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Client–server model
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A computer network diagram of clients communicating with a server via the Internet.
The client–server model is a distributed application structure that partitions tasks or workloads between the providers of a resource or service, called servers, and service requesters, called clients.[1] Often clients and servers communicate over a computer network on separate hardware, but both client and server may reside in the same system. A server host runs one or more server programs which share their resources with clients. A client does not share any of its resources, but requests a server's content or service function. Clients therefore initiate communication sessions with servers which await incoming requests. Examples of computer applications that use the client–server model are Email, network printing, and the World Wide Web.
Contents
[hide]
1 Client and server role
2 Client and server communication
3 Example
4 Early history
4.1 Client-host and server-host
5 Centralized computing
6 Comparison with peer-to-peer architecture
7 See also
8 Notes
Client and server role[edit]
The client-server characteristic describes the relationship of cooperating programs in an application. The server component provides a function or service to one or many clients, which initiate requests for such services. Servers are classified by the services they provide. For example, a web server serves web pages and a file server serves computer files. A shared resource may be any of the server computer's software and electronic components, from programs and data to processors and storage devices. The sharing of resources of a server constitutes a service.
Whether a computer is a client, a server, or both, is determined by the nature of the application that requires the service functions. For example, a single computer can run web server and file server software at the same time to serve different data to clients making different kinds of requests. Client software can also communicate with server software within the same computer.[2] Communication between servers, such as to synchronize data, is sometimes called inter-server or server-to-server communication.
Client and server communication[edit]
In general, a service is an abstraction of computer resources and a client does not have to be concerned with how the server performs while fulfilling the request and delivering the response. The client only has to understand the response based on the well-known application protocol, i.e. the content and the formatting of the data for the requested service.
Clients and servers exchange messages in a request–response messaging pattern. The client sends a request, and the server returns a response. This exchange of messages is an example of inter-process communication. To communicate, the computers must have a common language, and they must follow rules so that both the client and the server know what to expect. The language and rules of communication are defined in a communications protocol. All client-server protocols operate in the application layer. The application layer protocol defines the basic patterns of the dialogue. To formalize the data exchange even further, the server may implement an application programming interface (API).[3] The API is an abstraction layer for accessing a service. By restricting communication to a specific content format, it facilitates parsing. By abstracting access, it facilitates cross-platform data exchange.[4]
A server may receive requests from many distinct clients in a short period of time. A computer can only perform a limited number of tasks at any moment, and relies on a scheduling system to prioritize incoming requests from clients to accommodate them. To prevent abuse and maximize availability, server software may limit the availability to clients. Denial of service attacks are designed to exploit a server's obligation to process requests by overloading it with excessive request rates.
Example[edit]
When a bank customer accesses online banking services with a web browser (the client), the client initiates a request to the bank's web server. The customer's login credentials may be stored in a database, and the web server accesses the database server as a client. An application server interprets the returned data by applying the bank's business logic, and provides the output to the web server. Finally, the web server returns the result to the client web browser for display.
In each step of this sequence of client–server message exchanges, a computer processes a request and returns data. This is the request-response messaging pattern. When all the requests are met, the sequence is complete and the web browser presents the data to the customer.
This example illustrates a design pattern applicable to the client–server model: separation of concerns.
Early history[edit]
An early form of client–server architecture is remote job entry, dating at least to OS/360 (announced 1964), where the request was to run a job, and the response was the output.
While formulating the client–server model in the 1960s and 1970s, computer scientists building ARPANET (at the Stanford Research Institute) used the terms server-host (or serving host) and user-host (or using-host), and these appear in the early documents RFC 5[5] and RFC 4.[6] This usage was continued at Xerox PARC in the mid-1970s.
One context in which researchers used these terms was in the design of a computer network programming language called Decode-Encode Language (DEL).[5] The purpose of this language was to accept commands from one computer (the user-host), which would return status reports to the user as it encoded the commands in network packets. Another DEL-capable computer, the server-host, received the packets, decoded them, and returned formatted data to the user-host. A DEL program on the user-host received the results to present to the user. This is a client–server transaction. Development of DEL was just beginning in 1969, the year that the United States Department of Defense established ARPANET (predecessor of Internet).
Client-host and server-host[edit]
Client-host and server-host have subtly different meanings than client and server. A host is any computer connected to a network. Whereas the words server and client may refer either to a computer or to a computer program, server-host and user-host always refer to computers. The host is a versatile, multifunction computer; clients and servers are just programs that run on a host. In the client–server model, a server is more likely to be devoted to the task of serving.
An early use of the word client occurs in "Separating Data from Function in a Distributed File System", a 1978 paper by Xerox PARC computer scientists Howard Sturgis, James Mitchell, and Jay Israel. The authors are careful to define the term for readers, and explain that they use it to distinguish between the user and the user's network node (the client).[7] (By 1992, the word server had entered into general parlance.)[8][9]
Centralized computing[edit]
Further information: History of personal computers, Decentralized computing, and Computer cluster
The client–server model does not dictate that server-hosts must have more resources than client-hosts. Rather, it enables any general-purpose computer to extend its capabilities by using the shared resources of other hosts. Centralized computing, however, specifically allocates a large amount of resources to a small number of computers. The more computation is offloaded from client-hosts to the central computers, the simpler the client-hosts can be.[10] It relies heavily on network resources (servers and infrastructure) for computation and storage. A diskless node loads even its operating system from the network, and a computer terminal has no operating system at all; it is only an input/output interface to the server. In contrast, a fat client, such as a personal computer, has many resources, and does not rely on a server for essential functions.
As microcomputers decreased in price and increased in power from the 1980s to the late 1990s, many organizations transitioned computation from centralized servers, such as mainframes and minicomputers, to fat clients.[11] This afforded greater, more individualized dominion over computer resources, but complicated information technology management.[10][12][13] During the 2000s, web applications matured enough to rival application software developed for a specific microarchitecture. This maturation, more affordable mass storage, and the advent of service-oriented architecture were among the factors that gave rise to the cloud computing trend of the 2010s.[14]
Comparison with peer-to-peer architecture[edit]
In addition to the client–server model, distributed computing applications often use the peer-to-peer (P2P) application architecture.
In the client–server model, the server is often designed to operate as a centralized system that serves many clients. The computing power, memory and storage requirements of a server must be scaled appropriately to the expected work-load (i.e., the number of clients connecting simultaneously). Load-balancing and failover systems are often employed to scale the server implementation.[citation needed]
In a peer-to-peer network, two or more computers (peers) pool their resources and communicate in a decentralized system. Peers are coequal, or equipotent nodes in a non-hierarchical network. Unlike clients in a client–server or client–queue–client network, peers communicate with each other directly.[15] In peer-to-peer networking, an algorithm in the peer-to-peer communications protocol balances load, and even peers with modest resources can help to share the load.[15] If a node becomes unavailable, its shared resources remain available as long as other peers offer it. Ideally, a peer does not need to achieve high availability because other, redundant peers make up for any resource downtime; as the availability and load capacity of peers change, the protocol reroutes requests.
Both client-server and master-slave are regarded as sub-categories of distributed peer-to-peer systems.[16]
See also[edit]
Front and back ends
Modular programming
Observer pattern
Publish–subscribe pattern
Pull technology
Push technology
Remote procedure call
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "Distributed Application Architecture" (PDF). Sun Microsystem. Retrieved 2009-06-16.
Jump up ^ The X Window System is one example.
Jump up ^ Benatallah, B.; Casati, F.; Toumani, F. (2004). "Web service conversation modeling: A cornerstone for e-business automation". IEEE Internet Computing. 8: 46. doi:10.1109/MIC.2004.1260703.
Jump up ^ Dustdar, S.; Schreiner, W. (2005). "A survey on web services composition" (PDF). International Journal of Web and Grid Services. 1: 1. doi:10.1504/IJWGS.2005.007545.
^ Jump up to: a b Rulifson, Jeff (June 1969). DEL. IETF. RFC 5. https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5. Retrieved 30 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Shapiro, Elmer B. (March 1969). Network Timetable. IETF. RFC 4. https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4. Retrieved 30 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Sturgis, Howard E.; Mitchell, James George; Israel, Jay E. (1978). "Separating Data from Function in a Distributed File System". Xerox PARC.
Jump up ^ Harper, Douglas. "server". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 30 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "Separating data from function in a distributed file system". GetInfo. German National Library of Science and Technology. Retrieved 29 November 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Nieh, Jason; Novik, Naomi; Yang, S. Jae. [Deccmu.edu/~dga/papers/tolia06-ieee.pdf "A Comparison of Thin-Client Computing Architectures"] Check |url= value (help) (PDF). Technical Report CUCS-022-00. New York: Network Computing Laboratory, Columbia University.
Jump up ^ d'Amore, M. J.; Oberst, D. J. (1983). "Microcomputers and mainframes". Proceedings of the 11th annual ACM SIGUCCS conference on User services - SIGUCCS '83. p. 7. doi:10.1145/800041.801417. ISBN 0897911164.
Jump up ^ Tolia, Niraj; Andersen, David G.; Satyanarayanan, M. (March 2006). "Quantifying Interactive User Experience on Thin Clients" (PDF). Computer. IEEE Computer Society. 39 (3).
Jump up ^ Otey, Michael (22 March 2011). "Is the Cloud Really Just the Return of Mainframe Computing?". SQL Server Pro. Penton Media. Retrieved 1 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Barros, A. P.; Dumas, M. (2006). "The Rise of Web Service Ecosystems". IT Professional. 8 (5): 31. doi:10.1109/MITP.2006.123.
^ Jump up to: a b Yongsheng, H.; Xiaoyu, T.; Zhongbin, T. (2013). "An Optimization Model for the Interconnection among Peers of the P2P Network". Journal of Applied Sciences. 13 (5): 700. doi:10.3923/jas.2013.700.707.
Jump up ^ Varma, Vasudeva (2009). "1: Software Architecture Primer". Software Architecture: A Case Based Approach. Delhi: Pearson Education India. p. 29. ISBN 9788131707494. Retrieved 2017-07-04. Distributed Peer-to-Peer Systems [...] This is a generic style of which popular styles are the client-server and master-slave styles.
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5 Fingers
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For other uses, see 5 Fingers (disambiguation).
5 Fingers
Directed by
Joseph L. Mankiewicz
Produced by
Otto Lang
Screenplay by
Michael Wilson
Uncredited:
Joseph L. Mankiewicz
Based on
Der fall Cicero
1949 novel
by Ludwig Carl Moyzisch
Starring
James Mason
Danielle Darrieux
Michael Rennie
Music by
Bernard Herrmann
Cinematography
Norbert Brodine
Edited by
James B. Clark
Distributed by
20th Century Fox
Release date
February 22, 1952 (1952-02-22)
Running time
108 min.
Country
United States
Language
English
Box office
$1,350,000 (US rentals)[1]
5 Fingers, known also as Five Fingers, is a 1952 American spy film directed by Joseph L. Mankiewicz and produced by Otto Lang. The screenplay by Michael Wilson was based on the book Operation Cicero (Original German: Der Fall Cicero) (1950) by Ludwig Carl Moyzisch, Nazi commercial attaché at the German Embassy in Ankara (1943-44).[2] In the film, James Mason plays Ulysses Diello (Cicero), the character based on Elyesa Bazna. The rest of the cast includes Danielle Darrieux, Michael Rennie, Herbert Berghof and Walter Hampden.
The film is based on the true story of Albanian-born Bazna, one of the most famous spies of World War II. He worked for the Nazis in 1943–44 while he was employed as valet to the British ambassador to Turkey, Sir Hughe Montgomery Knatchbull-Hugessen. He used the code name Cicero. He would photograph top-secret documents and turn the films over to Franz von Papen, the former German chancellor, at that time German ambassador in Ankara, via the intermediary Moyzisch.
Contents
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Awards
4 Television adaptation
5 References
6 External links
Plot[edit]
In neutral Turkey in 1944, German ambassador Franz von Papen and his British counterpart Sir Frederic Taylor attend a reception. Von Papen encounters Countess Anna Staviska, who is a Frenchwoman and the widow of a pro-German Polish count. Now destitute, the countess volunteers to become a spy for a fee, but she is turned down.
A man approaches a German embassy attaché, Moyzisch, offering to provide von Papen with top-secret British documents for a price: 20,000 British pounds. What is not yet known by the Germans is that the man, Diello, is the personal valet to Sir Frederic as well as the former valet of the late count.
The documents taken from Sir Frederic's safe and photographed prove genuine. Diello is given the code name "Cicero" and asked to continue his subterfuge. Diello gives his money to Anna for safekeeping and pays her a portion of it, provided he be allowed to use her new villa as a meeting place for his transactions. When the valet also tells Anna his dream of living in South America together, she slaps his face. But she agrees to his conditions.
Moyzisch is summoned to Berlin by military officers suspicious of Cicero's true intent. Allied bombing of a Romanian oil refinery is carried out, exactly as Cicero's photographed documents had outlined. Colonel Von Richter is sent to Ankara to take over the negotiations with Cicero, while the British send a counter-intelligence man, Colin Travers, to identify the spy.
Anna's newfound wealth and previous willingness to become a spy cause her to fall under suspicion from Travers, who also rigs the ambassador's safe with a burglar alarm. Von Richter requests a document detailing an Allied operation called "Overlord." It is the D-Day invasion plan and Cicero wants 40,000 pounds for it.
Diello realizes that he could soon be killed by one side or captured by the other. He decides to leave for South America, only to discover that Anna has stolen all of his money and departed to Switzerland instead. A letter arrives from her to Sir Frederic that identifies his valet as the spy being paid by the Germans. Diello breaks into the safe and photographs the D-Day plans, and intercepts the letter, but when returning the plans to the safe, he sets off the alarm and must flee.
He now knows for certain how Anna feels toward him. Broke and on the run, Diello demands a 100,000-pound payment from the Germans for the photographs of the D-Day plans. He receives it, then manages to avoid getting killed or captured. A second malicious letter from Anna to the Germans misinforms them that the valet is a British spy, whereupon they dispose of the D-Day information as unreliable.
Diello escapes alone to Rio, where he is shown enjoying a new life of prosperity and freedom. Or at least he is until Brazilian authorities arrive to take him into custody because all his money is counterfeit, from Operation Bernhard. Anna's money in Switzerland, he finds out, is fake as well, which offers him consolation in his new, dark circumstances.
Cast[edit]
James Mason and Danielle Darrieux in Five Fingers (publicity shot)
James Mason as Ulysses Diello / Cicero (Elyesa Bazna)
Danielle Darrieux as Countess Anna Staviska
Michael Rennie as Colin Travers
Walter Hampden as Sir Frederic Taylor
Oskar Karlweis as Moyzisch
Herbert Berghof as Colonel von Richter
John Wengraf as Count Franz von Papen
Ben Astar as Siebert
Roger Plowden as McFadden
Awards[edit]
The film was nominated for two Academy Awards, Best Director for Mankiewicz and Best Screenplay for Wilson. Mankiewicz was also nominated for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures by the Directors Guild of America and Wilson was nominated for Best Written American Drama by the Writers Guild of America. He won the Golden Globe for Best Screenplay and the Edgar Award for Best Mystery Screenplay.
Television adaptation[edit]
Five Fingers was adapted into a 1959-1960 16-episode TV series, starring David Hedison and Luciana Paluzzi.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ 'Top Box-Office Hits of 1952', Variety, January 7, 1953
Jump up ^ Heatts, Dorothy J. "Footnote to Cicero". CIA.gov. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 5 January 2016.
Bazna published his own account of the events in his book, I Was Cicero, in 1962 (Bazna, Elyesa, with Hans Nogly. I Was Cicero. New York: Harper & Row, 1962)
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 5 Fingers.
5 Fingers on IMDb
5 Fingers at AllMovie
5 Fingers at the TCM Movie Database
5 Fingers at the American Film Institute Catalog
hide
v
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Films directed by Joseph L. Mankiewicz
Dragonwyck (1946)
Somewhere in the Night (1946)
The Late George Apley (1947)
The Ghost and Mrs. Muir (1947)
Escape (1948)
A Letter to Three Wives (1949)
House of Strangers (1949)
No Way Out (1950)
All About Eve (1950)
People Will Talk (1951)
5 Fingers (1952)
Julius Caesar (1953)
The Barefoot Contessa (1954)
Guys and Dolls (1955)
The Quiet American (1958)
Suddenly, Last Summer (1959)
Cleopatra (1963)
A Carol for Another Christmas (1964)
The Honey Pot (1967)
There Was a Crooked Man... (1970)
Sleuth (1972)
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text:
Northern Cape
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see North Cape (disambiguation).
Northern Cape
Noord-Kaap (in Afrikaans)
Kapa Bokone (in Tswana)
Mntla-Koloni (in Xhosa)
Province of South Africa

Coat of arms
Motto: Sa ǁa ǃaĩsi 'uĩsi (Strive for a better life)

Location of the Northern Cape in South Africa
Country
South Africa
Established
27 April 1994
Capital
Kimberley
Districts
List[hide]
Namakwa
Pixley ka Seme
Siyanda
Frances Baard
John Taolo Gaetsewe
Government
• Type
Parliamentary system
• Premier
Sylvia Lucas (ANC)
Area[1]:9
• Total
372,889 km2 (143,973 sq mi)
Area rank
1st in South Africa
Highest elevation
2,156 m (7,073 ft)
Lowest elevation
0 m (0 ft)
Population (2011)[1]:18[2]
• Total
1,145,861
• Estimate (2017)
1,214,000
• Rank
9th in South Africa
• Density
3.1/km2 (8.0/sq mi)
• Density rank
9th in South Africa
Population groups[1]:21
• Black African
50.4%
• Coloured
40.3%
• White
7.1%
• Indian or Asian
0.7%
Languages[1][dead link]:25
• Afrikaans
53.8%
• Tswana
33.1%
• Xhosa
5.3%
• English
3.4%
• Sotho
1.3%
Time zone
SAST (UTC+2)
ISO 3166 code
ZA-NC
Website
www.northern-cape.gov.za
The Northern Cape (Afrikaans: Noord-Kaap; Tswana: Kapa Bokone) is the largest and most sparsely populated province of South Africa. It was created in 1994 when the Cape Province was split up. Its capital is Kimberley. It includes the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park, part of the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park, an international park shared with Botswana. It also includes the Augrabies Falls and the diamond mining regions in Kimberley and Alexander Bay. The Namaqualand region in the west is famous for its Namaqualand daisies. The southern towns of De Aar and Colesberg, in the Great Karoo, are major transport nodes between Johannesburg, Cape Town and Port Elizabeth. In the northeast, Kuruman is known as a mission station and also for its artesian spring, the Eye of Kuruman. The Orange River flows through the province, forming the borders with the Free State in the southeast and with Namibia to the northwest. The river is also used to irrigate the many vineyards in the arid region near Upington.
Native speakers of Afrikaans comprise a higher percentage of the population in the Northern Cape than in any other province. The Northern Cape's four official languages are Afrikaans, Tswana, Xhosa, and English. Minorities speak the other official languages of South Africa, and a few people speak indigenous languages such as Nama and Khwe.
The provincial motto, Sa ǁa ǃaĩsi 'uĩsi ("We go to a better life"), is in the Nǀu language of the Nǁnǂe (ǂKhomani) people. It was given in 1997 by one of the language's last speakers, Ms. Elsie Vaalbooi of Rietfontein, who has since died. It was South Africa's first officially registered motto in a Khoisan language. Subsequently, South Africa's national motto, ǃKe e ǀxarra ǁke, was derived from the extinct Northern Cape ǀXam language.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Government
3 Political history
4 Geography
4.1 Rivers
5 Climate
6 Municipalities
7 Cities and towns
8 Economy of the Northern Cape
9 Demographics
10 See also
11 References
12 External links
History[edit]
Main article: History of the Northern Cape
The Northern Cape was one of three provinces carved out of the Cape Province in 1994, the others being Western Cape to the south and Eastern Cape to the southeast. Politically, it had been dominated since 1994 by the African National Congress (ANC).[3] Ethnic issues are important in the politics of the Northern Cape. For example, it is the site of the Orania settlement, whose leaders have called for a Volkstaat for the Afrikaner people in the province.
The Northern Cape is also the home of over 1,000 San who immigrated from Namibia following the independence of the country; they had served as trackers and scouts for the South African Defence Force during the South African Border War, and feared reprisals from their former foes. They were awarded a settlement in Platfontein in 1999 by the Mandela government.
The precolonial history of the Northern Cape is reflected in a rich, mainly Stone Age, archaeological heritage. Cave sites include Wonderwerk Cave near Kuruman, which has a uniquely long sequence stretching from the turn of the twentieth century at the surface to more than 1 million (and possibly nearly 2 million) years in its basal layer (where stone tools, occurring in very low density, may be Oldowan).[4] Many sites across the province, mostly in open air locales or in sediments alongside rivers or pans, document Earlier, Middle and Later Stone Age habitation. From Later Stone Age times, mainly, there is a wealth of rock art sites – most of which are in the form of rock engravings such as at Wildebeest Kuil and many sites in the area known as ǀXam -ka !kau, in the Karoo. They occur on hilltops, slopes, rock outcrops and occasionally (as in the case of Driekops Eiland near Kimberley), in a river bed.[5] In the north eastern part of the province there are sites attributable to the Iron Age such as Dithakong.[6] Environmental factors have meant that the spread of Iron Age farming westwards (from the 17th century – but dating from the early first millennium AD in the eastern part of South Africa) was constrained mainly to the area east of the Langeberg Mountains, but with evidence of influence as far as the Upington area in the eighteenth century. From that period the archaeological record also reflects the development of a complex colonial frontier when precolonial social formations were considerably disrupted and there is an increasing 'fabric heavy' imprint of built structures, ash-heaps, and so on. The copper mines of Namaqualand and the diamond rush to the Kimberley area resulted in industrial archaeological landscapes in those areas which herald the modern era in South African history.
Government[edit]
Main article: Government of the Northern Cape
The provincial government consists of a premier, an executive council of ten ministers, and a legislature. The provincial assembly and premier are elected for five-year terms, or until the next national election. Political parties are awarded assembly seats based on the percentage of votes each party receives in the province during the national elections. The assembly elects a premier, who then appoints the members of the executive council. The premier of the Northern Cape as of 2013 was Sylvia Lucas of the African National Congress.
Political history[edit]
The politics of the Northern Cape are dominated by the African National Congress (ANC), but their position has not been as strong as in many other provinces of South Africa. Initially, no party had an absolute majority. In 1994 the ANC's Manne Dipico became the first Premier of the Northern Cape after Ethne Papenfus, the sole elected representative of the Democratic Party (DP), voted with the ANC. In return, she was elected speaker of the legislature.[7]
The ANC increased its voter share in later elections and has remained firmly in charge of the province after 1999. Dipuo Peters replaced Dipico as Premier in 2004. The official opposition in the Northern Cape after the 2004 elections was the Democratic Alliance (DA), successor to the DP, which received 11% of the vote in the provincial ballot. The opposition's hopes of unseating the ANC has not had any success, even with the Congress of the People (COPE), a splinter party from the ANC, helping to split the vote in the election of 22 April 2009. Hazel Jenkins became Premier following the election, and COPE became the official opposition. Jenkins was later replaced by Sylvia Lucas in 2013.
The 2014 election saw the ANC returned to power once again with an increased mandate, while DA once again became official opposition, after the collapse of COPE.
Geography[edit]
See also: List of cities and towns in the Northern Cape
A waterfall situated a few kilometres north of Nieuwoudtville on the road to Loeriesfontein, in the Northern Cape (Namaqualand region).
The Northern Cape is South Africa's largest province, and distances between towns are enormous due to its sparse population. Its size is just shy of the size of the American state of Montana and slightly larger than that of Germany. The province is dominated by the Karoo Basin and consists mostly of sedimentary rocks and some Dolerite intrusions. The south and south-east of the province is high-lying, 1,200–1,900 metres (3,900–6,200 ft), in the Roggeveld and Nuweveld districts. The west coast is dominated by the Namaqualand region, famous for its spring flowers. This area is hilly to mountainous and consists of Granites and other metamorphic rocks. The central areas are generally flat with interspersed salt pans. Kimberlite intrusions punctuate the Karoo rocks, giving the province its most precious natural resource, Diamonds. The north is primarily Kalahari Desert, characterised by parallel red sand dunes and acacia tree dry savanna.
Northern Cape has a shoreline in the west on the South Atlantic Ocean. It borders the following areas of Namibia and Botswana:
ǁKaras Region, Namibia – northwest
Hardap Region, Namibia – far northwest
Kgalagadi District, Botswana – north
Domestically, it borders the following provinces:
North West – northeast
Free State – east
Eastern Cape – southeast
Western Cape – south and southwest
Rivers[edit]
The major river system is the Orange (or Gariep) River Basin, draining the interior of South Africa westwards into the Atlantic Ocean. (The political philosopher Neville Alexander has used the idea of the ‘Garieb’ as a metaphor for nationhood in South Africa, a flowing together, in preference to the rainbow metaphor where the diverse colours remain distinct).[8] The principal tributary of the Orange is the Vaal River, which flows through part of the Northern Cape from the vicinity of Warrenton. The Vaal, in turn, has tributaries within the province: the Harts River and the Riet River, which has its own major tributary, the Modder River.
Above the Orange-Vaal confluence, the Seekoei River drains part of the northeastern Karoo into the Orange River above the Van der Kloof Dam. Next downstream from the Orange-Vaal confluence is the Brak River, which flows non-perennially from the south and is in turn fed by the Ongers River, rising in the vicinities of Hanover and Richmond respectively. Along the Orange River near the town of Kakamas, the Hartebeest River drains the central Karoo. Above Kenhardt the Hartebeest is known as the Sak River, which has its source on the northern side of the escarpment, southeast of Williston. Further downstream from Kakamas, below the Augrabies Falls, and seldom actually flowing into the Orange River, is the Molopo River, which comes down from the Kalahari in the north. With its tributary, the Nossob River, it defines part of the international boundary between South Africa and Botswana. Further tributaries of the Molopo River include the Kuruman River, fed by the Moshaweng River and Kgokgole River, and the Matlhwaring River. Flowing west into the Atlantic, in Namaqualand, is the Buffels River and, further south, the Groen River.[citation needed]
Climate[edit]
Windmills in Namaqualand, Northern Cape
Mostly arid to semi-arid, few areas in the province receive more than 400 mm (16 in) of rainfall per annum and the average annual rainfall over the province is 202 mm (8.0 in).[9] Rainfall generally increases from west to east from a minimum average of 20 mm (0.79 in) to a maximum of 540 mm (21 in) per year. The west experiences most rainfall in winter, while the east receives most of its moisture from late summer thunderstorms. Many areas experience extreme heat, with the hottest temperatures in South Africa measured along the Namibian border. Summers maximums are generally 30 °C (86 °F) or higher, sometimes higher than 40 °C (104 °F). Winters are usually frosty and clear, with southern areas sometimes becoming bitterly cold, such as Sutherland, which often receives snow and temperatures occasionally drop below the −10 °C (14 °F) mark.
Kimberley averages: January maximum: 33 °C (91 °F) (min: 18 °C (64 °F)), June maximum: 18 °C (64 °F) (min: 3 °C (37 °F)), annual precipitation: 414 mm (16.3 in)
Springbok averages: January maximum: 30 °C (86 °F) (min: 15 °C (59 °F)), July maximum: 17 °C (63 °F) (min: 7 °C (45 °F)), annual precipitation: 195 mm (7.7 in)
Sutherland averages: January maximum: 27 °C (81 °F) (min: 9 °C (48 °F)), July maximum: 13 °C (55 °F) (min: −3 °C (27 °F)), annual precipitation: 237 mm (9.3 in)
Municipalities[edit]
The Northern Cape Province is divided into five district municipalities, which are subdivided into 27 local municipalities.
Frances Baard District
Sol Plaatje
Dikgatlong
Magareng
Phokwane
John Taolo Gaetsewe District
Moshaweng
Ga-Segonyana
Gamagara
Namakwa District
Richtersveld
Nama Khoi
Kamiesberg
Hantam
Karoo Hoogland
Khâi-Ma
Pixley ka Seme District
Ubuntu
Umsobomvu
Emthanjeni
Kareeberg
Renosterberg
Thembelihle
Siyathemba
Siyancuma
ZF Mgcawu District (formerly Siyanda)
Kai !Garib
//Dawid Kruiper
!Kheis
Tsantsabane
Kgatelopele
Cities and towns[edit]
Main article: List of cities and towns in the Northern Cape
Springbok viewed from the old cemetery
Population 50,000+
Kimberley
Upington
Population 10,000+
Douglas
Barkly West
Colesberg
De Aar
Jan Kempdorp
Kathu
Kuruman
Postmasburg
Prieska
Springbok
Victoria West
Warrenton
Population < 10,000
Orania
Carnarvon
Garies
Griekwastad
Groblershoop
Hartswater
Keimoes
Kakamas
Pofadder
Port Nolloth
Strydenburg
Sutherland
Vanderkloof
Economy of the Northern Cape[edit]
See also: Economy of the Northern Cape
As reported by the Northern Cape Provincial Government, unemployment still remains a big issue in the province. Unemployment was reported to be at 24.9% during Q4, 2013. Unemployment also declined from 119,000 in Q4, 2012 to 109,000 in Q4, 2013.[10]
The Northern Cape is also home to the much acclaimed SKA (Square Kilometer Array) which is located 75 km North-West of Carnarvon.
The economy of the Northern Cape relies heavily on two sectors, namely Mining and Agriculture, which employs 57% (Tertiary Sector) of all employees in the province.
See also: Northern Cape wine
Most famous for the diamond mines around Kimberley, the Northern Cape also has a substantial agricultural area around the Orange River, including most of South Africa's sultana vineyards. Some Wine of Origin areas have been demarcated. The Orange River also attracts visitors who enjoy rafting tours around Vioolsdrif. Extensive sheep raising is the basis of the economy in the southern Karoo areas of the province.
Demographics[edit]
Population density in the Northern Cape
<1 /km2
1–3 /km2
3–10 /km2
10–30 /km2
30–100 /km2
100–300 /km2
300–1000 /km2
1000–3000 /km2
>3000 /km2
Dominant home languages in the Northern Cape
Afrikaans
English
Xhosa
Tswana
No language dominant
About 68% of the population are first-language Afrikaans speakers, other primary languages being Setswana, Xhosa and English.[citation needed] To the extent that apartheid-era population classification persists, the majority of the Northern Cape population is characterised as Coloured.[11]
People who self-identify as San people, some of whom retain distinct indigenous cultural elements such as Khoisan languages, but no longer subsist by hunting and gathering, live in the Northern Cape.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
Northern Cape Provincial Legislature
Griqualand West
List of Speakers of the Northern Cape Provincial Legislature
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Census 2011: Census in brief (PDF). Pretoria: Statistics South Africa. 2012. ISBN 9780621413885.
Jump up ^ Mid-year population estimates, 2017 (PDF) (Report). Statistics South Africa. 31 July 2017. p. 2. Retrieved 3 August 2017.
Jump up ^ sahoboss (2011-03-31). "Northern Cape". www.sahistory.org.za. Retrieved 2017-07-13.
Jump up ^ Beaumont, P.B., & Vogel, J.C. 2006. On a timescale for the past million years of human history in central South Africa. South African Journal of Science 102:217–228; Chazan, M., Ron, H., Matmon, A., Porat, N., Goldberg, P., Yates, R., Avery, M., Sumner, A., & Horwitz, L.K. 2008. Radiometric dating of the Earlier Stone Age sequence in Excavation I at Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa: preliminary results. Journal of Human Evolution 55:1–11.
Jump up ^ Parkington, J. Morris, D. & Rusch, N. 2008. Karoo rock engravings. Clanwilliam: Krakadouw Trust
Jump up ^ Morris, D. & Beaumont, P. 2004. Archaeology in the Northern Cape: some key sites. Kimberley: McGregor Museum.
Jump up ^ Sunday Times. 8 May 1994. The country's legislators vow they will serve new SA
Jump up ^ Alexander, Neville. 2002. An ordinary country, pp 106–107
Jump up ^ Dent, M.C., Lynch, S.D. & Schulze, R.E. 1989. Mapping Mean Annual and Other Rainfall Statistics over Southern Africa. Water Research Commission, Petoria. WRC Report 109/1/89.
Jump up ^ http://economic.ncape.gov.za/index.php?option=com_phocadownload&view=category&id=3&Itemid=365
Jump up ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 June 2011. Retrieved 2 August 2011.
External links[edit]
Northern Cape Tourism
NC Provincial Government
[show]
v
t
e
Province of the Northern Cape
Capital and largest city: Kimberley
Population: 1,096,731 (2011)
Land area: 372,889 km2
Topics
History
Government
Politics
Economy
Climate
Ecology
Government
Premier
Legislature
High Court
Municipalities
Regions
Diamond Fields
Great Karoo
Kalahari Desert
Namaqualand
Orange River Valley
Cities and
major towns
Kimberley
Postmasburg
Jan Kempdorp
De Aar
Douglas
Colesberg
Prieska
Danielskuil
Kuruman
Springbok
[show]
v
t
e
Administrative divisions of South Africa
Capitals: Pretoria (executive)
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Provinces
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List of municipalities in South Africa
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Coordinates: 30°S 22°E / 30°S 22°E / -30; 22
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Northern_Cape&oldid=803877849"
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Coat of arms of Northern Cape

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Siyanda District Municipality

values: John Taolo Gaetsewe District Municipality

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Kimberley, South Africa

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Kalahari Gemsbok National Park

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Transboundary Protected Area

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Great Karoo

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Artesian spring

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National motto

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Stone tools

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values: List of cities and towns in the Northern Cape

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Metamorphic rocks

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Moshaweng Local Municipality

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Kai !Garib Local Municipality

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!Kheis Local Municipality

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/wiki/Upington,_Northern_Cape
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Upington, Northern Cape

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Northern Cape wine

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Wine of Origin

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/wiki/Setswana_language
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Setswana language

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values: Climate of the Northern Cape (page does not exist)

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values: List of municipalities in the Northern Cape

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Diamond Fields

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values: كيب الشمالية – Arabic

values: Северен Кейп – Bulgarian

values: Provincia Septentrional del Cabo – Spanish

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values: 노던케이프 주 – Korean

values: Հյուսիսային Քեյփ – Armenian

values: उत्तरी केप प्रान्त – Hindi

values: Provincia del Capo Settentrionale – Italian

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values: Caput boreale (Africa Australis) – Latin

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values: Северо-Капская провинция – Russian

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Kuzey Kap – Turkish
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