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Electron shell
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Periodic table with electron shells
In chemistry and atomic physics, an electron shell, or a principal energy level, may be thought of as an orbit followed by electrons around an atom's nucleus. The closest shell to the nucleus is called the "1 shell" (also called "K shell"), followed by the "2 shell" (or "L shell"), then the "3 shell" (or "M shell"), and so on farther and farther from the nucleus. The shells correspond with the principal quantum numbers (n = 1, 2, 3, 4 ...) or are labeled alphabetically with letters used in the X-ray notation (K, L, M, …).
Each shell can contain only a fixed number of electrons: The first shell can hold up to two electrons, the second shell can hold up to eight (2 + 6) electrons, the third shell can hold up to 18 (2 + 6 + 10) and so on. The general formula is that the nth shell can in principle hold up to 2(n2) electrons.[1] Since electrons are electrically attracted to the nucleus, an atom's electrons will generally occupy outer shells only if the more inner shells have already been completely filled by other electrons. However, this is not a strict requirement: atoms may have two or even three incomplete outer shells. (See Madelung rule for more details.) For an explanation of why electrons exist in these shells see electron configuration.[2]
The electrons in the outermost occupied shell (or shells) determine the chemical properties of the atom; it is called the valence shell.
Each shell consists of one or more subshells, and each subshell consists of one or more atomic orbitals.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Shells
3 Subshells
4 Number of electrons in each shell
5 Valence shell
6 List of elements with electrons per shell
7 See also
8 References
History
The shell terminology comes from Arnold Sommerfeld's modification of the Bohr model. Sommerfeld retained Bohr's planetary model, but added mildly elliptical orbits (characterized by additional quantum numbers ℓ and m) to explain the fine spectroscopic structure of some elements.[3] The multiple electrons with the same principal quantum number (n) had close orbits that formed a "shell" of positive thickness instead of the infinitely thin circular orbit of Bohr's model.
The existence of electron shells was first observed experimentally in Charles Barkla's and Henry Moseley's X-ray absorption studies. Barkla labeled them with the letters K, L, M, N, O, P, and Q.[4] The origin of this terminology was alphabetic. A "J" series was also suspected, though later experiments indicated that the K absorption lines are produced by the innermost electrons. These letters were later found to correspond to the n values 1, 2, 3, etc. They are used in the spectroscopic Siegbahn notation.
The physical chemist Gilbert Lewis was responsible for much of the early development of the theory of the participation of valence shell electrons in chemical bonding. Linus Pauling later generalized and extended the theory while applying insights from quantum mechanics.
Shells
The electron shells are labeled K, L, M, N, O, P, and Q; or 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7; going from innermost shell outwards. Electrons in outer shells have higher average energy and travel farther from the nucleus than those in inner shells. This makes them more important in determining how the atom reacts chemically and behaves as a conductor, because the pull of the atom's nucleus upon them is weaker and more easily broken. In this way, a given element's reactivity is highly dependent upon its electronic configuration.
Subshells
Each shell is composed of one or more subshells, which are themselves composed of atomic orbitals. For example, the first (K) shell has one subshell, called 1s; the second (L) shell has two subshells, called 2s and 2p; the third shell has 3s, 3p, and 3d; the fourth shell has 4s, 4p, 4d and 4f; the fifth shell has 5s, 5p, 5d, and 5f and can theoretically hold more but the 5f subshell, although partially occupied in actinides, is not filled in any element occurring naturally.[2] The various possible subshells are shown in the following table:
Subshell label
ℓ
Max electrons
Shells containing it
Historical name
s 0 2 Every shell sharp
p 1 6 2nd shell and higher principal
d 2 10 3rd shell and higher diffuse
f 3 14 4th shell and higher fundamental
g 4 18 5th shell and higher (theoretically) (next in alphabet after f, excluding j)[5]
The first column is the "subshell label", a lowercase-letter label for the type of subshell. For example, the "4s subshell" is a subshell of the fourth (N) shell, with the type (s) described in the first row.
The second column is the azimuthal quantum number (ℓ) of the subshell. The precise definition involves quantum mechanics, but it is a number that characterizes the subshell.
The third column is the maximum number of electrons that can be put into a subshell of that type. For example, the top row says that each s-type subshell (1s, 2s, etc.) can have at most two electrons in it. In each case the figure is 4 greater than the one above it.
The fourth column says which shells have a subshell of that type. For example, looking at the top two rows, every shell has an s subshell, while only the second shell and higher have a p subshell (i.e., there is no "1p" subshell).
The final column gives the historical origin of the labels s, p, d, and f. They come from early studies of atomic spectral lines. The other labels, namely g, h and i, are an alphabetic continuation following the last historically originated label of f.
Although it is commonly stated that all the electrons in a shell have the same energy, this is an approximation. However, the electrons in one subshell do have exactly the same level of energy,[6] with later subshells having more energy per electron than earlier ones. This effect is great enough that the energy ranges associated with shells can overlap (see valence shells and Aufbau principle).
Number of electrons in each shell
Shells and subshells. 1 rectangular triangle (1/2 of a cell) = 1 electron on the level. Red color indicates sublevel s; orange - p; yellow - d; green - f; blue - g; indigo - h; violet - i
Shell
name
Subshell
name
Subshell
max
electrons
Shell
max
electrons
K 1s 2 2
L 2s 2 2 + 6 = 8
2p 6
M 3s 2 2 + 6 + 10
= 18
3p 6
3d 10
N 4s 2 2 + 6 +
10 + 14
= 32
4p 6
4d 10
4f 14
O 5s 2 2 + 6 +
10 + 14 +
18 = 50
5p 6
5d 10
5f 14
5g 18
Each subshell is constrained to hold 4ℓ + 2 electrons at most, namely:
Each s subshell holds at most 2 electrons
Each p subshell holds at most 6 electrons
Each d subshell holds at most 10 electrons
Each f subshell holds at most 14 electrons
Each g subshell holds at most 18 electrons
Therefore, the K shell, which contains only an s subshell, can hold up to 2 electrons; the L shell, which contains an s and a p, can hold up to 2 + 6 = 8 electrons, and so forth; in general, the nth shell can hold up to 2n2 electrons.[1]
Although that formula gives the maximum in principle, in fact that maximum is only achieved (by known elements) for the first four shells (K, L, M, N). No known element has more than 32 electrons in any one shell.[7][8] This is because the subshells are filled according to the Aufbau principle. The first elements to have more than 32 electrons in one shell would belong to the g-block of period 8 of the periodic table. These elements would have some electrons in their 5g subshell and thus have more than 32 electrons in the O shell (fifth principal shell).
Valence shell
See also: Valence electron
The valence shell is the outermost shell of an atom. Valence electrons in non-transition metal elements reside in this shell. Such elements with complete valence shells (noble gases) are the most chemically non-reactive, while those with only one electron in their valence shells (alkali metals) or just missing one electron from having a complete shell (halogens) are the most reactive.[9]
However, this terminology is somewhat misleading in the case of transition metals. In these elements, a valence electron can also be in an inner shell. Thus, the electrons that determine how an atom reacts chemically are those that travel farthest from the nucleus, that is, those with the highest energy, and not necessarily in the valence shell.
List of elements with electrons per shell
The list below gives the elements arranged by increasing atomic number and shows the number of electrons per shell. At a glance, one can see that subsets of the list show obvious patterns. In particular, the seven elements (in electric blue) before a noble gas (group 18, in yellow) higher than helium have the number of electrons in the valence shell in arithmetic progression. (However, this pattern may break down in the seventh period due to relativistic effects.)
Sorting the table by chemical group shows additional patterns, especially with respect to the last two outermost shells. (Elements 57 to 71 belong to the lanthanides, while 89 to 103 are the actinides.)
The list below is primarily consistent with the Aufbau principle. However, there are a number of exceptions to the rule; for example palladium (atomic number 46) has no electrons in the fifth shell, unlike other atoms with lower atomic number. Some entries in the table are uncertain, when experimental data is unavailable. (For example, the elements past 108 have such short half-lives that their electron configurations have not yet been measured.)
Z
Element
No. of electrons/shell
Group
1 Hydrogen 1 1
2 Helium 2 18
3 Lithium 2, 1 1
4 Beryllium 2, 2 2
5 Boron 2, 3 13
6 Carbon 2, 4 14
7 Nitrogen 2, 5 15
8 Oxygen 2, 6 16
9 Fluorine 2, 7 17
10 Neon 2, 8 18
11 Sodium 2, 8, 1 1
12 Magnesium 2, 8, 2 2
13 Aluminium 2, 8, 3 13
14 Silicon 2, 8, 4 14
15 Phosphorus 2, 8, 5 15
16 Sulfur 2, 8, 6 16
17 Chlorine 2, 8, 7 17
18 Argon 2, 8, 8 18
19 Potassium 2, 8, 8, 1 1
20 Calcium 2, 8, 8, 2 2
21 Scandium 2, 8, 9, 2 3
22 Titanium 2, 8, 10, 2 4
23 Vanadium 2, 8, 11, 2 5
24 Chromium 2, 8, 13, 1 6
25 Manganese 2, 8, 13, 2 7
26 Iron 2, 8, 14, 2 8
27 Cobalt 2, 8, 15, 2 9
28 Nickel 2, 8, 16, 2 10
29 Copper 2, 8, 18, 1 11
30 Zinc 2, 8, 18, 2 12
31 Gallium 2, 8, 18, 3 13
32 Germanium 2, 8, 18, 4 14
33 Arsenic 2, 8, 18, 5 15
34 Selenium 2, 8, 18, 6 16
35 Bromine 2, 8, 18, 7 17
36 Krypton 2, 8, 18, 8 18
37 Rubidium 2, 8, 18, 8, 1 1
38 Strontium 2, 8, 18, 8, 2 2
39 Yttrium 2, 8, 18, 9, 2 3
40 Zirconium 2, 8, 18, 10, 2 4
41 Niobium 2, 8, 18, 12, 1 5
42 Molybdenum 2, 8, 18, 13, 1 6
43 Technetium 2, 8, 18, 13, 2 7
44 Ruthenium 2, 8, 18, 15, 1 8
45 Rhodium 2, 8, 18, 16, 1 9
46 Palladium 2, 8, 18, 18 10
47 Silver 2, 8, 18, 18, 1 11
48 Cadmium 2, 8, 18, 18, 2 12
49 Indium 2, 8, 18, 18, 3 13
50 Tin 2, 8, 18, 18, 4 14
51 Antimony 2, 8, 18, 18, 5 15
52 Tellurium 2, 8, 18, 18, 6 16
53 Iodine 2, 8, 18, 18, 7 17
54 Xenon 2, 8, 18, 18, 8 18
55 Caesium 2, 8, 18, 18, 8, 1 1
56 Barium 2, 8, 18, 18, 8, 2 2
57 Lanthanum 2, 8, 18, 18, 9, 2 3
58 Cerium 2, 8, 18, 19, 9, 2
59 Praseodymium 2, 8, 18, 21, 8, 2
60 Neodymium 2, 8, 18, 22, 8, 2
61 Promethium 2, 8, 18, 23, 8, 2
62 Samarium 2, 8, 18, 24, 8, 2
63 Europium 2, 8, 18, 25, 8, 2
64 Gadolinium 2, 8, 18, 25, 9, 2
65 Terbium 2, 8, 18, 27, 8, 2
66 Dysprosium 2, 8, 18, 28, 8, 2
67 Holmium 2, 8, 18, 29, 8, 2
68 Erbium 2, 8, 18, 30, 8, 2
69 Thulium 2, 8, 18, 31, 8, 2
70 Ytterbium 2, 8, 18, 32, 8, 2
71 Lutetium 2, 8, 18, 32, 9, 2
72 Hafnium 2, 8, 18, 32, 10, 2 4
73 Tantalum 2, 8, 18, 32, 11, 2 5
74 Tungsten 2, 8, 18, 32, 12, 2 6
75 Rhenium 2, 8, 18, 32, 13, 2 7
76 Osmium 2, 8, 18, 32, 14, 2 8
77 Iridium 2, 8, 18, 32, 15, 2 9
78 Platinum 2, 8, 18, 32, 17, 1 10
79 Gold 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 1 11
80 Mercury 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 2 12
81 Thallium 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 3 13
82 Lead 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 4 14
83 Bismuth 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 5 15
84 Polonium 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 6 16
85 Astatine 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 7 17
86 Radon 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8 18
87 Francium 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8, 1 1
88 Radium 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8, 2 2
89 Actinium 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 9, 2 3
90 Thorium 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 10, 2
91 Protactinium 2, 8, 18, 32, 20, 9, 2
92 Uranium 2, 8, 18, 32, 21, 9, 2
93 Neptunium 2, 8, 18, 32, 22, 9, 2
94 Plutonium 2, 8, 18, 32, 24, 8, 2
95 Americium 2, 8, 18, 32, 25, 8, 2
96 Curium 2, 8, 18, 32, 25, 9, 2
97 Berkelium 2, 8, 18, 32, 27, 8, 2
98 Californium 2, 8, 18, 32, 28, 8, 2
99 Einsteinium 2, 8, 18, 32, 29, 8, 2
100 Fermium 2, 8, 18, 32, 30, 8, 2
101 Mendelevium 2, 8, 18, 32, 31, 8, 2
102 Nobelium 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 8, 2
103 Lawrencium 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 8, 3
104 Rutherfordium 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 10, 2 4
105 Dubnium 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 11, 2 5
106 Seaborgium 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 12, 2 6
107 Bohrium 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 13, 2 7
108 Hassium 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 14, 2 8
109 Meitnerium 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 15, 2 (?) 9
110 Darmstadtium 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 16, 2 (?) 10
111 Roentgenium 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 17, 2 (?) 11
112 Copernicium 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 2 (?) 12
113 Nihonium 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 3 (?) 13
114 Flerovium 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 4 (?) 14
115 Moscovium 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 5 (?) 15
116 Livermorium 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 6 (?) 16
117 Tennessine 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 7 (?) 17
118 Oganesson 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 8 (?) 18
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Electron shell diagrams.
Periodic table (electron configurations)
Electron counting
18-Electron rule
Core charge
References
^ Jump up to: a b Re: Why do electron shells have set limits ? madsci.org, 17 March 1999, Dan Berger, Faculty Chemistry/Science, Bluffton College
^ Jump up to: a b Electron Subshells. Corrosion Source.
Jump up ^ Donald Sadoway, Introduction to Solid State Chemistry, Lecture 5
Jump up ^ Barkla, Charles G. (1911). "XXXIX.The spectra of the fluorescent Röntgen radiations". Philosophical Magazine. Series 6. 22 (129): 396. doi:10.1080/14786440908637137. Previously denoted by letters B and A (...). The letters K and L are, however, preferable, as it is highly probable that series of radiations both more absorbable and more penetrating exist.
Jump up ^ Jue, T. (2009). "Quantum Mechanic Basic to Biophysical Methods". Fundamental Concepts in Biophysics. Berlin: Springer. p. 33. ISBN 1-58829-973-2.
Jump up ^ The statement that the electrons in one subshell have exactly the same level of energy is true in an isolated atom, where it follows quantum-mechanically from the spherical symmetry of the system. When the atom is part of a molecule, this no longer holds; see, for example, crystal field theory.
Jump up ^ Orbitals. Chem4Kids. Retrieved on 1 December 2011.
Jump up ^ Electron & Shell Configuration. Chemistry.patent-invent.com. Retrieved on 1 December 2011.
Jump up ^ Chemical Reactions. Vision Learning (26 July 2011). Retrieved on 1 December 2011.
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text:
List of lymph nodes of the human body
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Part of a series of lists about
Human anatomy
General[show]
List of human anatomical
features / regions
Variations
Movements
Systems
Structures[show]
Arteries
Bones
Eponymous
Foramina
Glands
Lymphatic vessels
Nerves
Organs
Systems
Veins
Muscles[show]
Abductors
Adductors
Depressors
Elevators
Extensors
Flexors
External rotators
Internal rotators
See also[show]
Table of epithelia of human organs
Anatomical terminology
Index of anatomy articles
Outline of anatomy
Cell types
v
t
e
Regional lymph tissues.
Humans have approximately 500–600 lymph nodes distributed throughout the body, with clusters found in the underarms, groin, neck, chest, and abdomen.
Contents
[hide]
1 Lymph nodes of the head
2 Lymph nodes of the neck
3 Lymph nodes of the thorax
4 Lymph nodes of the arm
5 Lower limbs
6 Distribution
Lymph nodes of the head[edit]
Occipital lymph nodes
Mastoid lymph nodes
Parotid lymph nodes
Lymph nodes of the neck[edit]
Cervical lymph nodes
Submental lymph nodes
Submandibular lymph nodes
Deep cervical lymph nodes
Deep anterior cervical lymph nodes
Deep lateral cervical lymph nodes
Inferior deep cervical lymph nodes
Jugulo-omohyoid lymph node
Jugulodigastric lymph node
Supraclavicular lymph nodes
Virchow's node
Lymph nodes of the thorax[edit]
Lymph nodes of the lungs: The lymph is drained from the lung tissue through subsegmental, segmental, lobar and interlobar lymph nodes to the hilar lymph nodes, which are located around the hilum (the pedicle, which attaches the lung to the mediastinal structures, containing the pulmonary artery, the pulmonary veins, the main bronchus for each side, some vegetative nerves and the lymphatics) of each lung. The lymph flows subsequently to the mediastinal lymph nodes.
Mediastinal lymph nodes: They consist of several lymph node groups, especially along the trachea (5 groups), along the esophagus and between the lung and the diaphragm. In the mediastinal lymph nodes arises lymphatic ducts, which drains the lymph to the left subclavian vein (to the venous angle in the confluence of the subclavian and deep jugular veins).
The mediastinal lymph nodes along the esophagus are in tight connection with the abdominal lymph nodes along the esophagus and the stomach. That fact facilitates spreading of tumor cells through these lymphatics in cases of cancers of the stomach and particularly of the esophagus. Through the mediastinum, the main lymphatic drainage from the abdominal organs goes via the thoracic duct (ductus thoracicus), which drains majority of the lymph from the abdomen to the above mentioned left venous angle.
Lymph nodes of the arm[edit]
These drain the whole of the arm, and are divided into two groups, superficial and deep. The superficial nodes are supplied by lymphatics that are present throughout the arm, but are particularly rich on the palm and flexor aspects of the digits.
Superficial lymph nodes of the arm:
Supratrochlear nodes: Situated above the medial epicondyle of the humerus, medial to the basilic vein, they drain the C7 and C8 dermatomes.
Deltoideopectoral nodes: Situated between the pectoralis major and deltoid muscles inferior to the clavicle.
Deep lymph nodes of the arm: These comprise the axillary nodes, which are 20-30 individual nodes and can be subdivided into:
Lateral nodes
Anterior or pectoral nodes
Posterior or subscapular nodes
Central or intermediate nodes
Medial or subclavicular nodes
Lower limbs[edit]
Superficial inguinal lymph nodes
Deep inguinal lymph nodes
Popliteal lymph nodes
Distribution[edit]
The lymphatic vessels that link the lymph nodes are:
The lymphatics of the head, face, neck, and meningeal lymphatic vessels – drain to the deep cervical lymph nodes
The jugular trunk
The subclavian lymph trunk
The thoracic duct
The lymphatics of the upper extremity
The right and left bronchomediastinal lymph trunks
The lymphatics of the lower extremity
The lymphatics of the abdomen and pelvis
The lymphatic vessels of the thorax
[hide]
v
t
e
Anatomy of the lymphatic system
Head and neck
Head
Back
Occipital
Mastoid/retroauricular
Parotid
Superficial
Deep
preauricular
infra-auricular
intraglandular
Front
Facial
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Burj Al Arab
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Burj (disambiguation).
For the Egyptian city, see Borg El Arab.
Burj Al Arab
برج العرب
Burj Al Arab in 2007
Burj Al Arab
Location within United Arab Emirates
General information
Status
Complete
Type
Luxury hotel
Architectural style
High-tech
Location
Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Coordinates
25°08′31″N 55°11′10″E / 25.141975°N 55.186147°E / 25.141975; 55.186147Coordinates: 25°08′31″N 55°11′10″E / 25.141975°N 55.186147°E / 25.141975; 55.186147
Construction started
1994
Completed
1999
Opening
December 1999
Cost
US$1 billion[1]
Height
Architectural
321 m (1,053 ft)
Top floor
197.5 m (648 ft)
Technical details
Floor count
56 (3 below ground)[2]
Lifts/elevators
18[2]
Design and construction
Architect
Tom Wright of WKK Architects
Developer
Jumeirah
Structural engineer
Atkins
Other information
Number of rooms
202[2]
Website
burj-al-arab.com
References
[2][3][4][5][6]
The Burj Al Arab (Arabic: برج العرب, Tower of the Arabs) is a luxury hotel located in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. It is the third tallest hotel in the world (although 39% of its total height is made up of non-occupiable space).[7][8][9] Burj Al Arab stands on an artificial island 280 m (920 ft) from Jumeirah beach and is connected to the mainland by a private curving bridge. The shape of the structure is designed to resemble the sail of a ship. It has a helipad near the roof at a height of 210 m (689 ft) above ground.
Contents
[hide]
1 Site
2 Design and construction
3 Features
3.1 Rooms and suites
3.2 Restaurants
3.3 Rating
4 Reception
4.1 Reviews by architecture critics
5 Notable events
6 In popular culture
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
Site[edit]
The beachfront area where Burj Al Arab and Jumeirah Beach Hotel are located was previously called Miami Beach.[10] The hotel is located on an island of reclaimed land 280 meters offshore of the beach of the former Chicago Beach Hotel.[11] The locale's name had its origins in the Chicago Bridge & Iron Company which at one time welded giant floating oil storage tanks, known locally as Kazzans on the site.[10]
The old name persisted after the old Hotel was demolished in 1997. Dubai Chicago Beach Hotel remained as the Public Project Name for the construction phase of Burj Al Arab Hotel until Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum announced the new name.[11]
Design and construction[edit]
Burj Al Arab was designed by multidisciplinary consultancy Atkins, led by architect Tom Wright, who has since become co-founder of WKK Architects. The design and construction were managed by Canadian engineer Rick Gregory also of WS Atkins. It's very similar with the Vasco da Gama Tower, located in Lisbon, Portugal. Construction of the Island began in 1994 and involved up to 2,000 construction workers during peak construction. It was built to resemble the billowing spinnaker sail of a J-class yacht.[12] Two "wings" spread in a V to form a vast "mast", while the space between them is enclosed in a massive atrium. The architect Tom Wright[13] said "The client wanted a building that would become an iconic or symbolic statement for Dubai; this is very similar to Sydney with its Opera House, London with Big Ben, or Paris with the Eiffel Tower. It needed to be a building that would become synonymous with the name of the country."[14][not in citation given]
Fletcher Construction from New Zealand was the lead joint venture partner in the initial stages of pre-construction and construction.[15] The hotel was built by South African construction contractor Murray & Roberts and Al Habtoor Engineering and the interior works were delivered by UAE based Depa.[16][17]
The building opened in December 1999.[18]
Features[edit]
Lobby
Several features of the hotel required complex engineering feats to achieve. The hotel rests on an artificial island constructed 280 m (920 ft) offshore. To secure a foundation, the builders drove 230 forty-meter-long (130 ft) concrete piles into the sand.[19]
Engineers created a ground/surface layer of large rocks, which is circled with a concrete honeycomb pattern, which serves to protect the foundation from erosion. It took three years to reclaim the land from the sea, while it took fewer than three years to construct the building itself. The building contains over 70,000 m3 (92,000 cu yd) of concrete and 9,000 tons of steel.[19]
Inside the building, the atrium is 180 m (590 ft) tall.[20]
Burj Al Arab is the world's third tallest hotel (not including buildings with mixed use). The structure of the Rose Rayhaan, also in Dubai, is 11 m (36 ft) taller than Burj Al Arab.[citation needed]
Rooms and suites[edit]
The hotel is managed by the Jumeirah Group. Despite its size, Burj Al Arab holds only 28 double-story floors which accommodate 202 bedroom suites. The smallest suite occupies an area of 169 m2 (1,820 sq ft), the largest covers 780 m2 (8,400 sq ft).[21]
Suites feature design details that juxtapose east and west. White columns show great influence.[clarification needed] Bathrooms are accented by mosaic tile patterns.[citation needed]
The Royal Suite, billed at US$24,000 per night, is listed at number 12 on World's 15 most expensive hotel suites compiled by CNN Go in 2012.[22]
The Burj Al Arab is very popular with the Chinese market, which made up 25 percent of all bookings at the hotel in 2011 and 2012.[23]
Restaurants[edit]
Al Muntaha
Al Mahara
Al Muntaha ("The Ultimate"), is located 200 m (660 ft) above the Persian Gulf, offering a view of Dubai. It is supported by a full cantilever that extends 27 m (89 ft) from either side of the mast, and is accessed by a panoramic elevator.[citation needed]
Al Mahara ("Oyster"), which is accessed via a simulated submarine voyage, features a large seawater aquarium, holding roughly 990,000 L (260,000 US gal) of water. The wall of the tank, made of acrylic glass in order to withstand the water pressure, is about 18 cm (7.1 in) thick.[citation needed]
Rating[edit]
The Burj Al Arab is a five-star hotel, the highest official ranking. While the hotel is sometimes erroneously described as "the world's only seven-star hotel", the hotel management claims to never have done that themselves. In the words of a Jumeirah Group spokesperson: "There's not a lot we can do to stop it. We're not encouraging the use of the term. We've never used it in our advertising."[24]
Reception[edit]
Reviews by architecture critics[edit]
Burj Al Arab Hotel Interior
Burj Al Arab has attracted criticism as well "a contradiction of sorts, considering how well-designed and impressive the construction ultimately proves to be."[21] The contradiction here seems to be related to the hotel’s decor. "This extraordinary investment in state-of-the-art construction technology stretches the limits of the ambitious urban imagination in an exercise that is largely due to the power of excessive wealth." Another critic includes negative critiques for the city of Dubai as well: "both the hotel and the city, after all, are monuments to the triumph of money over practicality. Both elevate style over substance."[21] Yet another: "Emulating the quality of palatial interiors, in an expression of wealth for the mainstream, a theater of opulence is created in Burj Al Arab … The result is a baroque effect".[21]
Notable events[edit]
Several events have taken place on the helipad 210 m (689 ft) above ground to attract media attention. These include :
2004: Tiger Woods teeing off[25]
2005: Andre Agassi and Roger Federer playing tennis[26]
2006: Ronan Keating shot the Music Video for his single "Iris" at the Helipad of Burj Al Arab.
2007: The Today Show broadcast from the Helipad a segment of Where in the World is Matt Lauer?[27]
2011: Golfer Rory McIlroy performing a bunker shot.[28]
2013: Heli-lift of Aston Martin Vanquish.[29]
2013: David Coulthard performing donuts in a Formula 1 racecar.[30]
2017: Nick Jacobsen kiteboards down to the sea.[31][32]
In popular culture[edit]
The last chapter of the espionage novel Performance Anomalies[33][34]takes place at the top of the Burj Al Arab,[1][35] where the spy protagonist Cono 7Q discovers that through deadly betrayal his spy nemesis Katerina has maneuvered herself into the top echelon of the government of Kazakhstan. The Hotel can also be seen in Syriana, Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol and also some Bollywood movies.[which?]
Richard Hammond included the building in his television series, Richard Hammond's Engineering Connections.
The Burj Al Arab serves as the cover image for the 2009 album Ocean Eyes by Owl City.
See also[edit]
W Barcelona (Hotel Vela) – skyscraper of similar appearance in Barcelona, Spain (sail)
Vasco da Gama Tower – similar structure in Lisbon, Portugal
Elite Plaza – a similar-shaped skyscraper in Yerevan, Armenia
Trump Ocean Club International Hotel and Tower, (Panama City) – similar structure
Spinnaker Tower, Portsmouth – similar structure in Portsmouth, UK
List of tallest buildings in the United Arab Emirates
List of buildings in Dubai
List of tallest buildings in Dubai
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Arabian Knight". Forbes.com. Retrieved 24 September 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Burj Al Arab Hotel – The Skyscraper Center". Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat.
Jump up ^ Burj Al Arab at Emporis
Jump up ^ "Burj Al Arab". SkyscraperPage.
Jump up ^ Burj Al Arab at Structurae
Jump up ^ "Stay at Burj Al Arab". Jumeirah. Retrieved 4 January 2010.
Jump up ^ "Vanity Height: the Use-less Space in Today's Tallest". CTBUH. Retrieved 2013-11-25.
Jump up ^ "Study: Skyscrapers Topped by Wasted Space". World Property Channel. 2013-09-06. Retrieved 2013-11-25.
Jump up ^ Solon, Olivia (2013-09-06). "Report names and shames vanity skyscrapers with unnecessary spires". Wired. Retrieved 2013-11-25.
^ Jump up to: a b Krane, Jim City of Gold: Dubai and the Dream of Capitalism, page 103, St. Martin's Press (September 15, 2009)
^ Jump up to: a b "Dubai's Chicago Beach Hotel". Dubai As It Used To Be. Retrieved 2013-11-25.
Jump up ^ "Burj Al Arab – Atkins".
Jump up ^ "Burj Al Arab". Galinsky. Retrieved 2008-06-08.
Jump up ^ "Dubai's Dream Palace – Burj Al-Arab Hotel". Megastructures. Episode 70.
Jump up ^ "Dubai Chicago Beach Hotel – Fletcher Construction Company". Archived from the original on 2011-07-21.
Jump up ^ https://www.thenational.ae/business/property/depa-announces-strong-growth-1.539070
Jump up ^ "Murphy & Roberts". Forbes Traveler. Murray & Roberts. 2006-06-21. Retrieved 2007-01-24.
Jump up ^ "Media Fact File of Burj Al Arab" (PDF). Retrieved 23 August 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Burj Al Arab". EgyptEng.com engineering directory. 2000. Archived from the original on 2007-01-17. Retrieved 2007-01-24.
Jump up ^ "VIDEO: Burj Al Arab's 15th anniversary 'dream'".
^ Jump up to: a b c d Damluji, Salma Samar, The Architecture of the U.A.E.. Reading, UK: 2006.
Jump up ^ Arnold, Helen "World's 15 most expensive hotel suites" CNN Go. 25 March 2012. Retrieved 2012-04-11
Jump up ^ "Jumeirah gets ravenous for China". TTGmice. Retrieved 27 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "Hotel star ratings standards long overdue". The National. 2009-07-14. Retrieved 10 December 2010.
Jump up ^ "World's number one player Tiger Woods tees off from the world's most luxurious hotel, Burj Al Arab" Hospitality, 9 March 2004. Accessed: 2 November 2013. Photos
Jump up ^ "Agassi, Federer enjoy unique experience" ESPN, 22 February 2005. Accessed: 2 November 2013. Photos Archived November 1, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Dubai: Oasis in the desert – Where in the World. TODAY.com (2007). Retrieved on 2017-01-01.
Jump up ^ "Video: Rory McIlroy on the Burj Al Arab Helipad" Jumeirah, 20 December 2011. Accessed: 3 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "Video: Aston Martin – Dubai Centenary Spectacular at Burj Al Arab" Aston Martin, 17 January 2013. Accessed: 3 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "VIDEO: Red Bull in sensational Dubai helipad donut demo" Crash.net, 31 October 2013. Accessed: 2 November 2013. Photos
Jump up ^ "Nick Jacobsen jumps off the Burj al-Arab in Dubai". Surfer Today. 12 April 2017. Retrieved 7 October 2017. Photos
Jump up ^ Nick Jacobsen's Dubai jump on YouTube
Jump up ^ "Performance Anomalies". Goodreads. Retrieved 2017-05-15.
Jump up ^ Lee, Victor Robert (2012-12-20). Performance Anomalies. USA: Perimeter Six. ISBN 9781938409226.
Jump up ^ Lee, Victor Robert (2013-01-15). Performance Anomalies: A Novel. Perimeter Six Press. ISBN 9781938409202.
Further reading[edit]
Rose, Steve. "Sand and Freedom", The Guardian, November 28, 2005, retrieved October 27, 2006.
National Geographic: Megastructures
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
Burj Al Arab (category)
Burj Al Arab official website
Burj Al Arab Hotel on CTBUH Skyscraper Center
Atkins, the designers and engineers behind Burj Al Arab
Tom Wright Burj al Arab architect's official website
Seven Stars Award Burj al Arab Seven Stars Award
[show]
v
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Jumeirah Group
Facilities
Burj Al Arab
The Emirates Academy of Hospitality Management
Jumeirah Beach Hotel
Jumeirah Carlton Tower
Jumeirah Emirates Towers Hotel
Madinat Jumeirah
Palais Quartier
Wild Wadi Water Park
Related
Dubai Holding
[show]
v
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e
Timeline of the world's tallest hotels
Hotel New Netherland (71 m) (1893)
Hotel Manhattan (76 m) (1896)
Westin Book Cadillac Hotel (111.9 m) (1924)
Waldorf-Astoria Hotel (191 m) (1931)
Hotel Ukraina (198 m) (1953)
Westin Peachtree Plaza Hotel (220 m) (1973)
Westin Renaissance Center Detroit (221.5 m) (1977)
Westin Stamford Hotel (226 m) (1986)
Baiyoke Tower II (304 m) (1997)
Burj Al Arab (321 m) (1999)
Rose Tower (333 m) (2009)
JW Marriott Marquis Dubai (355 m) (2012)
[show]
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Supertall
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The Address Downtown Dubai
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HHHR Tower
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Completed
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AAM Tower
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Topped out
Address Boulevard
The Buildings by Daman
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Dubai Pearl
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The Skyscraper
See also: Future Dubai skyscrapers and List of tallest buildings in Dubai
[show]
v
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Supertall skyscrapers
[hide]
Current
North America
432 Park Avenue
875 North Michigan Avenue
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values: برج العرب (فندق) – Arabic

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values: Бурдж-әл-Ғәрәп – Bashkir

values: Бурдж аль-Араб – Belarusian

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values: बुर्ज अल अरब – Hindi

values: בורג' אל-ערב – Hebrew

values: ბურჯ-ალ-არაბი – Georgian

values: Бурж әл-Араб – Kazakh

values: बुर्ज अल अरब – Maithili

values: Бурж Ал Араб – Macedonian

values: ബുർജ് അൽ അറബ് – Malayalam

values: बुर्ज अल अरब – Marathi

values: ブルジュ・アル・アラブ – Japanese

values: Бурдж-эль-Араб – Russian

values: Бурџ ел Араб – Serbian

values: பூர்ஜ் அல் அராப் – Tamil

values: บุรญุลอะร็อบ – Thai

values: Бурҷ ал-Араб – Tajik

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values: برج العرب – Urdu

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