text:
Musgrave family
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The Musgrave family was a prominent Anglo-Scottish Border family with many descendants in the United States of America, Australia and the United Kingdom a so-called Riding or Reiver clan of Cumberland and Westmorland. The earliest record of the Musgraves is Gamel, Lord of Musgrave, noted as being "of the county of Westmorland and divers manors in county Cumberland, living in the time of King Edward the Confessor (1042-1065) predating the Norman Conquest." The Musgraves though often Wardens of the West March during the times of the Reivers and among the fourteen most notorious of the reiving clans were known locally as de’ils (devils) dozen and consisted of the following families: Armstrong, Bell, Carleton, Dacre, Elliot, Graham, Johnstone, Kerr, Maxwell, Musgrave, Nixon, Routledge, Scott and Storey.
Whether the family origin is Anglo-Saxon, Norman, or Strathclyde Briton is unclear. The family name may be derived from several etymological possibilities. The name is presumed to have been derived from Musgrave, Mewsgrave, or Musgreave: "the keeper of the king's hawks, or the king's equerry." [1]Another possibility is the Anglo Saxon mus for "mouse" and grav for "mossy plain". The historian William Camden said that they gained their name from the village of Great Musgrave, where they settled, but Arthur Collins suggested that the name was a variation of the title margrave, meaning march-warden.[2]
The Coat of Arms granted to Sir Thomas Musgrave in the reign of Edward 111 (1327 - 1377) depicts six gold annulets, three, two and one, on a red shield. The first recorded spelling of the family name is believed to be that of Alan de Musegrave, which was dated 1228, in the "Curia Rolls of Northumberland". A branch of the family lived in the mansion of Edenhall mythology probably on Tennyson's Poem the Luck of Eden Hall based on whose fortune was assured by a lucky glass beaker which has survived from the 14th century — the Luck of Edenhall.[3][4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Gamel de Musgrave
2 Wascelinus de Musgrave
3 Stephen de Musgrave
4 John de Musgrave
5 Adam de Musgrave
5.1 Walter de Musgrave
6 Thomas de Musgrave
7 Sir Richard de Musgrave
8 Sir Richard de Musgrave
9 Sir Robert de Musgrave
10 See also
11 References
12 Further reading
13 External links
Gamel de Musgrave[edit]
Gamel de Musgrave was born about 1030. According to Plantagenet Harrison, the earliest record of him is "Gamel, Lord of Musgrave, of the county of Westmorland and divers manors in county Cumberland, living in the time of King Edward the Confessor (1042-1065)".[5][6]
Several lines of Musgraves emigrated early to America; John Musgrave, a Quaker from Belleniskfrannel, Segoe Parish, County Armagh, Ireland settled in Lancaster, Pennsylvani, and he and a Joe Musgrave were listed as arriving in 1635 in Virginia. A Cuthbert Musgrave, the first of his family to emigrate to the colonies, settled in Charles County, Maryland in the 1660s.
Wascelinus de Musgrave[edit]
Lord of Musgrave, co. Westmorland, and divers manors, co. Cumberland, living in the time of William the Conqueror and King Henry I, 1066-1135.[6]
Stephen de Musgrave[edit]
Stephen fil. Wascelini, lord of Musgrave in Westmorland, seised of lands in the county of Cumberland temp. Hen. I and King Stephen; *owed the King three marks in silver for a plea, 4 Hen. II (1157).[6]
John de Musgrave[edit]
John de Musgrave, lord of Great and Little Musgrave, in the county of Westmorland, in the time of King Henry II; married Matilda, dau. and coheir of Adam de Carevile, lord of Carevile, co. Cumberland. Two sons: Adam and Walter. A fine was levied, 9 John, touching the division of the manor of Carevile, co. Cumberland, by which it was settled that he and Matilda his wife should have that half of the lands of the said manor towards the north, to hold to them and the heirs of said Matilda; and that the half of the lands of the said manor towards the south, should belong to William the son of Ivette, sister of the said Matilda, to hold to him and his heirs.[6]
Adam de Musgrave[edit]
Adam de Musgrave, lord of Great and Little Musgrave, co. Westmorland, in right of his father's inheritance, and lord of half the manor of Carevile, co. Cumberland, in right of his mother, in the time of King John and Henry III.[6]
Walter de Musgrave[edit]
Living in the time of Henry II. One son, Peter, in suit with Nicholas de Musgrave and Isabella, his wife, by Walter de Morton for trespass at Morton, 53 Hen. III.[6]
Thomas de Musgrave[edit]
Thomas de Musgrave, lord of Great and Little Musgrave, and first-born son of Adam de Musgrave. Was surety for Hugh Paynel in a plea of land, 27 Hen. Ill; sheriff of Westmorland, 36 Hen. Ill; defendant in a plea, at the suit of Master William de Goldington, touching the grinding of corn at the plaintiff's mill at Saundeford, co. Westmorland, 37 Hen. Ill against whom, and Robert fil. Adam de Musgrave his brother, Robert de Askeby claimed lands in Askeby, 40 Hen. Ill; entailed the manor of Musgrave upon his heir male, I Edw. I; claimed against Michael fil. Nicholas de Musgrave, and Robert, William, and Richard, brothers of the said Michael, for cutting down trees at Musgrave, 5 Edw. I; levied a fine to confirm the lease of the third part of the manor and divers lands of Overton, which he had previously given to Richard de Musgrave, and died soon afterwards.[7]
land in Thurneby (on Tees?), 5 Edw. I.[6]
Sir Richard de Musgrave[edit]
Sir Richard de Musgrave, chivaler, to whom his uncle, Thomas de Musgrave, gave lands and the third part of the manor of Overton, by deed dated on Monday next after the feast of St. Mark the Evangelist, 49 Hen. III;
was appointed assessor in the county of Cumberland of the eighth and fifth granted by Parliament for the confirmation of the charter, 25 Edw. I;
ob. 31 Edw. I.[6]
Sir Richard de Musgrave[edit]
Sir Richard de Musgrave, chivaler, son and heir;
lord of Musgrave, etc., as heir to his uncle Thomas de Musgrave;
lord of Crossby Gerard with the advowson of the church, and of Soulby, etc., in right of his wife;
lord of Shelton and Netting, co. Bedford, in right of his mother;
was in the Scottish wars temp. Edw. II and Edw. III.[6]
Sir Robert de Musgrave[edit]
Sir Robert de Musgrave, knt., lord of Musgrave, son and heir;
was one of the commanders of the vanguard of the English army at the battle of Neville's Cross, 1346;
was aged upwards of forty years at the death of his mother, 28 Edw. III;
seised of lands, &c, in Danby and Ormesby-upon-Swale in right of his wife;
was lord of Crossby Gerard and Soulby in right of his mother, and lord of Great and Little Musgrave, &c, in right of his father's inheritance.[6]
See also[edit]
"The Adventure of the Musgrave Ritual" (a Sherlock Holmes short story)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Possibly Harleian Society
Jump up ^ Arthur Collins (1741), The English Baronetage, Thomas Wotton, pp. 74–85
Jump up ^ The Luck of Edenhall in the Victoria and Albert Museum, Victoria and Albert Museum, 2012-05-08
Jump up ^ The Luck of Edenhall (Eden Hall), Pitt.edu, 2010-07-14
Jump up ^ Marshall General Plantagenet Harrison, The History of Richmondshire, 1, pp. 180–181
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Percy Musgrave (1911), Collectanea Musgraviana, Notes on the Ancient Family of Musgrave, Westmorland, appendix I, J. Whitehead and Son, pp. 286–287
Jump up ^ P.H. MS. Cal., xi, p. 1151
Further reading[edit]
The Steel Bonnets: The Story of the Anglo-Scottish Border Reivers by George MacDonald Fraser
External links[edit]
https://books.google.com/books/about/A_History_of_the_Quaker_Branch_of_the_Mu.html?id=7Ac5AAAAMAAJ
http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~gallgaedhil/border_reiver_deep_ancestry.htm#max_celtic
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Musgrave_family&oldid=805041067"
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text:
Bennie and the Jets
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Bennie and the Jets"
Single by Elton John
from the album Goodbye Yellow Brick Road
B-side
"Harmony"
Released
4 February 1974
Recorded
May 1973 at Château d'Hérouville, France
Genre
Glam rock
Length
5:23
Label
MCA
DJM
Songwriter(s)
Elton John
Bernie Taupin
Producer(s)
Gus Dudgeon
Elton John singles chronology
"Candle in the Wind"
(1974) "Bennie and the Jets"
(1974) "Don't Let the Sun Go Down on Me"
(1974)
"Candle in the Wind"
(1974) "Bennie and the Jets"
(1974) "Don't Let the Sun Go Down on Me"
(1974)
"Bennie and the Jets" (also titled as "Benny & the Jets") is a song composed by Elton John and Bernie Taupin.[1] The song first appeared on the Goodbye Yellow Brick Road album in 1973. "Bennie and the Jets" has been one of John's most popular songs and was performed during John's appearance at Live Aid. The track is spelled Benny on the sleeve of the single and in the track listing of the album, but Bennie on the album vinyl disc label.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Single release
2 Song composition
3 Personnel
4 Music video
5 Chart performance
5.1 Weekly charts
5.2 Year-end charts
6 Covers
7 Mondegreens in the Song
8 References in popular culture
9 References
10 External links
Single release[edit]
"Bennie and the Jets" was featured on side one of the Goodbye Yellow Brick Road album, and Elton John was set against releasing it as a single, believing it would fail. CKLW in Windsor, Ontario, began heavy airplay of the song and it became the #1 song in the Detroit market.[3] This attention caused other American and Canadian Top 40 stations to add it to their playlists as well and as a result, the song peaked at #1 on the US singles chart in 1974. In the US, it was certified Gold on 8 April 1974 and Platinum on 13 September 1995 by the RIAA,[4] and had sold 2.8 million copies by August 1976.[5]
"Bennie and the Jets" was also John's first Top 40 hit on what at the time was called the Billboard Hot Soul Singles chart, where it peaked at #15, the highest position out of the three of his singles which reached that chart.[6] The acceptance of "Bennie" on R&B radio helped land John, a huge soul music fan, a guest appearance on the 17 May 1975 edition of Soul Train, where he played "Bennie and the Jets" and "Philadelphia Freedom". In Canada, it held the #1 spot on the RPM national singles chart for two weeks (13–20 April), becoming his first #1 single of 1974 and his fourth overall.[7][8]
Song composition[edit]
The song tells of "Bennie and the Jets", a fictional band of whom the song's narrator is a fan. The song is written in the key of G major. In interviews, Taupin has said that the song's lyrics are a satire on the music industry of the 1970s.[citation needed] The greed and glitz of the early 1970s music scene is portrayed by Taupin's words:
We'll kill the fatted calf tonight, so stick around,
you're gonna hear electric music, solid walls of sound.
Taupin also goes on to describe the flashy wardrobe of "Bennie", the leader of the band:
She's got electric boots, a mohair suit
You know I read it in a magazine Ohh...
See also: History_of_Benzedrine § Elton John - Bennie and the Jets
Produced by Gus Dudgeon, the song was recorded during the "Goodbye Yellow Brick Road" sessions in France at Château d'Hérouville's Strawberry Studios,[9] where John and Taupin had recorded their previous two albums, Honky Château and Don't Shoot Me I'm Only the Piano Player.
After recording the song in the studio, John and the band worried that it was too plain and unoriginal. In the Eagle Vision documentary on the making of Goodbye Yellow Brick Road, John recalled, "I fought tooth and nail against 'Bennie' coming out as a single." According to guitarist Davey Johnstone, "'Bennie and the Jets' was one of the oddest songs we ever recorded. We just sat back and said, 'This is really odd.'" While mixing the album, Dudgeon came up with the idea of creating a "live from Playhouse Theatre" sound for the track. He added reverb effects, applause and other audience sounds from John's previous concerts and a loop from the Jimi Hendrix live album Isle of Wight, plus whistles, giving it the "live concert recording" feel that has since become a sort of trademark.[citation needed]
John rarely plays the song verbatim to the studio version, and often makes subtle or even drastic changes. Live, the piano solo in the middle of the song has been played in all sorts of variations, from very close to the original to wildly improvised and extended versions, such as the elaborate version during a Central Park concert in 1980 and another memorable take on it during the "Elton and his band" part of the show recorded for what would become Live in Australia in December 1986. (It can be seen on various Laserdisc releases of the show.) He has also been known to end the song in a wide range of styles, including classical, swing, boogie-woogie and even using the signature five-note phrase from John Williams' score for Close Encounters of the Third Kind.
Personnel[edit]
Elton John – piano, Farfisa organ, vocals
Davey Johnstone – acoustic and electric guitars
Dee Murray – bass
Nigel Olsson – drums
Music video[edit]
In May 2017, an official music video for "Bennie and the Jets" premiered at the Cannes Film Festival as a winner of Elton John: The Cut, a competition organized in partnership with AKQA, Pulse Films, and YouTube in honour of the fiftieth anniversary of his songwriting relationship with Bernie Taupin. The competition called upon independent filmmakers to submit treatments for music videos for one of three Elton John songs from the 1970s, with each song falling within a specific concept category. "Bennie and the Jets" was designated for the choreography category, and was directed by Jack Whiteley and Laura Brownhill. The video was influenced by early cinema and the work of Busby Berkeley, portraying characters as participants on a talent show auditioning for Bennie.[10][11]
Chart performance[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1974)
Peak
position
Australia 5
Canada 1
France (SNEP)[12] 175
Ireland (IRMA)[13] 18
New Zealand[14] 13
US Billboard Hot 100[15] 1
US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)[16] 15
US Cash Box Top 100[17] 1
Chart (1976)
Peak
position
UK Singles Chart 37
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1974)
Rank
Australia 34
Canada[18] 6
U.S. Billboard Hot 100[19] 9
U.S. Cash Box[20] 12
Covers[edit]
In 1991 CKBE-FM David Tyler.
Pyotr Mamonov and Vasily Shumov recorded a cover of this song on their Russkie poyut (Russians are Singing) album (1994).[citation needed]
The NFL's New York Jets used a parody of the song called "Vinny and the Jets" during quarterback Vinny Testaverde's first run with the team from 1998 to 2003.[citation needed]
Parodies relating to New York Mets players Lenny Dykstra and later Benny Agbayani were mainstays on New York City radio stations.[citation needed]
Ray Castoldi, the longtime organist for the NBA's New York Knicks, is often heard playing this song at Knicks home games. The song has also been played on the organ at Los Angeles Lakers and Los Angeles Kings home games.[citation needed]
The Beastie Boys released a cover of this song on their The Sounds of Science album in 1999.[21] The song, titled "Benny and the Jets", was sung by frequent Beastie Boys collaborator Biz Markie. This recording was first released in 1995 as a flexi disc inside of issue two of the Beastie Boys' Grand Royal magazine.[22]
Biz Markie performed his own humorous rendition of "Bennie and the Jets" on The Chris Rock Show in 2000.[citation needed]
Katherine Heigl and James Marsden sing along with the song, karaoke-style, while dancing on a bar in the 2008 film 27 Dresses. Both of them make many mistakes in the lyrics.[citation needed]
Mary J. Blige sampled the melody for her song "Deep Inside". When Blige asked Elton John for permission to sample the piano line, he ended up agreeing to actually play the line on the track instead.[citation needed]
Ashanti's 2008 single "Good Good" also sampled the melody.[citation needed]
Mister G included a recording of himself playing Elton John’s "Benny and the Jets" at the age of nine as the last track on his album BUGS[citation needed]
Cher performed the song in a duet on The Cher Show with Elton John on piano in 1975.[23]
In 2006 Christina Aguilera with Elton John performed this song at Fashion Rocks.[citation needed]
American Idol Season 10 finalist Haley Reinhart performed a cover of "Bennie and the Jets" during the Top 11 (2nd Week) finalist performances on 30 March 2011. She performed it again after her elimination during the Top 3 Results Show, on 19 May.[citation needed]
It was covered by The Hickoids on Kicking It With the Twits, a 2011 mini LP of British Invasion era covers.[citation needed]
Covered by Victoria Vox on her 2012 Under the Covers CD.[citation needed]
In 2013 Brandy Moss-Scott released a cover of "Bennie and the Jets".[citation needed]
In 2013 James Sayer announced a cover of "Bennie and the Jets" would be released in December.[citation needed]
In 2013 Lady Gaga with Elton John performed this song on Lady Gaga and the Muppets Holiday Spectacular.[citation needed]
In 2014 Miguel with Wale performed this song on Goodbye Yellow Brick Road: 40th Anniversary Celebration.
Indie Pop artist BØRNS performs his own cover of "Bennie and The Jets" during live shows. At times he adds a verse from Frank Ocean's "Super Rich Kids" towards the end, as "Super Rich Kids" has samples of "Bennie and The Jets" within it.[24]
The song was sampled by rap group A Tribe Called Quest for the song "Solid Wall of Sound" on their 2016 album, We Got It from Here... Thank You 4 Your Service.[citation needed]
In 2016, Australian comedy band The Axis of Awesome included a short skit on their album Viva La Vida Loca Las Vegas called "Benny and the $*#!s", which sings the song's chorus as "B-B-Benny's got Tourette's", interspersed with random cursing.[citation needed]
Pink and Logic covered the song alongside John on the 2018 tribute album Revamp: Reimagining the Songs of Elton John & Bernie Taupin.
Mondegreens in the Song[edit]
The song contains the line "She's got electric boots, a mohair suit", which is often misheard as "She's got electric boobs, and mohair shoes".[25][26] A scene in the film 27 Dresses shows that this is but one of many mondegreens that listeners have invented for this song.[27]
References in popular culture[edit]
The original Winnipeg Jets NHL team's mascot was named Benny,[28] partially in reference to this song, but primarily after the original owner of the (WHA) team, Ben Hatskin.
The band TV Girl released an EP on 25 July 2011, entitled "Benny and the Jetts". It features four songs, the first of which is also titled "Benny and the Jetts", which describes a girl that the singer once knew who was always listening to the song.[29]
In Kingsman: The Golden Circle, which also stars John as himself, the main antagonist, Poppy Adams (Julianne Moore) owns two robot dogs named Bennie and Jet and also has taken John as a hostage.[citation needed]
Axl Rose cited it as a song that meant a lot to him as a teenager: "Early Elton John is the baddest!"[30]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Bill Janovitz. "Bennie & the Jets - Elton John | Song Info". AllMusic. Retrieved 2016-10-09.
Jump up ^ "Elton John - Goodbye Yellow Brick Road (Vinyl, LP, Album)". Discogs.com. Retrieved 2016-10-09.
Jump up ^ Karen Bliss (2016-01-21). "The Legacy of Rosalie Trombley, Radio Pioneer Immortalized in Bob Seger's 'Rosalie' and Breaker of 'Bennie and the Jets' | Billboard". Readability.com. Retrieved 2016-10-09.
Jump up ^ "American single certifications – John, Elton – Bennie _ the Jets". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved 2012-07-02. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
Jump up ^ Jahr, Cliff. "Elton John, Lonely at the Top: Rolling Stone's 1976 Cover Story". Rolling Stonedate=2011-02-02. Retrieved 2012-07-02.
Jump up ^ Allmusic. "Elton John: Charts and Awards". Allmusic. Retrieved 21 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "Item Display – RPM – Library and Archives Canada". Collectionscanada.gc.ca. Retrieved 26 May 2011.
Jump up ^ "Item Display – RPM – Library and Archives Canada". Collectionscanada.gc.ca. Retrieved 26 May 2011.
Jump up ^ "Goodbye Yellow Brick Road at". Entertainment Weekly. 19 August 2008. Archived from the original on 20 November 2009. Retrieved 26 May 2011.
Jump up ^ "WATCH: Elton John and Bernie Taupin's 'Tiny Dancer,' 'Rocket Man' and 'Bennie and the Jets' Just Got New Music Videos". People.com. Retrieved 26 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "Elton John Premieres Three Music Videos for His '70s Classics". Out Magazine. Retrieved 26 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "Lescharts.com – Elton John – Bennie and the Jets" (in French). Les classement single. Retrieved June 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Bennie and the Jets". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved June 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "flavour of new zealand - search listener". Flavourofnz.co.nz. Retrieved 2016-10-09.
Jump up ^ "Elton John Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved July 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Elton John Chart History (Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved July 22, 2017.
Jump up ^ [1][dead link]
Jump up ^ "Image : RPM Weekly - Library and Archives Canada". Bac-lac.gc.ca. Retrieved 2016-10-09.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Hits of 1974/Top 100 Songs of 1974". Musicoutfitters.com. Retrieved 2016-10-09.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 19 October 2014. Retrieved 2015-07-16.
Jump up ^ "The Sounds of Science at Beastie Boys store". Sammerch.com. Archived from the original on 2 May 2008. Retrieved 26 May 2011.
Jump up ^ Dearmore, Kelly (28 May 1998). "He got game – Page 1 – Music – Dallas". Dallas Observer. Retrieved 26 May 2011.
Jump up ^ "VH1 Video on YouTube. Early 1970s performance on the Sonny and Cher Show". Youtube. 14 February 2008. Retrieved 26 May 2011.
Jump up ^ "BØRNS covers Elton John: Bennie and the Jets. Independent SF, 3/12/15 - YouTube". M.youtube.com. Retrieved 2016-10-09.
Jump up ^ "mondegreens - misunderstood song lyrics". Corsinet.com. Retrieved 2016-10-09.
Jump up ^ Lawrence DiStasi (2011-07-29). "DiStasiblog: Mondegreens". Distasiblog.blogspot.com. Retrieved 2016-10-09.
Jump up ^ Kris Norton (30 May 2014). "Top 12 Most Hilarious Misheard Lyrics".
Jump up ^ "Photo of Benny, Winnipeg Jets mascot". Winnipegjetsonline.com. Retrieved 26 May 2011.
Jump up ^ "TV Girl Bandcamp Site for 'Benny and the Jetts'". Tvgirl.bandcamp.com. Retrieved 10 April 2014.
Jump up ^ Wall, Mick (January 2002). "Eve of destruction". Classic Rock #36. p. 95.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
Preceded by
"Hooked on a Feeling" by Blue Swede US Billboard Hot 100 number-one single
13 April 1974 (one week) Succeeded by
"TSOP (The Sound of Philadelphia)" by
MFSB featuring The Three Degrees
Preceded by
"Sunshine On My Shoulders" by John Denver Canadian RPM 100 number-one single
13 April 1974 - 20 April 1974 (two weeks) Succeeded by
"TSOP (The Sound of Philadelphia)" by
MFSB featuring The Three Degrees
[hide]
v
t
e
Elton John songs
1960s and 1970s
"Skyline Pigeon" (1968)
"I've Been Loving You" (1968)
"Lady Samantha" (1969)
"It's Me That You Need" (1969)
"Border Song" (1970)
"Rock and Roll Madonna" (1970)
"From Denver to L.A." (1970)
"Take Me to the Pilot" (1970)
"Your Song" (1970)
"Friends" (1971)
"Levon" (1971)
"Tiny Dancer" (1972)
"Rocket Man" (1972)
"Honky Cat" (1972)
"I Think I'm Going to Kill Myself" (1972)
"Mona Lisas and Mad Hatters" (1972)
"Crocodile Rock" (1972)
"Elderberry Wine" (1972)
"Daniel" (1972)
"Teacher I Need You" (1973)
"Funeral for a Friend/Love Lies Bleeding" (1973)
"Saturday Night's Alright for Fighting" (1973)
"Goodbye Yellow Brick Road" (1973)
"Step into Christmas" (1973)
"Candle in the Wind" (1974)
"Bennie and the Jets" (1974)
"Harmony" (1974)
"Don't Let the Sun Go Down on Me" (1974)
"The Bitch Is Back" (1974)
"Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds" (1974)
"Philadelphia Freedom" (1975)
"I Saw Her Standing There" (1975)
"Someone Saved My Life Tonight" (1975)
"Island Girl" (1975)
"Grow Some Funk of Your Own" (1976)
"I Feel Like a Bullet (In the Gun of Robert Ford)" (1976)
"Pinball Wizard" (1976)
"Don't Go Breaking My Heart" (1976)
"Cage the Songbird" (1976)
"Sorry Seems to Be the Hardest Word" (1976)
"Bite Your Lip (Get Up and Dance!)" (1977)
"Crazy Water" (1977)
"The Goaldiggers Song" (1977)
"Ego" (1978)
"Part-Time Love" (1978)
"Song for Guy" (1978)
"Are You Ready for Love" (1979)
"Mama Can't Buy You Love" (1979)
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2000s
"I Want Love" (2001)
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Bone healing
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Bone healing of a fracture by forming a callus as shown by X-ray.
Bone healing, or fracture healing, is a proliferative physiological process in which the body facilitates the repair of a bone fracture.
Generally bone fracture treatment consists of a doctor reducing (pushing) displaced bones back into place via relocation with or without anaesthetic, stabilizing their position to aid union, and then waiting for the bone's natural healing process to occur.
Adequate nutrient intake has been found to significantly affect the integrity of the fracture repair.[1] Age, Bone type, drug therapy and pre existing bone pathology are factors which affect healing. The role of bone healing is to produce new bone without a scar as seen in other tissues which would be a structural weakness or deformity.[2]
The process of the entire regeneration of the bone can depend on the angle of dislocation or fracture. While the bone formation usually spans the entire duration of the healing process, in some instances, bone marrow within the fracture has healed two or fewer weeks before the final remodeling phase.[citation needed]
While immobilization and surgery may facilitate healing, a fracture ultimately heals through physiological processes. The healing process is mainly determined by the periosteum (the connective tissue membrane covering the bone). The periosteum is one source of precursor cells which develop into chondroblasts and osteoblasts that are essential to the healing of bone. The bone marrow (when present), endosteum, small blood vessels, and fibroblasts are other sources of precursor cells.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Phases
1.1 Reactive
1.2 Reparative
1.3 Remodelling
1.4 Obstructions to Bone Healing
1.5 Complications
1.6 Gallery
2 Footnotes
3 References
Phases[edit]
There are three major phases of fracture healing,[4] two of which can be further sub-divided to make a total of five phases:[citation needed]
1. Reactive phase
i. Fracture and inflammatory phase
ii. Granulation tissue formation
2. Reparative phase
iii. Cartilage callus formation
iv. Lamellar bone deposition
3. Remodeling phase
v. Remodeling to original bone contour
Reactive[edit]
After fracture, the first change seen by light and electron microscopy is the presence of blood cells within the tissues adjacent to the injury site. Soon after fracture, the blood vessels constrict, stopping any further bleeding.[5] Within a few hours after fracture, the extravascular blood cells form a blood clot, known as a hematoma. These cells release cytokines and increase blood capillary permeability. All of the cells within the blood clot degenerate and die.[6] Some of the cells outside of the blood clot, but adjacent to the injury site, also degenerate and die.[7] Within this same area, the fibroblasts survive and replicate. They form a loose aggregate of cells, interspersed with small blood vessels, known as granulation tissue.[8] This tissue reduces strain across the fracture site. Osteoclasts move in to reabsorb dead bone ends, and other necrotic tissue is removed.[9]
Reparative[edit]
Days after fracture, the cells of the periosteum replicate and transform. The periosteal cells proximal to (on the near side of) the fracture gap develop into chondroblasts, which form hyaline cartilage. The periosteal cells distal to (at the far end of) the fracture gap develop into osteoblasts, which form woven bone. The fibroblasts within the granulation tissue develop into chondroblasts which also form hyaline cartilage.[10] These two new tissues grow in size until they unite with their counterparts from other parts of the fracture. These processes culminate in a new mass of heterogeneous tissue known as a fracture callus.[11] Eventually, the fracture gap is bridged by the hyaline cartilage and woven bone, restoring some of the bone's original strength.
The next phase is the replacement of the hyaline cartilage and woven bone with lamellar bone. The replacement process is known as endochondral ossification with respect to the hyaline cartilage and bony substitution with respect to the woven bone. Substitution of the woven bone with lamellar bone precedes the substitution of the hyaline cartilage with lamellar bone. The lamellar bone begins forming soon after the collagen matrix of either tissue becomes mineralized. At this point, the mineralized matrix is penetrated by channels, each containing a microvessel and numerous osteoblasts. The osteoblasts form new lamellar bone upon the recently exposed surface of the mineralized matrix. This new lamellar bone is in the form of trabecular bone.[12] Eventually, all of the woven bone and cartilage of the original fracture callus is replaced by trabecular bone, restoring most of the bone's original strength.
Remodelling[edit]
The remodeling process substitutes the trabecular bone with compact bone. The trabecular bone is first resorbed by osteoclasts, creating a shallow resorption pit known as a "Howship's lacuna". Then osteoblasts deposit compact bone within the resorption pit. Eventually, the fracture callus is remodelled into a new shape which closely duplicates the bone's original shape and strength. The remodeling phase takes 3 to 5 years depending on factors such as age or general condition.[8] This process can be enhanced by certain synthetic injectable biomaterials, such as cerament, which are osteoconductive and actively promote bone healing.[13]
Obstructions to Bone Healing[edit]
Femur (top) healed while improperly aligned
Poor blood supply which leads to the death of the osteocytes. Bone cell death is also dependent on degree of fracture and disruption to the Haversian system.
Condition of the soft tissues. Soft tissue in between bone ends restricts healing.
Nutrition and drug therapy. Poor general health reduces healing rate. Drugs that impair the inflammatory response impede healing also.
Infection. Diverts the inflammatory response away from healing towards fighting off the infection.
Age. Young bone unites more rapidly than adult bone.
Pre-existing bone malignancy.
Mechanical factors such as the bone not being aligned and too much or too little movement. Excess mobility can disrupt the bridging callus, interfering with union; but slight biomechanical motion is seen to improve callus formation.[9]
Complications[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Complications of fracture healing include:
Infection: this is the most common complication of fractures and predominantly occurs in open fractures. Post-traumatic wound infection is the most common cause of chronic osteomyelitis in patients. Osteomyelitis can also occur following surgical fixation of a fracture.[14]
Non-union: no progression of healing within six months of a fracture occurring. The fracture pieces remain separated and can be caused by infection and/or lack of blood supply (Ischaemia) to the bone.[15] There are two types of non-union, atrophic and hypertrophic. Hypertrophic involves the formation of excess callus leading to bone ends appearing sclerotic causing a radiological "Elephants Foot" appearance. Atrophic non-union results in re-absorption and rounding of bone ends.[9]
Mal-union: healing occurs but the healed bone has 'angular deformity, translation, or rotational alignment that requires surgical correction'. This is most common in long bones such as the femur.[16]
Delayed union: healing times vary depending on the location of a fracture and the age of a patient. Delayed union is characterised by 'persistence of the fracture line and a scarcity or absence of callus formation' on x-ray. Healing is still occurring but at a much slower rate than normal.[15]
Gallery[edit]
Collagen fibers of woven bone
Osteoclast displaying many nuclei within its "foamy" cytoplasm
Osteoblasts forming compact bone, containing two osteocytes, within a resorption pit in trabecular bone
Footnotes[edit]
Jump up ^ Susan E. Brown, PhD. "How to Speed Fracture Healing" (PDF). Center for Better Bones. While no scientist has yet conducted a clinical trial using all 20 key nutrients for fracture healing, several studies have found multi-nutrient therapy to reduce complication and accelerate fracture healing.
Jump up ^ Gomez-Barrena E, Rosset P, Lozano D, Stanovici J, Ermthaller C, Gerbhard F. Bone fracture healing: Cell therapy in delayed unions and nonunions. Bone. 2015;70:93–101.
Jump up ^ Ferretti C, Mattioli-Belmonte M. Periosteum derived stem cells for regenerative medicine proposals: Boosting current knowledge. World Journal of Stem Cells. 2014;6(3):266-277. doi:10.4252/wjsc.v6.i3.266.
Jump up ^ Iain H. Kalfas, MD (2001). "Principles of Bone Healing". WebMD LLC.
Jump up ^ Brighton and Hunt (1997), p. 248: The extravascular blood cells are identified as erythrocytes, platelets and neutrophils.
Jump up ^ Brighton and Hunt (1991), p. 837: The cells within the clot are identified.
Jump up ^ Brighton and Hunt (1997)
^ Jump up to: a b Ham and Harris
^ Jump up to: a b c Nyary Tamas, Scamell BE. (2015). Principles of bone and joint injuries and their healing. Surgery(Oxford). 33 (1), p 7-14.
Jump up ^ Brighton and Hunt (1997), p. 248: Two light micrographs showing the cells of the woven bone and hyaline cartilage.
Jump up ^ Brighton and Hunt (1986), p. 704: Two light micrographs of a typical fracture callus: one showing the tissues and the other showing the cells.
Jump up ^ Brighton and Hunt (1986); Brighton and Hunt (1997); Ham and Harris
Jump up ^ Hatten Jr., H.P. and Voor, J. (2012): Bone Healing Using a Bi-Phasic Ceramic Bone Substitute Demonstrated in Human Vertebroplasty and with Histology in a Rabbit Cancellous Bone Defect Model. Interventional Neuroradiology, vol. 18, pp. 105-113.
Jump up ^ Rowbotham, Emma; Barron, Dominic (2009). "Radiology of fracture complications". Orthopaedics and Trauma. 23 (1): 52–60. doi:10.1016/j.mporth.2008.12.008.
^ Jump up to: a b Jahagirdar, Rajeev; Scammell, Brigitte E (2008). "Principles of fracture healing and disorders of bone union". Surgery. 27 (2): 63–69. doi:10.1016/j.mpsur.2008.12.011.
Jump up ^ Chen, Andrew T; Vallier, Heather A (2016). "Noncontiguous and open fractures of the lower extremity: Epidemiology, complications, and unplanned procedures". Injury. 47 (3): 742–747. doi:10.1016/j.injury.2015.12.013.
References[edit]
Brighton, Carl T. and Robert M. Hunt (1986), "Histochemical localization of calcium in the fracture callus with potassium pyroantimonate: possible role of chondrocyte mitochondrial calcium in callus calcification", Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 68-A (5): 703-715
Brighton, Carl T. and Robert M. Hunt (1991), "Early histologic and ultrastructural changes in medullary fracture callus", Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 73-A (6): 832-847
Brighton, Carl T. and Robert M. Hunt (1997), "Early histologic and ultrastructural changes in microvessels of periosteal callus", Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma, 11 (4): 244-253
Ham, Arthur W. and William R. Harris (1972), "Repair and transplantation of bone", The biochemistry and physiology of bone, New York: Academic Press, p. 337-399
[hide]
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Physiology of bone and cartilage
Bone
Bone density
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Bone healing
Bone resorption
Osseointegration
Ossification
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Periosteal reaction
Cartilage
Chondrogenesis
Joint
Range of motion
Teeth
Mastication
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Born in the U.S.A. (song)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Born in the U.S.A."
Single by Bruce Springsteen
from the album Born in the U.S.A.
B-side
"Shut Out the Light"
Released
October 30, 1984
Format
7" single, 12" single, 3" CD single, Cassette
Recorded
April 1, 1982
Studio
Power Station in New York City
Genre
Heartland rock, power pop
Length
4:38
Label
Columbia
Songwriter(s)
Bruce Springsteen
Producer(s)
Jon Landau, Chuck Plotkin, Bruce Springsteen, Steve Van Zandt
Bruce Springsteen singles chronology
"Cover Me"
(1984) "Born in the U.S.A."
(1984) "I'm on Fire"
(1985)
"Cover Me"
(1984) "Born in the U.S.A."
(1984) "I'm on Fire"
(1985)
Born in the U.S.A. track listing
12 tracks [show]
Side one
"Born in the U.S.A."
"Cover Me"
"Darlington County"
"Working on the Highway"
"Downbound Train"
"I'm on Fire"
Side two
"No Surrender"
"Bobby Jean"
"I'm Goin' Down"
"Glory Days"
"Dancing in the Dark"
"My Hometown"
Audio sample
file
help
"Born in the U.S.A." is a 1984 song written and performed by Bruce Springsteen, and released on the album of the same name. One of Springsteen's best-known singles, Rolling Stone ranked the song 275th on their list of "The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time", and in 2001, the RIAA's Songs of the Century placed the song 59th (out of 365). The song addresses the harmful effects of the Vietnam War on Americans and the treatment of Vietnam veterans upon their return home. It is an ironic retort to the indifference and hostility with which Vietnam veterans were met.
Contents
[hide]
1 Recording history
2 Themes
3 Political reactions
4 General reaction
5 Music video
6 Remixes
7 Live performances and subsequent versions
8 Track listing
8.1 7": Columbia / 38-04680
8.2 12": Columbia / 44-05147
9 Charts and certifications
9.1 Weekly charts
9.2 Sales and certifications
10 Covers and parodies
11 See also
12 References
13 Further reading
14 External links
Recording history[edit]
The song was written in 1981 as the title song for a film that Paul Schrader was contemplating making and that Springsteen was considering starring in (Light of Day starring Michael J. Fox).[1] Springsteen thanks Schrader in the liner notes of the album "Born in the U.S.A.".
Casual home demos were made later that year, following the completion of The River Tour. A more formal solo acoustic guitar demo was made on January 3, 1982 at Springsteen's home in Colts Neck, New Jersey during the long session that constituted most of the Nebraska album released later that year. Acoustic versions of several other songs that eventually appeared on the Born in the U.S.A. album were also on this demo, including "Working on the Highway" and "Downbound Train". However, Springsteen manager/producer Jon Landau and others felt that the song did not have the right melody or music to match the lyrics, and also did not fit in well with the rest of the nascent Nebraska material. As a result, the song was shelved. (This version surfaced in the late 1990s on the Tracks and 18 Tracks outtake collections.)
In March 1982,[2] Springsteen revived the song with a different melody line and musical structure. A full E Street Band version was recorded, with much of the arrangement made up on the spot, including Roy Bittan's opening synthesizer riff and what producer Chuck Plotkin nicknamed Max Weinberg's "exploding drums".[3] The famous snare drum sound on this record was obtained by engineer Toby Scott running the top snare microphone through a broken reverb plate which could only sustain four seconds of gated reverb.[3] This is the version that appeared on the Born in the U.S.A. album, a full two years later. The studio recording also originally ended with a lengthy jam session, which was later edited for the song's commercial release.
In a 1986 speaking engagement at the University of Georgia, Max Weinberg (drummer for the E Street Band) stated that "Born in the U.S.A." was his all-time favorite song that the band had recorded. Later, in a separate question and answer session, Weinberg explained that it was his favorite because the song was not written in advance for the various instrumental parts. After a grueling studio session while members of the band were in the booth at the sound board, one member of the band at a time returned to the recording area joining in to make up their own new parts to the song that had been intended as an acoustic guitar-only song. Even Springsteen came out and started singing vocals. It sounded so good that they did it again and recorded it. Without reviewing the recording, Springsteen said, let's do that one more time. So they recorded the second take (or the third time the unwritten version had ever been played). That second studio take was the CD release on the Born in the U.S.A. album.[4]
Themes[edit]
The song was in part a tribute to Springsteen's friends who had experienced the Vietnam War, some of whom did not come back; it also protests the hardships Vietnam veterans faced upon their return from the war.
The song's narrative traces the protagonist's working-class origins, induction into the armed forces, and disaffected return to the States. An anguished lyrical interlude is even more jolting, describing the fate of the protagonist's (literal or figurative) brother (in some recordings or live shows, the word "brother" is replaced with "buddy"):
I had a brother at Khe Sanh
Fighting off the Viet Cong
They're still there; he's all gone
He had a woman he loved in Saigon
I got a picture of him in her arms, now
Though the primary enemy combatants in the Battle of Khe Sanh were the North Vietnamese Army, the National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam (Viet Cong) did aid the NVA forces in the fighting. For the song's lyrics, obviously, Viet Cong made more sense for poetic purposes, rather than to serve as the most accurate portrayal of the battle. Eventually the Americans prevailed and broke the siege, only to withdraw from the outpost a couple of months later. Khe Sanh thus became one of the media symbols of the futility of the whole war effort in the States.
Two scholars writing in the journal American Quarterly explored the song as a lament for the embattled working-class identity. Structurally, they noted that "the anthemic chorus contrasted with the verses' desperate narrative," a tension which informs an understanding of the song's overall meaning: the nationalist chorus continuously overwhelms the desperation and sacrifice relayed in the verses. They point out that the imagery of the Vietnam War could be read as metaphor for "the social and economic siege of American blue-collar communities" at large, and that lyrics discussing economic devastation are likely symbolic for the effect of blind nationalism upon the working class. The song as a whole, they felt, laments the destabilization of the economics and politics protecting the "industrial working class" in the 1970s and early 1980s, leaving only "a deafening but hollow national pride."[5]
Political reactions[edit]
In late August 1984, the Born in the U.S.A. album was selling very well, its songs were frequently aired on radio stations, and the associated tour was drawing considerable press. Springsteen shows at the Capital Centre outside of Washington, D.C. thus attracted even more media attention, in particular from CBS Evening News correspondent Bernard Goldberg, who saw Springsteen as a modern-day Horatio Alger story. Conservative columnist George Will, after attending a show, published a piece on September 13, 1984, titled "A Yankee Doodle Springsteen," in which he praised Springsteen as an exemplar of classic American values. He wrote: "I have not got a clue about Springsteen's politics, if any, but flags get waved at his concerts while he sings songs about hard times. He is no whiner, and the recitation of closed factories and other problems always seems punctuated by a grand, cheerful affirmation: 'Born in the U.S.A.!'"[6] The 1984 presidential campaign was in full stride at the time, and Will had connections to President Ronald Reagan's re-election organization. Will thought that Springsteen might endorse Reagan (not knowing that Springsteen did not support Reagan), and got the notion pushed up to high-level Reagan advisor Michael Deaver's office. Those staffers made inquiries to Springsteen's management which were politely rebuffed.
Nevertheless, at a campaign stop in Hammonton, New Jersey on September 19, 1984, Reagan added the following to his speech:
America's future rests in a thousand dreams inside your hearts; it rests in the message of hope in songs so many young Americans admire: New Jersey's own Bruce Springsteen. And helping you make those dreams come true is what this job of mine is all about.[7]
The campaign press immediately expressed skepticism that Reagan knew anything about Springsteen, and asked what his favorite Springsteen song was; "Born to Run" was the response from staffers.[citation needed] Johnny Carson then joked on The Tonight Show, "If you believe that, I've got a couple of tickets to the Ferrero-Rocher inaugural ball I'd like to sell you."
During a September 21 concert in Pittsburgh, Springsteen responded negatively by introducing his song "Johnny 99", a song about an unemployed auto worker who turns to murder, "The President was mentioning my name the other day, and I kinda got to wondering what his favorite album musta been. I don't think it was the Nebraska album. I don't think he's been listening to this one."[8]
A few days after that, presidential challenger Walter Mondale said, "Bruce Springsteen may have been born to run but he wasn't born yesterday," and then claimed to have been endorsed by Springsteen.[9] Springsteen manager Jon Landau denied any such endorsement, and the Mondale campaign issued a correction.
Springsteen wrote "Born in the U.S.A." about the working-class man, who in Springsteen's words was facing "a spiritual crisis, in which man is left lost. It's like he has nothing left to tie him into society anymore. He's isolated from the government. Isolated from his job. Isolated from his family ... to the point where nothing makes sense."[5] Springsteen promotes the fact that the endless search for truth is the true American way.[10]
In 2000, journalist Brian Doherty, noting that political song lyrics are often either misunderstood or not understood at all by fans, wrote, "But who's to say Reagan wasn't right to insist the song was an upper? When I hear those notes and that drumbeat, and the Boss' best arena-stentorian, shout-groan vocals come over the speakers, I feel like I'm hearing the national anthem."[11]
General reaction[edit]
"Born in the U.S.A." peaked at #9 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles charts in late 1984. It was the third of a record-tying seven Top 10 hit singles to be released from the Born in the U.S.A. album. In addition it made the top 10 of Billboard's Rock Tracks chart, indicating solid play on album-oriented rock stations. The physical single was certified Gold by the RIAA on July 23, 1999,[12] and additionally it has sold over a million digital copies in the U.S. by July 2016 after becoming available for downloads.[13] The song was also a hit in the UK, reaching #5 on the UK Singles Chart.
Beyond the 1984 presidential campaign, "Born in the U.S.A." was widely mis-interpreted as purely nationalistic by those who heard the anthemic chorus but not the bitter verses.[14][unreliable source?]
When Springsteen played the song live in East Berlin in 1988 the German audience widely followed the chorus line to express their bonds with the western world and their weariness with their own way of life in the communist system of the GDR.[15]
Springsteen refused Chrysler Corporation CEO Lee Iacocca's request to use "Born in the U.S.A." in commercials for Chrysler cars, turning down an offer that would have been worth several million dollars.
Music video[edit]
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The music video for "Born in the U.S.A." was directed by noted filmmaker John Sayles. It consisted of video concert footage of Springsteen and the E Street Band performing the song, poorly synchronized with audio from the studio recording. Released on November 28, 1984, there supposedly had not been enough time to mix the audio from the concert.
This footage was intermixed with compelling mid-1980s scenes of working-class America, emphasizing images that had some connection with the song, including Vietnam veterans, Amerasian children, assembly lines, oil refineries, cemeteries, and the like, finishing with a recreation of the album's cover, with grizzled Springsteen posing in front of an American flag.
Remixes[edit]
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On January 10, 1985, Arthur Baker's 12-inch "Freedom Mix" of "Born in the U.S.A." was released. It was a fairly radical remixing, even more so than those Baker had done for the album's previous singles "Dancing in the Dark" and "Cover Me". The mix removed any (possibly misleading) anthemic elements and pushed the song's mournfulness to the front. Synthesizer, glockenspiel, and drums were chopped up and isolated against Springsteen vocal fragments saying "Oh my God, no," and "U.S.A.—U.S.—U.S.—U.S.A."
This remix was the least commercially successful of Baker's efforts, however, as unlike the prior two it failed to appear on Billboard's Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart.
Live performances and subsequent versions[edit]
On Springsteen's 1984-1985 Born in the U.S.A. Tour, "Born in the U.S.A." almost always opened the concerts, in a dramatic, crowd rousing fashion. One such version is included on the Live/1975-85 album.
On the 1988 Tunnel of Love Express Tour, "Born in the U.S.A." generally closed the first set, and on the 1992-1993 "Other Band" Tour, it appeared frequently at the end of the second set. These were both full band versions, although the latter stressed guitar parts more than the familiar synthesizer line.
Beginning with the 1995-1997 solo acoustic Ghost of Tom Joad Tour and associated promotional media appearances, Springsteen radically recast "Born in the U.S.A." once again, playing an acoustic guitar version that was unlike both the original Nebraska and full band performances. This was a stinging, snarling rendition that only included the title phrase twice. This was both in connection with the Tom Joad Tour's wan moods as well as Springsteen's attempt to make clear the song's original and only purpose; in his introduction to the song in this shows he said he still wasn't convinced the song had been misinterpreted, but now as the songwriter he was "going to get the last say." Fan reaction was divided, with some greatly liking the new arrangement and others thinking the song's musical ironies had been lost.
During the 1999-2000 Reunion Tour, "Born in the U.S.A." was not always played, and when it was, it was the stinging solo acoustic version, now on 12-string slide guitar. Such a performance is included on the DVD and CD Bruce Springsteen & the E Street Band: Live In New York City. Not until 2002's The Rising Tour and 2004's political Vote for Change tour did the full band "Born in the U.S.A." make a regular comeback; only in the U.S., foreign audiences still got the acoustic one, but a foreign example of "Born in the U.S.A." is heard on Live in Barcelona, in which the full band version is heard.
But then towards the end of Springsteen's solo Devils & Dust Tour in 2005, the most challenging "Born in the U.S.A." yet was unveiled, when he performed it using an amplified "stomping board" and an ultra-distorting vocal "bullet microphone", two devices designed to render any song utterly incomprehensible to all but the sharpest of ears. This slot was normally reserved for the dourest of Nebraska material, and "Born in the U.S.A."'s appearance in it solidified the impression that its origins in those sessions had not been an accident after all.
During the Magic and Working on a Dream Tours, the song was played just 15 times, even though other songs from the album, such as "Dancing in the Dark", "Bobby Jean", and "Glory Days" continued to be regulars. It was famously used as an opener on the radio broadcast 4 July 2008 show in Gothenburg, Sweden.[16]
Track listing[edit]
7": Columbia / 38-04680[edit]
"Born in the U.S.A." - 4:39
"Shut Out the Light" - 3:45
The B-side of the single, "Shut Out the Light", was another Vietnam veterans tale.
also released on CD in 1988 (Columbia / 38K-04680-S1)
12": Columbia / 44-05147[edit]
"Born In The U.S.A." (The Freedom Mix) - 7:07
"Born In The U.S.A." (Dub) - 7:27
"Born In The U.S.A." (Radio Mix) - 6:01
all remixes done by Arthur Baker
Charts and certifications[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1984-1985)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA) 2
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40) 13
Belgium (VRT Top 30 Flanders)[17] 8
Canada (RPM) 11
Finland (Suomen virallinen lista)[18] 19
Ireland (IRMA) 1
Italy (FIMI) 20
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40) 5
New Zealand (RIANZ) 1
Norway (VG-lista) 20
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan) 11
United Kingdom (The Official Charts Company) 5
U.S. Billboard Hot 100 9
U.S. Billboard Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks 8
Sales and certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Australia (ARIA)[19]
2× Platinum 140,000^
United States (RIAA)[20]
Gold 500,000^ (physical)
1,053,000 (digital)[21]
^shipments figures based on certification alone
Covers and parodies[edit]
The song has appeared on recordings ranging from instrumental bluegrass collections to children's music albums (sung by groups of children). Even the London Symphony Orchestra has performed their take on the song.[22]
In 1985, Patti LaBelle covered the song on her live album. Jazz-funk bassist Stanley Clarke recorded the song for his 1985 release, Find Out!. The Allmusic describes this version as "a black man's parody of white arena rock, with Springsteen's bitter lyric ground out rap-style by Clarke."[23] Eric Rigler has recorded an instrumental bagpipe version of the song that has appeared on various Springsteen tribute albums since 2001.[24] Swedish-Argentinian singer-songwriter José González performed a solo acoustic version for a time, choosing not to sing the song's title refrain. Singer-songwriter Richard Shindell covered the song in concerts, performing solo and playing bouzouki. Shindell recorded the song for his album South of Delia. This Morning presenter Matt Johnson performed the song as Bruce Springsteen on week 6 of the ITV show 'Your Face Sounds Familiar'. At the 2013 MusiCares Person of the Year ceremony, the song was covered by Neil Young & Crazy Horse with the help of Nils Lofgren; this is ironic for two reasons: one, Neil Young was born in Canada and Lofgren was a member of both Crazy Horse and the E Street Band.
There are a number of "Born in the U.S.A." parodies. For example, Cheech and Chong's 1985 comic-political "Born in East L.A." and Mad featured a parody written by Frank Jacobs in its July 1985 issue, called "Porn in the U.S.A.". A group of Sesame Street characters (billed as "Bruce Stringbean and the S. Street Band") performed a version of the song called "Barn in the U.S.A." for the album Born to Add.[22] In Canadian Bacon, a Michael Moore film about a Cold War scenario between Canada and the United States, a group of Americans are travelling across Canada while singing along to "Born in the U.S.A.". In an apparent nod to the widespread misunderstanding of the lyrics, the characters are only capable of singing the chorus of the song and trail off during the verse. With Springsteen's permission, rap group 2 Live Crew released "Banned in the U.S.A.", a parody of "Born in the U.S.A." released to draw attention to 2 Live Crew's First Amendment troubles.
See also[edit]
List of anti-war songs
Ronald Reagan in music
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Konow, David (November 14, 2015). "Transformation in Art: The Films of Paul Schrader". Creative Screenwriting. Retrieved November 18, 2015.
Jump up ^ Brucebase, On The Tracks: Born In The USA
^ Jump up to: a b "Bruce Springsteen Born In The USA | Classic Tracks". Soundonsound.com. Retrieved 2011-06-01.
Jump up ^ personal communication when asking question to Max Weinberg after lecture in Georgia Hall, Tate Student Center, University of Georgia 1986.
^ Jump up to: a b "Project MUSE - American Quarterly - Dead Man's Town: "Born in the U.S.A.," Social History, and Working-Class Identity". Muse.jhu.edu. Retrieved 2011-06-01.
Jump up ^ "george will on bruce - rec.music.artists.springsteen". Google Groups. Retrieved 2011-06-01.
Jump up ^ "Ronald Reagan Rock, Hammonton, New Jersey". Roadsideamerica.com. 1984-09-19. Retrieved 2011-06-01.
Jump up ^ "RRC: Archives". rockrap.com. October 1984. Retrieved 2010-04-11.
Jump up ^ "Capitol Rocks to Springsteen's Beat". The Times-News. Associated Press. 1985-08-05. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
Jump up ^ "Project MUSE - Reviews in American History - The Intellectual as Fan". Muse.jhu.edu. Retrieved 2011-06-01.
Jump up ^ Doherty, Brian. Rage On, Reason (October 2000)
Jump up ^ "American single certifications – Bruce Sprinsteen – Born in the U.S.A". Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
Jump up ^ "Nielsen Soundscan Chart". Nielsen. July 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Born in the USA Songwriting". Shmoop.com. Retrieved 2011-06-01.
Jump up ^ See the German "Pop 2000" Episode 9 (#5/5) at 04:20.
Jump up ^ "4th of July, Asbury Park (Sandy) by Bruce Springsteen Song Statistics". setlist.fm. Retrieved 2011-06-01.
Jump up ^ Belgian peak Archived 2012-04-09 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Nyman, Jake (2005). Suomi soi 4: Suuri suomalainen listakirja (in Finnish) (1st ed.). Helsinki: Tammi. ISBN 951-31-2503-3.
Jump up ^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2017 Singles". Australian Recording Industry Association.
Jump up ^ "American single certifications – Springsteen, Bruce – Born in the U.S.A". Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
Jump up ^ "Nielsen SoundScan charts – Digital Songs – Week Ending: 7/6/2017" (PDF). Nielsen SoundScan. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 8, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Covers of Bruce Springsteen songs" from a fansite by Matt Orel.
Jump up ^ Find Out! review at Allmusic.
Jump up ^ Bruce Springsteen Tribute: Made in the U.S.A. review at Allmusic.
Further reading[edit]
Born in the U.S.A. The World Tour (tour booklet, 1985), Tour chronology.
Marsh, Dave. Glory Days: Bruce Springsteen in the 1980s. Pantheon Books, 1987. ISBN 0-394-54668-7.
External links[edit]
Lyrics from Brucespringsteen.net
Preceded by
"I Want to Know What Love Is" by Foreigner New Zealand Singles Chart
February 22, 1985 - March 1, 1985 (2 weeks) Succeeded by
"I Want to Know What Love Is" by Foreigner
Preceded by
"19" by Paul Hardcastle Irish IRMA number-one single
June 8, 1985 - June 22, 1985 (3 weeks) Succeeded by
"You'll Never Walk Alone" by The Crowd
[show]
v
t
e
Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band
Bruce Springsteen
Garry Tallent
Roy Bittan
Max Weinberg
Steven Van Zandt
Nils Lofgren
Patti Scialfa
Jake Clemons
Charles Giordano
Soozie Tyrell
Former members
Ernest Carter
Clarence Clemons
Danny Federici
Vini Lopez
David Sancious
Former touring musicians
Everett Bradley
Barry Danielian
Clark Gayton
Curtis King
Suki Lahav
Ed Manion
The Miami Horns
Cindy Mizelle
Michelle Moore
Tom Morello
Curt Ramm
Jay Weinberg
Studio albums
Greetings from Asbury Park, N.J. (1973)
The Wild, the Innocent & the E Street Shuffle (1973)
Born to Run (1975)
Darkness on the Edge of Town (1978)
The River (1980)
Nebraska (1982)
Born in the U.S.A. (1984)
Tunnel of Love (1987)
Human Touch (1992)
Lucky Town (1992)
The Ghost of Tom Joad (1995)
The Rising (2002)
Devils & Dust (2005)
We Shall Overcome: The Seeger Sessions (2006)
Magic (2007)
Working on a Dream (2009)
Wrecking Ball (2012)
High Hopes (2014)
Live albums & Bruce Springsteen Archives
Live 1975–85 (1986)
In Concert/MTV Plugged (1993)
Live in New York City (2001)
Hammersmith Odeon London '75 (2006)
Live in Dublin (2007)
Live from the Carousel (2011)
Apollo Theater 3/09/12 (2014)
The Agora, Cleveland 1978 (2015)
Tower Theater, Philadelphia 1975 (2015)
Nassau Coliseum, New York 1980 (2015)
Brendan Byrne Arena, New Jersey 1984 (2015)
LA Sports Arena, California 1988 (2015)
Schottenstein Center, Ohio 2005 (2015)
Ippodromo delle Capannelle, Rome 2013 (2015)
Arizona State University, Tempe 1980 (2015)
The Christic Shows 1990 (2016)
HSBC Arena, Buffalo, NY, 11/22/09 (2016)
Scottrade Center, St. Louis, MO, 8/23/08 (2017)
Olympiastadion, Helsinki, July 31, 2012 (2017)
Wachovia Spectrum, Philadelphia, PA 10/20/09 (2017)
Palace Theatre, Albany 1977 (2017)
Auditorium Theatre, Rochester, NY 1977 (2017)
King's Hall, Belfast March 19, 1996 (2017)
The Summit, Houston, TX December 8, 1978 (2017)
Compilations
Greatest Hits (1995)
18 Tracks (1999)
The Essential Bruce Springsteen (2003)
Greatest Hits (2009)
The Promise (2010)
Collection: 1973–2012 (2013)
Chapter and Verse (2016)
Box sets
The Born in the U.S.A. 12" Single Collection (1985)
Tracks (1998)
The Collection (2004)
Born to Run: 30th Anniversary Edition (2005)
The Collection 1973–1984 (2010)
The Promise: The Darkness on the Edge of Town Story (2010)
The Album Collection Vol. 1 1973–1984 (2014)
The Ties That Bind: The River Collection (2015)
EPs
Live Collection (1987)
Chimes of Freedom (1988)
Blood Brothers (1996)
PBS Exclusive (2007)
Magic Tour Highlights (2008)
American Beauty (2014)
Singles
"Blinded by the Light" (1973)
"Spirit in the Night" (1973)
"4th of July, Asbury Park (Sandy)" (1974)
"Born to Run" (1975)
"Tenth Avenue Freeze-Out" (1976)
"Prove It All Night" (1978)
"Badlands" (1978)
"The Promised Land" (1978)
"Rosalita (Come Out Tonight)" (1979)
"Hungry Heart" (1980)
"Fade Away" (1981)
"Sherry Darling" (1981)
"The River" (1981)
"Cadillac Ranch" (1981)
"Point Blank" (1981)
"Atlantic City" (1982)
"Open All Night" (1982)
"Dancing in the Dark" (1984)
"Cover Me" (1984)
"Born in the U.S.A." (1984)
"I'm on Fire" (1985)
"Glory Days" (1985)
"I'm Goin' Down" (1985)
"My Hometown" (1985)
"Santa Claus Is Comin' to Town" (1985)
"War" (1986)
"Fire" (1987)
"Brilliant Disguise" (1987)
"Tunnel of Love" (1987)
"One Step Up" (1988)
"Tougher Than the Rest" (1988)
"Spare Parts" (1988)
"Human Touch" (1992)
"57 Channels (And Nothin' On)" (1992)
"Better Days" (1992)
"Streets of Philadelphia" (1994)
"Secret Garden" (1995)
"The Ghost of Tom Joad" (1996)
"Sad Eyes" (1999)
"The Rising" (2002)
"Lonesome Day" (2002)
"Waitin' on a Sunny Day" (2003)
"Devils & Dust" (2005)
"All The Way Home" (2005)
"Radio Nowhere" (2007)
"Girls in Their Summer Clothes" (2008)
"Working on a Dream" (2008)
"My Lucky Day" (2008)
"The Wrestler" (2009)
"We Take Care of Our Own" (2012)
"Death to My Hometown" (2012)
"High Hopes" (2013)
"Just Like Fire Would" (2014)
Charting songs
"Be True" (1981)
"Ramrod" (1981)
"Nebraska" (1982)
"Johnny 99" (1982)
"No Surrender" (1984)
"Stand on It" (1985)
"Trapped" (live) (1985)
"Because the Night" (live) (1986)
"Chimes of Freedom" (live) (1988)
"Youngstown" (1995)
"American Skin (41 Shots)" (2001)
"Pay Me My Money Down" (2006)
"Long Walk Home" (2006)
"My City of Ruins" (2011)
"Rocky Ground" (2012)
Other notable songs
"Growin' Up" (1973)
"For You" (1973)
"Incident on 57th Street" (1973)
"The Fever" (1973)
"Thunder Road" (1975)
"Night" (1975)
"Backstreets" (1975)
"She's the One" (1975)
"Meeting Across the River" (1975)
"Jungleland" (1975)
"Adam Raised a Cain" (1978)
"Racing in the Street" (1978)
"Darkness on the Edge of Town" (1978)
"Stay" (1979)
"The Ties That Bind" (1980)
"Independence Day" (1980)
"Out in the Street" (1980)
"Stolen Car" (1980)
"Wreck on the Highway" (1980)
"Highway Patrolman" (1982)
"Darlington County" (1984)
"Working on the Highway" (1984)
"Downbound Train" (1984)
"Bobby Jean" (1984)
"Pink Cadillac" (1984)
"Jersey Girl" (1986)
"Light of Day" (1993)
"The New Timer" (1995)
"Land of Hope and Dreams" (2012)
"Hunter of Invisible Game" (2014)
Video releases
Video Anthology / 1978–88 (1989)
In Concert/MTV Plugged (1992)
Blood Brothers (1996)
The Complete Video Anthology / 1978–2000 (2001)
Live in New York City (2001)
Live in Barcelona (2003)
VH1 Storytellers (2005)
Wings For Wheels (2005)
Hammersmith Odeon London '75 (2005)
Live in Dublin (2007)
Magic Tour Highlights (2008)
London Calling: Live in Hyde Park (2010)
The Promise: The Making of Darkness on the Edge of Town (2010)
Springsteen & I (2013)
Born in the U.S.A. Live: London 2013 (2014)
A MusiCares Tribute to Bruce Springsteen (2014)
Bruce Springsteen's High Hopes (2014)
High Hopes in South Africa (2014)
Hunter of Invisible Game (2014)
Tours
Born to Run tours (1974–77)
Darkness Tour (1978)
The River Tour (1980–81)
Born in the U.S.A. Tour (1984–85)
Tunnel of Love Express (1988)
Human Rights Now! (1988)
Bruce Springsteen 1992–1993 World Tour (1992–93)
Ghost of Tom Joad Tour (1995–97)
Reunion Tour (1999–2000)
Rising Tour (2002–03)
Vote for Change (2004)
Devils & Dust Tour (2005)
Seeger Sessions Band Tour (2006)
Magic Tour (2007–08)
Working on a Dream Tour (2009)
Wrecking Ball Tour (2012-13)
High Hopes Tour (2014)
The River Tour 2016 (2016)
Summer '17 (2017)
Springsteen on Broadway (2017)
Related
Discography
E Street Band
Steel Mill
The Sessions Band
The Miami Horns
Born to Run autobiography
E Street Radio
Little Steven's Underground Garage
Outlaw Pete
Mike Appel
Jon Landau
Brendan O'Brien
Bob Clearmountain
The Max Weinberg 7
Southside Johnny
Joe Grushecky
Badlands: A Tribute to Bruce Springsteen's Nebraska
Greetings from E Street
Book
Category
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Born_in_the_U.S.A._(song)&oldid=815575414"
Categories:
1984 singles
Bruce Springsteen songs
2 Live Crew songs
Anti-war songs
Songs of the Vietnam War
Songs written by Bruce Springsteen
Number-one singles in New Zealand
Song recordings produced by Jon Landau
Columbia Records singles
Music videos directed by John Sayles
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