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Humidifier
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Humidifier in an art museum in Augsburg, Germany
A humidifier is a device that increases humidity (moisture) in a single room or an entire building. In the home, point-of-use humidifiers are commonly used to humidify a single room, while whole-house or furnace humidifiers, which connect to a home's HVAC system, provide humidity to the entire house. Medical ventilators often include humidifiers for increased patient comfort. Large humidifiers are used in commercial, institutional, or industrial contexts, often as part of a larger HVAC system.
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 Industrial humidifiers
3 Portable humidifiers
3.1 Evaporative humidifiers
3.2 Natural humidifiers
3.3 Vaporizers
3.4 Impeller humidifiers
3.5 Ultrasonic humidifiers
4 Fixed-installation humidifiers
4.1 Drums
4.2 Disc wheels
4.3 Bypass flow-through
4.4 Spray mist
4.5 Additional types
5 Problems and health risks
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Overview[edit]
Low humidity may occur in hot, dry desert climates, or indoors in artificially heated spaces. In winter, especially when cold outside air is heated indoors, the humidity may drop to as low as 10–20%. This low humidity can cause adverse health effects, by drying out mucous membranes such as the lining of the nose and throat, and can cause respiratory distress.[1] The low humidity also can affect wooden furniture, causing shrinkage and loose joints or cracking of pieces.[2] Books, papers, and artworks may shrink or warp and become brittle in very low humidity.[3]
In addition, static electricity may become a problem in conditions of low humidity, destroying semiconductor devices, causing static cling of textiles, and causing dust and small particles to stick stubbornly to electrically charged surfaces.[4]
Overuse of a humidifier can raise the relative humidity to excessive levels, promoting the growth of dust mites and mold, and can also cause hypersensitivity pneumonitis (humidifier lung).[5] A relative humidity of 30% to 50% is recommended for most homes.[6] A properly installed and located hygrostat should be used to monitor and control humidity levels automatically, or a well-informed and conscientious human operator must constantly check for correct humidity levels.
Industrial humidifiers[edit]
Industrial humidifiers are used when a specific humidity level must be maintained to prevent static electricity buildup, preserve material properties, and ensure a comfortable and healthy environment for workers or residents.
Static problems are prevalent in industries such as packaging, printing, paper, plastics, textiles, electronics, automotive manufacturing and pharmaceuticals. Friction can produce static buildup and sparks when humidity is below 45% relative humidity (RH). Between 45% and 55% RH, static builds up at reduced levels, while humidity above 55% RH ensures that static will never build up.[7] The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) has traditionally recommended a range of 45–55% RH in data centers to prevent sparks that can damage IT equipment.[8] Humidifiers are also used by manufacturers of semiconductors and in hospital operating rooms.
Printers and paper manufacturers use humidifiers to prevent shrinkage and paper curl. Humidifiers are needed in cold storage rooms to preserve the freshness of food against the dryness caused by cold temperatures. Art museums use humidifiers to protect sensitive works of art, especially in exhibition galleries, where they combat the dryness caused by heating for the comfort of visitors during winter.[9]
Portable humidifiers[edit]
A "portable" humidifier may range in size from a small tabletop appliance to a large floor-mounted unit. The water is usually supplied by manually filling the unit on a periodic basis.
Evaporative humidifiers[edit]
The most common portable humidifier, an "evaporative", "cool moisture", or "wick humidifier", consists of just a few basic parts: a reservoir, wick and fan.
The wick is made of a porous material that absorbs water from the reservoir and provides a larger surface area for it to evaporate from. The fan is adjacent to the wick and blows air onto the wick to aid in the evaporation of the water. Evaporation from the wick is dependent on relative humidity. A room with low humidity will have a higher evaporation rate compared to a room with high humidity. Therefore, this type of humidifier is partially self-regulating; as the humidity of the room increases, the water vapor output naturally decreases.
These wicks become moldy if they are not dried out completely between fillings, and become saturated with mineral deposits over time. They regularly need rinsing or replacement; if this does not happen, air cannot pass through them, and humidifier stops humidifying the area it is in and the water in the tank remains at the same level.
Natural humidifiers[edit]
Vaporizer (steam humidifier) (warm mist humidifier)
Impeller humidifier NW-5 (Poland, 1977)
One type of evaporative humidifier makes use of just a reservoir and wick. Sometimes called a "natural humidifier", these are usually non-commercial devices that can be assembled at little or no cost. One version of a natural humidifier uses a stainless steel bowl, partially filled with water, covered by a towel. A waterproof weight is used to sink the towel in the center of the bowl. There is no need for a fan, because the water spreads through the towel by capillary action and the towel surface area is large enough to provide for rapid evaporation. The stainless steel bowl is much easier to clean than typical humidifier water tanks. This, in combination with daily or every other day replacement of the towel and periodic laundering, can control the problem of mold and bacteria.
Houseplants may also be used as natural humidifiers, since they evaporate water into the air through transpiration. Care must still be taken to prevent bacteria or mold in the soil from growing to excessive levels, or from dispersing into the air.
Vaporizers[edit]
A vaporizer (steam humidifier, warm mist humidifier) heats or boils water, releasing steam and moisture into the air. A medicated inhalant can also be added to the steam vapor to help reduce coughs. Vaporizers may be healthier than cool mist types of humidifiers because steam is less likely to convey mineral impurities or microorganisms from the standing water in the reservoir.[10] However, boiling water requires significantly more energy than other techniques. The heat source in poorly designed humidifiers can overheat, causing the product to melt, leak, and start fires.[11]
Impeller humidifiers[edit]
An impeller humidifier (cool mist humidifier) uses a rotating disc to fling water at a diffuser, which breaks the water into fine droplets that float into the air. The water supply must be kept scrupulously clean, or there is a risk of spreading bacteria or mold into the air. These types of humidifiers are usually noisier than others.
Ultrasonic humidifiers[edit]
Ultrasonic Cool Mist Humidifier
An ultrasonic humidifier uses a ceramic diaphragm vibrating at an ultrasonic frequency to create water droplets that silently exit the humidifier in the form of cool fog. Usually the mist gets forced out by a tiny fan, while some ultra mini models have no fans. The models without fans are meant mainly for personal use. Ultrasonic humidifiers use a piezoelectric transducer to create a high frequency mechanical oscillation in a film of water. This forms an extremely fine mist of droplets about one micron in diameter, that is quickly evaporated into the air flow.
Unlike the humidifiers that boil water, these water droplets will contain any impurities that are in the reservoir, including minerals from hard water (which then forms a difficult-to-remove sticky white dust on nearby objects and furniture). Any pathogens growing in the stagnant tank will also be dispersed in the air. Ultrasonic humidifiers should be cleaned regularly to prevent bacterial contamination from being spread throughout the air.
The amount of minerals and other materials can be greatly reduced by using distilled water. Special disposable demineralization cartridges may also reduce the amount of airborne material, but the EPA warns, "the ability of these devices to remove minerals may vary widely."[10] The mineral dust may have negative health effects[citation needed]. Wick humidifiers trap the mineral deposits in the wick; vaporizer types tend to collect minerals on or around the heating element and require regular cleaning with vinegar or citric acid to control buildup.
Fixed-installation humidifiers[edit]
For buildings with a forced-air furnace, a humidifier may be installed into the furnace. They can also protect wooden objects, antiques and other furnishings which may be sensitive to damage from overly dry air. In colder months, they may provide modest energy savings, since as humidity increases, occupants may feel warm at a lower temperature.[citation needed]
Bypass humidifiers are connected between the heated and cold air return ducts, using the pressure difference between these ducts to cause some heated air to make a bypass through the humidifier and return to the furnace.
Any humidifiers should usually be disabled during the summer months if air conditioning is used; air conditioners partially function to reducing indoor humidity, and having a humidifier continue to operate will waste significant amounts of energy.
Drums[edit]
Drum style (bypass) uses a pipe to bring water directly to a reservoir (a pan) attached to the furnace. The water level in the pan is controlled by a float valve, similar to a small toilet tank float. The wick is typically a foam pad mounted on a drum and attached to a small motor; hot air enters the drum at one end and is forced to leave through the sides of the drum. When the hygrostat calls for humidity, the motor is turned on causing the drum to rotate slowly through the pan of water and preventing the foam pad from drying out.
Advantages include:
Low cost
Inexpensive maintenance (drum-style pads are cheap and readily available)[citation needed]
Disadvantages include:
Requirement for frequent (approximately monthly) inspections of cleanliness and pad condition
Water evaporation even when humidification is not required (due to the pan of water which remains exposed to a high velocity air stream)
Mold growth in the pan full of water (this problem is exacerbated by the large quantity of air, inevitably carrying mold spores, passing through the humidifier whether in use or not).
For the latter reason especially, drum-style humidifiers should always be turned off at the water supply during summer (air conditioning) months, and should always be used with high quality furnace air filters (MERV ratings as high as possible to ensure small numbers of mold spores reaching the humidifier pan) when the water supply is turned on.
Disc wheels[edit]
A disc wheel style (bypass) is very similar in design to the drum style humidifiers; this type of furnace humidifier replaces the foam drumming with a number of plastic discs with small grooves on both sides. This allows for a very large evaporative surface area, without requiring a great deal of space. Unlike the drum style humidifiers, the disc wheel does not need regular replacement.
Advantages include:
Very low maintenance (basin of humidifier should be cleaned out periodically, unless an automatic flushing device is installed)
No regular replacement of parts necessary
Higher output due to large evaporative surface area
Can be installed in hard water situations
Maintains efficiency throughout lifespans
Disadvantages include:
Higher price
Water evaporation even when humidification is not required (due to the pan of water which remains exposed to a high velocity air stream)
Bypass flow-through[edit]
Bypass flow-through style (bypass – also known as "biscuit style" or many other, similar variant names) uses a pipe to bring water directly to an electrically controlled valve at the top of the humidifier. Air passes through an aluminum "biscuit" (often called a pad; the term "biscuit" emphasizes the solid rather than foamy form) which is similar to a piece of extremely coarse steel wool. The "biscuit" has a coating of a matte ceramic, resulting in an extremely large surface area within a small space. When the hygrostat calls for humidity, the valve is opened and causes a spray of water onto the "biscuit". Hot air is passed through the "biscuit", causing the water to evaporate from the pad and be carried into the building.
Advantages include:
Reduced maintenance (new "biscuit" is needed only when clogged with dust or mineral deposits, typically once per year)
Lack of a pan of potentially stagnant water to serve as a breeding ground for mold as with a drum-style humidifier
No incidental humidification caused by a constantly replenished pan of water in a high velocity air stream
Reduced requirement for expensive air filters
Uses little electricity
Disadvantages include:
A somewhat higher purchase price
Manufacturer and model-specific replacement biscuits (versus the relatively generic drum-style pads) may be more expensive and difficult to find
For most models, a portion of the water supplied to the unit is not evaporated. This can generate a considerable amount of waste water containing residual minerals, which does require connection to a drain. There is a limited selection of drain-less models that recirculate water, but mineral buildup must then be removed manually on a periodic basis.
Spray mist[edit]
Spray mist type uses a pipe, usually a small plastic one, to bring water directly to an electrically controlled valve (atomizer-this forces the water through a tiny orifice causing it to break up into tiny particles) in the humidifier. Water mist is sprayed directly into the supply air, and the mist is carried into the premises by the air flow.
Advantages include:
Simpler than bypass types to install, requiring a single cut hole for installation, no additional ducting.
Uses little electricity.
Small, compact unit which fits where other types cannot. (Approximately 6 inches (15 cm) square.)
Because it does not require bypass ducting it does not undermine the pressure separation (and therefore, blower efficiency) of the return and supply ducts.
Does not require use of moisture pads (on-going expense).
Highly efficient usage of water. Does not generate waste water, and does not require separate connection to a drain.
Requires little maintenance. Periodic cleaning of nozzle may be required in hard water environments.
Lack of a pan of potentially stagnant water to serve as a breeding ground for mold as with a drum-style humidifier.
Disadvantages include:
Spray nozzle can become clogged in hard water situations, necessitating the use of water filter, periodic cleaning of nozzle, or nozzle replacement.
Disperses any minerals in the water into the airstream.
Additional types[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (July 2013)
Additional types include non-bypass flow-through (fan augmented), steam, impeller or centrifugal atomizer, and under duct designs.
Problems and health risks[edit]
The USEPA provides detailed information about health risks as well as recommended maintenance procedures.[10] If the tap water contains a lot of minerals (also known as "hard water") then the ultrasonic or impeller humidifiers will produce a "white dust" (calcium is the most common mineral in tap water), which usually spreads over furniture, and is attracted to static electricity generating devices such as CRT monitors. The white dust can be prevented by using distilled water or a demineralization cartridge in ultrasonic humidifiers.
In addition, a stuck or malfunctioning water supply valve can deliver large amounts of water, causing extensive water damage if undetected for any period of time. A water alarm, possibly with an automatic water shutoff, can help prevent this malfunction from causing major problems.
See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Humidifiers.
Air ionizer
Dehumidifier
Evaporative cooler
Hygrometer, for measuring humidity
Ultrasonic nozzle
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Mäkinen, T. M.; Juvonen, R.; Jokelainen, J.; Harju, T. H.; Peitso, A.; Bloigu, A.; Silvennoinen-Kassinen, S.; Leinonen, M.; Hassi, J. (2009). "Cold temperature and low humidity are associated with increased occurrence of respiratory tract infections". Respiratory Medicine. 103 (3): 456. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2008.09.011.
Jump up ^ Mendelson, Cheryl (17 May 2005). Home Comforts: The Art and Science of Keeping House. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9780743272865.
Jump up ^ Kahn, Miriam B. (1 January 2012). Disaster Response and Planning for Libraries. American Library Association. ISBN 9780838911518.
Jump up ^ Elsersawi, Amin (2012-06-15). Secret of Electricity. AuthorHouse. ISBN 9781477216200.
Jump up ^ Baur, X; et al. (1988). "Humidifier lung and humidifier fever". Lung. 166 (2): 113–124. doi:10.1007/BF02714035. PMID 3130530.
Jump up ^ "The Inside Story: A Guide to Indoor Air Quality". Consumer Product Safety Commission.
Jump up ^ "Anti-Static & Static Elimination Through Humidity Control". JS Humidifiers. Retrieved 2014-09-20.
Jump up ^ Clark, Jeff (27 March 2012). "Humidity in the Data Center: Do We Still Need to Sweat It?". The Data Center Journal. Retrieved 2014-09-20.
Jump up ^ Ward, Gerald W. R. (2008). The Grove Encyclopedia of Materials and Techniques in Art. Oxford University Press. p. 132.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Indoor Air Facts No. 8: Use and Care of Home Humidifiers". Environmental Protection Agency. 1991.
Jump up ^ "Humidifiers Recalled for Fire Hazard". Archived from the original on 2008-09-05.
External links[edit]
EPA.gov Indoor Air Facts No. 8 Use and Care of Home Humidifiers
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Non-cooperation movement
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The Non-Cooperation Movement was a significant phase of the Indian independence movement from British rule. It was led by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi after the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre. It aimed to resist British rule in India through nonviolent means,"Ahinsa". Protesters would refuse to buy British goods, adopt the use of local handicrafts and picket liquor shops. The ideas of Ahinsa and nonviolence, and Gandhi's ability to rally hundreds of thousands of common citizens towards the cause of Indian independence, were first seen on a large scale in this movement through the summer of 1920. Gandhi feared that the movement might lead to popular violence. The non-cooperation movement was launched on 31st August, 1920.
Contents
[hide]
1 Factors leading to the movement
2 Satyagraha
3 Success and suspension
4 End of non-cooperation
5 Savings
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
Factors leading to the movement[edit]
The Non-cooperation movement was a reaction to the oppressive policies of the British Indian government such as the Rowlatt Act and the Jallianwala Bagh massacre. A meeting of civilians held at Jallianwala Bagh near the Golden Temple in Amritsar was fired upon by soldiers under the command of Brigadier-General Reginald Dyer, killing and injuring thousands of protestors. The outcry generated by the massacre led to thousands of unrests and more deaths at the hands of the police. The massacre became the most infamous event of British rule in India.
Gandhi was horrified. He lost all faith in the goodness of the British government and declared that it would be a "sin" to cooperate with the "satanic" government.
Indian Muslims who had participated in the Khilafat movement to restore the status of the Caliph gave their support to the non-cooperation movement. In response to the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre and other violence in Punjab, the movement sought to secure Swaraj, independence for India. Gandhi promised Swaraj in one year if his Non-Cooperation programme was fully implemented. The other reason to start the non-cooperation movement was that Gandhi lost faith in constitutional methods and turned from cooperator of British rule to non-cooperator.
Other causes include economic hardships to the common man, which the nationalists attributed to the flow of Indian wealth to Britain, the ruin of Indian artisans due to British factory-made goods replacing handmade goods, and resentment with the British government over Indian soldiers dying in World War I while fighting as part of the British Army.
The calls of early political leaders like Bal Gangadhar Tilak (Congress Extremists) were called major public meetings. They resulted in disorder or obstruction of government services. The British took them very seriously and imprisoned him in mandale in Burma and V.O.Chidambaram Pillai Got 40 years imprisonment . The non-cooperation movement aimed to challenge the colonial economic and power structure, and British authorities would be forced to take notice of the demands of the independence movement .
Satyagraha[edit]
Main article: Satyagraha
Satyagraha is a Sanskrit term which is a compound of two words: satya ("truth") and agraha ("holding firmly to" or "force"). Gandhi's call was for a nationwide protest against the Rowlatt Act. All offices and factories would be closed. Indians would be encouraged to withdraw from Raj-sponsored schools, police services, the military, and the civil service, and lawyers were asked to leave the Raj's courts. Public transportation and English-manufactured goods, especially clothing, was boycotted.
Veterans like Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal, Mohammad Ali Jinnah, Annie Besant, and Sammed Akiwate opposed the idea outright. The All India Muslim League also criticized the idea. But the younger generation of Indian nationalists were thrilled, and backed Gandhi. The Congress Party adopted his plans, and he received extensive support from Muslim leaders like Maulana Azad, Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari, Hakim Ajmal Khan, Abbas Tyabji, Maulana Muhammad Ali and Maulana Shaukat Ali.
The eminent Hindi writer, poet, play-wright, journalist, and nationalist Rambriksh Benipuri, who spent more than eight years in prison fighting for India's independence, wrote:
When I recall Non-Cooperation era of 1921, the image of a storm confronts my eyes. From the time I became aware, I have witnessed numerous movements, however, I can assert that no other movement upturned the foundations of Indian society to the extent that the Non-Cooperation movement did. From the most humble huts to the high places, from villages to cities, everywhere there was a ferment, a loud echo.[1]
Success and suspension[edit]
The success of the revolt was a total shock to British authorities and a massive encouragement to millions of Indian nationalists. On 5th February,1922 a clash took place at Chauri Chaura, a small town in the district of Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh. A police officer had beaten some volunteers picketing a liquor shop. A whole crowd of peasants that had gathered there went to the police chowki (pron.-chau key) (station). The mob set fire to the police chowki with some 22 police men inside it.
Mahatma Gandhi felt that the revolt was veering off-course, and was disappointed that the revolt had lost its non-violent nature. He did not want the movement to degenerate into a contest of violence, with police and angry mobs attacking each other back and forth, victimizing civilians in between. Gandhi appealed to the Indian public for all resistance to end, went on a fast lasting 3 weeks, and called off the non-cooperation movement.
End of non-cooperation[edit]
The non-cooperation movement was withdrawn because of the Chauri Chaura incident. Although he had stopped the national revolt single-handedly, on March 10, 1922, Gandhi was arrested. On March 18, 1922, he was imprisoned for six years for publishing seditious materials. This led to suppression of the movement and was followed by the arrest off other leaders.
Although most Congress leaders remained firmly behind Gandhi, the determined broke away. The Ali brothers would soon become fierce critics. Motilal Nehru and Chittaranjan Das formed the Swaraj Party, rejecting Gandhi's leadership. Many nationalists had felt that the non-cooperation movement should not have been stopped due to isolated incidents of violence, and most nationalists, while retaining confidence in Gandhi, were discouraged.
Contemporary historians and critics suggest that the movement was successful enough to break the back of British rule, and possibly even the catalyst for the movement that lead to independence in 1947.
But many historians and Indian leaders of the time also defended Gandhi's judgment. However, there have been claims that Gandhi called off the movement in an attempt to salvage his own personal image, which would have been tarnished had he been blamed for the Chauri Chaura incident, although a similar type of movement was introduced in 1930, the civil disobedience movement. The main difference was the introduction of a policy of violating the law.
Savings[edit]
Gandhi's commitment to non-violence was redeemed when, between 1930 and 1934, tens of millions again revolted in the Salt Satyagraha which made India's cause famous worldwide for its unerring adherence to non-violence. The Satyagraha ended in success: the demands of Indians were met, and the Congress Party was recognized as a representative of the Indian people. The Government of India Act 1935 also gave India its first taste in democratic self-governance.
See also[edit]
Quit India Movement
Indian independence movement portal
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Biswamoy Pati (ed.), Lata Singh (2014). Colonial and Contemporary Bihar and Jharkhand (Chapter 7. Lata Singh, Nationalism in Bihar, 1921-22: Mapping Resistances quoting Suresh Sharma (ed.) Benipuri Granthavali, vol. IV, 1998, p.38). Primus Books. p. 264 (at p. 127). ISBN 978-93-80607-92-4. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Further reading[edit]
Andrews, C. F (1920). Non-Co-Operation. Madras: Ganesh & Co. Archived from the original on 2013-11-30. Retrieved 2015-03-10.
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Museum of Science and Industry (Chicago)
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This article is about the science museum in Chicago, Illinois. For the science museum in Tampa, Florida, see Museum of Science & Industry (Tampa).
Museum of Science and Industry
A view from the lagoon south of the Museum of Science and Industry
Established
1933
Location
5700 South Lake Shore Drive
(at East 57th Street),
Chicago, Illinois, US, 60637
Type
Science and technology museum
Public transit access
CTA Bus routes:
Routes 6 and 28
(to 56th Street and Hyde Park Boulevard)
Route 10
(to Museum of Science and Industry)
Route 55
(to Museum of Science and Industry)
Metra Train:
55th–56th-57th Street Station
(between Stony Island and Lake Park Avenues)
Website
www.msichicago.org
Chicago Landmark
Designated
November 1, 1995
The Museum of Science and Industry (MSI) is located in Chicago, Illinois, in Jackson Park, in the Hyde Park neighborhood between Lake Michigan and The University of Chicago. It is housed in the former Palace of Fine Arts from the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition. Initially endowed by Julius Rosenwald, the Sears, Roebuck and Company president and philanthropist, it was supported by the Commercial Club of Chicago and opened in 1933 during the Century of Progress Exposition.
Among the museum's exhibits are a full-size replica coal mine, German submarine U-505 captured during World War II, a 3,500-square-foot (330 m2) model railroad, the command module of Apollo 8, and the first diesel-powered streamlined stainless-steel passenger train (Pioneer Zephyr).
Based on 2009 attendance, the Museum of Science and Industry was the second-largest cultural attraction in Chicago.[1] David R. Mosena has been president and CEO of the museum since 1998.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Exhibits
3 Exhibitions
4 Gallery
5 See also
6 References
6.1 Explanatory notes
6.2 Citations
7 Further reading
8 External links
History[edit]
The Palace of Fine Arts (also known as the Fine Arts Building) at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition was designed by Charles B. Atwood for D. H. Burnham & Co. Unlike the other "White City" buildings, it was constructed with a brick substructure under its plaster facade. After the World's Fair, it initially housed the Columbian Museum, which evolved into the Field Museum of Natural History. When the Field Museum moved to a new building near downtown Chicago in 1920, the former site was left vacant.
Art Institute of Chicago professor Lorado Taft led a public campaign to restore the building and turn it into another art museum, one devoted to sculpture. The South Park Commissioners (now part of the Chicago Park District) won approval in a referendum to sell $5 million in bonds to pay for restoration costs, hoping to turn the building into a sculpture museum, a technical trade school, and other things. However, after a few years, the building was selected as the site for a new science museum.
At this time, the Commercial Club of Chicago was interested in establishing a science museum in Chicago. Julius Rosenwald, the Sears, Roebuck and Company president and philanthropist, energized his fellow club members by pledging to pay $3 million towards the cost of converting the Palace of Fine Arts (Rosenwald eventually contributed more than $5 million to the project). During its conversion into the MSI, the building's exterior was re-cast in limestone to retain its 1893 Beaux Arts look. The interior was replaced with a new one in Art Moderne style designed by Alfred P. Shaw.
Rosenwald established the museum organization in 1926 but declined to have his name on the building. For the first few years, the museum was often called the Rosenwald Industrial Museum. In 1928, the name of the museum was officially changed to the Museum of Science and Industry. Rosenwald's vision was to create a museum in the style of the Deutsches Museum in Munich, which he had visited in 1911 while in Germany with his family.
Aerial view of the Museum.
Sewell Avery, another businessman, had supported the museum within the Commercial Club and was selected as its first president of the board of directors. The museum conducted a nationwide search for the first director. MSI's Board of Directors selected Waldemar Kaempffert, then the science editor of The New York Times, because he shared Rosenwald's vision.
He assembled the museum's curatorial staff and directed the organization and construction of the exhibits. In order to prepare the museum, Kaempffert and his staff visited the Deutsches Museum in Munich, the Science Museum in Kensington, and the Technical Museum in Vienna, all of which served as models. Kaempffert was instrumental in developing close ties with the science departments of the University of Chicago, which supplied much of the scholarship for the exhibits. Kaempffert resigned in early 1931 amid growing disputes with the second president of the board of directors; they disagreed over the objectivity and neutrality of the exhibits and Kaempffert's management of the staff.
The new Museum of Science and Industry opened to the public in three stages between 1933 and 1940. The first opening ceremony took place during the Century of Progress Exposition. Two of the museum's presidents, a number of curators and other staff members, and exhibits came to MSI from the Century of Progress event.
For years, visitors entered the museum through its original main entrance, but that entrance became no longer large enough to handle an increasing volume of visitors. The newer main entrance is a structure detached from the main museum building, through which visitors descend into an underground area and re-ascend into the main building, similar to the Louvre Pyramid.
In 1983, due to increased attendance, the museum started construction of its underground parking lot, located in three underground levels below the front lawn. The museum would finish construction in the 1990s.
For over 55 years, admission to the MSI was free. Fees were first charged in the early 1990s, with general admission rates increasing from $13 in 2008 to $18 in 2015.[3][4] Many "free days"—for Illinois residents only—are offered throughout the year.[5]
Christmas Around the World
Exhibits[edit]
Foucault pendulum
German submarine U-505
Boeing 727
Junkers Ju 87 "Stuka"
New York Central and Hudson River Railroad No. 999
The Great Train Story
Texaco 13
The observation car (rear) end of the Pioneer Zephyr
A tractor from a Mold-A-Rama machine at the museum
The museum has over 2,000 exhibits, displayed in 75 major halls. The museum has several major permanent exhibits. Access to several of the exhibits (including the Coal Mine and U-505) requires the payment of an additional fee.[4]
In keeping with Rosenwald's vision, many of the exhibits are interactive, ranging from "Genetics: Decoding Life", which looks at how genetics affect human and animal development as well as containing a chick hatchery composed of an incubator where baby chickens hatch from their eggs and a chick pen for those that have already hatched, as well as housing genetically modified frogs, mice, and drought resistant plants. "ToyMaker 3000", is a working assembly line which lets visitors order a toy top and watch as it is made. The interactive "Fab Lab MSI" is intended as an interactive lab where members can "build anything".
The "Coal Mine" re-creates a working deep-shaft, bituminous coal mine inside the museum's Central Pavilion, using original equipment from Old Ben #17 circa 1933.[6] It is one of the oldest exhibits at the museum.
German submarine U-505 is one of just two German submarines captured during World War II, and, since its arrival in 1954, the only one on display in the Western Hemisphere. The U-boat was newly restored beginning in 2004 and moved indoors as "The New U-505 Experience" on June 5, 2005.
The Transportation Zone contains several permanent exhibits.
The Great Train Story is a 3,500-square-foot (330 m2) model railroad and recounts the story of transportation from Chicago to Seattle.
The museum includes a replica of Stephenson's Rocket, which was the first steam locomotive to exceed 25 miles per hour.
The 999 Empire State Express steam locomotive, the museum claims, is the first vehicle to exceed 100 miles per hour (160 km/h).[a] The locomotive was once exhibited outside the museum grounds, until 1993, when extensive restoration took place, and is exhibited in the Transportation Zone.
A model of the Wright Brothers first airplane is on display.
Two World War II warplanes are also exhibited. Both were donated by the British government: a German Ju 87 R-2/Trop. Stuka divebomber—one of only two intact Stukas left in the world—and a British Supermarine Spitfire. Also on display is the museum's Travel Air Type R Mystery Ship, nicknamed "Texaco 13", which set many world records in flying.
"Take Flight" features a Boeing 727 jet plane donated by United Airlines, with one wing removed and holes cut on the fuselage to facilitate visitor access.
The first diesel-powered streamlined stainless-steel train, the Pioneer Zephyr, is on permanent display in the Great Hall, renamed the Entry Hall in 2008. The train was once displayed outdoors, and restored and placed in the former Great Hall during the construction of the museum's underground parking lot. Today, a complimentary tour goes through it every 10–20 minutes.
Several US Navy warship models are also on display in the museum, and flight simulators including of the new F-35 Lightning II are featured.
A F-104 Starfighter on loan to MSI from the US Air Force since 1978 was sent to the Mid-America Air Museum in Liberal, Kansas in 1993. In March 1995, Santa Fe Steam Locomotive 2903 was moved from outside the museum to the Illinois Railway Museum.
A second transportation gallery is located on the museum's west wing, containing models of "Ships Through the Ages" and several historic racing cars.
MSI's Henry Crown Space Center includes the Apollo 8 spacecraft, which flew the first mission beyond low earth orbit to the Moon, enabling its crew, Frank Borman, James Lovell and William Anders, to become the first human beings to see the Earth as a whole, as well as becoming the first to view the Moon up close (as well as the first to view its far side). Other exhibits include Scott Carpenter's Mercury-Atlas 7 spacecraft, a Mars Rover (which you can actually control), a lunar module trainer and a life-size mockup of Space Shuttle Atlantis.
Located in the Henry Crown Space Center is an OmniMax theater, considered to be the only domed theater in Chicago. The screen of the OmniMax theater is made of aluminum, allowing the speakers to be heard around the theater.
In March 2010, the museum opened "Science Storms" in the Allstate Court, as a permanent exhibit.[8] This multilevel exhibit features a 40-foot (12 m) water vapor tornado, tsunami tank, Tesla coil, heliostat system, and a Wimshurst machine built by James Wimshurst in the late 19th century. Also housed are Newton's Cradle, the color spectrum, and Foucault pendulum. All artifacts allow guests to explore the physics and chemistry of the natural world.[9]
The museum is also known for unique and quirky permanent exhibits, such as a walk-through model of the human heart, which was removed[10] in 2008[citation needed] for the construction of "YOU! the Experience",[11] which replaced it with a 13-foot-tall (4.0 m), interactive, 3D heart.[12] Also well known are the "Body Slices" (two cadavers exhibited in 1⁄2-inch-thick (13 mm) slices) in the exhibit.
In spring 2013, the "Art of the Bicycle" exhibit opened, showcasing history of the bicycle, and how modern bikes are still continuing to evolve.
Other exhibits include "Yesterday's Mainstreet", a mock-up of a Chicago street from the early 20th century, complete with a cobblestone roadway, old-fashioned light fixtures, fire hydrants, and several shops, including the precursors to several Chicago-based businesses. Included are:
Berghoff's restaurant
Chicago Post Office
Commonwealth Edison
Finnigan's Ice Cream Parlor and Photo Studio
Gossard Corset Shop
Jewel Tea Company grocery
Law office
Lytton's Clothing Store
Dr. John B. Murphy's office
The Nickelodeon Cinema
Chas. A. Stevens & Co.
Walgreens Drug Company
Unlike the other shops, Finnigan's Ice Cream Parlor and The Nickelodeon Cinema can be entered and are functional. Finnigan's serves an assortment of ice cream and The Cinema plays short silent films throughout the day.
The "FarmTech" exhibit showcases modern agricultural techniques and how farmers use modern technology like GPS systems to improve work on the farm, and includes a tractor and a combine harvester from John Deere. The exhibit also showcases a greenhouse, a mock up of a kitchen showcasing much the foods we eat is soybean, and how we use cows, from energy to what we drink.
Other upper level exhibits include "Reusable City", which focuses on recycling and other methods that could cut down harmful pollution and especially climate change and the Regenstein Hall of Science, containing a giant periodic table of the elements. Other main level exhibits include: "Fast Forward", which features some aspects of how technology will change in the future; "NetWorld", which focuses on the Internet and how it connects society together; "Earth Revealed", featuring a "Science on a Sphere" holographic globe; and a "Whispering Gallery".
"Future Energy Chicago" shows alternative resources, housing developments, and the future of Chicago. The exhibit requires an additional fee.
Some areas in the museum aim for younger children, including the "Swiss Jollyball", the world's largest pinball machine built by a British man from Switzerland using nothing but salvaged junk; the "Idea Factory", a toddler water table play area; and the "Circus", featuring animated dioramas of a miniature circus as well as containing a shadow garden and several funhouse mirrors.
Silent-film star and stock-market investor Colleen Moore's Fairy Castle "dolls house" is on display.
Yearly, from late December to early January, the museum hosts its Christmas Around the World Exhibit, having Christmas trees from different cultures from around the world. Started in 1942, with just one tree, honoring soldiers fighting in WW2, the tradition spawned into more than 50 trees.
The museum holds the Junior Achievement's US Business Hall of Fame.[13]
Exhibitions[edit]
In addition to its three floors of standing exhibits, the museum hosts temporary and traveling exhibitions. Exhibitions last for five months or less and usually require a separate paid admission fee.[citation needed] Exhibitions at MSI have included Titanic: The Exhibition,[14] which was the largest display of relics from the wreck of RMS Titanic, in 2000; Gunther von Hagens' Body Worlds, a view into the human body through use of plastinated human specimens in 2005; also in 2005 was Game On,[15] which features the history and culture of video games; and Leonardo da Vinci: Man, Inventor, Genius[16] in the summer of 2006. Past temporary exhibitions include CSI: The Experience, Robots Like Us,[17] City of the Future,[18] Canstruction and Star Wars: Where Science Meets Imagination,and The Glass Experience. Harry Potter: The Exhibition ran from April to September 2009.[19] The fourth installment of Smart Home: Green + Wired reopened in March 2011 and ran through January 2012, featuring the work of green architect Michelle Kaufmann.[20] In May 2015, the Robot Revolution exhibit opened, which is sponsored by Google.org and features numerous hands-on demonstrations and advice from experts for prospective future robot scientists and engineers.[21]
Gallery[edit]
Interior panorama, viewed from a central hall
See also[edit]
Trains portal
Chicago portal
Architecture of Chicago
List of museums and cultural institutions in Chicago
Science museum
References[edit]
Explanatory notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Another contender is GWR 3700 Class 3440 City of Truro. The claim of the Empire State Express has little supporting evidence; unlike City of Truro, there are no timings showing the acceleration up to 100 mph. Some contemporary American technical journals doubted that such a high speed had been attained: "Many are disposed to receive with doubt the statement that on 9 May the locomotive No. 999 of the New York Central railroad ran at the speed of 100 miles an hour, or that on a subsequent date she ran a single mile in 32 seconds".[7]
Citations[edit]
Jump up ^ "Chicago's Largest Cultural Attractions". ChicagoBusiness. Crain Communications, Inc. 2009. Archived from the original on June 14, 2012. Retrieved June 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Officers and Directors 2011" (PDF). Retrieved December 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Siemens Makes Donation to the Museum of Science and Industry, Chicago". Siemens Corporation. August 13, 2008. Retrieved December 27, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Tickets". Museum of Science and Industry. 2017. Retrieved April 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ticket Prices: 2017 Illinois Free Day Schedule". Museum of Science and Industry. 2017. Retrieved April 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Coal Mine". Museum of Science and Industry. Retrieved December 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ Allen, Leicester (1893). "Mechanics". Engineering Magazine. 5: 530. Retrieved April 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Science Storms". Museum of Science and Industry. Retrieved December 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Science Storms News". Museum of Science and Industry. Archived from the original on May 27, 2012. Retrieved May 23, 2012.
Jump up ^ Mullen, William (August 26, 2009). "Museum of Science and Industry Gets a New Heart Display". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved May 17, 2013.
Jump up ^ "YOU! The Experience". Museum of Science and Industry. Retrieved December 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Your Heart". Museum of Science and Industry. Retrieved May 23, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Chicago Business Hall of Fame". Junior Achievement Chicago. Retrieved December 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Titanic: The Exhibition". Museum of Science and Industry. Archived from the original on February 3, 2003. Retrieved December 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Archived Exhibits". Museum of Science and Industry. Retrieved December 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Leonardo da Vinci: Man – Inventor – Genius". Museum of Science and Industry. Archived from the original on September 25, 2006. Retrieved December 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Robots Like Us". Museum of Science and Industry. 2006. Archived from the original on October 16, 2007. Retrieved December 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ "The City of the Future: A Design and Engineering Challenge". The History Channel. Archived from the original on July 13, 2009. Retrieved December 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Harry Potter: The Exhibition". Museum of Science and Industry. 2009. Archived from the original on December 25, 2014. Retrieved December 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Smart Home: Green + Wired 2012". Museum of Science and Industry. Retrieved December 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ "They, robots: 'Revolution' opens at the MSI". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved June 17, 2015.
Further reading[edit]
Kogan, Herman. A Continuing Marvel: The Story of the Museum of Science and Industry. 1st ed. Garden City, N.Y., Doubleday, 1973.
Pridmore, Jay. Inventive Genius: The History of the Museum of Science and Industry Chicago. Chicago: Museum of Science and Industry, 1996.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Museum of Science and Industry (Chicago).
Museum website
Commercials and news clips at The Museum of Classic Chicago Television
High-resolution 360° Panoramas and Images at Columbia University
Coordinates: 41°47′26″N 87°34′58″W / 41.79056°N 87.58278°W / 41.79056; -87.58278
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values: 科学与工业博物馆 (芝加哥) – Chinese

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