top 100 Singles, September 30, 1972
Jump up ^ Musicoutfitters.com
Jump up ^ Cash Box Year-End Charts: Top 100 Pop Singles, December 30, 1972
hide
v
t
e
Three Dog Night
Danny Hutton
Michael Allsup
Paul Kingery
Pat Bautz
Eddie Reasoner
David Morgan
Cory Wells
Chuck Negron
Jimmy Greenspoon
Floyd Sneed
Joe Schermie
Skip Konte
Al Ciner
Gary Moon
Richard Campbell
Studio albums
Three Dog Night (1968)
Suitable for Framing (1969)
It Ain't Easy (1970)
Naturally (1970)
Harmony (1971)
Seven Separate Fools (1972)
Cyan (1973)
Hard Labor (1974)
Coming Down Your Way (1975)
American Pastime (1976)
It's a Jungle (1983)
Live albums
Captured Live at the Forum (1969)
Around the World with Three Dog Night (1973)
Compilations
Golden Bisquits (1971)
Joy to the World: Their Greatest Hits (1975)
The Best of 3 Dog Night (1982)
Celebrate: The Three Dog Night Story, 1965–1975 (1993)
20th Century Masters – The Millennium Collection: The Best of Three Dog Night (1999)
Singles
"Nobody"
"Try a Little Tenderness"
"One"
"Easy to Be Hard"
"Eli's Coming"
"Celebrate"
"Mama Told Me (Not to Come)"
"Out in the Country"
"One Man Band"
"Joy to the World"
"Liar"
"An Old Fashioned Love Song"
"Never Been to Spain"
"The Family of Man"
"Black & White"
"Pieces of April"
"Shambala"
"Let Me Serenade You"
"The Show Must Go On"
"Sure As I'm Sittin' Here"
"Play Something Sweet (Brickyard Blues)"
"Til the World Ends"
"Everybody Is a Masterpiece"
"It's a Jungle Out There"
Discography
Book

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Categories:
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1972 singles
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Geology of the Alps
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The Alps form part of a Cenozoic orogenic belt of mountain chains, called the Alpide belt, that stretches through southern Europe and Asia from the Atlantic all the way to the Himalayas. This belt of mountain chains was formed during the Alpine orogeny. A gap in these mountain chains in central Europe separates the Alps from the Carpathians to the east. Orogeny took place continuously and tectonic subsidence has produced the gaps in between.
The Alps arose as a result of the collision of the African and Eurasian tectonic plates, in which the Alpine Tethys, which was formerly in between these continents, disappeared. Enormous stress was exerted on sediments of the Alpine Tethys basin and its Mesozoic and early Cenozoic strata were pushed against the stable Eurasian landmass by the northward-moving African landmass. Most of this occurred during the Oligocene and Miocene epochs. The pressure formed great recumbent folds, or nappes, that rose out of what had become the Alpine Tethys and pushed northward, often breaking and sliding one over the other to form gigantic thrust faults. Crystalline basement rocks, which are exposed in the higher central regions, are the rocks forming Mont Blanc, the Matterhorn, and high peaks in the Pennine Alps and Hohe Tauern (Stampfli & Borel 2004).
The formation of the Mediterranean Sea is a more recent development and does not mark the northern extent of terranes originating within the African plate.
Contents
[hide]
1 Geologic boundaries
2 Geologic structure
2.1 Subdivisions
2.2 Structural geology
2.3 Intrusions
2.4 Metamorphism
3 Tectonic history
3.1 Breakup of Pangaea
3.2 Jurassic
3.3 Eo-Alpine phase in the Cretaceous
3.4 Paleocene and Eocene
3.5 Oligocene and Miocene
3.6 Neogene
4 Geomorphology
5 Geologic research
5.1 Geophysics
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
8.1 Literature
Geologic boundaries[edit]
Tectonic map of the Mediterranean, showing the position of the Alps within other structures of the Alpide belt
The Alps form a northward convex arc around their southeastern foreland basin, the Po river basin (to be precise the south is in fact their hinterland). Quaternary and Neogene sediments in this basin lie discordant over the southernmost thrust units. In the northeast, southward dipping and internally thrusted Cenozoic foreland deposits (flysch and molasse) are found. This Bavarian and Swiss foreland basin is called the Molasse basin. The foreland basin deposits are overthrusted from the south by the thrustfront of the Alpine nappes. In Switzerland the Molasse Basin is rimmed to the northwest by the Jura mountains, an external fold-and-thrust belt, which can be seen as part of the Alps geologically. The western part of the Molasse basin forms the plateau of the Mittelland between the Alps and Jura Mountains. The Jura Mountains' location is still a topic for debate. A possible tectonic factor is the north-south extensional Upper Rhine Graben to the north.
The Alps continue fairly smoothly into the following related Alpine mountain ranges: the Apennines to the southwest, the Dinarides to the southeast and the Carpathians to the northeast. In the east the Alps are bounded by the Viennese Basin and the Pannonian Basin, where east–west stretching of the crust takes place.
Geologic structure[edit]
The Alps have a complex geology, but the general structure is the same as for other mountain ranges formed by continental collision.
Subdivisions[edit]
The Alps are often divided into Eastern, Central and Western Alps, even though the boundaries between these subdivisions are rather arbitrary. The division between the Eastern and Central Alps is approximately the line between St. Margrethen, Chur and Sondrio; the division between the Central and Western Alps is unclear (Pfiffner 2009, p. 25). The main suture (big shear zone) in the Alps is called the Periadriatic Seam and runs through the Alps from east to west. This is the boundary between materials from the (former) European and Apulian plates. South of this line are folded and thrusted units of the Southern Alps.
North of the Periadriatic seam, rocks from three main palaeogeographic "domains" are found: the Helvetic or Dauphinois, the Penninic and the Austroalpine domains. This subdivision is made according to the paleogeographical origins of the rocks: the Helvetic Zone contains material from the European plate, the Austroalpine Zone material from the Apulian plate, the Penninic Zone material from the domains that existed in between the two plates.[1]
Click on image for a larger version. Schematic geological map of the Alps, showing the tectonic subdivision and the largest geological structures. Some details are based on controversial assumptions.
Structural geology[edit]
Folds and thrusts north of the Periadriatic seam are generally directed to the north, the dominant vergence (direction of fold asymmetry) in these units is to the north. In the Southern Alps the thrusts are to the south so the vergence is dominantly southward.
The rocks of the Austroalpine nappes form most of the outcrops in the Eastern Alps, while in the west these nappes are, with the exception of a few places (the Dent Blanche and Sesia units), eroded away. In the Western Alps the Helvetic nappes can be found to the north and west, sometimes still under klippes of the Penninic nappes, as in the Préalpes du Sud south of Lake Geneva.
In many spots in the central zone north of the Periadriatic seam large antiforms called anticlinoria can be found, sometimes they are displayed in the outcrops as windows. At the level of one of these windows (the Hohe Tauern window) the Periadriatic seam curves to the north, which suggests that the Apulian plate is more rigid in this particular spot, working as a so-called indentor.
In the central part of Switzerland uplift took place along a ductile north–south normal faultzone called the Rhône-Simplon line. The structure thus formed is called the Lepontin dome.
Intrusions[edit]
In older rocks from the lower crust intrusions are found that formed during or just after the Hercynian orogeny. These intrusions are older than the Alps and have nothing to do with their formation. Radiometric age determination yields ages around 320 Ma. Slightly younger felsic intrusions formed by Permian and Triassic extension can also be found.
Intrusions from the formation of the Alps themselves are relatively rare. The largest ones can be found along the Periadriatic seam, the largest one is the Adamello granite. In the Penninic nappes migmatites and small melts can be found.
Metamorphism[edit]
The rocks of the Helvetic and Austroalpine nappes and the southern Alps did not experience high grade metamorphism in the major Alpine phases in the Cenozoic. Any high grade metamorphic rocks in these units will not have become metamorphic due to the formation of the Alps. Other possibilities are:
they were originally from lower regions of the crust and got to the surface by uplift, which gives them amphibolite facies at most.
in the Austroalpine nappes eclogites occur that were formed during the Cretaceous period, in an early phase of mountain building called the Eo-Alpine orogeny. These are high-grade metamorphic rocks, but their metamorphism is unrelated to the (later) formation of the Alps.
Cenozoic eclogites do occur in the Penninic nappes, which contain material that has been through blueschist or eclogite facies. These nappes show a Barrovian field gradient. This type of metamorphism can only occur when a rock is in pressure–temperature conditions that normally occur in the Earth’s mantle. This means the Penninic nappes consist of material that was subducted into the mantle and was later obducted onto the crust.
Alpine (Cenozoic) contact- or Buchan metamorphism is rare in the Alps, because intrusions are rare.
Tectonic history[edit]
The Alps are a fold and thrust belt. Folding and thrusting is the expression of crustal shortening which is caused by the convergent movements of the European and Apulian plates.
Breakup of Pangaea[edit]
At the end of the Carboniferous period (300 Ma), the Hercynian or Variscan orogeny, in which the supercontinent Pangaea formed from Gondwana and Laurasia, was ended. East of the terranes that now form the Alps was the Paleo-Tethys Ocean.
The effects of wind and water were able to chemically and mechanically erode and destroy the Hercynic mountain ranges. In the Permian, the main deposits in Europe were sandstone and conglomerate, products of erosion in the Hercynic mountain range. At the same time, crustal extension took place because the mountain range was isostatically unstable (this is called orogenic collapse). Due to extension, basins formed along the axis of the mountain range and felsic volcanism occurred. This was the first phase of rifting between Europe and Africa. Due to the rising sealevel in the Triassic period, the eastern margin of Pangaea was flooded. Shallow shelf seas and epicontinental seas existed in which evaporites and limestones were deposited.
Jurassic[edit]
In the early Jurassic period (180 Ma), a narrow ocean began to form between the northern (North America and Eurasia) and southern (Africa and South America) parts of Pangaea. The oceanic crust that was formed in the process is known as the Piemont-Liguria Ocean. This ocean is generally regarded as an eastern extension of the Tethys Ocean. Although it was not really connected to it, a peninsular piece of continental crust of the African plate called the Apulian plate lay in between the African and European plates and was involved in subdividing the Tethys and early Alps formation. Sometimes the names Alpine Tethys or Western Tethys Ocean are used to describe a number of small oceanic basins that formed southwest of the European plate, to distinguish them from the Neo-Tethys Ocean in the east. Because the Jurassic was a time with high sealevels, all these oceans were connected by shallow seas. On the continents, shallow sea deposits (limestones) were formed during the entire Mesozoic.
In the late Jurassic the microcontinent Iberia broke away from the European plate and the Valais Ocean was formed between the two plates. Both Piemont-Liguria and Valais Oceans were never large oceans such as today’s Atlantic Ocean. What they might have been like is the opening below the Red Sea, continuing down through Africa, forming the Great Rift Valley. Eventually, a new ocean will cut through east Africa as the rift develops, dividing a large section of land from the main continent.
When at the end of the Jurassic the Apulian plate began to move toward the European plate, oceanic trenches formed in the eastern Alps. In these, deep marine sediments were deposited, such as radiolarites and lutites.
Eo-Alpine phase in the Cretaceous[edit]
The divergent movement of the European and African plates was relatively short-lived. When the Atlantic Ocean formed between Africa and South America (about 100 Ma) Africa began moving northeast.
As a result of this process, the soft layers of ocean sediment in the Alpine Tethys Oceans were compressed and folded as they were slowly thrust upwards. Caught in the middle of the merging continents, the area of the Tethys Sea between Africa and Eurasia began to shrink as oceanic crust subducted beneath the Apulian plate. The tremendous forces at work in the lower continental foundation caused the European base to bend downward into the hot mantle and soften. The southern (African) landmass then continued its northward movement over some 1,000 km (600 mi). The slow folding and pleating of the sediments as they rose up from the depths is believed to have initially formed a series of long east–west volcanic island arcs. Volcanic rocks produced in these island arcs are found among the ophiolites of the Penninic nappes.
In the late Cretaceous the first continental collision took place as the northern part of the Apulian subplate collided with Europe. This is called the Eo-Alpine phase, and is sometimes regarded as the first phase of the formation of the Alps. The part of the Apulian plate that was deformed in this phase is the material that would later form the Austroalpine nappes and the Southern Alps. In some fragments of the Piemont-Liguria Ocean now in the Penninic nappes an Eo-Alpine deformation phase can also be recognized.
Apart from the Eo-Alpine fold and thrust belt other regions were still in the marine domain during the Cretaceous. On the southern margins of the European continent shallow seas formed limestone deposits, that would later be (in the Alps) incorporated into the Helvetic nappes. At the same time sedimentation of anoxic clay took place in the deep-marine realms of the Piemont-Liguria and Valais Oceans. This clay would later become the Bündner slates from the Penninic nappes.
Paleocene and Eocene[edit]
When the Piemont-Liguria oceanic crust had completely subducted beneath the Apulian plate in the Paleocene, the Briançonnais microcontinent, according to some a piece of the Iberian plate, arrived at the subduction zone. The Briançonnais microcontinent and Valais Ocean (with island arcs) subducted beneath the Apulian plate. They stayed at around 70 km (45 mi) below the surface during the Eocene, reaching the eclogite facies and becoming intruded by migmatites. This material would later become the Penninic nappes, but a large part of the Briançonnais terrane subducted further into the mantle and was lost. Meanwhile, at the surface the upper crust of the Apulian plate (the later Austroalpine nappes) was thrusted over the European crust. This was the main collisional phase in the formation of the Alps.
Oligocene and Miocene[edit]
When the subducting slab broke off (slab breakoff, slab pull) and fell away, the subducted crust began moving up. This led to the uplift of the thickened continental crust which led, in the Miocene, to extension. In the case of the Alps, the extension could only take place in a west–east direction because the Apulian plate was still converging from the south. An enormous thrustzone evolved that would later become the Periadriatic Seam. The zone also accommodated dextral shear that resulted from the west–east extension. With the exception of the allochthon Austroalpine material, this thrust evolved at the boundary of the Apulian and European plates. The central zones of the Alps rose and were subsequently eroded. Tectonic windows and domes as the Hohe Tauern window were formed in this way.
Meanwhile, the thrust front of the Penninic and Austroalpine nappes moved on, pushing all material in its way northward. Due to this pressure a decollement developed over which thrusting took place. The thrusted material would become the Helvetic nappes.
Neogene[edit]
At present, the Apulian and European plates are still converging. The process of mountain building continues to this day. Measurements in the road and railway tunnels show that the Alps continue to rise somewhere between a millimeter and a centimeter each year. This is held in an overall balance by weathering effects. Also, there are many active seismic areas under the mountains that show that stresses continue to be released along deep fault lines. In the process, the core of the Alps, with the terranes that were subducted in the Paleocene and Eocene, still moves upward. Northward thrusting takes place along a line called the Penninic thrustfront. The formation of the foreland basins (Po basin and Bavarian basin) goes on with the crust subsiding in these areas.
Geomorphology[edit]
The formation of the Alpine landscape seen today is a recent development – only some two million years old. Since then, five known ice ages have done much to remodel the region. The tremendous glaciers that flowed out of the mountain valleys repeatedly covered all of the Swiss plain and shoved the topsoil into the low rolling hills seen today. They scooped out the lakes and rounded off the limestone hills along the northern border.
The last great glacier advance in the Alps ended some 10,000 years ago, leaving the large lake now known as Lake Neuchatel. The ice in this region reached some 1,000 m (0.6 mi) in depth and flowed out of the region behind Lake Geneva some 100 km (60 mi) to the South. Today large granite boulders are found scattered in the forests in the region. These were carried and pushed by the glaciers that filled this part of the western plain for some 80,000 years during the last ice age. From their composition it has been possible to determine the precise area from which they began their journey. As the last ice age ended, it is believed that the climate changed so rapidly that the glaciers retreated back into the mountains in only some 200 to 300 years time.
Besides leaving an Arctic-like wasteland of barren rock and gravel, the huge moraine of material that was dropped at the front of the glaciers blocked huge masses of melt water that poured onto the central plain during this period. A huge lake resulted, flooding the region to a depth of several hundred meters for many years. The old shoreline can be seen in some places along the low hills at the foot of the mountains – the hills actually being glacial side-moraines. As the Aare, which now drains western Switzerland into the Rhine, eventually opened the natural dam, the water levels in the plain fell to near the present levels .
In the last 150 years humans have changed the flow and levels of all the rivers and most of the extensive wetlands and small lakes have disappeared under the effects of farming and other development.
Geologic research[edit]
The Alps were the first mountain system to be extensively studied by geologists, and many of the geologic terms associated with mountains and glaciers originated there. The term Alps has been applied to mountain systems around the world that exhibit similar traits.
Geophysics[edit]
In the 1980s and 1990s a number of teams began mapping the structures in the lower crust by seismology. The result was a number of detailed geological cross-sections, enhancing our knowledge of the deep structures below the Alps. When seismic research is combined with insights from gravitational research and mantle tomography the subducting slab of the European plate can be mapped. Tomography also shows some older detached slabs deeper in the mantle.
See also[edit]
Swiss plateau
References[edit]
Jump up ^ See for a detailed subdivision of the geologic units in the Alps for example (Schmid et al. 2004), (Compagnoni 2003), (Pfiffner 2009, pp. 25–27)
External links[edit]
Geophysical research and the geology of the Alps
The tectonic evolution of the western and central Alps and their forelands, website of prof. S.M. Schmid
Alpine geology
Paleoreconstructions of the Alpine Tethys region, IGCP369 project website
Platetectonic maps of the North Atlantic (including the Mediterranean) by Peter Ziegler
Plate tectonic reconstruction of the opening and closing of the Valais and Ligurian Oceans, website of Christian Nicollet (in French)
Literature[edit]
Compagnoni, R. (2003). "HP metamorphic belt of the western Alps". Episodes. 26 (3): 200–204.
Dal Piaz, G.V.; Bistacchi, A.; Massironi, M. (2003). "Geological outline of the Alps". Episodes. 26 (3): 175–180.
Frisch, W.; Dunkl, I.; Kuhlemann, J. (2000). "Post-collisional large-scale extension in the Eastern Alps". Tectonophysics. 327: 239. Bibcode:2000Tectp.327..239F. doi:10.1016/S0040-1951(00)00204-3.
Pfiffner, O.A. (2009). Geologie der Alpen (in German). Bern/Stuttgart/Wien: Haupt Verlag. ISBN 978-3-8252-8416-9.
Schmid, Stefan M. "Description of the Western and Central Alps". Geologisch-Paläontologisches Institut, University of Basel. Archived from the original on 19 December 2005.
Schmid, Stefan M.; Fügenshuh, Bernhard; Kissling, Eduard; Schuster, Ralf (2004). "Tectonic map and overall architecture of the Alpine orogen" (PDF). Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae. 97: 93–117. doi:10.1007/s00015-004-1113-x. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 November 2006.
Schmid, S.M.; Kissling, E. (2000). "The arc of the western Alps in the light of geophysical data on deep crustal structure". Tectonics. 19: 62. Bibcode:2000Tecto..19...62S. doi:10.1029/1999TC900057.
Schmid, S.M.; Pfiffner, O.A.; Froitzheim, N.; Schönborn, G.; Kissling, E. (1996). "Geophysical-geological transect and tectonic evolution of the Swiss-Italian Alps". Tectonics. 15: 1036. Bibcode:1996Tecto..15.1036S. doi:10.1029/96TC00433.
Stampfli, GM; Borel, GD; Marchant, R.; Mosar, J. (2002). Rosenbaum, G. and Lister, G.S, eds. "Reconstruction of the evolution of the Alpine-Himalayan orogeny". Journal of the Virtual Explorer. |chapter= ignored (help)CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (link)
Stampfli, GM (1993). "Le Briançonnais, terrain exotique dans les Alps?". Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae (in French). 86: 1.
Stampfli, GM; Borel, GD (2004). "The TRANSMED Transects in Space and Time: Constraints on the Paleotectonic Evolution of the Mediterranean Domain". In Cavazza W, Roure F, Spakman W, Stampfli GM, Ziegler P. The TRANSMED Atlas: the Mediterranean Region from Crust to Mantle. Springer Verlag. ISBN 3-540-22181-6. CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (link)
Ziegler, P.A. (1988). "Evolution of the Arctic-North Atlantic and the Western Tethys". American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir. 43.
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Pokémon the Movie: I Choose You!
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Pokémon the Movie:
I Choose You!
Japanese release poster, designed and illustrated by Yoshitoshi Shinomiya[1]
Japanese
劇場版げきじょうばんポケットモンスター キミにきめた！
Hepburn
Gekijō-ban Poketto Monsutā Kimi ni kimeta!
Literally
Pocket Monsters the Movie: I Choose You!
Directed by
Kunihiko Yuyama
Produced by
Satoshi Shimohira
Susumu Matsuyama
Atsushi Chiku
Hidenaga Katakami
Screenplay by
Shōji Yonemura
Based on
Pokémon: Indigo League
by
Satoshi Tajiri
Ken Sugimori
Takeshi Shudo
Starring
Rica Matsumoto
Ikue Ōtani
Unshō Ishizuka
Masami Toyoshima
Narrated by
Unshō Ishizuka
Music by
Shinji Miyazaki
Cinematography
Aya Aoshima
Edited by
Toshio Henmi
Production
company
OLM, Inc.
Distributed by
Toho
Release date
July 6, 2017 (2017-07-06) (Japan Expo)
July 15, 2017 (2017-07-15) (Japan)
Running time
97 minutes
Country
Japan
Language
Japanese
Box office
￥3.31 billion (Japan)
US$37,552,144 (worldwide)[2][3]
Pokémon the Movie: I Choose You![a] is a 2017 Japanese animated adventure film directed by Kunihiko Yuyama, written by Shōji Yonemura, and produced by OLM. Released as the twentieth Pokémon movie, the first film in the Sun and Moon generation and the first reboot film in the anime film series. It sets up an alternate continuity to the main series and acts as a loose retelling of the original Kanto League saga of the series/show, released to commemorate the anime's twentieth anniversary. It premiered at Japan Expo in France on July 6, 2017[4] and was released in Japan on July 15, 2017.[5] The Pokémon Company International and Fathom Events released the film on a limited theatrical run in the rest of the world on November 5, 2017, and this was followed by television airings on Disney XD in the United States on November 25, 2017,[6][7] on CITV in the UK on December 8, 2017, 9Go! in Australia on December 10, 2017 and on Gulli in France on December 25, 2017.
Contents
1 Plot
2 Cast
2.1 Characters and cast
3 Development
4 Music
5 Release and promotion
6 Box office
7 Critical reception
8 Sequel
9 Notes
10 References
11 External links
Plot[edit]
Ash Ketchum wakes up late one morning after having broken his alarm clock in his sleep. He eventually makes it to Professor Oak's lab, but is told that the three starter Pokémon (Bulbasaur, Squirtle and Charmander) have already been taken by Trainers who were on time. However, Oak reveals that he has one more Pokémon, an Electric-type named Pikachu. Despite its volatile and feisty personality, as well as its refusal to get inside a Poké Ball, Ash happily takes Pikachu for his journey.
Outside of Pallet Town, Ash encounters a Pidgey. When Pikachu refuses to fight it, Ash tosses a rock at it, but it hits a Spearow that mistakes Pikachu as the culprit. Soon, more Spearow show up forcing Ash and Pikachu to run. Injured and tired, Ash tells Pikachu to get inside its Ball, but it once again refuses. Instead, Pikachu defends Ash from the Spearow by summoning a large Thunderbolt that scares them away. As the storm ceases, a Ho-Oh flies above and drops a feather called a Rainbow Wing. Ash and Pikachu decide to go and find the Legendary Pokémon.
During their travels, Ash catches a Caterpie and the group eventually settle at a Pokémon Center. A Trainer bursts in claiming that they encountered an Entei, a Legendary Fire-type Pokémon, causing Ash, as well as several other Trainers, to rush into the woods to look for it. Ash finds the Entei, but ends up fighting over it with a Trainer with a Piplup named Verity. They are also joined by an aspiring young Pokémon Professor named Sorrel who uses a Lucario in battle. When Entei escapes, Ash and Verity get into an argument and Sorrel leaves, telling them that they need to find shelter soon. As Ash and Verity fight, they accidentally disturb an Onix that starts chasing them. They manage to get it to leave just as it begins to rain. As they look to find shelter, they find a Charmander that has been left out. They quickly learn that it belongs to a ruthless trainer named Cross who, along with his Midnight form Lycanroc, left it out in the rain. He carelessly refuses to take it back, calling it weak, and Ash and Verity are forced to find it shelter.
They come across a cave where Sorrel and Lucario happen to be and help Charmander back to health. Entei and several other Pokémon arrive to sleep for the night and Ash reveals the Rainbow Wing. Sorrel reveals that Ho-Oh only gives the Wing to the "rainbow hero" who is destined to fight it, as a shadow Pokémon named Marshadow watches. The next morning, Ash convinces Charmander to join them. The group venture on with Caterpie evolving into a Metapod, and Charmander evolving into Charmeleon. Sorrel studies more about Ho-Oh and the Legendary Pokémon while Verity spots a Suicune. Eventually, while battling other Trainers in town, Cross returns and challenges Ash's Charmeleon with his Incineroar. Charmeleon is savagely defeated, causing Ash much grief.
Upset over his loss, Ash openly admits that he could have won with Pikachu and later states that he wished he had gotten Bulbasaur or Squirtle. Alone in the woods, Marshadow puts Ash in a sleep-like state as the Rainbow Wing turns dark. Ash has a dream where no Pokémon exist and he attends regular school with Verity and Sorrel. Realizing something is missing, he remembers Pikachu and wakes up to his friends, and the Wing regains its color. After escaping some angry Primeape, Metapod evolves into Butterfree. They rescue a pink Butterfree from a Fearow and realize that Ash's Butterfree needs to mate. Saddened but happy, Ash lets his Butterfree go. The group soon spot a Raikou and realize they are getting close when the Wing begins to glow in the direction of Mount Tensei.
The group make it there and meet Bonji, an old researcher who has been studying Ho-Oh. They make it to a crystal-like structure, but are interrupted by Cross who wants to fight Ho-Oh himself (he too saw Ho-oh, but it did not give him the Wing). Cross' Incineroar fights Ash's Charmeleon which quickly evolves into Charizard and defeats Incineroar. Cross, refusing to accept his loss, grabs the Wing and places it on the crystal, but it turns dark, causing Marshadow, an agent of Ho-oh's, to turn the local Pokémon (including Cross's midnight form Lycanroc) evil and attack Ash and his friends. The Trainers fight back, but are overwhelmed by the severity of the situation. Ash finally forces Pikachu to get in his Poké Ball as the Pokémon destroy Ash, turning him into pure energy as Marshadow notices the Wing has disintegrated.
Ash finds himself in a grey world, but is brought back, presumably through Ho-Oh's power when Ash protected Pikachu. Ash takes the newly formed Rainbow Wing and places it on the crystal structure. Ho-oh arrives and Ash challenges it with Pikachu to battle, but the outcome is never shown. The gang return to the Pokémon Center as Bonji states that Ho-oh will find a new trainer to leave its Wing to. Cross leaves on good terms with the group and eventually Verity and Sorrel leave to achieve their own dreams. Ash and Pikachu decide to continue their journey in the world of Pokémon.
During the credits, Ash's recurring friends from the main series (Brock, Misty, Tracey, May, Max, Dawn, Iris, Cilan, Clemont, Bonnie and Serena) are shown. Verity is seen returning home, presumably to amend her relationship with her mother, and Sorrel is seen traveling and spotting an Articuno that he wanted to study. Ash and Pikachu are seen traveling together while being tailed by Team Rocket who appeared throughout the film, unnoticed by the protagonists for comic relief.
Cast[edit]
Characters and cast[edit]
Character
Voice Actor (Japanese)
Voice Actor (English)
Ash Ketchum (Satoshi) Rica Matsumoto Sarah Natochenny
Pikachu Ikue Ōtani Ikue Ōtani
Kate Bristol
Professor Samuel Oak (Professor Yukinari Okido) Unshō Ishizuka Carter Cathcart
Narrator Rodger Parsons
Delia Ketchum (Hanako) Masami Toyoshima Sarah Natochenny
Jessie (Musashi) Megumi Hayashibara Michele Knotz
James (Kojiro) Shin-ichiro Miki Carter Cathcart
Meowth (Nyarth) Inuko Inuyama
Nurse Joy Shoko Nakagawa Michele Knotz
Sorrel (Souji) Kanata Hongō David Oliver Nelson
Verity (Makoto) Shiori Sato Suzy Myers
Bonji Arata Furuta Mike Pollock
Cross Ryōta Ōsaka Billy Bob Thompson
Marshadow Kōichi Yamadera
Development[edit]
The film was officially revealed during the December 15 broadcast of TV Tokyo's Oha Suta program, revealing a teaser trailer and poster of the film.[8] This early content revealed Ash and Pikachu alongside the Legendary Pokémon Ho-Oh, showing that the film would act as a retelling of the first season, exploring some of the important plot points of the series. Ho-Oh's appearance in the film was also detailed to be important to the film's storyline.[9] A second trailer for the film was revealed at the March 1 broadcast of Oha Suta, revealing remade scenes from the first episode and its official English title.[10] It was then posted on the official YouTube page the next day.[11]
Later on, the film's second official trailer, which also featured a new version of the original Japanese opening theme, "Mesaze Pokémon Master", was previewed on April 7, 2017. The next day, the producers announced that the current last Pokémon in the Pokédex, Marshadow, would debut in the film alongside several other brand-new characters.[12] As the film is not a direct remake, it diverts itself from the original season that it is based on, and features an original story.[13] Two days before the film's release, Yoshitoshi Shinomiya, who draw background art for Kara no Kyoukai: Mirai Fukuin and Fate/stay night: Unlimited Blade Works released a new poster for the film.[14]
With the film confirmed to be initially released at the French Japan Expo 2017, Western fans requested for the film to be released in theaters in the United States. This was eventually confirmed to be released by Fathom Events as a limited release across November 4 and 5, 2017. In Australia, the film was also confirmed to be released by Event Cinemas across November 11 and 12, 2017. Some fans also requested that voice actress Veronica Taylor should reprise her role as the English voice of Ash Ketchum for the film,[15] but it was later confirmed that the current set of voice actors would stay on. The title of the film is also a reference to the first episode of the anime, "Pokémon, I Choose You!".
Music[edit]
Regular series composer Shinji Miyazaki wrote the film's score for its original release. The film's opening song is titled Aim to Be a Pokémon Master -20th Anniversary- (めざせポケモンマスター -20th Anniversary-, Mezase Pokemon Master -20th Anniversary-) by Rica Matsumoto while the ending is titled Oración's Theme ~Let's Walk Together~ (オラシオンのテーマ　～共ともに歩あるこう～, Orashion no Tēma ~Tomoni Arukou~) by Asuca Hayashi.[16]
Ed Goldfarb, the composer for the North American adaptations of the anime beginning with Pokémon: XY, along with frequent collaborators Akhil Gopal and Kc Daugirdas, composed a new background score for the film's North American release.[17]
Release and promotion[edit]
The movie premiered at Japan Expo in France on July 6, 2017, and officially released in Japanese theaters on July 15, 2017. Advanced pre-orders the movie tickets across limited time periods (from September 19 to October 30, 2017) allowed moviegoers to receive a serial code to obtain one of the six special Pikachu in Pokémon Sun and Moon, each wearing one of Ash's signature hats from each anime season. These Pikachu were holding an exclusive Pikashunium Z-Crystal.[18] Also, both Marshadow and Ho-Oh were distributed during the film's release in Japan.
Merchandise coinciding with the film were also released. Bandai released official Poké Ball Breath Mint Cases in both regular and Premium-Bandai versions to coincide with the film's release.[19][20] The first set was released in August 2017, and the second was released in September 2017, with pre-orders starting on April 23, 2017.[21] Bandai also released S.H.Figuarts figures of Ash and the Team Rocket trio in July 2017,[22] while Good Smile Company also announced they would release a Nendoroid of Ash in December 2017.[23][24] For the film's worldwide release, The Pokémon Company announced special commemorative Pikachu Plush and Pokémon Trading Card Game Cards obtainable in US and Canadian retail sites.[25]
Box office[edit]
The film topped Japanese box office records, earning first place and grossing more than 516 million yen (US$4.61 million) in the first two days, beating Gintama on its premiere.[26] The movie earned ¥2.14 billion ($19.6 million) in its fourth week and remained at the sixth position.[27] In its fifth week it grossed US$22 million and climbed up to the fourth position before being dethroned by Transformers: The Last Knight.
The film grossed $37,552,144 worldwide, including $30,024,522 in Japan, $3,559,886 in South Korea, and $2,401,722 in the United States.[3]
Critical reception[edit]
Some older fans of the anime expressed negative criticism over the film on social media[28] due to the exclusion of Misty and Brock in favor of two new companions, with one saying "It's almost like Brock and Misty never existed".[29] Also, criticism was made at the point where Pikachu actually speaks the human language.[30][31] As shown at the film's first screening at the 2017 Japan Expo, most of the main characters from the first six series were relegated to cameos, which also caused some harsh criticism from older fans.[32]
The film received a mixed to negative reception. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes assigned the film a 43% approval rating based on 7 reviews, with an average rating of 5.7/10.[33] Callum May of Anime News Network called the film a "Pokémon movie for classic Pokémon fans" and "While it features new Pokémon from Sun and Moon like Lycanroc and Incineroar, many of the stories and references are from the series 20 years ago, repurposed into far more emotionally moving encounters". It was also praised for having a stronger narrative than the other movies in the franchise, but often criticized on Sorrel and Verity's personalities, calling them "more like bystanders of someone else's story, and the attempts at creating backstories for them aren't built up at all".[34]
Sequel[edit]
A second film in the alternate continuity, titled Pokémon the Movie: The Power of Us, will be animated by OLM and Wit Studio, and it will be released in theaters in Japan on July 13, 2018.[35][36][37]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Known in Japan as Pocket Monsters the Movie: I Choose You! (劇場版 ポケットモンスター キミにきめた！, Gekijō-ban Poketto Monsutā Kimi ni kimeta!)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "「ポケモン映画20周年記念ビジュアル」が解禁！ | アニメイトタイムズ". Animate Times (in Japanese). animateLAB. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Pokémon the Movie: I Choose You! Film Opens at #1, Live-Action Gintama at #2". Anime News Network. July 18, 2017. Retrieved July 19, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Pokémon the Movie 20: I Choose You!". www.boxofficemojo.com. Retrieved April 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ "World Premiere: The 20th Pokémon Movie". Japan Expo. SEFA Event. May 24, 2017. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ "20作目は何かが違う……!? 『劇場版ポケットモンスター キミにきめた！』2017年7月15日公開決定、トレーラーが公開". Famitsu (in Japanese). Gzbrain. December 15, 2016. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Pokémon the Movie: I Choose You!". Fathom Events. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ https://animemojo.com/shonen/pokemon/pokemon-the-movie-i-choose-you-to-air-on-disney-xd-on-november-25-a3524
Jump up ^ "New Pokémon I Choose You! Film Announced (Updated)". Anime News Network. December 14, 2016. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ "劇場版ポケモン新作タイトルは「キミにきめた！」、ポスターにホウオウの姿". Natalie (in Japanese). Natasha, Inc. December 15, 2016. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ Frank, Allegra (March 1, 2017). "Pokémon's next movie takes Ash back to the beginning". Polygon.
Jump up ^ Baseel, Casey (March 2, 2017). "Here's the first trailer for the Pokémon reboot/remake anime movie【Video】". SoraNews24. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Pokémon I Choose You! Anime Film's 2nd Trailer Reveals Guest Cast, New Mythical Pokémon". Anime News Network. April 8, 2017. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ Frank, Allegra (April 10, 2017). "Pokémon's next movie revisits the show's first season before shaking everything up". Polygon.
Jump up ^ Yoshitoshi, Shinomiya (July 13, 2017). "映画『劇場版ポケットモンスター キミにきめた！』（7月15日公開）「ポケモン映画20周年記念ビジュアル」の情報が解禁されました。". Shinomiya Yoshitoshi (in Japanese). Retrieved August 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ Hoffer, Christian (May 14, 2017). "Fans Clamor for Veronica Taylor to Return as Ash Ketchum for New Pokemon Movie". WWG. Pop Culture Media. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ Chapman, Paul (July 3, 2017). "Pokémon Reprises "The Rise of Darkrai" Song for 20th Summer Movie". Crunchyroll. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ Goldfarb, Ed [@edgoldfarbmusic] (September 2, 2017). "For 20 years of Pokémon, Ash and Pikachu's origin story is in theaters 11/5 & 11/6. Excited to be part of it" (Tweet). Retrieved September 8, 2017 – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ Casey (March 15, 2017). "A Special Hat-Wearing Ash Pikachu Is Headed To Japan For Pokémon Sun & Moon". Siliconera. Curse. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ Baseel, Casey (April 20, 2017). "Poké Ball breath mint holder series will keep you from being a smelly Pokémon otaku". SoraNews24. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Become a Pokémon Master with Bandai's Poké Ball Collection!". Tokyo Otaku Mode. April 21, 2017. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ Dennison, Kara (23 April 2017). "Premium Bandai Now Offering Real* Pokéballs". Crunchyroll. Retrieved 22 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "S.H.Figuarts Brings Ash and Team Rocket Together Again!". Tokyo Otaku Mode. March 2, 2017. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ Kahotan (July 12, 2017). "Nendoroid Ash & Pikachu (Pokémon)". Kahotan's Blog. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ Sounders, Mike (13 July 2017). "Still not a Pokemon champion Ash Ketchum is now available in Nendoroid form, with a catch". Destructoid. Retrieved 22 August 2017.
Jump up ^ https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/interest/2017-11-06/pokemon-the-movie-i-choose-you-gets-commemorative-tcg-cards-plush/.123673
Jump up ^ "国内映画ランキング ： 2017年7月18日発表（毎週火曜更新）" (in Japanese). Eiga.com. Retrieved September 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ "国内映画ランキング ： 2017年8月7日発表（毎週火曜更新）" (in Japanese). Eiga.com. Retrieved September 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ Hoffer, Christian (July 10, 2017). "New Pokemon Movie Just Erased Two Key Characters from Ash's Past". WWG. Pop Culture Media. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ Ashcraft, Brian (July 10, 2017). "New Pokémon Movie Rewrites History, Ditches Brock And Misty". Kotaku. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ Farokhmanesh, Megan (November 14, 2017). "Pikachu is talking now and it's very upsetting". The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved November 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Plagge, Kallie (November 7, 2017). "Pokemon The Movie: I Choose You Ruins Pikachu". GameSpot. CBS Interactive. Retrieved November 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Hemmings, Hannah Mylrea (July 11, 2017). "Brock and Misty are being written out of Pokémon, and these people's childhoods are ruined". NME. Time Inc. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ Pokémon The Movie: I Choose You!, retrieved 2018-07-16
Jump up ^ May, Callum (July 17, 2017). "Pokémon the Movie: I Choose You!". Anime News Network. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Attack on Titan's Wit Studio Animates 2018 Pokémon Film With OLM". Anime News Network. December 10, 2017. Retrieved December 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ Green, Scott (December 11, 2017). "Ash Gets A New Look As Wit Studio And OLM Team Up On 2018's "Pokémon" Anime Movie". Crunchyroll. Retrieved December 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ https://www.animatetimes.com/news/details.php?id=1512957140
External links[edit]
Japanese movie website
Pokemon.co.jp movie website
Pokémon the Movie: I Choose You! on IMDb
Pokémon the Movie: I Choose You! (anime) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia
Pokémon the Movie: I Choose You! at Rotten Tomatoes
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values: Piano: The Melody of a Young Girl's Heart

values: Inazuma Eleven: Ares no Tenbin (2018 series)

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/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon:_Jirachi_Wish_Maker
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Pokémon: Jirachi Wish Maker

values: Tamagotchi: Happiest Story in the Universe!

values: Inazuma Eleven: Saikyō Gundan Ōga Shūrai

values: Yo-kai Watch Shadowside: Oni-ō no Fukkatsu

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values: Category:Films directed by Kunihiko Yuyama

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values: Pokémon the Movie: I Choose You! – Spanish

values: Pokémon, le film : Je te choisis ! – French

values: 극장판 포켓몬스터: 너로 정했다! – Korean

values: Pokémon the Movie: I Choose You! – Indonesian

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values: 劇場版ポケットモンスター キミにきめた! – Japanese

values: Pokémon the Movie: I Choose You! – Portuguese

values: Pokémon Filmen: Jag väljer dig! – Swedish

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values: โปเกมอน เดอะมูฟวี่ ตอน ฉันเลือกนาย! – Thai

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values: Pokémon the Movie 20: Tớ chọn cậu – Vietnamese

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values: 劇場版 精靈寶可夢 就決定是你了！ – Chinese

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