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Steve Irwin
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For other uses, see Steve Irwin (disambiguation).
Steve Irwin
Irwin at Australia Zoo in 2005
Born
Stephen Robert Irwin
(1962-02-22)22 February 1962
Essendon, Victoria, Australia
Died
4 September 2006(2006-09-04) (aged 44)
Batt Reef, Queensland, Australia
Cause of death
Stingray injury to the heart
Nationality
Australian
Other names
"The Crocodile Hunter"
Occupation
Naturalist
Zoologist
Conservationist
Television personality
Herpetologist
Years active
1991–2006
Notable work
The Crocodile Hunter
Spouse(s)
Terri Raines (m. 1992)
Children
Bindi Sue Irwin (b. 1998)
Robert Clarence Irwin (b. 2003)
Parent(s)
Bob Irwin
Lyn Irwin
Website
Australia Zoo
Stephen Robert Irwin (22 February 1962 – 4 September 2006), nicknamed "The Crocodile Hunter", was an Australian zookeeper, conservationist and television personality. Irwin achieved worldwide fame from the television series The Crocodile Hunter (1996–2007), an internationally broadcast wildlife documentary series which he co-hosted with his wife Terri; the couple also hosted the series, Croc Files (1999–2001), The Crocodile Hunter Diaries (2002–2006), and New Breed Vets (2005). Together, the couple also owned and operated Australia Zoo, founded by Irwin's parents in Beerwah, about 80 kilometres (50 mi) north of the Queensland state capital city of Brisbane.
Irwin died on 4 September 2006 after being pierced in the chest by a stingray barb while filming an underwater documentary film titled Ocean's Deadliest.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
2.1 Marriage and family
2.2 The Crocodile Hunter and related work
2.3 Other television and film work
2.4 Media campaigns
2.5 Search and rescue in Mexico
3 Honours
4 Environmentalism
5 Sporting activities
6 Controversies
7 Death
7.1 Reactions
7.2 Funeral and memorial services
8 Related events
9 Filmography
10 References
11 External links
Early life
Irwin was born on his mother's birthday to Lyn and Bob Irwin in Essendon, a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria.[1] He was of Irish descent on his father's side.[2] He moved with his parents as a child to Queensland in 1970, where he attended Landsborough State School and Caloundra State High School.[3] Irwin described his father as a wildlife expert interested in herpetology, while his mother Lyn was a wildlife rehabilitator. After moving to Queensland, Bob and Lyn Irwin started the small Queensland Reptile and Fauna Park, where Steve grew up around crocodiles and other reptiles.
Irwin became involved with the park in a number of ways, including taking part in daily animal feeding, as well as care and maintenance activities. On his sixth birthday, he was given a 12-foot (4 m) scrub python. He began handling crocodiles at the age of nine after his father had educated him on reptiles from an early age.[4] Also at age nine, he wrestled his first crocodile, again under his father's supervision.[5] He worked as a volunteer for Queensland's East Coast Crocodile Management program and captured over 100 crocodiles, some of which were relocated, while others were housed at the family park.[6] Irwin took over the management of the park in 1991[6] and renamed it Australia Zoo in 1998.[7][8]
Career
Marriage and family
Terri Raines Irwin, the widow of Steve Irwin
In 1991, Irwin met Terri Raines, an American naturalist from Eugene, Oregon, who was visiting wildlife rehabilitation facilities in Australia and had decided to visit the zoo. According to the couple, it was love at first sight.[9] Terri said at the time, "I thought there was no one like this anywhere in the world. He sounded like an environmental Tarzan, a larger-than-life superhero guy."[10] They were engaged four months later and were married in Eugene on 4 June 1992. Together they had two children: a daughter, Bindi Sue Irwin (born 24 July 1998), and a son, Robert Clarence "Bob" (named after Irwin's father) Irwin (born 1 December 2003).[11] Bindi Sue is jointly named after two of Steve Irwin's favourite animals: Bindi, a saltwater crocodile, and Sui, a Staffordshire Bull Terrier who died on 23 June 2004. Irwin was as enthusiastic about his family as he was about his work. He once described his daughter Bindi as "the reason [he] was put on the Earth." His wife once said, "The only thing that could ever keep him away from the animals he loves are the people he loves even more."[1] Although the Irwins were happily married, they did not wear wedding rings; they believed that in their line of work, wearing jewellery could pose a hazard to them and/or the animals.[12]
The Crocodile Hunter and related work
Irwin feeding a crocodile at Australia Zoo
Irwin in 2000
Steve and Terri spent their honeymoon trapping crocodiles together. Film footage of their honeymoon, taken by John Stainton, became the first episode of The Crocodile Hunter. The series debuted on Australian TV screens in 1996, and made its way onto North American television the following year. The Crocodile Hunter became successful in the United States, the UK,[13] and over 130 other countries, reaching 500 million people. Irwin's exuberant and enthusiastic presenting style, broad Australian accent, signature khaki shorts, and catchphrase "Crikey!" became known worldwide.[14] Sir David Attenborough praised Irwin for introducing many to the natural world, saying "He taught them how wonderful and exciting it was, he was a born communicator."[15]
American satellite and cable television channel Animal Planet ended The Crocodile Hunter with a series finale titled "Steve's Last Adventure." The last Crocodile Hunter documentary spanned three hours with footage of Irwin's across-the-world adventure in locations including the Himalayas, the Yangtze River, Borneo, and the Kruger National Park. Irwin went on to star in other Animal Planet documentaries, including Croc Files,[16] The Crocodile Hunter Diaries,[17] and New Breed Vets.[18] During a January 2006 interview on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, Irwin announced that Discovery Kids would be developing a show for his daughter, Bindi Sue Irwin[19] – a plan realised after his death as the series Bindi the Jungle Girl.[20]
Other television and film work
In 1998, Irwin continued, working with director Mark Strickson, to present The Ten Deadliest Snakes in the World.[21] He appeared on several episodes of The Tonight Show with Jay Leno.[22][23] A 2000 FedEx commercial with Irwin lightheartedly dealt with the possibility of occupational death from snakebite and the fanciful notion that FedEx would have saved him, if only FedEx were used.[24]
Under Irwin's leadership, the operations grew to include the zoo, the television series, the Steve Irwin Conservation Foundation (later renamed Wildlife Warriors), and the International Crocodile Rescue. Improvements to the Australia Zoo include the Animal Planet Crocoseum, the rainforest aviary and Tiger Temple. Irwin mentioned that he was considering opening an Australia Zoo in Las Vegas, Nevada, and possibly at other sites around the world.[1]
In 2001, Irwin appeared in a cameo role in the Eddie Murphy film Dr. Dolittle 2, in which an alligator warns Dolittle that he knows Irwin is going to grab him and is prepared to attack when he does, but Dolittle fails to warn Irwin in time. Irwin's only starring feature film role was in 2002's The Crocodile Hunter: Collision Course, which was released to mixed reviews. In the film Irwin (who portrayed himself and performed numerous stunts) mistakes some CIA agents for poachers. He sets out to stop them from capturing a crocodile, which, unknown to him, has actually swallowed a tracking transmitter. The film won the Best Family Feature Film award for a comedy film at the Young Artist Awards. The film was produced on a budget of about US$12 million, and has grossed $33 million.[25] To promote the film, Irwin was featured in an animated short produced by Animax Entertainment for Intermix.[26]
In 2002, Irwin and his family appeared in the Wiggles video/DVD release Wiggly Safari, which was set in Australia Zoo and featured singing and dancing inspired by Australian wildlife.[27]
Pacific National locomotive NR75 named Steve Irwin
In 2003, Irwin fronted an advertising campaign for The Ghan, a passenger train operating between Adelaide, Alice Springs, and Darwin.[28] A Pacific National NR class locomotive was named Steve Irwin as part of the campaign.
In 2005, Irwin provided his voice for the 2006 animated film Happy Feet, as an elephant seal named Trev. The film was dedicated to Irwin, as he died during post-production.[29] Another, previously incomplete scene, featuring Irwin providing the voice of an albatross and essentially playing himself, was restored to the DVD release.[30]
Media campaigns
A poster from Irwin's Quarantine Matters! campaign
Irwin was also involved in several media campaigns. He enthusiastically joined with the Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service to promote Australia's strict quarantine/customs requirements, with advertisements and posters featuring slogans such as, "Quarantine Matters! Don't muck with it". His payments for these advertising campaigns were directed into his wildlife fund.[31]
In 2004, Irwin was appointed ambassador for The Ghan, the passenger train running from Adelaide to Alice Springs in the central Australian outback, when the line was extended all the way to Darwin on the northern coast that year. For some time he was sponsored by Toyota.[32]
Irwin was a keen promoter for Australian tourism in general and Queensland tourism in particular. In 2002, the Australia Zoo was voted Queensland's top tourist attraction.[33] His immense popularity in the United States meant he often promoted Australia as a tourist destination there.[34] As a part of the United States' "Australia Week" celebrations in January 2006, Irwin appeared at UCLA's Pauley Pavilion in Los Angeles, California.[35]
Search and rescue in Mexico
In November 2003, Irwin was filming a documentary on sea lions off the coast of Baja California Peninsula in Mexico when he heard via his boat's radio that two scuba divers were reported missing in the area. Irwin and his entire crew suspended operations to aid in the search. His team's divers searched with the rescue divers, and Irwin used his vessel to patrol the waters around the island where the incident occurred, as well as using his satellite communications system to call in a rescue plane. On the second day of the search, kayakers found one of the divers, Scott Jones, perched on a narrow rock ledge jutting out from the side of a cliff. Irwin and a crew member escorted him to Irwin's boat. Jones did not recognise Irwin. The other lost diver, Katie Vrooman, was found dead by a search plane later the same day not far from Jones' location.[36]
Honours
In 1997, while on a fishing trip on the coast of Queensland with his father, Irwin discovered a new species of turtle. Later given the honour of naming the newly discovered species, he named it Irwin's turtle (Elseya irwini) after his family.[37] Another newly discovered Australian animal – a species of air-breathing land snail, Crikey steveirwini, was named after Irwin in 2009.[38]
In 2001, Irwin was awarded the Centenary Medal by the Australian government for his "service to global conservation and to Australian tourism".[39] In 2004, he was recognised as Tourism Export of the Year.[40] He was also nominated in 2004 for Australian of the Year[41] – an honour which was won that year by Australian cricket captain Steve Waugh.[42] Shortly before his death, Irwin was to be named an adjunct professor at the University of Queensland's School of Integrative Biology. On 14 November 2007, Irwin was awarded the adjunct professorship posthumously.[43]
In May 2007, the government of Rwanda announced that it would name a baby gorilla after Irwin as a tribute to his work in wildlife conservation.[44] Also in 2007, the state government of Kerala, India named the Crocodile Rehabilitation and Research Centre at Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary in his honour;[45] however, Terri objected that this action had been taken without her permission and asked the Kerala government in 2009 to stop using Irwin's name and images[46] – a request with which the state government complied in mid-2009.[47]
In 2015, Irwin was a posthumous recipient of the Queensland Greats Awards.[48]
On 22 June 2017, it was announced that Irwin will be posthumously honoured with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.[49][50]
In 2009, Steve Irwin was inducted into the Queensland Business Leaders Hall of Fame, recognised for international entrepreneurship both in business and wildlife conservation, significantly contributing to Queensland and its international reputation.[51]
Environmentalism
See also: Wildlife Warriors
Irwin was a passionate conservationist and believed in promoting environmentalism by sharing his excitement about the natural world rather than preaching to people. He was concerned with conservation of endangered animals and land clearing leading to loss of habitat. He considered conservation to be the most important part of his work: "I consider myself a wildlife warrior. My mission is to save the world's endangered species."[33] Irwin bought "large tracts of land" in Australia, Vanuatu, Fiji and the United States, which he described as "like national parks" and stressed the importance of people realising that they could each make a difference.[52]
Irwin founded the Steve Irwin Conservation Foundation, which became an independent charity and was later renamed "Wildlife Warriors Worldwide".[53] He also helped found International Crocodile Rescue,[54] the Lyn Irwin Memorial Fund (named in memory of his mother, who died in an automobile crash in 2000),[55] and the Iron Bark Station Wildlife Rehabilitation Facility.[56]
Irwin urged people to take part in considerate tourism and not support illegal poaching through the purchase of items such as turtle shells or shark-fin soup.[57]
Sir David Attenborough was an inspiration to Irwin, according to his widow. When presenting a Lifetime Achievement Award to Attenborough after Irwin's death at the British National Television Awards on 31 October 2006, Terri Irwin said, "If there's one person who directly inspired my husband it's the person being honoured tonight.... [Steve's] real, true love was conservation – and the influence of tonight's recipient in preserving the natural world has been immense."[58] Attenborough reciprocated by praising Irwin for introducing many to the natural world, saying, "He taught them how wonderful and exciting it was, he was a born communicator."[15]
Irwin, after his death, was described by Mark Townend, CEO of RSPCA Queensland, as a "modern-day Noah."[59] British naturalist David Bellamy lauded his skills as a natural historian and media performer.[60] Canadian environmentalist David Suzuki paid tribute to Irwin, noting that "[h]umanity will not protect that which we fear or do not understand. Steve Irwin helped us understand those things that many people thought were a nuisance at best, a horror at worst. That made him a great educator and conservationist."[61]
After his death, the vessel MV Robert Hunter owned by the environmental action group Sea Shepherd Conservation Society was renamed MY Steve Irwin.[62] Shortly before his death, Irwin had been investigating joining Sea Shepherd's 2007–2008 voyage to Antarctica to disrupt Japanese whaling activity. Following his death, the organisation suggested renaming their vessel, and this idea was endorsed by Terri Irwin.[63] Regarding the ship and its new name, Terri said, "If Steve were alive, he'd be aboard with them!"[64]
Sporting activities
Irwin loved mixed martial arts competitions and trained with Greg Jackson in the fighting/grappling system of Gaidojutsu.[65]
Like many Australians, he was an avid cricket fan. This was seen during his visit to Sri Lanka where he played cricket with some local children and said "I love cricket" and "It's a shame we have to go catch some snakes now". This was seen during the Crocodile Hunter episode "Island of the Snakes".[66]
Having grown up in Essendon, Irwin was a fan of the Essendon Bombers, an Australian rules football club in the Australian Football League.[67] Irwin took part in an Australian Rules football promotion in Los Angeles as part of "Australia Week" in early 2006.[68] After his death, a picture of Irwin wearing a Bombers Guernsey was shown by ESPN.com in their Bottom 10 ranking of the worst Division I FBS college football teams after Week 1 of the season in tribute to him.[69]
Having lived in Queensland most of his life, Irwin was also a fan of rugby league. As a teenager, he played for the Caloundra Sharks as a second-rower,[70] and as an adult he was known to be a passionate Brisbane Broncos fan and was involved with the club on several occasions. On one occasion after turning up to training he asked if he could tackle the largest player, Shane Webcke. Despite being thrown to the ground and looking like he'd been crushed he was jovial about the experience. Irwin laughingly shared the experience with the Queensland State of Origin squad before the 2006 series.[71] Irwin also supported rugby union, being a fan of the national team, the Wallabies. He once wore a Wallaby jersey during a demonstration at the zoo. A behind-the-scenes episode of The Crocodile Hunter showed Irwin and the crew finding a petrol station in a remote part of Namibia to watch the Wallabies defeat France in the 1999 Rugby World Cup Final. Irwin was also a talented surfer.[72]
Controversies
MY Steve Irwin approaching Melbourne in February 2008
A controversial incident occurred during a public show on 2 January 2004, when Irwin carried his one-month-old son, Bob, in his arm while hand-feeding a chicken carcass to Murray, a 3.8-metre (12 ft 6 in) saltwater crocodile. The infant was close to the crocodile, and comparisons were made in the press to Michael Jackson's dangling his son outside a German hotel window.[73] In addition, some child welfare groups, animal rights groups, and some of Irwin's television viewers criticised his actions as irresponsible and tantamount to child abuse.[74] Irwin apologised on the US NBC show Today.[75] Both he and his wife publicly stated that Irwin was in complete control of the situation, as he had dealt with crocodiles since he was a small child, and based on his lifetime of experience neither he nor his son was in any danger. He also showed footage of the event shot from a different angle, demonstrating that they were much farther from the crocodile than they had appeared in the publicised clip.[76] Terri Irwin said their child was in no more danger than one being taught to swim. No charges were filed; according to one journalist, Irwin told officials he would not repeat the action.[77] The incident prompted the Queensland government to change its crocodile-handling laws, banning children and untrained adults from entering crocodile enclosures.[78]
In June 2004, allegations were made that he disturbed wildlife (namely whales, seals and penguins) while filming a documentary, Ice Breaker, in Antarctica. The matter was subsequently closed without charges being laid.[79]
After questions arose in 2003 about Irwin being paid $175,000 worth of taxpayers' money to appear in a television advertisement and his possible political ties, Irwin told the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) that he was a conservationist and did not choose sides in politics. His comments describing Australian Prime Minister John Howard as the "greatest leader in the world" earned him scorn in the media.[80]
Irwin was criticised for having an unsophisticated view of conservation in Australia that seemed more linked to tourism than to the problems Australia faces as a continent. In response to questions of Australia's problems with overgrazing, salinity, and erosion, Irwin responded, "Cows have been on our land for so long that Australia has evolved to handle those big animals." The Sydney Morning Herald concluded with the opinion that his message was confusing and amounted to "eating roos and crocs is bad for tourism, and therefore more cruel than eating other animals".[81]
Death
On 4 September 2006, Irwin was on location at Batt Reef, near Port Douglas, Queensland, taking part in the production of the documentary series Ocean's Deadliest. During a lull in filming caused by inclement weather, Irwin decided to snorkel in shallow waters while being filmed in an effort to provide footage for his daughter's television programme.
While swimming in chest-deep water, Irwin approached a stingray with an approximate span of two metres (6.5 ft) from the rear, in order to film it swimming away.
According to the incident's only witness, “All of a sudden [the stingray] propped on its front and started stabbing wildly with its tail. Hundreds of strikes in a few seconds”. Irwin initially believed he only had a punctured lung. However, the stingray's barb pierced his heart, causing him to bleed to death.[82][83] The stingray's behaviour appeared to have been a defensive response to being boxed in. Crew members aboard Irwin's boat administered CPR and rushed him to the nearby Low Isles where medical staff pronounced him dead.[84][85][86]
Irwin's death is believed to be the only fatality from a stingray ever captured on video.[87]
Footage of the incident was viewed by Queensland state police as part of their mandatory investigations. All copies of the footage were then destroyed at the behest of Irwin's family.[88][89][90][91][92] Production was completed on Ocean's Deadliest, which was broadcast in the US on the Discovery Channel on 21 January 2007. The documentary was completed with footage shot in the weeks following the accident, but without including any mention of Irwin's accidental death.[93][94]
Reactions
News of Irwin's death prompted reactions around the world. Then-Prime Minister John Howard expressed "shock and distress" at the death, saying that "Australia has lost a wonderful and colourful son."[95] Queensland's then-Premier Peter Beattie remarked that Irwin would "be remembered as not just a great Queenslander, but a great Australian".[96] The Australian federal parliament opened on 5 September 2006 with condolence speeches by both Howard and the Leader of the Opposition, Kim Beazley. Flags at the Sydney Harbour Bridge were lowered to half mast in honour of Irwin.[97] In the days following Irwin's death, reactions dominated Australian online news sources,[98] talk-back radio programmes,[99] and television networks.[100] In the United States, where Irwin had appeared in over 200 Discovery Network television programmes, special tributes appeared on the Animal Planet channel, as well as on CNN and major TV talk shows.[101][102] Thousands of Irwin's fans visited Australia Zoo after his death, paying their respects and bringing flowers, candles, stuffed animals and messages of support.[103][104]
Criticism of Irwin's career following his death came from Dan Mathews, vice-president of the animal rights group People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals. Comparing Irwin to a "cheap reality TV star", Mathews accused him of "antagonising frightened wild animals ... a very dangerous message to send to children", contrasted his methods with the behaviour of "a responsible conservationist like Jacques Cousteau", and said it was "no shock at all that Steve Irwin should die provoking a dangerous animal."[105][106] The son of Jacques Cousteau, Jean-Michel Cousteau—also a producer of wildlife documentaries—took issue with Irwin's "very, very spectacular, dramatic way of presenting things" and suggested instead that "You don't touch nature, you just look at it."[107] Jacques Cousteau's grandson and Jean-Michel's nephew, Philippe Cousteau Jr., on the other hand, called Irwin "a remarkable individual"; describing the Ocean's Deadliest project (on which he worked along with Irwin), Philippe said, "I think why Steve was so excited about it that we were looking at these animals that people think of as, you know, dangerous and deadly monsters, and they're not. They all have an important place in the environment and in the world. And that was what his whole message was about."[108]
In the weeks following Irwin's death, at least ten stingrays were found dead and mutilated on the beaches of Queensland, with their tails cut off, prompting speculation as to whether they might have been killed by fans of Irwin as an act of revenge, although, according to the chairman of the Queensland fishing information service, anglers regularly cut the tails off of accidentally caught stingrays to avoid being stung.[109] Michael Hornby, a friend of Irwin and executive director of his Wildlife Warrior fund, condemned any revenge killings, saying that "We just want to make it very clear that we will not accept and not stand for anyone who's taken a form of retribution. That's the last thing Steve would want."[110]
Funeral and memorial services
Family and friends of Irwin held a private funeral service in Caloundra on 9 September 2006.[111] Irwin was buried in a private ceremony at Australia Zoo later that same day; the grave site is inaccessible to the zoo's visitors.[104] Prime Minister Howard and Queensland Premier Beattie had offered to hold a state funeral, but Irwin's family decided this would not be appropriate and—in the words of his father—he would have preferred to be remembered as an "ordinary bloke".[112]
The "Crocoseum" at Australia Zoo, where Steve Irwin's memorial service was held.
On 20 September, a public memorial service, introduced by Russell Crowe, was held in Australia Zoo's 5,500-seat Crocoseum; this service was broadcast live throughout Australia, the United States, the UK, Germany, and Asia, and it is estimated to have been seen by over 300 million viewers worldwide.[113] The memorial included remarks by Prime Minister Howard; Irwin's father Bob and daughter Bindi; his associates Wes Mannion and John Stainton; and celebrities from Australia and around the world.[114] Anthony Field of The Wiggles partly hosted the service, often sharing the screen with various animals, from koalas to elephants. Australian music star John Williamson sang "True Blue", which was Irwin's favourite song. In a symbolic finish to the service, Irwin's truck was loaded up with gear and driven out of the arena for the last time as Williamson sang. As a final tribute, Australia Zoo staff spelled out Irwin's catchphrase "Crikey" in yellow flowers as Irwin's truck was driven from the Crocoseum for the last time to end the service.
Related events
On 1 January 2007, Glass House Mountains Road, the road that runs by the Australia Zoo, was officially renamed Steve Irwin Way.[115]
The Australian government announced in July 2007 that a 135,000-hectare (334,000-acre) national park was being created in northern Queensland and would be named the Steve Irwin Wildlife Reserve.[116][117]
An asteroid discovered in 2001 has been named 57567 Crikey, in honour of Irwin and his "signature phrase".[118][119]
Filmography
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Year
Film
Role
Other notes
1996–2006 The Crocodile Hunter Himself 78 episodes
1997 Crocs Down Under Himself TV special
1999–2001 Croc Files Himself 56 episodes
2001 Dr. Dolittle 2 Himself Cameo role; film
2001 The Ten Deadliest Snakes in the World Himself TV special
2002–2006 The Crocodile Hunter Diaries Himself 96 episodes
2002 Steve Irwin's Ghosts of War Himself TV special
2002 Mystery Hunters Himself One episode
2002 The Crocodile Hunter: Collision Course Himself Film
2002 Wiggly Safari Himself Direct-to-video film
2002 Lights! Croc! Action! Himself TV special
2002 Up Over Down Under Himself TV special
2003 Croc Hunter LIVE! Himself TV special
2004 Croc Live Himself TV special
2004 Ice Breaker Himself TV special
2004 Confessions of the Crocodile Hunter Himself TV special
2005 New Breed Vets with Steve Irwin Himself Six episodes
2005 Steve's Last Adventure Himself TV special
2006 Steve Irwin's Great Escapes Himself Mini-Series (two episodes)[120]
2006 5 Takes: Pacific Rim Himself One episode
2006 Happy Feet Trev (voice) Released posthumously; film
2007 Ocean's Deadliest Himself TV special; released posthumously
2007 Crikey! What an Adventure: An Intimate Look at the Life of Steve Irwin Himself (via archived footage) TV special; released posthumously
2007 My Daddy, the Crocodile Hunter Himself (via archived footage) TV special; released posthumously
2007 Secrets of the Crocodile Himself TV special; released posthumously
2007–2008 Bindi, the Jungle Girl Himself (via archived footage) TV series, released posthumously
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Jump up ^ "Steve Irwin Still in Running for Award", First Coast News, Jacksonville, Florida, USA, 7 January 2004.
Jump up ^ "Steve Waugh named Australian of the Year", Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 26 January 2004.
Jump up ^ "Croc Hunter becomes a professor". ABC News. 8 November 2007. Retrieved 14 April 2012. The Crocodile Hunter had been named an adjunct professor at the University of Queensland shortly before his death.... 'This presentation now gives us the opportunity to publicly recognise his remarkable contribution to research and conservation.'
Jump up ^ "Rwanda to name baby gorilla after Steve Irwin". ABC Online. 8 May 2007. Archived from the original on 9 May 2007. Retrieved 7 May 2007.
Jump up ^ "Kerala crocodile park named after Irwin". NDTV. 8 May 2007. Archived from the original on 19 May 2007. Retrieved 7 May 2007.
Jump up ^ "Wife shock for Irwin croc park – What's in a name?", The Telegraph (Calcutta, India), 28 February 2009.
Jump up ^ "Kerala govt removes Steve Irwin's name from croc park", Daily News & Analysis, 5 June 2009.
Jump up ^ "2015 Queensland Greats recipients". Queensland Government. Archived from the original on 31 May 2017. Retrieved 31 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "Steve Irwin posthumously honoured with star on Hollywood Walk of Fame". ABC News. 2017-06-23. Retrieved 2017-06-23.
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Jump up ^ "Wildlife legend honoured". ITN News. ITN. 1 November 2006. Retrieved 1 November 2006. [dead link]
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Jump up ^ Tait, Paul (4 September 2006). "Australia stunned by death of "modern-day Noah"". Reuters. Archived from the original on 7 February 2008. Retrieved 4 September 2006.
Jump up ^ Suzuki, David; Moola, Faisal (15 November 2006). "Crocodile Hunter more than just a showman". David Suzuki Foundation. Retrieved 16 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "Sea Shepherd Renames Its Whale Defending Ship the Steve Irwin". Sea Shepherd. 5 December 2007. Archived from the original on 5 January 2008.
Jump up ^ Towie, Narelle (4 December 2007). "Sea Shepherd honours Steve Irwin". Perth Now. Retrieved 18 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "Sea Shepherd Activists Cover Whaler with Stinky, Slimy Goo". Environment News Service. 26 December 2008. Retrieved 18 January 2011.
Jump up ^ Jackson's Gaidojutsu Self Defense www.jacksons.tv. Retrieved 7 September 2006. Archived 23 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Island of Snakes part 6". 26 February 2008. Archived from the original on 16 December 2013. Retrieved 26 February 2008.
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Jump up ^ Duffey, David (6 September 2006). "The Bottom 10: Have a look at this beauty". ESPN. Retrieved 11 September 2006.
Jump up ^ Our mate Steve. Retrieved 12 September 2006
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Jump up ^ "Inquiry into croc baby stunt". BBC News. 3 January 2004. Retrieved 4 September 2006.
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Jump up ^ "Beattie flags Steve Irwin award, national park". ABC. 5 September 2006. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 7 September 2006.
^ Jump up to: a b "'Crocoseum' tribute set for Irwin". BBC. 13 September 2006. Retrieved 13 September 2006.
Jump up ^ AAP (13 September 2006). "Irwin's antics 'a danger to children'". The Age. Australia. Retrieved 13 September 2006.
Jump up ^ Walls, Jeannette. "PETA sheds no crocodile tears for Steve Irwin". MSNBC. Retrieved 14 September 2006.
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Jump up ^ "Thousands mourn 'Crocodile Hunter'". CNN. 20 September 2006. Archived from the original on 20 September 2006. Retrieved 20 September 2006.
Jump up ^ Steve Irwin gets his Way. Retrieved 2 January 2007
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Jump up ^ "Australia to name wildlife reserve after Steve Irwin". CBC News. 23 July 2007. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Schmadel, Lutz D. (2009). Dictionary of Minor Planet Names: Addendum to Fifth Edition: 2006–2008. Springer-Verlag. p. 154. ISBN 978-3-642-01964-7. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
Jump up ^ "57567 Crikey (2001 TS56)". NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory. 7 August 2007. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Steve Irwin's Great Escapes Episode Guide IMDB
External links
Australia portal
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The dictionary definition of crikey at Wiktionary
Profile at Australia Zoo
Steve 'The Crocodile Hunter' Irwin – slideshow by Life magazine at the Wayback Machine (archived 7 September 2010)
Ocean Treasures Memorial Library/Steve Irwin Memorial
Huge collection of features and photographs from Daily Telegraph concerning the Irwins at the Wayback Machine (archived 6 February 2007)
Steve Irwin at DMOZ
Steve Irwin on IMDb
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The Westing Game
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The Westing Game
First edition
Author
Ellen Raskin
Country
United Kingdom
Genre
Mystery Fiction
Publication date
1978
Pages
216 pg
ISBN
0-525-47137-5
OCLC
53292898
LC Class
PZ7.R1817 We 2003
The Westing Game is a mystery novel written by Ellen Raskin and published by Dutton in 1978. It won the Newbery Medal recognizing the year's most distinguished contribution to American children's literature.[1] The story involves 16 seemingly unrelated heirs of reclusive businessman Sam Westing and his challenge to figure out the secret of his death. The heirs must figure out who killed Westing by clues in his will.
The Westing Game was ranked number nine among all-time children's novels in a survey published by School Library Journal in 2012.[2] It has been adapted as the 1997 feature film Get a Clue (also distributed as The Westing Game).[citation needed]
Sunset Towers is a new apartment building on Lake Michigan, north of Milwaukee and just down the shore from the mansion owned by reclusive self-made millionaire Samuel W. Westing. (Despite the name, Sunset Towers faces east – into the sunrise.)
As the story opens, a man named Barney Northrup is selling apartments to a carefully selected group of tenants. It soon emerges that most of the tenants – regardless of age or occupation – are named as heirs in Westing's will. The will is structured as a puzzle, with the 16 heirs challenged to find the solution. Each of the eight pairs, assigned seemingly at random, is given $10,000 cash and a different set of baffling clues. The pair that solves the mystery will inherit Westing's entire $200 million fortune and control of his company.
Contents
1 Characters
1.1 Pair One
1.2 Pair Two
1.3 Pair Three
1.4 Pair Four
1.5 Pair Five
1.6 Pair Six
1.7 Pair Seven
1.8 Pair Eight
1.9 Other characters
2 Epilogue
3 References
4 External links
Characters[edit]
Sam Westing was an extremely rich businessman who made his fortune in paper products. He was very patriotic and never smoked, drank, or gambled.
Pair One[edit]
Jacob "Jake" Wexler is a Jewish podiatrist, and a bookie on the side. He is married to Grace Wexler, whom he loves, but he also knows that she might never be happy with their life or financial situation. Jake is the father of Angela Wexler and Turtle Wexler. He later becomes a state gambling commissioner.
Madame Sun Lin Hoo is the much-younger Chinese immigrant wife of James Shin Hoo. She barely speaks English and can usually be found working in Mr Hoo's restaurant. It is rumoured that Mr Hoo married her for her 100-year-old sauce recipe. Madame Hoo also steals various items throughout the story in order to sell them and buy a trip back to China. Madame Hoo is the step-mother of Doug Hoo. Although she is an heir, she doesn't really contribute to the game.
Pair Two[edit]
Judge J.J. Ford, an intelligent and serious African-American woman in her forties who rarely smiles. She is suspicious of the game created by Sam Westing. Instead of winning, her goal is to discover the past of every heir. She prefers to work on her own, but uses her partner's ear for gossip to her advantage. Her connection to Westing is that she is the daughter of his former servants. Growing up, Westing would play chess with Ford and funded her education. As Sandy, Westing suggested that he did so as he saw her potential instead of pity as she believes.
Alexander "Sandy" McSouthers was a doorman in Sunset Towers. That was his disguise, as he was actually one of the four identities of Sam Westing. His description says that he previously worked at Westing Paper Products Corporation and claims to have been fired by Sam Westing himself for attempting to organize the workers. McSouthers is notable for his knowledge of Sunset Towers' gossip.
Pair Three[edit]
Grace Wexler, married to Jake Wexler and mother of Angela and Turtle, is a self-centered woman who is obsessed with her own image. She favors Angela while largely ignoring Turtle. She claims to be Mr. Westing's niece, and she purports her name as Grace Windsor Wexler, although it is actually Gracie Windkloppel Wexler. Grace wants to be an interior designer. However, as the game goes on, she develops a growing interest in her partner's restaurant and the restaurant business in general.
James Shin "Jimmy" Hoo is a middle-aged Chinese man, owner of Shin Hoo's restaurant and former entrepreneur, as well as Madame Hoo's husband and Doug's father. He claims Mr Westing stole his patent for the disposable diaper and appears bitter and moody for this reason. He suffers from ulcers, and he can often be seen yelling at his son to study.
Pair Four[edit]
Tabitha-Ruth Wexler, known as Turtle or "Alice", is a highly intelligent 13-year-old girl. She is very protective of her long, dark braid of hair and kicks anyone who pulls it. She excels at playing the stock market. She is very fond of both Sandy McSouthers and her partner Flora Baumbach, and she also loves her family, even though her sister Angela seems to be favoured. She has a slight crush on Doug Hoo. At the end, she becomes friends with Julian Eastman and therefore Sam Westing himself.
Flora Baumbach is a shy 60-year-old dressmaker who becomes a maternal figure to her partner, Turtle. Her daughter, Rosalie, had Down syndrome and died of pneumonia at age 19. Her husband disappeared, and it is unknown whether he died or if there was a divorce. Flora is kind to everyone and prefers to see the best in people. Turtle refers to her as "Baba," while she refers to Turtle as "Alice." She is an heir because she made the wedding dress for Westing's deceased daughter.
Pair Five[edit]
Christos "Chris" Theodorakis is a 15-year-old boy who uses a wheelchair due to a degenerative muscle disease. He is very intelligent and enjoys birdwatching. His brother, Theo, is very protective of him. Chris's disease causes muscle spasms and affects his speech, but he is much more observant than he lets on – in part because he is often dismissed by others. Chris also develops a temporary friendship with Sydelle Pulaski. Chris is observant of others and is ready for any challenge given, by the game
Dr. Denton Deere is a 25-year-old medical intern. He is engaged to Angela. Dr Deere is arrogant and extremely proud of the medical industry. He has an obsession with giving diagnoses to almost everyone. He later becomes a neurologist, gaining fame for his treatment of Chris's condition.
Pair Six[edit]
Berthe Erica Crow, usually referred to as simply Crow, is an extremely religious 57-year-old woman. Tight and introverted, she works as a cleaning woman for Sunset Towers, while also operating a downtown soup kitchen for the homeless. She plays a major role in Westing's plot, as it is revealed that she was formerly Mr Westing's wife. She was put in jail but J.J Ford was ready to defend Crow.
Otis J. Amber is a 62-year-old "delivery boy." Even outside of the game, he is often seen with Berthe Erica Crow, in part because he is actually a private investigator whom Sam Westing tasked with watching Crow. He assists Berthe with her soup kitchen. At the beginning of the story, he tells the tale of the bloody bet that a boy once made involving the Westing mansion, which becomes an eerie theme throughout the book, using two words: "purple waves."
Pair Seven[edit]
Theo Theodorakis is a smart high school student, and very loyal to his family. He is protective of his brother Chris and works hard in his parents' coffee shop. He is interested in becoming a writer, and also becomes friends with his partner, Doug Hoo.
Doug Hoo, son of Jimmy Hoo, is a high school track star, one of the best mile-runners in the state. Running is his passion, but his father often criticizes him for not studying. Doug's partner Theo tells Doug to follow Otis Amber because they were suspicious of him. At the end, he wins two Olympic gold medals and sets the 1500m record as well.
Pair Eight[edit]
Angela Wexler is a beautiful 20-year-old girl: fair, blonde, and very pretty. She is considered the 'perfect' daughter, often getting more attention than her sister Turtle. However, people only acknowledge her as an attractive object to be married to Dr. Denton Deere, and not an intelligent woman in her own right. Throughout the book, Angela grows in her independence and her distaste for being objectified. Not that many characters realize that she is scared of not obeying Grace's every command. She wants to do more than sitting still and looking pretty. She is the bomber that causes several catastrophes through the book though only Turtle is aware of this. Eventually, she goes to college.
Sydelle Pulaski is a mysterious character who seems to have no connection to Mr. Westing or the other heirs. No one pays any attention to her, so she tries hard to be noticed. She seems to have an affinity for Chris Theodorakis. Eventually, it is revealed that she truly does not have a connection to Sam Westing, as Westing's lawyer mistakenly recruited her instead of a woman named Sybil Pulaski.
Other characters[edit]
Barny Northup is a mysterious figure who sells all of the apartments in Sunset Towers to the various heirs. After this, he is rarely seen by any of the tenants. (Sam Westing)
Julian R. Eastman runs Westing Paper Products in Mr Westing's absence. He was a witness to Mr Westing's will. (Sam Westing)
Dr. Sidney Sikes is a good friend of Samuel Westing and a witness to his will. Was the one who declared both Westing and Sandy McSouthers (Sam Westing ) dead and appears to be in on Westing's plan.
Edgar J. Plum is the young and fairly incompetent lawyer in charge of handling Samuel Westing's estate. Aside from reading Westing's will to the players, Plum has no part in the game.
Mr. and Mrs Theodorakis run the Sunset Towers coffee shop. They have no role in the game, though their sons Chris and Theo do.
Epilogue[edit]
The epilogue of the story is told in the book's last three chapters, which depicts the heirs growing older and more successful, many of them changing their lives as a result of the game.
Crow and Otis Amber fall in love and are married, both leaving their jobs at Sunset Towers to work at Crow's soup kitchen, which many of the heirs leave donations to. Both die within a week of one another after several years of life together.
Flora Baumbach leaves the dressmaking business a few years after the game's conclusion, becoming Turtle's close friend and later Alice's nanny.
Denton Deere and Angela Wexler both question their life choices and ultimately separate. Denton becomes a neurologist due to his success in treating Chris Theodorakis' disease, and Angela returns to medical school to become a surgeon. Five years after the game's conclusion, the two are reunited, marry, and have a daughter named Alice.
Judge Ford agrees to finance Chris' education in homage to her mentor, Sam Westing. She is elected to the US Court of Appeals and later the Supreme Court.
Sunny Hoo ultimately never leaves her husband and adopts the nickname "Sunny." She becomes fluent in English and becomes James' secretary in his new company. After he dies she finally takes her trip to China but returns to take up the family business.
James Hoo leaves the restaurant business and gives "Hoo's on First" to Grace. He patents his shoe-sole idea and becomes a multimillionaire, and moves out of Sunset Towers with his family. He dies briefly before the book's conclusion and is succeeded in the company by his wife.
Doug Hoo wins his first Olympic gold medal and set a new record for the 1500-meter run shortly after the game ends, and goes on to win two more. Retiring from athletics, he becomes a popular sports announcer.
Chris Theodorakis is ultimately able to manage the effects of his disease thanks to Denton's extensive research. However, he remains unable to walk and uses a wheelchair for the rest of his life. His college education is financed by Judge Ford, and he meets a girl named Shirley during his first year. The two later marry and become professors at the local university. Chris discovers and names a new breed of parrot (the "something-Christos parrot") during an expedition in Central America.
Sydelle Pulaski returns to her old job at Schultz Sausages and discovers that Mr Schultz has a crush on her. She later marries him. The pair moves to Hawaii, though Sydelle stays in touch with Angela. She gives up using crutches to get attention but requires the use of them on various occasions near the end of the novel.
Jake Wexler becomes unsatisfied with his job as a podiatrist, quits, and is recommended to a political position by Judge Ford. He becomes the Chairman of the State Gambling Commission and then the Wisconsin State Crime Commissioner, though the jobs give him little time to spend with his wife.
Grace Wexler takes control of Jimmy Hoo's restaurant, renaming it "Hoo's on First" and giving it a theme of local sports stars. It gets rave reviews. The success of "Hoo's on First" ultimately results in a chain of ten such restaurants, the latest of which allows her to work close to her husband in the state capital of Madison.
Theo Theodorakis attends a literary college, becoming an assistant to the reporter who writes the article about Doug's first gold medal. He later becomes a novelist. His first novel does not sell well, but at the book's end, he has almost finished his second book. Theo marries Turtle, though they agree not to have children lest the children inherit Chris' disease. Theo and Chris' parents move to Florida after retiring from their coffee shop business.
Turtle Wexler, having solved the game by discovering Sam Westing's secret life, is dedicated to becoming his successor – and, ultimately, the president of Westing Paper Products. She takes on the nickname of T.R. (real name: Tabitha-Ruth Wexler), attends college early (she is only 18 in her second year of college), and makes over $5 million in the stock market. Turtle marries Theo and begins teaching Angela and Denton's daughter Alice how to play chess.
Sandy McSouthers, who supposedly died after the game's conclusion, is revealed as Samuel Westing, Barney Northrup, and (primarily) Julian Eastman. He becomes Turtle Wexler's mentor, pays for her expensive education, and plays chess with her every Saturday, although she tells people she is "at the library." He dies on the Fourth of July.
Sam Westing, died from old age and was not murdered.
The Westing Game, adapted by Darian Lindle and directed by Terry Brino-Dean, was first produced at Prime Stage Theatre in Pittsburgh in 2009. The script is published by Dramatic Publishing.
Get a Clue, adapted by Dylan Kelsey Hadley and directed by Terence H. Winkless was produced for television in 1997.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Newbery Medal & Honor Books, 1922–Present". Association for Library Service to Children. Retrieved 11 January 2011.
Jump up ^ Bird, Elizabeth (July 7, 2012). "Top 100 Chapter Book Poll Results". A Fuse #8 Production. Blog. School Library Journal (blog.schoollibraryjournal.com). Retrieved 28 October 2015.
External links[edit]
Novels portal
Children's literature portal
The Westing Game manuscript online at UW Madison
The Westing Game on IMDb
The Game learning guide, analysis, quotes, & teacher resources
Awards
Preceded by
Bridge to Terabithia Newbery Medal recipient
1979 Succeeded by
A Gathering of Days: A New England Girl's Journal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Westing_Game&oldid=847799193"
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