text:
Help
Category:Railway terminus in India
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
A "terminus" is a station at the end of a railway line. Trains arriving there have to end their journeys (terminate) or reverse out of the station. Depending on the layout of the station, this usually permits travellers to reach all the platforms without the need to cross any tracks – the public entrance to the station and the main reception facilities being at the far end of the platforms.
Subcategories
This category has only the following subcategory.
R
► Railway centrals in India (1 C, 4 P)
Pages in category "Railway terminus in India"
The following 31 pages are in this category, out of 31 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more).
A
Anand Vihar Terminal railway station
B
Bandra Terminus railway station
Bhavnagar Terminus railway station
Bodinayakkanur railway station
C
Chamarajanagar railway station
Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj Terminus railway station
Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus railway station
Cochin Harbour Terminus railway station
D
Dhule railway station
G
Guruvayur railway station
K
Kakinada Port railway station
Kanniyakumari railway station
L
Lokmanya Tilak Terminus railway station
M
Mangalore Central railway station
Marmagao railway station
Mettur Dam railway station
O
Okha railway station
P
Pandu railway station
Puducherry railway station
Puri railway station
Pushkar Terminus railway station
R
Rameswaram railway station
Rewa Terminal railway station
S
Sabroom railway station
Shimla railway station
T
Tiruchendur railway station
Tuticorin railway station
U
Udhagamandalam railway station
V
Vasco da Gama railway station
Velankanni railway station
Y
Yavatmal Terminus railway station
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Railway_terminus_in_India&oldid=544989384"
Categories:
Railway stations in India
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Category
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 17 March 2013, at 16:29.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: href target class

attrs: class id

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: p

value: span

attrs: class data-ct-title data-ct-state title

attrs: class href

values: CategoryTreeLabel  CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory

attrs: title dir

values: Contains 1 subcategory, 4 pages, and 0 files

attrs: class style

values: CategoryTreeChildren display:none

value: li

value: ul

attrs: dir class

values: ltr mw-content-ltr

values:
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
interface

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-14 ns-subject page-Category_Railway_terminus_in_India rootpage-Category_Railway_terminus_in_India skin-vector action-view


text:
Variable (computer science)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
In computer programming, a variable or scalar is a storage location (identified by a memory address) paired with an associated symbolic name (an identifier), which contains some known or unknown quantity of information referred to as a value. The variable name is the usual way to reference the stored value, in addition to referring to the variable itself, depending on the context. This separation of name and content allows the name to be used independently of the exact information it represents. The identifier in computer source code can be bound to a value during run time, and the value of the variable may thus change during the course of program execution.[1][2]
Variables in programming may not directly correspond to the concept of variables in mathematics. The latter is abstract, having no reference to a physical object such as storage location. The value of a computing variable is not necessarily part of an equation or formula as in mathematics. Variables in computer programming are frequently given long names to make them relatively descriptive of their use, whereas variables in mathematics often have terse, one- or two-character names for brevity in transcription and manipulation.
A variable's storage location may be referred by several different identifiers, a situation known as aliasing. Assigning a value to the variable using one of the identifiers will change the value that can be accessed through the other identifiers.
Compilers have to replace variables' symbolic names with the actual locations of the data. While a variable's name, type, and location often remain fixed, the data stored in the location may be changed during program execution.
Contents
1 Actions on a variable
2 Identifiers referencing a variable
3 Scope and extent
4 Typing
5 Parameters
6 Memory allocation
7 Naming conventions
8 Variable types(based on lifetime)
9 See also
10 Notes
11 References
Actions on a variable[edit]
In imperative programming languages, values can generally be accessed or changed at any time. In pure functional and logic languages, variables are bound to expressions and keep a single value during their entire lifetime due to the requirements of referential transparency. In imperative languages, the same behavior is exhibited by (named) constants (symbolic constants), which are typically contrasted with (normal) variables.
Depending on the type system of a programming language, variables may only be able to store a specified datatype (e.g. integer or string). Alternatively, a datatype may be associated only with the current value, allowing a single variable to store anything supported by the programming language.
Variables and scope:- (A) Automatic variables: - Each local variable in a function comes into existence only when the function is called, and disappears when the function is exited. Such variables are known as automatic variables. (B) External variables: - These are variables that are external to a function on and can be accessed by name by any function. These variables remain in existence permanently; rather that appearing and disappearing as functions are called and exited, retain their values even after the functions that set them have returned.
Identifiers referencing a variable[edit]
An identifier referencing a variable can be used to access the variable in order to read out the value, or alter the value, or edit other attributes of the variable, such as access permission, locks, semaphores, etc.
For instance, a variable might be referenced by the identifier "totalcows" and the variable can contain the number 1956. If the same variable is referenced by the identifier "r" as well, and if using this identifier "r", the value of the variable is altered to 2009, then reading the value using the identifier "total_count" will yield a result of 2009 and not 1956.
If a variable is only referenced by a single identifier that can simply be called the name of the variable. Otherwise, we can speak of one of the names of the variable. For instance, in the previous example, the "total cows" is a name of the variable in question, and "r" is another name of the same variable.
Scope and extent[edit]
See also: Free variables and bound variables
The scope of a variable describes where in a program's text the variable may be used, while the extent (or lifetime) describes when in a program's execution a variable has a (meaningful) value. The scope of a variable is actually a property of the name of the variable, and the extent is a property of the variable itself. These should not be confused with context (also called environment), which is a property of the program, and varies by point in the source code or execution – see scope: overview. Further, object lifetime may coincide with variable lifetime, but in many cases is not tied to variable lifetime.
A variable name's scope affects its extent.
Scope is an important part of the name resolution of a variable. Most languages define a specific scope for each variable (as well as any other named entity), which may differ within a given program. The scope of a variable is the portion of the program code for which the variable's name has meaning and for which the variable is said to be "visible". Entrance into that scope typically begins a variable's lifetime (as it comes into context) and exit from that scope typically ends its lifetime (as it goes out of context). For instance, a variable with "lexical scope" is meaningful only within a certain function/subroutine, or more finely within a block of expressions/statements (accordingly with function scope or block scope); this is static resolution, performable at parse-time or compile-time. Alternatively, a variable with dynamic scope is resolved at run-time, based on a global binding stack that depends on the specific control flow. Variables only accessible within a certain functions are termed "local variables". A "global variable", or one with indefinite scope, may be referred to anywhere in the program.
Extent, on the other hand, is a runtime (dynamic) aspect of a variable. Each binding of a variable to a value can have its own extent at runtime. The extent of the binding is the portion of the program's execution time during which the variable continues to refer to the same value or memory location. A running program may enter and leave a given extent many times, as in the case of a closure.
Unless the programming language features garbage collection, a variable whose extent permanently outlasts its scope can result in a memory leak, whereby the memory allocated for the variable can never be freed since the variable which would be used to reference it for deallocation purposes is no longer accessible. However, it can be permissible for a variable binding to extend beyond its scope, as occurs in Lisp closures and C static local variables; when execution passes back into the variable's scope, the variable may once again be used. A variable whose scope begins before its extent does is said to be uninitialized and often has an undefined, arbitrary value if accessed (see wild pointer), since it has yet to be explicitly given a particular value. A variable whose extent ends before its scope may become a dangling pointer and deemed uninitialized once more since its value has been destroyed. Variables described by the previous two cases may be said to be out of extent or unbound. In many languages, it is an error to try to use the value of a variable when it is out of extent. In other languages, doing so may yield unpredictable results. Such a variable may, however, be assigned a new value, which gives it a new extent.
For space efficiency, a memory space needed for a variable may be allocated only when the variable is first used and freed when it is no longer needed. A variable is only needed when it is in scope, thus beginning each variable's lifetime when it enters scope may give space to unused variables. To avoid wasting such space, compilers often warn programmers if a variable is declared but not used.
It is considered good programming practice to make the scope of variables as narrow as feasible so that different parts of a program do not accidentally interact with each other by modifying each other's variables. Doing so also prevents action at a distance. Common techniques for doing so are to have different sections of a program use different name spaces, or to make individual variables "private" through either dynamic variable scoping or lexical variable scoping.
Many programming languages employ a reserved value (often named null or nil) to indicate an invalid or uninitialized variable.
Typing[edit]
Main article: Type system
See also: Datatype
In statically typed languages such as Java or ML, a variable also has a type, meaning that only certain kinds of values can be stored in it. For example, a variable of type "integer" is prohibited from storing text values.
In dynamically typed languages such as Python, it is values, not variables, which carry type. In Common Lisp, both situations exist simultaneously: A variable is given a type (if undeclared, it is assumed to be T, the universal supertype) which exists at compile time. Values also have types, which can be checked and queried at runtime.
Typing of variables also allows polymorphisms to be resolved at compile time. However, this is different from the polymorphism used in object-oriented function calls (referred to as virtual functions in C++) which resolves the call based on the value type as opposed to the supertypes the variable is allowed to have.
Variables often store simple data, like integers and literal strings, but some programming languages allow a variable to store values of other datatypes as well. Such languages may also enable functions to be parametric polymorphic. These functions operate like variables to represent data of multiple types. For example, a function named length may determine the length of a list. Such a length function may be parametric polymorphic by including a type variable in its type signature, since the amount of elements in the list is independent of the elements' types.
Parameters[edit]
The formal parameters (or formal arguments) of functions are also referred to as variables. For instance, in this Python code segment,
>>> def addtwo(x): ... return x + 2 ... >>> addtwo(5) 7
the variable named x is a parameter because it is given a value when the function is called. The integer 5 is the argument which gives x its value. In most languages, function parameters have local scope. This specific variable named x can only be referred to within the addtwo function (though of course other functions can also have variables called x).
Memory allocation[edit]
The specifics of variable allocation and the representation of their values vary widely, both among programming languages and among implementations of a given language. Many language implementations allocate space for local variables, whose extent lasts for a single function call on the call stack, and whose memory is automatically reclaimed when the function returns. More generally, in name binding, the name of a variable is bound to the address of some particular block (contiguous sequence) of bytes in memory, and operations on the variable manipulate that block. Referencing is more common for variables whose values have large or unknown sizes when the code is compiled. Such variables reference the location of the value instead of storing the value itself, which is allocated from a pool of memory called the heap.
Bound variables have values. A value, however, is an abstraction, an idea; in implementation, a value is represented by some data object, which is stored somewhere in computer memory. The program, or the runtime environment, must set aside memory for each data object and, since memory is finite, ensure that this memory is yielded for reuse when the object is no longer needed to represent some variable's value.
Objects allocated from the heap must be reclaimed—especially when the objects are no longer needed. In a garbage-collected language (such as C#, Java, Python, Golang and Lisp), the runtime environment automatically reclaims objects when extant variables can no longer refer to them. In non-garbage-collected languages, such as C, the program (and the programmer) must explicitly allocate memory, and then later free it, to reclaim its memory. Failure to do so leads to memory leaks, in which the heap is depleted as the program runs, risks eventual failure from exhausting available memory.
When a variable refers to a data structure created dynamically, some of its components may be only indirectly accessed through the variable. In such circumstances, garbage collectors (or analogous program features in languages that lack garbage collectors) must deal with a case where only a portion of the memory reachable from the variable needs to be reclaimed.
Naming conventions[edit]
Main article: Naming conventions (programming)
See also: Identifier and Namespace
Unlike their mathematical counterparts, programming variables and constants commonly take multiple-character names, e.g. COST or total. Single-character names are most commonly used only for auxiliary variables; for instance, i, j, k for array index variables.
Some naming conventions are enforced at the language level as part of the language syntax which involves the format of valid identifiers. In almost all languages, variable names cannot start with a digit (0–9) and cannot contain whitespace characters. Whether or not punctuation marks are permitted in variable names varies from language to language; many languages only permit the underscore ("_") in variable names and forbid all other punctuation. In some programming languages, sigils (symbols or punctuation) are affixed to variable identifiers to indicate the variable's datatype or scope.
Case-sensitivity of variable names also varies between languages and some languages require the use of a certain case in naming certain entities;[note 1] Most modern languages are case-sensitive; some older languages are not. Some languages reserve certain forms of variable names for their own internal use; in many languages, names beginning with two underscores ("__") often fall under this category.
However, beyond the basic restrictions imposed by a language, the naming of variables is largely a matter of style. At the machine code level, variable names are not used, so the exact names chosen do not matter to the computer. Thus names of variables identify them, for the rest they are just a tool for programmers to make programs easier to write and understand. Using poorly chosen variable names can make code more difficult to review than non-descriptive names, so names which are clear are often encouraged.[3][4]
Programmers often create and adhere to code style guidelines which offer guidance on naming variables or impose a precise naming scheme. Shorter names are faster to type but are less descriptive; longer names often make programs easier to read and the purpose of variables easier to understand. However, extreme verbosity in variable names can also lead to less comprehensible code.
Variable types(based on lifetime)[edit]
In terms of the classifications of variables, we can classify variables based on the lifetime of them. The different types of variables are static, stack-dynamic, explicit heap-dynamic, and implicit heap-dynamic. A static variable is also known as global variable, it is bound to a memory cell before execution begins and remains to the same memory cell until termination. A typical example is the static variables in C and C++. A Stack-dynamic variable is known as local variable, which is bound when the declaration statement is executed, and it is deallocated when the procedure returns. The main examples are local variables in C subprograms and Java methods. Explicit Heap-Dynamic variables are nameless (abstract) memory cells that are allocated and deallocated by explicit run-time instructions specified by the programmer. The main examples are dynamic objects in C++ (via new and delete) and all objects in Java. Implicit Heap-Dynamic variables are bound to heap storage only when they are assigned values. Allocation and release occur when values are reassigned to variables. As a result, Implicit heap-dynamic variables have the highest degree of flexibility. The main examples are some variables in JavaScript, PHP and all variables in APL.
See also[edit]
Computer programming portal
Control variable (programming)
Non-local variable
Temporary variable
Variable interpolation
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ For example, Haskell requires that names of types start with a capital letter.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Compilers: Principles, Techniques, and Tools, pp. 26–28
Jump up ^ The Art of Computer Programming, 1, pp. 3–4 [edition needed]
Jump up ^ How Not To Pick Variables, Retrieved July 11, 2012 [DEAD LINK]
Jump up ^ Edsger Dijkstra, To hell with “meaningful identifiers”!
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Variable_(computer_science)&oldid=864411775"
Categories:
Variable (computer science)
Programming language concepts
Data types
Type theory
Hidden categories:
Wikipedia articles with citations needing edition from February 2018
Articles needing additional references from November 2009
All articles needing additional references
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
Azərbaycanca
Български
Bosanski
Català
Čeština
Deutsch
Eesti
Español
فارسی
Français
한국어
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
Kiswahili
Lumbaart
Nederlands
日本語
Олык марий
Polski
Português
Русский
Slovenčina
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
தமிழ்
ไทย
Українська
اردو
Tiếng Việt
中文
25 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 17 October 2018, at 01:34 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

value: td

attrs: href title

value: b

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

value: i

value: small

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values:
/wiki/Identifier_(computer_programming)
mw-redirect
Identifier (computer programming)

values:
/wiki/Compiler_(computing)
mw-redirect
Compiler (computing)

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values:
/wiki/Scope_(programming)
mw-redirect
Scope (programming)

values: Referential transparency (computer science)

values:
/wiki/Constant_(programming)
mw-redirect
Constant (programming)

values: Edit section: Identifiers referencing a variable

values:
/wiki/Lexical_scope
mw-redirect
Lexical scope

values:
/wiki/Function_scope
mw-redirect
Function scope

values:
/wiki/Block_scope
mw-redirect
Block scope

values:
/wiki/Dynamic_scope
mw-redirect
Dynamic scope

values:
/wiki/Closure_(computer_science)
mw-redirect
Closure (computer science)

values:
/wiki/Static_local_variable
mw-redirect
Static local variable

values:
/wiki/Wild_pointer
mw-redirect
Wild pointer

values:
/wiki/Namespace_(programming)
mw-redirect
Namespace (programming)

values:
/wiki/Static_typing
mw-redirect
Static typing

values:
/wiki/ML_programming_language
mw-redirect
ML programming language

values:
/wiki/Dynamic_typing
mw-redirect
Dynamic typing

values:
/wiki/Type_polymorphism
mw-redirect
Type polymorphism

values:
/wiki/Virtual_functions
mw-redirect
Virtual functions

values:
/wiki/Runtime_environment
mw-redirect
Runtime environment

values:
/wiki/Naming_conventions_(programming)
mw-redirect
Naming conventions (programming)

values:
/wiki/Array_index
mw-redirect
Array index

values: Edit section: Variable types(based on lifetime)

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values:
/wiki/Variable_interpolation
mw-redirect
Variable interpolation

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values: Compilers: Principles, Techniques, and Tools

values: This citation requires a reference to the specific edition of the work in which the material appears (February 2018)

values:
/wiki/Edsger_Dijkstra
mw-redirect
Edsger Dijkstra

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with citations needing edition from February 2018

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from November 2009

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values:
/wiki/Variable_(computer_science)
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: متغير (علم الحاسوب) – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

values: Променлива (програмиране) – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varijabla
Varijabla – Bosnian
bs
bs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: متغیر (برنامه‌نویسی) – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values: 변수 (컴퓨터 과학) – Korean

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: משתנה (תכנות) – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values: Variable (kompyuta programming) – Swahili

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sw
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: 変数 (プログラミング) – Japanese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values: Статикле вашталтылше – Eastern Mari

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values: Переменная (программирование) – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values: Промјенљива (програмирање) – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values: Промјенљива (програмирање) – Serbo-Croatian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values: மாறி (கணினியியல்) – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values: ตัวแปร (วิทยาการคอมพิวเตอร์) – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values: Змінна (програмування) – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: متغیر (پروگرامنگ) – Urdu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Variable_computer_science rootpage-Variable_computer_science skin-vector action-view


text:
List of Dallas Cowboys seasons
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For complete team history, see History of the Dallas Cowboys.
This article is a list of seasons completed by the Dallas Cowboys American football franchise of the National Football League (NFL). The list documents the season-by-season records of the Cowboys' franchise from 1960 to present, including postseason records, and league awards for individual players or head coaches. The Cowboys franchise was founded in 1960 as an expansion team.[1] The team has earned 31 postseason appearances, tied for second place with the Pittsburgh Steelers, the longest consecutive streak of winning seasons with 20, the second-most appearances in the NFC Championship Game (14, behind the San Francisco 49ers' 15) and the second-most Super Bowl appearances (8 with the Denver Broncos and Steelers). The Cowboys have played for 10 NFL Championships and have won 5, all five being Super Bowls.[2]
The Cowboys won Super Bowl VI, XII, XXVII, XXVIII and XXX. They also played in and lost Super Bowl V, X, and XIII.[2]
The franchise has experienced two major periods of continued success in their history. The first period of success came from 1966–1985 when the Cowboys played in the postseason 18 times.[3] During this period, they played in two NFL Championships and five Super Bowls, winning two of them, winning a total of 20 playoff games.[3] The second period of success was between 1991–1996 when the Cowboys captured five straight NFC East Division titles and won three Super Bowls going 11–2 in the postseason.[3]
The Cowboys have also experienced failure in their history. The most notable period of failure was from their 1960 inaugural season to 1965, during which the Cowboys did not have a single postseason appearance.[4] They did not win a single game during their first season, compiling an 0–11–1 record that is still the worst in franchise history.[4] Also, they did not have a single winning record in this period.[4] Between 1986 and 1990 the Cowboys had losing records in each season as veteran coach Landry retired and the team was radically overhauled, with the low point being the NFL's second 15-loss season (after the 1980 Saints) in 1989. After losing a Divisional playoff Game in 1996, the Cowboys between 1997 and 2008 lost five consecutive playoff games, one after a franchise-record 13–3 season in 2007, during which most predicted the Cowboys would break this streak.[5] This streak finally came to an end when the Cowboys finally beat their bitter rival, the Philadelphia Eagles 34–14 after an 11–5 season in 2009.[5]
Seasons[edit]
NFL Champions (1920–1969) Super Bowl Champions (1970–present) Conference Champions Division Champions Wild Card Berth
Season
Team
League
Conference
Division
Regular season
Postseason Results
Awards
Head coaches
Finish
Wins
Losses
Ties
1960
1960 NFL Western 7th 0 11 1 Tom Landry
1961
1961 NFL Eastern 6th 4 9 1 Tom Landry
1962
1962 NFL Eastern 5th 5 8 1 Tom Landry
1963
1963 NFL Eastern 5th 4 10 0 Tom Landry
1964
1964 NFL Eastern 5th 5 8 1 Tom Landry
1965
1965 NFL Eastern 2nd 7 7 0 Tom Landry
1966
1966 NFL Eastern 1st 10 3 1 Lost NFL Championship Game (Packers) 34–27 Tom Landry (COY) Tom Landry
1967[6]
1967 NFL Eastern Capitol 1st 9 5 0 Won Conference Playoffs (Browns) 52–10
Lost NFL Championship Game (Packers) 21–17 Tom Landry
1968
1968 NFL Eastern Capitol 1st 12 2 0 Lost Conference Playoffs (Browns) 31–20 Tom Landry
1969
1969 NFL Eastern Capitol 1st 11 2 1 Lost Conference Playoffs (Browns) 38–14 Calvin Hill (OROY) Tom Landry
1970
1970 NFL NFC East 1st 10 4 0 Won Divisional Playoffs (Lions) 5–0
Won Conference Championship (49ers) 17–10
Lost Super Bowl V (Colts) 16–13 Chuck Howley (SB MVP) Tom Landry
1971
1971 NFL NFC East 1st 11 3 0 Won Divisional Playoffs (Vikings) 20–12
Won Conference Championship (49ers) 14–3
Won Super Bowl VI (1) (Dolphins) 24–3 Roger Staubach (SB MVP) Tom Landry
1972
1972 NFL NFC East 2nd 10 4 0 Won Divisional Playoffs (49ers) 30–28
Lost Conference Championship (Redskins) 26–3 Tom Landry
1973
1973 NFL NFC East 1st[7] 10 4 0 Won Divisional Playoffs (Rams) 27–26
Lost Conference Championship (Vikings) 27–10 Tom Landry
1974
1974 NFL NFC East 3rd 8 6 0 Tom Landry
1975
1975 NFL NFC East 2nd 10 4 0 Won Divisional Playoffs (Vikings) 17–14
Won Conference Championship (Rams) 37–7
Lost Super Bowl X (Steelers) 21–17 Tom Landry
1976
1976 NFL NFC East 1st 11 3 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs (Rams) 14–12 Tom Landry
1977
1977 NFL NFC East 1st 12 2 0 Won Divisional Playoffs (Bears) 37–7
Won Conference Championship (Vikings) 23–6
Won Super Bowl XII (2) (Broncos) 27–10 Tony Dorsett (OROY)
Harvey Martin (DPOY, SB MVP)
Randy White (SB MVP) Tom Landry
1978[8]
1978 NFL NFC East 1st[9] 12 4 0 Won Divisional Playoffs (Falcons) 27–20
Won Conference Championship (Rams) 28–0
Lost Super Bowl XIII (Steelers) 35–31 Tom Landry
1979
1979 NFL NFC East 1st[10] 11 5 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs (Rams) 21–19
Tom Landry
1980
1980 NFL NFC East 2nd[11] 12 4 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs (Rams) 34–17
Won Divisional Playoffs (Falcons) 30–27
Lost Conference Championship (Eagles) 20–7 Tom Landry
1981
1981 NFL NFC East 1st 12 4 0 Won Divisional Playoffs (Buccaneers) 38–0
Lost Conference Championship (49ers) 28–27 Tom Landry
1982[12]
1982 NFL NFC 2nd 6 3 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs (Buccaneers) 30–17
Won Divisional Playoffs (Packers) 37–26
Lost Conference Championship (Redskins) 31–17 Tom Landry
1983
1983 NFL NFC East 2nd 12 4 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs (Rams) 24–17 Tom Landry
1984
1984 NFL NFC East 4th 9 7 0 Tom Landry
1985
1985 NFL NFC East 1st[13] 10 6 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs (Rams) 20–0 Tom Landry
1986
1986 NFL NFC East 3rd 7 9 0 Tom Landry
1987[14]
1987 NFL NFC East 4th 7 8 0 Tom Landry
1988
1988 NFL NFC East 5th 3 13 0 Tom Landry
1989
1989 NFL NFC East 5th 1 15 0 Jimmy Johnson
1990
1990 NFL NFC East 4th 7 9 0 Emmitt Smith (OROY)
Jimmy Johnson (COY) Jimmy Johnson
1991
1991 NFL NFC East 2nd[15] 11 5 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs (Bears) 17–13
Lost Divisional Playoffs (Lions) 38–6 Jimmy Johnson
1992
1992 NFL NFC East 1st 13 3 0 Won Divisional Playoffs (Eagles) 34–10
Won Conference Championship (49ers) 30–20
Won Super Bowl XXVII (3) (Bills) 52–17 Troy Aikman (SB MVP) Jimmy Johnson
1993
1993 NFL NFC East 1st 12 4 0 Won Divisional Playoffs (Packers) 27–17
Won Conference Championship (49ers) 38–21
Won Super Bowl XXVIII (4) (Bills) 30–13 Emmitt Smith (MVP, SB MVP) Jimmy Johnson
1994
1994 NFL NFC East 1st 12 4 0 Won Divisional Playoffs (Packers) 35–9
Lost Conference Championship (49ers) 38–28 Barry Switzer
1995
1995 NFL NFC East 1st 12 4 0 Won Divisional Playoffs (Eagles) 30–11
Won Conference Championship (Packers) 38–27
Won Super Bowl XXX (5) (Steelers) 27–17 Larry Brown (SB MVP) Barry Switzer
1996
1996 NFL NFC East 1st[16] 10 6 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs (Vikings) 40–15
Lost Divisional Playoffs (Panthers) 26–17 Barry Switzer
1997
1997 NFL NFC East 4th 6 10 0 Barry Switzer
1998
1998 NFL NFC East 1st 10 6 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs (Cardinals) 20–7 Chan Gailey
1999
1999 NFL NFC East 2nd[17] 8 8 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs (Vikings) 27–10 Chan Gailey
2000
2000 NFL NFC East 4th 5 11 0 Dave Campo
2001
2001 NFL NFC East 5th 5 11 0 Dave Campo
2002
2002 NFL NFC East 4th 5 11 0 Dave Campo
2003
2003 NFL NFC East 2nd 10 6 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs (Panthers) 29–10 Bill Parcells
2004
2004 NFL NFC East 3rd 6 10 0 Bill Parcells
2005
2005 NFL NFC East 3rd 9 7 0 Bill Parcells
2006
2006 NFL NFC East 2nd 9 7 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs (Seahawks) 21–20 Bill Parcells
2007
2007 NFL NFC East 1st 13 3 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs (Giants) 21–17 Greg Ellis (CBPOY) Wade Phillips
2008
2008 NFL NFC East 3rd 9 7 0 Wade Phillips
2009
2009 NFL NFC East 1st[18] 11 5 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs (Eagles) 34–14
Lost Divisional Playoffs (Vikings) 34–3 Wade Phillips
2010
2010 NFL NFC East 3rd 6 10 0 Wade Phillips (1–7)
Jason Garrett (5–3)
2011
2011 NFL NFC East 3rd 8 8 0 Jason Garrett
2012
2012 NFL NFC East 3rd 8 8 0 Jason Witten (WP MOY) Jason Garrett
2013
2013 NFL NFC East 2nd 8 8 0 Jason Garrett
2014
2014 NFL NFC East 1st 12 4 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs (Lions) 24–20
Lost Divisional Playoffs (Packers) 26–21 DeMarco Murray (OPOY) Jason Garrett
2015
2015 NFL NFC East 4th 4 12 0 Jason Garrett
2016
2016 NFL NFC East 1st 13 3 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs (Packers) 34–31 Dak Prescott (OROY)
Jason Garrett (COY) Jason Garrett
2017
2017 NFL NFC East 2nd 9 7 0 Jason Garrett
Total
493 367 6
All-time regular season record (1960–2016)
34 27 0 All-time postseason record (1960–2016)
527
393
6
All-time regular season and postseason record (1960–2016)
5 NFL Championships, 10 Conference Championships, 22 Divisional Championships
Footnotes[edit]
Jump up ^ "1960 Dallas Cowboys". Dallas Cowboys' Official Website. Archived from the original on 2007-12-29. Retrieved 2008-01-12.
^ Jump up to: a b "Dallas Cowboys' Championship History". NFLTeamHistory.com. Retrieved 2008-01-12.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Dallas Cowboys Championship History". NFLTeamHistory.com. Retrieved 2008-01-28.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Dallas Cowboys History". CBS Sports. Retrieved 2008-01-27.
^ Jump up to: a b "Dallas Cowboys Franchise History". SportsEncyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2011-12-17.
Jump up ^ The 1967 NFL season marks the first season in the league's history where the league was divided into two conferences which were subdivided into two divisions. Up to 1967, the league was either divided into two divisions, two conferences, or neither.
Jump up ^ At the end of the 1973 season, the Cowboys and the Redskins finished the season with identical 10–4 records. Using the NFL's tie-breaking procedures, Dallas finished ahead of Washington in the NFC East based on better point differential in head-to-head games.
Jump up ^ For the 1978 season, the NFL expanded from a 14-game season to a 16-game season.
Jump up ^ At the end of the 1978 season, the Cowboys and the Los Angeles Rams finished the season with identical 12–4 records. Using the NFL's tie-breaking procedures, Los Angeles was the top NFC seed over Dallas based on a better head-to-head record.
Jump up ^ At the end of the 1979 season, the Cowboys and the Eagles finished the season with identical 11–5 records. Using the NFL's tie-breaking procedures, Dallas finished ahead of Philadelphia in the NFC East based on a better conference record.
Jump up ^ At the end of the 1980 season, the Cowboys and the Eagles finished the season with identical 12–4 records. Using the NFL's tie-breaking procedures, Philadelphia finished ahead of Dallas in the NFC East based on better net points in division games.
Jump up ^ The 1982 NFL season was shortened from 16 games per team to 9 games because of a players' strike. The NFL adopted a special 16-team playoff tournament; eight teams from each conference were seeded 1–8, and division standings were ignored.
Jump up ^ At the end of the 1985 season, the Cowboys, Redskins, and the Giants finished the season with identical 10–6 records. Using the NFL's tie-breaking procedures, Dallas finished ahead of New York and Washington based on a better head-to-head record.
Jump up ^ The 1987 NFL season was shortened from 16 games per team to 15 games because of a players' strike. Games to be played during the third week of the season were canceled, and replacement players were used to play games from weeks 4 through 6.
Jump up ^ At the end of the 1991 season, the Cowboys and the Bears finished the season with identical 11–5 records. Using the NFL's tie-breaking procedures, Chicago was the first NFC Wild Card based on better conference record than Dallas.
Jump up ^ At the end of the 1996 season, the Cowboys and the Eagles finished the season with identical 10–6 records. Using the NFL's tie-breaking procedures, Dallas finished ahead of Philadelphia in the NFC East based on better record against common opponents.
Jump up ^ At the end of the 1999 season, the Cowboys, Lions, and the Panthers finished the season with identical 8–8 records. Using the NFL's tie-breaking procedures, Dallas was the second NFC Wild Card based on a better record than Detroit against common opponents and a better conference record than Carolina.
Jump up ^ At the end of the 2009 season, the Cowboys and the Eagles finished with identical 11–5 records. Using the NFL's tie-breaking procedures, Dallas finished ahead of Philadelphia in the NFC East based on better head-to-head record.
References[edit]
"Dallas Cowboys History". CBS Sportsline. Retrieved January 2007. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
"NFL.com – History – Yearly Standings". National Football League Official website. Retrieved January 12, 2008.
"Pro Football Hall of Fame – Dallas Cowboys". Pro Football Hall of Fame Website. Retrieved January 12, 2008.
"Dallas Cowboys (1960 – )". databasefootball.com. Archived from the original on January 19, 2008. Retrieved January 12, 2008.
"Dallas Cowboys (1960–Present)". Sports E-Cyclopedia. Retrieved January 12, 2008.
"Dallas Cowboys History". JT-SW.com. Retrieved January 12, 2008.
"History – Dallas Cowboys". Hickoksports.com. Retrieved January 12, 2008.
"Franchise page – Dallas Cowboys". Pro football reference.com. Retrieved April 14, 2012.
"Dallas Cowboys Live – Dallas Cowboys". cowboysgames.net. Retrieved July 1, 2016.
[show]
v
t
e
Dallas Cowboys
Founded in 1960
Based in Arlington, Texas
Headquartered in Frisco, Texas
Franchise
Franchise
History
Coaches
Players
Seasons
Expansion draft
Draft history
Starting quarterbacks
First-round draft picks
The Ford Center at The Star
Stadiums
Cotton Bowl
Texas Stadium
AT&T Stadium
Culture
NFL on Thanksgiving Day
America's Team
Cheerleaders
Doomsday Defense
Crazy Ray
Rowdy
Jerry Jones
Black Sunday (film)
King of the Hill
Lore
Tom Landry
Tex Schramm
Captain Comeback
Ice Bowl
Hail Mary
The Catch
Herschel Walker trade
Dirty Dozen
Ring of Honor
Bounty Bowl series
Rivalries
New York Giants
Philadelphia Eagles
Washington Redskins
Green Bay Packers
San Francisco 49ers
Pittsburgh Steelers
Houston Oilers/Texans
Division championships (23)
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1976
1977
1978
1979
1981
1985
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1998
2007
2009
2014
2016
Conference championships (10)
1966
1967
1970
1971
1975
1977
1978
1992
1993
1995
League Championships (5)
1971 (VI)
1977 (XII)
1992 (XXVII)
1993 (XXVIII)
1995 (XXX)
Ring of Honor
Bob Lilly
Don Meredith
Don Perkins
Chuck Howley
Mel Renfro
Roger Staubach
Lee Roy Jordan
Tom Landry
Tony Dorsett
Randy White
Bob Hayes
Tex Schramm
Cliff Harris
Rayfield Wright
Troy Aikman
Michael Irvin
Emmitt Smith
Drew Pearson
Charles Haley
Larry Allen
Darren Woodson
Media
Broadcasters
Radio network
KRLD-FM
Brad Sham
Babe Laufenberg
Current league affiliations
League: National Football League
Conference: National Football Conference
Division: East Division
Seasons (58)
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
Championship seasons in bold
[show]
v
t
e
Dallas Cowboys seasons
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
Bold indicates Super Bowl victory
Italics indicates Super Bowl appearance
[show]
v
t
e
NFL team season lists
American Football Conference
AFC East AFC North AFC South AFC West
Buffalo Bills
Miami Dolphins
New England Patriots
New York Jets
Baltimore Ravens
Cincinnati Bengals
Cleveland Browns
Pittsburgh Steelers
Houston Texans
Indianapolis Colts
Jacksonville Jaguars
Tennessee Titans
Denver Broncos
Kansas City Chiefs
Los Angeles Chargers
Oakland Raiders
National Football Conference
NFC East NFC North NFC South NFC West
Dallas Cowboys
New York Giants
Philadelphia Eagles
Washington Redskins
Chicago Bears
Detroit Lions
Green Bay Packers
Minnesota Vikings
Atlanta Falcons
Carolina Panthers
New Orleans Saints
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
Arizona Cardinals
Los Angeles Rams
San Francisco 49ers
Seattle Seahawks
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Dallas_Cowboys_seasons&oldid=822989991"
Categories:
National Football League teams seasons
Dallas Cowboys seasons
Dallas Cowboys lists
Hidden categories:
CS1 errors: dates
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Italiano
Magyar
Português
Edit links
This page was last edited on 29 January 2018, at 17:46.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: sup

attrs: href class title

values: National Football Conference Championship Game

values: History of National Football League Championship

values:
/wiki/List_of_NFL_champions
mw-redirect
List of NFL champions

values:
/wiki/List_of_NFL_seasons
mw-redirect
List of NFL seasons

values:
/wiki/Regular_season_(NFL)
mw-redirect
Regular season (NFL)

values: National Football League Coach of the Year Award

values:
/wiki/NFL_Capitol_Division
mw-redirect
NFL Capitol Division

values:
/wiki/NFL_playoffs,_1967
mw-redirect
NFL playoffs, 1967

values:
/wiki/NFL_playoffs,_1968
mw-redirect
NFL playoffs, 1968

values:
/wiki/NFL_playoffs,_1969
mw-redirect
NFL playoffs, 1969

values: National Football League Rookie of the Year Award

values:
/wiki/Super_Bowl_MVP
mw-redirect
Super Bowl MVP

values:
/wiki/NFL_Defensive_Player_of_the_Year
mw-redirect
NFL Defensive Player of the Year

values:
/wiki/NFL_Coach_of_the_Year
mw-redirect
NFL Coach of the Year

values: National Football League Comeback Player of the Year Award

values:
/wiki/NFL_Offensive_Player_of_the_Year
mw-redirect
NFL Offensive Player of the Year

values:
/wiki/NFL_Rookie_of_the_Year
mw-redirect
NFL Rookie of the Year

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.nfl.com/standings

values: background: #B0B7BC; color:#002244;;background: #002244; color:white;-moz-box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0  #B0B7BC, inset -2px -2px 0  #B0B7BC; -webkit-box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0  #B0B7BC, inset -2px -2px 0  #B0B7BC; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0  #B0B7BC, inset -2px -2px 0  #B0B7BC;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;

values:
navbox-abovebelow
2
background: #B0B7BC; color:#002244;

values: List of Dallas Cowboys starting quarterbacks

values: List of Dallas Cowboys first-round draft picks

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: ;background: #002244; color:white;-moz-box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0  #B0B7BC, inset -2px -2px 0  #B0B7BC; -webkit-box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0  #B0B7BC, inset -2px -2px 0  #B0B7BC; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0  #B0B7BC, inset -2px -2px 0  #B0B7BC;;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: National Football League team season lists

values: nowraplinks plainlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:National Football League teams seasons

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/List_of_Dallas_Cowboys_seasons
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: Lista de temporadas do Dallas Cowboys – Portuguese

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-List_of_Dallas_Cowboys_seasons rootpage-List_of_Dallas_Cowboys_seasons skin-vector action-view


text:
Cathedral of Saint Paul (Minnesota)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (April 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Cathedral of Saint Paul
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
U.S. Historic district
Contributing property
The Cathedral of Saint Paul
Show map of Minnesota Show map of the US Show all
Location
Summit Avenue at Selby Avenue
St. Paul, Minnesota
Coordinates
44°56′49″N 93°6′32″W / 44.94694°N 93.10889°W / 44.94694; -93.10889Coordinates: 44°56′49″N 93°6′32″W / 44.94694°N 93.10889°W / 44.94694; -93.10889
Built
1907-1915 (1907-1915)
Architect
Emmanuel Louis Masqueray; Whitney Warren
Architectural style
Classical Revival
Part of
Historic Hill District (#76001067)
NRHP reference #
74001039[1]
Added to NRHP
June 28, 1974
The Cathedral of Saint Paul is a Roman Catholic cathedral in the city of St. Paul, Minnesota. It is the Co-Cathedral of the Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis; the other Co-Cathedral is the Basilica of St. Mary in Minneapolis. One of the most distinctive cathedrals in the United States, it sits on Cathedral Hill overlooking downtown St. Paul and features a distinctive copper-clad dome. It is the third largest completed church in the United States, and the fourth tallest.[citation needed] It is dedicated to Paul the Apostle, who is also the namesake of the City of St. Paul. The current building opened in 1915 as the fourth cathedral of the archdiocese to bear this name. On March 25, 2009, it was designated as the National Shrine of the Apostle Paul by the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops and the Vatican.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 See also
3 References
4 Other sources
5 External links
History[edit]
Cathedral of Saint Paul as seen from the Landmark Center
The first church building in what became the Archdiocese was a small log chapel built at the urging of Father Lucien Galtier. He came to the area when the settlement was still known as "Pig's Eye" (after Pierre "Pig's Eye" Parrant). The chapel, measuring 25 feet (7.6 m) by 18 feet (5.5 m), was dedicated on November 1, 1841. Father Augustin Ravoux later enlarged the structure, and when Joseph Crétin was appointed as the bishop of the newly established Diocese of St. Paul in July 1851, the log chapel became the first cathedral. Crétin immediately started to build a larger church to serve the fast-growing population of St. Paul. The second church building had three stories, with a library, kitchen, and school facilities on the first floor; the church itself on the second floor; and offices and living quarters for Crétin and his staff. The second building still proved to be too small for the needs of the diocese, so he started plans for a third cathedral in 1853. Construction of the building, at the corner of St. Peter and Sixth Streets in Downtown St. Paul, started in 1854 and was completed in 1858, having been delayed by the Panic of 1857 and Crétin's death. The third cathedral was built of stone, measured 175 feet (53 m) long and 100 feet (30 m) wide, but had practically no ornamentation in an effort to cut costs. Thomas Grace was the bishop at the time the cathedral was completed.[2]
The Kittson mansion, demolished to make way for the Cathedral.
The building of the current cathedral was instigated by Archbishop John Ireland in 1904. The site was formerly occupied by the deteriorating mansion of entrepreneur Norman Kittson. Charles H.F. Smith (the head of the Finance Committee) and Alpheus Beede Stickney, two businessmen in St. Paul, purchased the land and donated it to the archdiocese. At Ireland's direction, the archdiocese commissioned well-known French Beaux-Arts architect Emmanuel Louis Masqueray, who was also the chief architect of the 1904 World's Fair in St. Louis, Missouri, and construction began in 1906. He had a budget of $1 million, and he based the cathedral on the designs of French churches of Périgueux Cathedral at Périgueux and Sacre-Coeur basilica in Paris, as well as French Renaissance and Classical themes.[2][3]
Masqueray's open design allows visitors unobstructed views of the altar and pulpit. Masqueray died in 1917, having completed only a few designs for the interior, which has been filled by other designers in the subsequent decades.
The dome of the cathedral is 76 feet (23 m) in diameter and 186 feet (57 m) high. Warm-colored paint and gold leaf were added during a major renovation of the dome in the 1950s. The exterior walls of the cathedral are Rockville granite from St. Cloud, Minnesota (from the Clark quarry[4]). The interior walls are American Travertine from Mankato, Minnesota. The interior columns are made of several types of marble.
Baldachin of the Cathedral of Saint Paul
The interior is illuminated by twenty-four stained glass windows featuring angelic choirs. There is also a rose window in the transept designed by Charles Connick. Electric lighting was installed in 1940.
Heroic size marble statues of the four evangelists, sculpted by John Angel, are set into the niches of the piers in the four corners of the Church. This placement was not coincidental, according to Msgr. Lawrence Ryan (Historical Sketch of the Cathedral of St. Paul, 1904-1937), for as the piers hold up the church of stone, so the Word recorded by Matthew, Mark, Luke and John sustains that Church not made by human hands. Each statue rises to a height of 11’6” and weighs eight tons. The life of Saint Paul is honored by a bronze baldachin, as well as massive bronze Te Deum and Magnificat grilles. The cathedral also has six chapels dedicated to the patron saints of the European ethnic groups that settled the area around the city: St. Anthony for the Italians, St. John the Baptist for the French Canadians, St. Patrick for the Irish, St. Boniface for the Germans, Saints Cyril and Methodius for the Slavs; and St. Therese of Lisieux for the missionaries. There are also chapels dedicated to the Sacred Heart, to Mary, the mother of Jesus and to St. Joseph, her husband, as well as to Saint Peter.
In 1987 the Cathedral acquired five bronze bells cast in France. The copper dome was renovated in 2002.
In 2013, in conjunction with the restoration of the Cathedral's Æolian-Skinner organ by Quimby Pipe Organs, a new organ case was completed by architect Duncan G Stroik. The hand carved walnut organ case preserves the view of the Cathedral's rose window. Human-sized carved angels stand on both sides of the organ case and a statue of Saint Cecilia, patron saint of music, stands on top of the central organ case dome, directly below the rose window.
May 15, 2013 - Cathedral of Saint Paul Organ Case
The Cathedral is normally open from 7 a.m. to 6 p.m. seven days a week. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. It is also a contributing property to the Historic Hill District.[5] On March 25, 2009, the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops declared the Cathedral of Saint Paul to be a National shrine - the first in Minnesota and the only one in North America dedicated to the Apostle Paul. The Cathedral is now also known as the National Shrine of the Apostle Paul.
The Cathedral was visited by Eugenio Pacelli two years before his election to the Papacy in 1939.
Nearby Catholic high schools Saint Thomas Academy, Cretin-Derham Hall, and Hill-Murray School use the Cathedral every year for their graduation services.
See also[edit]
List of Catholic cathedrals in the United States
List of cathedrals in the United States
List of tallest buildings in St. Paul
List of shrines#United States
St. Paul's Cathedral (disambiguation) for other Cathedrals of St. Paul
References[edit]
Jump up ^ National Park Service (2007-01-23). "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service.
^ Jump up to: a b Alan K. Lathrop (2003). Churches Of Minnesota: An Illustrated Guide. University of Minnesota Press. pp. 165–166. ISBN 0816629099.
Jump up ^ Lathrop, Alan K - A French Architect in Minnesota - Emmanuel L. Masqueray 1861-1917 Minnesota Profiles. Minnesota Historical Society. Summer 1980
Jump up ^ "History 1". The city of Cold Spring. Retrieved 2007-12-21.
Jump up ^ "Historic Hill District". Minnesota National Register Properties Database. Minnesota Historical Society. 2009. Retrieved 2013-01-09.
Other sources[edit]
Ernster, Barb. "Cathedral is Catechism in Stone and Glass: National Shrine Honors Paul the Apostle". National Catholic Register, June 20, 2010, p. B5.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cathedral of Saint Paul (Saint Paul, Minnesota).
Official Cathedral Site
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis Official Site
Preceded by
Unknown Tallest Building in Saint Paul
1915—1931
93 m Succeeded by
First National Bank Building
[show]
v
t
e
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of St. Paul and Minneapolis
Ordinaries
Bishops
Joseph Crétin
Thomas Grace
Archbishops
John Ireland
Austin Dowling
John Gregory Murray
William O. Brady
Leo Binz
John Roach
Harry Joseph Flynn
John Clayton Nienstedt
Bernard Hebda
Coadjutor Archbishop
Leo Christopher Byrne
Auxiliary Bishops
John Jeremiah Lawler
James J. Byrne
Leonard Philip Cowley
Gerald Francis O'Keefe
James P. Shannon
John Robert Roach
Raymond Alphonse Lucker
Paul Vincent Dudley
John Francis Kinney
William Henry Bullock
James Richard Ham
Robert James Carlson
Joseph Charron
Lawrence Harold Welsh
Frederick F. Campbell
Richard Pates
Lee A. Piché
Andrew H. Cozzens
Churches
Cathedrals
Cathedral of Saint Paul
Basilica of Saint Mary
Parishes
Guardian Angels Church, Chaska
Saint Peter's Church, Mendota
Our Lady of Lourdes Church, Minneapolis
Church of Saint Stephen, Minneapolis
Church of St. Wenceslaus, New Prague
Church of Saint Mary, New Trier
Church of St. Michael, St. Michael
Church of the Assumption, St. Paul
Church of St. Agnes, St. Paul
Church of St. Bernard, St. Paul
Church of St. Casimir, St. Paul
Saint Mary's Church of the Purification, Shakopee
Church of the Annunciation, Webster Township
Church of the Most Holy Trinity, Wheatland Township
Historic
Church of St. Hubertus, Chanhassen
Chapel
Our Lady of Victory Chapel
Education
Higher Education
St. Catherine University
University of St. Thomas
Seminaries
St. John Vianney College Seminary
Saint Paul Seminary School of Divinity
High Schools
Academy of Holy Angels, Richfield
Benilde-St. Margaret's, St. Louis Park
Bethlehem Academy, Faribault
Chesterton Academy, Edina
Convent of the Visitation, Mendota Heights
Cretin-Derham Hall, St. Paul
Cristo Rey Jesuit High School, Minneapolis
DeLaSalle High School, Minneapolis
Hill-Murray School, Maplewood
Holy Family Catholic High School, Victoria
Providence Academy, Plymouth
Saint Agnes High School, St. Paul
Saint Thomas Academy, Mendota Heights
Totino-Grace High School, Fridley
Priests
Joseph Francis Busch
Peter F. Christensen
Alexander Christie
Jozef Cieminski
James Louis Connolly
Timothy J. Corbett
James Albert Duffy
Hilary Baumann Hacker
Patrick Richard Heffron
James Keane
John M. LeVoir
James McGolrick
Thomas O'Gorman
James O'Reilly
Jakub W.J. Pacholski
John A. Ryan
Francis Joseph Schenk
Alphonse James Schladweiler
John Shanley
Paul Sirba
John Stariha
Thomas Anthony Welch
Catholicism portal
[show]
v
t
e
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
Topics
Architectural style categories
Contributing property
Historic district
History of the National Register of Historic Places
Keeper of the Register
National Park Service
Property types
Lists by states
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Lists by insular areas
American Samoa
Guam
Minor Outlying Islands
Northern Mariana Islands
Puerto Rico
Virgin Islands
Lists by associated states
Federated States of Micronesia
Marshall Islands
Palau
Other areas
District of Columbia
Morocco
Portal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cathedral_of_Saint_Paul_(Minnesota)&oldid=838407247"
Categories:
Roman Catholic churches in Saint Paul, Minnesota
Individually listed contributing properties to historic districts on the National Register in Minnesota
National Register of Historic Places in Saint Paul, Minnesota
Roman Catholic churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota
Churches in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis
Roman Catholic cathedrals in Minnesota
Roman Catholic churches completed in 1915
Beaux-Arts architecture in Minnesota
Church buildings with domes
Historic district contributing properties in Minnesota
Hidden categories:
Articles that may contain original research from April 2018
All articles that may contain original research
Coordinates on Wikidata
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Deutsch
Español
Français
Nederlands
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 26 April 2018, at 20:17.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: tr

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research

values: width:100%; font-size:105%; font-weight:bold; background: #A8EDEF; line-height:1.5

values: width:100%; text-align:center; line-height:1.5; background: #A8EDEF;

values: width:100%; text-align:center; line-height:1.4; background: #CCFFCC

values: Cathedral of Saint Paul (Minnesota) is located in Minnesota

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: Cathedral of Saint Paul (Minnesota) is located in the US

values: display: none; width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto width:250px;padding:0

values:
/wiki/St._Paul,_MN
mw-redirect
St. Paul, MN

values: Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location

values:
/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church
mw-redirect
Roman Catholic Church

values:
/wiki/St.Paul,_MN
mw-redirect
St.Paul, MN

values: Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2018)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: United States Conference of Catholic Bishops

values:
/wiki/Downtown_St._Paul
mw-redirect
Downtown St. Paul

values:
/wiki/Thomas_Grace_(Minnesota)
mw-redirect
Thomas Grace (Minnesota)

values:
/wiki/John_Ireland_(archbishop)
mw-redirect
John Ireland (archbishop)

values:
/wiki/1904_World%27s_Fair
mw-redirect
1904 World's Fair

values:
/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri
mw-redirect
St. Louis, Missouri

values:
/wiki/Sacre-Coeur_basilica
mw-redirect
Sacre-Coeur basilica

values:
/wiki/Charles_Connick
mw-redirect
Charles Connick

values:
/wiki/Paul_of_Tarsus
mw-redirect
Paul of Tarsus

values:
/wiki/St._John_the_Baptist
mw-redirect
St. John the Baptist

values:
/wiki/French_Canadian
mw-redirect
French Canadian

values:
/wiki/St._Patrick
mw-redirect
St. Patrick

values:
/wiki/St._Boniface
mw-redirect
St. Boniface

values:
/wiki/St._Therese_of_Lisieux
mw-redirect
St. Therese of Lisieux

values:
/wiki/Blessed_Virgin_Mary
mw-redirect
Blessed Virgin Mary

values:
/wiki/Bell_(instrument)
mw-redirect
Bell (instrument)

values:
/wiki/Historic_Hill_District
mw-redirect
Historic Hill District

values:
/wiki/Apostle_Paul
mw-redirect
Apostle Paul

values:
/wiki/Cretin-Derham_Hall
mw-redirect
Cretin-Derham Hall

values: List of Catholic cathedrals in the United States

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values: commons:Category:Cathedral of Saint Paul (Saint Paul, Minnesota)

values:
nofollow
http://www.cathedralsaintpaul.org/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.archspm.org/
external text

values: First National Bank Building (Saint Paul, Minnesota)

values: Template:Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis

values: Template talk:Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis

values: Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis

values: col navbox-title 3 background-color:gold

values: William Brady (Archbishop of Saint Paul)

values: Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis.svg

values:
navbox-image
5
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values:
/wiki/James_P._Shannon
mw-redirect
James P. Shannon

values:
/wiki/John_Robert_Roach
mw-redirect
John Robert Roach

values: Cathedral of Saint Paul, National Shrine of the Apostle Paul

values: Saint Peter's Church (Mendota, Minnesota)

values: Our Lady of Lourdes Catholic Church (Minneapolis, Minnesota)

values: Church of Saint Stephen (Minneapolis, Minnesota)

values: Church of St. Wenceslaus (New Prague, Minnesota)

values: Church of Saint Mary's (New Trier, Minnesota)

values: Church of St. Michael (St. Michael, Minnesota)

values: Church of the Assumption (Saint Paul, Minnesota)

values: Church of St. Agnes (Saint Paul, Minnesota)

values: Church of St. Bernard (Saint Paul, Minnesota)

values: Church of St. Casimir (Saint Paul, Minnesota)

values: Saint Mary's Church of the Purification (Shakopee, Minnesota)

values: Church of the Annunciation (Webster Township, Minnesota)

values: Church of the Most Holy Trinity (Catholic)

values:
/wiki/Church_of_St._Hubertus-Catholic
mw-redirect
Church of St. Hubertus-Catholic

values: Derham Hall and Our Lady of Victory Chapel

values: Bethlehem Academy (Faribault, Minnesota)

values:
/wiki/Convent_of_the_Visitation
mw-redirect
Convent of the Visitation

values: Cristo Rey Jesuit High School (Minneapolis)

values: Holy Family Catholic High School (Minnesota)

values: Providence Academy (Plymouth, Minnesota)

values: Saint Agnes High School (Saint Paul, Minnesota)

values:
navbox-abovebelow hlist
3
background-color:gold

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Template:National Register of Historic Places

values: Template talk:National Register of Historic Places

values: National Register of Historic Places architectural style categories

values: History of the National Register of Historic Places

values: National Register of Historic Places property types

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Alabama

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Alaska

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Arizona

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Arkansas

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in California

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Colorado

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Connecticut

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Delaware

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Florida

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Georgia

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Hawaii

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Idaho

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Illinois

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Indiana

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Iowa

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Kansas

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Kentucky

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Louisiana

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Maine

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Maryland

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Massachusetts

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Michigan

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Minnesota

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Mississippi

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Missouri

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Montana

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Nebraska

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Nevada

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in New Hampshire

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in New Jersey

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in New Mexico

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in New York

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in North Carolina

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in North Dakota

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Ohio

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Oklahoma

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Oregon

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Pennsylvania

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Rhode Island

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in South Carolina

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in South Dakota

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Tennessee

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Texas

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Utah

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Vermont

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Virginia

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Washington state

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in West Virginia

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Wisconsin

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Wyoming

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in American Samoa

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Guam

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in the United States Minor Outlying Islands

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in the Northern Mariana Islands

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Puerto Rico

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in the United States Virgin Islands

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in the Federated States of Micronesia

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in the Marshall Islands

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Palau

values: National Register of Historic Places listings in Washington, D.C.

values: Portal:National Register of Historic Places

values: Category:Roman Catholic churches in Saint Paul, Minnesota

values: Category:Individually listed contributing properties to historic districts on the National Register in Minnesota

values: Category:National Register of Historic Places in Saint Paul, Minnesota

values: Category:Roman Catholic churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota

values: Category:Churches in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis

values: Category:Roman Catholic cathedrals in Minnesota

values: Category:Roman Catholic churches completed in 1915

values: Category:Beaux-Arts architecture in Minnesota

values: Category:Historic district contributing properties in Minnesota

values: Category:Articles that may contain original research from April 2018

values: Category:All articles that may contain original research

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: Cathedral of Saint Paul (Saint Paul) – German

values: Catedral de San Pablo (Saint Paul) – Spanish

values: Cathédrale Saint-Paul de Saint Paul – French

values: 圣保禄主教座堂 (圣保罗) – Chinese

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Cathedral_of_Saint_Paul_Minnesota rootpage-Cathedral_of_Saint_Paul_Minnesota skin-vector action-view


text:
Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association of South Africa: In re Ex Parte President of the Republic of South Africa
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search

Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association of SA and Another: In re ex parte President of the Republic of South Africa and Others is an important case in South African constitutional law. It deals with important issues about the role of the courts in controlling public power, and raises the question of whether or not a court has the power to review and set aside a decision by the President of South Africa to bring an Act of Parliament into force.
The Constitutional Court held that the purpose of section 172(2)(a) was to ensure that the Constitutional Court, as the highest court in constitutional matters, controls declarations of constitutional invalidity made against the highest organs of state. This purpose would be defeated, the court found, if the issue in casu, concerning the legality of the President's conduct (a matter of considerable importance), were characterised as not falling within section 172(2)(a); that would be to remove it from the controlling power of the Constitutional Court. The section was, therefore, to be given a wide meaning as far as the President's conduct was concerned.
Contents
1 Facts
2 Judgment
2.1 Confirmation
2.2 Review and setting aside
2.3 Effect
3 See also
4 References
5 Notes
Facts[edit]
The matter arose when the Transvaal High Court was requested to review and set aside the President’s decision to bring the South African Medicines and Medical Devices Regulatory Authority Act 1998 into operation on 30 April 1999. The purpose of the Act was to govern the registration and control of medicines for human and animal use, and to replace previous legislation dealing with these matters. The Act sought to control the flow of medicines on the market by classifying medicines into specific categories. In order to be effective, the Act required a comprehensive regulatory infrastructure, including the determination of schedules regulating the manufacture, sale and possession of substances controlled by the Act. The applicants (the President and others) alleged that, through an error made in good faith, the Act had been brought into operation before the necessary regulatory infrastructure had been put in place, and that, as a consequence, the entire regulatory structure had been rendered unworkable. The result would be highly damaging to the public in that control over dangerous medicines would be lost before the new schedules were in place.
Judgment[edit]
The matter was referred to the Constitutional Court by the High Court for confirmation of its order declaring the decision of the President to bring the Act into force null and void. The Constitutional Court, in a unanimous decision delivered by Chaskalson P, confirmed the order of the Transvaal High Court, but gave reasons that were different from those of the High Court. Two issues had to be decided by the Court. The first was whether or not the High Court’s order, setting aside the President’s decision, was a finding of “constitutional invalidity” that required confirmation by the Constitutional Court under section 172(2) of the Constitution. If so, the second issue was whether the President’s decision to bring the Act into force was constitutionally valid or not.
Confirmation[edit]
Commenting on whether the High Court’s order was a finding of "constitutional invalidity," the Court emphasised that the control of public power by the courts through judicial review is, and always has been, a constitutional matter. This is so irrespective of whether the principles are set out in a written Constitution or contained in the common law.
Judicial review is an incident of the separation of powers, under which courts regulate and control the exercise of public power by the other branches of government. Before the interim Constitution came into force, in April 1994, the principles of judicial review were developed through the “crucible” of the common law. Since the adoption of the interim Constitution, public power is controlled by the written Constitution, which is the supreme law. The common-law precedent continues to inform the law only to the extent that it is consistent with the Constitution. Consequently, there is only one system of law. Thus, orders of invalidity under the courts’ powers of judicial review are orders of constitutional invalidity. If the order of invalidity relates to conduct of the President, section 172(2) of the Constitution requires that it be confirmed by the Constitutional Court.
In this regard, the court held that, as the Constitutional Court, it "occupies a special place in this new constitutional order." It had been established as part of that order, "as a new Court with no links to the past," to be the highest Court in respect of all constitutional matters, "and, as such, the guardian of our Constitution." It had exclusive jurisdiction in respect of certain constitutional matters, and made the final decision on those constitutional matters which also fell within the jurisdiction of other courts.[1]
It was within this context that section 172(2)(a) had to be construed. That section was concerned with law-making acts of the legislatures at the two highest levels, and with the conduct of the President who, as head of State and of the Executive, was the highest functionary within the State. The use of the words "any conduct of the President" indicated that "the section is to be given a wide meaning as far as the conduct of the President is concerned." The section's "apparent purpose" was to ensure that the Constitutional Court, as the highest Court in constitutional matters, should control declarations of constitutional invalidity made against the highest organs of State. That purpose would be defeated if an issue concerning the legality of conduct of the President, which raised a constitutional issue of considerable importance, could be characterised as not falling within section 172(2)(a), and thereby removed from the controlling power of the Constitutional Court under that section.[2]
The decision of the Full Bench of the High Court was accordingly subject to confirmation by the Constitutional Court under section 172(2)(a).[3]
Review and setting aside[edit]
In deciding the second question, the court noted the reluctance of courts in other countries to review decisions of this nature because of the political nature of the judgment required, and its closeness to legislative powers.
The Court held that the power was not “administrative action,” as contemplated in the administrative justice clause in the bill of rights, and therefore did not fall within the controls of public power set out in that clause. Rather, it was a power of a special nature, the character of which is neither legislative nor administrative, although it is more closely linked to the legislative than the administrative function. However, the exercise of such a power is not beyond the reach of judicial review, because the exercise of all power must conform with the Constitution, and, in particular, the requirements of the rule of law—a foundational principle in the Constitution. The Court held that this includes the requirement that a decision, viewed objectively, must be rationally related to the purpose for which the power was given. Thus, even if the President acts in good faith, his decision may be invalid if it does not meet this objective requirement. This does not mean, however, that a court may interfere with a decision simply because it disagrees with it or considers that the power was exercised inappropriately.
On the facts, the court held that the decision to bring the Act into force on April 30, 1999, before the necessary schedules were in place, although through no fault of the President, was objectively irrational. It noted that no rational basis for the decision had been suggested, and that the President himself had approached the court urgently, with the support of the Minister of Health and the professional associations most directly affected by the Act.
Effect[edit]
The effect of the Constitutional Court’s decision in this case was that the 1965 legislation that governed the control of medicinal substances, and that was to be replaced by the 1998 Act, remained in force until such time as the President determined a date for bringing the new Act into force.
See also[edit]
South African constitutional law
References[edit]
Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association of SA and Another: In re ex parte President of the Republic of South Africa and Others 2000 (2) SA 674 (CC).
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Para 55.
Jump up ^ Paras 56.
Jump up ^ Paras 56.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pharmaceutical_Manufacturers_Association_of_South_Africa:_In_re_Ex_Parte_President_of_the_Republic_of_South_Africa&oldid=767640933"
Categories:
2000 in South African law
2000 in case law
Constitutional Court of South Africa cases
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 27 February 2017, at 03:00 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: input

attrs: type role id class style

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

value: label

attrs: class for

values: toctogglelabel toctogglecheckbox

attrs: class dir

values:
/wiki/Transvaal_High_Court
mw-redirect
Transvaal High Court

values: Chapter Two of the Constitution of South Africa

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values: Category:Constitutional Court of South Africa cases

values:
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
interface

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Pharmaceutical_Manufacturers_Association_of_South_Africa_In_re_Ex_Parte_President_of_the_Republic_of_South_Africa rootpage-Pharmaceutical_Manufacturers_Association_of_South_Africa_In_re_Ex_Parte_President_of_the_Republic_of_South_Africa skin-vector action-view