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Keeping Up Appearances
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Keeping Up Appearances
Genre
Sitcom
Created by
Roy Clarke
Written by
Roy Clarke
Directed by
Harold Snoad
Starring
Patricia Routledge
Clive Swift
Josephine Tewson
Geoffrey Hughes
Judy Cornwell
David Griffin (series 2–5)
Mary Millar (series 2–5)
Shirley Stelfox (series 1)
Country of origin
United Kingdom
No. of series
5
No. of episodes
44 + 2 shorts (list of episodes)
Production
Producer(s)
Harold Snoad
Location(s)
Binley Woods, Warwickshire, England;
(Hyacinth's House)
Stoke Aldermoor, Coventry, West Midlands, England;
(Daisy and Onslow's council house)
Leamington Spa, England
(Towns and various locations)
Northampton, England;
(Church, Church Hall and Vicarage)
Swindon, Wiltshire, England;
Oxford, England;
Bristol, England;
Great Yarmouth Norfolk, England;
Copenhagen, Denmark;
(location scenes)
Camera setup
Single-camera
Running time
30 minutes
50 minutes (1994 Christmas special)
60 minutes (1993 Christmas special)
Production company(s)
BBC
Distributor
BBC Worldwide
2entertain
Universal Pictures
ABC (Australia, home video)
Warner Home Video (US, home video)
Iowa Public Television (US, television)[1]
Release
Original network
BBC One
Picture format
576i (4:3 SDTV)
Audio format
Monaural (series 1)
Stereo (series 2–5)
Original release
29 October 1990 (1990-10-29) – 25 December 1995 (1995-12-25)
Chronology
Related shows
Young Hyacinth
External links
Website
Keeping Up Appearances is a British sitcom created and written by Roy Clarke. It aired on BBC One from 1990 to 1995. The central character is eccentric and snobbish middle class social climber Hyacinth Bucket (Patricia Routledge), who insists that her surname is pronounced "Bouquet".[2] The sitcom follows Hyacinth in her attempts to prove her social superiority, and to gain standing with those she considers upper class. Her attempts are constantly hampered by her lower class extended family, whom she is desperate to hide. Much of the humour comes from the conflict between Hyacinth's vision of herself, and the reality of her underclass background. In each episode, she lands in a farcical situation as she battles to protect her social credibility.
The show comprised five series and 44 episodes, four of which are Christmas specials. Production ended when star Patricia Routledge moved on to other projects. All episodes have since been released on DVD.
Keeping Up Appearances was a great success in the UK, and also captured large audiences in the US, Canada, Australia, Denmark, Finland, Sweden, Belgium, and the Netherlands. By February 2016, it had been sold nearly 1,000 times to overseas broadcasters, making it BBC Worldwide's most exported television programme. Domestically, it placed 12th in the Britain's Best Sitcom poll of 2004. It has been syndicated on Gold and Drama in the UK; on PBS in the United States; and on 7TWO in Australia.
In September 2016, BBC One transmitted a 30-minute prequel, titled Young Hyacinth, in which Kerry Howard plays 19-year-old Hyacinth Walton, who is working as a maid in 1950s Britain.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Cast
3 Episodes
4 Production
4.1 Locations
4.2 Vehicles
4.3 After Keeping Up Appearances
5 Merchandise
5.1 Audio
5.2 VHS
5.3 DVD
5.4 Streaming
5.5 Books
5.5.1 Overseas books
6 Theatre adaptation
7 Prequel
8 References
9 External links
Background[edit]
Hyacinth Bucket (Patricia Routledge)— who insists her surname is pronounced Bouquet (although her husband Richard has said, "It was always 'Bucket' until I met you!")[4] — is an over-bearing, social-climbing snob, originally from an underclass background, whose main mission in life is to impress others with her lifestyle, perceived affluence and refinement. She's terrified that her background will be revealed, and goes to great lengths to hide it. Hyacinth likes to spend her days visiting stately homes (convinced she will meet and strike up a friendship with the upper-class owners, especially if they are aristocratic) and hosting "executive-style" candlelight suppers (with her Royal Worcester double-glazed Avignon china and Royal Doulton china with "the hand-painted periwinkles").[5] She ostentatiously brags about her possessions to others, including her "white slimline telephone with automatic redial," which she always answers with "The Bouquet residence, the lady of the house speaking."[6] (Frequently she receives misdialed calls asking for a Chinese take-away, making her very angry.) She speaks in an exaggerated RP-like accent with Northern undertones, while her relatives speak in broad Northern accents. Her neighbours speak in milder RP accents. When flustered, Hyacinth regresses to her native Northern accent for a while.
Hyacinth's attempts to impress make the lives of those around her difficult; her continual efforts to improve her social position usually involve inviting her unwitting neighbours and friends to 'exclusive candlelit suppers'. Although Hyacinth is not deterred by the lack of response to her attempts, nearly everyone around her lives in fear of being invited, and usually makes frantic attempts to excuse themselves. Unfortunately, her husband Richard (Clive Swift) bears the brunt of the suffering. He initially worked for the council but, at the beginning of series 3, reluctantly accepts early retirement. Although he loves her with a long-suffering endurance, he is notably exasperated by her plans and her habit of making extravagant and unnecessary purchases. Although she lives to impress others, Hyacinth regularly competes with the upper-middle-class neighbours (whom she considers snobbish show-offs), such as Sonia Barker-Finch, Delia Wheelwright and Lydia Hawksworth (who alone of Hyacinth's rivals seems to be an actual snob, as she disdains kiwifruit as "lower middle class".) Hyacinth sometimes says things like "I haven't a snobbish bone in my body" or "I can't abide such snobbery like that" when talking about those she considers her competition.
Always hindering Hyacinth's best efforts to impress – and providing an unwelcome reminder of her less-than-refined roots – are her underclass sisters Daisy (Judy Cornwell) and Rose (Shirley Stelfox in series 1; Mary Millar thereafter), and Daisy's proudly "bone-idle" husband Onslow (Geoffrey Hughes). They, along with Hyacinth's senile father, frequently turn up inconveniently (usually in their clapped–out Ford Cortina Mk IV – which always makes a characteristic backfire when it arrives), with Hyacinth going to great lengths to avoid them (saying "Richard, you know I love my family, but that's no reason why I should have to acknowledge them in broad daylight!"). Hyacinth's senile father frequently has flashbacks to the Second World War, and often exhibits bizarre behaviour, sometimes involving embarrassing situations with women (Onslow describes him as "barmy"). Two relatives of whom Hyacinth is not ashamed are her wealthy sister Violet (Anna Dawson) and her unseen son Sheridan. Violet frequently telephones Hyacinth for advice, allowing her to loudly announce to anyone in earshot, "It's my sister Violet – the one with a Mercedes, swimming pool/sauna and room for a pony". However, Violet's social acceptability is damaged by the eccentric behaviour of her transvestite, equestrian-loving husband Bruce, whom she violently attacks because of his behaviour. Hyacinth also tries to impress people with the intellectual prowess of her beloved Sheridan (who actually only takes courses in needlework at a polytechnic). Hyacinth boasts about the "psychic" closeness of their relationship and how often he writes and phones her, although he never writes and usually phone calls only to ask for money (much to the despair of Richard).[7] Hyacinth is blissfully oblivious of the seemingly obvious hints that Sheridan, who lives with a man named Tarquin (who makes his own curtains, wears silk pyjamas, and has won prizes for embroidery), is homosexual.[8] It is at one point implied that Sheridan has come out to his father.
Hyacinth's neighbour Elizabeth Warden (Josephine Tewson) is frequently invited round to the Buckets' for coffee. Though she is ordinarily calm, Liz's nerves go to pieces in Hyacinth's house, causing her to smash Hyacinth's china and spill coffee and biscuits on Hyacinth's Burmese rug.[9] She is married with a daughter away at University, but her husband works abroad and, like Sheridan, neither character ever appears. Elizabeth is occasionally able to 'one-up' Hyacinth herself by reminding her neighbour that her daughter is at University, whilst Sheridan is studying at a lesser Polytechnic. Liz's brother Emmet (David Griffin) moves in with her at the beginning of series 2 after a messy divorce. Hyacinth, upon learning that Emmet is a musician, frequently and abruptly sings out-of-key at him in an attempt to get a part in one of his productions, making him terrified of leaving the house, lest she see him ("She'll sing at me!"). Emmet's problems are further complicated by Hyacinth's mistaken belief that his frightened reactions indicate that he is infatuated with her which, in fact, could not be further from the truth.
Hyacinth frequently confronts the postman with complaints, such as having to receive mail bearing second class stamps, harassing him to the point that he will go to extreme lengths not to face her; and she often forces workmen and other visitors to her home to remove their shoes before entering. Michael, the vicar of the local church (Jeremy Gittins) is also loath to face the overbearing Hyacinth, to whom he refers (to others) as "the Bucket woman". The vicar and his wife sometimes exact comic revenge on Hyacinth for her snobbishness; on one occasion, when she was one of a group of volunteer helpers at the church, the vicar's wife saw to it that Hyacinth's hand went up prematurely and assigned her the job of cleaning the church toilets.
Cast[edit]
The cast in 1991. Standing from left to right, Jeremy Gittins, David Griffin, Judy Cornwell, Geoffrey Hughes, and Mary Millar.
Seated from left to right, Clive Swift, Patricia Routledge and Josephine Tewson.
Main article: List of Keeping Up Appearances characters
Character
Actor
Series
1
2
3
4
5
Hyacinth Bucket Patricia Routledge
Richard Bucket Clive Swift
Elizabeth 'Liz' Warden Josephine Tewson
Daisy Judy Cornwell
Onslow Geoffrey Hughes
Rose Shirley Stelfox
Mary Millar
Emmet Hawksworth David Griffin
Michael Partridge (the vicar) Jeremy Gittins
Daddy / Father George Webb
Mrs Partridge (the vicar's wife) Marion Barron
Michael (the postman) Leo Dolan
David Janson
Milkman Robert Rawles
Violet Anna Dawson
Major Wilton Smythe Peter Cellier
Mrs Nugent Charmian May
Bruce John Evitts
Episodes[edit]
Main article: List of Keeping Up Appearances episodes
Keeping Up Appearances aired for five series, four Christmas specials, and one short Children in Need special, from 29 October 1990 to 25 December 1995. The series officially ended after the episode "The Pageant", because Patricia Routledge wanted to focus on other TV and theatre work, including Hetty Wainthropp Investigates which began airing in 1996. Clive Swift, who portrayed Richard, stated in a BBC interview that Routledge "didn't want to be remembered as simply 'Mrs. Bucket'".[10]
Series overview
Series
Premiere
Finale
Episodes
Specials
1 29 October 1990 3 December 1990 6 0
2 1 September 1991 3 November 1991 10 1
3 6 September 1992 18 October 1992 7 0
4 5 September 1993 17 October 1993 7 2
5 3 September 1995 5 November 1995 10 1
Production[edit]
Locations[edit]
The council terrace in Stoke Aldermoor occupied by Daisy and Onslow
Exterior shots around Hyacinth's house were taped in Binley Woods, Warwickshire, a village east of Coventry.[11]
Exterior shots around Daisy and Onslow's council terrace were taped in Stoke Aldermoor in Coventry.[12] Other exterior street and town shots were taped in Leamington Spa, and in various towns throughout Warwickshire, along with many scenes from the large town of Northampton, mainly the church hall. Some scenes were also shot in Swindon, Oxford, and Bristol. One scene was shot in Oslo, Norway. One episode was filmed in Great Yarmouth, mainly in the Great Yarmouth Pleasure Beach Theme Park.
The opening sequence shows Hyacinth writing an invitation to one of her trademark candlelight suppers; this invitation lists Hyacinth's address as "Waney Edge, Blossom Avenue, Fuddleton". In the same sequence, the invitation is eventually sent to an address in Eddleton. Neither town actually exists. However, there are several references to the characters being in the West Midlands throughout the series, as when Hyacinth said that she could become the "Barbara Cartland of the West Midlands Social Circuit Scene" in the episode "The Hostess". In another episode, police officers wearing West Midlands Police jumpers escort Richard home and several West Midlands Travel busses are also seen throughout the series.
Vehicles[edit]
Richard and Hyacinth Bucket's car is a Rover 200-series (SD3) saloon. Early episodes show a light blue 1987 216S bearing the number plate D541 EXL, but later episodes feature a sky blue 1989 216SE EFi model (bearing same number plate bar one letter, now D541 EFL).[13]
Onslow drives a 1978 Ford Cortina (number plate VSD 389S) that is in poor condition and backfires loudly almost every time it starts or stops, embarrassing Hyacinth, and frequently crushing her hopes of creating a perfect impression with new people. Onslow is also the owner of the rusting carcass of a Hillman Avenger in his front garden, wherein lives Onslow's dog that always barks at Hyacinth as she approaches.[13]
Violet and Bruce own a Mercedes-Benz W126 S-class and later a Mercedes-Benz W202 C-class.
Neighbour Elizabeth drives a white 1989 Austin Metro City hatchback with number plate F434 RLA (which, despite being the subject of comments from Hyacinth about its age, is actually newer than Richard's car).[13]
After Keeping Up Appearances[edit]
Various shows related to the programs were released:
The Memoirs of Hyacinth Bucket
In March 1997, Geoffrey Hughes and Judy Cornwell reprised their roles as Onslow and Daisy for a special compilation episode recorded for broadcast in the United States on PBS. The show sees the pair introduce classic clips from the series.
Comedy Connections
In 2004, the documentary series featured an episode dedicated to Keeping Up Appearances. Stars Clive Swift, Josephine Tewson, Judy Cornwell and David Griffin, along with writer Roy Clarke and producer/director Harold Snoad, all discussed the series. Clips from an interview with Patricia Routledge from 2002 were also included. The episode revealed that there were serious artistic differences between Clarke and Snoad. Specifically, Clarke refused to act as anything but a writer and rarely visited the set or location shoots, necessitating that Snoad make minor rewrites to accommodate the realities of taping. This infuriated Clarke, who disliked any tampering of his work, and Snoad thought Clarke was being unreasonable. The situation was mitigated in later series by the hiring of a production assistant whose sole job was to keep Clarke apprised of Snoad's changes, and to keep Snoad informed of Clarke's opinion of them.[10]
Life Lessons from Onslow
In early 2008, Geoffrey Hughes reprised his role as Onslow once again for a clipshow of the series; this was to be broadcast on American television, and sees him teaching a credit course at the Open University, and has selected "successful relationships" as his subject matter. The special was also released on Region 1 DVD.
Mind Your Manors
When Keeping Up Appearances didn't return after Patricia Routledge announced she no longer wished to play Hyacinth, this proposed spin-off series would have seen Onslow forced to take a supposedly "easy" job tending the gardens of a large manor house estate owned by a doddery and rather forgetful old Lord. When the Lord passes away suddenly, Onslow, Daisy and Rose (whom it is implied was having a fling with the Lord, causing the heart attack which led to his passing) end up 'temporarily' moving into the manor house to mind it, due to a legal dispute with the deceased Lord's estranged brother (whom Rose immediately starts lusting after) who wants the land. A mislaid deeds paper left by the forgetful old Lord would supposedly clarify who has rights to the estate, buried somewhere in the gardens that Onslow is left to ineptly try and keep in shape. Most of the conflict would have come from the Lord's brother and the manor's snooty neighbours, the wealthy Hyde-Whytes, who are not happy about the "commoners" who have taken up residence next door (although it later transpires that Mr. Hyde-Whyte used to know Onslow in their youth and is indebted to him after Onslow once took the fall for him to stop him being arrested). Su Pollard was approached to play the role of Miss Dorothy Henshaw, the Lord's eccentric and easily flustered cook / house-keeper who remains with the estate, and some preliminary location shooting was reportedly undertaken, though this possibly may be connected with the "missing" final episode of Series 5, "The Bishop Affair".[14] This proposed follow-up series was ultimately not commissioned, with Geoffrey Hughes continuing with his portrayal as Onslow in the above listed specials instead.
Mary Millar, who played Rose from series two to series five, died on 10 November 1998. George Webb, who played Daddy, died on 30 December 1998. Charmian May, who played Mrs. Councillor Nugent, died on 24 October 2002. Geoffrey Hughes, who played Onslow, died on 27 July 2012. Shirley Stelfox, who played Rose in series one, died on 7 December 2015.
Merchandise[edit]
Audio[edit]
In 1998, the BBC released three episodes of the show: "A Job for Richard", "Country Retreat" and "Sea Fever" on audio cassette. Clive Swift reprised his role as Richard recording a narrative to compensate for the lack of images.
VHS[edit]
BBC Video released three videos featuring episodes from the series.
How to Enhance Your Husband's Retirement
This was released in 1993 and featured the episodes: "Iron Age Remains", "What to Wear when Yachting" and "How to Go on Holiday Without Really Trying".
Sea Fever
This was released in 1994 and featured the episodes: "Sea Fever" and "A Job for Richard".
Rural Retreat
This was released in 1995 and featured the episodes: "Country Retreat", "Let There Be Light" and "Please Mind Your Head".
DVD[edit]
United States – Region 1
My Way or the Hyacinth Way (volume 1) – released 18 March 2003 (contains the complete series 1)
Hints from Hyacinth (volume 2) – released 18 March 2003 (contains episodes 1–5 from series 2)
Home is Where the Hyacinth Is (volume 3) – released 18 March 2003 (contains episodes 6–10 from series 2)
Deck the Halls with Hyacinth (volume 4) – released 18 March 2003 (contains all 4 Christmas Specials from 1991, 1993, 1994 & 1995)
Hyacinth in Full Bloom – released 18 March 2003 (contains volumes 1–4)
Everything's Coming Up Hyacinth (volume 5) – released 3 February 2004 (contains the complete series 3)
Some Like it Hyacinth (volume 6) – released 3 February 2004 (contains the complete series 4)
Living the Hyacinth Life (volume 7) – released 3 February 2004 (contains episodes 1–6 from series 5)
Hats Off to Hyacinth (volume 8) – released 3 February 2004 (contains episodes 7–10 from series 5 & the special "The Memoirs of Hyacinth Bucket")
Hyacinth Springs Eternal – released 3 February 2004 (contains volumes 5–8)
The Full Bouquet – released 7 September 2004 (complete series – contains volumes 1–8)
The Full Bouquet: Special Edition – released 9 September 2008 (complete series re-release, everything from volumes 1–8 & special "Life Lessons from Onslow")
Life Lessons from Onslow – released 9 September 2008
Collector's Edition – 5 November 2013 (contains all 5 series and every special)
United Kingdom – Region 2
Series 1 & 2 – released 7 March 2003
Series 3 & 4 – released 16 February 2004 (includes the 1991 Christmas special)
Series 5 – released 26 December 2006 (includes Christmas Specials from 1993, 1994 & 1995)
The Essential Collection – released 8 October 2007 (complete series)
The Complete Collection – released 23 September 2013 (complete series re-release, slimmer version)
Christmas Specials – released 3 November 2014 (contains all 4 Christmas specials)
Australia – Region 4
Series 1 & 2 – released 1 September 2003[15]
Series 3 & 4 – released 8 July 2004[16]
Series 5 – released 3 November 2005[17]
Christmas Specials – released 11 November 2005[18]
The Complete Series – released 2005
Life Lessons from Onslow – released 15 April 2010[19]
Streaming[edit]
In the United States, the complete series was available via streaming through Netflix and Amazon Video, but is no longer available to stream on either platform.[20] However, it is available for streaming on BritBox.
Books[edit]
Three books related to the series have been released in the UK. Two were written by Jonathan Rice and published by BBC Books and the other one was written by Harold Snoad (the director of Keeping Up Appearances) and was published by Book Guild Publishing.
Hyacinth Bucket's book of etiquette for the socially less fortunate
This was first published in 1993, and is a light-hearted guide to manners, as seen through Hyacinth Bucket's eyes. It is based on the TV series' scripts and contains many black-and-white photos of scenes from the show.
Hyacinth Bucket's Hectic Social Calendar
This was published in 1995 and is presented in a diary format chronicling a year in Hyacinth Bucket's life, with typical comments about her relations and neighbours.
It's Bouquet – Not Bucket
This was published in late 2009, the book includes rare photos which were taken during the filming of Keeping Up Appearances. The book contains full plot synopses for all episodes, main cast details, filming locations for all episodes which used outside shots, and stories of some entertaining events which happened during filming.
Overseas books[edit]
Due to the popularity of Keeping Up Appearances in the United States, books about the series have also been published across the Atlantic.
Keeping Up Appearances: A Companion to the Series
This comical series guidebook was published in the late 1990s by WLIW21. It was co-authored by mother-and-daughter writers Georgene and Mary Lee Costa. It features summary descriptions of each episode, cast and crew biographies, series photographs and an interview with Harold Snoad.
Since it was written during the filming of the final series of episodes, Snoad included the co-authors of the guide as extras in the episode "The Fancy Dress Ball".
Theatre adaptation[edit]
In 2010, the television show was adapted into a play entitled Keeping Up Appearances that toured theatres in the UK.[21] The cast included Rachel Bell as Hyacinth, Kim Hartman as Elizabeth, Gareth Hale as Onslow, Steven Pinder as Emmet, Debbie Arnold as Rose, David Janson (who had previously appeared in the TV show as the postman) as Mr Edward Milton, a new character created for the stage show,[22] Christine Moore as Daisy and Sarah Whitlock as Mrs Debden.[23] Main character Richard Bucket, Hyacinth's husband, does not appear in the production, but is frequently referred to: Hyacinth addresses to him off-stage and talks to him on the phone. The main plot of the show revolves around Emmet directing a play at the local village hall, but when Hyacinth is cast in the play's leading role disaster is in the making.
This adaptation, directed by playwright Johnny Culver, made its American premiere in New York City in March 2015, at the Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Church Theater Fellowship/Jones Auditorium. Culver directed an additional production of this adaptation with performances on 5 August 2017 and 6 August 2017 at Saint Luke's Episcopal Church in Forest Hills, Queens.
Prequel[edit]
In 2015, it was announced that a prequel to the series entitled Young Hyacinth would be made, following a 19-year-old Hyacinth Bucket during the early postwar years and set some forty years before the events of Keeping Up Appearances.[24] The cast were announced on 11 April 2016.[25] Hyacinth was played by Kerry Howard; Rose by Katie Redford; Daisy by Katherine Pearce; Violet by Tamla Kari and Daddy by Mark Addy. It was broadcast on BBC One on 2 September 2016.[26] The prequel sees Hyacinth working as a maid and attempting to manage her family so they appear well above their means. In the special, Hyacinth is in a relationship with a Mr. William Hitchcock, whom Hyacinth forces to dress up and wear a hat when they walk. The special ends with her drunken Daddy falling into the canal, which Hyacinth's employers see, causing her great embarrassment. However, she blames Daddy's behaviour on "an old war injury".[27][28] Approximately 4.14 million viewers watched the show within seven days of its broadcast, making it the 22nd most watched BBC One show for the week ending 4 September. A total of 4.39 million viewers watched the show within 28 days of its initial broadcast.[29]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Keeping up appearances. / Life Lessons from Onslow".
Jump up ^ The device of a humorously affected pronunciation of Bucket as Bouquet was used previously in the 1944 British comedy film Don't Take It to Heart.
Jump up ^ Stolworthy, Jacob (18 February 2016). "BBC's most popular show overseas is...Keeping Up Appearances". The Independent. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
Jump up ^ Keeping Up Appearances. Series 5. Episode 3. Event occurs at 8:57. Yes, I'll give you my name and address. It's "Bouquet." B-u-c-k-e-t. No, it is "Bouquet."
Jump up ^ Keeping Up Appearances. Series 5. Episode 3. Event occurs at 19:28. It houses my Royal Doulton with the hand-painted periwinkles.
Jump up ^ Keeping Up Appearances. Series 5. Episode 1. Event occurs at 5:46.
Jump up ^ Keeping Up Appearances. Series 5. Episode 1. Event occurs at 1:03. Do you think Sheridan's voice is getting deeper?" "It's still asking for money, I know that.
Jump up ^ "BBC Keeping Up Appearances page".
Jump up ^ Keeping Up Appearances. Series 5. Episode 3. Event occurs at 13:40.
^ Jump up to: a b "Comedy Connections – Keeping Up Appearances". Comedy Connections. 26 July 2004. BBC. BBC One.
Jump up ^ "Bucket's Residence Street View". Google Maps. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Onslow and Daisy's Street View". Google Maps. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Keeping Up Appearances, TV Series, 1990–1995". imdcb.com. Retrieved 25 September 2011.
Jump up ^ "Season 5 Episode 12 - "The Bishop Affair"".
Jump up ^ "Keeping Up Appearances Series 1 And 2 on DVD". dvdorchard.com.au. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Keeping Up Appearances Series 3 And 4 on DVD". dvdorchard.com.au. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Keeping Up Appearances Series 5 on DVD". dvdorchard.com.au. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Keeping Up Appearances Christmas Specials on DVD". dvdorchard.com.au. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Keeping Up Appearances Life Lessons From Onslow on DVD". dvdorchard.com.au. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Keeping Up Appearances: Season 1, Episode 1 "Daddy's Accident"". Amazon.com. Retrieved 3 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Berry, Kevin (3 June 2010). "Keeping Up Appearances". thestage.co.uk. Archived from the original on 31 May 2014. Retrieved 4 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Burbridge, Steve. "Theatre review: Keeping Up Appearances at Darlington Civic Theatre and touring". British Theatre Guide. Retrieved 4 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Barr, Gordon (12 June 2010). "Preview: Keeping Up Appearances, Playhouse Whitley Bay". The Chronicle. Archived from the original on 18 January 2015. Retrieved 4 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Foster, Patrick (16 November 2015). "Keeping Up Appearances set to return as Young Hyacinth". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 21 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "Kerry Howard to play Young Hyacinth in a special prequel to Keeping Up Appearances for BBC One". BBC. BBC. 11 April 2016. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Young Hyacinth". BBC. Retrieved 27 April 2017.
Jump up ^ Warner, Sam (11 April 2016). "Keeping Up Appearances remake casts Kerry Howard as a young Hyacinth". Digital Spy. Retrieved 12 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Harp, Justin (11 April 2016). "Sacked Coronation Street star Katie Redford lands a new role in the Keeping Up Appearances prequel". Digital Spy. Retrieved 12 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "Weekly top 30 programmes". Broadcasters' Audience Research Board. Retrieved 27 April 2017.
External links[edit]
Look up room for a pony in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Keeping Up Appearances
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Hyacinth Bucket
Keeping Up Appearances at BBC Online
Keeping Up Appearances at BBC Programmes
Keeping Up Appearances at British Comedy Guide
Keeping Up Appearances on IMDb
Keeping Up Appearances at TV.com
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Stop-and-wait ARQ
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Stop-and-wait ARQ, also referred to as alternating bit protocol, is a method in telecommunications to send information between two connected devices. It ensures that information is not lost due to dropped packets and that packets are received in the correct order. It is the simplest automatic repeat-request (ARQ) mechanism. A stop-and-wait ARQ sender sends one frame at a time; it is a special case of the general sliding window protocol with transmit and receive window sizes equal to one and greater than one respectively. After sending each frame, the sender doesn't send any further frames until it receives an acknowledgement (ACK) signal. After receiving a valid frame, the receiver sends an ACK. If the ACK does not reach the sender before a certain time, known as the timeout, the sender sends the same frame again. The timeout countdown is reset after each frame transmission. The above behavior is a basic example of Stop-and-Wait. However, real-life implementations vary to address certain issues of design.
Typically the transmitter adds a redundancy check number to the end of each frame. The receiver uses the redundancy check number to check for possible damage. If the receiver sees that the frame is good, it sends an ACK. If the receiver sees that the frame is damaged, the receiver discards it and does not send an ACK—pretending that the frame was completely lost, not merely damaged.
One problem is when the ACK sent by the receiver is damaged or lost. In this case, the sender doesn't receive the ACK, times out, and sends the frame again. Now the receiver has two copies of the same frame, and doesn't know if the second one is a duplicate frame or the next frame of the sequence carrying identical data.
Another problem is when the transmission medium has such a long latency that the sender's timeout runs out before the frame reaches the receiver. In this case the sender resends the same packet. Eventually the receiver gets two copies of the same frame, and sends an ACK for each one. The sender, waiting for a single ACK, receives two ACKs, which may cause problems if it assumes that the second ACK is for the next frame in the sequence.
To avoid these problems, the most common solution is to define a 1 bit sequence number in the header of the frame. This sequence number alternates (from 0 to 1) in subsequent frames. When the receiver sends an ACK, it includes the sequence number of the next packet it expects. This way, the receiver can detect duplicated frames by checking if the frame sequence numbers alternate. If two subsequent frames have the same sequence number, they are duplicates, and the second frame is discarded. Similarly, if two subsequent ACKs reference the same sequence number, they are acknowledging the same frame.
Stop-and-wait ARQ is inefficient compared to other ARQs, because the time between packets, if the ACK and the data are received successfully, is twice the transit time (assuming the turnaround time can be zero). The throughput on the channel is a fraction of what it could be. To solve this problem, one can send more than one packet at a time with a larger sequence number and use one ACK for a set. This is what is done in Go-Back-N ARQ and the Selective Repeat ARQ.
See also[edit]
Alternating bit protocol
References[edit]
Tanenbaum, Andrew S., Computer Networks, 4th ed. ISBN 0-13-066102-3
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stop-and-wait_ARQ&oldid=788486594"
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Depth–slope product
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This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The depth–slope product is used to calculate the shear stress at the bed of an open channel containing fluid that is undergoing steady, uniform flow. It is widely used in river engineering, stream restoration, sedimentology, and fluvial geomorphology. It is the product of the water depth and the mean bed slope, along with the acceleration due to gravity and density of the fluid.
Contents
[hide]
1 Formulation
1.1 Depth and hydraulic radius
1.2 Pressure
1.3 Shear stress
1.4 Scaling
2 Uses
3 See also
4 References
Formulation[edit]
The use of the depth–slope product — in computing the bed shear-stress — specifically refers to two assumptions that are widely applicable to natural river channels: that the angle of the channel from horizontal is small enough that it can be approximated as the slope by the small-angle formula, and that the channel is much wider than it is deep, and sidewall effects can be ignored. Although it is a simplistic approach to find the shear stress in what can often be a locally unsteady fluvial system, when averaged over distances of kilometers, these local variations average and the depth–slope product becomes a useful tool to understand shear stress in open channels such as rivers.
Depth and hydraulic radius[edit]
The first assumption is that the channel is much wider than it is deep, and the equations can be solved as if the channel were infinitely wide. This means that side-wall effects can be ignored, and that the hydraulic radius, R h {\displaystyle R_{h}} , can be assumed to be equal to the channel depth, h {\displaystyle h} .
R h = A P {\displaystyle R_{h}={\frac {A}{P}}}
where A {\displaystyle A} is the cross sectional area of flow and P {\displaystyle P} is wetted perimeter. For a semicircular channel, the hydraulic radius would simply be the true radius.
For an approximately rectangular channel (for simplicity in the mathematics of the explanation of the assumption),
A = b h {\displaystyle A=bh} ,
where b {\displaystyle b} is the width (breadth) of the channel, and
P = b + 2 h {\displaystyle P=b+2h} .
For b>>h,
P → b {\displaystyle P\rightarrow b} ,
and therefore
R h → b h b = h {\displaystyle R_{h}\rightarrow {\frac {bh}{b}}=h} .
Formally, this assumption can generally be held to hold when the width is greater than about 20 times the height; the exact amount of error accrued can be found by comparing the height to the hydraulic radius. For channels with a lower width-to-depth ratio, a better solution can be found by using the hydraulic radius instead of the above simplification.
Pressure[edit]
The total stress on the bed of an open channel of infinite width is given by the hydrostatic pressure acting on the bed. For a fluid of density ρ {\displaystyle \rho } , an acceleration due to gravity g {\displaystyle g} , and a flow depth h {\displaystyle h} , the pressure exerted on the bed is simply the weight of an element of fluid, ρ g {\displaystyle \rho g} , times the depth of the flow, h {\displaystyle h} . From this, we get the expression for the total pressure, P b {\displaystyle P_{b}} , acting on the bed.
P b = ρ g h {\displaystyle P_{b}=\rho gh\,}
Shear stress[edit]
In order to convert the pressure into a shear stress, it is necessary to determine the component of the pressure that provides shear on the bed. For a channel that is at an angle α {\displaystyle \alpha } from horizontal, the shear component of the stress acting on the bed / ( τ b ) {\displaystyle /\left(\tau _{b}\right)} , which is the component acting tangentially to the bed, equals the total pressure times the sine of the angle α {\displaystyle \alpha } .
τ b = ρ g h sin  ( α ) {\displaystyle \tau _{b}=\rho gh\sin {\left(\alpha \right)}\,}
In natural rivers, the angle α {\displaystyle \alpha } is typically very small. As a result, the small-angle formula states that:
sin  ( α ) ≈ tan  ( α ) {\displaystyle \sin {\left(\alpha \right)}\approx \tan {\left(\alpha \right)}}
The tangent of the angle α {\displaystyle \alpha } is, by definition, equal to the slope of the channel, S {\displaystyle S} .
tan  ( α ) ≡ S {\displaystyle \tan {\left(\alpha \right)}\equiv S}
From this, we can arrive at the final form of the relation between bed shear stress and depth–slope product:
τ b = ρ g h S {\displaystyle \tau _{b}=\rho ghS\,}
Scaling[edit]
Assuming a single, well-mixed, homogeneous fluid and a single acceleration due to gravity (both are good assumptions in natural rivers, and the second is a good assumption for processes on Earth, or any planetary body with a dominant influence on the local gravitational field), the only two variables that determine the boundary shear stress are the depth and the slope. This is the significance of the name of the formula.
τ b ∝ h S {\displaystyle \tau _{b}\propto hS}
For natural streams, in the mks or SI system (units of pascals for shear stress), a typical useful relationship to remember is that:
τ b = 10000 [ k g m 2 s 2 ] h S {\displaystyle \tau _{b}=10000\left[{\frac {\mathrm {kg} }{\mathrm {m} ^{2}\ \mathrm {s} ^{2}}}\right]hS}
for water with a density of 1000 kg/m3 and approximating the acceleration due to gravity as 10 m/s2 (the error in this assumption is typically much smaller than the error from measurements).
Uses[edit]
Bed shear stress can be used to find:
The vertical velocity profile within the fluid flow
The ability of the fluid to carry sediment
The rate of shear dispersion of contaminants and tracers.
See also[edit]
Sediment
Fluid mechanics
References[edit]
Leopold, Wolman, and Miller (1964), Fluvial Processes in Geomorphology, Dover Publications, Mineola, NY, USA, 535 pp.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Depth–slope_product&oldid=839444840"
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