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Reflex syncope
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Not to be confused with Vagovagal reflex.
Reflex syncope
Synonyms
Neurally mediated syncope, neurocardiogenic syncope[1][2]
Vagus nerve
Specialty
Neurology, cardiovascular
Symptoms
Loss of consciousness before which there may be sweating, decreased ability to see, ringing in the ears[1][2]
Complications
Injury[1]
Duration
Brief[1]
Types
Vasovagal, situational, carotid sinus syncope[1]
Diagnostic method
Based on symptoms after ruling out other possible causes[3]
Similar conditions
Arrhythmia, orthostatic hypotension, seizure, hypoglycemia[1]
Treatment
Avoiding triggers, drinking sufficient fluids, exercise, cardiac pacemaker[2]
Medication
Midodrine, fludrocortisone[4]
Frequency
> 1 per 1,000 people per year[1]
[edit on Wikidata]
Reflex syncope is a brief loss of consciousness due to a neurologically induced drop in blood pressure.[2] Before the person passes out there may be sweating, a decreased ability to see, or ringing in the ears.[1] Occasionally the person may twitch when unconscious.[1] Complications may include injury from a fall.[1]
Reflex syncope is divided into three types: vasovagal, carotid sinus, and situational.[2] Vasovagal syncope is typically triggered by seeing blood, pain, emotional stress, or prolonged standing.[5] Situational syncope is often triggered by urination, swallowing, or coughing.[2] Carotid sinus syncope is due to pressure on the carotid sinus in the neck.[2] The underlying mechanism involves the nervous system slowing the heart rate and dilating blood vessels resulting in low blood pressure and therefore not enough blood flow to the brain.[2] Diagnosis is based on symptoms after ruling out other possible causes.[3]
Recovery happens without specific treatment.[2] Prevention involves avoiding the triggers.[2] Drinking sufficient fluids, salt, and exercise may also be useful.[2][4] If this is not sufficient in vasovagal syncope medications like midodrine or fludrocortisone may be tried.[4] Occasionally a cardiac pacemaker may be used.[2] Reflex syncope affects at least 1 per 1,000 people a year.[1] It is the most common type of syncope, making up more than 50% of all cases.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Signs and symptoms
2 Cause
2.1 Vasovagal syncope
2.2 Situational syncope
2.3 Carotid sinus syncope
3 Pathophysiology
4 Diagnosis
5 Treatment
5.1 Lifestyle changes
5.2 Medications
6 Prognosis
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Signs and symptoms[edit]
Episodes of vasovagal syncope are typically recurrent and usually occur when the predisposed person is exposed to a specific trigger. Before losing consciousness, the individual frequently experiences early signs or symptoms such as lightheadedness, nausea, the feeling of being extremely hot or cold (accompanied by sweating), ringing in the ears, an uncomfortable feeling in the heart, fuzzy thoughts, confusion, a slight inability to speak or form words (sometimes combined with mild stuttering), weakness and visual disturbances such as lights seeming too bright, fuzzy or tunnel vision, black cloud-like spots in vision, and a feeling of nervousness can occur as well. The symptoms may become more intense over several seconds to several minutes before the loss of consciousness (if it is lost). Onset usually occurs when a person is sitting up or standing.
When people lose consciousness, they fall down (unless prevented from doing so) and, when in this position, effective blood flow to the brain is immediately restored, allowing the person to regain consciousness. If the person does not fall into a fully flat, supine position, and the head remains elevated above the trunk, a state similar to a seizure may result from the blood's inability to return quickly to the brain, and the neurons in the body will fire off and generally cause muscles to twitch very slightly but mostly remain very tense. Fainting occurs with a loss of oxygen to the brain.[6]
The autonomic nervous system's physiological state (see below) leading to loss of consciousness may persist for several minutes, so
If sufferers try to sit or stand when they wake up, they may pass out again
The person may be nauseated, pale, and sweaty for several minutes or hours
Cause[edit]
Reflex syncope occurs in response to a trigger due to dysfunction of the heart rate and blood pressure regulating mechanism. When heart rate slows, blood pressure drops, and the resulting lack of blood to the brain causes fainting.[7]
Vasovagal syncope[edit]
Typical triggers include:
Prolonged standing[5]
Emotional stress[5]
Pain[5]
The sight of blood[5]
Time varying magnetic field[8] (i.e. transcranial magnetic stimulation)
Situational syncope[edit]
After or during urination (micturition syncope)[2]
Straining, such as to have a bowel movement[2]
Coughing[2]
Swallowing[2]
Lifting a heavy weight[2]
Carotid sinus syncope[edit]
Pressing upon a certain spot in the neck.[5] This may happen when wearing a tight collar, shaving, or turning the head.[5]
Pathophysiology[edit]
Regardless of the trigger, the mechanism of syncope is similar in the various vasovagal syncope syndromes. The nucleus tractus solitarii of the brainstem is activated directly or indirectly by the triggering stimulus, resulting in simultaneous enhancement of parasympathetic nervous system (vagal) tone and withdrawal of sympathetic nervous system tone.
This results in a spectrum of hemodynamic responses:
On one end of the spectrum is the cardioinhibitory response, characterized by a drop in heart rate (negative chronotropic effect) and in contractility (negative inotropic effect) leading to a decrease in cardiac output that is significant enough to result in a loss of consciousness. It is thought that this response results primarily from enhancement in parasympathetic tone.
On the other end of the spectrum is the vasodepressor response, caused by a drop in blood pressure (to as low as 80/20) without much change in heart rate. This phenomenon occurs due to dilation of the blood vessels, probably as a result of withdrawal of sympathetic nervous system tone.
The majority of people with vasovagal syncope have a mixed response somewhere between these two ends of the spectrum.
One account for these physiological responses is the Bezold-Jarisch reflex.
Vasovagal syncope may be an evolution response, specifically the fight-or-flight response.[9][10]
Diagnosis[edit]
In addition to the mechanism described above, a number of other medical conditions may cause syncope. Making the correct diagnosis for loss of consciousness is difficult. The core of the diagnosis of vasovagal syncope rests upon a clear description of a typical pattern of triggers, symptoms, and time course.
It is pertinent to differentiate lightheadedness, seizures, vertigo, and low blood sugar as other causes.
In people with recurrent vasovagal syncope, diagnostic accuracy can often be improved with one of the following diagnostic tests:
A tilt table test (results should be interpreted in the context of patients' clinical presentations and with an understanding of the sensitivity and specificity of the test)[11]
Implantation of an insertable loop recorder
A Holter monitor or event monitor
An echocardiogram
An electrophysiology study
Treatment[edit]
Treatment for reflex syncope focuses on avoidance of triggers, restoring blood flow to the brain during an impending episode, and measures that interrupt or prevent the pathophysiologic mechanism described above.
Lifestyle changes[edit]
The cornerstone of treatment is avoidance of triggers known to cause syncope in that person. However, a new development in psychological research has shown that patients show great reductions in vasovagal syncope through exposure-based exercises with therapists if the trigger is mental or emotional, e.g., sight of blood.[12] However, if the trigger is a specific drug, then avoidance is the only treatment.
Because vasovagal syncope causes a decrease in blood pressure, relaxing the entire body as a mode of avoidance is not favorable.[12] A patient can move or cross his/her legs and tighten leg muscles to keep blood pressure from dropping so drastically before an injection.[13]
Before known triggering events, the affected person may increase consumption of salt and fluids to increase blood volume. Sports drinks or drinks with electrolytes may be particularly helpful.
People should be educated on how to respond to further episodes of syncope, especially if they experience prodromal warning signs: they should lie down and raise their legs, or at least lower their head to increase blood flow to the brain. At the very least, upon the onset of initial symptoms the patient should try to relocate to a 'safe', perhaps cushioned, location in case of losing consciousness. Positioning themselves in a way where the impact from falling or collapsing would be minimized is ideal. The 'safe' area should be within close proximity, since, time is of the essence and these symptoms usually climax to loss of consciousness within a matter of minutes. If the individual has lost consciousness, he or she should be laid down with his or her head turned to the side. Tight clothing should be loosened. If the inciting factor is known, it should be removed if possible (for instance, the cause of pain).
Wearing graded compression stockings may be helpful.
Medications[edit]
Certain medications may also be helpful:
Beta blockers (β-adrenergic antagonists) were once the most common medication given; however, they have been shown to be ineffective in a variety of studies and are thus no longer prescribed. In addition, they may cause the syncope by lowering the blood pressure and heart rate.[14][15]
Medications which may be effective include: CNS stimulants[16] fludrocortisone, midodrine, SSRIs[17] such as paroxetine or sertraline, disopyramide, and, in health-care settings where a syncope is anticipated, atropine epinephrine (adrenaline).[18]
For people with the cardioinhibitory form of vasovagal syncope, implantation of a permanent pacemaker may be beneficial or even curative.[19]
Types of long-term therapy for vasovagal syncope include[11]
Preload agents
Vasoconstrictors
Anticholinergic agents
Negative cardiac inotropes
Central agents
Mechanical device
Discontinuation of medications known to lower blood pressure may be helpful, but stopping antihypertensive drugs can also be dangerous in some people. Taking antihypertensive drugs may worsen the syncope, as the hypertension may have been the body's way to compensate for the low blood pressure.
Prognosis[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2009)
Brief periods of unconsciousness do no harm and are seldom symptoms of disease.[citation needed]
The main danger of vasovagal syncope (or dizzy spells from vertigo) is the risk of injury by falling while unconscious. Medication therapy could possibly prevent future vasovagal responses; however, for some individuals medication is ineffective and they will continue to have fainting episodes.[20]
See also[edit]
Roemheld Syndrome
Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome
Orthostatic hypotension
Orthostatic intolerance
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Aydin, MA; Salukhe, TV; Wilke, I; Willems, S (26 October 2010). "Management and therapy of vasovagal syncope: A review". World journal of cardiology. 2 (10): 308–15. doi:10.4330/wjc.v2.i10.308. PMC 2998831  . PMID 21160608.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Adkisson, WO; Benditt, DG (September 2017). "Pathophysiology of reflex syncope: A review". Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology. 28 (9): 1088–1097. doi:10.1111/jce.13266. PMID 28776824.
^ Jump up to: a b Brignole, Michele; Benditt, David G. (2011). Syncope: An Evidence-Based Approach. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 158. ISBN 9780857292018.
^ Jump up to: a b c Shen, WK; Sheldon, RS; Benditt, DG; Cohen, MI; Forman, DE; Goldberger, ZD; Grubb, BP; Hamdan, MH; Krahn, AD; Link, MS; Olshansky, B; Raj, SR; Sandhu, RK; Sorajja, D; Sun, BC; Yancy, CW (1 August 2017). "2017 ACC/AHA/HRS Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Patients With Syncope: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society". Circulation. 136 (5): e25–e59. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000498. PMID 28280232.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "Syncope Information Page". National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Retrieved 9 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Ajamian, Paul C. (5 October 2006). "If patient faints, be laid back: what do you do when a patient passes out in your office? Lay the patient back to restore blood and oxygen to the brain". Review of Optometry 143.7. Retrieved 10 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Vasovagal syncope: Causes". MayoClinic.com. 7 August 2010. Retrieved 10 August 2016.
Jump up ^ Rossi S, Hallett M, Rossini PM, Pascual-Leone A (2009). "Safety, ethical considerations, and application guidelines for the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation in clinical practice and research". Clinical Neurophysiology. 120 (12): 2008–2039. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2009.08.016. PMC 3260536  . PMID 19833552.
Jump up ^ Blanc JJ, Alboni P, Benditt DG (2015). "Vasovagal syncope in humans and protective reactions in animals". Europace. 17 (3): 345–9. doi:10.1093/europace/euu367. PMID 25662986.
Jump up ^ Alboni P, Alboni M (2014). "Vasovagal Syncope As A Manifestation Of An Evolutionary Selected Trait". Journal of atrial fibrillation. 7 (2): 1035. doi:10.4022/jafib.1035 (inactive 2018-02-15). PMC 5135249  . PMID 27957092.
^ Jump up to: a b Fenton AM, Hammill SC, Rea RF, Low PA, Shen WK (2000). "Vasovagal syncope". Ann. Intern. Med. 133 (9): 714–25. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-133-9-200011070-00014. PMID 11074905.
^ Jump up to: a b Durand, VM; DH Barlow (2006). "Essentials of Abnormal Psychology 4th Edition". p. 150. Retrieved 12 August 2016.
Jump up ^ France CR, France JL, Patterson SM (January 2006). "Blood pressure and cerebral oxygenation responses to skeletal muscle tension: a comparison of two physical maneuvers to prevent vasovagal reactions". Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. 26 (1): 21–5. doi:10.1111/j.1475-097X.2005.00642.x. PMID 16398666.
Jump up ^ Sheldon R, Connolly S, Rose S, Klingenheben T, Krahn A, Morillo C, Talajic M, Ku T, Fouad-Tarazi F, Ritchie D, Koshman ML (March 2006). "Prevention of Syncope (POST): a randomized, placebo-controlled study of metoprolol in the prevention of vasovagal syncope". Circulation. 113 (9): 1164–70. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.535161. PMID 16505178.
Jump up ^ Madrid AH, Ortega J, Rebollo JG, Manzano JG, Segovia JG, Sánchez A, Peña G, Moro C (February 2001). "Lack of efficacy of atenolol for the prevention of neurally mediated syncope in a highly symptomatic population: a prospective, double-blind, randomized and placebo-controlled study". J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 37 (2): 554–9. doi:10.1016/S0735-1097(00)01155-4. PMID 11216978.
Jump up ^ Grubb BP, Kosinski D, Mouhaffel A, Pothoulakis A (2012-05-24). "The use of methylphenidate in the treatment of refractory neurocardiogenic syncope". Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 19 (5): 836–40. PMID 8734752.
Jump up ^ Ali Aydin, Muhammet; Salukhe, Tushar; Wilkie, Iris; Willems, Stephan (2010). "Management and therapy of vasovagal syncope: A review". World J Cardiol. 2 (10): 308–15. doi:10.4330/wjc.v2.i10.308. PMC 2998831  . PMID 21160608.
Jump up ^ Amy M. Karch. "epinephrine (adrenaline)". 2006 Lippincott's Nursing Drug Guide. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Retrieved 12 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Vasovagal Syncope: What is it?". Archived from the original on 3 January 2014. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Vasovagal Syncope Prognosis". MDGuidlines. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
External links[edit]
Classification
V · T · D
ICD-10: R55
ICD-9-CM: 78Ø.2
OMIM: 609289
MeSH: D019462
DiseasesDB: 13777

[show]
v
t
e
Symptoms and signs: cognition, perception, emotional state and behaviour (R40–R46, 780.0–780.5, 781.1)
Cognition
Alteration of
consciousness
Confusion (Delirium)
Somnolence
Obtundation
Stupor
Unconsciousness
Syncope
Coma
Persistent vegetative state
Fainting/Syncope
Carotid sinus syncope
Heat syncope
Vasovagal episode
Other
Amnesia
Anterograde amnesia
Retrograde amnesia
Dizziness
Vertigo
Presyncope/Lightheadedness
Disequilibrium
Convulsion
Emotional state
Anxiety
Irritability
Hostility
Suicidal ideation
Behavior
Verbosity
Russell's sign
Perception/
sensation
disorder
Audition
Olfaction : Anosmia
Hyposmia
Dysosmia
Parosmia
Phantosmia
Hyperosmia
Tactile perception
Taste: Ageusia
Hypogeusia
Dysgeusia
Parageusia
Hypergeusia
Visual perception
Hallucination: Auditory hallucination
[show]
v
t
e
Diseases of the autonomic nervous system (G90, 337)
HSAN
I
II
III/Familial dysautonomia
IV/Congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis
V
Orthostatic intolerance
Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome
Orthostatic hypotension
Other
Horner's syndrome
Multiple system atrophy
Pure autonomic failure
Autonomic dysreflexia
Dysautonomia
Autonomic neuropathy
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text:
Dime (United States coin)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Dime
United States
Value
0.10 U.S. dollar
Mass
2.268 g (0.0729 troy oz)
Diameter
17.91 mm (0.705 in)
Thickness
1.35 mm (0.053 in)
Edge
118 reeds
Composition
91.67% Cu
8.33% Ni
Years of minting
1796–present
Catalog number
–
Obverse
Design
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Designer
John R. Sinnock
Design date
1946
Reverse
Design
Olive branch, torch, oak branch
Designer
John R. Sinnock
Design date
1946
The dime, in U.S. usage, is a ten-cent coin, one tenth of a United States dollar, labeled formally as "one dime". The denomination was first authorized by the Coinage Act of 1792. The dime is the smallest in diameter and is the thinnest of all U.S. coins currently minted for circulation, being .705 inches (17.91 mm) in diameter and .053 inches (1.35 mm) in thickness. The obverse of the coin depicts the profile of President Franklin D. Roosevelt and the reverse boasts an olive branch, a torch, and an oak branch, from left to right respectively. As of 2011, the dime coin cost 5.65 cents to produce.[1]
The word dime comes from the French word dîme, meaning "tithe" or "tenth part", from the Latin decima [pars]. In the past prices have occasionally been quoted on signage and other materials in terms of dimes, abbreviated as "d" or a lowercase "d" with a slash through it (₫) as with the cent and mill signs.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Design history
2.1 "Disme" (1792)
2.2 Draped Bust (1796–1807)
2.3 Capped Bust (1809–1837)
2.4 Seated Liberty (1837–1891)
2.5 Barber (1892–1916)
2.6 Winged Liberty Head ("Mercury") (1916–1945)
2.7 Franklin D. Roosevelt (1946–present)
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
History[edit]
The Coinage Act of 1792 established the dime (spelled "disme" in the legislation), cent, and mill. as subdivisions of the dollar equal to 1⁄10, 1⁄100 and 1⁄1000 dollar respectively.
The first known proposal for a decimal-based coinage system in the United States was made in 1783 by Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, and David Rittenhouse. Hamilton, the nation's first Secretary of the Treasury, recommended the issuance of six such coins in 1791, in a report to Congress. Among the six was a silver coin, "which shall be, in weight and value, one tenth part of a silver unit or dollar".
From 1796 to 1837, dimes were composed of 89.24 percent silver and 10.76 percent copper,[2] the value of which required the coins to be physically very small to prevent their intrinsic value being worth more than face value.[3] Thus dimes are made small and thin. The silver percentage was increased to 90.0 percent with the introduction of the Seated Liberty dime; the use of a richer alloy was offset by reducing the diameter from 18.8 millimeters (0.740 inch) to its current figure of 17.9 millimeters (0.705 inch).[2]
With the passage of the Coinage Act of 1965, the dime's silver content was removed. Dimes from 1965 to the present are composed of outer layers of 75 percent copper and 25 percent nickel, bonded to a pure copper core. Starting in 1992, the U.S. Mint began issuing Silver Proof Sets annually, which contain dimes composed of the pre-1965 standard of 90 percent silver and 10 percent copper. These sets are intended solely for collectors, and are not meant for general circulation.[2]
Design history[edit]
Since its introduction in 1796, the dime has been issued in six different major types, excluding the 1792 "disme". The name for each type (except for the Barber dime) indicates the design on the coin's obverse.
Draped Bust 1796–1807
Capped Bust 1809–1837
Seated Liberty 1837–1891
Barber 1892–1916
Winged Liberty Head (Mercury) 1916–1945
Roosevelt 1946–present
"Disme" (1792)[edit]
1792 Disme copper pattern
The Coinage Act of 1792, passed on April 2, 1792, authorized the mintage of a "disme", one-tenth the silver weight and value of a dollar. The composition of the disme was set at 89.24 percent silver and 10.76 percent copper. In 1792, a limited number of dismes were minted but never circulated. Some of these were struck in copper, indicating that the 1792 dismes were in fact pattern coins. The first dimes minted for circulation did not appear until 1796, due to a lack of demand for the coin and production problems at the United States Mint.[4]
Draped Bust (1796–1807)[edit]
Main article: Draped Bust
Draped Bust dime with small (1797) and heraldic (1800) eagle reverse designs
The first dime to be circulated was the Draped Bust dime, in 1796. It featured the same obverse and reverse as all other circulating coins of the time, the so-called Draped Bust/Small Eagle design. This design was the work of then-Chief Engraver Robert Scot. The portrait of Liberty on the obverse was based on a Gilbert Stuart drawing of prominent Philadelphia socialite Ann Willing Bingham, wife of noted American statesman William Bingham. The reverse design is of a small bald eagle surrounded by palm and olive branches, and perched on a cloud. Since the Coinage Act of 1792 required only that the cent and half cent display their denomination, Draped Bust dimes were minted with no indication of their value.[5]
All 1796 dimes have 15 stars on the obverse, representing the number of U.S. states then in the Union. The first 1797 dimes were minted with 16 stars, reflecting Tennessee's admission as the 16th state. Realizing that the practice of adding one star per state could quickly clutter the coin's design, U.S. Mint Director Elias Boudinot ordered a design alteration, to feature just 13 stars (for the original Thirteen Colonies). Therefore, 1797 dimes can be found with either 13 or 16 stars.[5]
Also designed by Robert Scot, the Heraldic Eagle reverse design made its debut in 1798. The obverse continued from the previous series, but the eagle on the reverse was changed from the widely criticized "scrawny" hatchling to a scaled-down version of the Great Seal of the United States. The Draped Bust/Heraldic Eagles series continued through 1807 (although no dimes dated 1799 or 1806 were minted). Both Draped Bust designs were composed of 89.24 percent silver and 10.76 percent copper.[6] There are 31 varieties of Draped Bust dimes.
Capped Bust (1809–1837)[edit]
1820 Capped Bust dime
The Draped Bust design was succeeded by the Capped Bust, designed by Mint Assistant Engraver John Reich. Both the obverse and reverse were changed extensively. The new reverse featured a bald eagle grasping three arrows (symbolizing strength) and an olive branch (symbolizing peace). Covering the eagle's breast is a U.S. shield with six horizontal lines and 13 vertical stripes.[7] Also on the reverse is the lettering "10C," making it the only dime minted with the value given in cents (subsequent issues are inscribed with the words "ONE DIME"). The lack of numeric value markings on subsequent dime coins causes some confusion amongst foreign visitors, who may be unaware of the value of the coin. Also, the Capped Bust dime was the first dime to have its value written on the coin. Previous designs of the dime had no indication of its value, the way people determined its value was by its size[citation needed]
Capped Bust dimes minted through 1828 are known as the Large type. This is partially because they were struck without a restraining collar, which gave them a broader appearance. In 1828, Chief Engraver William Kneass introduced the close collar method of coining (which automated the process of placing reeds on a coin's edge). In addition to standardizing the diameter of coins, the new method allowed the Mint to produce thicker coins. To maintain a standard weight and alloy, the diameter of most coins was reduced. In particular, the dime was reduced in diameter from 18.8 to 18.5 millimeters. This new Capped Bust dime, which began production in 1828, is known as the Small type.[8] There are 123 varieties known of Capped Bust Dimes.
Seated Liberty (1837–1891)[edit]
Main article: United States Seated Liberty coinage
Seated Liberty Dime varieties
Top down: 1838-O (no stars), 1838 (stars, no drapery), 1853 (stars & arrows), 1860 (legend), 1874 (legend & arrows)
Christian Gobrecht completed the design of the Seated Liberty dime, whose obverse was used with every circulating silver U.S. coin of the period. Mint Director Robert Maskell Patterson requested a new coin design, to be reminiscent of the Britannia image found on coinage of the United Kingdom. Chief Engraver William Kneass drew the original sketches, but suffered a stroke and was too ill to finish them or to oversee preparation of the dies. The task then fell to Gobrecht, who was promoted to Second Engraver.[9]
The obverse features an image of Liberty sitting on a rock, wearing a dress and holding a staff with a liberty cap on top. Her right hand is balancing a shield with the inscription "LIBERTY." The reverse featured the inscription "ONE DIME," surrounded by a wreath. All Seated Liberty dimes contain 90 percent silver and 10 percent copper, and are 17.9 millimeters (0.705 inch) in diameter. This size and metal composition would continue until 1965, when silver was permanently removed from circulating dimes.[9]
There were several minor varieties during the Seated Liberty's run. The initial design (1837) had no stars on the obverse and, further, the dates were minted in a Large Date and Small Date variety. These two types can be distinguished by noting the "3" and the "7" in the date. In the Large Date variety, the "3" has a pointed serif at top, and the horizontal element of the "7" is straight. In the Small Date variety, the "3" has a rounded serif, and there is small a knob, or bulge, in the "7" horizontal element.[9] Only the Philadelphia Mint made both varieties. The Small Date is slightly rarer. The New Orleans Mint also made the Seated Liberty Dime in this year, but only in the Small Date variety.[9]
Thirteen stars (symbolizing the 13 original colonies) were added to the perimeter of the obverse in 1838.[10] These were replaced with the legend "United States of America," which was moved from the reverse in mid-1860. At the same time, the laurel wreath on the reverse was changed to a wreath of corn, wheat, maple, and oak leaves and expanded nearly to the rim of the coin. This reverse design continued through the end of the series in 1891 and was changed only slightly in 1892, when the Barber dime debuted. Another variety is the 1838–40 dime minted with no drapery underneath the left elbow of Liberty.[2]
1874 cc Seated Liberty dime, with arrows
Arrows at the date in 1853 and 1873 indicated changes made in the coin's mass (from 2.67 grams to 2.49 grams in 1853, then to 2.50 grams in 1873). The first change was made in response to rising silver prices, while the latter alteration was brought about by the Mint Act of 1873 which, in an attempt to make U.S. coinage the currency of the world, added a small amount of mass to the dime, quarter, and half-dollar to bring their weights in line with fractions of the French 5-franc piece.[11] The change also ensured the quarter dollar (which is valued 2.5 times the dime) weighed 2.5 times the dime (6.25g), and the half dollar (twice the value of the quarter dollar) weighed twice what the quarter dollar weighed (12.5g). In this way, a specific weight of these coins, no matter the mixture of denominations, would always be worth the same. This relation in weight and value continued in the cupronickel coins from 1965 on.
This produced the greatest rarities in the Seated Dime Series, the 1873 & 1874 Carson City Dimes, with arrows and the unique 1873 Carson City Dime without arrows.[12]
Barber (1892–1916)[edit]
Main article: United States Barber coinage
1902 Barber Dime
The Barber dime is named for its designer, Charles E. Barber, who was Chief Engraver of the U.S. Mint from 1879 to 1917. The design was shared with the quarter and half-dollar of the same period. Extensive internal politics surrounded the awarding of the design job, which had initially been opened to the public. A four-member committee (which included Barber), appointed by then-Mint Director James Kimball, accorded only two of more than 300 submissions an honorable mention. Kimball's successor, Edward O. Leech, decided to dispense with the committees and public design competitions and simply instructed Barber to develop a new design. It has been speculated that this is what Barber had wanted all along.[13]
The Barber dime, as with all previous dimes, featured an image of Liberty on the obverse. She is wearing a Phrygian cap, a laurel wreath with a ribbon, and a headband with the inscription "LIBERTY". This inscription is one of the key elements used in determining the condition of Barber dimes.[2] Liberty's portrait was inspired by two sources—French coins and medals of the period, as well as ancient Greek and Roman sculpture. The obverse also contains the long-used 13 stars (for the 13 colonies) design element. The reverse contained a wreath and inscription almost identical to the one used on the final design of the Seated Liberty dime.[13] Dimes were produced at all four of the mints that operated during the period. While circulated coins of the entire series are readily available to collectors there is one outstanding rarity, the 1894-S Barber Dime. Twenty-four were minted, with 9 currently known.
Winged Liberty Head ("Mercury") (1916–1945)[edit]
Main article: Mercury dime
1936 Winged Liberty Head (Mercury) dime
Although most commonly referred to as the "Mercury" dime, the Winged Liberty Head does not depict the Roman messenger god. The obverse figure is a depiction of the mythological goddess Liberty wearing a Phrygian cap, a classic Western symbol of liberty and freedom, with its wings intended to symbolize freedom of thought. Designed by noted sculptor Adolph A. Weinman, the Winged Liberty Head dime is considered by many to be one of the most beautiful U.S. coin designs ever produced.[14] The composition (90 percent silver, 10 percent copper) and diameter (17.9 millimeters) of the "Mercury" dime was unchanged from the Barber dime.
Weinman (who had studied under Augustus Saint-Gaudens) won a 1915 competition against two other artists for the design job, and is thought to have modeled his version of Liberty on Elsie Kachel Stevens, wife of noted poet Wallace Stevens.[14] The reverse design, a fasces juxtaposed with an olive branch, was intended to symbolize America's readiness for war, combined with its desire for peace. Although the fasces was later officially adopted by Benito Mussolini and his National Fascist Party, the symbol was also common in American iconography and has generally avoided any stigma associated with its usage in wartime Italy.[14]
The 1916-D issue of only 264,000 coins is highly sought after, due largely to the fact that the overwhelming majority of the dimes struck at the Denver Mint in 1916 carried the pre-existing Barber design.[14] Thus, the 1916-D is worth up to thousands of dollars if it is in relatively fine condition.[14] A considerable number of common 1916 Philadelphia mint dimes have been altered with a "D" added, so buyers should be careful to purchase only from reputable dealers or to accept only sealed and graded coins. Be aware that any dimes that bear the date "1922" are counterfeit. Having possession of a counterfeit coin is illegal and can lead to its forfeiture.[15]
Many coins in the "Mercury" series exhibit striking defects, most notably the fact that the line separating the two horizontal bands in the center of the fasces is often missing, in whole or in part; the 1945 issue of the Philadelphia Mint hardly ever appears with this line complete from left to right, and as a result, such coins (designated as "FSB" for "full split bands") are worth more than usual for uncirculated specimens. A valuable variety is an overdate, where 1942 was stamped over a 1941 die at the Philadelphia mint. A less obvious, but still quite valuable, example from the same year is from the Denver mint.[14]
Franklin D. Roosevelt (1946–present)[edit]
Main article: Roosevelt dime
Soon after the death of President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1945, legislation was introduced by Virginia Congressman Ralph H. Daughton that called for the replacement of the Mercury dime with one bearing Roosevelt's image.[16] The dime was chosen to honor Roosevelt partly due to his efforts in the founding of the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis (later renamed the March of Dimes), which originally raised money for polio research and to aid victims of the disease and their families.[17]
Due to the limited amount of time available to design the new coin, the Roosevelt dime was the first regular-issue U.S. coin designed by a Mint employee in more than 40 years. Chief Engraver John R. Sinnock was chosen, as he had already designed a Mint presidential medal of Roosevelt.[16] Sinnock's first design, submitted on October 12, 1945, was rejected, but a subsequent one was accepted on January 6, 1946.[18] The dime was released to the public on January 30, 1946, which would have been Roosevelt's 64th birthday.[19] Sinnock's design placed his initials ("JS") at the base of Roosevelt's neck, on the coin's obverse. His reverse design elements of a torch, olive branch, and oak branch symbolized, respectively, liberty, peace, and strength.[18]
Controversy immediately ensued, as strong anti-Communist sentiment in the United States led to the circulation of rumors that the "JS" engraved on the coin was the initials of Joseph Stalin, placed there by a Soviet agent in the mint.[16][20][21] The Mint quickly issued a statement denying this, confirming that the initials were indeed Sinnock's. The same rumor arose after the release of the Sinnock designed Franklin half dollar in April 1948.
The plaque of Roosevelt at the Recorder of Deeds Building in Washington, D.C.
Another controversy surrounding Sinnock's design involves his image of Roosevelt. Soon after the coin's release, it was claimed that Sinnock borrowed his design of Roosevelt from a bas relief created by African American sculptor Selma Burke, unveiled at the Recorder of Deeds Building in Washington, D.C. in September 1945. Sinnock denied this and stated that he simply utilized his earlier design on the Roosevelt medal.[16]
With the passage of the Coinage Act of 1965, the composition of the dime changed from 90 percent silver and 10 percent copper to a clad "sandwich" of pure copper inner layer between two outer layers of cupronickel (75% copper, 25% nickel) alloy[22] giving a total composition of 91.67% Cu and 8.33% Ni. This composition was selected because it gave similar mass (now 2.268 grams instead of 2.5 grams) and electrical properties (important in vending machines)—and most importantly, because it contained no precious metal.
Since 1946 the Roosevelt dime has been minted every year. Through 1955, all three mints, Philadelphia, Denver, and San Francisco produced circulating coinage; production at San Francisco ended in 1955, resuming in 1968 with proof coinage only. Through 1964 "D" and "S" mintmarks can be found to the left of the torch. From 1968, the mintmarks have appeared above the date. None were used in 1965–67, and Philadelphia did not show a mintmark until 1980 (in 1982, an error left the "P" off a small number of dimes, which are now valuable). To commemorate the 50th anniversary of the design, the 1996 mint sets included a "W" mintmarked dime made at the West Point Mint.[18] A total of 1,457,000 dimes were issued in the sets, making it the lowest mintage Roosevelt dime up to that time.[23] Since then, the "P" mint mark 2015 reverse proof dime and "W" mint mark 2015 proof dime, minted at Philadelphia and West Point for inclusion in the March of Dimes collector set,[24] have the lowest mintages with 75,000 pieces struck for each.
See also[edit]
1792 half disme
Dime store, also known as a "Five and dime"
Dime novel, later known as dime store novel
March of Dimes
"Stop on a dime"
United States Mint coin production
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "US Mint Coin FAQ". Usmint.gov. Archived from the original on 2013-06-18. Retrieved 2013-04-13.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Yeoman, R.S., A Guide Book of United States Coins (2004 edition), Whitman Publishing, 2003. ISBN 1-58238-199-2.
Jump up ^ "Frequently Asked Questions" Archived 2006-08-20 at the Wayback Machine.. The United States Mint. Retrieved July 19, 2006.
Jump up ^ coincollectingguide.com Retrieved on 2010-2-9
^ Jump up to: a b Draped Bust Dime:Small Eagle Retrieved on 2010-2-9
Jump up ^ Draped Bust Dime:Heraldic Eagle Retrieved on 2010-2-9
Jump up ^ History of the Capped Bust Dime (1809-1828) Retrieved on 2010-2-9
Jump up ^ History of the Capped Bust Dime (1828-1837) Retrieved on 2010-2-9
^ Jump up to: a b c d History of the Seated Liberty Dime (Variety I) Retrieved on 2010-2-9
Jump up ^ History of the Seated Liberty Dime (Variety II) Retrieved on 2010-2-9
Jump up ^ History of the Seated Liberty Dime (Variety III) Retrieved on 2010-2-9
Jump up ^ History of the Seated Liberty Dime (Variety V) Retrieved on 2010-2-9
^ Jump up to: a b History of the Barber Dime Retrieved on 2010-2-9
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f History of the Mercury Dime Retrieved on 2010-2-9
Jump up ^ "1916-D Dime Attracts Coin Doctors and Counterfeiters! Retrieved September 9, 2010". Pcgs.com. Retrieved 2013-04-13.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Yanchunas, Dom. "The Roosevelt Dime at 60." COINage Magazine, February 2006.
Jump up ^ "Conservatives want Reagan to replace FDR on U.S. dimes". USA Today. Retrieved July 12, 2006.
^ Jump up to: a b c NGC History of the Roosevelt Dime Retrieved on 2010-2-7
Jump up ^ Churchill On Vacation, 1946/01/21 (1946). Universal Newsreel. 1946. Retrieved February 22, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Stalin for Dime". Snopes. Retrieved July 12, 2006.
Jump up ^ Coins: Questions and Answers, 1964 edition, Krause Publications
Jump up ^ "Gometaldetecting.com". Gometaldetecting.com. Retrieved 2013-04-13.
Jump up ^ The Official Red Book: A Guide Book of United States Coins 2009 by R. S. Yeoman ISBN 978-0-7948-2494-5
Jump up ^ [1] US Mint
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States dimes.
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Sports Illustrated
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Sports Illustrated
The first issue of Sports Illustrated, showing Milwaukee Braves star Eddie Mathews at bat and New York Giants catcher Wes Westrum in Milwaukee County Stadium
Editorial Director, Time Inc. Sports Group
Chris Stone
Staff writers
Staff [show]
Managing Editor SI.com: Stephen Cannella
Managing Editor SI Golf Group: Jim Gorant
Creative Director: Christopher Hercik
Director of Photography: Brad Smith[1]
Senior Editor, Chief of Reporters: Richard Demak
Senior Editors: Mark Bechtel, Trisha Lucey Blackmar, MJ Day (Swimsuit); Mark Godich; Stefanie Kaufman (Operations); Kostya P.
Kennedy, Diane Smith (Swimsuit)
'Senior Writers: Kelli Anderson, Lars Anderson, Chris Ballard, Michael Bamberger, George Dohrmann, David Epstein, Michael Farber, Damon Hack, Lee Jenkins, Peter King, Thomas Lake, Tim Layden, J. Austin Murphy, Dan Patrick, Joe Posnanski, S.L. Price, Selena Roberts, Alan Shipnuck, Phil Taylor, Ian Thomsen, Jim Trotter, Gary Van Sickle, Tom Verducci, Grant Wahl, L. Jon Wertheim
Associate Editors: Darcie Baum (Swimsuit); Mark Beech, Adam Duerson, Gene Menez, Elizabeth Newman, David Sabino (Statistics)
Staff Writers: Brian Cazeneuve, Albert Chen, Chris Mannix, Ben Reiter, Melissa Segura
Deputy Chief of Reporters: Lawrence Mondi
Writer-Reporters: Sarah Kwak, Andrew Lawrence, Rick Lipsey, Julia Morrill, Rebecca Sun, Pablo S. Torre
Reporters: Kelvin C. Bias, Matt Gagne, Rebecca Shore
Categories
Sports magazine
Frequency
Weekly
Publisher
Brendan Ripp
Total circulation
(December 2015)
3,023,197[2]
First issue
August 16, 1954
Company
Time Inc.
Country
United States
Based in
New York, USA
Language
English
Website
www.SI.com
ISSN
0038-822X
Sports Illustrated is an American sports media franchise owned by Time Inc. Its self-titled magazine has over 3 million subscribers and is read by 23 million people each week, including over 18 million men.[3] It was the first magazine with circulation over one million to win the National Magazine Award for General Excellence twice. Its swimsuit issue, which has been published since 1964, is now an annual publishing event that generates its own television shows, videos and calendars.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Innovations
3 Color printing
4 Regular segments
5 Sportsman of the Year
6 Sportsman of the Century
7 All-decade awards and honors
8 Top sports colleges
9 Cover history
10 Regular columns
11 Writers
12 Photographers
13 Spinoffs
14 See also
15 References
16 References
17 Further reading
18 External links
History[edit]
There were two magazines named Sports Illustrated before the current magazine began on August 16, 1954.[4] In 1936, Stuart Scheftel created Sports Illustrated with a target market for the sportsman. He published the magazine from 1936 to 1938 on a monthly basis. The magazine was a life magazine size and focused on golf, tennis, and skiing with articles on the major sports. He then sold the name to Dell Publications, which released Sports Illustrated in 1949 and this version lasted 6 issues before closing. Dell's version focused on major sports (baseball, basketball, boxing) and competed on magazine racks against Sport and other monthly sports magazines. During the 1940s these magazines were monthly and they did not cover the current events because of the production schedules. There was no large-base, general, weekly sports magazine with a national following on actual active events. It was then that Time patriarch Henry Luce began considering whether his company should attempt to fill that gap. At the time, many believed sports was beneath the attention of serious journalism and did not think sports news could fill a weekly magazine, especially during the winter. A number of advisers to Luce, including Life magazine's Ernest Havemann, tried to kill the idea, but Luce, who was not a sports fan, decided the time was right.[5]
The goal of the new magazine was to be basically a magazine, but with sports. Many at Time-Life scoffed at Luce's idea; in his Pulitzer Prize–winning biography, Luce and His Empire, W. A. Swanberg wrote that the company's intellectuals dubbed the proposed magazine "Muscle", "Jockstrap", and "Sweat Socks". Launched on August 16, 1954, it was not profitable (and would not be so for 12 years)[6] and not particularly well run at first, but Luce's timing was good. The popularity of spectator sports in the United States was about to explode, and that popularity came to be driven largely by three things: economic prosperity, television, and Sports Illustrated.[7]
Mark Ford, President of the Sports Illustrated Group in 2010
The Logo of Sports Illustrated Magazine
The early issues of the magazine seemed caught between two opposing views of its audience. Much of the subject matter was directed at upper-class activities such as yachting, polo and safaris, but upscale would-be advertisers were unconvinced that sports fans were a significant part of their market.[8]
After more than a decade of steady losses, the magazine's fortunes finally turned around in the 1960s when Andre Laguerre became its managing editor. A European correspondent for Time, Inc., who later became chief of the Time-Life news bureaus in Paris and London (for a time he ran both simultaneously), Laguerre attracted Henry Luce's attention in 1956 with his singular coverage of the Winter Olympic Games in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy, which became the core of SI's coverage of those games. In May 1956, Luce brought Laguerre to New York to become assistant managing editor of the magazine. He was named managing editor in 1960, and he more than doubled the circulation by instituting a system of departmental editors, redesigning the internal format,[9] and inaugurating the unprecedented use in a news magazine of full-color photographic coverage of the week's sports events. He was also one of the first to sense the rise of national interest in professional football.[10]
Laguerre also instituted the innovative concept of one long story at the end of every issue, which he called the "bonus piece". These well-written, in-depth articles helped to distinguish Sports Illustrated from other sports publications, and helped launch the careers of such legendary writers as Frank Deford, who in March 2010 wrote of Laguerre, "He smoked cigars and drank Scotch and made the sun move across the heavens ... His genius as an editor was that he made you want to please him, but he wanted you to do that by writing in your own distinct way."[11]
Laguerre is also credited with the conception and creation of the annual Swimsuit Issue, which quickly became, and remains, the most popular issue each year.
Innovations[edit]
From its start, Sports Illustrated introduced a number of innovations that are generally taken for granted today:
Liberal use of color photos—though the six-week lead time initially meant they were unable to depict timely subject matter
Scouting reports—including a World Series Preview and New Year's Day bowl game round-up that enhanced the viewing of games on television
In-depth sports reporting from writers like Robert Creamer, Tex Maule and Dan Jenkins.
Regular illustration features by artists like Robert Riger.
High school football Player of the Month awards.
Inserts of sports cards in the center of the magazine (1954 & 1955)
1994 Launched Sports Illustrated Interactive CD-ROM with StarPress Multimedia, Incorporates player stats, video and highlights from the year in sports.
In 2015 Sports Illustrated purchased a group of software companies and combined them to create Sports Illustrated Play, an platform that offers sports league management software as a service.
Color printing[edit]
The magazine's photographers also made their mark with innovations like putting cameras in the goal at a hockey game and behind a glass backboard at a basketball game. In 1965, offset printing began to allow the color pages of the magazine to be printed overnight, not only producing crisper and brighter images, but also finally enabling the editors to merge the best color with the latest news. By 1967, the magazine was printing 200 pages of "fast color" a year; in 1983, SI became the first American full-color newsweekly. An intense rivalry developed between photographers, particularly Walter Iooss and Neil Leifer, to get a decisive cover shot that would be on newsstands and in mailboxes only a few days later.[12]
In the late 1980s and early 1990s, during Gil Rogin's term as Managing Editor, the feature stories of Frank Deford became the magazine's anchor. "Bonus pieces" on Pete Rozelle, Woody Hayes, Bear Bryant, Howard Cosell and others became some of the most quoted sources about these figures, and Deford established a reputation as one of the best writers of the time.[13]
Regular segments[edit]
Who's Hot, Who's Not: A feature on who's on a tear and who's in a slump.
Inside the NFL, MLB, NHL, NBA, College Football, College Basketball, NASCAR, Golf, Boxing, Horse Racing, Soccer and Tennis (sports vary from issue to issue) has the writers from each sport to address the latest news and rumors in their respective fields.
Faces in the Crowd: honors talented amateur athletes and their accomplishments.
The Point After: A back-page column featuring a rotation of SI writers as well as other contributors. Content varies from compelling stories to challenging opinion, focusing on both the world of sports and the role sports play in society.
Creative freedom that the staff had enjoyed seemed to diminish. By the 1980s and 1990s, the magazine had become more profitable than ever, but many also believed it had become more predictable. Mark Mulvoy was the first top editor whose background contained nothing but sports; he had grown up as one of the magazine's readers, but he had no interest in fiction, movies, hobbies or history. Mulvoy's top writer Rick Reilly had also been raised on SI and followed in the footsteps of many of the great writers that he grew up admiring, but many felt that the magazine as a whole came to reflect Mulvoy's complete lack of sophistication. Mulvoy also hired the current creative director Christopher Hercik. Critics said that it rarely broke (or even featured) stories on the major controversies in sports (drugs, violence, commercialism) any more, and that it focused on major sports and celebrities to the exclusion of other topics.[14]
The proliferation of "commemorative issues" and subscription incentives seemed to some like an exchange of journalistic integrity for commercial opportunism. More importantly, perhaps, many feel that 24-hour-a-day cable sports television networks and sports news web sites have forever diminished the role a weekly publication can play in today's world, and that it is unlikely any magazine will ever again achieve the level of prominence that SI once had.[15]
Nevertheless, Sports Illustrated remains the predominant sports publication in print journalism with a consistent weekly circulation topping 3 million per issue.[16]
Sportsman of the Year[edit]
Main article: Sportsman of the Year
Since 1954, Sports Illustrated magazine has annually presented the Sportsman of the Year award to "the athlete or team whose performance that year most embodies the spirit of sportsmanship and achievement."[17][18] Roger Bannister won the first-ever Sportsman of the Year award thanks to his record breaking time of 3:59.4 for a mile (the first-ever time a mile had been run under four minutes).[17][19]
Mike Krzyzewski and Pat Summitt were named co-sportsmen of the year for 2011 for their work as NCAA basketball coaches.[20] Drew Brees was the Sportsman of the Year for 2010 after leading the New Orleans Saints to their first-ever Super Bowl win.[21] Derek Jeter was Sports Illustrated's Sportsman of the Year in 2009. Jeter led the New York Yankees to their 27th World Series title in 2009 while batting .334 in the regular season and taking home the 2009 Silver Slugger and Gold Glove for American League shortstops.[22]
Sportsman of the Century[edit]
Sports Illustrated Sportsman of the Century Muhammad Ali
In 1999, Sports Illustrated named Muhammad Ali, the Sportsman of the Century, at the Sports Illustrated's 20th Century Sports Awards in New York City's Madison Square Garden.[23]
All-decade awards and honors[edit]
Main article: List of 2009 all-decade Sports Illustrated awards and honors
Top 20 Female Athletes of the Decade (2009)
Top 20 Male Athletes of the Decade (2009)
All-Decade Team (2009) (MLB, NBA, NFL, NHL, college basketball, college football)
Top 10 Coaches/Managers of the Decade (2009)
Top 10 GMs/Executives of the Decade (2009)
Top Team of the Decade (2009) (MLB, NBA, NFL, NHL, college basketball, college football)
Top 25 Franchises of the Decade (2009)
Major League Baseball honors
National Basketball Association honors
National Football League honors
National Hockey League honors
College basketball honors
College football honors[24]
Top sports colleges[edit]
For a 2002 list of the top 200 Division I sports colleges in the U.S., see footnote[25]
Cover history[edit]
The following list contains the athletes with most covers.[26]
The magazine's cover is the basis of a sports myth known as the Sports Illustrated Cover Jinx.
Most covers by athlete, 1954–2016
Athlete
Sport
Number of covers
Michael Jordan Basketball 50
Muhammad Ali Boxing 40
LeBron James Basketball 25
Tiger Woods Golf 24
Magic Johnson Basketball 23
Kareem Abdul-Jabbar Basketball 22
Tom Brady Football 20
Most covers by team, 1954 – May 2008
Team
Sport
Number of covers
Los Angeles Lakers Basketball 67
New York Yankees Baseball 65
St. Louis Cardinals Baseball 49
Dallas Cowboys Football 48
Boston Red Sox Baseball 46
Chicago Bulls Basketball 45
Boston Celtics Basketball 44
Los Angeles Dodgers Baseball 40
Cincinnati Reds Baseball 37
San Francisco 49ers Football 33
Most covers by sport, 1954–2009
Sport
Number of covers
Baseball-MLB 628
Pro Football-NFL 550
Pro Basketball-NBA 325
College Football 202
College Basketball 181
Golf 155
Boxing 134
Hockey 100
Track and Field 99
Tennis 78
Celebrities on the cover, 1954–2010
Celebrity
Year
Special notes
Gary Cooper 1959 Scuba diving
Bob Hope 1963 Owner of Cleveland Indians
Shirley MacLaine 1964 Promoting the film John Goldfarb, Please Come Home
Steve McQueen 1971 Riding a motorcycle
Burt Reynolds and Kris Kristofferson 1977 Promoting the film Semi-Tough
Big Bird 1977 On the cover with Mark Fidrych
Arnold Schwarzenegger 1987 Caption on cover was Softies
Chris Rock 2000 Wearing Los Angeles Dodgers hat
Stephen Colbert 2009 Caption: Stephen Colbert and his Nation save the Olympics
Mark Wahlberg and Christian Bale 2010 Promoting the film The Fighter
Brad Pitt 2011 Promoting the film Moneyball
Fathers and sons who have been featured on the cover
Father
Son(s)
Archie Manning Peyton & Eli Manning
Calvin Hill Grant Hill
Bobby Hull Brett Hull
Bill Walton Luke Walton
Jack Nicklaus Gary Nicklaus
Phil Simms Chris Simms
Dale Earnhardt Dale Earnhardt, Jr.
Cal Ripken, Sr. Cal Ripken, Jr. & Billy Ripken
Mark McGwire Matt McGwire
Drew Brees Baylen Brees
Boomer Esiason Gunnar Esiason
Chuck Liddell Cade Liddell
Presidents who have been featured on the cover
President
SI cover date
Special notes
John F. Kennedy December 26, 1960 First Lady Jackie Kennedy also on cover and Kennedy was President-Elect at the time of the cover.
Gerald Ford July 8, 1974 Cover came one month before President Richard Nixon announced he would resign from the Presidency.
Ronald Reagan November 26, 1984 On cover with Georgetown Hoyas basketball coach John Thompson and Patrick Ewing
Ronald Reagan February 16, 1987 On cover with America's Cup champion Dennis Conner
Bill Clinton March 21, 1994 On cover about the Arkansas college basketball team
Tribute covers (In Memoriam)
Athlete
SI cover date
Special notes
Len Bias June 30, 1986 Died of a cocaine overdose just after being drafted by the Boston Celtics
Arthur Ashe February 15, 1993 Tennis great and former US Open champion who died from AIDS
Reggie Lewis August 9, 1993 Celtics player who died due to a heart defect
Mickey Mantle August 21, 1995 Died after years of battling alcoholism
Walter Payton November 8, 1999 Died from rare liver disorder
Dale Earnhardt February 26, 2001 Died in a crash on the last lap of the 2001 Daytona 500.
Brittanie Cecil April 1, 2002 Fan killed as the result of being struck with a puck to the head while in the crowd at a Columbus Blue Jackets game
Ted Williams July 15, 2002 Boston Red Sox who died of cardiac arrest
Johnny Unitas September 23, 2002 Baltimore Colts great who died from heart attack
Pat Tillman May 3, 2004 Arizona Cardinals player who was killed in a friendly fire incident in Afghanistan.
Ed Thomas July 6, 2009 Parkersburg, Iowa high school football coach that was gunned down by one of his former players on the morning of June 24, 2009.
John Wooden June 14, 2010 UCLA Basketball coaching legend who died of natural causes at 99 years of age.
Junior Seau May 2, 2012 NFL Hall of Fame linebacker who committed suicide at 43 years of age
Regular columns[edit]
Inside Baseball, a weekly column written by Joe Sheehan, Jon Heyman, George Grande, and many others
Writers[edit]
Main article: List of Sports Illustrated writers
Photographers[edit]
Robert Beck
Bob Rosato
John Biever
David Bergman
Simon Bruty
Bill Eppridge
Graham Finlayson[27][28]
Bill Frakes
John Iacono
Walter Iooss
Lynn Johnsom
David E. Klutho
Neil Leifer
Bob Martin
John W. McDonough
Manny Millan
Peter Read Miller
Hy Peskin
Chuck Solomn
Damian Strohmeyer
Al Tielemans
Spinoffs[edit]
Sports Illustrated has helped launched a number of related publishing ventures, including:
Sports Illustrated Kids magazine (circulation 950,000)
Launched in January 1989
Won the "Distinguished Achievement for Excellence in Educational Publishing" award 11 times
Won the "Parents' Choice Magazine Award" 7 times
Sports Illustrated Almanac annuals
Introduced in 1991
Yearly compilation of sports news and statistics in book form
SI.com sports news web site
Sports Illustrated Australia
Launched in 1992 and lasted 6 issues **
Sports Illustrated Canada
Was created and published in Canada with US content from 1993 to 1995. Most of the issues appear to have the same cover except they say 'Canadian Edition'. These issues are numbered differently in the listing. A group of the Canadian issues have unique Canadian athletes (hockey mostly) and all the Canadian issues may have some different article content. The advertising may also be Canada-centric.
Sports Illustrated Presents
Launched in 1989
This is their tribute and special edition issues that are sold both nationally or regionally as stand alone products. **Originally started with Super Bowl Tributes the product became a mainstay in 1993 with Alabama as the NCAA National Football Champions. Today multiple issues are released including regional releases of the NCAA, NBA, NFL, MLB champions along with special events or special people. Advertising deals are also done with Sports Illustrated Presents (Kelloggs).
CNNSI.com a 24-hour sports news web site
Launched on July 17, 1997
Online version of the magazine
The domain name was sold in May 2015[29]
Sports Illustrated Women magazine (highest circulation 400,000)
Launched in March 2000
Ceased publication in December 2002 because of a weak advertising climate
Sports Illustrated on Campus magazine
Launched on September 4, 2003
Dedicated to college athletics and the sports interests of college students.
Distributed free on 72 college campuses through a network of college newspapers.
Circulation of one million readers between the ages of 18 and 24.
Ceased publication in December 2005 because of a weak advertising climate
See also[edit]
Journalism portal
Sports Illustrated Kids
Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue
List of Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue cover models
University of South Carolina steroid scandal
References[edit]
Jump up ^ https://nppa.org/node/40093
Jump up ^ "Consumer Magazines". Alliance for Audited Media. Retrieved February 10, 2014.
Jump up ^ Plunkett, Jack W. (2006). Plunkett's Sports Industry Almanac 2007. Plunkett Research, Ltd. ISBN 1593924151.
Jump up ^ French, Alex. "The Very First Issues of 19 Famous Magazines". Mental Floss. Retrieved August 10, 2015.
Jump up ^ (MacCambridge 1997, pp. 17–25).
Jump up ^ "Henry Luce and Time-Life's America: A Vision of Empire". American Masters, 28 April 2004.
Jump up ^ MacCambridge, Michael (1998). The Franchise: A History of Sports Illustrated Magazine. Hyperion. ISBN 9780786883578.
Jump up ^ (MacCambridge 1997, pp. 6, 27, 42).
Jump up ^ "Designer Swimwear".
Jump up ^ Sutton, Kelso F. (January 29, 1979). "Letter From The Publisher". Sports Illustrated.
Jump up ^ Deford, Frank: "Sometimes the Bear Eats You: Confessions of a Sportswriter". Sports Illustrated, March 29, 2010 pp. 52–62.
Jump up ^ (MacCambridge 1997, pp. 108–111, 139–141, 149–151, 236)
Jump up ^ (MacCambridge 1997, pp. 236–238).
Jump up ^ "What's wrong with Sports Illustrated?". Slate Magazine.
Jump up ^ (MacCambridge 1997, pp. 8–9, 268–273, 354–358, 394–398, 402–405)
Jump up ^ Rager, Ryan. "Sports Illustrated Magazine". Echo Media. Retrieved June 25, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Sportsmen of the Year 1954–2008". Sports Illustrated. December 8, 2008. Retrieved June 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ Brinson, Will (December 15, 2013). "'Sports Illustrated' names Peyton Manning its Sportsman of the Year". CBS Sports. Retrieved June 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ Holland, Gerald (January 3, 1955). "1954 & Its Sportsman: Roger Bannister". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved June 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Tennessee's Pat Summitt, Duke's Mike Krzyzewski named SI Sportswoman, Sportsman of the Year". New York Daily News. December 5, 2011. Retrieved June 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Brees named SI's sportsman of the year". Fox Sports. November 30, 2010. Retrieved June 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ "SI names Derek Jeter 2009 Sportsman of the Year". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved June 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Sports Illustrated honors world's greatest athletes". CNN. December 3, 1999.
Jump up ^ Kelly, Greg. Sports Illustrated: The Covers. New York: Sports Illustrated Books, 2010. Print.
Jump up ^ "America's Best Sports Colleges". Sports Illustrated. October 7, 2002. Retrieved 2012-02-10.
Jump up ^ Sports Illustrated covers
Jump up ^ Robert Smithies, "Through a lens lightly" (obituary of Finlayson), The Guardian, 27 February 1999. Accessed 16 February 2013.
Jump up ^ Search results for Finlayson, Sports Illustrated archive. Accessed 17 February 2013.
Jump up ^ Silver, Elliot. "CNNSi.com Sells for $5,500". DomainInvesting.com. DomainInvesting.com. Retrieved 4 April 2016.
References[edit]
MacCambridge, Michael (1997), The Franchise: A History of Sports Illustrated Magazine, Hyperion Press, ISBN 0-7868-6216-5 .
Fleder, Rob (2005), Sports Illustrated 50: The Anniversary Book, Time Inc., ISBN 1-932273-49-2 .
Regli, Philip (1998), The Collectors Guide to Sports Illustrated and Sports Publications, Beckett, ISBN 1-887432-49-3 .
Further reading[edit]
McEntegart, Pete; Wertheim, L. Jon; Menez, Gene; Bechtel, Mark (December 16, 2002). "SI's "The Top 100 Sports Books of All Time"". CNN/Sports Illustrated. Retrieved 2011-02-11.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sports Illustrated.
Official website
SI Vault (complete archive of Sports Illustrated 50+ years of magazines including Swimsuit)
HeadlineSports.net (largest inventory of back issue Sports Illustrated magazines)
Review of the online component of the magazine
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