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Zombies (2018 film)
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Zombies
Genre
Musical
Dance
Based on
Zombies & Cheerleaders
by David Light & Joseph Raso
Written by
David Light & Joseph Raso
Directed by
Paul Hoen
Starring
Milo Manheim
Meg Donnelly
Composer(s)
George S. Clinton
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
Production
Executive producer(s)
Effie Brown
Paul Hoen
Producer(s)
Mary Pantelidis
Cinematography
Robert Drinkmann
Editor(s)
Lisa Jane Robison
Running time
94 minutes
Production company(s)
Princessa Productions, LTD
Release
Original network
Disney Channel
Original release
February 16, 2018 (2018-02-16)
External links
Production website
Zombies is an American musical and dance Disney Channel Original Movie that premiered on Disney Channel on February 16, 2018. The film is based on Zombies & Cheerleaders by David Light and Joseph Raso, and stars Milo Manheim and Meg Donnelly, playing zombie football player Zed and human cheerleader Addison who meet and fall in love, and who must lead their respective groups to coexist with each other.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Release
5 Ratings
6 References
7 External links
Plot[edit]
Fifty years ago in the planned community of Seabrook, an accident at the Seabrook power plant resulted in an explosion which caused half the population of Seabrook to turn into brain-eating zombies. Those that weren't affected constructed a wall to quarantine the zombies, in a territory called Zombietown, from the rest of Seabrook. The government later created bracelets for zombies, called Z-Bands, that deliver soothing electromagnetic pulses to keep zombies from craving brains.
In the present day, zombie students from Zombietown transfer to the human high school, Seabrook High, where suburban life is filled with uniformity, traditions, and pep rallies.
In Zombietown, Zed introduces himself to the viewers as he walks them through life in Zombietown, his sister Zoey who can't have a dog, and his father Zevon while making plans to join the football team.
On the other side of the fence, Addison introduces herself to the viewers as she tells them of her cheer camp experience and reveals that she wears a wig to hide her naturally white hair, since nothing will stick to it. Her parents are Missy, who is the mayor of Seabrook, and her father is Dale, who is the Chief of the Zombie Patrol which keeps the zombies in line. She also has a cousin named Bucky who leads her school's cheerleading team.
While meeting an aspiring cheerleader named Bree, Addison and Zed meet in a Zombie Safe Room and they start talking. When Addison realizes that Zed is a zombie, she punches him in the face but later regrets it, and the two become friends and soon fall in love. The star-crossed lovers, who are not supposed to be together, keep their love a secret, but Zed's friends, Eliza and Bonzo, come to know of it soon. To win football games, Zed makes Eliza hack into his Z-Band to make him 'a little more zombie'. This leads to severe pain on his wrist and rashes on that area. Bucky becomes jealous that Zed is getting more attention than him.
Addison is invited by Zed to attend the zombie party in Zombietown with Eliza and Bonzo. During the trip there, Addison meets Zoey where it is mentioned that about the zombies not having pets. After Eliza takes Zoey home, the party is crashed by the Zombie Patrol where Addison is taken home by Zombie Patrol member Gus. At home, Missy and Dale find out that she has a new crush and advise her not to do any cheering until they know who it is.
On the big football match day, Addison tells Zed about her parents wanting to meet him. Bucky finds out about Zed's Z-Band hack and has his followers Stacey, Tracey and Lacey steal Eliza's laptop and hack Zed's band. When Addison and Bree start showing their sympathy to the zombies during a cheer, Bucky has them kicked off the cheer squad. Stacey, Tracey, and Lacey succeed in their plot turning Zed, Eliza, and Bonzo into complete zombies. The Zombie Patrol captures them and has them detained. Later, Addison shouts at the crowd, telling them it was their fault Zed transformed into a full zombie. She then rips off the wig exposing her naturally white hair.
Following the incident, Zed, Eliza, and Bonzo are returned to Zombietown. Addison states to the viewers that Bucky is changing the line-up for the cheer squad. Bucky is then shown cutting three members from his cheerleading group due to them sympathizing with the zombies.
On the day of the cheerleader competition, Addison and Bree find Zed and Bonzo trying to stop Eliza from sabotaging the competition, and after Eliza talks with her friends, she realizes that doing so is not the right thing to do. Bucky's team is failing because they do not have enough members, so Zoey tries to get in and help him. At first, Zoey is booed by the crowd, but with help from Addison and Zed, the zombies and cheerleaders come together to make a cheer routine during the Cheer competition. Zed and Addison tell each other they love each other.
Later, everyone has a block party at Zombietown. As Zoey finally gets her dog, the zombies and humans mingle with each other freely.
Cast[edit]
Milo Manheim as Zed, a zombie who wishes to be on the football team.
Meg Donnelly as Addison, a teenage cheerleader who wears a blonde wig to cover her naturally white hair.
Trevor Tordjman as Bucky, Addison's self-centered cousin who leads the Seabrook High School's cheerleading team.
Kylee Russell as Eliza, a zombie that is friends with Zed.
Carla Jeffery as Bree, a girl and aspiring cheerleader whom Addison befriends.
Kingston Foster as Zoey, Zed's little sister who desires to have an actual dog since zombies are forbidden to have pets.
James Godfrey as Bonzo, a zombie who is friends with Zed and mostly speaks zombie language that has to be translated by Zed and/or Eliza.
Naomi Snieckus as Ms. Lee, the principal of Seabrook High School.
Jonathan Langdon as Coach, the unnamed coach of the Seabrook High School's football team.
Paul Hopkins as Dale, the father of Addison who is the Chief of the Zombie Patrol.
Marie Ward as Missy, the mother of Addison who is the mayor of Seabrook.
Tony Nappo as Zevon, Zed and Zoey's father.
Emilia McCarthy as Lacey, a female cheerleader that is friends with Bucky.
Mickeey Nguyen as Tracey, a male cheerleader that is friends with Bucky.
Jasmine Renee Thomas as Stacey, a female cheerleader that is friends with Bucky.
Production[edit]
Production on the film began in May 2017.[1][2] The film was shot in Toronto over 10 weeks.[3]
Release[edit]
The film premiered on Disney Channel on February 16, 2018.[4]
Ratings[edit]
During its premiere in the 8:00 PM time slot, Zombies attracted a total of 2.57 million viewers with a 0.46 rating for people aged 18–49.[5] Over its premiere weekend the movie reached 10.3 million viewers over 8 airings.[6]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Greg Evans (May 11, 2017). "Production Begins on Disney Channel's Zombies for 2018 Premiere". Deadline. Retrieved December 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Production Has Begun on Disney's Zombies, a Music- and Dance-Filled Movie, Set for 2018 on Disney Channel" (Press release). Disney Channel. May 11, 2017. Archived from the original on September 30, 2017. Retrieved May 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Peter Larsen (February 15, 2018). "Disney Channel's Zombies arrives with hope that zombies and humans in high school can all get along". Orange County Register. Retrieved March 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ Kirsten Chuba (January 5, 2018). "TV News Roundup: Disney Sets Premiere Date for Zombies Original Movie". Variety. Retrieved January 7, 2018.
Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (February 20, 2018). "Top 150 Friday Cable Originals: 2.16.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved February 20, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Disney Channel's Original Movie "Zombies" Reaches 10.3 Million Viewers Over the Holiday Weekend" (Press release). Disney Channel. February 20, 2018 – via The Futon Critic.
External links[edit]
Zombies on IMDb
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Princess Protection Program (2009)
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2010s
Starstruck (2010)
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Avalon High (2010)
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Descendants (2015)
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Adventures in Babysitting (2016)
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Zombies (2018)
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James, son of Zebedee
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"St. Jacob" and "St James the Great" redirect here. For other uses, see St. Jacob (disambiguation) and St James the Great (disambiguation).
James
Saint James the Greater by Guido Reni
Apostle and martyr
Born
Bethsaida, Judaea, Roman Empire
Died
44 AD
Jerusalem, Judaea, Roman Empire
Venerated in
All Christianity
Canonized
Pre-Congregation
Major shrine
Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela, Galicia (Spain), Cathedral of St. James, Jerusalem, Armenian Quarter (Israel)
Feast
25 July (Western Christianity)
30 April (Eastern Christianity)
30 December (Hispanic Church)
Attributes
Scallop, Pilgrim's hat
Patronage
Places
Galicia, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Spain; Acoma Pueblo, Badian, Cebu, Philippines, Compostela, Cebu, Philippines, Guayaquil, Sahuayo, Santiago de Querétaro, etc.
Professions
Veterinarians, equestrians, furriers, tanners, pharmacists, Oysterfishing
James, son of Zebedee (Hebrew: יַעֲקֹב Yaʿqob, Greek: Ἰάκωβος; died 44 AD) was one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus, and traditionally considered the first apostle to be martyred. He was a son of Zebedee and Salome, and brother of John the Apostle. He is also called James the Greater or James the Great to distinguish him from James, son of Alphaeus and James the brother of Jesus (James the Just). James the son of Zebedee is the patron saint of Spaniards, and as such is often identified as Santiago.
Contents
[hide]
1 In the New Testament
2 Name
3 Veneration
4 Jerusalem
5 Spain
5.1 Mission in Iberia and burial at Compostela
5.1.1 Controversy
5.2 Medieval "Santiago Matamoros" legend
5.3 Emblem
5.4 Military Order of Santiago
6 Congo
7 Latter-day Saints
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
In the New Testament[edit]
The son of Zebedee and Salome, James is styled "the Greater" to distinguish him from the Apostle James "the Less". He was the brother of John, the beloved disciple, and probably the elder of the two.[1]
His parents seem to have been people of means. Zebedee, his father, was a fisherman of the Sea of Galilee, who probably lived in or near Bethsaida, present Galilee, Israel, perhaps in Capernaum, and had some boatmen or hired men. Salome, his mother, was one of the pious women who afterwards followed Christ and "ministered unto him of their substance", and his brother John was personally known to the high-priest, and must have had wherewithal to provide for the Mother of Jesus.[1]
It is probable that his brother had not received the technical training of the rabbinical schools; in this sense they were unlearned and without any official position among the Jews. But, according to the social rank of their parents, they must have been men of ordinary education, in the common walks of Jewish life. James is described as one of the first disciples to join Jesus. The Synoptic Gospels state that James and John were with their father by the seashore when Jesus called them to follow him.[Matt. 4:21-22][Mk. 1:19-20] James was one of only three apostles whom Jesus selected to bear witness to his Transfiguration.[2] James and John[3] (or, in another tradition, their mother[4]) asked Jesus to grant them seats on his right and left in his glory. Jesus rebuked them, and the other ten apostles were annoyed with them. James and his brother wanted to call down fire on a Samaritan town, but were rebuked by Jesus.[Lk 9:51-6] The Acts of the Apostles records that "Herod the king" (traditionally identified with Herod Agrippa) had James executed by sword. He is the only apostle whose martyrdom is recorded in the New Testament. He is, thus, traditionally believed to be the first of the twelve apostles martyred for his faith.[Acts 12:1-2] Nixon suggests that this may have been caused by James' fiery temper,[5] for which he and his brother earned the nickname Boanerges or "Sons of Thunder".[Mark 3:17] F. F. Bruce contrasts this story to that of the Liberation of Saint Peter, and notes that "James should die while Peter should escape" is a "mystery of divine providence".[6]
Name[edit]
The English name "James" comes from Italian "Giacomo", a variant of "Giacobo" derived from Iacobus (Jacob) in Latin, itself from the Greek Ἰάκωβος "Iakōbos", from Hebrew יַעֲקֹב. In French, Jacob evolves into "Jacques". In eastern Spain, Iacobus (Jacobus) became "Jacome" or "Jaime"; in Catalan language, it became "Jaume". Santiago is the local Galician or Spanish (Castilian) evolution of Vulgar Latin Sanctu Iacobu "Saint James".[7] "Tiago" is a popular deglutination native to Portuguese language (santiago > san-tiago = São Tiago); it crossed with old Diago to give "Diego" in Spanish and "Diogo" in Portuguese, which is also the Spanish name of Saint Didacus of Alcalá.[citation needed] For example, Miguel de Cervantes in his famous Don Quixote uses "San Diego" instead of "Santiago".
Veneration[edit]
Saint James the Elder by Rembrandt
He is depicted clothed as a pilgrim; note the scallop shell on his shoulder and his staff and pilgrim's hat beside him.
Saint James is the patron saint of Spain and, according to legend, his remains are held in Santiago de Compostela in Galicia. (The name Santiago is the local evolution of Vulgar Latin Sanctu Iacobu, "Saint James".) The traditional pilgrimage to the grave of the saint, known as the "Way of St. James", has been the most popular pilgrimage for Western European Catholics from the Early Middle Ages onwards, although its modern revival and popularity stems from Walter Starkie's 1957 book, The Road to Santiago. The Pilgrims of St. James.[7] Some 237,886 pilgrims registered in 2014 as having completed the final 100 km walk (200 km by bicycle) to Santiago to qualify for a Compostela.[8] When 25 July falls on a Sunday, it is a "Jubilee" year (an Año Santo Jubilar Compostelano or Año Santo Jacobeo) and a special east door is opened for entrance into Santiago Cathedral. Jubilee years fall every 5, 6, and 11 years. In the 2004 Jubilee year, 179,944[9] pilgrims received a Compostela. In 2010 the number had risen to 275,135.[10]
The feast day of St. James is celebrated on 25 July on the liturgical calendars of the Roman Catholic, Anglican, Lutheran and certain Protestant churches. He is commemorated on 30 April in the Orthodox Christian liturgical calendar (for those churches which follow the traditional Julian Calendar, 30 April currently falls on 13 May of the modern Gregorian Calendar).
Jerusalem[edit]
The site of martyrdom is located within the Armenian Apostolic Cathedral of St. James in the Armenian Quarter of Jerusalem. The Chapel of St. James the Great, located to the left of the sanctuary, is the traditional place where he was martyred when King Agrippas ordered him to be beheaded (Acts 12:1-2). His head is buried under the altar, marked by a piece of red marble and surrounded by six votive lamps.[11]
Spain[edit]
Mission in Iberia and burial at Compostela[edit]
Further information: Camino de Santiago
The 12th-century Historia Compostelana commissioned by bishop Diego Gelmírez provides a summary of the legend of St. James as it was believed at Compostela. Two propositions are central to it: first, that St. James preached the gospel in Iberia as well as in the Holy Land; second, that after his martyrdom at the hands of Herod Agrippa his disciples carried his body by sea to Iberia, where they landed at Padrón on the coast of Galicia, and took it inland for burial at Santiago de Compostela.
The translation of his relics from Judea to Galicia in the northwest of Iberia was effected, in legend, by a series of miraculous happenings: decapitated in Jerusalem with a sword by Herod Agrippa himself, his body was taken up by angels, and sailed in a rudderless, unattended boat to Iria Flavia in Iberia, where a massive rock closed around his relics, which were later removed to Compostela.
According to ancient local tradition, on 2 January AD 40, the Virgin Mary appeared to James on the bank of the Ebro River at Caesaraugusta, while he was preaching the Gospel in Iberia. She appeared upon a pillar, Nuestra Señora del Pilar, and that pillar is conserved and venerated within the present Basilica of Our Lady of the Pillar, in Zaragoza, Spain. Following that apparition, St. James returned to Judea, where he was beheaded by King Herod Agrippa I in the year 44.[12][13]
The tradition at Compostela placed the discovery of the relics of the saint in the time of king Alfonso II (791-842) and of bishop Theodemir of Iria. These traditions were the basis for the pilgrimage route that began to be established in the 9th century, and the shrine dedicated to James at Santiago de Compostela, in Galicia in Spain, became the most famous pilgrimage site in the Christian world. The Way of St. James is a trio of routes that cross Western Europe and arrive at Santiago through Northern Spain. Eventually James became the patron saint of Spain.
Controversy[edit]
James suffered martyrdom[Acts 12:1-2] in AD 44. According to the tradition of the early Church, he had not yet left Jerusalem at this time.[14] An argument supporting this assertion is based on St Paul's Epistle to the Romans, written after AD 44, in which he expressed his intention to avoid "building on someone else's foundation"[Rom. 15:20] by visiting Spain[Rom. 15:23-24], suggesting that he knew of no previous evangelisation in Hispania.
The tradition was not unanimously admitted afterwards, while numerous modern scholars, following Louis Duchesne and T. E. Kendrick,[15] reject it. (According to Kendrick, even if one admits the existence of miracles, James' presence in Spain is impossible.) The Bollandists however defended it (their Acta Sanctorum, July, VI and VII, gives further sources). The suggestion began to be made from the 9th century that, as well as evangelizing in Iberia, his body may have been brought to Compostela. No earlier tradition places the burial of St. James in Hispania. A rival tradition places the relics of the apostle in the church of St. Saturnin at Toulouse; if any physical relics were ever involved, they might plausibly have been divided between the two.
The Catholic Encyclopedia (1908) registered several "difficulties" or bases for doubts of this tradition, beyond the late appearance of the legend:
Although the tradition that James founded an apostolic see in Iberia was current in the year 700, no certain mention of such tradition is to be found in the genuine writings of early writers nor in the early councils; the first certain mention we find in the ninth century, in Notker, a monk of St. Gall (Martyrologia, 25 July), Walafrid Strabo (Poema de XII Apostoli), and others.
The authenticity of the relics at Compostela was asserted in the Bull of Pope Leo XIII, Omnipotens Deus, of 1 November 1884.
Medieval "Santiago Matamoros" legend[edit]
Main article: Saint James Matamoros
Saint James as the Moor-killer by Giovanni Battista Tiepolo (Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest). His mantle is that of his military order.
An even later tradition states that he miraculously appeared to fight for the Christian army during the legendary battle of Clavijo, and was henceforth called Santiago Matamoros (Saint James the Moor-slayer). ¡Santiago, y cierra, España! ("St. James and strike for Spain") was the traditional battle cry of medieval Spanish (Christian) armies. Cervantes has Don Quixote explaining that "the great knight of the russet cross was given by God to Spain as patron and protector".[16]
A similar miracle is related about San Millán. The possibility that a cult of James was instituted to supplant the Galician cult of Priscillian (executed in 385) who was widely venerated across the north of Iberia as a martyr at the hands of the bishops rather than as a heretic should not be overlooked. This was cautiously raised by Henry Chadwick in his book on Priscillian;[12] it is not the traditional Roman Catholic view. The Catholic Encyclopedia of 1908, however, is quite cautious about the origins of the cult (see above at "Controversy").
Emblem[edit]
The Cross of Saint James, the symbol of the Order of Santiago; the hilt is surmounted with a scallop.
James' emblem was the scallop shell (or "cockle shell"), and pilgrims to his shrine often wore that symbol on their hats or clothes. The French for a scallop is coquille St. Jacques, which means "cockle (or mollusk) of St. James". The German word for a scallop is Jakobsmuschel, which means "mussel (or clam) of St. James"; the Dutch word is Jacobsschelp, meaning "shell of St. James".
Military Order of Santiago[edit]
The military Order of Santiago, named after James, was founded in Spain in the 12th century to fight the Moors. Later, as in other orders of chivalry, the membership became a mark of honor.
Congo[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
James had a special place in the Central African Kingdom of Kongo because of his association with the founding of Christianity in the country in the late 15th century. Portuguese sailors and diplomats brought the saint to Kongo when they first reached the country in 1483. When King Afonso I of Kongo whose Kongo name was Mvemba a Nzinga, the second Christian king, was facing a rival, his brother Mpanzu a Kitima, in battle, he reported that a vision of Saint James and the Heavenly Host appeared in the sky, frightened Mpanzu a Kitima's soldiers, and gave Afonso the victory. As a result, he declared that Saint James' feast day (25 July) be celebrated as a national holiday.
Over the years, Saint James day became the central holiday of Kongo. Taxes were collected on that day, and men eligible for military duty were required to appear armed. There were usually regional celebrations as well as one at the capital. In some cases, Kongolese slaves carried the celebration to the New World, and there are still celebrations of Saint James Day in Haiti and Puerto Rico.
Latter-day Saints[edit]
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) teaches that James has been resurrected and that in 1829 he—along with the resurrected Peter and the translated John—visited Joseph Smith and Oliver Cowdery and restored the priesthood authority with apostolic succession to earth.[17]
See also[edit]
Book: Apostle (Christian)
The Apocryphon of James (also known as the Secret Book of James)
Cathedral of St. James (disambiguation)
Jacob
Our Lady of the Pillar, a Marian/angelic apparition that James had according to tradition
Saint Peter of Rates
Hand of St James the Apostle
Camino de Santiago
Santiago Matamoros, lit. "Saint James the Moor-slayer"
St. James' Church (disambiguation)
Way of St. James
Military Order of Saint James of the Sword
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Catholic Encyclopedia: St. James the Greater".
Jump up ^ Matthew 17:1-9, Mark 9:2-8, Luke 9:28-36.
Jump up ^ Mark 10:35-45
Jump up ^ Matthew 20:20-28
Jump up ^ R. E. Nixon, "Boanerges", in J. D. Douglas (ed.), The New Bible Dictionary (London: The Inter-Varsity Fellowship, 1963), 1354.
Jump up ^ F. F. Bruce, Commentary on the Book of the Acts (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1964), 251.
^ Jump up to: a b New York, E. P. Dutton, 1957, OCLC 28087235; reprinted by the Univ. of California Press in 1965 (OCLC 477436336) and published in Spanish translation in 1958 with the somewhat different title of El camino de Santiago: las peregrinaciones al sepulcro del Apóstol, trans. Amando Lázaro Ros, Madrid, Aguilar, 1958, OCLC 432856567. Both the English original and the translation have been republished.
Jump up ^ "Estadísticas".
Jump up ^ "Años".
Jump up ^ La Peregrinación a Santiago en 2010
Jump up ^ http://www.christusrex.org/www1/ofm/sbf/escurs/Ger/07santuarioGiacomoBig.jpg
^ Jump up to: a b Chadwick, Henry (1976), Priscillian of Avila, Oxford University Press
Jump up ^ Fletcher, Richard A. (1984), Saint James's Catapult: The Life and Times of Diego Gelmírez of Santiago de Compostela, Oxford University Press
Jump up ^ Clement of Alexandria, Stromateis, VI; Apollonius, quoted by Eusebius of Caesarea, Ecclesiastical History V.xviii)
Jump up ^ "Saint James in Spain", London, 1960
Jump up ^ Don Quixote, 2nd section, chapter 58
Jump up ^ Doctrine and Covenants 27:12.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: James, son of Zebedee
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Saint James the Greater.
"St. James the Great, Apostle", Butler's Lives of the Saints
The Life, Miracles and Martyrdom of St. James the Great: Apostle and Martyr of the Christian Church
The Way of St. James Guide for the pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela following St. James's footsteps.
R. A. Fletcher, Saint James's Catapult: The Life and Times of Diego Gelmírez of Santiago de Compostela Oxford University Press, 1984: chapter 3, "The Early History of the Cult of St. James"
Apostle James the Brother of St John the Theologian Orthodox icon and synaxarion
History
St. James the Greater, Apostle at the Christian Iconography web site
St. James the Greater from Caxton's translation of the Golden Legend
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Magnesium chloride
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Magnesium chloride
Names
Other names
Magnesium dichloride
Identifiers
CAS Number
7786-30-3 Y
7791-18-6 (hexahydrate)
3D model (JSmol)
Interactive image
ChEBI
CHEBI:6636 Y
ChEMBL
ChEMBL1200547
ChemSpider
22987 Y
ECHA InfoCard 100.029.176
E number E511 (acidity regulators, ...)
Gmelin Reference
9305
PubChem CID
24584
RTECS number OM2975000
InChI[show]
InChI=1S/2ClH.Mg/h2*1H;/q;;+2/p-2 Y
Key: TWRXJAOTZQYOKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L Y
InChI=1S/2ClH.Mg/h2*1H;/q;;+2/p-2
SMILES[show]
[Mg+2].[Cl-].[Cl-]
Properties
Chemical formula
MgCl2
Molar mass 95.211 g/mol (anhydrous)
203.31 g/mol (hexahydrate)
Appearance white or colourless crystalline solid
Density 2.32 g/cm3 (anhydrous)
1.569 g/cm3 (hexahydrate)
Melting point 714 °C (1,317 °F; 987 K) 117 °C (243 °F; 390 K) (hexahydrate)
on rapid heating: slow heating leads to decomposition from 300 °C (572 °F; 573 K)
Boiling point 1,412 °C (2,574 °F; 1,685 K)
Solubility in water
anhydrous 52.9 g/100 mL (0 °C)

54.3 g/100 mL (20 °C)
72.6 g/100 mL (100 °C)
hexahydrate
167 g/100 mL (20 °C)
Solubility slightly soluble in acetone, pyridine
Solubility in ethanol 7.4 g/100 mL (30 °C)
Magnetic susceptibility (χ)
−47.4·10−6 cm3/mol
Refractive index (nD)
1.675 (anhydrous)
1.569 (hexahydrate)
Structure
Crystal structure
CdCl2
Coordination geometry
(octahedral, 6-coordinate)
Thermochemistry
Specific
heat capacity (C)
71.09 J/mol K
Std molar
entropy (So298)
89.88 J/mol K
Std enthalpy of
formation (ΔfHo298)
-641.1 kJ/mol
Gibbs free energy (ΔfG˚)
-591.6 kJ/mol
Pharmacology
ATC code
A12CC01 (WHO) B05XA11 (WHO)
Hazards
Main hazards Irritant
Safety data sheet ICSC 0764
R-phrases (outdated) R36, R37, R38
S-phrases (outdated) S26, S37, S39
NFPA 704
0
1
0
Flash point Non-flammable
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
LD50 (median dose)
2800 mg/kg (oral, rat)
Related compounds
Other anions
Magnesium fluoride
Magnesium bromide
Magnesium iodide
Other cations
Beryllium chloride
Calcium chloride
Strontium chloride
Barium chloride
Radium chloride
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
verify (what is Y ?)
Infobox references
Magnesium chloride is the name for the chemical compound with the formula MgCl2 and its various hydrates MgCl2(H2O)x. These salts are typical ionic halides, being highly soluble in water. The hydrated magnesium chloride can be extracted from brine or sea water. In North America, magnesium chloride is produced primarily from Great Salt Lake brine. It is extracted in a similar process from the Dead Sea in the Jordan Valley. Magnesium chloride, as the natural mineral bischofite, is also extracted (by solution mining) out of ancient seabeds, for example, the Zechstein seabed in northwest Europe. Some magnesium chloride is made from solar evaporation of seawater. Anhydrous magnesium chloride is the principal precursor to magnesium metal, which is produced on a large scale. Hydrated magnesium chloride is the form most readily available.
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure, preparation, and general properties
2 Applications
2.1 Precursor to Mg metal
2.2 Dust and erosion control
2.3 Catalyst support
2.4 Ice control
2.5 Nutrition and medicine
2.6 Cuisine
2.7 Gardening and horticulture
3 Occurrence
4 Toxicology
4.1 Plant Toxicity
5 Locomotive boiler problem
6 See also
7 Notes and references
8 External links
Structure, preparation, and general properties[edit]
MgCl2 crystallizes in the cadmium chloride motif, which features octahedral Mg centers. Several hydrates are known with the formula MgCl2(H2O)x, and each loses water at higher temperatures: x = 12 (−16.4 °C), 8 (−3.4 °C), 6 (116.7 °C), 4 (181 °C), 2 (about 300 °C).[1] In the hexahydrate, the Mg2+ is also octahedral, but is coordinated to six water ligands.[2] The thermal dehydration of the hydrates MgCl2(H2O)x (x = 6, 12) does not occur straightforwardly.[3] Anhydrous MgCl2 is produced industrially by heating the hexammine complex [Mg(NH3)6]Cl2.[4]
As suggested by the existence of some hydrates, anhydrous MgCl2 is a Lewis acid, although a weak one.
In the Dow process, magnesium chloride is regenerated from magnesium hydroxide using hydrochloric acid:
Mg(OH)2(s) + 2 HCl → MgCl2(aq) + 2 H2O(l)
It can also be prepared from magnesium carbonate by a similar reaction.
Derivatives with tetrahedral Mg2+ are less common. Examples include salts of (tetraethylammonium)2MgCl4 and adducts such as MgCl2(TMEDA).[5]
Applications[edit]
Precursor to Mg metal[edit]
MgCl2 is the main precursor to metallic magnesium. The conversion is effected by electrolysis:[4][6]
MgCl2 → Mg + Cl2
This process is practiced on a substantial scale.
Dust and erosion control[edit]
Magnesium chloride is one of many substances used for dust control, soil stabilization, and wind erosion mitigation.[7] When magnesium chloride is applied to roads and bare soil areas, both positive and negative performance issues occur which are related to many application factors.[8]
Catalyst support[edit]
Ziegler-Natta catalysts, used commercially to produce polyolefins, contain MgCl2 as a catalyst support.[9] The introduction of MgCl2 supports increases the activity of traditional catalysts and allowed the development of highly stereospecific catalysts for the production of polypropylene.[10]
Ice control[edit]
Picture of truck applying liquid de-icer (magnesium chloride) to city streets
Picture of solid form of rock salt used for ice removal on streets
Magnesium chloride is used for low-temperature de-icing of highways, sidewalks, and parking lots. When highways are treacherous due to icy conditions, magnesium chloride helps to prevent the ice bond, allowing snow plows to clear the roads more efficiently.
Magnesium chloride is used in three ways for pavement ice control: Anti-icing, when maintenance professionals spread it onto roads before a snow storm to prevent snow from sticking and ice from forming; prewetting, which means a liquid formulation of magnesium chloride is sprayed directly onto salt as it is being spread onto roadway pavement, wetting the salt so that it sticks to the road; and pretreating, when magnesium chloride and salt are mixed together before they are loaded onto trucks and spread onto paved roads. Calcium chloride damages concrete twice as fast as magnesium chloride.[11]
Nutrition and medicine[edit]
Magnesium chloride is used in nutraceutical and pharmaceutical preparations.
Cuisine[edit]
Magnesium chloride (E511[12]) is an important coagulant used in the preparation of tofu from soy milk. In Japan it is sold as nigari (にがり, derived from the Japanese word for "bitter"), a white powder produced from seawater after the sodium chloride has been removed, and the water evaporated. In China, it is called lushui (卤水). Nigari or lushui consists mostly of magnesium chloride, with some magnesium sulfate and other trace elements. It is also an ingredient in baby formula milk.[13]
Gardening and horticulture[edit]
Because magnesium is a mobile nutrient, magnesium chloride can be effectively used as a substitute for magnesium sulfate (Epsom salt) to help correct magnesium deficiency in plants via foliar feeding. The recommended dose of magnesium chloride is smaller than the recommended dose of magnesium sulfate (20 g/l).[14] This is due primarily to the chlorine present in magnesium chloride, which can easily reach toxic levels if over-applied or applied too often.[15]
It has been found that higher concentrations of magnesium in tomato and some pepper plants can make them more susceptible to disease caused by infection of the bacterium Xanthomonas campestris, since magnesium is essential for bacterial growth.[16]
Occurrence[edit]
Diagram showing concentrations of various salt ions in seawater (correct only in units of wt/wt, not wt/vol or vol/vol)
Magnesium values in natural seawater are between 1250 and 1350 mg/l, around 3.7% of the total seawater mineral content. Dead Sea minerals contain a significantly higher magnesium chloride ratio, 50.8%. Carbonates and calcium are essential for all growth of corals, coralline algae, clams, and invertebrates. Magnesium can be depleted by mangrove plants and the use of excessive limewater or by going beyond natural calcium, alkalinity, and pH values.[17]
Toxicology[edit]
Magnesium ions are bitter-tasting, and magnesium chloride solutions are bitter in varying degrees, depending on the concentration of magnesium.
Magnesium toxicity from magnesium salts is rare in healthy individuals with a normal diet, because excess magnesium is readily excreted in urine by the kidneys. A few cases of oral magnesium toxicity have been described in persons with normal renal function ingesting large amounts of magnesium salts, but it is rare. If a large amount of magnesium chloride is eaten, it will have effects similar to magnesium sulfate, causing diarrhea, although the sulfate also contributes to the laxative effect in magnesium sulfate, so the effect from the chloride is not as severe.
Plant Toxicity[edit]
Chloride (Cl−) and magnesium (Mg2+) are both essential nutrients important for normal plant growth. Too much of either nutrient may harm a plant, although foliar chloride concentrations are more strongly related with foliar damage than magnesium. High concentrations of MgCl2 ions in the soil may be toxic or change water relationships such that the plant cannot easily accumulate water and nutrients. Once inside the plant, chloride moves through the water-conducting system and accumulates at the margins of leaves or needles, where dieback occurs first. Leaves are weakened or killed, which can lead to the death of the tree.[18][19]
Ecotoxicity levels related to terrestrial and aquatic organisms for magnesium chloride are listed in the Pesticide Action Network Pesticide Database.[20][21]
Locomotive boiler problem[edit]
The presence of dissolved magnesium chloride in the well water (bore water) used in locomotive boilers on the Trans-Australian Railway caused serious and expensive maintenance problems during the steam era. At no point along its route does the line cross a permanent freshwater watercourse, so bore water had to be relied on. No inexpensive treatment for the highly mineralised water was available and locomotive boilers were lasting less than a quarter of the time normally expected.[22] In the days of steam locomotion, about half the total train load was water for the engine. The line's operator, Commonwealth Railways, was an early adopter of the diesel-electric locomotive.
See also[edit]
Acceptable daily intake
Magnesium oil
Notes and references[edit]
Notes
Jump up ^ Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. Inorganic Chemistry Academic Press: San Diego, 2001. ISBN 0-12-352651-5.
Jump up ^ Wells, A. F. (1984) Structural Inorganic Chemistry, Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-855370-6.
Jump up ^ see notes in Rieke, R. D.; Bales, S. E.; Hudnall, P. M.; Burns, T. P.; Poindexter, G. S. "Highly Reactive Magnesium for the Preparation of Grignard Reagents: 1-Norbornane Acid", Organic Syntheses, Collected Volume 6, p. 845 (1988). "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2007-05-10.
^ Jump up to: a b Margarete Seeger; Walter Otto; Wilhelm Flick; Friedrich Bickelhaupt; Otto S. Akkerman (2005), "Magnesium Compounds", Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, doi:10.1002/14356007.a15_595.pub2
Jump up ^ N. N. Greenwood, A. Earnshaw, Chemistry of the Elements, Pergamon Press, 1984.
Jump up ^ Hill, Petrucci, McCreary, Perry, General Chemistry, 4th ed., Pearson/Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, USA.
Jump up ^ "Dust Palliative Selection and Application Guide". Fs.fed.us. Retrieved 2017-10-18.
Jump up ^ https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprdb1043546.pdf
Jump up ^ Dennis B. Malpass (2010). "Commercially Available Metal Alkyls and Their Use in Polyolefin Catalysts". In Ray Hoff, Robert T. Mathers. Handbook of Transition Metal Polymerization Catalysts. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. doi:10.1002/9780470504437.ch1. CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Norio Kashiwa (2004). "The Discovery and Progress of MgCl2-Supported TiCl4 Catalysts". Journal of Polymer Science A. 42: 1–8. doi:10.1002/pola.10962.
Jump up ^ *Jain, J., Olek, J., Janusz, A., and Jozwiak-Niedzwiedzka, D., "Effects of Deicing Salt Solutions on Physical Properties of Pavement Concretes", Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2290, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2012, pp. 69-75. DOI: 10.3141/2290-09
Jump up ^ Food Standard Agency. "Current EU approved additives and their E Numbers". Retrieved 22 March 2010.
Jump up ^ "Listed under ingredients for Similac Hypoallergenic Infant Formula with Iron (Abbott Nutrition)". abbottnutrition.com. Retrieved 2013-07-22.
Jump up ^ "Comparison of Magnesium Sulfate and THIS Mg Chelate Foliar Sprays". Pubs.aic.ca. 1970-01-01. Retrieved 2017-10-18.
Jump up ^ "Magnesium Chloride Toxicity in Trees". Ext.colostate.edu. Retrieved 2017-10-18.
Jump up ^ "Effect of Foliar and Soil Magnesium Application on Bacterial Leaf Spot of Peppers" (PDF). Retrieved 2017-10-18.
Jump up ^ "Aquarium Chemistry: Magnesium In Reef Aquaria — Advanced Aquarist | Aquarist Magazine and Blog". Advancedaquarist.com. 2003-10-15. Retrieved 2013-01-17.
Jump up ^ "Publications - ExtensionExtension". Ext.colostate.edu. Retrieved 2017-10-18.
Jump up ^ Pesticide Action Network Database, http://www.pesticideinfo.org/Detail_Chemical.jsp?Rec_Id=PC32916
Jump up ^ "Magnesium chloride - toxicity, ecological toxicity and regulatory information". Pesticideinfo.org. Retrieved 2017-10-18.
Jump up ^ "PAN Pesticides Database: Ecotoxicity definitions". Pesticideinfo.org. 2000-06-19. Retrieved 2017-10-18.
Jump up ^ "Overland Locomotive:Feed Water Problems". The Argus. 1927-03-21. Retrieved 2014-03-11.
References
Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 71st edition, CRC Press, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1990.
External links[edit]
Magnesium Chloride as a De-Icing Agent
MSDS file for Magnesium Chloride Hexahydrate
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Magnesium compounds
MgB2
MgBr2
MgCO3
MgC2O4
MgC6H6O7
MgC14H10O4
MgCl2
Mg(ClO4)2
MgF2
MgH2
Mg(HCO3)2
MgI2
Mg(NO3)2
MgO
MgO2
Mg(OH)2
MgPo
MgS
MgSO3
MgSO4
MgU2O7
Mg2Al3
Mg2Si
Mg2SiO4
Mg2Si3O8
Mg3N2
Mg3(PO4)2
Mg2(CrO4)2
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Mineral supplements (A12)
Major
Calcium
β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate
carbonate
chloride
+cholecalciferol
citrate
glubionate
glucoheptonate
gluconate#
glycerylphosphate
hydroxyapatite
lactate gluconate
lactate
pangamate
phosphate
Magnesium
aspartate
chloride
citrate
gluconate
glycinate
lactate
levulinate
malate
orotate
oxide
pidolate
sulfate
taurate
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adenosine triphosphate disodium
hydroxyapatite
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bicarbonate
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Trace
Copper
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selenate
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Zinc
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L-aspartate
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proteinate
sulfate
Ultratrace
Chromium
(III) picolinate
(III) chloride
Fluorine
fluoride#
monofluorophosphate
Lithium
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carbonate
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Vanadium
(IV) sulfate
#WHO-EM
‡Withdrawn from market
Clinical trials:
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§Never to phase III
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values: کلرید منیزیم – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values: मैग्नीसियम क्लोराइड – Hindi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: Магний хлориди – Kyrgyz

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ky
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: 塩化マグネシウム – Japanese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Хлорид магния – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values: Магнезијум хлорид – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: மெக்னீசயம் குளோரைடு – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values: Хлорид магнію – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Magnesium_chloride rootpage-Magnesium_chloride skin-vector action-view