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Lord's Day
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The Lord's Day in Christianity is generally Sunday, the principal day of communal worship. It is observed by most Christians as the weekly memorial of the resurrection of Jesus Christ, who is said in the canonical Gospels to have been witnessed alive from the dead early on the first day of the week. The phrase appears in Rev. 1:10.
According to some sources, Christians held corporate worship on Sunday in the 1st century.[1] The earliest Biblical example of Christians meeting together on a Sunday for the purpose of "breaking bread" and preaching is cited in the New Testament book The Acts of the Apostles chapter 20 and verse 7 (Acts 20:7). 2nd-century writers such as Justin Martyr attest to the widespread practice of Sunday worship (First Apology, chapter 67), and by 361 AD it had become a mandated weekly occurrence. During the Middle Ages, Sunday worship became associated with Sabbatarian (rest) practices. Some Protestants today (particularly those theologically descended from the Puritans) regard Sunday as Christian Sabbath, a practice known as first-day Sabbatarianism. (Some Christian groups hold that the term "Lord's Day" can only properly refer to seventh-day Sabbath or Saturday.)
Sunday was also known in patristic writings as the eighth day.
Contents
[hide]
1 Biblical use
2 Textual tradition
2.1 Ambiguous references
2.2 Undisputed references
3 Early church
3.1 Origins of Sunday worship
3.2 Edict of Constantine
4 Middle Ages
5 Modern church
5.1 Protestantism
5.2 Jehovah's Witnesses
5.3 Roman Catholicism
5.4 Eastern Christianity
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
Biblical use[edit]
The phrase the "Lord's Day" appears only once in the Bible in Revelation 1:10 which was written near the end of the first century. It is the English translation of the koine Greek kyriake hemera. The adjective kyriake ("Lord's") often elided its noun, as in the neuter kyriakon for "Lord's [assembly]", the predecessor of the word "church"; the noun was to be supplied by context.
In Rev. 1:10, the apostle John, used kyriake hemera ("I was in the Spirit on the Lord's Day") in a way apparently familiar to his readers. Observers of first-day worship hold that this means he was worshiping on Sunday, resurrection day. Seventh-day Sabbatarians hold that since Jesus said he was "Lord of the Sabbath"[2] and that Isaiah called the Sabbath the "Lord's Holy Day"[3] then the Lord's Day is the Seventh-day Sabbath (i.e. Saturday). Both parties accordingly use this verse to lay claim to the name "Lord's Day" for their day of worship.mark 2:28
The New Testament also uses the phrase te mia ton sabbaton ("the first day of the week") both for the early morning (Mary Magdalene John 20:1) and evening (the disciples in John 2:19) of Resurrection Sunday, as well as for the breaking of bread at Troas (Acts 20:7) and the day for the collection at Corinth (1 Co 16:2).[4]
Textual tradition[edit]
Ambiguous references[edit]
The term "Lord's" appears in The Teaching of the Twelve Apostles or Didache, a document dated between 70 and 120. Didache 14:1a is translated by Roberts as, "But every Lord's day gather yourselves together, and break bread, and give thanksgiving";[5] another translation begins, "On the Lord's own day". The first clause in Greek, "κατά κυριακήν δέ κυρίου", literally means "On the Lord's of the Lord",[6] a unique and unexplained double possessive, and translators supply the elided noun, e.g., "day" (ἡμέρα hemera), "commandment" (from the immediately prior verse 13:7), or "doctrine".[7][8] This is one of two early extrabiblical Christian uses of "κυριακήν" where it does not clearly refer to Sunday because textual readings have given rise to questions of proper translation. Breaking bread (daily or weekly) may refer to Christian fellowship, agape feasts, or Eucharist (cf. Acts 2:42, 20:7). Didache 14 was apparently understood by the writers of the Didascalia and Apostolic Constitutions as a reference to Sunday worship.
Around 110 AD, St. Ignatius of Antioch used "Lord's" in a passage of his letter to the Magnesians. Ambiguity arises due to textual variants. The only extant Greek manuscript of the letter, the Codex Mediceo-Laurentianus, reads, "If, then, those who had walked in ancient practices attained unto newness of hope, no longer observing Sabbath, but living according to the Lord's life ..." (kata kyriaken zoen zontes). A medieval Latin translation indicates an alternate textual reading of kata kyriaken zontes, informing Roberts's translation, "no longer observing the Sabbath, but living in the observance of the Lord's [Day]".[9]
The expanded Pseudo-Ignatian version of Magnesians, from the middle of the third century, rewrites this passage to make "Lord's Day" a clear reference to Sunday, as Resurrection Day. Pseudo-Ignatius adds a repudiation of legalistic Sabbath as a Judaizing error: "Let us therefore no longer keep the Sabbath after the Jewish manner, and rejoice in days of idleness .... But let every one of you keep the Sabbath after a spiritual manner, rejoicing in meditation on the law, not in relaxation of the body, admiring the workmanship of God, and not eating things prepared the day before, nor using lukewarm drinks, and walking within a prescribed space, nor finding delight in dancing and plaudits which have no sense in them. And after the observance of the Sabbath, let every friend of Christ keep the Lord’s Day as a festival, the resurrection-day, the queen and chief of all the days."[10] Other early church fathers similarly saw weekly observance of seventh-day Sabbath sometimes followed the next day by Lord's Day assembly.[11][12]
Undisputed references[edit]
The first undisputed reference to Lord's Day is in the apocryphal Gospel of Peter (verse 34,35 and 50[13]), probably written about the middle of the 2nd century or perhaps the first half of that century. The Gospel of Peter 35 and 50 use kyriake as the name for the first day of the week, the day of Jesus' resurrection. That the author referred to Lord's Day in an apocryphal gospel purportedly written by St. Peter indicates that the term kyriake was very widespread and had been in use for some time.
Around 170 AD, Dionysius, Bishop of Corinth, wrote to the Roman Church, "Today we have kept the Lord's holy day (kyriake hagia hemera), on which we have read your letter." In the latter half of the 2nd century, the apocryphal Acts of Peter identify Dies Domini (Latin for "Lord's Day") as "the next day after the Sabbath," i.e., Sunday. From the same period of time, the Acts of Paul present St. Paul praying "on the Sabbath as the Lord's Day (kyriake) drew near." However, the Lord's day is identified with the Sabbath in the Acts of John as "on the seventh day, it being the Lord's day, he said to them: now it is time for me also to partake of food."[14]
Early church[edit]
See also: Early Christianity
The Cenacle on Mount Zion, claimed to be the location of the Last Supper and Pentecost. Bargil Pixner[15] claims the original Church of the Apostles is located under the current structure.
In the first centuries, Sunday, being made a festival in honor of Christ's resurrection, received attention as a day of religious services and recreation, but seventh-day Sabbath rest (based on the Jewish Shabbat, because the earliest Christians were all Jews) was still observed by "almost all churches".[11][12] Often first-day worship (Sunday morning or Saturday night) was practiced alongside observance of seventh-day Sabbath rest[16] and was a widespread Christian tradition by the 2nd century, attested in patristic writings of the 2nd century;[17][18] over time, Sunday thus came to be known as Lord's Day. These early Christians believed that the resurrection and ascension of Christ signals the renewal of creation, making the day on which God accomplished it a day analogous to the first day of creation when God made the light. Some of these writers referred to Sunday as the "eighth day".
The 1st-century[19] or 2nd-century[7] Epistle of Barnabas or Pseudo-Barnabas on Is. 1:13 stated "Sabbaths of the present age" were abolished in favor of one millennial seventh-day Sabbath that ushers in the "eighth day" and commencement of a new world. Accordingly, the eighth-day assembly (Saturday night or Sunday morning) marks both the resurrection and the new creation. Thus first-day observance was a common regional practice at that time.[20]
By the mid-2nd century, Justin Martyr wrote in his apologies about the cessation of Sabbath observance and the celebration of the first (or eighth) day of the week (not as a day of rest, but as a day for gathering to worship): "We all gather on the day of the sun" (τῇ τοῦ ῾Ηλίου λεγομένη ἡμέρᾳ, recalling both the creation of light and the resurrection).[21] He argued that Sabbath was not kept before Moses, and was only instituted as a sign to Israel and a temporary measure because of Israel's sinfulness,[22] no longer needed after Christ came without sin.[23] Curiously he also draws a parallel between the Israelite practice of circumcision on the eighth day, and the resurrection of Jesus on the "eighth day".[24]
But the Gentiles, who have believed on Him, and have repented of the sins which they have committed, they shall receive the inheritance along with the patriarchs and the prophets, and the just men who are descended from Jacob, even although they neither keep the Sabbath, nor are circumcised, nor observe the feasts.[25]
And on the day called Sunday, all who live in cities or in the country gather together to one place, and the memoirs of the apostles or the writings of the prophets are read, as long as time permits; then, when the reader has ceased, the president verbally instructs, and exhorts to the imitation of these good things. Then we all rise together and pray, and, as we before said, when our prayer is ended, bread and wine and water are brought, and the president in like manner offers prayers and thanksgivings, according to his ability, and the people assent, saying Amen; and there is a distribution to each, and a participation of that over which thanks have been given, and to those who are absent a portion is sent by the deacons. And they who are well to do, and willing, give what each thinks fit; and what is collected is deposited with the president, who succours the orphans and widows and those who, through sickness or any other cause, are in want, and those who are in bonds and the strangers sojourning among us, and in a word takes care of all who are in need. But Sunday is the day on which we all hold our common assembly, because it is the first day on which God, having wrought a change in the darkness and matter, made the world; and Jesus Christ our Saviour on the same day rose from the dead.[21]
Tertullian (early 3rd century), writing against Christians who participated in pagan festivals (Saturnalia and New-year), defended the Christian festivity of Lord's Day amidst the accusation of sun-worship, acknowledging that "to [us] Sabbaths are strange" and unobserved.[26][27]
Cyprian, a 3rd-century church father, linked the "eighth day" with the term "Lord's Day" in a letter concerning baptism.
'For in respect of the observance of the eighth day of the Jewish circumcision of the flesh, a sacrament was given beforehand in shadow and in usage; but when Christ came, it was fulfilled in truth. For because the eighth day, that is, the first day after the Sabbath, was to be that on which the Lord should rise again, and should quicken us, and give us circumcision of the spirit, the eighth day, that is the first day after the Sabbath, and the Lord's Day, went before in the figure; which figure ceased when by and by the truth came and spiritual circumcision was given to us
—  Cyprian, Letter LVIII[28]
Origins of Sunday worship[edit]
Though Sunday was widely observed as a day of Christian worship by the 2nd century, the origin of Sunday worship remains a debated point, with at least three scholarly positions being taken.
Bauckham has argued that Sunday worship must have originated in Palestine in the mid-1st century, in the period of the Acts of the Apostles, no later than the Gentile mission, regarding the practice as universal by the early 2nd century with no hint of controversy (unlike e.g. the related Quartodeciman controversy).[16] In the 2nd century the church of Rome lacked jurisdictional authority to impose a novel universal change of Sabbath rest from the seventh day to the first, or to obtain universal Sunday worship had it been introduced after the Christian church had spread throughout the known world.[17] Bauckham states that there is no record of any early Christian group which did not observe Sunday, with the exception of a single extreme group of Ebionites mentioned by Eusebius of Caesarea; and that there is no evidence Sunday was observed as substitute Sabbath worship in the early centuries.[16]
Some Protestant scholars have argued that Christian Sunday worship traces back even further, to the resurrection appearances of Jesus recorded in the Gospel narratives where Jesus would appear to his disciples on the first day of the week.[29][30]
Seventh-day Adventist scholar Samuele Bacchiocchi has argued that Sunday worship unconnected to Sabbath was introduced in Rome in the 3rd century, and was later enforced throughout the Christian church as a substitution for Sabbath worship.[31] There is evidence of early Christians simultaneously observing both seventh-day Sabbath rest and Sunday worship,[16] and Socrates Scholasticus states that 4th-century Rome had ceased to worship on Sabbath, while Alexandria held its love feasts or Eucharists on the first day, substituting it for Sabbath as kept in other churches.
Edict of Constantine[edit]
On 3 March 321, Constantine I decreed that Sunday (dies Solis) will be observed as the Roman day of rest [CJ3.12.2]:
On the venerable day of the Sun let the magistrates and people residing in cities rest, and let all workshops be closed. In the country however persons engaged in agriculture may freely and lawfully continue their pursuits because it often happens that another day is not suitable for grain-sowing or vine planting; lest by neglecting the proper moment for such operations the bounty of heaven should be lost.[32]
Constantine's decree was most likely modeled on pagan sun worship, though it is probable that he also intended to benefit the church, which already met for worship on Sunday.[16]
In the 4th century, Socrates Scholasticus stated that the Christians of Alexandria and Rome partook of the "mysteries" (the love feast or Eucharist) on the first day of the week (Saturday evening), though they also held worship meetings on Sabbath like almost all other churches.[11] By the 5th century, Sozomen stated that most churches, such as at Constantinople, met both on Sabbath and first day (Saturday evening), but that Rome and Alexandria met only on the first day (Saturday evening) and no longer on Sabbath.[12]
Middle Ages[edit]
Augustine of Hippo followed the early patristic writers in spiritualizing the meaning of the Sabbath commandment, referring it to eschatological rest rather than observance of a literal day. However, the practice of Sunday rest increased in prominence throughout the early Middle Ages. Thomas Aquinas taught that the decalogue is an expression of natural law which binds all men, and therefore the Sabbath commandment is a moral requirement along with the other nine. Thus Sunday rest and Sabbath became increasingly associated.[33]
Following Aquinas' decree, Christian Europeans could now spend less time denouncing the Judaistic method of observing the Sabbath, instead establishing rules for what one "should" and "should not" do on the Sabbath. For example, while the Medieval Church forbade most forms of work on the Sabbath, it allowed "necessary works", and priests would allow their peasants to perform the needed agricultural work in the field.[34]
Modern church[edit]
Protestantism[edit]
Main article: Sunday Sabbatarianism
The reformers Martin Luther and John Calvin repudiated the idea that Christians are bound to obey the Mosaic law, including the fourth commandment of the decalogue concerning Sabbath, although they followed Aquinas' concept of natural law. They viewed Sunday rest as a civic institution established by human authority, which provided an occasion for bodily rest and public worship.[35]
Nevertheless, Sunday Sabbatarianism became prevalent amongst both the continental and English Protestants over the following century. A new rigorism was brought into the observance of Lord's Day among the 17th-century Puritans of England and Scotland, in reaction to the laxity with which Sunday observance was customarily kept. Sabbath ordinances were appealed to, with the idea that only the word of God can bind men's consciences in whether or how they will take a break from work, or to impose an obligation to meet at a particular time. Their influential reasoning spread to other denominations also, and it is primarily through their influence that "Sabbath" has become the colloquial equivalent of "Lord's Day" or "Sunday". The most mature expression of this influence survives in the Westminster Confession of Faith (1646), Chapter 21, "Of Religious Worship, and the Sabbath Day". Section 7-8 reads:
7. As it is the law of nature, that, in general, a due proportion of time be set apart for the worship of God; so, in his Word, by a positive, moral, and perpetual commandment binding all men in all ages, he hath particularly appointed one day in seven, for a Sabbath, to be kept holy unto him: which, from the beginning of the world to the resurrection of Christ, was the last day of the week; and, from the resurrection of Christ, was changed into the first day of the week, which, in Scripture, is called the Lord’s day, and is to be continued to the end of the world, as the Christian Sabbath.
8. This Sabbath is then kept holy unto the Lord, when men, after a due preparing of their hearts, and ordering of their common affairs beforehand, do not only observe a holy rest, all the day, from their own works, words, and thoughts about their worldly employments and recreations, but also are taken up, the whole time, in the public and private exercises of his worship, and in the duties of necessity and mercy.
Though Sabbatarian practice declined in the 18th century, the evangelical awakening in the 19th century led to a greater concern for strict Sunday observance. The founding of the Lord's Day Observance Society in 1831 was influenced by the teaching of Daniel Wilson.[35]
Jehovah's Witnesses[edit]
Jehovah's Witnesses believe that Lord's day begun in 1914, that was the year marked by 1st world war and has direct connection with the prophecy in Revelation (Rev 12:7). The prophecy is about the war in heaven and the ouster of Devil from heaven. Lord's day is not a single day consisting of 24 hours, but a period of time that started in 1914 which will last for sometime that includes Christ's Thousand year reign.
Roman Catholicism[edit]
The Second Vatican Council, in the Apostolic Constitution Sacrosanctum Concilium, asserted that "the Lord's day is the original feast day" and the "foundation and kernel of the whole liturgical year."[36] The apostolic letter of Pope John Paul II entitled Dies Domini charged Catholics to remember the importance of keeping Sunday holy and not to confuse the holiness of the Lord's Day celebration with the common notion of the weekend as a time of simple rest and relaxation.[37]
Eastern Christianity[edit]
The Eastern Orthodox Church distinguishes between "Sabbath" (Saturday) and "Lord's Day" (Sunday), and both continue to play a special role for the faithful. Many parishes and monasteries will serve the Divine Liturgy on both Saturday morning and Sunday morning. The church never allows strict fasting on any Saturday (except Holy Saturday) or Sunday, and the fasting rules on those Saturdays and Sundays which fall during one of the fasting seasons (such as Great Lent, Apostles' Fast, etc.) are always relaxed to some degree. During Great Lent, when the celebration of the Liturgy is forbidden on weekdays, there is always Liturgy on Saturday as well as Sunday. The church also has a special cycle of Bible readings (Epistle and Gospel) for Saturdays and Sundays which is different from the cycle of readings allotted to weekdays. However, Lord's Day, being a celebration of the Resurrection, is clearly given more emphasis. For instance, in the Russian Orthodox Church Sunday is always observed with an All-Night Vigil on Saturday night, and in all of the Orthodox Churches it is amplified with special hymns which are chanted only on Sunday. If a feast day falls on a Sunday it is always combined with the hymns for Sunday (unless it is a Great Feast of the Lord). Saturday is celebrated as a sort of leave-taking for the previous Sunday, on which several of the hymns from the previous Sunday are repeated.
In part, the reason Orthodox Christians continue to celebrate Saturday as Sabbath is because of its role in the history of salvation: it was on a Saturday that Jesus "rested" in the tomb after his work on the cross. For this reason also, Saturday is a day for general commemoration of the departed, and special requiem hymns are often chanted on this day.
The Ethiopian Orthodox church (part of the Oriental Orthodox communion, having about 40 million members) observes both Saturday and Sunday as holy, but places extra emphasis on Sunday.
See also[edit]
Lord's Day Observance Society
Sabbath in Christianity
Saint Kyriake
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Roger T. Beckwith (2001). Calendar and Chronology, Jewish and Christian: Biblical, Intertestamental and Patristic Studies. BRILL. pp. 47–. ISBN 0-391-04123-1.
Jump up ^ Mt. 12:8
Jump up ^ Is. 58:13–14
Jump up ^ The Companion Bible E. W. Bullinger Verse 1 The first day of the week = On the first (day) of the Sabbaths (plural) Greek. Te mia ton sabbaton. The word “day” is rightly supplied, as mia is feminine, and so must agree with a feminine noun understood, while sabbaton is neuter."
Jump up ^ "14:1". Didache. Roberts, trans. Early Christian Writings.
Jump up ^ Holmes, M. The Apostolic Fathers: Greek Texts and English Translations.
^ Jump up to: a b Archer, Gleason L. An Encyclopedia of Bible Difficulties (PDF). p. 114.
Jump up ^ Strand, Kenneth A. (1982). The Sabbath in Scripture and History. Washington, D.C.: Review and Herald Publishing Association. pp. 347–8. In Morgan, Kevin (2002). Sabbath Rest. TEACH Services. pp. 37–8.
Jump up ^ Ignatius of Antioch. "Epistle to the Magnesians, Shorter Version". 9. Roberts, trans. Early Christian Writings.
Jump up ^ Ignatius of Antioch. "Epistle to the Magnesians, Longer Version". 9. Christian Classics Ethereal Library.
^ Jump up to: a b c Socrates Scholasticus. "Church History, Book V". For although almost all churches throughout the world celebrate the sacred mysteries on the sabbath of every week, yet the Christians of Alexandria and at Rome, on account of some ancient tradition, have ceased to do this. The Egyptians in the neighborhood of Alexandria, and the inhabitants of Thebaïs, hold their religious assemblies on the sabbath, but do not participate of the mysteries in the manner usual among Christians in general: for after having eaten and satisfied themselves with food of all kinds, in the evening making their offerings they partake of the mysteries.
^ Jump up to: a b c Sozomen. "Ecclesiastical History, Book VII". Assemblies are not held in all churches on the same time or manner. The people of Constantinople, and almost everywhere, assemble together on the Sabbath, as well as on the first day of the week, which custom is never observed at Rome or at Alexandria. There are several cities and villages in Egypt where, contrary to the usage established elsewhere, the people meet together on Sabbath evenings, and, although they have dined previously, partake of the mysteries.
Jump up ^ Gospel of Peter Translated by Raymond Brown
Jump up ^ Roberts, Alexander (1873). Ante-Nicene Christian Library: Apocryphal Gospels, Acts, and Revelations. 16. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark. p. 446.
Jump up ^ Bargil Pixner, The Church of the Apostles found on Mount Zion, Biblical Archaeology Review 16.3 May/June 1990 [1]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Bauckham, R.J. (1982). "Sabbath and Sunday in the Post-Apostolic Church". In Carson, Don A. From Sabbath to Lord's Day. Wipf & Stock Publishers/Zondervan. pp. 252–98. ISBN 9781579103071.
^ Jump up to: a b Bauckham, R.J. (1982). "The Lord's Day". In Carson, Don A. From Sabbath to Lord's Day. Wipf & Stock Publishers/Zondervan. pp. 221–50. ISBN 9781579103071.
Jump up ^ See Bardaisan (c. 154), Cyprian (c. 200), and Victorinus of Pettau (c. 280).
Jump up ^ Robertson, A.T. Redating the New Testament.
Jump up ^ Barnabas. "Epistle of Barnabas". 2, 15. Roberts, trans. 'And your new moons and sabbaths I cannot endure.' He has therefore abolished these things .... Ye perceive how He speaks: Your present Sabbaths are not acceptable to Me, but that is which I have made, [namely this,] when, giving rest to all things, I shall make a beginning of the eighth day, that is, a beginning of another world. Wherefore, also, we keep the eighth day with joyfulness, the day also on which Jesus rose again from the dead. And when He had manifested Himself, He ascended into the heavens.
^ Jump up to: a b Justin Martyr. "First Apology". 67.
Jump up ^ Justin Martyr. "Dialogue with Trypho". 21.
Jump up ^ Justin Martyr. "Dialogue with Trypho". 23.
Jump up ^ Justin Martyr. "Dialogue with Trypho". 41.
Jump up ^ Justin Martyr. "Dialogue with Trypho". 26.
Jump up ^ Tertullian. "On Idolatry". 14. By us, to whom Sabbaths are strange, and the new moons and festivals formerly beloved by God, the Saturnalia and New-year's and Midwinter's festivals and Matronalia are frequented--presents come and go--New-year's gifts--games join their noise--banquets join their din! Oh better fidelity of the nations to their own sect, which claims no solemnity of the Christians for itself! Not the Lord's day, not Pentecost, even it they had known them, would they have shared with us; for they would fear lest they should seem to be Christians. We are not apprehensive lest we seem to be heathens! If any indulgence is to be granted to the flesh, you have it. I will not say your own days, but more too; for to the heathens each festive day occurs but once annually: you have a festive day every eighth day.
Jump up ^ Tertullian. "Ad Nationes". 1:13. Others, with greater regard to good manners, it must be confessed, suppose that the sun is the god of the Christians, because it is a well-known fact that we pray towards the east, or because we make Sunday a day of festivity.
Jump up ^ Cyprian. "Letter LVIII".
Jump up ^ Beckwith, R.T.; Stott, W. (1978). This Is the Day. London: Marshall, Morgan & Scott.
Jump up ^ Jewett, Paul King (1971). The Lord's Day. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans.
Jump up ^ Bacchiocchi, Samuele (1977). From Sabbath to Sunday. Pontifical Gregorian University Press; Biblical Perspectives.
Jump up ^ Given the 7th day of March, Crispus and Constantine being consuls each of them for the second time. Codex Justinianus, lib. 3, tit. 12, 3; translated by Philip Schaff, History of the Christian Church, Vol. 3 (1902), p. 380, note.
Jump up ^ R. J. Bauckham (1982), D. A. Carson, ed., "Sabbath and Sunday in the medieval church in the west", From Sabbath to Lord's Day, Zondervan: 299–310
Jump up ^ Harline, Craig (2007). Sunday: A History of the First Day from Babylonia to the Super Bowl. New York, NY: Doubleday. pp. 28–31. ISBN 978-0-385-51039-4.
^ Jump up to: a b R. J. Bauckham (1982), D. A. Carson, ed., "Sabbath and Sunday in the Protestant tradition", From Sabbath to Lord's Day, Zondervan: 311–342
Jump up ^ Pope Paul VI. Sacrosanctum Concilium. December 4, 1963.
Jump up ^ John Paul II. Encyclical Letter. Dies Domini. July 5, 1998.
Further reading[edit]
From Sabbath to Lord's Day: A Biblical, Historical and Theological Investigation, D.A. Carson, editor (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Zondervan, 1982).
The Study of Liturgy, Cheslyn Jones, Geoffrey Wainwright, Edward Yarnold, SJ, and Paul Bradshaw, editors (New York, N.Y.:Oxford University Press, 1992), pp. 456–458.
External links[edit]
Dies Domini, Pope John Paul II, On Keeping the Lord's Day Holy
Sabbath and Sunday in Early Christianity, Part 3: Irenaeus, and "the Lord's Day"
Francis Turretin, On the Lord's Day
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Let's Make a Deal
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Let's Make a Deal
Also known as
The All New Let's Make a Deal (1984–86)
Genre
Game show
Created by
Stefan Hatos
Monty Hall
Directed by
Joe Behar (1963–77, 1984–85)
Geoff Theobald (1980–81)
Hank Behar (1985–86)
Barry Glazer (1990–91)
James Marcione (1990–91)
Morris Abraham (2003)
Lenn Goodside (2009–present)
Presented by
Monty Hall (1963–86, 1991)
Bob Hilton (1990)
Billy Bush (2003)
Wayne Brady (2009–present)
Starring
Assistant:
Carol Merrill (1963–77)
Maggie Brown (1980–81)
Julie Hall (1980–81)
Karen LaPierre (1984–86)
Melanie Vincz (1984–86)
Diane Klimaszewski (1990–91)
Elaine Klimaszewski (1990–91)
Georgia Satelle (1990–91)
Geri Halliwell(1991–92)
Alison Fiori (2009–10)
Tiffany Coyne (2010–present)
Danielle Demski (2013–14)
Narrated by
Wendell Niles (1963–64)
Jay Stewart (1964–77)
Chuck Chandler (1980–81)
Brian Cummings (1984–85)
Dean Goss (1985–86)
Dean Miuccio (1990–91)
Vance DeGeneres (2003)
Jonathan Mangum (2009–present)
Music by
Sheldon Allman (1963–77, 1984–86)
Marilyn Hall (1963–77, 1984–86)
Michel Camilo for Score Productions, Inc. (1984–86)
Composer(s)
Ivan Ditmar (1963–76)
Stan Worth (1976–77, 1980–81)
Sheldon Allman (1976–77, 1984–85)
Todd Thicke (1985–86)
Jerry Ray (1990–91)
Country of origin
United States
No. of episodes
NBC/ABC (1963–76): ~3,200
Syndicated (1971–77): 234
Syndicated (1981): 195
Syndicated (1984–86): 390
NBC (1990–91): 128
NBC (2003): 3
CBS (2009–present): 1,000+ (as of December 2014)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Stefan Hatos (1980–81, 1984–86)
Dick Clark (1990–91)
Ron Greenberg (1990–91)
Monty Hall (2003)
Sharon Hall (2003)
David Garfinkle (2003)
Jay Renfroe (2003)
Jeff Mirkin (2003)
Mike Richards (2009–present)
Producer(s)
Stefan Hatos (1963–77)
Monty Hall (1980–81)
Ian MacClennan (1980–81)
Bob Synes (1984–86)
Alan Gilbert (1984–86)
Bruce Starin (1990–91)
Paul Pieratt (1990–91)
Ross Kaiman (2003)
Gloria Fujita-O'Brien (2003)
Location(s)
NBC Studios, Burbank, California (1963–68, 1984–85, 2003)
ABC Television Center, Hollywood, California (1968–76)
Las Vegas Hilton, Las Vegas, Nevada (1976–77)
Panorama Studios, Vancouver, British Columbia (1980–81)
Hollywood Center Studios, Hollywood (1985–86)
Disney's Hollywood Studios, Orlando, Florida (1990–91)
Tropicana Resort & Casino, Las Vegas (2009–10)
Sunset Bronson Studios, Hollywood (2010–2014)
Raleigh Studios Hollywood (2015–present)
Running time
22–26 minutes (1963–77, 1980–81, 1984–86, 1990–91)
44–52 minutes (2003, 2009–present)
Production company(s)
Stefan Hatos-Monty Hall Productions (1963–77, 1980–81, 1984–86, 2009–present)
Catalena Productions (1980–81)
Dick Clark Productions (1990–91)
Ron Greenberg Productions (1990–91)
Monty Hall Enterprises, Inc. (2003)
FremantleMedia North America (2009–present)
Distributor
ABC Films/Worldvision Enterprises (1971–77)
Rhodes Productions (1980–81)
Telepictures Corporation (1984–86)
FremantleMedia Enterprises (2009–present)
Release
Original network
NBC (1963–68, 1990–91, 2003)
ABC (1968–76)
Syndicated (1971–77, 1980–81, 1984–86)
CBS (2009–present)
Picture format
SDTV (480i) (1963–2014)
HDTV (1080i) (2014–)
Original release
December 30, 1963 (1963-12-30) – present
External links
Website
www.letsmakeadeal.com
Let's Make a Deal is a television game show that originated in the United States in 1963 and has since been produced in many countries throughout the world. The program was created and produced by Stefan Hatos and Monty Hall, the latter serving as its host for many years.
The format of Let's Make a Deal involves selected members of the studio audience, referred to as "traders," making deals with the host. In most cases, a trader will be offered something of value and given a choice of whether to keep it or exchange it for a different item. The program's defining game mechanism is that the other item is hidden from the trader until that choice is made. The trader thus does not know if he or she is getting something of greater value or a prize that is referred to as a "zonk," an item purposely chosen to be of little or no value to the trader.
Let's Make a Deal is also known for audience members who dress up in outrageous or crazy costumes in order to increase their chances of being selected as a trader.[1]
The most recent edition of Let's Make a Deal has been airing on CBS since October 5, 2009, when it took over the spot on the network's daytime schedule vacated by the long running soap opera Guiding Light. Wayne Brady is the host of the current series, with Jonathan Mangum as his announcer/assistant and Alison Fiori as the show's prize model. Tiffany Coyne joined the series as Fiori's replacement in 2010 and musician Cat Gray joined the program in 2011. Danielle Demski filled in for Coyne while the latter was on maternity leave for part of the 2013–14 season.
Contents
[hide]
1 Broadcast history
2 Past personnel
2.1 Production locations
3 Format
3.1 Game play
3.2 Quickie Deals
3.3 Other deal formats
3.3.1 Trading deals
3.3.2 Games of chance
3.3.3 Pricing games
3.3.4 Quiz games
3.4 Big Deal
3.4.1 Super Deal
3.4.2 Mega-Deal week
3.4.3 Mash-Up Week
4 Reception
5 Episode status
6 International versions
7 Merchandise
8 The Monty Hall Problem
9 References
10 External links
Broadcast history[edit]
Let's Make a Deal first aired on NBC in 1963 as part of its daytime schedule. The show moved to ABC in 1968, where it remained until 1976; and on two separate occasions the show was given a weekly nighttime spot on those networks.[2] The first syndicated edition of Let's Make a Deal premiered in 1971. Distributed by ABC Films, and then by its successor Worldvision Enterprises once the fin-syn rules were enacted, the series ran until 1977 and aired weekly.
A revival of the series based in Hall's native Canada was launched in 1980 and aired in syndication on American and Canadian stations for one season. This series was produced by Catalena Productions and distributed in America by Rhodes Productions, Catalena's partner company. In the fall of 1984, the series returned for a third run in syndication as The All-New Let's Make a Deal. Running for two seasons until 1986, this series was distributed by Telepictures.
NBC revived Let's Make a Deal twice in a thirteen-year span. The first was a daytime series in 1990 that was the first to not be produced or hosted by Monty Hall. Instead, the show was a production of Ron Greenberg and Dick Clark. A primetime edition was launched in 2003 but drew poor ratings and was cancelled after three of its intended five episodes had aired.
A partial remake called Big Deal, hosted by Mark DeCarlo, was broadcast on Fox in 1996. In 1998 and 1999, Buena Vista Television (now Disney–ABC Domestic Television) was in talks with Stone-Stanley (the producers of Big Deal) to create a revival hosted by Gordon Elliott, but it was never picked up.[3] The show was one of several used as part of the summer series Gameshow Marathon on CBS in 2006, hosted by Ricki Lake.
Alison Fiori models one of the CBS version's Zonk prizes, a live llama
As noted above, CBS revived Let's Make a Deal in 2009. The revival premiered on October 5, 2009, and CBS airs the show daily at 10:00 am and 3:00 pm Eastern time (9:00 am and 2:00 pm in other time zones). Like the program that it replaced, the long-running soap opera Guiding Light, affiliates can choose to air it in either time slot; most affiliates, however, prefer the early slot in order to pair the two CBS daytime game shows together.
From September 20 to October 15, 2010, Let's Make a Deal and The Price Is Right aired two episodes a day on alternating weeks. CBS did this to fill a gap between the final episode of As the World Turns, which ended a fifty-four year run on September 17, 2010, and the debut of The Talk. The double-run games aired at 2:00 pm Eastern.
Although the current version of the show debuted in September 2009, long after The Price is Right (which made the switch in February 2008) and the two Sony Pictures Television daytime dramas had made the switch to high definition, Let's Make a Deal was, along with Big Brother, one of only two programs across the five major networks that was still being actively produced in standard definition. For the start of production for its 2014–15 season in June 2014, Let's Make a Deal began being produced in high definition, with Big Brother 16 making the switch later in June. Let's Make a Deal was the last remaining CBS program to make the switch by air date, with the first HD episode airing on September 22, 2014.[4]
Past personnel[edit]
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As noted above, Monty Hall was the longtime host of Let's Make a Deal. He hosted the original daytime network series for its entire run (with the exception of a short time in early 1972 when Hall fell ill and early television pioneer Dennis James substituted in his stead); Hall also hosted its accompanying primetime and syndicated series as well as the two 1980s syndicated efforts. After The All New Let's Make a Deal went off the air in 1986, Hall's full-time involvement with the show temporarily came to an end. When the series came back on NBC, longtime game show announcer Bob Hilton became the new host in the summer 1990, however due to low ratings, Hilton was fired from the show and in October 1990, Hall returned to the show (but was announced as "guest host") and remained as host until the series was canceled in January 1991, Access Hollywood host Billy Bush emceed the 2003 series, with Hall making a cameo appearance in one episode.
Each Let's Make a Deal announcer also served as a de facto assistant host, as many times the announcer would be called upon to carry props across the trading floor. The original announcer for the series was Wendell Niles, who was replaced by Jay Stewart in 1964. Stewart remained with Let's Make a Deal until the end of the syndicated series in 1977. The 1980 Canadian-produced syndicated series was announced by Chuck Chandler. The All New Let's Make a Deal employed voice actor Brian Cummings in the announcer/assistant role for its first season, with disc jockey Dean Goss taking the position for the following season. The 1990 NBC revival series was announced by Dean Miuccio, with the 2003 edition featuring Vance DeGeneres in that role.
The longest tenured prize model on Let's Make a Deal was Carol Merrill, who stayed with the series from its debut until 1977. The models on the 1980s series were Maggie Brown, Julie Hall (1980), Karen LaPierre, and Melanie Vincz (1984). For the 1990 series, the show featured Georgia Satelle and identical twins Elaine and Diane Klimaszewski, who later gained fame as the Coors Light Twins.
Both Hall (twice) and Merrill have appeared on the current Brady version, including a 2013 appearance to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the franchise.[5]
Production locations[edit]
The original daytime series was recorded at NBC Studios in Burbank, California and then at ABC Television Center in Los Angeles once the program switched networks in 1968. The weekly syndicated series also taped at ABC Television Center, doing so for its first five seasons. After ABC cancelled the daytime series in 1976, production of the syndicated series ceased there as well and the sixth and final season was recorded in the ballroom of the Las Vegas Hilton hotel in Las Vegas, Nevada.
The 1980 Canadian series taped at Panorama Studios in Vancouver, BC, which production company Catalena Productions used as its base of operations. The All-New Let's Make a Deal taped its first season of episodes in Burbank at NBC Studios, then moved to Hollywood Center Studios in Hollywood, California for the second and final season. The 1990 NBC daytime series was recorded at Disney-MGM Studios on the grounds of Walt Disney World in Orlando, Florida. The 2003 revival returned production to Burbank.
The current edition of the series originally emanated from the Tropicana in Las Vegas. The show returned to Hollywood in 2010, first at Sunset Bronson Studios and later at Raleigh Studios.
Format[edit]
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Game play[edit]
Jay Stewart and Monty Hall on the original version of the show
Each episode of Let's Make a Deal consists of several "deals" between the host and a member (or members, generally a married couple) of the audience, referred to as "traders." Audience members are picked at the host's whim as the show moves along, and couples are often selected to play together as traders. The deals are mini-games within the show that take several formats.
In the simplest format, a trader is given a prize of medium value (such as a television set or a few hundred dollars in cash), and the host offers them the opportunity to trade for another prize. However, the offered prize is unknown. It might be concealed on the stage behind one of three curtains, or behind "boxes" onstage (large panels painted to look like boxes), within smaller boxes brought out to the audience, or occasionally in other formats. The initial prize given to the trader may also be concealed, such as in a box, wallet or purse, or the trader might be initially given a box, envelope or curtain. The format varies widely.
Technically, traders are supposed to bring something to trade in, but this rule has seldom been enforced. On several occasions, a trader is actually asked to trade in an item such as their shoes or purse, only to receive the item back at the end of the deal as a "prize". On at least one occasion, the purse was taken backstage and a high-valued prize was placed inside of it.
Prizes generally are either a legitimate prize, cash, or a Zonk. Legitimate prizes run the gamut of what is typically given away on game shows, including trips, electronics, furniture, appliances, and cars. Zonks are unwanted booby prizes (e.g., live animals, large amounts of food, fake money, fake trips or something outlandish such as a giant article of clothing, a room full of junked furniture, etc.). Sometimes Zonks are legitimate prizes but of a low value (e.g., Matchbox cars, wheelbarrows, T-shirts, grocery prizes, etc.). On rare occasions, a trader appears to get Zonked, but the Zonk is a cover-up for a legitimate prize. On rare occasions, a contestant who is Zonked is given an opportunity to play for the Big Deal of the Day; usually, this happens only if there are very few or no big winners during the show.
Though usually considered joke prizes, traders legally win the Zonks.[6] However, after the taping of the show, any trader who had been Zonked is offered a consolation prize (currently $100) instead of having to take home the actual Zonk. This is partly because some of the Zonks are impractical or physically impossible to receive or deliver to the traders (such as live animals or the guy in an animal costume), or the props are owned by the studio. A disclaimer at the end of the credits of later 1970s episodes read "Some traders accept reasonable duplicates of Zonk prizes." Starting in the 2012–13 season, CBS invited viewers to provide Zonk ideas to producers. At the end of the season, the Zonk declared the most creative was worth $2,500 to the winner, and other viewers' Zonk ideas were also used. For every viewer-developed Zonk, the host announced the viewer who provided the Zonk. The contest has been continued throughout the past several seasons after its 2012 introduction.
Quickie Deals[edit]
As the end credits of the show roll, it is typical for the host to ask random members of the studio audience to participate in fast deals. In the current Wayne Brady version, these are often referred to as "quickie deals", and are conducted by the host, announcer, and model each. CBS will post information on the show's Twitter address (@LetsMakeADeal) days before taping to encourage audience members to carry certain items in their pockets in order to win an additional $500 cash, when one of the hosts approaches them at the end of the show and asks to see such items.[7] The deals are usually in the form of the following:
Offering cash to one person in the audience who had a certain item on them.
Offering a small cash amount for each item of a certain quantity.
Offering cash for each instance of a particular digit as it occurred in the serial number on a dollar bill, driver's license, etc.
Offering to pay the last check in the person's checkbook, if they had one, up to a certain limit (usually $500 or $1,000).
Offering cash to one person if they can correctly guess how much the Big Deal of the Day was worth exactly, or guess the name of the contestant that played for the Big Deal of the Day.
Offering cash to one person if they can correctly choose which one of two photos has appeared on the show's Instagram account.
Other deal formats[edit]
Deals were often more complicated than the basic format described above. Additionally, some deals took the form of games of chance, and others in the form of pricing games.
Trading deals[edit]
Choosing an envelope, purse, wallet, etc., which conceal dollar bills. One of them conceals a pre-announced value (usually $1 or $5), which awards a car or trip. The other envelopes contain a larger amount of money as a consolation prize. The trader must decide whether to keep their choice or trade. In some playings it is possible for more than one trader to win the grand prize.
Making decisions for another person, such as a spouse or a series of unrelated traders. Sometimes after several offers, the teams are broken up to make an individual decision.
Being presented with a large grocery item (e.g., a box of candy bars)—almost always containing a hidden cash amount—or a "claim check" at the start of the show. Throughout the show, the trader is given several chances to trade the item and/or give it to another trader in exchange for a different box or curtain. The final trader in possession of the item prior to the Big Deal is usually offered first choice of the three doors in exchange for giving up the item. The contents of the item are only revealed after the Big Deal is awarded (or prior to the Big Deal if the last trader with the item elected to choose one of the three doors).
A variation of the above: A "cash box", with at various points the host inserting packets of money inside, with the trader allowed to give it to another trader in exchange for a curtain or box. As with the above deal, the host revealed the contents only after the last trader with the box goes for the Big Deal (again, he/she is given first choice of the doors) or after the Big Deal segment and before the closing credits.
Games of chance[edit]
A wide variety of chance-based games have been used on the show. Examples:
Collecting a certain amount of money hidden inside wallets, envelopes, etc., or by pressing unlabeled buttons on a cash register, in order to reach a pre-stated "selling price" for a larger prize, such as a car, trip or larger amount of cash. Typically, there may also be one or more Zonk items hidden which end the game immediately if found. In the cash register game, if the Zonk button—the one that rings up "No Sale" – is found, the trader was offered a chance to find the second "No Sale" sign to win the grand prize, otherwise the trader won whatever amount was rang up, often double the amount. In the current CBS version, a board with thirteen cash amounts and two Zonks is used.
Choosing one from among several items (e.g., one of three keys that unlocks a safe, one of three diamond rings that is genuine, one of three eggs that is raw, etc.) in order to win money or a prize. Sometimes, two or perhaps all three of the items would pay off with the stated prize, especially if multiple traders played.
Games involving a deck of cards in which a trader must find matching cards, draw cards that reach a cumulative total within a certain number of draws, draw a certain number of cards from a certain suit to win a designated prize (with one suit always designated as going toward a "zonk," which ends the game with nothing won), etc. to win a prize or additional money.
Receiving clues about an unknown prize (such as a partial spelling of the prize or clues in the form or rap, rhyme, etc.) and deciding whether to take the unknown prize or a cash prize.
Receiving money in the form of a long strip of bills dispensed one at a time from a machine. The trader can end the game at any time and keep the accumulated money, but he/she forfeits it if a blank sheet appears. Updated versions of the game involve an ATM. Depositing a card withdraws cash, but if the ATM displays "overdrawn" on the screen the trader loses everything.
Being given a choice between a cash prize or one spin of a wheel that can award larger/smaller amounts, a Zonk, or a car.
Rolling dice to receive cash based upon the roll or achieving a cumulative score within a certain number of rolls to win a larger prize.
Depending on the game, the trader is given the opportunity to stop the game at various points and take a "sure thing" deal or cash/prizes already accumulated or continue on and risk possibly losing.
Pricing games[edit]
Other deals related to pricing merchandise are featured in order to win a larger prize or cash amounts. Sometimes traders are required to price individual items (either grocery products or smaller prizes generally valued less than $100) within a certain range to win successively larger prizes or a car. Other times traders must choose an item that a pre-announced price, order grocery items or small prizes from least to most expensive, or two items with prices that total a certain amount to win a larger prize. These games are not used on the CBS version because of their similarities to The Price is Right.
Quiz games[edit]
On the CBS version, due to the similarities of the pricing game concept with The Price is Right, quiz games are used instead. These deals involve products in the form of when they were introduced to the market, general knowledge quizzes, currency exchange rates (at the time of taping), or knowledge of geography of trips to certain locales used as prizes.
Big Deal[edit]
The Big Deal serves as the final segment of the show and offers a chance at a significantly larger prize for a lucky trader. Before the round, the value of the day's Big Deal is announced to the audience.
The process for choosing traders was the same for every series through the 2003 NBC primetime series. Monty Hall (or his successors) would begin asking the day's traders, usually starting with the highest winner, if they wanted to give back what they had managed to win earlier in the show for a chance to choose one of three numbered doors on the stage. The process continued until two traders agreed to play, and the biggest winner of the two got first choice of Door #1, Door #2, or Door #3. The other trader then chose from the remaining two doors. Since the 2009 series, the Big Deal has been played with just one trader.
Each of the doors conceals a prize package of some sort. Occasionally, a door conceals an all-cash prize (ostensibly hidden inside "Monty's Piggy Bank", the "Let's Make a Deal Vault", or some other similarly-named prop). Sometimes when an all-cash prize is offered the doors are opened and the prop is revealed (but not the amount hidden inside) prior to the trader making his or her door selection, cluing the trader that selecting that specific door will result in an all-cash prize.
The doors are opened in ascending order, with the Big Deal always revealed last regardless if it was selected. The Big Deal prize is usually the most extravagant on each episode, and is often a car or a vacation with first-class accommodations. On rare occasions, the Big Deal involves one of the all-cash prize props mentioned above; in most cases, such as when a car is not part of the package, a cash prize is awarded as part of the Big Deal.
The Big Deal is the one time in the show where a trader is guaranteed to not walk away with a Zonk. However, it is possible for traders to give up prizes from earlier in the show and receive a prize package behind their chosen door worth somewhat or significantly less than the original prize value.
It is also noted the 1984–86 version had big deals worth significantly lower than their 1970s counterparts, especially when adjusted for inflation, usually in the $8,000 to $9,000 range.
Super Deal[edit]
During the 1975–76 syndicated season, winners of the Big Deal were offered a chance to win the "Super Deal". At this point, Big Deals were limited to a range of $8,000 to $10,000. The trader could risk their Big Deal winnings on a shot at adding a $20,000 cash prize, which hidden behind only one of three mini doors onstage. The other two doors contained cash amounts of $1,000 or $2,000; however, the $1,000 value was later replaced with a "mystery" amount between $1,000 and $9,000. A trader who decided to play risked their Big Deal winnings and selected one of the mini doors. If the $20,000 prize was behind the door, the trader kept the Big Deal and added the $20,000 prize, for a potential maximum total of $30,000. However, if a trader selected one of the other two doors, he or she forfeited the Big Deal prizes but kept the cash amount behind the door. The Super Deal was discontinued when the show permanently moved to Las Vegas for the final season (1976–77), and Big Deal values returned to the previous range of $10,000 to $15,000.
Since 2012, the Super Deal is offered as a limited event and is not played regularly. The show will designate one or two weeks of episodes, typically airing during a special event (e.g., the 500th episode, 50th anniversary of franchise, etc.), each season for the Super Deal. In this version of the Super Deal, the top cash prize is $50,000 while the other two cash prizes are $1,000 and $2,000. In addition, instead of using mini doors, the cash amounts are hidden in three envelopes labeled ruby, silver, and emerald.
Mega-Deal week[edit]
For season premiere weeks in the Brady version since Season 7 (2015–16 season), Big Deal of the Day winners have an opportunity to win every non-Zonk, non-cash prize from that day's episode as a "Mega-Deal". Prior to the start of the Big Deal, the contestant picked both a Big Deal curtain and one of seven Mega Deal cards (reduced by one for each day that the Mega Deal was not won that week). Unlike the Super Deal, the contestant does not risk their winnings in the Mega Deal. Only if the contestant won the Big Deal would the contestant's card would be revealed. If the card was the Mega Deal, they won every non-Zonk, non-cash prize on the show that day. Regardless, at the end of the Big Deal, whichever door was chosen was the contestant's to keep.
Mash-Up Week[edit]
The week of May 9, 2016 was designated Mash-Up Week; on that week, Deal featured games from The Price is Right, although modified to fit the Deal format. Likewise, Price featured Deal's games but with a twist; the most common twist was guessing the price of items to earn the chance at the games.
Reception[edit]
Upon the original Let's Make a Deal's debut, journalist Charles Witbeck was skeptical of the show's chances of success, noting that the previous four NBC programs to compete with CBS's Password had failed.[8] Some critics described the show as "mindless" and "demeaning to traders and audiences alike".[9]
By 1974, however, the show had spent more than a decade at or near the top of daytime ratings, and became the highest-rated syndicated primetime program.[9] At the time, the show held the world's record for the longest waiting list for tickets in show-business history[9][10] – there were 350 seats available for each show, and a wait time of two-to-three years after requesting a ticket.[9][10]
In 2001, Let's Make a Deal was ranked as #18 on TV Guide's list of "The 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time".[11] In 2006, GSN aired a series of specials counting down its own list of the "50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time", on which Let's Make a Deal was #7.[12]
In 2014, the American series won a Daytime Creative Arts Emmy Award for Outstanding Original Song for "30,000 Reasons to Love Me", composed by Cat Gray and sung by Wayne Brady.[13]
Episode status[edit]
Many of the show's estimated five thousand plus episodes exist:
NBC Daytime/Nighttime: Status is unknown though it is very likely that the original tapes were wiped as they were recorded over by NBC with new programming in an era when videotape was prohibitively expensive. The 1963 pilot exists, with Wendell Niles as announcer, traders in normal business attire (typical of its first season), and a Zonk behind one of the doors in the Big Deal (worth $2,005). Zonks have never officially been in the big deal. The 1967 nighttime finale exists in the Library of Congress,[citation needed] along with a few scattered daytime episodes. Three daytime episodes are at the Paley Center for Media.[citation needed]
ABC Daytime: More than 500 episodes exist.[citation needed] A clip from the ABC daytime premiere was used on Monty Hall's "Biography", which aired during Game Show Week on A&E. Another episode from 1969 was found, which features a gaffe that Hall himself rated as his most embarrassing moment on Let's Make a Deal – at the end of the show, he attempted to make a deal with a woman carrying a baby's bottle. Noting that it had a removable rubber nipple, he offered the woman $100 if she could show him another nipple.[14] This clip was restored utilizing the LiveFeed Video Imaging kinescope restoration process, and was re-aired in 2008 as part of NBC's Most Outrageous Moments series.[citation needed] Episodes substitute-hosted by Dennis James exist in his personal library; a portion of one such episode is widely circulated as part of a pitch film for James's version of The Price Is Right.[15]
ABC Nighttime/1971–77 Syndicated: Exist almost in their entirety[citation needed] and have been seen on GSN in the past. The CBN Cable Network reran the syndicated series in the 1980s and its successor, The Family Channel, from June 7, 1993[16] to March 29, 1996.[17] Episodes of this version currently airs on Buzzr.
The 1980–81 Canadian version was seen in reruns on the Global Television Network for much of the 1980s.[citation needed]
The 1984–86 syndicated version has been seen on GSN in the past. Reruns previously aired on the USA Network from December 29, 1986[18] to December 30, 1988[19] and The Family Channel from August 30, 1993[20] to March 29, 1996.[21] Buzzr began airing episodes from 1985 on June 1, 2016.
The 1990s NBC version has not been seen since its cancellation.
The 2003 NBC prime time version only aired three of the five episodes produced, with no rebroadcasts since.
International versions[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
RTL Group holds international (and as of February 2009, American) rights to the show, and has licensed the show to 14 countries.
Region or country
Local name
Host
Network
Dates
Australia Let's Make A Deal Mike Dyer
John Laws
Jimmy Hannan
Garry Meadows Nine Network 1968–69
1976–77
Vince Sorrenti Network Ten 1990–91
Brazil Topa um Acordo? Rodrigo Faro Rede Record April 26, 2014 – December 2014
Canada (in English) Let's Make A Deal Monty Hall Syndication 1980–81*
Egypt لعبة الحياة – ليتس ميك آي ديل
Lebet el hayat Moutaz Al-Demirdash Al Hayat 1 2013–present
France Le Bigdil Vincent Lagaf' and Bill TF1 1998–2004
Germany Geh aufs Ganze! Jörg Draeger
Elmar Hörig Sat.1 (1992–97)
tm3 (1997–98)
kabel eins (1999–2003) 1992–2003
Greece Τo Μεyάλo Παζάρi
To Megalo Pazari Andreas Mikroutsikos Mega Channel 1992–93
Parta Ola 1997
Τα σουτιέν και ο Αντρέας – Το πιο Μεγάλο Παζάρι
Ta soutien kai o Antreas – To pio Megalo Pazari Alpha TV 2006–07
Hungary Zsákbamacska Rozsa Gyorgy MTV 1 1994–98
India Khullja Sim Sim Aman Verma
Hussain Kuwajerwala Star Plus
BIG Magic 2001–04
2012–13
Indonesia Super Deal 2 Milyar Nico Siahaan
Aditya Herpavi Rachman
Indra Bekti and Indy Barends antv 2006–07
April 29 – December 31, 2010
July 25 – November 21, 2011
Super Deal Uya Kuya 2014–2015
Raffi Ahmad
& Ruben Onsu 2016
Israel עשינו עסק
Asinu eseq Avri Gilad
Zvika Hadar Channel 2 1994–95
1996
Italy Facciamo un affare Iva Zanicchi Canale 5 1985–86
Lebanon قصة كبيرة
Ossa kbireh Michel Kazi Future TV 2002
Mexico Trato Hecho 1999
Poland Idź na całość Zygmunt Chajzer (1997–2000)
Krzysztof Tyniec (2000–2001) Polsat 1997–2001
Portugal Negócio Fechado Henrique Mendes SIC 1999–2000
Romania Batem palma! Dan Negru Antena 1 2002–03
Spain Fem Un Pacte Joan Monleón Canal Nou 1996
Trato Hecho Bertín Osborne Antena 3 1998–2000, 2002
¿Hay Trato? Carlos Sobera 2004
Turkey Seç Bakalım Erhan Yazıcıoğlu Kanal 6
ATV 1992–95
1995–98
United Kingdom Trick or Treat Mike Smith and Julian Clary LWT 7 January–25 March 1989
U.S. (in English) Let's Make a Deal Monty Hall NBC 1963–67
ABC Daytime 1968–76
Primetime 1969–71
Syndication 1971–77
Syndication 1980–81*
The All-New Let's Make a Deal Syndication 1984–86
Let's Make a Deal Bob Hilton NBC 1990–91
Big Deal Mark DeCarlo FOX 1996
Let's Make a Deal Billy Bush NBC 2003
Wayne Brady CBS 2009–present
U.S. (in Spanish) Trato Hecho Guillermo Huesca Univision January 10 – December 9, 2005
Vietnam Ô cửa bí mật Trần Ngọc VTV3 January 6, 2008 – early 2012
* The 1980–81 version aired in both the U.S. and Canada.
Merchandise[edit]
In 1964, Milton Bradley released a home version of Let's Make a Deal featuring gameplay somewhat different from the television show. In 1974, Ideal Toys released an updated version of the game featuring Hall on the box cover, which was also given to all traders on the syndicated version in the 1974–75 season. An electronic tabletop version by Tiger Electronics was released in 1998. In the late summer of 2006, an interactive DVD version of Let's Make a Deal was released by Imagination Games, which also features classic clips from the Monty Hall years of the show. In 2010, Pressman Toy Corporation released an updated version of the box game, with gameplay more similar to the 1974 version, featuring Brady on the box cover.[22]
Various U.S. lotteries have included instant lottery tickets based on Let's Make a Deal.[23]
In 1999, Shuffle Master teamed up with Bally's to do a video slot machine game based on the show with the voice and likeness of Monty Hall.
In 2004, IGT (International Gaming Technology) did a new video slot game based on the show still featuring Monty Hall.
In 2013, Aristocrat Technology did an all-new video slot machine game based on the Wayne Brady version.
The Monty Hall Problem[edit]
Main article: Monty Hall problem
The Monty Hall Problem, also called the Monty Hall paradox, is a veridical paradox because the result appears impossible but is demonstrably true. The Monty Hall problem, in its usual interpretation, is mathematically equivalent to the earlier Three Prisoners problem, and both bear some similarity to the much older Bertrand's box paradox. The problem examines the counterintuitive effect of switching one's choice of doors, one of which hides a "prize".
The problem has been analyzed many times, in books, articles and online.[24][25] In an interview with The New York Times reporter John Tierney in 1991, Hall gave an explanation of the solution to that problem, stating that he played on the psychology of the trader, and why the solution did not apply to the case of the actual show.[26]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "LetsMakeADeal.com—Show Info". Retrieved 2009-12-20. Wearing costumes was the audience’s idea. To attract Monty’s attention, the traders got creative to out-do each other.
Jump up ^ "New Let's Make a Deal gets Zonked". CNN. 2003-03-19. Retrieved 2009-09-01.
Jump up ^ Petrozzello, Donna (4 April 1999). "The secret words are: game show". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 19 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Adalian, Josef (5 June 2014). "Big Brother 16 Twist Revealed: The Show Will (Finally) Be Seen in HD". Vulture. New York. Retrieved 5 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "LMAD 50th Anniversary". CBS. CBS. Retrieved 21 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Interview with Monty Hall". Archive of American Television. Retrieved 2008-06-24.
Jump up ^ "Let's Make a Deal". On Camera Audiences. Retrieved 3 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Witbeck, Charles (1964-01-26). "Two New Daytime Shows Aired". The Blade. The Toledo Blade Company: 10H. Archived from the original on 2012-07-11. Retrieved 2009-09-28.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Monty Hall's "Let's Make a Deal" Most Successful Television Program". Boca Raton News. South Florida Media Company: 9B. 1974-04-28. Retrieved 2009-09-28.
^ Jump up to: a b Buck, Jerry (1974-04-30). "Monty Hall Deals in Entertainment". St. Petersburg Times: 10D. Retrieved 2009-09-28.
Jump up ^ "TV Guide Names the 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time". Retrieved 12 September 2010.
Jump up ^ "GSN's list of the 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time slideshow". YouTube. Retrieved 12 September 2010.
Jump up ^ "'Sesame Street,' 'Ellen DeGeneres' Lead Daytime Emmy Creative Arts Winners". Variety. Penske Business Media. June 21, 2014. Retrieved June 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ "‘Let’s Make A Deal’ Host Monty Hall Shares His Most Embarrassing Moment (VIDEO)". The Huffington Post. April 4, 2013. Retrieved March 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Dennis James" (PDF). Radical Software. 2 (2): 9–11. Spring 1973. Retrieved 10 June 2016.
Jump up ^ The Intelligencer—June 7, 1993
Jump up ^ TV Guide—March 23–29, 1996
Jump up ^ The Intelligencer—December 29, 1986
Jump up ^ The Intelligencer—December 30, 1988
Jump up ^ The Intelligencer—August 30, 1993
Jump up ^ The Intelligencer—March 29, 1996
Jump up ^ "Let's Make a Deal merchandise". Retrieved 4 August 2009.
Jump up ^ Lovel, Jim (2002-04-26). "Agency to Put TV Classics onto State Lottery Tickets". Atlanta Business Chronicle (American City Business Journals). Retrieved 2009-09-01.
Jump up ^ Gruber, Gary R. (2010). The World's 200 Hardest Brain Teasers. Google Books. ISBN 978-1-4022-3857-4. Retrieved May 1, 2011.
Jump up ^ Adams, Cecil. "On "Let's Make a Deal," you pick Door #1. Monty opens Door #2—no prize. Do you stay with Door #1 or switch to #3?". The Straight Dope. Retrieved 25 July 2005.
Jump up ^ Tierney, John (July 21, 1991). "Behind Monty Hall's Doors: Puzzle, Debate and Answer?". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-05-26.
External links[edit]
Official website
CBS's website for the show
Let's Make A Deal at TV.com
Let's Make a Deal (1963–77) on IMDb
Let's Make a Deal (1980–81) on IMDb
Let's Make a Deal (1984–86) on IMDb
Let's Make a Deal (1990–91) on IMDb
Let's Make a Deal (2003) on IMDb
Let's Make a Deal (2009–present) on IMDb
Big Deal (1996) on IMDb
Le Bigdil (1998–2004) on IMDb
Geh aufs Ganze! (1992–2003) on IMDb
To megalo pazari (1992–93) on IMDb
Asinu Esek (1994–96) on IMDb
Negócio Fechado (1999–2000) on IMDb
Trato Hecho (1999–2000) on IMDb
CBC Television Archives profile of Monty Hall with behind-the-scenes footage of Let's Make a Deal (1970)
"Geh Aufs Ganze!" the 1992–2003 (German version) of "Let's Make A Deal" courtesy of Grundy Light Entertainment
description of "Geh Aufs Ganze!" (Original website)
Official site of Super Deal 2 Milyar (2010) via internet archive)
Article about the 2004 Spain version
Monty Hall interview on TVParty.com
Let's Make a Deal Video Slots @ Bally Gaming Systems at the Wayback Machine (archived June 17, 2001)
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