text:
5 A Day
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"Five a day" redirects here. For the video game, see Five A Day (video game).
Poster campaign by the National Institutes of Health
5 A Day is any of various national campaigns in countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom, France, and Germany, to encourage the consumption of at least five portions of fruit and vegetables each day, following a recommendation by the World Health Organization that individuals consume "a minimum of 400g of fruit and vegetables per day (excluding potatoes and other starchy tubers)."[1] A meta-analysis of the many studies of this issue was published in 2017 and found that consumption of double the minimum recommendation – 800g or 10 a day – provided an increased protection against all forms of mortality.[2][3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Evidence
2 International views
2.1 Australia
2.2 Canada
2.3 France
2.4 Germany
2.5 Japan
2.6 New Zealand
2.7 Norway
2.8 United Kingdom
2.9 United States
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Evidence[edit]
It is clear that eating fruit and vegetables improves health. Increasing vegetable intake to this desired level has a variety of major and minor health benefits. Benefits include reduction in the risk of many types of cancer, hypertension, heart disease, stroke, and diabetes.[4] The National Cancer Institute Provided research for the program, while the Produce for Better Health Foundation implemented the program into the food service industry.[5]
International views[edit]
Australia[edit]
Go for 2 & 5 is the equivalent campaign in Australia, in which adults are said to need to eat at least two serves of fruit and five serves of vegetables each day.[6] A "standard serve of fruit" is 150 grams of fresh fruit, whereas a "standard serve of vegetables" is 75 grams.[7]
Canada[edit]
In Canada, the Canadian Produce Marketing Association (CPMA), the Heart and Stroke Foundation's Health Check Program, and the Canadian Cancer Society have partnered together to create the Fruits and Veggies — Mix it up! campaign, encouraging Canadian families to eat more healthily. The campaign focuses on easy ways for people to eat healthy wherever and whenever they can.[8]
France[edit]
The French PNNS (Programme national nutrition santé, National nutrition health programme) recommends at least 5 portions of fruit and/or vegetables per day.[9]
Germany[edit]
The 5 am Tag (5 a Day) program operates in Germany.[10]
Japan[edit]
The 5 A Day campaign in Japan is administered by an NPO: 5 A DAY Association-Japan (一般社団法人 ファイブ・ア・デイ協会). The program recommends five servings a day totaling 350 grams of vegetables and 200 grams of fruit.[11]
New Zealand[edit]
5 A Day is also known as 5 + A Day in New Zealand. 5 + A Day was founded in New Zealand in 1994 by non-profit United Fresh New Zealand and became a Charitable Trust in 2007.[12]
Norway[edit]
Fem om dagen (five a day) is the Norwegian Directorate for Health recommendation to eat five portions of fruit, berry or vegetables each day.[13]
United Kingdom[edit]
The National Health Service explains a "portion" to be: two or more small-sized, one piece of medium-sized or half a piece of large fresh fruit; or two broccoli spears or four heaped tablespoons of cooked kale, spinach, spring greens or green beans; or three heaped tablespoons of cooked vegetables; or three sticks of celery, a 5 cm piece of cucumber, one medium tomato or seven cherry tomatoes; or three or more heaped tablespoons of beans or pulses.[14]
The programme was introduced by the UK Department of Health in the winter of 2002–2003, and received some adverse media attention because of the high and rising costs of fresh fruit and vegetables. After ten years, research suggested that few people were meeting the target.[15]
The campaign has come under criticism from Channel 4 because of government failure to prevent the food industry from claiming that their products constitute part of a five a day despite having added salt, sugar or fat.[16]
In April 2014, a study by University College London concluded that '5 a day' was not enough and that a healthy diet should contain 10 portions of fruit and vegetables.[17]
United States[edit]
The 5 a Day program in the United States was originally the National Fruit and Vegetable Program but was rebranded Fruits & Veggies – More Matters in March 2007. [18] [19]
See also[edit]
Food portal
Food and Nutrition Service
Food Balance Wheel
Food groups
Food guide pyramid
Food pyramid
Fruits & Veggies - More Matters
Healthy diet
Healthy eating pyramid
History of USDA nutrition guides
Human nutrition
MyPlate
MyPyramid
References[edit]
Jump up ^ WHO | Promoting fruit and vegetable consumption around the world
Jump up ^ Dagfinn Aune; Edward Giovannucci; Paolo Boffetta; Lars T. Fadnes; NaNa Keum; Teresa Norat; Darren C. Greenwood; Elio Riboli; Lars J. Vatten; Serena Tonstad (22 February 2017), "Fruit and vegetable intake and the risk of cardiovascular disease, total cancer and all-cause mortality–a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies", International Journal of Epidemiology, Oxford University Press, 46: 1029–1056, doi:10.1093/ije/dyw319
Jump up ^ Wighton, Kate (23 February 2017), Eating more fruits and vegetables may prevent millions of premature deaths, Imperial College, London
Jump up ^ Slavin, Joanne L.; Lloyd, Beate (2012-07-06). "Health Benefits of Fruits and Vegetables1". Advances in Nutrition. 3 (4): 506–516. doi:10.3945/an.112.002154. ISSN 2161-8313. PMC 3649719  . PMID 22797986.
Jump up ^ Journal of Public Health Management and Practice 1996 Spring; Vol. 2 (2), pp. 27–35.
Jump up ^ "Home page". Go for 2 & 5. Government of Western Australia. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ "What is a Serve?". Go for 2 & 5. Government of Western Australia. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ Pamela Riemenschneider (17 May 2011), "Mix it Up! takes over from 5 to 10 A Day", The Packer, Fruits and Veggies – Mix it Up! says many different things to different people. The Canadian Produce Marketing Association introduced the revamped program to replace its 5 to 10 a Day campaign on March 1.
Jump up ^ "Fruits et légumes : au moins 5 par jour". Programme national nutrition santé.
Jump up ^ "'5 am Tag'-Kampagne: Wissenschaftliche Begründung" (in German). Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung e. V. 1 July 2001. Archived from the original on November 2, 2014. Retrieved July 21, 2015.
Jump up ^ 5 A DAYって何だろう What is 5 A Day
Jump up ^ Five a Day for Better Health Program, National Cancer Institute (U.S.), 2001, p. 184, In New Zealand, the 5+ A Day campaign is funded by United Fresh, Inc., a nonprofit organization...
Jump up ^ "Kostholdsråd". Norwegian Directorate for Health.
Jump up ^ "5 a DAY portion sizes". NHS Choices. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Rising costs mean fewer are hitting target of 'five-a-day'", South Wales Evening Post, 26 November 2012. Retrieved 3 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Dispatches – Features – Myths About Your 5 a Day: Reporter Feature – Channel 4
Jump up ^ Sarah Knapton (31 March 2014). "Healthy diet means 10 portions of fruit and vegetables per day, not five". Daily Telegraph. Retrieved July 21, 2015.
Jump up ^ About the National Fruit & Vegetable Program Archived May 15, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Rippe, James M. (2013-03-15). Lifestyle Medicine, Second Edition. CRC Press. ISBN 9781439845448.
External links[edit]
UK NHS site
UK Department of Health site
US CDC site
World Health Organization press release
Japan 5 A Day
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=5_A_Day&oldid=834366070"
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text:
The Beach (film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Beach
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Danny Boyle
Produced by
Andrew Macdonald
Screenplay by
John Hodge
Based on
The Beach
by Alex Garland
Starring
Leonardo DiCaprio
Tilda Swinton
Virginie Ledoyen
Guillaume Canet
Robert Carlyle
Music by
Angelo Badalamenti
John Cale
Brian Eno
Cinematography
Darius Khondji
Edited by
Masahiro Hirakubo
Distributed by
20th Century Fox
Release date
11 February 2000 (2000-02-11)
Running time
119 minutes
Country
Thailand
United Kingdom
United States
Language
English
Budget
$50 million[1]
Box office
$144.1 million[1]
The Beach is a 2000 English-language drama film directed by Danny Boyle and based on the 1996 novel of the same name by Alex Garland, which was adapted for the film by John Hodge. The film stars Leonardo DiCaprio, Tilda Swinton, Virginie Ledoyen, Guillaume Canet, and Robert Carlyle. It was filmed on the Thai island Koh Phi Phi.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Controversies
3.1.1 Damage to filming location
3.1.2 Portrayal of Thailand
4 Soundtrack
4.1 Track listing
5 Release
5.1 Critical response
5.2 Home video
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Plot[edit]
Richard, a young American seeking adventure in Bangkok, meets the eccentric Daffy, who tells him of a pristine, uninhabited island in the Gulf of Thailand with a beautiful hidden beach and lagoon. Daffy explains that he and other travelers settled there in secret several years earlier, but difficulties arose and he chose to leave. Daffy commits suicide, leaving Richard a map to the island. Richard convinces a young French couple, Françoise and Étienne, to accompany him to the island, and the three travel to Ko Samui. Richard meets two Americans who have heard rumors of the island, including that huge amounts of cannabis supposedly grow there. Before departing, Richard leaves them a copy of the map.
En route to the island, Richard becomes infatuated with Françoise. After swimming to the island from a neighboring one, they find a large cannabis plantation guarded by armed Thai farmers. Avoiding detection, they make their way across the island and are welcomed into the secret beach settlement. The community's leader, Sal, explains that the farmers allow them to stay so long as they keep to themselves and do not allow any more travelers to come to the island. Richard lies that they have not shown the map to anyone else, which satisfies Sal. The trio become integrated into the largely self-sufficient and leisurely community. The relationship between Richard and Françoise becomes romantic, and Étienne says he will not stand in their way if Françoise is happier with Richard when everyone finds out about their relationship. Tensions rise between Richard and Sal's boyfriend Bugs; when Richard gains celebrity by killing a shark, Bugs mocks him over the shark's small size.
When Sal selects Richard to accompany her on a supply run to Ko Pha Ngan, Bugs warns him to keep his hands off her. While there they encounter the Americans Richard met in Ko Samui, who are preparing to search for the island and mention Richard's map. Richard lies to Sal that he did not give them a copy, and she blackmails him into having sex with her. On their return to the island, Richard lies to Françoise about having had sex with Sal. Things return to normal until a shark attack kills one of the community's fishermen and leaves another, Christo, severely injured. Sal refuses to compromise the community's secrecy by bringing medical help, and Christo refuses to travel to the mainland. His worsening condition affects the group's morale, so they isolate him in a tent despite Étienne's objections.
When the Americans from Ko Pha Ngan turn up on the neighboring island, Sal sees that they have a copy of the map and orders Richard to observe them until they cross over, then intercept them and destroy it. She tells everyone that she and Richard had sex, which leaves Françoise angry and heartbroken. Isolated from the group, Richard begins to lose his sanity, stalking the cannabis farmers and imagining that he is conversing with the deceased Daffy. The Americans reach the island but are discovered and killed by the farmers. Shocked at witnessing their deaths, Richard tries to gather Françoise and Étienne to leave the island. Étienne refuses to leave Christo, whose leg has become gangrenous, so Richard euthanizes Christo by suffocation.
Richard is captured by the farmers and brought before the community. The lead farmer gives Sal a gun loaded with a single bullet and orders her to make a choice: kill Richard and the group will be allowed to stay, or else they must all leave immediately. Sal pulls the trigger, but the chamber is empty. Shocked by her willingness to commit murder, the community abandons Sal, leaving the island and going their separate ways.
Later, Richard receives an email at an Internet cafe from Françoise with a group photograph of the beach community in happier times.
Cast[edit]
Leonardo DiCaprio as Richard, a freelance traveler who is the film's main character.
Tilda Swinton as Sal, the leader of the beach community.
Virginie Ledoyen as Françoise, the girlfriend of Étienne and Richard's love interest.
Guillaume Canet as Étienne, the boyfriend of Françoise.
Robert Carlyle as Daffy, the eccentric former member of the beach community.
Paterson Joseph as Keaty, a member of the beach community who loves cricket.
Lars Arentz-Hansen as Bugs, Sal's boyfriend and the beach community's carpenter.
Daniel Caltagirone as Unhygienix, the beach community's chef who often uses soap to wash off the fish smell whenever he cooks the fish.
Staffan Kihlbom, Jukka Hiltunen, and Magnus Lindgren as Christo, Karl, and Sten, the beach community's Swedish fishermen.
Victoria Smurfit as Weathergirl, a member of the beach community who can predict rain when her pelvis tightens.
Zelda Tinska and Lidija Zovkic as Sonja and Mirjana, two beach community members that come from Sarajevo.
Samuel Gough as Guitarman, the beach community's residential guitarist who is not a good singer.
Peter Youngblood Hills and Jerry Swindall as Zeph and Sammy, two Americans that Richard meets in Ko Samui.
Saskia Mulder and Simone Huber as Hilda and Eva, two women who accompany Zeph and Sammy to the island and are killed by the farmers.
Peter Gevisser as Gregorio, an Italian member of the beach community whose bad tooth was forcefully removed by Bugs' pliers.
Abhijati 'Meuk' Jusakul as the leader of the cannabis farmers.
Additional beach community members are played by Myriam Acharki, Andrew Carmichael, Josh Cole, Hélène de Fougerolles, Stacy Hart, Nina Jacques, Sheridan Jones, Gunilla Karlson, Sian Martin, Isabella Seibert, Elizabeth Thomas, Michael Thorpe, Timothy Webster, and Ramon Woolfe.
Additional cannabis farmers are portrayed by Sanya 'Gai' Cheunjit, Kaneung 'Nueng' Kenia, Somchai Santitarangkul, Seng Kawee, and Somkuan 'Kuan' Siroun.
Production[edit]
The paradise location, Maya bay in Ko Phi Phi Lee.
Ko Phi Phi Leh
Ewan McGregor was cast as the main character before leaving due to disputes with the director. It was speculated that Boyle was offered additional funding under the condition that DiCaprio be cast and his character made American.[citation needed]
Real-life drama unfurled on set one day when the cast and crew were involved in a boating accident during production. It was reported that the incident involved both Boyle and DiCaprio. No one was injured.[2]
The beach seen in the film is not the same as in real life. There is a gap between mountains on the actual beach in Thailand. The special effects crew digitally added some of the surrounding mountains during the post-production phase. The actual beach was also transformed from its natural look. It is reported that crew members flattened the beach with a tractor, much to the locals' dismay. The tsunami of 2004, however, has reshaped the beach to its natural look.[citation needed]
Boyle has been cited saying that the look of the jungle scenes in the film was inspired by the Rare/Nintendo game Banjo-Kazooie.[citation needed]
The waterfall scene, where DiCaprio and others jump from a high cliff to the water below, was filmed in Khao Yai National Park in central Thailand, at the Haew Suwat Waterfall.
The map in the film was illustrated by the author of the book that The Beach was based upon, Alex Garland. He received credit for this as the cartographer.
Controversies[edit]
Damage to filming location[edit]
Controversy arose during the making of the film due to 20th Century Fox's bulldozing and landscaping of the natural beach setting of Ko Phi Phi Leh to make it more "paradise-like". The production altered some sand dunes and cleared some coconut trees and grass to widen the beach. Fox set aside a fund to reconstruct and return the beach to its natural state; however, lawsuits were filed by environmentalists who believed the damage to the ecosystem was permanent and restoration attempts had failed.[3] Following shooting of the film, there was a clear flat area at one end of the beach that was created artificially with an odd layout of trees which was never rectified, and the entire area remained damaged from the original state until the tsunami of 2004.
The lawsuits dragged on for years. In 2006, Thailand's Supreme Court upheld an appellate court ruling that the filming had harmed the environment and ordered that damage assessments be made. Defendants in the case included 20th Century Fox and some Thai government officials.[4]
Portrayal of Thailand[edit]
After the film premiered in Thailand in 2000, some Thai politicians were upset at the way Thailand was depicted in the film and called for it to be banned. The depiction of the drug culture was said to give Thailand a bad image and having a statue of Buddha in a bar was cited as "blasphemous".[5]
Soundtrack[edit]
The Beach: Motion Picture Soundtrack
Soundtrack album by various artists
Released
21 February 2000
Genre
Electronica, ambient, rock, Britpop
Length
76:53
Label
Sire
Producer
Pete Tong
Danny Boyle film soundtrack chronology
A Life Less Ordinary
(1997)A Life Less Ordinary1997 The Beach
(2000) 28 Days Later
(2002)28 Days Later2002
Professional ratings
Review scores
Source
Rating
Allmusic link
The soundtrack for the film, co-produced by Pete Tong, features the international hits "Pure Shores" by All Saints and "Porcelain" by Moby, as well as tracks by New Order, Blur, Underworld, Orbital, Faithless, Sugar Ray, and others. Leftfield's contribution to the soundtrack, "Snakeblood", was found to have sampled Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark's "Almost" without permission, leading to a lawsuit; band member Neil Barnes said he forgot to remove the sample from the finished track.[6] The songs "Synasthasia" by Junkie XL, "Out of Control" by The Chemical Brothers, "Fiesta Conga" by Movin' Melodies, "Redemption Song" by Bob Marley, "Neon Reprise" by Lunatic Calm and "Smoke Two Joints" by Chris Kay and Michael Kay were also included in the movie but omitted from the soundtrack. The teaser trailer for the film featured "Touched" by VAST.
The film score was composed by Angelo Badalamenti, and a separate album containing selections of his score was released as well.
Track listing[edit]
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Performer
Length
1. "Snakeblood" Neil Barnes, Paul Daley Leftfield 5:39
2. "Pure Shores" (from Saints & Sinners, 2000) William Orbit, Shaznay Lewis All Saints 4:24
3. "Porcelain" (from Play, 1999) Moby Moby 3:58
4. "Voices" (from Sunmachine, 1998) Stephen Spencer, Paul Geoffrey Spencer, Scott Rosser Dario G featuring Vanessa Quinones 5:19
5. "8 Ball" Rick Smith, Karl Hyde, Darren Emerson Underworld 8:51
6. "Spinning Away" (originally performed by Brian Eno and John Cale) Brian Eno, John Cale Sugar Ray 4:24
7. "Return of Django" (originally performed by The Upsetters) Lee "Scratch" Perry Asian Dub Foundation featuring Harry Beckett and Simon de Souza 4:17
8. "On Your Own" (Crouch End Broadway mix) Damon Albarn, Graham Coxon, Alex James, Dave Rowntree Blur 3:32
9. "Yé ké yé ké" (Hardfloor edit) Mory Kante Mory Kante 3:55
10. "Woozy" Sister Bliss, Maxi Jazz, Rollo Armstrong Faithless 7:53
11. "Richard, It's Business as Usual" Barry Adamson Barry Adamson 4:17
12. "Brutal" Bernard Sumner, Peter Hook, Stephen Morris, Gillian Gilbert New Order 4:49
13. "Lonely Soul" (from Psyence Fiction, 1998) Richard Ashcroft, Wil Malone, DJ Shadow Unkle featuring Richard Ashcroft 8:53
14. "Beached" Angelo Badalamenti Orbital and Angelo Badalamenti 6:45
Total length: 76:53
Release[edit]
Critical response[edit]
On Rotten Tomatoes the film holds an approval rating of 19% based on 116 reviews, and an average rating of 4.1/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "The Beach is unfocused and muddled, a shallow adaptation of the novel it is based on. Points go to the gorgeous cinematography, though."[7] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 43 out of 100, based on 34 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[8]
Critics suggested that DiCaprio's fame post-Titanic might have contributed to the financial success of this film, which came out less than three years after the James Cameron blockbuster. CNN's Paul Clinton said "Leonardo DiCaprio's main fan base of screaming adolescent girls won't be disappointed with The Beach. The majority of the film displays the titanic-sized young heartthrob sans his shirt in this story about the pseudo-angst and alienation of a young man from the United States escaping civilization and his computer-obsessed generation." He agreed with most others that The Beach was "nothing to write home about". DiCaprio was nominated for a Razzie Award for Worst Actor for his work on the film.
The budget of the film was US$50 million. Global takings totaled over US$144 million, of which US$39 million was from the USA.[9]
Director Boyle has spoken negatively of the film, telling a Philadelphia audience in 2017 that he realized halfway through filming that he "didn't like any of the characters."
Home video[edit]
The film has been released on VHS and DVD. The standard DVD release included nine scenes that were deleted from the movie, including an alternative opening which to a degree resembles the one in the novel, were later included in a Special Edition DVD release, along with Danny Boyle's commentary on what might have been their purpose. There is also an alternative ending which depicts Sal committing suicide and everyone loading up on a boat from the raft.
See also[edit]
Film portal
Phi Phi Islands
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "The Beach". Box Office Mojo.
Jump up ^ Reddit AMA with Tilda Swinton
Jump up ^ Vidal, John. October 29, 1999. DiCaprio film-makers face storm over paradise lost, The Guardian, retrieved on November 03, 2017
Jump up ^ "Filming 'damaged beach'". Archived from the original on October 16, 2007. Retrieved 2015-06-15. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ BBC, 9 March 2000. Thai MPs call for Beach ban (retrieved on December 3, 2000).
Jump up ^ "One half of Leftfield, Neil Barnes, tells why he can't wait to give Rockness a blast of the coolest sounds down memory lane". The Scotsman. 25 May 2010. Retrieved 18 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Beach (2000)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2008-08-27.
Jump up ^ "The Beach reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved 2008-08-27.
Jump up ^ "The Beach (2000)". Box Office Mojo. 2002-08-28. Retrieved 2011-04-20.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: The Beach (film)
The Beach on IMDb
The Beach at AllMovie
The Beach at the TCM Movie Database
The Beach at Rotten Tomatoes
The Beach at Box Office Mojo
Where was ‘The Beach’ Filmed?
Storming ‘The Beach’, Rolf Potts, Salon.com
Movie Page Review
Entertainment Weekly Review
CNN Review
[show]
v
t
e
Works directed by Danny Boyle
Feature films
Shallow Grave (1994)
Trainspotting (1996)
A Life Less Ordinary (1997)
The Beach (2000)
28 Days Later (2002)
Millions (2004)
Sunshine (2007)
Slumdog Millionaire (2008)
127 Hours (2010)
Trance (2013)
Steve Jobs (2015)
T2 Trainspotting (2017)
Short films
Alien Love Triangle (2008)
Television
Strumpet (2001)
Vacuuming Completely Nude in Paradise (2001)
Trust (2018–present)
Other
2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony
Frankenstein (2011)
[show]
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There Is a Balm in Gilead
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"There Is A Balm in Gilead" is a traditional United States African American spiritual.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Traditional Lyrics
3 Alternate Lyrics
4 External links
History[edit]
The “balm in Gilead” is a reference from the Old Testament, but the lyrics of this spiritual refer to the New Testament concept of salvation through Jesus Christ. The Balm of Gilead is interpreted as a spiritual medicine that is able to heal Israel (and sinners in general). In the Old Testament, the balm of Gilead is taken most directly from Jeremiah chapter 8 v. 22: "Is there no balm in Gilead? Is there no physician there? Why then is there no healing for the wounds of my [God's] people?" (Another allusion can also be found in Jeremiah chapter 46, v. 2 and 11: “This is the message (of the Lord) against the army of Pharaoh Neco … Go up to Gilead and get balm, O Virgin Daughter of Egypt, but you multiply remedies in vain; here is no healing for you” - see also Jeremiah chapter 22, v. 6.) [1]
The first appearance of the spiritual in something close to its current form is uncertain. A version of the refrain can be found in Washington Glass's 1854 hymn "The Sinner's Cure," (see link below) where it is in 7s.6s.7s.6s rather than the Common Meter of today's refrain. Glass attributed this hymn to himself, but like several of the hymns so attributed, it is substantially the work of another. He attached to one of John Newton's Olney hymns [2] of 1779 this refrain:
There is balm in Gilead,
To make the wounded whole;
There's power enough in heaven,
To cure a sin-sick soul.
There is no mention of the balm of Gilead in Newton's poem, but it begins:
How lost was my condition
Till Jesus made me whole!
There is but one Physician
Can cure a sin–sick soul.
The similarities in the refrain make it likely that it was written for Newton's verse.
The 1925 7-shape Primitive Baptist songbook Harp of Ages has an unattributed song "Balm in Gilead" with a similar chorus, but verses drawn from a Charles Wesley hymn, "Father I Stretch My Hands to Thee."[3]
The second verse quoted below ("If you can't...") is also found in some versions of another well-known spiritual "(Walk That) Lonesome Valley." "Wandering verses," as they are often called, are quite common in the camp meeting and revival context, and were already found in by 1800 in the African-American community, as shown by Richard Allen's 1801 "A Collection of Hymns and Spiritual Songs Selected from Various Authors."
In 1845 Edgar Allan Poe mentions it in one of the last stanzas of his poem The Raven:
"Prophet!" said I, "thing of evil! – prophet still, if bird or devil! —
Whether Tempter sent, or whether tempest tossed thee here ashore,
Desolate yet all undaunted, on this desert land enchanted —
On this home by Horror haunted – tell me truly, I implore —
"Is there – is there balm in Gilead? – tell me – tell me, I implore!"
Quoth the Raven "Nevermore."
Traditional Lyrics[edit]
Lyrics are as follows:
Chorus (in bold):
There is a balm in Gilead
To make the wounded whole;
There is a balm in Gilead
To heal the sin-sick soul.
Some times I feel discouraged,
And think my work’s in vain,
But then the Holy Spirit
Revives my soul again.
(Chorus)
If you cannot sing like angels,
If you can’t preach like Paul,
You can tell the love of Jesus,
And say He died for all.
(Chorus)
Alternate Lyrics[edit]
Lyrics are as follows:
Chorus (in bold):
There is a balm in Gilead,
To make the wounded whole;
There is a balm in Gilead,
To heal the sin-sick soul.
Some times I feel discouraged,
And think my work’s in vain,
But then the Holy Spirit
Revives my hope again.
(Chorus)
If you can’t preach like Peter,
If you can’t pray like Paul,
Just tell the love of Jesus,
And say He died for all.
(Chorus)
Don't ever feel discouraged,
'Cause Jesus is your friend,
And if you lack for knowledge,
He'll never fail to lend.
External links[edit]
Hymnal website with lyrics to this spiritual.
An early version of the chorus: "The Sinner's Cure" by Washington Glass in The Revivalist, 1854.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=There_Is_a_Balm_in_Gilead&oldid=805178638"
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text:
France in the American Revolutionary War
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article may require copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling. You can assist by editing it. (October 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The British (center) surrender to French (left) and American (right) troops, at the Battle of Yorktown in 1781.
French (left) and British ships (right) at the battle of the Chesapeake off Yorktown in 1781; the outnumbered British fleet departed, leaving the British army no choice but to surrender.
France allied with the United States during the American Revolutionary War (American War of Independence 1775–1783) in 1778, declared war on Great Britain, and sent its armies and navy to fight Britain while providing money and matériel to arm the new republic. French intervention made a decisive contribution to the U.S. victory in the war. Motivated by a long-term rivalry with Britain and by revenge for its territorial losses during the French and Indian War, France began secretly sending supplies in 1775. Spain and the Netherlands joined France, making it a global war in which the British had no major allies. France incurred a debt of over 1 billion livres.
Contents
[hide]
1 American origins of the conflict
2 French involvement
2.1 Debate over quiet aid or declaring open war
2.2 Entry into the war
2.3 North American operations
2.4 Other theaters
3 Peace and consequences
4 Financial aspects
5 See also
6 References
6.1 Notes
7 Bibliography
7.1 English
7.2 Primary sources
7.3 French
American origins of the conflict[edit]
Main article: American Revolution
After its defeat in the Seven Years' War in 1763, France lost its vast holdings in North America. Meanwhile, the American colonists and the British government began to fight over whether Parliament in London, or the colonial assemblies, had primary responsibility for taxation. The ideological conflict escalated into open warfare in 1775, at which point the American patriots took control of the colonies from the British, who refused to consider independence. France, who had been rebuilding her Navy and other forces, saw this as an opportunity to seriously weaken her perennial enemy. [1]
French involvement[edit]
Choiseul actively reorganised the French army and navy for a future war of revenge against Britain.
France bitterly resented its loss in the Seven Years' War and sought revenge, and wanted to keep Britain from becoming too powerful. Following the Declaration of Independence, the American Revolution was well received by both the general population and the aristocracy in France. The Revolution was perceived as the incarnation of the Enlightenment Spirit against the "English tyranny." Benjamin Franklin, dispatched to France in December 1776 to rally its support, was welcomed with great enthusiasm. At first, French support was covert; French agents sent the Patriots military aid (predominantly gunpowder) through a company called Rodrigue Hortalez et Compagnie, beginning in the spring of 1776. Estimates place the percentage of French supplied arms to the Americans in the Saratoga campaign up to 90%.[2] By 1777, over five million livres of aid had been sent to the American rebels.
Motivated by the prospect of glory in battle or animated by the sincere ideals of liberty and republicanism, volunteers like Pierre Charles L'Enfant joined the American army. The most famous was Lafayette, a charming young aristocrat who defied the king's order and enlisted in 1777 at age 20. He became an aide to George Washington and a combat general. More importantly he solidified a favourable American view of France. Kramer argues that Lafayette provided a legitimacy for the war and confidence that there was serious European support for independence. Lafayette's personal style was highly attractive; the young man learned quickly, adapted to the Patriot style, avoided politics, and became a fast friend of General Washington. Fifty years later, after a major career in French politics, he returned as a beloved hero of the war.[3]
Debate over quiet aid or declaring open war[edit]
Before open war between France and Britain, Pierre Beaumarchais was at the center of an arms traffic to support American Insurgents.
Up against the British power, the young nation lacked arms and allies, and so turned towards France. France was not directly interested in the conflict, but saw it as an opportunity to contest British power by supporting a new British opponent. Through negotiations conducted first by Silas Deane and then Benjamin Franklin, France began covert support of the American cause.
Secretly approached by Louis XVI and France's foreign minister, the comte de Vergennes, Pierre Beaumarchais was authorized to sell gunpowder and ammunition to the Americans for close to a million pounds under the veil of the French company Rodrigue Hortalez et Compagnie. The aid given by France, much of which passed through the neutral Dutch West Indies port of Sint Eustatius, contributed to George Washington's survival against the British onslaught in 1776 and 1777, and was a major factor in the defeat of General Burgoyne's expedition in the Champlain corridor that ended in a British disaster at Saratoga. French ports accommodated American ships, including privateers and Continental Navy warships, that acted against British merchant ships. France provided significant economic aid, either as donations or loans, and also offered technical assistance, granting some of its military strategists "vacations", so they could assist American troops.
Silas Deane, appointed by the Americans, and, helped by French animosity towards Britain, obtained unofficial aid, starting in early 1776. However, the goal was the total involvement of France in the war. A new delegation composed of Franklin, Deane, and Arthur Lee, was appointed to lobby for the involvement of European nations. Franklin, age 70 and already well known in French intellectual circles for his scientific discoveries, served as the chief diplomat with the title of "minister" (the term "ambassador" was not used). He dressed in rough frontier clothes rather than formal court dress, and met with many leading diplomats, aristocrats, intellectuals, scientists and financiers. Franklin's image and writings caught the French imagination – there were many images of him sold on the market – and he became the image of the archetypal new American and a hero for aspirations for a new order inside France. When the international climate at the end of 1777 had become tenser, Habsburg Austria requested the support of France in the War of the Bavarian Succession against Prussia in line with the Franco-Austrian Alliance. France refused, causing the relationship with Austria to turn sour. Under these conditions, asking Austria to assist France in a war against the British was impossible. Attempts to rally Spain also failed: Spain did not immediately recognize potential gains, and the American revolutionary spirit was seen as threatening the legitimacy of the Spanish Crown in its own American colonies.
Public opinion in France was in favor of open war, but King Louis and his advisors were reluctant due to the possible risks and heavy expenses involved. The king's economic and military advisors in particular remained reluctant. The French Navy was being rapidly rebuilt, but there were doubts as to how ready it was for serious conflict. Financiers Turgot and Necker warned war would be very expensive for France's wobbly system of taxation and finance.
The Americans argued that an alliance of the United States, France, and Spain would assure a rapid defeat of the British, but Vergennes, waiting until his navy was ready, hesitated. On July 23, 1777, Vergennes decided that it was time to decide either total assistance, with war, or abandonment of the new nation. The choice, ratified by the king, was war.[4]
Entry into the war[edit]
Main article: Franco-American alliance
Surrender of General Burgoyne at the Battle of Saratoga, by John Trumbull, 1822
The British had taken Philadelphia in 1777, but American victory at the Battle of Saratoga brought back hope to the Patriots and enthusiasm in France. The army of Burgoyne surrendered to American forces after Saratoga and France realized that the United States could be victorious. The king directed Vergennes to negotiate an alliance with the Americans.[5]
France formally recognized the United States on February 6, 1778, with the signing of the Treaty of Alliance. Hostilities soon followed after Britain declared war on France on March 17, 1778. The British naval force, then the largest fleet afloat, and French fleet confronted each other from the beginning. The British avoided intercepting a French fleet that left Toulon under the comte d'Estaing in April for North America, fearing the French fleet at Brest might then be used to launch an invasion of Britain. France had kept the Brest fleet to protect commercial shipping in European waters, and it sailed out only after a British fleet was confirmed to have left in pursuit of d'Estaing, thus weakening the British Channel fleet. In spite of this reduction the British fleet still outnumbered the French fleet at Brest, and Admiral d'Orvilliers was instructed to avoid combat when he sailed in July. D'Orvilliers met the fleet of Admiral Augustus Keppel in the indecisive Battle of Ushant on July 27, after which both fleets returned to port for repairs.
France did consider the landing of 40,000 men in the nearby British Isles but abandoned the idea because of logistical issues. On the continent, France was protected through its alliance with Austria which, even if it did not take part in the American Revolutionary War, affirmed its diplomatic support of France.
Other nations in Europe at first refused to openly join the war but both Spain and the Dutch Republic gave unofficial support to the American cause. Vergennes was able to convince the Spanish to formally enter the war in 1779 and, in 1780, Britain declared war on the Dutch Republic over claims of Dutch violations of neutrality.
North American operations[edit]
Franco-American routes during the Yorktown campaign.
French participation in North America was initially maritime in nature and marked by some indecision on the part of its military leaders. In 1778, American and French planners organized an attempt to capture Newport, Rhode Island, then under British occupation. The attempt failed, in part because Admiral d'Estaing did not land French troops prior to sailing out of Narragansett Bay to meet the British fleet. He then sailed for Boston after his fleet was damaged in a storm. In 1779, d'Estaing again led his fleet to North America for joint operations, this time against British-held Savannah, Georgia. About 3,000 French joined with 2,000 Americans in the Siege of Savannah, in which a naval bombardment was unsuccessful. An attempted assault of the entrenched British position was repulsed with heavy losses.
Support became more notable when, in 1780, 6,000 soldiers led by Rochambeau landed at Newport, itself abandoned in 1779 by the British, where the French established a naval base. These forces were largely inactive since the fleet was closely watched by the British fleet from its bases in New York and eastern Long Island. By early 1781, with the war dragging on, French military planners were finally convinced that more significant operations would be required in North America to bring a decisive end to the war. That year's West Indies fleet was commanded by the comte de Grasse, and specific arrangements were made to coordinate operations with him. De Grasse asked to be supplied with North American pilots and to be informed of possible operations in North America to which he might contribute. Rochambeau and Washington met at Wethersfield, Connecticut in May 1781 to discuss their options. Washington wanted to drive the British from both New York City and Virginia (the latter led first by turncoat Benedict Arnold, then by Brigadier William Phillips and eventually by Charles Cornwallis). Virginia was also seen as a potent threat that could be fought with naval assistance. These two options were dispatched to the Caribbean along with the requested pilots. Rochambeau, in a separate letter, urged de Grasse to come to the Chesapeake Bay for operations in Virginia. Following the Wethersfield conference, Rochambeau moved his army to White Plains, New York and placed his command under Washington.
De Grasse received these letters in July at roughly the same time Cornwallis was preparing to occupy Yorktown, Virginia. De Grasse concurred with Rochambeau and subsequently sent a dispatch indicating that he would reach the Chesapeake at the end of August but that agreements with the Spanish meant he could only stay until mid-October. The arrival of his dispatches prompted the Franco-American army to begin a march for Virginia. De Grasse reached the Chesapeake as planned and his troops were sent to assist Lafayette's army in the blockade of Cornwallis. A British fleet sent to confront de Grasse's control of the Chesapeake was defeated by the French on September 5 at the Battle of the Chesapeake and the Newport fleet delivered the French siege train to complete the allied military arrival. The Siege of Yorktown and following surrender by Cornwallis on October 19 were decisive in ending major hostilities in North America.[6]
Other theaters[edit]
The capture of the island of Grenada by the troops of D'Estaing.
Other important battles between the French and the British were spaced out around the globe, from the West Indies to India. France's navy at first dominated in the West Indies, capturing Dominica, Grenada, Saint Vincent, Montserrat, Tobago, and St. Kitts, but losing St. Lucia at the beginning of the war. A planned Franco-Spanish invasion of Jamaica was aborted after the decisive Battle of the Saintes in 1782. At the end of the war the French captured the Turks and Caicos Islands. In European waters, France and Spain joined forces with the entry of Spain into the war in 1779. An attempted invasion of Britain failed due to a variety of factors. French and Spanish forces besieged Gibraltar from 1779 to 1783, but were unsuccessful in either storming the site, or preventing repeated British relief of its garrison. They were more successful in capturing Minorca in Europe and Demerara and Essequibo in South America in February 1782.
In India, British troops gained control of French outposts in 1778 and 1779, sparking the Kingdom of Mysore, a longtime French ally, to begin the Second Anglo-Mysore War. Allied with the French, the Mysoreans for a time threatened British positions on the east coast, but that war ended status quo ante bellum in 1784. A French fleet commanded by the Bailli de Suffren fought a series of largely inconclusive battles with a British fleet under Sir Edward Hughes, and the only major military land action, the 1783 Siege of Cuddalore, was cut short by news that a preliminary peace had been signed.
Because of decisive battles on American soil, the French were in a strong position during the peace negotiations in Paris.
Peace and consequences[edit]
Starting with the Siege of Yorktown, Benjamin Franklin never informed France of the secret negotiations that took place directly between Britain and the United States. Britain acknowledged that the United States owned all the land south of the Great Lakes and east of the Mississippi River, except for Florida (which went to Spain). However, since France was not included in the American-British peace discussions, the alliance between France and the U.S. was weakened. Thus the influence of France and Spain in future negotiations was limited.[7]
Ratification of the Treaty of Paris, 1783. The British delegation refused to pose for the picture
The war formally ended in September 1783 with the signing of the Treaty of Paris. France gained (or regained) territories in the Americas, Africa, and India. Losses in the 1763 Treaty of Paris and in the Treaty of Utrecht (1713) were in part regained: Tobago, Saint Lucia, the Senegal River area, as well as increased fishing rights in Terra Nova. Spain regained Florida and Minorca, but Gibraltar remained in the hands of the British.
Because the French involvement in the war was distant and naval in nature, over a billion livres tournois were spent by the French government to support the war effort, raising its overall debt to about 3.315 billion. The finances of the French state were in disastrous shape and were made worse by Jacques Necker, who, rather than increase taxes, used loans to pay off debts. State secretary in Finances Charles Alexandre de Calonne attempted to fix the deficit problem by asking for the taxation of the property of nobles and clergy but was dismissed and exiled for his ideas. The French instability further weakened the reforms that were essential in the re-establishment of stable French finances. Trade also severely declined during the war, but was revived by 1783.
The war was especially important for the prestige and pride of France, who was reinstated in the role of European arbiter. However, Great Britain, not France, became the leading trading partner of the United States.[8] The French took pride in their cultural influence on the young country through the Enlightenment, as attested by Franklin and Jefferson, and as embodied in the Declaration of Independence in 1776 and the United States Constitution in 1787. In turn the Revolution influenced France.[9] Liberal elites were satisfied by the victory but there were also some major consequences. European conservative Royalists and nobility had become nervous, and began to take measures in order to secure their positions. On May 22, 1781, the Decree of Ségur closed the military post offices of the upper rank to the common persons, reserving those ranks exclusively for the nobility.
Financial aspects[edit]
By 1783, the new French debt acquired to fight the British came to a staggering 1.3 billion livres.[10] The French system of taxation was highly inefficient and could not absorb the cost. It "set off France's own fiscal crisis, in which a political brawl over taxation soon became one of the reasons for the French Revolution."[11] France had obtained its revenge against Britain; however, it gained little real value and her massive debt severely weakened the government and escalated it towards the French Revolution.[12]
France did gain a new, fast-growing ally that could become a welcome trading partner. However, the expected level of trade never materialized. American merchants belittled the quality of French products, and poor terms of trade. They preferred to deal with Britain.[13] In 1793 the United States proclaimed its neutrality in the war between Great Britain and the French Republic, and in 1795 the Jay Treaty strengthened Anglo-American commercial ties, despite intense opposition from friends of France such as Thomas Jefferson.
Most historians argue that France primarily sought revenge against Great Britain for the loss of territory in North America and India from the previous conflict. However, Jonathan R. Dull argued that France intervened because of dispassionate calculation, not because of Anglophobia or a desire to avenge the loss of Canada.[14]
See also[edit]
Franco-American alliance
List of French units in the American Revolutionary War
References[edit]
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Hoffman, Ronald, and Peter J. Albert, eds. Diplomacy and Revolution: The Franco-American Alliance of 1778 (United States Capitol Historical Society, 1981)
Jump up ^ "Journal of the American Revolution, The Gunpowder shortage (September 9, 2013).[1]
Jump up ^ Lloyd S. Kramer, "America's Lafayette and Lafayette's America: A European and the American Revolution," William & Mary Quarterly (1981) 38#2 pp 228-241.in JSTOR
Jump up ^ Georges Édouard Lemaître (2005). Beaumarchais. Kessinger Publishing. p. 229.
Jump up ^ Thomas G. Paterson; et al. (2009). American Foreign Relations, Volume 1: A History to 1920. Cengage Learning. pp. 13–15.
Jump up ^ Henry Lumpkin (2000). From Savannah to Yorktown: The American Revolution in the South. iUniverse. p. 235.
Jump up ^ Richard B. Morris, The Peacemakers: The Great Powers and American Independence (1975)
Jump up ^ Peter S. Onuf (1991). Establishing the New Regime: The Washington Administration. Taylor & Francis. pp. 30–31.
Jump up ^ Library of Congress (2002). The Impact of the American Revolution Abroad. The Minerva Group, Inc. pp. 21–23.
Jump up ^ Stacy Schiff (2006). A Great Improvisation: Franklin, France, and the Birth of America. Macmillan. p. 5.
Jump up ^ Christopher Hodson and Brett Rushforth, "Bridging the Continental Divide: Colonial America's 'French Quarter.'" OAH Magazine of History 25.1 (2011): 19-24.
Jump up ^ Peter McPhee (2015). The French Revolution. Melbourne U. p. 34.
Jump up ^ Peter P. Hill (1988). French Perceptions of the Early American Republic, 1783-1793. American Philosophical Society. p. 172.
Jump up ^ Jonathan R. Dull, The French Navy and American Independence: A Study of Arms and Diplomacy, 1774-1787 (1975)
Bibliography[edit]
English[edit]
Bemis, Samuel Flagg. The Diplomacy of the American Revolution (1935)
Brown, John L. "Revolution and the Muse: the American War of Independence in Contemporary French Poetry." William and Mary Quarterly 1984 41(4): 592–614. Issn: 0043-5597 Fulltext in : Jstor
Brecher, Frank W. Securing American Independence: John Jay and the French Alliance. Praeger Publishers, 2003. Pp. xiv, 327 online
Chartrand, René, and Back, Francis. The French Army in the American War of Independence Osprey; 1991.
Corwin, Edward S. French Policy and the American Alliance of 1778 Archon Books; 1962.
Dull, Jonathan R. A Diplomatic History of the American Revolution; Yale U. Press, 1985.
Dull, Jonathan R. The French Navy and American Independence: A Study of Arms and Diplomacy 1774–1787 (1975)
Kaplan, Lawrence S. "The Diplomacy of the American Revolution: the Perspective from France." Reviews in American History 1976 4(3): 385–390. review of Dull (1975) in JSTOR
Gottschalk, Louis. Lafayette Comes to America 1935 online; Lafayette Joins the American Army (1937)
Hoffman, Ronald and Albert, Peter J., ed. Peace and the Peacemakers: The Treaty of 1783. U. Press of Virginia, 1986. 263 pp.
Hoffman, Ronald and Albert, Peter J., ed. Diplomacy and Revolution: The Franco-American Alliance of 1778. U. Press of Virginia, 1981. 200 pp.
Hudson, Ruth Strong. The Minister from France: Conrad-Alexandre Gérard, 1729–1790. Lutz, 1994. 279 pp.
Hutson, James H. John Adams and the Diplomacy of the American Revolution (1980)
Kennett, Lee. The French Forces in America, 1780–1783.Greenwood, 1977. 188 pp.
Kramer, Lloyd. Lafayette in Two Worlds: Public Cultures and Personal Identities in an Age of Revolutions. (1996). 355 pp.
Morris, Richard B. "The Great Peace of 1783," Massachusetts Historical Society Proceedings (1983) Vol. 95, pp 29–51.
Morris, Richard B. The Peacemakers: The Great Powers and American Independence (1975)
Perkins, James Breck. France in the American Revolution 1911 online
Popofsky, Linda S. and Sheldon, Marianne B. "French and American Women in the Age of Democratic Revolution, 1770–1815: a Comparative Perspective." History of European Ideas1987 8(4–5): 597–609. Issn: 0191-6599
Pritchard, James. "French Strategy and the American Revolution: a Reappraisal." Naval War College Review 1994 47(4): 83–108. Issn: 0028-1484
Schaeper, Thomas J. France and America in the Revolutionary Era: The Life of Jacques-Donatien Leray de Chaumont, 1725–1803. Berghahn Books, 1995. 384 pp. He provided military supplies.
Unger, Harlow Giles. Lafayette Wiley, 2002 online
Van Tyne, C. H. "Influences which Determined the French Government to Make the Treaty with America, 1778," American Historical Review (1916) 21#3 pp. 528–541 in JSTOR
Primary sources[edit]
Lafayette, Marquis de. Lafayette in the Age of the American Revolution: Selected Letters and Papers, 1776–1790. Vol. 2: April 10, 1778–March 20, 1780. Cornell U. Press, 1979. 518 pp.
French[edit]
Susan Mary Alsop, Les Américains à la cour de Louis XVI, 1982. Traduction française : Jean-Claude Lattès (1983).
Henri Haeau, Complot pour l'Amérique 1775–1779, Paris, Éditions Robert Laffont, 1990, ISBN 2-221-05364-8
J.-M. Bizière et J. Sole, Dictionnaire des Biographies, Paris, Éditions du Seuil, 1993.
Olivier Chaline, La France au XVIIIe siècle (1715–1787), Paris, Éditions Belin, 1996.
Joël Cornette, Absolutisme et Lumière 1652–1783, collection Carré Histoire, Paris, Éditions Hachette, 2000. ISBN 2-01-145422-0
Jean Egret, Necker, ministre de Louis XVI, 1776–1790, Honoré Champion; Paris, 1975.
André Zysberg, La Monarchie des Lumières (1775–1786), Paris, Éditions du Seuil, 2002.
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Lord of the Dance (hymn)
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"Lord of the Dance" is a hymn with words written by English songwriter Sydney Carter in 1963.[1] He borrowed the tune from the American Shaker song "Simple Gifts". The hymn is widely performed in English-speaking congregations and assemblies.[2]
It follows the idea of a traditional English carol, "Tomorrow Shall Be My Dancing Day" which tells the gospel story in the first person voice of Jesus of Nazareth with the device of portraying Jesus' life and mission as a dance.
Contents
[hide]
1 Author's perspective
2 Notable recordings
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Author's perspective[edit]
External video
I Danced in the Morning (LORD OF THE DANCE), 3:55, First-Plymouth Church Lincoln Nebraska-Videos
Songs of America - Simple Gifts - Shaker Hymn, 1:40, Cibertracker Imperium
In writing the lyrics to "Lord of the Dance" in 1963, Sydney Carter was inspired partly by Jesus, but also partly by a statue of the Hindu God Shiva as Nataraja (Shiva's dancing pose) which sat on his desk,[3] and was partly intending simply to give tribute to Shaker music. He later stated, "I did not think the churches would like it at all. I thought many people would find it pretty far flown, probably heretical and anyway dubiously Christian. But in fact people did sing it and, unknown to me, it touched a chord ... Anyway, it's the sort of Christianity I believe in."[3]
Sydney Carter wrote:
I see Christ as the incarnation of the piper who is calling us. He dances that shape and pattern which is at the heart of our reality. By Christ I mean not only Jesus; in other times and places, other planets, there may be other Lords of the Dance. But Jesus is the one I know of first and best. I sing of the dancing pattern in the life and words of Jesus.
Whether Jesus ever leaped in Galilee to the rhythm of a pipe or drum I do not know. We are told that David danced (and as an act of worship too), so it is not impossible. The fact that many Christians have regarded dancing as a bit ungodly (in a church, at any rate) does not mean that Jesus did.
The Shakers didn't. This sect flourished in the United States in the nineteenth century, but the first Shakers came from Manchester in England, where they were sometimes called the "Shaking Quakers". They hived off to America in 1774, under the leadership of Mother Anne. They established celibate communities - men at one end, women at the other; though they met for work and worship. Dancing, for them, was a spiritual activity. They also made furniture of a functional, lyrical simplicity. Even the cloaks and bonnets that the women wore were distinctly stylish, in a sober and forbidding way.
Their hymns were odd, but sometimes of great beauty: from one of these (Simple Gifts) I adapted this melody. I could have written another for the words of 'Lord of the Dance' (some people have), but this was so appropriate that it seemed a waste of time to do so. Also, I wanted to salute the Shakers.
Sometimes, for a change I sing the whole song in the present tense. 'I dance in the morning when the world is begun...'. It's worth a try.[4]
Notable recordings[edit]
Martin Carthy and Dave Swarbrick, on the album But Two Came By (1968)
The Corries, on the live album The Corries In Concert (1969)
Donovan, on the album HMS Donovan (1971)
The Dubliners, on the album Now (1975)
Champions of Europe, "Stand Free", on the album Gothenburg (1983)
The Bach Choir, on the album Family Carols (1991)
Charlie Zahm, on his album The Celtic Balladeer (1999)
Blackmore's Night, on the album Winter Carols (2007)
See also[edit]
"Tomorrow Shall Be My Dancing Day"
Nataraja, depiction of Shiva as Lord of the Dance
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Lord of the Dance ©1963 Stainer & Bell Ltd.
Jump up ^ Trevor Beeson (2008), "A song and a dance", Round the Church in fifty years, p. 83, ISBN 978-0-334-04148-1
^ Jump up to: a b Sydney Carter Obituary in 'The Telegraph', 2004 [1]
Jump up ^ From Green Print for Song, Stainer & Bell (1974) and Lord of the Dance and other Songs and Poems, Stainer & Bell (2002)
External links[edit]
Stainer & Bell, copyright holders for "Lord of the Dance" hymn.
"Lord of the Dance" and "Simple Gifts"
Words to "Tomorrow Shall Be My Dancing Day"
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lord_of_the_Dance_(hymn)&oldid=834055478"
Categories:
English Christian hymns
Hymn tunes
1963 songs
Works based on Simple Gifts
Songs about dancing
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This page was last edited on 3 April 2018, at 18:22.
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