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Kumkum Bhagya
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Kumkum Bhagya
Created by
Ekta Kapoor
Developed by
Ekta Kapoor
Written by
Story
Anil Nagpal
Screenplay
Anil Nagpal
Vikas Tiwari
Dialogues
Dheeraj Sarna
Directed by
Sameer Kulkarni
Sharad Pandey
Saurabh Archana Kashyap
Creative director(s)
Shaalu
Nitin Dhall
Starring
Sriti Jha
Shabbir Ahluwalia
Theme music composer
Lalit Sen
Nawab Arzoo
Opening theme
Kumkum Bhagya
Rockstar Theme
Meherbaan (1000 Ka Shukriya)
Country of origin
India
Original language(s)
Hindi
No. of seasons
1
No. of episodes
1,107 as of 25 May 2018
Production
Producer(s)
Ekta Kapoor
Shobha Kapoor
Location(s)
Mumbai
Cinematography
Sanjay Memane
Anil Katke
Camera setup
Multi-camera
Running time
approx. 21 minutes
Production company(s)
Balaji Telefilms
Release
Original network
Zee TV
Picture format
480i(SDTV)
1080i(HDTV)
Original release
15 April 2014 (2014-04-15) – present
Chronology
Related shows
Kundali Bhagya
External links
Website
Production website
Kumkum Bhagya (Vermilion in my Fate) (International title: Twist of Fate) is a popular Hindi-language Indian soap opera. It premiered on April 15, 2014,[1][2] and is broadcast on weeknights on Zee TV. The show is loosely based on the novel Sense and Sensibility by Jane Austen.[3]
The pivotal characters of this show are strong, feisty women, living together in an all-female matriarchal family. The series stars Sriti Jha, Shabbir Ahluwalia, Mrunal Thakur, Arjit Taneja and Vin Rana. The series is produced and developed by Ekta Kapoor under the banner Balaji Telefilms, and is directed by Sameer Kulkarni. The show is very popular due to the sizzling chemistry of the leads which keeps people hooked on to it and no doubt they are loved by the masses.
Due to Kumkum Bhagya's popularity, a spin-off series has been made titled Kundali Bhagya, which portrays the life of Pragya's long lost sisters Preeta and Srishti.[4][5][6]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Production
2.1 Development and premiere
2.2 Casting
3 Cast and Crews
3.1 Main cast
3.2 Recurring cast
3.3 Former cast
3.4 Guest stars
4 Awards
5 Broadcast
6 Reception
7 Soundtrack
8 References
Plot[edit]
The story revolves around Pragya, a teacher and Abhi,(shabbir Ahluwalia) who is a rock star. Sarla Arora, who runs a marriage hall, lives with the hope of seeing her two daughters happily married. Pragya(Sriti Jha), the elder daughter, is practical, hardworking and teaches at a college. Bulbul, the younger daughter, has her head in the clouds and has a job but hates her boss, Purab. The show follows the lives of the two sisters and their hopes, dreams, and aspirations. Initially, the series followed a love triangle between Pragya, Bulbul and Suresh, where Pragya loved Suresh, who had feelings for Bulbul, leading to Pragya and Suresh's engagement being
Abhi is a rock star who is in a relationship with a supermodel Tanushree (Tanu). Purab, Abhi's best friend, is engaged to his sister Aliya. Purab and Bulbul initially hate each other, only to later fall in love. Aliya misunderstands his affair with Bulbul, incorrectly assuming that he loved Pragya. As a result, Aliya and Tanu, together with Abhi, plan to get Abhi married to Pragya out of revenge. After the marriage, Pragya becomes aware of the fact but for her sister's protection, leads Abhi to believe that she was in a relationship with Purab, eventually asking Bulbul to forget Purab. Purab agrees to get married to Aliya, but is unable to forget Bulbul and on his marriage day he elopes with Bulbul. Aliya and Tanu conspire against Pragya but their plans fail and instead bring Pragya closer to Abhi, leading them to develop feelings for one another. When Abhi realises Aliya and Tanu's true intentions, he slaps Aliya leading her to develop a grudge against her brother. Abhi eventually improves his relations with Purab and Bulbul. Tanu gets pregnant after a one-night stand with Nikhil. She fakes her DNA reports and declares that Abhi is the father in order to get him back, leading to Abhi and Pragya's separation. Tanu is supported by Nikhil, who is after Abhi's wealth, Aliya who wants revenge, and Abhi's cousin Raj, who blames Abhi for his misfortunes. Pragya overhears Aliya and Tanu's conversation but before being able to tell Abhi, she gets involved in an accident and is declared dead.
After one month, Pragya returns, having a new motive for revealing her enemies and getting Abhi back. Bulbul and Purab get married and a sequence of love and jealousy starts between Bulbul, Purab and Aliya. To save her sister from Aliya, Bulbul risks her life and dies. An infuriated Pragya finally reveals the truth about Aliya, who is then banished from the family. Raj's misunderstanding about Abhi is cleared by Pragya after she reveals that his wife Mitali is actually responsible for his problems. Pragya finally discovers Tanu and Nikhil's relationship, and decides to expose Tanu, but in vain. Tanu has an accident, resulting in a miscarriage and blames Pragya. Facing Abhi's anger, Pragya finally reveals the truth about Tanu, and gains back his trust. The two propose to each other in Lonavla. However, Abhi loses his memory in a car accident, forgetting the last two-and-a-half years of his life, including his love for Pragya. She leaves him, but does not divorce him. Two months later Pragya overhears her mother saying that she has lost the Kumkum Bhagya Marriage Hall. To help her family, she gets recruited as a receptionist at Love Life Music Company, where she meets Abhi who is there to record his new album. They slowly become friends and Abhi hires her as his personal assistant. Aliya, who has taken advantage of Abhi's amnesia returns and wants Abhi to marry Tanu in order to keep him away from Pragya. Abhi and Pragya's relationship blooms into something more. After many conspiracies, Pragya tells Aliya and Tanu that she will bring back Abhi's memory before his marriage to Tanu. She is supported by Dadi and Purab. Abhi has some unclear flashbacks of his past. and later, both confess their love. When Tanu's mother lies about cancer Abhi agrees to marry Tanu, leaving Pragya heartbroken. On the marriage day, Pragya comes to meet Abhi for the last time. Dadi and Purab plan to steal the bride but Pragya gets kidnapped by Nikhil. When Sarla tells Abhi that Pragya is kidnapped, he leaves the wedding and goes to save Pragya. He saves Pragya and after some ups and downs in their journey home, they decide to marry in the jungle. When Abhi and Pragya leave, they have a car accident and Abhi regains his memory. They meet Pragya's father and find out that Pragya has two other sisters. But unfortunately, Nikhil's goon shoots Pragya when they were trying to run from them and Pragya falls into the dam. Abhi tries to find her but is unsuccessful. When he returns home, Sarla wants Pragya, but Tanu and Aliya throw her out. Abhi stops them and reveals that he has regained his memory.
After one month and two days leap, Abhi finds Pragya and performs a concert for her. He finds Munni, Pragya’s-lookalike who is a villager and thinks her to be Pragya and takes her home; terrorists attack and a fire breaks out. Aliya tells Munni what to do and threatens that she will kill her sister's children if she does not cooperate. Munni unwillingly helps them. Pragya, who was in a coma returns to Mumbai to meet Abhi but finds out that he is married to her lookalike. Munni tells Pragya about Aliya's conspiracies so Pragya returns to Mehra's house as Munni and decides to hide her identity from Aliya and Tanu until Munni finds her kids. But Tanu jealously exposes Pragya, still thinking her to be Munni and Abhi throws Pragya out of his house. While on a trip to deposit Abhi's money to the bank, Purab meets Disha who saves him from some goons and marries her to prevent her from marrying Sangram Singh who only wants to hurt her. After Disha confesses her love, Purab feels guilty about still loving Bulbul and decides to give her the love she deserves and they consummate their marriage. A new villain, Simonica, enters the house as Abhi's secretary. Abhi killed her husband Dushyant, so she seeks revenge; she plans and plots and does many conspiracies but in vain. At first Pragya doesn't tell Abhi about the killer and hides her identity but later at his birthday she tells him the truth. On the same day she finds that Simonica is the killer. Simonica again tries to kill Abhishek and Pragya but her all plans go in vain.Simonica tries to kill abhi or send him to life imprisonment by involving him in her own murder case but with the efforts of Pragya and Purab, Simonica is proved wrong and is sent to jail. While police is taking simonica jail an accident takes place and simonica escapes and reaches Mehra house. A party has been organized in Mehra house as purab and disha are soon becoming parents. Simonica tries to kill abhi and Pragya but her plan goes in vain. Tanu signs a deal with simonica that if she will leave abhi then she help her in killing Pragya, simonica agrees. As planned simonica's guard calls Pragya and tells her about simonica. pragya goes in search of simonica but before she could reach their dadi reaches factory and a fight takes place between dadi and simonica and simonica shoots dadi and dadi is dead. Abhi blames Pragya for dadi's death and leaves her.
7 Years Later
Abhi and Pragya now lives separately. Abhi is shown married to Tanu. Meanwhile Pragya lives in London with her daughter Kiara. She is Rapper King Singh's manager whom Kaira thinks is her father. King loves Kiara and consider her as her daughter. Due to a new project Pragya travels to Delhi with King and Kiara without knowing that Abhi too lives in Delhi now.
Production[edit]
Development and premiere[edit]
The series is a love story[7] produced by Ekta Kapoor and Shobha Kapoor under the banner Balaji Telefilms that airs on Zee TV. The show premiered at 09:00 pm (IST) on Tuesday on April 15, 2014 and airs episodes from Monday to Friday. Ekta Kapoor considers the letter K to be lucky and has named many of her productions starting with K.[8] Talking about introducing a fresh concept on primetime, Zee TV Programming Head, Namit Sharma said, "It takes one epic show to replace another, so you can imagine. It is a passionate drama of love, a far cry from regular saas-bahu soaps and has an ensemble cast of some very talented actors."[9] Ekta Kapoor from Balaji Telefilms added, "While two of my shows (Pavitra Rishta and Jodha Akbar) are already on-air and doing immensely well on Zee TV, it's a pleasure to extend my partnership with Zee to a third show. Pavitra Rishta has had a run of over five years now and the journey has been most gratifying for me as a producer. While the audiences who are hooked on to Pavitra Rishta will continue to enjoy the show at 6:30 PM, Kumkum Bhagya will open at 9 PM, drawing maximum eyeballs. It is so contemporary in its treatment that viewers will be able to instantly spot characters out of their own lives in the show. It's a story of passionate love that anyone with a soul would be able to easily relate to."[9]
Speaking of his comeback as an actor, Shabbir Ahluwalia, the protagonist of the show says, "With me producing shows, it was getting very difficult to manage time for acting assignments. But now, I have decided to concentrate on acting. You can't be away from what you love doing for long. The role appealed to me a great deal. This is the first time that I will be playing a rockstar on television and in order to look my part, I had to ensure that I did not just get my costume and look right, but also get that attitude right that is required to portray a rockstar onscreen."[9]
Casting[edit]
Shabbir Ahluwalia,[10] who was also cast in Ekta's TV Series Kayamath, was selected to portray the lead role of Abhishek Prem Mehra. Ahluwalia made his comeback after Zee 20 Cricket League. Actress Sriti Jha landed in lead role in the show .[10] Mrunal Thakur was selected to portray the second leading role of Bulbul[11] while Arjit Taneja was cast opposite her.[11][12] In May 2014, Shikha Singh entered the show as the main antagonist Aliya Mehra,[12][13][14] while Madhurima Tuli was cast to portray the negative role of Tanu. Later, Tuli had to shoot for her film Baby so, this role was later played by Leena Jumani in September 2014.[15] Actor Faisal Rashid was selected to portray the role of Suresh (Pragya's fiancé) who played an important role in April–May 2014, but in May 2015 he quit the series.[16] Actress Supriya Shukla was cast to play the role of Sarla Arora, while Madhu Raja played the role of Daljeet Arora. Other supporting cast members include Samiksha Bhatnagar, Ankit Mohan, Charu Mehra and Amit Dhawan. Bhatnagar, who portrayed the supporting role of Mitali was replaced by Swati Anand within the month of launch while Anurag Sharma, who also appeared in Ekta Kapoor's Pavitra Rishta, Bade Achhe Lagte Hain, Yeh Hai Mohabbatein and Itna Karo Na Mujhe Pyaar replaced Amit. In 2015, Neel Motawani (who was also cast in other shows of Ekta) was selected to play the negative role of Neel; while in June 2015 Nikhil Arya entered the series playing the role of main male antagonist Nikhil Sood.[17]
In December 2015, actress Mrunal Thakur who played the role of Bulbul opted out from the show and was to be replaced by Kajol Shrivastava, however the character of Bulbul was phased out of the series after Mrunal's departure. In August 2016, Ankit Mohan quit the show so his character left as well. In September 2016, Arjit Taneja quit the show and was replaced by Vin Rana. In October 2016, Nikhil Arya was replaced by Rujut Dahiya.[18] In July 2017, actress Ruchi Savarn entered the show as Purab's new love interest.
Cast and Crews[edit]
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Main cast[edit]
Sriti Jha as Pragya Arora, Abhishek's wife, King's Manager, Elder sister of Bulbul, Preeta and Srishti, Sarla's daughter and Kiyara's mother (2014–),[10]
Shabbir Ahluwalia as Abhishek (Abhi) Prem Mehra, Aliya's brother, Pragya's husband (Presently Tanushree's husband), Kiyara's father (2014–)[19]
Mishal Raheja as King Singh (2018-),Kiyara's legal father [20]
Kaurwakee Vasistha as Kiyara Singh, Pragya and Abhishek's daughter
Recurring cast[edit]
Vin Rana as Purab Khanna, Disha's husband (2016–present)[21][22]
Ruchi Savarn as Disha Purab Khanna (2017–present)
Shikha Singh as Aliya Mehra, Abhishek's sister (2014–present)
Leena Jumani as Tanushree Abhishek Mehra (née Mehta), (Present Abhishek's wife) Nikhil's girlfriend (2014–present)[15]
Supriya Shukla as Sarla Arora, Pragya,Bulbul,Preetha and Srishti's mother (2014–present)[23]
Madhu Raja as Daljeet Arora (2014-)
Unknown as Janki, Arora family's housekeeper (2014–present)
Zareena Roshan Khan as Indu Suri or Daasi (2014–present)
Ajay Trehan as Ajay Mehra "Tauji", Abhishek's Uncle, Pammi's husband, Raj's father (2014–present)
Shivani Soopuri as Pammi Ajay Mehra "Taiji", Abhishek's aunt, Ajay's wife, Raj's mother (2014–present)
Anurag Sharma as Raj Ajay Mehra, Abhishek's Cousin Brother, Mitali's husband, Ajay-Pammi's son (2014-)
Swati Anand as Mitali Raj Mehra, Raj's wife, Ajay-Pammi's Bahu (2014-)
Shraddha Arya as Preeta Arora,Pragya,Bulbul and Srishti Sister and Sarla daughter (2017-)
Anjum Fakih as Srishti Arora,Pragya,Bulbul and Preeta Sister and Sarla daughter (2017-)
Dheeraj Dhoopar as Karan Luthra,Rishab Luthra's brother (2017-)
Manit Joura as Rishab Luthra. His company manages Abhi's concert (2017-)
Ravi Chauhan as Robin, Mehra family's butler (2014–)
Vedaansh Jaju as Sunny Purab Khanna (2018-)
Former cast[edit]
Mrunal Thakur as Bulbul Purab Khanna (née Arora) (2014–16) (deceased) [24]
Arjit Taneja as Purab Khanna, Bulbul's widower, Abhishek's friend (2014-2016)[21][22] (Parallel Male Lead)
Daljeet Soundh as Daljeet Mehra "Dadi", Abhishek's Grandmother (2014–18) (deceased)
Madhurima Tuli as Tanushree (Tanu) Mehta(2014) [15]
Vivana Singh as Simonika (2017–18)
Nitin Goswami as Dushyant, Simonika's dead husband (seen in flashback scenes)(2017–18)
Sharhaan Singh as Sangram Singh (2017–18)
Amit Dhawan as Raj Ajay Mehra, Abhishek's Cousin Brother, Mitali's husband, Ajay-Pammi's son (2014)
Samiksha Bhatnagar as Mitali Raj Mehra, Raj's wife, Ajay-Pammi's Bahu (2014)
Charu Mehra as Purvi (2014–15)
Aditi Rathore as Rachna Aakash Mehra (2014–16)
Faisal Rashid as Suresh Srivastav (2014–15)
Neha Bam as Mrs. Khanna (2014–15)
Neel Motwani as Corporator Neel Thakur (2014–15)
Bobby Khanna as Mr. Mehta, Tanu's father (2015–17)
Roma Lavani as Mrs. Mehta, Tanu's mother (2015–17)
Rujut Dahiya/Nikhil Arya as Nikhil Sood (2015–2016)/(2017)
Shubham Garg as Raj (2015)
Gagan as Champak Trivedi (2016)
Vijay Kashyap as Raghuveer Arora, Pragya's Father and Sarla's husband (2017) (deceased)
Shwetanshu Singh as Doctor Sheila (2017)
Guest stars[edit]
Riteish Deshmukh
Rani Mukerjee
Irrfan Khan
Sridevi
Rakul Preet Singh
Nargis Fakhri
Emraan Hashmi
Tusshar Kapoor
Jeetendra
Aftab Shivdasani
Sushant Singh Rajput
Salman Khan
Sonam Kapoor
Varun Dhawan
Shahrukh Khan
Kriti Sanon
Kajol
Shraddha Kapoor
Siddharth Malhotra
Krystle D'Souza
Karishma Tanna
Pratyusha Banerjee
Asha Negi
Mouni Roy
Rithvik Dhanjani
Amruta Khanvilkar
Nia Sharma
Arjun Kapoor
Awards[edit]
This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: Please remove self-aggrandizing "awards" issued by the network the series airs on, i.e. Zee Rishtey Awards. These are promotional in nature. Please help improve this section if you can. (November 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Year
Award
Category
Recipient
Result
2014 Zee Rishtey Awards Favorite Beti Sriti Jha Won[25]
Favorite Popular Face (Male) Shabbir Ahluwalia
Favorite Popular Face (Female) Sriti Jha
Favorite Parivaar Ekta Kapoor
2015 10th Star Guild Awards Best Upcoming Drama Series Ekta Kapoor Won[26]
Television Style Awards Most Stylish Beti on TV Sriti Jha Won[27]
Most Stylish Beta on TV Shabbir Ahluwalia
8th Boroplus Gold Awards Best Actress in Negative Role (Critics) Shikha Singh Won[28][29]
Best Actor in a Lead Role (Critics) Shabbir Ahluwalia
Best Actress in a Lead Role (Popular) Sriti Jha Nominated[30]
Best Actor in a Lead Role (Popular) Shabbir Ahluwalia
Best TV Show of the Year (Fiction) Ekta Kapoor
15th Indian Telly Awards Best Onscreen Couple Sriti Jha & Shabbir Ahluwalia Won[31]
Best Actress in a Lead Role Sriti Jha
BIG Star Entertainment Awards BIG Star Most Entertaining Fiction Series Ekta Kapoor Won[32]
BIG Star Most Entertaining Television Actor - Female Sriti Jha Nominated[33]
BIG Star Most Entertaining Television Actor - Male Shabbir Ahluwalia
Zee Rishtey Awards Favorite Story Anil Nagpal Won[34]
Favorite Popular Face (Male) Shabbir Ahluwalia
Favorite Popular Face (Female) Sriti Jha
Favorite Jodi Sriti Jha & Shabbir Ahluwalia
Favorite Parivaar Ekta Kapoor
2016 9th Boroplus Gold Awards Boroplus Face of the Year Sriti Jha Won[35]
Best Actor in a Lead Role (Popular) Shabbir Ahluwalia
Best TV Show of the Year (Fiction) Ekta Kapoor
Best Actress in Negative Role (Critics) Shikha Singh Nominated[36]
Best Actor in Supporting Role (Popular) Arjit Taneja
Best Actress in a Lead Role (Popular) Sriti Jha
16th Indian Television Academy Awards Best Actor (Popular) Shabbir Ahluwalia Won[37]
Zee Rishtey Awards Favorite Bahu Sriti Jha Won[38]
Favorite Jodi Sriti Jha & Shabbir Ahluwalia
Favorite Popular Character (Female) Sriti Jha
Favorite Popular Character (Male) Shabbir Ahluwalia
Favorite Dharavaahik Ekta Kapoor
2017 10th Boroplus Gold Awards Best TV Show of the Year (Fiction) Ekta Kapoor Won[39][40]
Best Actress in Negative Role (Popular) Shikha Singh Nominated[41]
Best Actor in Supporting Role (Popular) Arjit Taneja
Best Actress in a Lead Role (Popular) Sriti Jha
Best Actor in a Lead Role (Popular) Shabbir Ahluwalia
Zee Rishtey Awards Favorite Buzurg Daljeet Soundh Won[42]
Favorite Maa Supriya Shukla
Favorite Beti Sriti Jha
Favorite Jodi Sriti Jha & Shabbir Ahluwalia
Favorite Popular Character (Male) Shabbir Ahluwalia
Favorite Dharavaahik Ekta Kapoor
Favorite Popular Character (Female) Sriti Jha Nominated[43]
Favorite Beta Shabbir Ahluwalia
Favorite Parivaar Ekta Kapoor
Broadcast[edit]
Series was released on April 15, 2014 on Zee TV, the series also airs on Zee TV HD and Zee TV Asia. Show was also broadcast internationally on the latter's international distribution. It airs in U.K., U.S., Malaysia, Canada, Mauritius, Sri Lanka, Ireland, South Africa, Indonesia, Chile, Philippines, Ghana and Singapore on Zee TV Worldwide.[9]
Kumkum Bhagya's broadcasts
Country
Channel
Name
Language
Worldwide Zee TV Kumkum Bhagya Hindi
India Zee Anmol Kumkum Bhagya Hindi
India Zee Tamizh Irumalargal Tamil
India Zee Telugu Kumkuma Bhagya Telugu
South Africa Zee World Twist Of Fate English
Sri Lanka Hiru TV Adarei Man Adarei Sinhala
Mauritius MBC Digital 4 Kumkum Bhagya Hindi
Indonesia Antv Lonceng Cinta Indonesian
Middle East Zee Alwan مكانك في القلب هو القلب كله Arabic
Turkey Kanal 7 Ah Kalbım Turkish
Ghana Adom TV Kumkum Bhagya Akan
Online ZEE5 Kumkum Bhagya Hindi
Pakistan Geo Kahani Kumkum Bhagya Hindi
South Korea JTBC Zee TV 내 운명 이니 Hindi & Korea
In late 2015, the app introduced their Before TV service where they launched Kumkum Bhagya's episodes before airing on TV, new episodes where released during 5:30am (IST), the service was available on a subscription plan. Although the YouTube service was terminated, the channel still release their episodes on the Zee TV website and Zee TV app. On ZEE5 the show airs earlier than on TV.
Reception[edit]
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Initially started with low ratings, the show climbed to Top 5 most watched shows across all GEC's and second most watched show of Zee TV[14] after only a few weeks of its launch and was touted as the biggest fiction launch of 2014.[44] The serial is very popular among Indian and Pakistani women.[45]
Launched in Week 16, Kumkum Bhagya opened with 4.9 TVR and averaged to 3.3 TVR.[46] In week 17, It fell further and averaged to 2.7 TVR.[47] In Week 18, It improved and averaged to 3.2 TVR.[48] In the fourth week of its launch i.e., in Week 19, it fell further and averaged to 2.8 TVR.[49] For The Week 21, it improved a bit and averaged to 3.0 TVR but was among top 5 low rated shows on the channel.[50] In Week 22, the show improved its ratings and rated 3.3 TVR.[51] In Week 23, the show maintained its stability and averaged 3.2 TVR.[52]
In Week 24, the show increased from 3.2 TVR to 3.5 TVR.[53] In Week 25, the show jumped from 3.5 TVR to 4.9 TVR thereby being the second most watched show of the channel for the week behind Jodha Akbar.[54] In the Week 26, the show improved its ratings further and averaged 5.7 TVR its highest ever since its launch and was again second most watched show of Zee TV.[55] For the Week 27, the show improved further and averaged to 6.3 TVR and was amongst Top 6 Shows across all GEC's.[56] It was constistent in Week 28 with 6.3 TVR. In Week 29, it averaged to 6.6 TVR and was amongst Top 10 Shows across all GEC's.[57]
In week 30, the show broke all its previous records with an average ratings of 7.4 TVR[58] and was touted as the biggest fiction launch of the year.[44] The show also gave tough fight to GEC leader Diya Aur Baati Hum that airs at same slot on Star Plus.[59] On the reception of the show in such a short span of time, Zee TV business head Pradeep Hejmadi announced that he considered the 'wedding track' a very important inflection point for people to gravitate to the series, believing it to be attracting increasing interest in all parameters.[59] He also added "Each story has its own promise and people who tune in are people who are bought into those promises or are keen to explore the relationships or the characters that stand out speaking to them. We concentrated on bringing out the key inflection points for the show and it was important because it is the core promise of Kumkum Bhagya.[59] In the thirty-first week, Kumkum Bhagya averaged to 7.5 TVR up from 7.4 TVR, taking fourth place across all GEC's and second among Zee TV shows behind the channel leader Jodha Akbar.[60] One week later, it jumped from 415 GVMs to 453 GVMs. In the February 2015 ratings, Kumkum Bhagya entered the #1 position with Diya Aur Baati in #2.[61]
21 August 2014 ratings showed that the channel's four shows 'Kumkum Bhagya', 'Jodha Akbar', 'Qubool Hai' and 'Doli Armaanon Ki' did exceptionally well that week. Three of them appeared inside the Top 10 as the most watched shows in India.[62]
In August 2014, BARC ratings stated that ZEE TV was next adding 38 GVMs. It was up from 415 GVMs to 453 GVMs that week. The channel's four shows 'Kumkum Bhagya', 'Jodha Akbar', 'Qubool Hai' and 'Doli Armaanon Ki' did exceptionally well this week. Three of them appeared inside the Top 10 as the most watched shows in India.[63] On 12 September 2014, BARC stated that 'Kumkum Bhagya' topped the ratings in India for the first time scoring 9.4, while 'Saathiya' on Star Plus and 'Jodha Akbar' on ZEE TV both recorded 8.8 and 'Diya Aur Baati Hum' was next with 7.6.[64]
In March 2015, it was declared that the series bought highest ratings to the channel with new year, the channel scored 442 GVMs[65] As of 17 March 2015, Barc stated that Zee TV was scored with 403GVMs[66] As of April 2015, Kumkum Bhagya became India's most watched Hindi entertainment show with 9.5 TVT[67] In July, the top three Shows based on Ratings were Saath Nibhana Saathiya, Kumkum Bhagya and Yeh Hai Mohabbatein series scored 5537 TVTs[68] According to BARC ratings of September 2015, It was announced that Zee TV's two series were placed in Top 10 most watched shows list. 'Jodha Akbar' and 'Kumkum Bhagya' topped the ratings overall with 8.9 and 8.6 TVMs.[69]
According to BARC Ratings of August 2015, Star Plus' show Saath Nibhaana Saathiya and ZEE TV's Kumkum Bhagya tie at the first slot with 3.8 TRPs.[70] while on 6 August 2015 Kumkum Bhagya ranked with 5351 TVTs. According to Barc, show had dominated second position in November [71] and dominated third position in December 2015 with 13.8 and 15.9 TVM respectively.[72][73] On 11 December 2015, BARC ratings showed that the TV series Naagin (produced by same production) rejuvenated the channel's weekend slot while Star Plus) series Saath Nibhana Saathiya was at No.2 with 17.2 TVM, while 'Kumkum Bhagya' on ZEE TV was in third with 13.8 TVM.[74] While on 17 December 2015, similar listing took place where most watched show on Indian television remained Naagin on Colors with 17819TVM (last week 19576TVM), followed by Saath Nibhana Saathiya on Star Plus with 15344 (last week 17293), 'Kumkum Bhagya' on ZEE TV was at third position with 13811TVM [75] In the second week in 2016, ratings showed that the series has now dominated 4th Rank [76]
For the whole of January, Kumkum Bhagya was the second most watched series in India after Colors's Balaji Production TV Series Naagin. According to 14 January 2016 ratings it was seen that Kumkum Bhagya had jumped to the 2nd Rank once again, the top 2 shows were Naagin and Kumkum Bhagya, Naagin pulled 19824 viewers (last week 19847), followed by Kumkum Bhagya’ with 13692 viewers.[77] Again on 21 January 2016, the top 2 Indian TV Shows were Naagin and Kumkum Bhagya. Naagin with 18125 viewers (previous week 19824), fand ‘Kumkum Bhagya’ with 14852 viewers (previous week 13692).[78] Next week, it was again announced that Kumkum Bhagya, the No#2 Positioned show gained 14,244 viewers while Naagin was on Top with 17,199 viewers.[79] With the entire month, Kumkum Bhagya was viewers second choice.
In February 2016, the top two positions were again taken by ‘Naagin’ (with 19133 viewers), and Kumkum Bhagya (with 15554 viewers).[80] With February's second week, Kumkum bhagya became the third most choice with 14.2 viewers[81] Next week, It was shown that the series took Third position lead interns of viewers due to T20 matches, It had a viewer range of 15.7 Million viewers.[82] In The last week of February, Series registered 14.1 Million viewers [83]
In March, three most watched series were Naagin, Kumkum Bhagya and Yeh hai mohabatein respectively. Star plus series Yeh Hai Mohabatein dominated the 3rd Position with 11.8 million viewers, Kumkum Bhagya registered 14.4 million viewers.[84] In second week of March it registered 12.5 million viewers.[85] In second and third weeks it registered a viewership of 12.07 million[86] and 13.1 million impressions.[87] The entire month Kumkum Bhagya dominated the second spot on Top ten shows of 2016. The Next month Ye Hai Mohabbatein dominated the second spot, Kumkum Bhagya took the third place scoring viewership of 10.6 million impressions[88] followed by 11.0 million.[89] With last of July, the viewership raised to 11.5 million impressions (urban + rural),[90] next month the series further raised to 13.5 million impressions (urban + rural) when the production decided to introduce Tannu's DNA report storyline.[91] Later in the month of August, makers introduced Abhi's memory loss twist and restarted the show which helped to maintain the ratings and dominated the first spot till October. In the month of October 2016, Balaji Telefilms Naagin second season launched and dominated the first spot, pushed Kumkum Bhagya to second spot in BARC chart. In the month of May 2017, kumkum Bhagya became number one show again and continued to be for few weeks, dethroning the mega success of 2017 Naagin second season. In September, Kumkum bhagya's Spin-off Kundali Bhagya, the story of Pragya's long lost sisters Preeta and Shristi became the most watched show replacing Kumkum Bhagya. Since then Kumkum Bhagya mostly stayed in second spot.
On October 2015, it was also shown in Ghana-Africa as Kumkum Bhagya and it has been translated in the Akan Language. It won an award for the Best Foreign TV Series at the 2016 Ghana Movie Awards.[92]
Soundtrack[edit]
This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: Please add artist name, vocalist and length. You can follow the Ishqbaaaz (soundtrack) Please help improve this section if you can. (February 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
No.
Title
Length
1. "O Rabba Ki Karaan" -
2. "Allah Variyaan"
3. "Saiyaara"
4. "Kumkum Kumkum Kumkum"
5. "Tu Meri Jaan Hai"
6. "Meherbaanon (1000 Ka Shukriya)"
7. "Kisi Shayar Ki Tarah"
8. "Rockstar Tune"
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ Kumkum Bhagya to replace Pavitra Rishta Retrieved on 15 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "Kumkum Bhagya: Zee TV Show | Watch Kumkum Bhagya TV Serial latest Episodes and Videos Online at ZEE5.COM (zee tv, kumkum, kumkumbhagya, kum kum bhagya, kumkum bhagy, कुमकुम भाग्य) - English". www.zee5.com. Retrieved 2017-01-14.
Jump up ^ "Zee TV introduces Kundali Bhagya".
Jump up ^ Chauhan, Soumyata. "Kundali Bhagya Launch: Ekta Kapoor reveals what inspired her to make a spin off of Kumkum Bhagya".
Jump up ^ "Kundali Bhagya: Ekta Kapoor reveals the reason behind doing a spinoff of Kumkum Bhagya - Times of India".
Jump up ^ "'Kumkum Bhagya' a passionate story of love: Ekta Kapoor". The Times of India.
Jump up ^ "Ekta Kapoor brings back 'K' factor with 'Kumkum Bhagya'". DNA.
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Jump up ^ "2015". Boroplus Gold Awards.
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Jump up ^ "Zee TV 8th BoroPlus Gold Awards 2015 Nominations & Voting Details – serial gossips, TV serial news, upcoming twists, spoilers, written updates". www.tellydhamaal.com.
Jump up ^ BollywoodLife. "Indian Telly Awards 2015 winners list: Karan Patel, Sriti Jha, Radhika Madan, Siddharth Nigam walk away with trophies!".
Jump up ^ Hungama, Bollywood (14 December 2015). "Winners of the Big Star Entertainment Awards 2015 - Bollywood Hungama".
Jump up ^ Nominations for Big Star Entertainment Awards, 2015 are out!
Jump up ^ "Zee Rishtey Awards 2015 Complete Winners List: Kumkum Bhagya, Jamai Raja Bag Awards-PICS". 7 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "2016". Boroplus Gold Awards.
Jump up ^ "Gold Awards 2016 Nomination List: Divyanka Tripathi, Sriti Jha, Varun Kapoor & Others Nominated". 25 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Chauhan, Soumyata. "ITA Awards 2016 full winners list: Mouni Roy, Divyanka Tripathi, Karan Patel, Rubina Dilaik win it big".
Jump up ^ "ZEE Rishtey Awards 2017: Winners list". 20 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "2017". Boroplus Gold Awards.
Jump up ^ "Gold Awards 2017: Complete winners list and red carpet pictures - Free Press Journal". www.freepressjournal.in.
Jump up ^ "Zee Gold Awards 2017: Mouni Roy, Divyanka Tripathi, Karan Patel win big. Here's the winner list". 5 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Zee Rishtey Awards 2017: Sriti Jha, Karanvir Bohra and other actors who won big. See photos". 11 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Zee Rishtey Awards 2017 Nomination List: Kumkum Bhagya's Sriti-Shabbir & Others Nominated…". 31 August 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Kumkum Bhagya – The Biggest Fiction Launch of 2014". The Times of India.
Jump up ^ "Kumkum Bhagya : 5 Reasons to Watch the Serial". www.layerlist.cocm. LayerList.
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Jump up ^ Tellychakkar Team (16 May 2014). "TAM Ratings: Week 19 (2014)". tellychakkar.com.
Jump up ^ Tellychakkar Team (30 May 2014). "TAM Ratings: Week 21 (2014)". tellychakkar.com.
Jump up ^ Tellychakkar Team (6 June 2014). "TAM Ratings: Week 22 (2014); Life OK topples Colors". tellychakkar.com.
Jump up ^ Tellychakkar Team (13 June 2014). "TAM Ratings: Week 23 (2014); Life OK retains third spot". tellychakkar.com.
Jump up ^ Tellychakkar Team (20 June 2014). "TAM Ratings: Week 24 (2014); Colors reclaims the third position". tellychakkar.com.
Jump up ^ Tellychakkar Team (27 June 2014). "TAM Ratings: Week 25 (2014)". tellychakkar.com.
Jump up ^ Tellychakkar Team (4 July 2014). "TAM Ratings: Week 26 (2014) – Saathiya No.1 show; Life OK back to No.3". tellychakkar.com.
Jump up ^ Tellychakkar Team (11 July 2014). "TAM Ratings: Week 27 (2014)". tellychakkar.com.
Jump up ^ Tellychakkar Team (25 July 2014). "TAM Ratings: Week 29 (2014); Life OK again topples Colors". tellychakkar.com.
Jump up ^ Tellychakkar Team (1 August 2014). "TAM Ratings: Week 30 (2014)". tellychakkar.com.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Indian Television Dot Com – Zee TV's 'Kumkum Bhagya' gives tough fight at 9 pm slot". Indian Television Dot Com. 6 August 2014.
Jump up ^ Tellychakkar Team (8 August 2014). "TAM Ratings: Week 31 (2014)". tellychakkar.com.
Jump up ^ "Kumkum Bhagya beats Diya Aur Baati Hum ranking top 1 in TRP Race". IndianTellyTalkies. 20 February 2015. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "India ratings: ZEE TV strengthens in second place". Raj Badhan. BARC. 21 August 2014. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "India Ratings:ZEE TV strengthens in second place". Rajj Badhaan. Media 24/7. 21 August 2015. Retrieved 27 December 2015.
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Jump up ^ BARC (12 December 2015). "Nagin beats Saathoya". Rajj Badhaan. Media 24/7. Retrieved 12 December 2015.
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[show]
v
t
e
Programs currently broadcast by Zee TV
Soap operas
Aap Ke Aa Jane Se
Bhootu
Kaliren
Kumkum Bhagya
Kundali Bhagya
Jeet Gayi Toh Piya Morey
Piyaa Albela
Woh Apna Sa
Zindagi Ki Mahek
Ishq Subhan Allah
Reality shows
Dance India Dance
Weekend shows
Fear Files
[show]
v
t
e
Balaji Telefilms
[show]
Key individuals
Jeetendra
Shobha Kapoor
Ekta Kapoor
Tusshar Kapoor
[show]
Companies
Balaji Telefilms
Balaji Motion Pictures
ALT Digital Media Entertainment
BOLT Media Limited
[show]
Film productions
2001
Kyo Kii... Main Jhuth Nahin Bolta
2003
Kucch To Hai
2004
Krishna Cottage
2005
Kyaa Kool Hai Hum
Koi Aap Sa
2007
Shootout at Lokhandwala
2008
Mission Istanbul
C Kkompany
EMI – Liya Hai Toh Chukana Parega
2010
Love Sex aur Dhokha
Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai
2011
Taryanche Bait
Shor in the City
Ragini MMS
The Dirty Picture
2012
Kyaa Super Kool Hain Hum
2013
Ek Thi Daayan
Shootout at Wadala
Lootera
Once Upon Ay Time In Mumbai Dobaara!
2014
Shaadi Ke Side Effects
Ragini MMS 2
Main Tera Hero
Kuku Mathur Ki Jhand Ho Gayi
Ek Villain
2016
Kyaa Kool Hain Hum 3
Azhar
Udta Punjab
Great Grand Masti
Flying Jat
2017
Half Girlfriend
Super Singh
Lipstick Under My Burkha
2018
Vishwaroopam II (Upcoming)
XXX (Upcoming)
Laila Majnu (Upcoming)
Veere Di Wedding (Upcoming)
Mental Hai Kya (Upcoming)
[show]
Present TV shows
Zee TV
Kumkum Bhagya (2014-)
Kundali Bhagya (2017-)
Star Plus
Ye Hai Mohabbatein (2013-)
Kayamath Ki Raat (2018-)
Ye Hai Chahatein (Upcoming)
Colors
Kasam Tere Pyaar Ki (2016-)
Naagin (season 3) (2018-)
Sony TV
Dil Hi Toh Hai (2018-)
Star Bharat
Untitled (Upcoming)
[show]
Past TV shows
Star Plus
Chandra Nandni
Dhhai Kilo Prem
K. Street Pali Hill
Kaahin Kissii Roz
Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii
Kahiin to Hoga
Kalash
Karam Apnaa Apnaa
Karma
Kasautii Zindagii Kay
Kasturi
Kayamath
Kesar
Kis Desh Mein Hai Meraa Dil
Kkavyanjali
Kuch Toh Hai Tere Mere Darmiyaan
Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi
Nach Baliye 7
Pardes Mein Hai Meraa Dil
Tere Liye
Tujh Sang Preet Lagai Sajna
Zee TV
Brahmarakshas
Hum Paanch
Jodha Akbar
Kammal
Kasamh Se
Keshav Pandit
Kohi Apna Sa
Koshish
Mano Ya Na Mano
Pavitra Rishta
Sony TV
Bade Achhe Lagte Hain
Bayttaab Dil Kee Tamanna Hai
Box Cricket League 1
Ghar Ek Mandir
Itna Karo Na Mujhe Pyaar
Kabhi Kabhii Pyaar Kabhi Kabhii Yaar
Kaisa Ye Pyar Hai
Khwaish
Kkoi Dil Mein Hai
Kuchh Is Tara
Kuchh Jhuki Palkain
Kutumb
Kya Hadsaa Kya Haqeeqat
Kya Huaa Tera Vaada
Pyaar Ka Bandhan
Pyaar Ko Ho Jaane Do
Colors
Bairi Piya
Box Cricket League 2
Chandrakanta - Ek Mayavi Gaatha
Kavach...Kaali Shaktiyon Se
Koi Aane Ko Hai
Meri Aashiqui Tum Se Hi
Naagin (season 1)
Naagin (season 2)
Parichay - Naye Zindagi Kay Sapno Ka
Life OK
Ajeeb Dastaan Hai Yeh
Ek Thhi Naayika
Kalash - Ek Vishwaas
Mazaak Mazaak Mein
Savdhaan India
Imagine TV
Bandini
Kitani Mohabbat Hai
Kitani Mohabbat Hai 2
Sarvggun Sampanna
Channel V
Confessions of an Indian Teenager
Gumrah: End of Innocence
Gumrah (Season 2)
Gumrah (Season 3)
Gumrah (Season 4)
Gumrah (Season 5)
V The Serial
MTV India
Kitni Mast Hai Zindagi
DD National
Kayaamat
Pavitra Bandhan
Star One
Kyaa Hoga Nimmo Kaa
Pyaar Kii Ye Ek Kahaani
Sahara One
Kahi To Milenge
9X
Kahaani Hamaaray Mahaabhaarat Ki
Kahe Naa Kahe
Kya Dill Mein Hai
Zoom
Kyaa Kahein
Metro Gold
Kabhii Sautan Kabhii Sahelii
Kundali
Sony Pal
Yeh Dil Sun Raha Hai
&TV
Yeh Kahan Aa Gaye Hum
Sun TV
Kudumbbam
Kulaa Villaakku
Pasamalargal
Kelunga Mamiyare
Kanavarukaaha
Kasthuri
Kanmaneeya
Jaya TV
Kalki
[show]
v
t
e
Zee Rishtey Awards winners
2007
Aishwarya Narkar
Pratichee Mishra
Kshitee Jog
Manish Raisinghan
Alok Nath
Mohan Bhandari
Sachin Shroff
Neha Bamb
Shilpa Shinde
Ayub Khan
Nupur Joshi
Swati Shah
Amrapali Gupta
Divyanka Tripathi
Manish Naggdev
Prachi Desai
Ashwini Kalsekar
Romit Raj
Neha Bamb
Vineet Raina
Sachin Shroff
Nupur Alankar
Suchitra Bandrekar
Aruna Irani
Karuna Verma
Sharad Malhotra
Bappi Lahiri
Mauli Dave
Teen Bahuraaniyaan
2009
Savita Prabhune
Kishor Govind Mahabhole
Usha Nadkarni
Ajay Wadavkar
Rubina Dilaik
Smriti Kalra
Suhasi Goradia Dhami
Terence Lewis
Swati Anand
Roopa Ganguly
Ratan Rajput
Avinash Sachdev
Ankita Lokhande
Sushant Singh Rajput
Alok Nath
Aruna Irani
Ekta Kapoor
2010
Alok Nath
Smita Jaykar
Savita Prabhune
Kishor Govind Mahabole
Usha Nadkarni
Ajay Wadavkar
Karan Grover
Kritika Singhal
Ayub Khan
Suhasi Goradia Dhami
Trishna Vivek
Neena Gupta
Vandana Joshi
Usha Nadkarni
Swati Anand
Aruna Irani
Sudha Chandran
Pooja Pihal
Binny Sharma
Gaurav Khanna
Priyal Gor
Nishant Malkani
Abhimanyu Singh
Sushant Singh Rajput
Ankita Lokhande
Mohammad Iqbal Khan
Ekta Kapoor
2011
Savita Prabhune
Kishor Govind Mahabole
Vibha Chibber
Rajeev Verma
Jignesh Joshi
Rati Pandey
Hiten Tejwani
Suhasi Goradia Dhami
Mukul Harish
Ragini Nandwani
Jay Bhanushali
Adnan Sami
Niladri Chatterjee
Himmanshoo A. Malhotra
Vikramjeet Virk
Benaf Dadachandji
Pooja Pihal
Krutika Desai Khan
Sara Khan
Gunn Kansara
Swati Bajpai
Rubina Shergill
Deeya Chopra
Ragini Nandwani
Sumit Vats
Usha Nadkarni
Avinash Sachdev
Rubina Dilaik
Karan Grover
Ankita Lokhande
Ekta Kapoor
Pavitra Rishta
2012
Hiten Tejwani
Geeta Tyagi
Amit Singh Thakur
Vibha Chibber
Gunn Kansara
Shobha Jaiswal
Sumeet Mittal
Roopal Tyagi
Mahima Makwana
Karan Singh Grover
Nandish Sandhu
Shruti Kanwar
Rati Pandey
Ashish Sharma
Jay Bhanushali
Varun Badola
Ankit Gera
Satyam Tripathi
Usha Dixit
Prince Gupta
Faisal Khan
DID Li'l Masters 2
Ankita Lokhande
Gurmeet Chaudhary
Kratika Sengar
Rithvik Dhanjani
Asha Negi
Ekta Kapoor
Punar Vivah
2013
Savita Prabhune
Usha Nadkarni
Gautami Kapoor
Ankita Lokhande
Rajat Tokas
Surbhi Jyoti
Karan Singh Grover
Paridhi Sharma
Vikrant Massey
Ekta Kapoor
2014
Sriti Jha
Shabbir Ahluwalia
Rajat Tokas
Paridhi Sharma
Neha Marda
Ravish Desai
Surbhi Jyoti
Ravi Dubey
Nia Sharma
Vaishnavi Mahant
Shakti Singh
Himanshu Soni
Aakarshan Singh
Yashpal Sharma
Mohit Malik
Achint Kaur
Shruti Ulfat
Mugdha Chaphekar
2015
Drashti Dhami
Sriti Jha
Zain Imam
Shiny Doshi
Jasmin Bhasin
Ravi Dubey
Sidhant Gupta
Siddhant Karnick
Ankush Arora
Sid Makkar
Shabbir Ahluwalia
Achint Kaur
Shagun Ajmani
Anita Raj
Vaishnavi Mahant
Farhan Akhtar
Ankitta Sharma
Punit Pathak
Farida Jalal
Fenil Umrigar
Simran Pareenja
Surbhi Jyoti
Additi Gupta
Jamai Raja
Kumkum Bhagya
2016
Sriti Jha
Shabbir Ahluwalia
Krystle D'Souza
Divyanka Tripathi
Kamya Punjabi
Sudeep Sahir
Disha Parmar
Riddhi Dogra
Eisha Singh
Mouli Ganguly
Ravi Dubey
Sukirti Kandpal
Aditya Narayan
Sonali Bendre
Vivek Oberoi
Sajid Khan
Tripta Lakhanpal
Karan Vohra
Sameeksha Jaiswal
Kirandeep Sharma
Leena Jumani
Badho Bahu
Zindagi Ki Mehek
Kumkum Bhagya
[show]
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History of the potato
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This article's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. Please discuss this issue on the article's talk page. (July 2017)
Potato ceramic from the Moche culture (Larco Museum Collection).
The potato was first domesticated in the region of modern-day southern Peru and extreme northwestern Bolivia[1] between 8000 and 5000 BC.[2] It has since spread around the world and become a staple crop in many countries.
Contents
[hide]
1 History by region
1.1 South America
1.2 Europe
1.3 Africa
1.4 Asia
1.5 North America
2 See also
3 References
4 Further reading
5 External links
History by region[edit]
South America[edit]
Cultivation of potatoes in South America may go back 10,000 years,[3] yet the tubers do not preserve well in archaeological record, and there are problems with exact identification of those that are found.
The earliest archaeologically verified potato tuber remains have been found at the coastal site of Ancón (central Peru), dating to 2500 BC.[4] Potatoes dating to about 2000 BC have been found at Huaynuma, in the Casma Valley of Peru,[5] and early potatoes dating to 800-500 BC were also uncovered at the Altiplano site of Chiripa on the east side of Lake Titicaca.[6][7]
In the Altiplano, potatoes provided the principal energy source for the Inca Empire, its predecessors, and its Spanish successor. In Bolivia and Peru above 10,000 feet altitude, tubers exposed to the cold night air turned into chuño;[8] when kept in permanently frozen underground storehouses, chuño can be stored for years with no loss of nutritional value. The Spanish fed chuño to the silver miners who produced vast wealth in the 16th century for the Spanish government.[2]
Potato was the staple food of most Pre‑Columbian Mapuches, "specially in the southern and coastal [Mapuche] territories where maize did not reach maturity".[9]
Europe[edit]
Further information: Columbian exchange
Sailors returning from the Andes to Spain with silver presumably brought maize and potatoes for their own food on the trip.[10] Historians speculate that leftover tubers (and maize) were carried ashore and planted: "We think that the potato arrived some years before the end of the 16th century, by two different ports of entry: the first, logically, in Spain around 1570, and the second via the British Isles between 1588 and 1593 ... we find traces of the transport of potatoes travelling from the Canaries to Antwerp in 1567 ... we can say that the potato was introduced there [the Canary islands] from South America around 1562 ... the first written mention of the potato [is] ... a receipt for delivery dated 28 November 1567 between Las Palmas in the Grand Canaries and Antwerp."[11]
Europeans in South America were aware of the potato by the mid-16th century, but refused to eat the plant.[12] In 1553, in the book Crónica del Peru, Pedro Cieza de León mentions he saw it in Quito, Popayán and Pasto in 1538. Basque fishermen from Spain used potatoes as ships' stores for their voyages across the Atlantic in the 16th century, and introduced the tuber to western Ireland, where they landed to dry their cod. The English privateer Sir Francis Drake, returning from his circumnavigation, or Sir Walter Raleigh's employee Thomas Harriot[13] are commonly credited with introducing potatoes into England. In 1588, botanist Carolus Clusius made a painting of what he called "Papas Peruanorum" from a specimen in the Low Countries; in 1601 he reported that potatoes were in common use in northern Italy for animal fodder and for human consumption.[14]
The potato first spread in Europe for non-food purposes. It was first eaten on the continent at a Seville hospital in 1573. After Philip II received potatoes from Peru, he sent harvested tubers to the pope, who sent them to the papal ambassador to the Netherlands because he was ill. Clusius indirectly received his tubers from the ambassador; he planted them in Vienna, Frankfurt, and Leyden, and is the person who widely introduced the plant to Europe. It was grown for flowers by Rudolph Jakob Camerarius (1588) and others; John Gerard added the first printed picture of the potato to Herball (1597), although he thought that the plant was native to Virginia.[12]
The Spanish had an empire across Europe, and brought potatoes for their armies. Peasants along the way adopted the crop, which was less often pillaged by marauding armies than above-ground stores of grain. Across most of Northern Europe, where open fields prevailed, potatoes were strictly confined to small garden plots because field agriculture was strictly governed by custom that prescribed seasonal rhythms for plowing, sowing, harvesting and grazing animals on fallow and stubble. This meant that potatoes were barred from large-scale cultivation because the rules allowed only grain to be planted in the open fields.[15] People feared that it was poisonous like other plants the potato was often grown with in herb gardens, and distrusted a plant, nicknamed "the devil's apples", that grew underground.[12] In France and Germany government officials and noble landowners promoted the rapid conversion of fallow land into potato fields after 1750. The potato thus became an important staple crop in northern Europe. Famines in the early 1770s contributed to its acceptance, as did government policies in several European countries and climate change during the Little Ice Age, when traditional crops in this region did not produce as reliably as before.[12][16][17] At times and places when and where most other crops failed, potatoes could still typically be relied upon to contribute adequately to food supplies during colder years.[18]
Antoine Parmentier holding New World plants, François Dumont 1812
In France, at the end of the 16th century, the potato had been introduced to the Franche-Comté, the Vosges of Lorraine and Alsace. By the end of the 18th century it was written in the 1785 edition of Bon Jardinier: "There is no vegetable about which so much has been written and so much enthusiasm has been shown ... The poor should be quite content with this foodstuff."[19] It had widely replaced the turnip and rutabaga by the 19th century.[20]
French physician Antoine Parmentier studied the potato intensely and in Examen chymique des pommes de terres ("Chemical examination of potatoes") (Paris, 1774) showed their enormous nutritional value. King Louis XVI and his court eagerly promoted the new crop, with Queen Marie Antoinette even wearing a headdress of potato flowers at a fancy dress ball. The annual potato crop of France soared to 21 million hectoliters[clarification needed] in 1815 and 117 million in 1840, allowing a concomitant growth in population while avoiding the Malthusian trap. Although potatoes had become widely familiar in Russia by 1800, they were confined to garden plots until the grain failure in 1838–39 persuaded peasants and landlords in central and northern Russia to devote their fallow fields to raising potatoes. Potatoes yielded from two to four times more calories per acre than grain did, and eventually came to dominate the food supply in Eastern Europe. Boiled or baked potatoes were cheaper than rye bread, just as nutritious, and did not require a gristmill for grinding. On the other hand, cash-oriented landlords realised that grain was much easier to ship, store and sell, so both grain and potatoes coexisted.[21]
King Frederick the Great of Prussia, a potato proponent, inspects an early harvest. (Robert Warthmüller, 1886)
In the German lands, Frederick the Great, king of Prussia, strove successfully to overcome farmers' skepticism about the potato, and in 1756 he issued an official proclamation mandating its cultivation. This Kartoffelbefehl (potato order) termed the unfamiliar tuber "a very nutritious food supplement." Frederick was sometimes known as the Kartoffelkönig ("potato king").
Throughout Europe, the most important new food in the 19th century was the potato, which had three major advantages over other foods for the consumer: its lower rate of spoilage, its bulk (which easily satisfied hunger) and its cheapness. The crop slowly spread across Europe, such that, for example, by 1845 it occupied one-third of Irish arable land.[citation needed] Potatoes comprised about 10% of the caloric intake of Europeans.[citation needed] Along with several other foods that either originated in the Americas or were successfully grown or harvested there, potatoes sustained European populations.[22]
In Britain, the potato promoted economic development by underpinning the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century. It served as a cheap source of calories and nutrients that was easy for urban workers to cultivate on small backyard plots. Potatoes became popular in the north of England, where coal was readily available, so a potato-driven population boom provided ample workers for the new factories. Marxist Friedrich Engels even declared that the potato was the equal of iron for its "historically revolutionary role".[14] The Dutch potato-starch industry grew rapidly in the 19th century, especially under the leadership of entrepreneur Willem Albert Scholten (1819–92).[23]
In Ireland, the expansion of potato cultivation was due entirely to the landless labourers, renting tiny plots from landowners who were interested only in raising cattle or in producing grain for market. A single acre of potatoes and the milk of a single cow was enough to feed a whole Irish family a monotonous but nutritionally adequate diet for a healthy, vigorous (and desperately poor) rural population. Often even poor families grew enough extra potatoes to feed a pig that they could sell for cash.[24]
A lack of genetic diversity from the low number of varieties left the crop vulnerable to disease. In the early 1800s, a strain of potato blight (Phytophthora infestans) known as HERB-1 began to spread in the Americas, especially Central and North America destroying many crops. The blight spread to Europe in the 1840s where, because of an extreme lack of genetic diversity, the potato crops were even more susceptible. In Northern Europe there were major crop losses lasting throughout the rest of the 19th century. Ireland in particular, because of the extreme dependence of the poor, especially western Ireland, on this single staple crop, was devastated by the blight's arrival in 1845.[25][26]
The Lumper potato, widely cultivated in western and southern Ireland before and during the Great Famine, was bland, wet and poorly resistant to the potato blight, but yielded large crops and usually provided adequate calories for peasants and labourers. Heavy dependence on this potato led to disaster when the blight quickly turned harvest-ready and newly harvested potatoes into a putrid mush. The Irish Famine in the western and southern parts of Ireland between 1845–49 was a catastrophic failure in the food supply that led to approximately a million deaths from famine and (especially) diseases that attacked weakened bodies, and to massive emigration to Britain, the U.S., Canada and elsewhere.[27] During the famine years roughly one million Irish emigrated; this tide was not turned until the 20th century, when Ireland's population stood at less than half of the pre-famine level of 8 million.
Africa[edit]
It is generally believed that potatoes entered Africa with colonists, who consumed them as a vegetable rather than as a staple starch.[28] Shipping records from 1567 show that the first place outside of Central and South America where potatoes were grown were the Canary Islands.[29] As in other continents, despite its advantages as an anti-famine, high-elevation alternative to grain, potatoes were first resisted by local farmers who believed they were poisonous. Colonialists also promoted them as a low cost food and so it was a symbol of domination. In former European colonies of Africa, potatoes were initially consumed only occasionally, but increased production made them a staple in certain areas. Potatoes tended to become more popular in wartime due to their being able to be stored in the ground. It was well established as a crop by the mid-20th century [17] and in present-day Africa they have become a vegetable or co-staple crop.[28]
In higher regions of Rwanda, potatoes have become a new staple food crop. Prior to the 1994 Rwandan genocide, consumption was as high as 153 to 200 kg per year – higher than in any Western European country. Recently farmers have developed the potato as a cash crop after introducing several new varieties brought back by migrant laborers from Uganda and other varieties from Kenya.[28]
Asia[edit]
The potato diffused widely after 1600, becoming a major food resource in Europe and East Asia. Following its introduction into China toward the end of the Ming dynasty, the potato immediately became a delicacy of the imperial family. After the middle period of the Qianlong era (1735–96) in the Qing dynasty, population increases and a subsequent need to increase grain yields coupled with greater peasant geographic mobility led to the rapid spread of potato cultivation throughout China, and it was acclimated to local natural conditions.
Boomgaard (2003) looks at the adoption of various root and tuber crops in Indonesia throughout the colonial period and examines the chronology and reasons for progressive adoption of foreign crops: sweet potato, Irish potato, bengkuang (yam beans), and cassava.
Edward Terry mentioned the potato in his travel accounts of the banquet at Ajmer by Asaph Khan to Sir Thomas Roe, the British Ambassador in 1675. It is the earliest mention in history of India[clarification needed]. The vegetables gardens of Surat and Karnataka had potatoes as mentioned in Fyer's travel record of 1675. The Portuguese introduced potatoes, which they called 'Batata', to India in the early seventeenth century when they cultivated it along the western coast. British traders introduced potatoes to Bengal as a root crop, 'Alu'. By the end of the 18th century, it was cultivated across northern hill areas of India.[17] Potatoes were introduced to Tibet by the 19th century through trade route from India.[30]
The potato was introduced to the Philippines during the late 16th century, and to Java and China during the 17th century.[citation needed]
North America[edit]
Potato harvest in Idaho, circa 1920
Early colonists in Virginia and the Carolinas may have grown potatoes from seeds or tubers from Spanish ships, but the earliest certain potato crop in North America was in Londonderry, New Hampshire in 1719. The plants were from Ireland, so the crop became known as the "Irish potato".[12] Potatoes were planted in Idaho as early as 1838; by 1900 the state's production exceeded a million bushels (about 27,000 tonnes[32]). Prior to 1910, the crops were stored in barns or root cellars, but, by the 1920s, potato cellars or barns came into use. U.S. potato production has increased steadily; two-thirds of the crop comes from Idaho, Washington, Oregon, Colorado, and Maine, and potato growers have strengthened their position in both domestic and foreign markets.
By the 1960s, the Canadian Potato Research Centre in Fredericton, New Brunswick, was one of the top six potato research institutes in the world. Established in 1912 as a Dominion Experimental Station, the station began in the 1930s to concentrate on breeding new varieties of disease-resistant potatoes. In the 1950s–1960s, the growth of the French fry industry in New Brunswick led to a focus on developing varieties for the industry. By the 1970s, the station's potato research was broader than ever before, but the station and its research programs had changed, as emphasis was placed on serving industry rather than potato farmers in general. Scientists at the station even began describing their work using engineering language rather than scientific prose.[33] Potatoes are Canada's most important vegetable crop; they are grown commercially in all its provinces, led by Prince Edward Island.[34] In modern days potatoes have grown in popularity due to their versatility and ability to be used for many different dishes of food.
See also[edit]
Food portal
History portal
Food history
Highland Potato Famine
European Potato Failure
History of agriculture
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Spooner, DM; et al. (2005). "A single domestication for potato based on multilocus amplified fragment length polymorphism genotyping". PNAS. 102 (41): 14694–99. doi:10.1073/pnas.0507400102. PMC 1253605  . PMID 16203994.
^ Jump up to: a b Office of International Affairs, Lost Crops of the Incas: Little-Known Plants of the Andes with Promise for Worldwide Cultivation (1989) online
Jump up ^ David R. Harris, Gordon C. Hillman, Foraging and Farming: The Evolution of Plant Exploitation. Routledge, 2014 ISBN 1317598296 p496
Jump up ^ Martins-Farias 1976; Moseley 1975
Jump up ^ Ugent D., S. Pozorski and T. Pozorski. 1982. Archaeological potato tuber remains from the Casma Valley of Peru. Econ. Bot. 36:182-192
Jump up ^ Erickson 1977: 6
Jump up ^ David R. Harris, Gordon C. Hillman, Foraging and Farming: The Evolution of Plant Exploitation. Routledge, 2014 ISBN 1317598296 p495
Jump up ^ Global Facilitation Unit for Underutilized Species. Andean Native Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum subsp. andigena) (PDF). p. 5. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
Jump up ^ Bengoa, José (2003). Historia de los antiguos mapuches del sur (in Spanish). Santiago: Catalonia. pp. 199–200. ISBN 956-8303-02-2.
Jump up ^ Ames, Mercedes; Spooner, David (2008). "DNA from herbarium specimens settles a controversy about origins of the European potato". American Journal of Botany. 95 (2): 252–257. doi:10.3732/ajb.95.2.252. PMID 21632349. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
Jump up ^ Histoires de légumes by M. Pitrat and C. Foury, Institut National de la recherche agronomique, 2003, p. 164
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Ley, Willy (February 1968). "The Devil's Apples". For Your Information. Galaxy Science Fiction. pp. 118–125.
Jump up ^ "Sir Walter Raleigh – American colonies". Archived from the original on 26 May 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b John Reader, John. Propitious Esculent: The Potato in World History (2008)
Jump up ^ McNeill William H (1999). "How the Potato Changed the World's History". Social Research. 66 (1): 67–83.
Jump up ^ Wilhelm Abel (1986). Agricultural Fluctuations in Europe: From the Thirteenth to the Twentieth Centuries. Taylor and Francis. ISBN 0-312-01465-1.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Columbus's Contribution to World Population and Urbanization: A Natural Experiment Examining the Introduction of Potatoes" (PDF). Harvard University. Retrieved 8 January 2009.
Jump up ^ John Reader, Propitious Esculent: The Potato in World History (2008)
Jump up ^ "Histoires de légumes" by M. Pitrat and C. Foury, Institut National de la recherche agronomique, 2003, p. 167
Jump up ^ von Bremzen, p. 322
Jump up ^ William L. Langer, "American Foods and Europe's Population Growth 1750–1850", Journal of Social History, 8#2 (1975), pp. 51–66
Jump up ^ John Komlos, "The New World's Contribution to Food Consumption During the Industrial Revolution." Journal of European Economic History 1998 27(1): 67–82. ISSN 0391-5115
Jump up ^ Dorien Knaap, The W.A. Scholtencompany: the first Dutch industrial multinational, Summary of dissertation, University of Groningen, 2004 "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-25. Retrieved 2012-08-22.
Jump up ^ McNeill William H (1948). "The Introduction of the Potato into Ireland". Journal of Modern History. 21 (3): 218–21. doi:10.1086/237272. JSTOR 1876068.
Jump up ^ Maranzani, Barbara (21 May 2013). "After 168 Years, Potato Famine Mystery Solved". History.com.
Jump up ^ Cormac Ó Gráda, Black '47 and Beyond: The Great Irish Famine in History, Economy, and Memory. (1999).
Jump up ^ Cormac Ó Gráda, et al. When the Potato Failed: Causes and Effects of the Last European Subsistence Crisis, 1845–1850. (2007)
^ Jump up to: a b c "The Cambridge World History of Food- Potatoes (White)". Cambridge.org. 10 June 1994. Archived from the original on 26 December 2005. Retrieved 19 December 2010.
Jump up ^ Sarah C. P. Williams (15 May 2007). "The Secret History of the Potato – ScienceNOW". sciencemag.org. Retrieved 19 December 2010.
Jump up ^ Vinod Chandra Srivastava (2008). History of Agriculture in India, Up to C. 1200 A.D. Concept Publishing Company. p. 150. ISBN 978-81-8069-521-6.
Jump up ^ Kemble, Joseph (February 1997). "Containers and Weights of Commercial Fruits, Nuts, and Vegetables". The Alabama Cooperative Extension System. Retrieved 11 March 2010.
Jump up ^ Using 60 pounds per bushel, as given by the Alabama Cooperative Extension System[31]
Jump up ^ Steven Turner, and Heather Molyneaux, "Agricultural Science, Potato Breeding and the Fredericton Experimental Station, 1912–66." Acadiensis 2004 33(2): 44–67. ISSN 0044-5851
Jump up ^ "Potatoes in Canada". Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. Retrieved 29 June 2010.
Further reading[edit]
Salaman, Redcliffe N; W. G Burton; J. G Hawkes (1985). The history and social influence of the potato. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521077835.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Potato.
How the Potato Changed the World
The Secret History of the Potato
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