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Market structure
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In economics, market structure is a descriptive organizational term for discussing the economics of the market and other characteristics of a market.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Types
3 Elements and concerns
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
See also: Laissez-faire
Market structure has historically emerged in two separate types of discussions in economics, that of Adam Smith on the one hand, and that of Karl Marx on the other hand. Adam Smith in his writing on economics stressed the importance of laissez-faire principles outlining the operation of the market in the absence of dominant political mechanisms of control, while Karl Marx discussed the working of the market in the presence of a controlled economy sometimes referred to as a command economy in the literature. Both types of market structure have been in historical evidence throughout the twentieth century and twenty-first century.
Types[edit]
The discussion of market structure in free economies as described by Adam Smith is often qualified or discussed in terms of patterns of market organization which serve the buyers and sellers in any particular form of the marketplace. Some types of market structure may be described using several recurrent types of descriptive organizational mechanism which may or may not dominate any particular market over time or at particular points in time, such as;
1. Monopolistic competition, a type of imperfect competition such that many producers sell products or services that are differentiated from one another (e.g. by branding or quality) and hence are not perfect substitutes. In monopolistic competition, a firm takes the prices charged by its rivals as given and ignores the impact of its own prices on the prices of other. This market structure exists when there are multiple sellers who are attempting to seem different than each other.
2. Oligopoly, in which a market is run by a small number of firms that together control the majority of the market share.
Duopoly, a special case of an oligopoly with two firms.
Monopsony, when there is only a single buyer in a market.
Oligopsony, a market where many sellers can be present but meet only a few buyers.
3. Monopoly, where there is only one provider of a product or service.
Natural monopoly, a monopoly in which economies of scale cause efficiency to increase continuously with the size of the firm. A firm is a natural monopoly if it is able to serve the entire market demand at a lower cost than any combination of two or more smaller, more specialized firms.
4. Perfect competition, a theoretical market structure that features low barriers to entry, identical products with no differentiation, an unlimited number of producers and consumers, and a perfectly elastic demand curve.[1]
Elements and concerns[edit]
The imperfectly competitive structure is quite identical to the realistic market conditions where some monopolistic competitors, monopolists, oligopolists, and duopolists exist and dominate the market conditions. The elements of Market Structure include the number and size distribution of firms, entry conditions, and the extent of differentiation.
These somewhat abstract concerns tend to determine some but not all details of a specific concrete market system where buyers and sellers actually meet and commit to trade. Competition is useful because it reveals actual customer demand and induces the seller (operator) to provide service quality levels and price levels that buyers (customers) want, typically subject to the seller’s financial need to cover its costs. In other words, competition can align the seller’s interests with the buyer’s interests and can cause the seller to reveal his true costs and other private information. In the absence of perfect competition, three basic approaches can be adopted to deal with problems related to the control of market power and an asymmetry between the government and the operator with respect to objectives and information: (a) subjecting the operator to competitive pressures, (b) gathering information on the operator and the market, and (c) applying incentive regulation.[2]
Quick Reference to Basic Market Structures
Market Structure
Seller Entry Barriers
Seller Number
Buyer Entry Barriers
Buyer Number
Perfect Competition No Many No Many
Monopolistic competition No Many No Many
Monopoly Yes One No Many
Duopoly Yes Two No Many
Oligopoly Yes Few No Many
Monopsony No Many Yes One
Oligopsony No Many Yes Few
The correct sequence of the market structure from most to least competitive is perfect competition, imperfect competition, oligopoly, and pure monopoly.
The main criteria by which one can distinguish between different market structures are: the number and size of producers and consumers in the market, the type of goods and services being traded, and the degree to which information can flow freely.
See also[edit]
Industrial organization
Microeconomics
Economics
Herfindahl index
Structure-conduct-performance paradigm
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "AP Economics Review: 4 Market Structures". ReviewEcon.com. 2016-09-10.
Jump up ^ Body of Knowledge on Infrastructure Regulation “Market Structure: Introduction.”
External links[edit]
Library resources about
Market structure
Resources in your library
Microeconomics by Elmer G. Wiens: Online Interactive Models of Oligopoly, Differentiated Oligopoly, and Monopolistic Competition
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text:
List of National Basketball Association retired jersey numbers
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Lakers retired jerseys hanging inside the Staples Center.
As a way to honor key contributors including players, coaches, fans, broadcasters and announcers, National Basketball Association (NBA) teams often retire their jersey numbers, win totals or microphones. In the case of jersey numbers, they are usually no longer available for future players to wear, although they can ask for permission from players whose jerseys are retired. Teams usually display these numbers by hanging banners on the rafters inside their home arena. Currently, four teams (Los Angeles Clippers, Oklahoma City Thunder, Orlando Magic and Toronto Raptors) do not have any retired numbers.
Contents
[hide]
1 List
1.1 Honored numbers
2 Notes
3 References
4 External links
List[edit]
Elected to the Basketball Hall of Fame
No.
Name
Team
Pos.
Years with franchise
Note
Refs
7000900000000000000♠9 Pettit, BobBob Pettit Atlanta Hawks F 1954–1965 Did not play for franchise in Atlanta. Played in Milwaukee during rookie season of 1954–55, then remainder of career in St. Louis. [1]
7001210000000000000♠21 Wilkins, DominiqueDominique Wilkins Atlanta Hawks F 1982–1994 Currently team vice president and television color analyst. [1]
7001230000000000000♠23 Hudson, LouLou Hudson Atlanta Hawks F 1966–1977 The team was in St. Louis in his first two seasons (1966–1968). [1]
7001440000000000000♠44 Maravich, PetePete Maravich Atlanta Hawks G 1970–1974
7001550000000000000♠55 Mutombo, DikembeDikembe Mutombo Atlanta Hawks C 1996–2001
7001590000000000000♠59 Reed, KasimKasim Reed Atlanta Hawks — 2010–2018 As mayor of Atlanta. Number represents his status as the 59th mayor of the city.
7002999000000000000♠— Turner, TedTed Turner Atlanta Hawks — 1977–2001 As team owner. While the team presented Turner a framed Hawks jersey with No. 17, the banner raised to the rafters carried an old Hawks logo with Turner's name instead of a number. [2]
5000000000000000000♠00 Parish, RobertRobert Parish Boston Celtics C 1980–1994 [3]
7000100000000000000♠1 Brown, Walter A.Walter A. Brown Boston Celtics — 1946–1964 As team founder–owner. [3]
7000200000000000000♠2 Auerbach, RedRed Auerbach Boston Celtics — 1950–2006 As head coach (1950–1966) and executive (1950–2006). [3]
7000300000000000000♠3 Johnson, DennisDennis Johnson Boston Celtics G 1983–1990 Served as assistant coach from 1993–1997. [3]
7000600000000000000♠6 Russell, BillBill Russell Boston Celtics C 1956–1969 Also served as head coach (1966–1969). [3]
7001100000000000000♠10 White, Jo JoJo Jo White Boston Celtics G 1969–1979 [3]
7001140000000000000♠14 Cousy, BobBob Cousy Boston Celtics G 1950–1963 Later served as team ambassador and color analyst. [3]
7001150000000000000♠15 Heinsohn, TomTom Heinsohn Boston Celtics F 1956–1965 Also served as head coach (1969–1978); as broadcaster (1980–present). [3]
7001160000000000000♠16 Sanders, SatchSatch Sanders Boston Celtics F 1960–1973 Also served as head coach (1978). [3]
7001170000000000000♠17 Havlicek, JohnJohn Havlicek Boston Celtics F 1962–1978 [3]
7001180000000000000♠18 Cowens, DaveDave Cowens Boston Celtics C 1970–1980 Also served as head coach (1978–1979). [3]
7001190000000000000♠19 Nelson, DonDon Nelson Boston Celtics F 1965–1976 [3]
7001210000000000000♠21 Sharman, BillBill Sharman Boston Celtics G 1951–1961 [3]
7001220000000000000♠22 Macauley, EdEd Macauley Boston Celtics C 1950–1956 [3]
7001230000000000000♠23 Ramsey, FrankFrank Ramsey Boston Celtics F 1954–1964 Did not play in the 1955–56 season due to military service. [3]
7001240000000000000♠24 Jones, SamSam Jones Boston Celtics G 1957–1969 [3]
7001250000000000000♠25 Jones, K. C.K. C. Jones Boston Celtics G 1958–1967 Also served as head coach (1983–1988). [3]
7001310000000000000♠31 Maxwell, CedricCedric Maxwell Boston Celtics F 1977–1985 Also served as broadcaster (2001–present); briefly wore No. 30 in 1977–78. [3]
7001320000000000000♠32 McHale, KevinKevin McHale Boston Celtics F 1980–1993 [3]
7001330000000000000♠33 Bird, LarryLarry Bird Boston Celtics F 1979–1992 [3]
7001340000000000000♠34 Pierce, PaulPaul Pierce Boston Celtics F 1998–2013
7001350000000000000♠35 Lewis, ReggieReggie Lewis Boston Celtics G 1987–1993 Died of a heart attack while still playing for the team; number retired posthumously. [3]
LOSCY[1] Loscutoff, JimJim Loscutoff Boston Celtics F 1955–1964 Wore No. 18 but decided to keep it active; number ultimately retired for Dave Cowens. [3]
Most, JohnnyJohnny Most Boston Celtics — 1953–1990 As broadcaster. [3]
7000300000000000000♠3 Petrovic, DrazenDražen Petrović Brooklyn Nets G 1991–1993 Died in a car crash while playing for the team; with the team when it was known as the New Jersey Nets.[4] His jersey was retired posthumously. [5]
7000500000000000000♠5 Kidd, JasonJason Kidd Brooklyn Nets G 2001–2008 The team was then the New Jersey Nets.
Also served as head coach (2013–2014). [5]
7001230000000000000♠23 Williamson, JohnJohn Williamson Brooklyn Nets G 1973–1980 During his first four seasons (1973–1977), the team was on Long Island and known as the New York Nets; for the rest of his career with the team, it was the New Jersey Nets. [5]
7001250000000000000♠25 Melchionni, BillBill Melchionni Brooklyn Nets G 1969–1976 The team was then on Long Island as the New York Nets. [5]
7001320000000000000♠32 Erving, JuliusJulius Erving Brooklyn Nets F 1973–1976 The team was then on Long Island as the New York Nets. [5]
7001520000000000000♠52 Williams, BuckBuck Williams Brooklyn Nets F 1981–1989 The team was then the New Jersey Nets. [5]
7001130000000000000♠13 Phills, BobbyBobby Phills Charlotte Hornets G 1997–2000 Died in a car crash while playing for the original incarnation of the team. His jersey was retired posthumously.
7000400000000000000♠4 Sloan, JerryJerry Sloan Chicago Bulls G 1966–1976 Also served as head coach (1979–1982). [6]
7001100000000000000♠10 Love, BobBob Love Chicago Bulls F 1968–1976 [6]
7001230000000000000♠23 Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan Chicago Bulls G 1984–1993
1995–1998 Briefly wore No. 45 in 1995 & 12 for one game in 1990 (due to his jersey stolen). [7]
7001330000000000000♠33 Pippen, ScottieScottie Pippen Chicago Bulls F 1987–1998
2003–2004 [7]
7002999000000000000♠— Jackson, PhilPhil Jackson[2] Chicago Bulls — 1989–1998 As head coach (1989–1998). [8]
7002999000000000000♠— Krause, JerryJerry Krause[2] Chicago Bulls — 1985–2003 As general manager (1985–2003). [8]
7000700000000000000♠7 Smith, BingoBingo Smith Cleveland Cavaliers F 1970–1979 [9]
7001110000000000000♠11 Ilgauskas, ZydrunasZydrunas Ilgauskas Cleveland Cavaliers C 1997–2010 Did not play in 1999–2000 season due to injury. [9]
7001220000000000000♠22 Nance, LarryLarry Nance Cleveland Cavaliers F 1988–1994 Briefly wore No. 6 in 1988.
Number unretired for his son Larry Nance Jr. since 2018.
[9]
7001250000000000000♠25 Price, MarkMark Price Cleveland Cavaliers G 1986–1995 [9]
7001340000000000000♠34 Carr, AustinAustin Carr Cleveland Cavaliers G 1971–1980 [9]
7001420000000000000♠42 Thurmond, NateNate Thurmond Cleveland Cavaliers C 1975–1977 [9]
7001430000000000000♠43 Daugherty, BradBrad Daugherty Cleveland Cavaliers C 1986–1994 [9]
Tait, JoeJoe Tait Cleveland Cavaliers — 1970–1981
1983–2011 As broadcaster. [9]
7001120000000000000♠12 Harper, DerekDerek Harper Dallas Mavericks G 1983–1994
1996–1997
7001150000000000000♠15 Davis, BradBrad Davis Dallas Mavericks G 1980–1992 [10]
7001220000000000000♠22 Blackman, RolandoRolando Blackman Dallas Mavericks G 1981–1992 [10]
7000200000000000000♠2 English, AlexAlex English Denver Nuggets F 1980–1990 [11]
7001120000000000000♠12 Lever, FatFat Lever Denver Nuggets G 1984–1990
7001330000000000000♠33 Thompson, DavidDavid Thompson Denver Nuggets F 1975–1982 [11]
7001400000000000000♠40 Beck, ByronByron Beck Denver Nuggets C 1967–1977 [11]
7001440000000000000♠44 Issel, DanDan Issel Denver Nuggets C 1975–1985 Worked a variety roles in the Nuggets organization after retirement, including broadcaster (1988–1992), head coach (1992–1995, 1999–2001), and president/general manager (1998–1999) [11]
7001550000000000000♠55 Mutombo, DikembeDikembe Mutombo Denver Nuggets C 1991–1996 [12]
7002432000000000000♠432 Moe, DougDoug Moe Denver Nuggets — 1980–1990 As head coach; the number represents his 432 victories coaching the Nuggets. [11]
7000100000000000000♠1 Billups, ChaunceyChauncey Billups Detroit Pistons G 2002–2008
2013–2014 Number worn by Reggie Jackson at the time of the announcement, and is allowed to keep the number.
7000200000000000000♠2 Daly, ChuckChuck Daly Detroit Pistons — 1983–1992 As head coach; the number represents the two NBA championship teams he coached. [13]
7000300000000000000♠3 Wallace, BenBen Wallace Detroit Pistons C 2000–2006
2009–2012 Number worn by Stanley Johnson at the time of the announcement; switched to No. 7 before the 2016–17 season out of respect to Wallace.
Also wore No. 6 from 2009–2012.
7000400000000000000♠4 Dumars, JoeJoe Dumars Detroit Pistons G 1985–1999 Also served as team president (2000–2014). [13]
7001100000000000000♠10 Rodman, DennisDennis Rodman Detroit Pistons F 1986–1993 Greg Monroe wore the number at the time of the announcement, and was allowed to wear it until his departure in 2015. [13][14]
7001110000000000000♠11 Thomas, IsiahIsiah Thomas Detroit Pistons G 1981–1994 Wore No. 42 for one playoff game in 1985 (due to his jersey stolen). [13]
7001150000000000000♠15 Johnson, VinnieVinnie Johnson Detroit Pistons G 1981–1991 [13]
7001160000000000000♠16 Lanier, BobBob Lanier Detroit Pistons C 1970–1980 [13]
7001210000000000000♠21 Bing, DaveDave Bing Detroit Pistons G 1966–1975 Served as the mayor of Detroit (2009–2013) [13]
7001320000000000000♠32 Hamilton, RichardRichard Hamilton Detroit Pistons G/F 2002–2011
7001400000000000000♠40 Laimbeer, BillBill Laimbeer Detroit Pistons C 1982–1993 [13]
7002999000000000000♠— Davidson, WilliamWilliam Davidson Detroit Pistons — 1974–2009 As team owner. [13]
7002999000000000000♠— McCloskey, JackJack McCloskey Detroit Pistons — 1979–1992 As general manager. [13]
7001130000000000000♠13 Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain Golden State Warriors C 1959–1965 Team was in Philadelphia 1959–1962 and in San Francisco 1962–1965. Only player to have the same number retired by three different teams (Golden State, L.A. Lakers and Philadelphia) [15]
7001140000000000000♠14 Meschery, TomTom Meschery Golden State Warriors F 1961–1967 Team was in Philadelphia 1961–1962 and San Francisco 1962–1967. [15]
7001160000000000000♠16 Attles, AlAl Attles Golden State Warriors G 1960–1971 Also served as head coach (1969–1983). [15]
7001170000000000000♠17 Mullin, ChrisChris Mullin Golden State Warriors SG/SF 1985–1997
2000–2001 Also served as Executive Vice President of Basketball Operations (2004–2009). [15]
7001240000000000000♠24 Barry, RickRick Barry Golden State Warriors F 1965–1967
1972–1978 [15]
7001420000000000000♠42 Thurmond, NateNate Thurmond Golden State Warriors C 1963–1974 Team bore the San Francisco name 1963–1971 before adopting the Golden State name starting with the 1971–72 season. [15]
7001110000000000000♠11 Yao Ming Houston Rockets C 2002–2011
7001220000000000000♠22 Drexler, ClydeClyde Drexler Houston Rockets G 1995–1998 Also served as broadcaster (2005–present). [16]
7001230000000000000♠23 Murphy, CalvinCalvin Murphy Houston Rockets G 1970–1983 Also served as broadcaster (1985–2004). [16]
7001240000000000000♠24 Malone, MosesMoses Malone Houston Rockets C 1976–1982 Wore No. 21 during the 1976–1977 season. [16]
7001340000000000000♠34 Olajuwon, HakeemHakeem Olajuwon Houston Rockets C 1984–2001 [16]
7001450000000000000♠45 Tomjanovich, RudyRudy Tomjanovich Houston Rockets F 1970–1981 Also served as head coach (1991–2003). [16]
CD Dawson, CarrollCarroll Dawson[3] Houston Rockets — 1980–2007 As assistant coach (1980–1995) and general manager (1995–2007). [17]
7001300000000000000♠30 McGinnis, GeorgeGeorge McGinnis Indiana Pacers F 1971–1975
1980–1982
7001310000000000000♠31 Miller, ReggieReggie Miller Indiana Pacers G 1987–2005
7001340000000000000♠34 Daniels, MelMel Daniels Indiana Pacers C 1967–1974
7001350000000000000♠35 Brown, RogerRoger Brown Indiana Pacers F 1967–1974
7002529000000000000♠529 Leonard, BobbyBobby Leonard Indiana Pacers — 1968–1980 As head coach; the number represents his 529 victories coaching the Pacers.
7000800000000000000♠8 Bryant, KobeKobe Bryant Los Angeles Lakers G 1996–2006 Only player to have two numbers retired by the same team.
7001130000000000000♠13 Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain Los Angeles Lakers C 1968–1973 Only player to have the same number retired by three different teams (Golden State, L.A. Lakers and Philadelphia)
7001220000000000000♠22 Baylor, ElginElgin Baylor Los Angeles Lakers F 1958–1971 The team was in Minneapolis in his first two seasons (1958–1960).
7001240000000000000♠24 Bryant, KobeKobe Bryant Los Angeles Lakers G 2006–2016 Only player to have two numbers retired by the same team.
7001250000000000000♠25 Goodrich, GailGail Goodrich Los Angeles Lakers G 1965–1968
1970–1976 Wore No. 11 from 1965–1968.
7001320000000000000♠32 Johnson, Earvin "Magic"Earvin "Magic" Johnson Los Angeles Lakers G 1979–1991
1996 Also served as head coach in 1994, and as President of Basketball Operations since 2017.
7001330000000000000♠33 Abdul-Jabbar, KareemKareem Abdul-Jabbar Los Angeles Lakers C 1975–1989
7001340000000000000♠34 O'Neal, ShaquilleShaquille O'Neal Los Angeles Lakers C 1996–2004 [18]
7001420000000000000♠42 Worthy, JamesJames Worthy Los Angeles Lakers F 1982–1994
7001440000000000000♠44 West, JerryJerry West Los Angeles Lakers G 1960–1974 Also served as head coach (1976–1979) and general manager (1981–2002).
7001520000000000000♠52 Wilkes, JamaalJamaal Wilkes Los Angeles Lakers F 1977–1985
Hearn, ChickChick Hearn Los Angeles Lakers — 1961–2002 As broadcaster.
7000900000000000000♠9 Allen, TonyTony Allen Memphis Grizzlies G/F 2010–2017 To be retired at a date yet to be announced. [19]
7001500000000000000♠50 Randolph, ZachZach Randolph Memphis Grizzlies F/C 2010–2017 To be retired at a date yet to be announced. [20]
7000100000000000000♠1 Bosh, ChrisChris Bosh Miami Heat F/C 2010-2016 To be retired at a date yet to be announced.
7001100000000000000♠10 Hardaway, TimTim Hardaway Miami Heat G 1996–2001 [21]
7001130000000000000♠13 Marino, DanDan Marino Miami Heat QB — Never played professional basketball, but left a large impact on Miami during his NFL Hall of Fame career with the Dolphins.
Still available in circulation (number currently worn by Bam Adebayo). [22]
7001230000000000000♠23 Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan Miami Heat G — Never played for the franchise; number retired for "contributions to basketball". [23][24]
7001320000000000000♠32 O'Neal, ShaquilleShaquille O'Neal Miami Heat C 2004–2008 [25]
7001330000000000000♠33 Mourning, AlonzoAlonzo Mourning Miami Heat C 1995–2002
2005–2008 [26]
7000100000000000000♠1 Robertson, OscarOscar Robertson Milwaukee Bucks G 1970–1974 [27]
7000200000000000000♠2 Bridgeman, JuniorJunior Bridgeman Milwaukee Bucks F 1975–1984
1986–1987 [28]
7000400000000000000♠4 Moncrief, SidneySidney Moncrief Milwaukee Bucks G 1979–1989 [29]
7001100000000000000♠10 Dandridge, BobBob Dandridge Milwaukee Bucks F 1969–1977
1981
7001140000000000000♠14 McGlocklin, JonJon McGlocklin Milwaukee Bucks G 1968–1976 Also served as broadcaster (1985–present). [30]
7001160000000000000♠16 Lanier, BobBob Lanier Milwaukee Bucks C 1980–1984 [31]
7001320000000000000♠32 Winters, BrianBrian Winters Milwaukee Bucks G 1975–1983 [32]
7001330000000000000♠33 Abdul-Jabbar, KareemKareem Abdul-Jabbar Milwaukee Bucks C 1969–1975 Served under the name of Lew Alcindor for two seasons before becoming Kareem Abdul-Jabbar. [33]
7000200000000000000♠2 Sealy, MalikMalik Sealy Minnesota Timberwolves F 1997–2000 Died in a car crash while playing for the team.[34] His jersey was retired posthumously.
Flip Saunders, FlipFlip Saunders Minnesota Timberwolves — 1995–2005
2014–2015 As Head Coach.
7000700000000000000♠7 Maravich, PetePete Maravich New Orleans Pelicans G — Never played for the franchise, jersey retired for his contributions to basketball of Louisiana. He played for the New Orleans Jazz (now the Utah Jazz) 1974–1979 in NBA and for LSU Tigers 1967–1970 in NCAA.
7001100000000000000♠10 Frazier, WaltWalt Frazier New York Knicks G 1967–1977 Also served as a broadcaster.
7001120000000000000♠12 Barnett, DickDick Barnett New York Knicks G 1965–1973
7001150000000000000♠15 Monroe, EarlEarl Monroe New York Knicks G 1971–1980 Wore No. 33 for a few games in the 1971–1972 season.
7001150000000000000♠15 McGuire, DickDick McGuire New York Knicks G 1949–1957 Also served as head coach (1965–1968) and scouting director.
7001190000000000000♠19 Reed, WillisWillis Reed New York Knicks C 1964–1974 Also served as head coach (1977–1978).
7001220000000000000♠22 Debusschere, DaveDave DeBusschere New York Knicks F 1968–1974
7001240000000000000♠24 Bradley, BillBill Bradley New York Knicks F 1967–1977
7001330000000000000♠33 Ewing, PatrickPatrick Ewing New York Knicks C 1985–2000
7002613000000000000♠613 Holzman, RedRed Holzman New York Knicks — 1967–1977
1978–1982 As head coach; the number represents his 613 victories coaching the Knicks.
7000600000000000000♠6 man, SixthSixth man Orlando Magic — —
7000300000000000000♠3 Iverson, AllenAllen Iverson Philadelphia 76ers G 1996–2006
2009–2010
7000400000000000000♠4 Schayes, DolphDolph Schayes Philadelphia 76ers F/C 1949–1964 Team was known as the Syracuse Nationals (1948–1963).
Also served as player-coach (1963–66).
Number retired posthumously.
Nerlens Noel wore the number at the time of the announcement, and was allowed to wear it until his departure in 2017.
Wore No. 55 for part of the 1949–1950 season. [35]
7000600000000000000♠6 Erving, JuliusJulius Erving Philadelphia 76ers F 1976–1987
7001100000000000000♠10 Cheeks, MauriceMaurice Cheeks Philadelphia 76ers G 1978–1989 Also served as head coach (2005–2008).
7001130000000000000♠13 Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain Philadelphia 76ers C 1965–1968 Only player to have the same number retired by three different teams (Golden State, L.A. Lakers and Philadelphia)
7001150000000000000♠15 Greer, HalHal Greer Philadelphia 76ers G 1958–1973 During his first five seasons (1958–1963), the team was known as the Syracuse Nationals.
7001240000000000000♠24 Jones, BobbyBobby Jones Philadelphia 76ers F 1978–1986
7001320000000000000♠32 Cunningham, BillyBilly Cunningham Philadelphia 76ers F 1965–1972
1974–1975 Also served as head coach (1977–1985); briefly unretired for Charles Barkley in the 1991–92 season.
7001340000000000000♠34 Barkley, CharlesCharles Barkley Philadelphia 76ers F 1984–1992 Also wore #32 during the 1991–92 season (see Billy Cunningham).
Zinkoff, DaveDave Zinkoff Philadelphia 76ers — 1963–1981
1983–1985 As P.A. announcer.
7000500000000000000♠5 Van Arsdale, DickDick Van Arsdale Phoenix Suns G 1968–1977 Also served as head coach (1987).
7000600000000000000♠6 Davis, WalterWalter Davis Phoenix Suns G 1977–1988
7000700000000000000♠7 Johnson, KevinKevin Johnson Phoenix Suns G 1987–1998
2000 Retired in 1998, but came back before the end of the 1999–2000 season before retiring again; Served as mayor of Sacramento (2008-2016).
7000900000000000000♠9 Majerle, DanDan Majerle Phoenix Suns F 1988–1995
2001–2002 Formerly an assistant head coach for the Phoenix Suns (2008–2013).
7001130000000000000♠13 Nash, SteveSteve Nash Phoenix Suns G 1996–1998
2004–2012
7001240000000000000♠24 Chambers, TomTom Chambers Phoenix Suns F 1988–1993 Currently an announcer for Suns games.
7001330000000000000♠33[5] Adams, AlvanAlvan Adams Phoenix Suns C 1975–1988 Number unretired for Grant Hill from 2007–2013.
7001340000000000000♠34 Barkley, CharlesCharles Barkley Phoenix Suns F 1992–1996
7001420000000000000♠42 Hawkins, ConnieConnie Hawkins Phoenix Suns F 1968–1974
7001440000000000000♠44 Westphal, PaulPaul Westphal Phoenix Suns G 1975–1980
1983–1984 Also served as head coach (1992–1996).
7002999000000000000♠— Colangelo, JerryJerry Colangelo Phoenix Suns — 1968–2005 As owner, executive, and head coach (1970; 1972–73).
7002999000000000000♠— Fitzsimmons, CottonCotton Fitzsimmons Phoenix Suns — 1970–1972
1988–1992
1996 As head coach; inducted in the Suns' Ring of Honor posthumously.
7002999000000000000♠— MacLeod, JohnJohn MacLeod Phoenix Suns — 1973–1987 As head coach. Also served as assistant head coach in the 1999–2000 NBA season.
7002999000000000000♠— Proski, JoeJoe Proski Phoenix Suns — 1968–2000 As athletic trainer.
McCoy, AlAl McCoy Phoenix Suns — 1972–present As broadcaster
7000100000000000000♠1 Weinberg, LarryLarry Weinberg Portland Trail Blazers — 1970–1988 As team founder and owner; number still available (currently worn by Evan Turner).
7001130000000000000♠13 Twardzik, DaveDave Twardzik Portland Trail Blazers G 1976–1981
7001140000000000000♠14 Hollins, LionelLionel Hollins Portland Trail Blazers G 1975–1981
7001150000000000000♠15 Steele, LarryLarry Steele Portland Trail Blazers G 1971–1981
7001200000000000000♠20 Lucas, MauriceMaurice Lucas Portland Trail Blazers F 1976–1981
1987–1988
7001220000000000000♠22 Drexler, ClydeClyde Drexler Portland Trail Blazers G 1983–1995
7001300000000000000♠30 Porter, TerryTerry Porter Portland Trail Blazers G 1985–1995
7001300000000000000♠30 Gross, BobBob Gross Portland Trail Blazers F 1975–1982
7001320000000000000♠32 Walton, BillBill Walton Portland Trail Blazers C 1974–1978
7001360000000000000♠36 Neal, LloydLloyd Neal Portland Trail Blazers C 1972–1979
7001450000000000000♠45 Petrie, GeoffGeoff Petrie Portland Trail Blazers G 1970–1976
7001770000000000000♠77 Ramsay, JackJack Ramsay Portland Trail Blazers — 1976–1986 As head coach; the number represents the 1977 NBA Championship he won while coaching the Blazers.
Schonely, BillBill Schonely Portland Trail Blazers — 1970–1998 As Broadcaster
7000100000000000000♠1 Archibald, NateNate Archibald Sacramento Kings G 1970–1976 During his career with the team, it was known first as the Cincinnati Royals (1970–1972), then the Kansas City–Omaha Kings (1972–1975), and finally as the Kansas City Kings (1975–1976). He briefly wore No. 10 from 1970–74.
7000200000000000000♠2 Richmond, MitchMitch Richmond Sacramento Kings G 1991–1998
7000400000000000000♠4 Webber, ChrisChris Webber Sacramento Kings F 1998–2005
7000600000000000000♠6 man, SixthSixth man Sacramento Kings
7001110000000000000♠11 Davies, BobBob Davies Sacramento Kings G 1948–1955 The team was then known as the Rochester Royals.
7001120000000000000♠12 Stokes, MauriceMaurice Stokes Sacramento Kings F 1955–1958 The team was known as the Rochester Royals 1955–1957 and moved to Cincinnati starting with the 1957–58 season in which his career was ended by a crippling head injury.
7001140000000000000♠14 Robertson, OscarOscar Robertson Sacramento Kings G 1960–1970 The team was then known as the Cincinnati Royals.
7001160000000000000♠16 Stojakovic, PejaPeja Stojakovic Sacramento Kings F 1999–2006
7001210000000000000♠21 Divac, VladeVlade Divac Sacramento Kings C 1999–2004 Currently the team's vice president and general manager of basketball operations (2015–present)
7001270000000000000♠27 Twyman, JackJack Twyman Sacramento Kings F 1955–1966 The team was known as the Rochester Royals 1955–1957 and then as the Cincinnati Royals for the remainder of his career.
7001440000000000000♠44 Lacey, SamSam Lacey Sacramento Kings C 1970–1981 During his career with the team, it was known first as the Cincinnati Royals (1970–1972), then the Kansas City–Omaha Kings (1972–1975), and finally as the Kansas City Kings (1975–1981).
5000000000000000000♠00 Moore, JohnnyJohnny Moore San Antonio Spurs G 1980–1988
1989–1990
7000600000000000000♠6 Johnson, AveryAvery Johnson San Antonio Spurs G 1991
1992–1993
1994–2001
7001120000000000000♠12 Bowen, BruceBruce Bowen San Antonio Spurs F 2001–2009 Bowen has un-retired the number so it can be worn by LaMarcus Aldridge. [36]
7001130000000000000♠13 Silas, JamesJames Silas San Antonio Spurs G 1973–1981
7001210000000000000♠21 Duncan, TimTim Duncan San Antonio Spurs F/C 1997–2016
7001320000000000000♠32 Elliott, SeanSean Elliott San Antonio Spurs F 1989–1993
1994–2001 Currently serves as a Spurs' TV color analyst (2004–present)
7001440000000000000♠44 Gervin, GeorgeGeorge Gervin San Antonio Spurs G 1974–1985
7001500000000000000♠50 Robinson, DavidDavid Robinson San Antonio Spurs C 1989–2003
7000100000000000000♠1[6] Williams, GusGus Williams Seattle SuperSonics G 1976–1985
7001100000000000000♠10[6] McMillan, NateNate McMillan Seattle SuperSonics G 1985–1998 Played for the Seattle SuperSonics and served as their head coach (2000–2005).
7001190000000000000♠19[6] Wilkens, LennyLenny Wilkens Seattle SuperSonics G 1968–1972 Played for the Seattle SuperSonics and served as their head coach (1969–1972; 1977–1985), and as a broadcaster (2006–2008).
7001240000000000000♠24[6] Haywood, SpencerSpencer Haywood Seattle SuperSonics F 1971–1975
7001320000000000000♠32[6] Brown, FredFred Brown Seattle SuperSonics G 1971–1984
7001430000000000000♠43[6] Sikma, JackJack Sikma Seattle SuperSonics C 1977–1986
[6] Blackburn, BobBob Blackburn Seattle SuperSonics — 1967–1992 Announcer for the Seattle SuperSonics.
7000100000000000000♠1 Layden, FrankFrank Layden Utah Jazz — 1981–1988 As head coach; also served as team president (1988–1998). [37]
7000400000000000000♠4 Dantley, AdrianAdrian Dantley Utah Jazz F 1979–1986 [37][38]
7000700000000000000♠7 Maravich, PetePete Maravich Utah Jazz G 1974–1979 The team was in New Orleans 1974–1979.
He also played 17 games of the 1979–80 season after the team moved to Salt Lake City.
Wore No. 44 in the 1974–75 season. [37]
7000900000000000000♠9 Miller, LarryLarry Miller Utah Jazz — 1985–2009 As owner. [37][39]
7001120000000000000♠12 Stockton, JohnJohn Stockton Utah Jazz G 1984–2003 [37][40]
7001140000000000000♠14 Hornacek, JeffJeff Hornacek Utah Jazz G 1994–2000 [37]
7001320000000000000♠32 Malone, KarlKarl Malone Utah Jazz F 1985–2003 [37][41]
7001350000000000000♠35 Griffith, DarrellDarrell Griffith Utah Jazz G 1980–1991 [37]
7001530000000000000♠53 Eaton, MarkMark Eaton Utah Jazz C 1982–1993 [37]
7003122300000000000♠1,223 Sloan, JerryJerry Sloan Utah Jazz — 1988–2011 As head coach; the number represents his 1223 victories coaching the Jazz. [37]
Hundley, RodRod Hundley Utah Jazz — 1974–2009 As broadcaster. [37]
7001100000000000000♠10 Monroe, EarlEarl Monroe Washington Wizards G 1967–1971 The team was then known as the Baltimore Bullets.
Wore No. 33 during the 1967–68 season.
7001110000000000000♠11 Hayes, ElvinElvin Hayes Washington Wizards F 1972–1981 When he joined the team, it was known as the Baltimore Bullets. After one season, the team moved to Landover, Maryland, adopting the name of Capital Bullets for the 1973–74 season before being known as the Washington Bullets.
7001250000000000000♠25 Johnson, GusGus Johnson Washington Wizards F 1963–1972 The team was then known as the Baltimore Bullets.
7001410000000000000♠41 Unseld, WesWes Unseld Washington Wizards C 1968–1981 When he started his career with the team, it was known as the Baltimore Bullets. In 1973, the team moved to Landover, Maryland, adopting the name of Capital Bullets for the 1973–74 season before being known as the Washington Bullets. Also served as head coach (1987–1994), as well as three stints in the team's front office (vice president, 1981–1987; general manager, 1996–1999, 2003); the team did not adopt the Wizards nickname until the 1997–98 season.
7001450000000000000♠45 Chenier, PhilPhil Chenier Washington Wizards G 1971–1979 When he joined the team, it was known as the Baltimore Bullets. After two seasons, the team moved to Landover, Maryland, adopting the name of Capital Bullets for the 1973–74 season before being known as the Washington Bullets.
Also served as broadcaster (1984–2017).
Honored numbers[edit]
The Lakers have also honored their most notable players during the stint of the franchise in Minneapolis. Although their numbers are displayed on the banners, only the No. 22 and No. 34 are officially retired, since they were retired for Elgin Baylor and Shaquille O'Neal respectively.[42]
No.
Name
Team
Pos.
Years with franchise
Note
Refs
7001170000000000000♠17 Pollard, JimJim Pollard[4] Los Angeles Lakers F 1948–1955 Also served as head coach (1960); the team was in Minneapolis throughout his tenure in both roles.
7001190000000000000♠19 Mikkelsen, VernVern Mikkelsen[4] Los Angeles Lakers F 1949–1959 Team was then in Minneapolis.
7001220000000000000♠22 Martin, SlaterSlater Martin[4] Los Angeles Lakers G 1949–1956 Team was then in Minneapolis.
7001340000000000000♠34 Lovellette, ClydeClyde Lovellette[4] Los Angeles Lakers F/C 1953–1957 Team was then in Minneapolis.
7001990000000000000♠99 Mikan, GeorgeGeorge Mikan[4] Los Angeles Lakers C 1948–1954
1955–1956 Also served as head coach (1957–1958); the team was in Minneapolis throughout his tenure in both roles.
7002999000000000000♠— Kundla, JohnJohn Kundla[4] Los Angeles Lakers — 1948–1959 As head coach (1948–1957, 1958–1959); the team was in Minneapolis.
Notes[edit]
1 Loscutoff asked that his number (No. 18) not be retired to allow future Celtics to wear his number. His number is represented by "LOSCY." His number 18 was later retired in honor of Cowens.[3]
2 Jackson and Krause do not have actual numbers retired in their honor.
3 Dawson does not have an actual number retired in his honor; rather, a banner with his initials is hanging from the rafters to pay tribute to his 27 years of service to the team.[17]
4 Numbers hang to the rafters as honored Minneapolis Lakers. These six Hall-of-Famers were instrumental to the franchise's success during its days in Minneapolis. Except for 22, which was retired for Baylor, and 34, which was retired for O'Neal, these "honored numbers" are still available.
5 Although No. 33 is retired, Grant Hill received permission from Adams to wear it during his time with the Suns.
6 As a result of the Seattle SuperSonics relocation to Oklahoma City in 2008, the SuperSonics' history (including retired numbers) is shared with the Oklahoma City Thunder, although the team colors, uniforms and logos remain available for use by a future NBA team in Seattle.
References[edit]
General
"Team-by-team retired jersey numbers". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. September 25, 2011. Retrieved October 27, 2012.
Specific
^ Jump up to: a b c "2008–09 Hawks Media Guide, p.194" (PDF). NBA.com/Hawks. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved March 23, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Hawks Raise Banner To Honor Ted Turner". NBA.com/Hawks. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. November 30, 2004. Retrieved May 24, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x "Retired Numbers". NBA.com/Celtics. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved March 23, 2009.
Jump up ^ Freeman, Mike (June 8, 1993). "Basketball; Nets' Petrovic Dies in Auto Accident in Germany". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved May 18, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Retired Numbers". NBA.com/Nets. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Archived from the original on August 26, 2010. Retrieved May 18, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "2008–09 Bulls Media Guide, p.325" (PDF). NBA.com/Bulls. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved March 23, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "2008–09 Bulls Media Guide, p.326" (PDF). NBA.com/Bulls. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved March 23, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "2008–09 Bulls Media Guide, p.327" (PDF). NBA.com/Bulls. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved March 23, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "History". NBA.com/Cavaliers. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved March 24, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "History". NBA.com/Mavericks. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Archived from the original on December 3, 2010. Retrieved March 24, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Denver Nuggets". CBS Sports. CBS Interactive. May 14, 2010. Retrieved May 14, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Nuggets to Retire Dikembe Mutombo's #55 Jersey". NBA.com. September 26, 2016. Retrieved September 29, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j "Detroit Pistons". CBS Sports. CBS Interactive. May 14, 2010. Retrieved May 14, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Pistons to retire Dennis Rodman jersey". ESPN.com. February 11, 2011. Retrieved February 12, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Golden State Warriors". CBS Sports. CBS Interactive. May 15, 2010. Retrieved May 15, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Houston Rockets". CBS Sports. CBS Interactive. May 15, 2010. Retrieved May 15, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "2009–10 Rockets Media Guide, p.146" (PDF). NBA.com/Rockets. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 15, 2010.
Jump up ^ Pincus, Eric (April 2, 2013). "Lakers retire Shaquille O'Neal's jersey". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 2, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Memphis Grizzlies to retire Tony Allen's No. 9 jersey". NBA.com. October 12, 2017. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Grizzlies retiring Zach Randolph's No. 50 after eight seasons in Memphis". ESPN.com. ESPN Internet Ventures. July 6, 2017. Retrieved July 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Hardaway's Heat jersey retired". ESPN.com. ESPN Internet Ventures. October 29, 2009. Retrieved May 17, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Dan Marino's jersey is retired by the Miami Heat". Fansided.com. Fansided, Inc. March 16, 2015. Retrieved May 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "NBA says it likely won't retire Jordan's No. 23". MSNBC.com. NBC Universal. November 14, 2009. Retrieved May 17, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Miami Franchise retires Michael Jordan's No. 23". The Tuscaloosa News. April 10, 2003. Retrieved May 17, 2010.
Jump up ^ http://www.foxsports.com/florida/story/miami-heat-to-retire-shaquille-o-neal-s-no-32-jersey-020916. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ "Heat retire Mourning's No. 33". ESPN.com. ESPN Internet Ventures. March 31, 2009. Retrieved May 17, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Retired Numbers: Oscar Robertson". NBA.com/Bucks. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 18, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Retired Numbers: Junior Bridgeman". NBA.com/Bucks. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 18, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Retired Numbers: Sidney Moncrief". NBA.com/Bucks. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 18, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Retired Numbers: Jon McGlocklin". NBA.com/Bucks. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 18, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Retired Numbers: Bob Lanier". NBA.com/Bucks. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 18, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Retired Numbers: Brian Winters". NBA.com/Bucks. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 18, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Retired Numbers: Kareem Abdul-Jabbar". NBA.com/Bucks. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved May 18, 2010.
Jump up ^ Robbins, Liz (May 21, 2000). "Pro Basketball; Wolves' Sealy, Former Star for St. John's, Dies in Car Crash". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved May 18, 2010.
Jump up ^ Miller, Randy (January 11, 2016). "Sixers to retire Dolph Schayes' No. 4, but Nerlens Noel can wear it". NJ Advance Media.
Jump up ^ "Bruce Bowen allows LaMarcus Aldridge to wear retired No. 12 jersey with San Antonio Spurs". Retrieved 2015-07-09.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k "Adam" (24 Aug 2010). "The Next Retired Jersey". Utah Jazz 360. Retrieved 28 Aug 2012. External link in |publisher= (help)
Jump up ^ "Adrian Dantley's Jersey Retired". KSL.com. 11 Apr 2007. Retrieved 28 Aug 2012. External link in |publisher= (help)
Jump up ^ "Utah Jazz honor late owner Larry H. Miller". KSL.com/Associated Press. 14 Aug 2010. Retrieved 28 Aug 2012. External link in |publisher= (help)
Jump up ^ "No. 12 to reach Utah rafters Nov. 22". ESPN/Associated Press. 21 Sep 2004. Retrieved 28 Aug 2012.
Jump up ^ "Jazz Retired Malone's No. 32". ksl.com/Associated Press. 23 Mar 2006. Retrieved 28 Aug 2012. External link in |publisher= (help)
Jump up ^ "Lakers retired numbers"
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text:
U.S. history of alcohol minimum purchase age by state
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Minimum legal drinking age as of 1969 (two years before the 26th Amendment was passed in 1971):
Minimum age is 21
Minimum age is 20
Minimum age is 19 and 21
Minimum age is 19
Minimum age is 18 and 21
Minimum age is 18
Minimum legal drinking age as of 1975 (when almost all states had their lowest age limit):
Minimum age is 21
Minimum age is 20
Minimum age is 19 and 21; see below
Minimum age is 19
Minimum age is 18 and 21; see below
Minimum age is 18
show
Detail on dual age limits
Both age limits apply for following states:
Washington, D.C.: The legal drinking age is 18 for beer and wine, and 21 for liquor.
Illinois: The legal drinking age is 19 for beer and wine, and 21 for liquor.
Kansas: The legal drinking age is 18 for 3.2% ABV beer, and 21 for beer stronger than 3.2% ABV, wine, and liquor.
Maryland: The legal drinking age is 18 for beer and wine, and 21 for liquor.
North Carolina: The legal drinking age is 18 for beer and wine, and 21 for liquor.
Oklahoma: The legal drinking age is 18 for 3.2% ABV beer, and 21 for beer stronger than 3.2% ABV, wine, and liquor.
South Carolina: The legal drinking age is 18 for beer and wine and 21 for liquor.
South Dakota: The legal drinking age is 18 for 3.2% ABV beer, and 21 for beer stronger than 3.2% ABV, wine, and liquor.
Virginia: The legal drinking age is 18 for beer and wine, and 21 for liquor.
Minimum legal drinking age as of 1983 (one year before the Drinking Age Act of 1984 was passed):
Minimum age is 21
Minimum age is 20
Minimum age is 19 and 21
Minimum age is 19
Minimum age is 18 and 21
Minimum age is 18
The alcohol laws of the United States regarding minimum age for purchase have changed over time. This history is given in the table below. Unless otherwise noted, if different alcohol categories have different minimum purchase ages, the age listed below is set at the lowest age given (e.g. if the purchase age is 18 for beer and 21 for wine or spirits, as was the case in several states, the age in the table will read as "18", not "21"). In addition, the purchase age is not necessarily the same as the minimum age for consumption of alcoholic beverages, although they have often been the same.
As one can see in the table below, there has been much volatility in the states' drinking ages since the repeal of Prohibition in 1933. Shortly after the ratification of the 21st amendment in December, most states set their purchase ages at 21 since that was the voting age at the time. Most of these limits remained constant until the early 1970s. From 1969 to 1976, some 30 states lowered their purchase ages, generally to 18. This was primarily because the voting age was lowered from 21 to 18 in 1971 with the 26th amendment. Many states started to lower their minimum drinking age in response, most of this occurring in 1972 or 1973.[1][2][3] Twelve states kept their purchase ages at 21 since repeal of Prohibition and never changed them.
From 1976 to 1983, several states voluntarily raised their purchase ages to 19 (or, less commonly, 20 or 21), in part to combat drunk driving fatalities.[citation needed] In 1984, Congress passed the National Minimum Drinking Age Act, which required states to raise their ages for purchase and public possession to 21 by October 1986 or lose 10% of their federal highway funds. By mid-1988, all 50 states and the District of Columbia had raised their purchase ages to 21 (but not Puerto Rico, Guam, or the Virgin Islands, see Additional Notes below). South Dakota and Wyoming were the final two states to comply with the age 21 mandate. The current drinking age of 21 remains a point of contention among many Americans, because of it being higher than the age of majority (18 in most states) and higher than the drinking ages of most other countries. The National Minimum Drinking Age Act is also seen as a congressional sidestep of the tenth amendment. Although debates have not been highly publicized, a few states have proposed legislation to lower their drinking age,[4] while Guam has raised its drinking age to 21 in July 2010.[5]
State
Pre-Prohibition
(prior to 1919)
Post-Prohibition
(after 1933)
1970s / 26th Amendment
(adopted in 1971)
1980s /
Drinking Age Act of 1984
21st century
Alabama
Pre 1881:
None
1881:
21 (none with consent of parent)[6] 21 1975:
Lowered to 19[7] 1986:
Raised to 21[8] 21 (no one underage is allowed consumption Section 28-1)
Alaska
? 21[7] 1970:
Lowered to 19[9] 1984:
Raised to 21 with grandfather clause (if born before January 1, 1965)[10][11] 21
Arizona
? 21[11] 1972:
Lowered to 19[12] 1985:
Raised to 21[8] 21
Arkansas
Pre 1925:
None[7]
1925:
21[7] 21 21[13] 21[8] 21
California
Pre 1891:
Regulated by municipality/county (common age was 16)[14][15][16]
1891:
18 (statewide)[17] 1933:
21[7] 21 21[8] 21 (except small amounts for religious ceremonies)
Colorado
None[11] 1945:
18: for beer
21: for wine and liquor[7] 18[18] Raised to 21 in 1987[8] 21
Connecticut
? 21[11] 1972:
Lowered to 18[19] 1982:
Raised to 19
1983:
Raised to 20
1985:
Raised to 21[20] 21 (exemptions: (1) a person over age eighteen who is an employee or permit holder under section 30-90a and who possesses alcoholic liquor in the course of such person's employment or business, (2) a minor who possesses alcoholic liquor on the order of a practicing physician, or (3) a minor who possesses alcoholic liquor while accompanied by a parent, guardian or spouse of the minor, who has attained the age of twenty-one. Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to burden a person's exercise of religion under section 3 of article first of the Constitution of the state in violation of subsection (a) of section 52-571b.[21]
Delaware
? 21[11] 1972:
Lowered to 20 1984:
Raised to 21[8] 21
District of Columbia
? 18: for beer and wine[11]
21: for liquor[22][23] 18: for beer and wine[23]
21: for liquor 1986:
Raised to 21 with grandfather clause.[24][25] 21
Florida
? 18[7] 1980:
19[26] 1985:
Raised to 21 with grandfather clause[26] 21[27]
Georgia
? 21[11] 1972:
Lowered to 18[12] 1984:
Raised to 19[13]
1985:
Raised to 20[13]
1986:
Raised to 21[13] 21
Hawaii
? 21[7] 1972:
Lowered to 18 1986:
Raised to 21[8] 21
Idaho
? 20: for beer[28][29]
21: for wine and liquor[11][30] 1972:
Lowered to 19 (all)[31] 1987:
Raised to 21 in 1987 (Apr 11) with grandfather clause[8][32] 21
Illinois
1872:
Age of majority
(none with written consent of parent)[33] pre 1961: Age of majority 1961: Raised to 21[34] 1973:
Lowered to 19: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[35] 1980:
Raised to 21[36] 21
Indiana
? Post-1934:
21[7] 21[13] 21[8] 21
Iowa
? 21[7] 1972:
Lowered to 19 in 1972 (Jul 1)
1973:
Lowered to 18 in 1973 (Jul 1)
1978:
Raised to 19 in 1978 (Jul 1)[37] 1986:
Raised to 21 in 1986 (Jul 1) with grandfather clause.[13][37] 21
Kansas
? 1949:
18: for beer and wine with less than 4% ABV
21: for liquor[7] 18: for beer and wine with less than 4% ABV[13]
21: for beer and wine with 4% ABV or more[13]
21: for liquor[13][18] 1985:
Raised to 21[8] 21 (However, anyone under 21 may consume cereal malt beverages with parental supervision on their own property)
Kentucky
? 1938:
21[7] 21[13] 21[8] 21
Louisiana
? As of 1948:
18 18[18] 1987:
Raised to 21 de jure in 1987,[8]
but de facto age was still 18 until 1995 due to a sale loophole.
1995:
De facto age raised to 21 in 1995 when loophole was closed.[38]
1996:
In 1996, briefly lowered by Louisiana Supreme Court to 18 until it reversed its decision, raising to 21 three months later.[39]
Other exceptions still remain.[40] 21 (Exceptions to state law include:[41]

For an established religious purpose;
When a person under twenty-one years of age is accompanied by a parent, spouse, or legal guardian twenty-one years of age or older;
For medical purposes when purchased as an over the counter medication, or when prescribed or administered by a licensed physician, pharmacist, dentist, nurse, hospital, or medical institution;
In a private residence, which shall include a residential dwelling and up to twenty contiguous acres, on which the dwelling is located, owned by the same person who owns the dwelling;
The sale, handling, transport, or service in dispensing of any alcoholic beverage pursuant to lawful ownership of an establishment or to lawful employment of a person under twenty-one years of age by a duly licensed manufacturer, wholesaler, or retailer of beverage alcohol.)
Maine
? 21[7]
1969:
Lowered to 20 1972:
Lowered to 18[12]
1977:
Raised to 20[8][42] 1985:
Raised to 21[8] 21
Maryland
? 21[7] 1974:
Lowered to 18: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[43][44] 1982:
Raised to 21 with grandfather clause for those born June 30, 1964 or earlier[45][8][46] 21 (however anyone can drink when parents, spouses, teachers are present)
Massachusetts
? 21[11] 1973:
Lowered to 18
1979:
Raised to 20 in 1979 (Apr 16)[47][48][49] Raised to 21 in 1985[8] 21
Michigan
? 21[7] 1972:
Lowered to 18 in 1972 (Jan 1)[50] 1978:
Raised to 19 in 1978 (Dec 3)[51][52]
1978:
Raised to 21 in 1978 (Dec 21), 18 days later.[8]
First state to raise age to 21 since it was lowered 21
Minnesota
? 21[11] 1973:
Lowered to 18 (June 1)
1976:
Raised to 19 (Sept 1)[53]
First state to raise age after lowering. 1986:
Raised to 21[54] 21
Mississippi
? 1966:
18: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[7]
(alcohol not legalized until 1966) 18[18] Raised to 21 in 1986[8] 21
Missouri
? 1945:
21[7] 21 21[8] 21
Montana
? 21[11] 1971:
Lowered to 19[55]
1973:
Lowered to 18[56][57]
1979:
Raised to 19 1987:
Raised to 21[8][58] 21
Nebraska
? 21[59]
1969:
Lowered to 20 1972:
Lowered to 19[59] 1980:
Raised to 20[13]
1985:
Raised to 21[13] 21
Nevada
? 1933:
21[7] 21 21[8] 21
New Hampshire
? 21[11] 1973:
Lowered to 18[60]
1979:
Raised to 20 1985:
Raised to 21[8][20] 21
New Jersey
Before 1880:
None
Post-1880:
18 (penalties only against businesses)[61][62][63] 21[citation needed] 1973:
Lowered to 18[12] 1980:
Raised to 19
1983:
Raised to 21[8][64] 21
New Mexico
? 1934:
21[7] 21[13] 21[8] 21
New York
21 18[65] 18 1982:
Raised to 19 in 1982 (Dec)
1985:
Raised to 21 in 1985 (Dec)[20][66][67] 21
North Carolina
? 18[11] 18: for beer and wine[18]
21: for liquor 1983:
19: for beer and wine
21: for liquor
1986:
Raised to 21 in 1986 (Sep 1)[8][25] 21
North Dakota
? 1936:
21[7] 21[13] 21[68] 21
Ohio
? 1935:
18: for 3.2% ABW beer
21: for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor[69] 18: for 3.2% ABW beer
21: for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor 1982 (Aug. 19 to Oct. 1):
19: for 3.2% ABW beer[13]
21: for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor[13]
1982 (From Oct. 1):
19: beer
21: wine and liquor[70]
1988:
21[13] 21 (However, anyone can drink with parents or legal-age spouse)
Oklahoma
? Men:
21
Women:
18: 3.2% ABW beer
21: for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor[71] 1976:
Lowered to 18 (for 3.2% ABW beer) for both sexes in 1976 (Dec)[72]
Last state to lower the drinking age. 1983:
Raised to 21[11][73] 21
Oregon
? 1933:
21[7] 21 21[8] 21
Pennsylvania
? 1935:
21[7] 21 21[8][52] 21
Rhode Island
? 21[11] 1970:
Lowered to 18[12][74] 1980:
Raised to 19
1981:
Raised to 20
1984:
Raised to 21[20] 21
South Carolina
21[75] 1935:
18: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[7] 18: for beer and wine[18]
21: for liquor 1984:
19: for beer and wine[7]
21: for liquor
1986:
Raised to 21[8] 21
South Dakota
? 1934:
21 (all)
1939:
Lowered to 18: for 3.2% beer
Raised to 19: for 3.2% beer[76] 1972:
18: for beer and wine
21: for liquor 1984:
19: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[8]
1988:
Raised to 21[58] 21
Tennessee
Pre 1881:
None
1881:
21[77] 21[7]
1964:
Lowered to 18[7] 1979:
Raised to 19 1984:
Raised to 21[8] 21
Texas
Pre 1909:
21
None (with written permission of parent or guardian)
Post 1909:
21[78][79] 21[7] 1973:
Lowered to 18[80] 1981:
Raised to 19[81]
1986:
Raised to 21 in 1986 (Sep 1)[8][25] 21
Utah
? 1935:
21[7] 21[13] 21[8] 21
Vermont
? 21[7] 1971:
Lowered to 18[82][83] 1986:
Raised to 21[20][83] 21
Virginia
? 21[84] 1974:
Lowered to 18: for beer and wine
(21: for liquor remained)[84] 1981:
Raised to 19 for off-premises consumption
1983:
Raised to 19 (all beer)
1985:
Raised to 21[84] 21
Washington
Age of majority
since 1877[85] 21[citation needed] 21 21[8] 21
West Virginia
? 18: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[11] 1972:
Lowered to 18 (all)[86] 1983:
Raised to 19
(& 21 for non-residents)[8][42]
1986:
Raised to 21[8] 21
Wisconsin
1839–1866:
18: for wine and liquor
None: for beer
Post-1866:
21 (all)[87] 18: for beer
21: for wine and spirits
1957:
21: for residents of bordering states with age limit 21.[88]
1963:
Raised to 21 (off-premises beer sales, remained 18 for on-premises).[88] 1972:
Lowered to 18 (all) in 1972 (Mar)[88]
1977:
Border state restriction lifted.[88] 1984:
Raised to 19
1986:
Raised to 21 (September 1, 1986)[88] 21 (however anyone can drink when parents, spouses, teachers are present)[citation needed]
Wyoming
? 21[7] 1973:
Lowered to 19 1988:
Raised to 21 in 1988 (Jul 1)[89][90]
Last state to raise de jure drinking age to 21 21
American Samoa
? ? ? 21? 21[91]
Northern Mariana Islands
– – ? 21? 21[92]
Puerto Rico
? 18 18 Kept at 18
despite highway funding
penalty under Drinking Age Act. 18[93]
Virgin Islands
? ? ? 18 18[94]
Guam
? 21? 18 18 Raised to 21 in 2010[5]
Additional notes[edit]
Contrary to popular belief, since the National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984, not all states specifically prohibit minors' and young adults' consumption of alcohol in private settings. That is because the federal law is concerned only with purchase and public possession, not private consumption, and contains several exceptions. As of January 1, 2007, 14 states and the District of Columbia ban underage consumption outright, 19 states do not specifically ban underage consumption outright, and 17 states have family member or location exceptions to their underage consumption laws. Federal law explicitly provides for religious, medical, employment and private club possession exceptions; as of 2005, 31 states have family member or location exceptions to their underage possession laws.[40]
In the 1960s the age for buying or drinking beer and wine in the District of Columbia (Washington, D.C.) was 18; the age for hard liquor was 21.[22][23] Residents from Virginia and Maryland would often drive to D.C. to obtain alcohol. In Louisiana, the 1987 law raising the age from 18 to 21 was deliberately written solely to comply with the National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 to avoid losing highway funding, while still allowing 18- to 20-year-olds to drink as before. Not only did it still allow 18- to 20-year-olds to consume in private, it contained a major loophole allowing bars and stores to sell alcohol to 18- to 20-year-olds without penalty (despite purchase being technically illegal) which meant that the de facto age was still 18.[38] In other words, the drinking age was 21 only on paper. This loophole was closed in 1995, but in 1996 the Louisiana Supreme Court declared a drinking age of 21 unconstitutional.[38] That briefly lowered the de jure purchase age to 18, causing an uproar which prompted the Louisiana Supreme Court to reverse its decision, raising the age to 21 three months later.[39] Other exceptions still remain to this day, including drinking in a private residence,[40] and Louisiana still has some of the most liberal general alcohol laws of any state.
Some states were "dry" well before national Prohibition was enacted in 1919, in some cases since achieving statehood. Also, some states did not become fully "wet" until several years after the repeal of Prohibition in 1933 (e.g. Mississippi in 1966). Since 1966, all states and territories of the USA have been "wet", but dry counties and towns still exist in some states.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "NIH Fact Sheets - Underage Drinking". Report.nih.gov. 2013-03-29. Retrieved 2016-09-10.
Jump up ^ Johnson, Hunter. "Lowered Drinking Age of the 1970's | history 128 blog". History128.web.unc.edu. Retrieved 2016-09-10.
Jump up ^ Toomey, Traci L.; Nelson, Toben F.; Lenk, Kathleen M. (2009). "The age-21 minimum legal drinking age: a case study linking past and current debates". Addiction. 104 (12): 1958–65. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02742.x. PMID 19922564.
Jump up ^ Keen, Judy (2008-04-01). "States weigh lowering drinking age". Usatoday.com. Retrieved 2009-09-06.
^ Jump up to: a b "Ramon Someros Oberiano Act" (PDF). 8 July 2010.
Jump up ^ "Birmingham Iron Age: § 4205 Code of Alabama". bplonline.cdmhost.com. Birmingham Public Library. 1881. Retrieved October 31, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad "A Statistical Analysis of the Effects of a Uniform Minimum Drinking Age" (PDF). ntl.bts.gov. April 1987. Retrieved 2014-11-17.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai "MLDA21 Law Effective Data-NHTSA". Nhtsa.dot.gov. Retrieved 2009-09-06.
Jump up ^ "The Effects of Government Regulation on Teenage Vehicle Mortality, McCornac, 1982". Papers.ssrn.com. 2004-07-07. SSRN 304765.
Jump up ^ "Petersburg Pilot, Petersburg, Alaska: NEW DRINKING AGE". Petersburg Public Library. October 19, 1983. Retrieved November 1, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Miron, Jeffrey A.; Tetelbaum, Elina (2009). "Does The Minimum Legal Drinking Age Save Lives?". Economic Inquiry. 47 (2): 317–336. doi:10.1111/j.1465-7295.2008.00179.x.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e New York Times, December 4, 1972, "State Braces for Lowering Drinking Age to 18 Jan. 1" (NYT online archive)
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r MINIMUM DRINKING AGE LAWS, 1990
Jump up ^ "Daily Alta California, Volume 42, Number 14092: SELLING LIQUOR TO MINORS". cdnc.ucr.edu. California Digital Newspaper Collection. 1888. Retrieved October 31, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Daily Alta California, Volume 42, Number 13780: Selling Liquor to Minors". cdnc.ucr.edu. California Digital Newspaper Collection. 1887. Retrieved October 31, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Daily Alta California, Volume 37, Number 12646: THE NEXT GRAND JURY". cdnc.ucr.edu. California Digital Newspaper Collection. 1884. Retrieved October 31, 2015.
Jump up ^ "San Francisco Call, Volume 69, Number 144: NO LIQUOR FOR MINORS". cdnc.ucr.edu. California Digital Newspaper Collection. 1891. Retrieved October 31, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Behavioral Policies and Teen Traffic Safety on JSTOR". JSTOR 2677739.
Jump up ^ OLR Research Report-Lowering the Drinking Age, 2009. Cga.ct.gov. Retrieved on 2011-06-22.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e U.S. Department of Transportation final report (DOT HS 809 348) "Determine Why There Are Fewer Young Alcohol-Impaired Drivers," section III.B., "What happened: regional & state experience."
Jump up ^ "Chapter 545 - Liquor Control Act". Cga.ct.gov. Retrieved 2016-09-10.
^ Jump up to: a b "D.C. debate continuing on alcohol". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. UPI. September 29, 1966. p. 10C.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Bill filed to lower drinking age to 18". The Day. New London, CT. January 22, 1971. p. 9.
Jump up ^ "D.C. to get new drinking age". Lawrence Journal-World. Associated Press. September 24, 1986. p. 22.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Texas and North Carolina Raise Drinking Age to 21". New York Times. Associated Press. September 1, 1986.
^ Jump up to: a b "For Some, New Drinking Law Hard To Swallow". sun-sentinel.com. June 30, 1985. Retrieved 2015-05-28.
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^ Jump up to: a b c [1] Exceptions to Minimum Age of 21 for Possession of Alcohol as of January 1, 2010, Alcohol Policy Information System
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94. Citation for Wisconsin drinking law: https://www.revenue.wi.gov/Pages/FAQS/ise-atundrg.aspx
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