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Philippines–United States relations
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Philippines – United States relations

Philippines

United States
Diplomatic Mission
Philippine Embassy, Washington, D.C.
United States Embassy, Manila
Envoy
Ambassador Jose Manuel Romualdez
Ambassador Sung Kim
Philippines – United States relations are bilateral relations between the United States of America and its former colony, the Republic of the Philippines. The relationship between the United States and the Philippines has historically been strong and has been described as a Special Relationship.[1] The current Philippine president Rodrigo Duterte, however, is supportive of a foreign policy that is less dependent on the United States, favoring one that prioritizes closer relations with China instead.[2] The Philippines is one of the oldest Asian partners of the U.S. and a strategically major non-NATO ally. The United States was consistently ranked as one of the Philippines' favorite nations in the world, with 90% of Filipinos viewing the U.S. and 91% viewing Americans favorably in 2002,[3][4] 90% of Filipinos viewing U.S. influence positively in 2011,[5] 85% of Filipinos viewing the U.S. and Americans favorably in 2013,[6] and 92% of Filipinos viewing the U.S. favorably in 2015,[7] and 94% having confidence in United States president, Barack Obama,[8] making the Philippines the most pro-American country in the world.[9] On October 20, 2016, the President of the Philippines announced a "separation" from the United States, both militarily and economically, in favor of alliances with China and Russia.[10]
This article discusses Philippine–American relations after Philippine independence from the United States in 1946, while the article History of the Philippines (1898–1946) describes the history of the Philippines during American colonial rule.
Contents
[hide]
1 Country comparison
2 Military agreements
2.1 Bases era (1947–91)
2.2 Visiting Forces Agreement
2.3 Annual military exercises
2.4 Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement
3 Trade and investment
4 Security
5 Diplomatic relations
6 Relations under Duterte's Administration
7 See also
8 References
8.1 Bibliography
9 External links
Country comparison[edit]
Official Name
Republic of the Philippines
[show] United States of America
Coat of Arms
Flag
National Motto Maka-Diyos, Maka-Tao, Makakalikasan at Makabansa In God We Trust
National Anthem Lupang Hinirang The Star-Spangled Banner
Population 100,981,437 325,192,000
Area 300,000 km2 (120,000 sq mi) 9,820,630 km2 (3,791,770 sq mi)
Population Density 202/km2 (520/sq mi) 35/km2 (91/sq mi)
Time zones 1 9
Capital Manila Washington, D.C.
Largest City Quezon City – 2,936,116 New York City – 8,600,710
Government Unitary presidential constitutional republic Federal presidential constitutional republic
Party System Multi-party system Two-party system
Established 12 June 1898
4 July 1946 (Fully Recognized) 4 July 1776
3 September 1783 (Fully Recognized)
Predecessor States Spanish Colonial Period (1521–1898)
Spanish East Indies (1565–1898)
British Manila (1762–1764)
Sovereign Tagalog Nation (1896–1897)
Republic of Biak-na-Bato (1897)
American Colonial Period (1898–1946)
Military Government of the Philippine Islands (1898–1902)
Philippine Republic (1899–1902)
Insular Government of the Philippine Islands (1901–1935)
Tagalog Republic (1902–1906)
Commonwealth of the Philippines (1935–1946)
Japanese-sponsored Philippine Republic (1943–1945)
Post–Colonial Period (1946–present)
Republic of the Philippines
Third Republic of the Philippines (1946–1972)
Martial Law in the Philippines (1972–1981)
Fourth Republic of the Philippines (1981–1986)
Provisional Government of the Republic of the Philippines (1986) (1986–1987)
Fifth Republic of the Philippines (1987–present)
European Colonial Period (1607–1783)
British America and West Indies (1607–1783)
Viceroyalty of New Spain (1521–1821)
Colony of New France (1534–1763)
Colony of New Netherland (1614–1674)
Colony of New Sweden (1638–1655)
Russian America (1784–1867)
Kingdom of Hawaii (1795–1893)
Post–Colonial Period (1776–present)
United States of America
Revolutionary/Critical Period (1776–1789)
Expansion Period (1789–1849)
Industrialization/Civil-war Period (1849–1865)
Reconstruction/Gilded/Progressive Period (1865–1918)
Post–WWI/Great Depression/WWII Period (1918–1945)
Cold-war Period (1945–1991)
Post–Cold-war Period (1991–2008)
Contemporary Period (2008–present)
First Leader Emilio Aguinaldo George Washington
Current Leader President: Rodrigo Duterte (PDP-Laban) President: Donald Trump (Republican)
Current Deputy Vice President: Leni Robredo (Liberal) Vice President: Mike Pence (Republican)
Legislature Congress Congress
Upper house Senate:
Senate President: Aquilino Pimentel III (PDP-Laban)
Senate President pro tempore: Ralph Recto (Liberal)
Majority Leader: Vicente Sotto III (NPC)
Minority Leader: Franklin Drilon (Liberal) Senate:
Senate President: Mike Pence (Republican)
Senate President pro tempore: Orrin Hatch (Republican)
Majority Leader: Mitch McConnell (Republican)
Minority Leader: Chuck Schumer (Democrat)
Lower house House of Representatives:
Speaker: Pantaleon Alvarez (PDP-Laban)
Majority Floor Leader: Rodolfo Fariñas (Nacionalista)
Minority Floor Leader: Danilo E. Suarez (Lakas) House of Representatives:
Speaker: Paul Ryan (Republican)
Majority Leader: Kevin McCarthy (Republican)
Minority Leader: Nancy Pelosi (Democrat)
Judiciary Supreme Court
Chief Justice: Maria Lourdes Sereno Supreme Court
Chief Justice: John Roberts
National language Filipino (de jure) English (de facto)
GDP (nominal) US$311.687 billion ($7,846 per capita) US$16.245 trillion ($51,704 per capita)
Leaders of the two states (1936-1972)

Leaders of the two states (1972-present)
Military agreements[edit]
The US Embassy in Manila.
The Philippine Embassy in Washington, D.C..
President Elpidio Quirino with Harry S. Truman at the White House, 1951.
President Ferdinand Marcos and First Lady Imelda Marcos with Ronald Reagan during a state visit at the White House, 1982
Bases era (1947–91)[edit]
A 1947 Military Bases Agreement,[11] gave the United States a 99-year lease on a number of Philippine military and naval bases in which U.S. authorities had virtual territorial rights.[12] In August of 1951, a mutual defense treaty (MDT) was signed between representatives of the Philippines and the United States. The overall accord contained eight articles and dictated that both nations would support each other if either the Philippines or the United States were to be attacked by an external party. An amendment to the bases agreement in 1966 reduced its 99 year term to 25 years.[13] In 1979, sfter two years of negotiation, the bases agreement was renewed with some amendments.[14]
Pursuant to the bases agreement, the United States maintained and operated major facilities at Clark Air Base until November 1991,[15] and at Subic Bay Naval Complex and several small subsidiary installations in the Philippines until November 1992. In July 1991, negotiators from the two countries reached agreement on a draft treaty providing for the clean-up and turn over of Clark to the Philippine government in 1992, and for the lease of Subic Bay Naval Base by the U.S. for ten years.[16] By 1991, operations at Clark had already been scaled back because of the end of the Cold War, with the last combat aircraft leaving in 1990, before the base was heavily damaged by the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo.[17]
On September 16, 1991, the Philippine Senate rejected renewal of the bases agreement by a slim margin,[13] and despite further efforts to salvage the situation, the two sides could not reach an agreement. As a result, the Philippine Government informed the U.S. on December 6, 1991, that it would have one year to complete withdrawal. That withdrawal went smoothly and was completed ahead of schedule, with the last U.S. forces departing on November 24, 1992. On departure, the U.S. Government turned over assets worth more than $1.3 billion to the Philippines, including an airport and ship-repair facility. Agencies formed by the Philippine Government have converted the former military bases for civilian commercial use, with Subic Bay serving as a flagship for that effort. The Philippine government on July 16, 2015 announced that it will revive a US-built deep-water naval base in Subic Bay[18] The vote resulted in 11 senators in favor of extending the treaty, and 12 senators in favor of suppressing it. The list of senators who voted for the bases treaty are as follows:
Voted to extend
Voted against extending
Heherson "Sonny" Alvarez
Edgardo "Ed" Angara
Neptali Gonzales
Ernesto "Boy" Herrera
Jose "Joey" Lina, Jr.
John Henry "Sonny" Osmena
Vicente Paterno
Santanina Rasul
Alberto Romulo
Leticia "Letty" Ramos Shahani
Mamintal Tamano
Agapito "Butz" Aquino
Juan Ponce Enrile
Joseph "Erap" Estrada
Teofisto "Tito" Guingona, Jr.
Sotero Laurel
Ernesto "Ernie" Maceda, Sr.
Orlando "Orly" Mercado
Aquilino "Nene" Pimentel Jr.
Rene Saguisag
Jovito "Jovy" Salonga
Wigberto "Bobby" Tanada
Victor Ziga
Visiting Forces Agreement[edit]
Main article: Philippines–United States Visiting Forces Agreement
The post-U.S. bases era has seen U.S.-Philippine relations improved and broadened, with a prominent focus on economic and commercial ties while maintaining the importance of the security dimension. U.S. investment continues to play an important role in the Philippine economy, while a strong security relationship rests on the Mutual Defense Treaty of 1951. In February 1998, U.S. and Philippine negotiators concluded the Visiting Forces Agreement (VFA), paving the way for increased military cooperation under the MDT. The agreement was approved by the Philippine Senate in May 1999 and entered into force on June 1, 1999. Under the VFA, the U.S. has conducted ship visits to Philippine ports and has resumed large combined military exercises with Philippine forces. Key events in the bilateral relationship include the July 4, 1996 declaration by President Ramos of Philippine-American Friendship Day in commemoration of the 50th anniversary of Philippine independence. Ramos visited the U.S. in April 1998, and then-President Estrada visited in July 2000. President Arroyo met with President Bush in an official working visit in November 2001 and made a state visit in Washington on May 19, 2003. President Bush made a state visit to the Philippines on October 18, 2003, during which he addressed a joint session of the Philippine Congress—the first American President to do so since Dwight D. Eisenhower. There are regular U.S. cabinet-level and congressional visits to the Philippines as well.
President Arroyo repeatedly stressed the close friendship between the Philippines and the U.S. and her desire to expand bilateral ties further. Both governments tried to revitalize and strengthen their partnership by working toward greater security, prosperity, and service to Filipinos and Americans alike. Inaugurated into office on the same day as President Bush, President Arroyo lent strong support to the Global War on Terrorism. In October 2003, the U.S. designated the Philippines as a Major non-NATO ally. That same month, the Philippines joined the select group of countries to have ratified all 12 UN counterterrorism conventions.
Annual military exercises[edit]
Main article: Balikatan
The annual Balikatan (Shoulder-to-Shoulder) bilateral military exercises contribute directly to the Philippine armed forces' efforts to root out Abu Sayyaf and Jemaah Islamiyah terrorists and bring development to formerly terrorist-plagued areas, notably Basilan and Jolo. They include not only combined military training but also civil-military affairs and humanitarian projects. The International Military Education and Training (IMET) program is the largest in the Pacific and the third-largest in the world, and a Mutual Logistics Support Agreement (MLSA) was signed in November 2002. Similarly, law enforcement cooperation has reached new levels: U.S. and Philippine agencies have cooperated to bring charges against numerous terrorists, to implement the countries' extradition treaty, and to train thousands of Filipino law enforcement officers. There is a Senior Law Enforcement Advisor helping the Philippine National Police with its Transformation Program.
The U.S. works closely with the Philippines to reduce poverty and increase prosperity.[citation needed] The U.S. fully supports Philippine efforts to root out corruption, to open economic opportunity, and to invest in health and education. USAID programs support the 'Philippines' war on poverty as well as the government's reform agenda in critical areas, including anti-money laundering, rule of law, tax collection, and trade and investment. Other USAID programs have bolstered the government's efforts to heal divisions in Philippine society through a focus on conflict resolution, livelihood enhancement for former combatants, and economic development in Mindanao and the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao, among the poorest areas in the country. Meanwhile, important programs continue in modern family planning, infectious disease control, environmental protection, rural electrification, and provision of basic services—as well as PL 480 food aid programs and others, which together totaled $211.3 million. In 2006, the Millennium Challenge Corporation granted $21 million to the Philippines for a threshold program addressing corruption in revenue administration.
Nearly 400,000 Americans visit the Philippines each year. Providing government services to U.S. and other citizens, therefore, constitutes an important aspect of the bilateral relationship. Those services include veterans' affairs, social security, and consular operations. Benefits to Filipinos from the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs and the Social Security Administration totaled $297,389,415 in 2006. Many people-to-people programs exist between the U.S. and the Philippines, including Fulbright, International Visitors, and Aquino Fellowship exchange programs, as well as the U.S. Peace Corps.
Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement[edit]
Main article: Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement
The Agreement on Enhanced Defense Cooperation is a ten-page document containing a preamble and 12 articles, that was signed on April 28, 2014. It is a framework agreement that raises the scope of the 1951 MDT.
The Preamble to the EDCA refers to the obligations of the Philippines and the United States, under both the Charter of the United Nations and the MDT, to settle international disputes by peaceful means, not to endanger international peace and security, and to refrain from the threat or use of force “in any manner inconsistent with the purposes of the United Nations.”
Importantly, the Preamble notes that both parties “share an understanding for the United States not to establish a permanent military presence or base in the territory of the Philippines.” The Preamble later concludes, “all United States access to and use of facilities and areas will be at the invitation of the Philippines and with full respect for the Philippines Constitution and Philippine laws.[19]
Trade and investment[edit]
Filipino soldiers painting a US and Philippine flag.
Two-way U.S. merchandise trade with the Philippines amounted to $17.3 billion in 2006 (U.S. Department of Commerce data). According to Philippine Government data, 16% of the Philippines' imports in 2006 came from the U.S., and about 18% of its exports were bound for America. The Philippines ranks as the 26th-largest export market and the 30th-largest supplier of the United States. Key exports to the U.S. are semiconductor devices and computer peripherals, automobile parts, electric machinery, textiles and garments, wheat and animal feeds, and coconut oil. In addition to other goods, the Philippines imports raw and semi-processed materials for the manufacture of semiconductors, electronics and electrical machinery, transport equipment, and cereals and cereal preparations.
The U.S. traditionally has been the Philippines' largest foreign investor, with about $6.6 billion in estimated investment as of end-2005 (U.S. Department of Commerce data). Since the late 1980s, the Philippines has committed itself to reforms that encourage foreign investment as a basis for economic development, subject to certain guidelines and restrictions in specified areas. Under President Ramos, the Philippines expanded reforms, opening the power generation and telecommunications sectors to foreign investment, as well as securing ratification of the Uruguay Round agreement and membership in the World Trade Organization. As noted earlier, President Arroyo's administration has generally continued such reforms despite opposition from vested interests and "nationalist" blocs. A major obstacle has been and will continue to be constitutional restrictions on, among others, foreign ownership of land and public utilities, which limits maximum ownership to 40%.
Over the last two decades, the relatively closed Philippine economy has been opened significantly by foreign exchange deregulation, foreign investment and banking liberalization, tariff and market barrier reduction, and foreign entry into the retail trade sector. The Electric Power Industry Reform Act of 2001 opened opportunities for U.S. firms to participate in the power industry in the Philippines. Information and communications technologies, backroom operations such as call centers, and regional facilities or shared-service centers are likewise leading investment opportunities.
During the visit by President Benigno Aquino III to Washington DC, on July 7, 2012, the US-Philippine Society was launched. It is a non-profit independent organisation tasked for generating awareness about the Philippines in the US. The last board meeting was conducted by the society on January 24, 2013.[20]
In its 2013 Special 301 Report, the Office of the United States Trade Representatives wrote "The United States looks to the Philippines to take important steps to address piracy over the internet, in particular with respect to notorious online markets".[21] It is speculated that pressure from the United States contributed to the complaint filed by Philippine Association of the Record Industry against the torrent website KickassTorrents, resulting in its seizure by Philippine authorities on June 13, 2013.[22]
Security[edit]
U.S. Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs Kurt M. Campbell said in January 2011 that the United States will help boost the capacity of the Philippines to patrol their own waters, including the Spratly islands.[23]
The 1951 mutual-defense treaty was reaffirmed with the November 2011 Manila Declaration.[24][25] United States Chief of Naval Operations Admiral Jonathan Greenert suggested that LCS or surveillance aircraft may be deployed to the Philippines.[26] And the Philippines is considering the proposal.[27] These "rotational deployments" will help replace some of the American presence in the area that was given up when the permanent American bases in the Philippines were closed under President Bush.[28]
In 2012 the Philippines and the United States conducted joint military exercises.[29] As of 2012, a U.S. military contingent of 600, including Navy Seals and Seabees are stationed "indefinitely" in the Southern Philippines, in a declared non-combatant role to assist the Armed Forces of the Philippines in operations against the al-Quaida-linked Abu Sayyaf terrorist group primarily on the island of Basilan in western Mindanao and the Sulu islands, in particular Jolo, a long-time stronghold of Abu Sayyaf.[30]
The Scarborough Shoal standoff with China and the ongoing Spratly islands dispute has caused the Philippines to consider stronger military ties with the United States. In 2012, a senior Philippine defense official said that as long as they have prior clearance from the Philippine government, American troops, warships and aircraft could once again use their former naval and air facilities of Subic Bay Naval Base and Clark Air Base.[31] In 2013, Foreign Secretary, Albert del Rosario clarified that, due to constitutional constraints, establishment of a US military facility could only be allowed if it would be under the control of the Philippine military.[32] The deal will reportedly include shared access to Philippines military but not civilian facilities.[33]
During a 2013 visit to the Philippines, Defense Secretary, Ashton Carter said that the main security issues that the USA was working with the Philippines were:
Maritime domain awareness,
building up the capacities of the Armed Forces of the Philippines,
and counter terrorism.[34]
In April 2014, a ten-year pact (EDCA – Enhanced Defence Co-operation Agreement)[35] was signed between the U.S. President, Barack Obama and the Philippine President, Benigno Aquino III, allowing United States to increase military presence in the Philippines.[36][37][38][39]
The Joint US Military Assistance Group (JUSMAG) handed over weapons to the Philippine Marine Corps.The equipment includes 300 M4 carbines, 200 Glock 21 pistols, 4 M134D Gatling-style machine guns, and 100 M203 grenade launchers, the US embassy in Manila said in a 5 June statement. The JUSMAG also delivered 25 new Combat Rubber Raiding Craft with outboard motors to PMC headquarters in Taguig, where PMC commandant Major General Emmanuel Salamat formally accepted delivery of the weapons during a transfer ceremony on 5 June.The equipment was delivered amidst the Marawi Crisis.[40]
Diplomatic relations[edit]
The U.S. maintains an embassy in Manila and a consulate in Cebu. The American Business Center, which houses the Foreign Commercial Service and the Foreign Agricultural Service, is located in Makati City. The Philippine government maintains an embassy in Washington, D.C. as well as several consulates throughout the United States.
Relations under Duterte's Administration[edit]
Duterte with U.S. President Donald Trump in Manila, November 13, 2017
After President Rodrigo Duterte formally assumed the office on June 30, 2016, the US-Philippine relations began to sour. The drift between the Duterte and Obama relationship began when the U.S. President expressed his concern over human rights issues on President Duterte’s “War on Criminality and Drugs”. According to a statement issued by the White House, Obama commended the country for its "vibrant democracy." But he also highlighted "enduring values" that underpinned their "longstanding ties," including "shared commitments to democracy, human rights and rule of law."[41] This intervention and President Duterte’s choice of words while speaking about President Obama during a press conference, where he infamously called him “a son of a whore” resulted in a canceled meeting between the two leaders during the 2016 ASEAN summit held in Laos.[42]
A few weeks after, Duterte suggested American special forces to cease its operations and leave Mindanao. He cited the killings of Muslim Filipinos during a U.S. pacification campaign in the early 1900s, which he said were at the root of the long restiveness by minority Muslims in the largely Catholic nation’s south.[43] It was only during his official visit to Vietnam last September 28, 2016 when he explicitly expressed that he wants an end to the Philippines' joint military exercises with the United States, saying the upcoming scheduled war games will be the last under his term, while adding that he will continue to uphold the Philippines' treaties with the US.[44]
As of October 2016[update], despite Duterte's shift of foreign policy to China from US, Filipinos still had low approval and trust rate in China compared to the US which continued to hold high trust and approval ratings.[45] On former president's Fidel Ramos' resignation as special envoy to China, he stated that he didn't like Duterte's treatment of US president Obama.[46]
Duterte later said following the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election that he will stop quarrels with the US following President-elect Donald Trump's victory.[47]
See also[edit]
Filipino American
Philippine Division
American settlement in the Philippines
Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act
The Nutshack
CIA activities in the Philippines
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ Opinion of the United States – Philippines Pew Research Center
Jump up ^ Opinion of Americans – Philippines Pew Research Center
Jump up ^ Views of US Continue to Improve in 2011 BBC Country Rating Poll BBC
Jump up ^ Santos, Matikas (April 22, 2014). "85% of Filipinos love US – survey". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Philippines. Retrieved May 13, 2015.
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Subramanian, Courtney (July 19, 2013). "Pakistan Is No Fan of the U.S., But the Philippines Still Likes Us". Time. United States. Retrieved May 13, 2015.
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^ Jump up to: a b "PHILIPPINE SENATE VOTES TO REJECT U.S. BASE RENEWAL". The New York Times. September 16, 1991.
Jump up ^ Rodriguez, Dylan (2010). Suspended Apocalypse: White Supremacy, Genocide, and the Filipino Condition. U of Minnesota Press. p. 892. ISBN 978-0-8166-5349-2.
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Jump up ^ Broder, John M. (July 18, 1991). "U.S. Reaches Accord With Manila, Will Leave Clark Air Base : Philippines: Volcano causes abandonment of field. But Americans will keep Subic Naval Base for 10 years". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 12, 2011.
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Jump up ^ "Reopening of US naval base in PH could fuel South China Sea". investvine.com. Retrieved 2015-11-14.
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Jump up ^ "Top US firms meet to analyse Philippines". Investvine.com. March 1, 2013. Retrieved 2013-03-05.
Jump up ^ 2013 Special 301 Report, Office of the United States Trade Representative.
Jump up ^ "KickassTorrents Domain Seized After Music Industry Complaint - TorrentFreak". June 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ "U.S. Pledges Help For Philippine Navy" AFP, January 27, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Clinton on Manila Declaration". Embassy of the United States, Manila.
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Jump up ^ "U.S. Navy may station ships in Singapore, Philippines." Reuters, December 16, 2011.
Jump up ^ "PHL studying US offer to deploy spy planes — Gazmin." GMA Network, January 27, 2012.
Jump up ^ Weisgerber, Marcus. "U.S. Will Lean on Technology As Asia-Pacific Pivot Continues: Panetta." Defense News, May 10, 2012.
Jump up ^ Whaley, Floyd (April 29, 2012). "Philippines Role May Grow as U.S. Adjusts Asia Strategy". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Vaughn, Bruce (November 1, 2010). "Terrorism in Southeast Asia". DIANE Publishing – via Google Books.
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Jump up ^ "Welcome more US troops–Del Rosario.", Philippine Daily Inquirer, April 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ Keck, Zachary (March 14, 2014). "US-Philippines Reach Deal on US Military Access". thediplomat.com. The Diplomat. Retrieved March 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ Pike, John. "Carter: U.S., Philippines Enjoy 'Longstanding' Alliance".
Jump up ^ Dizon, Nikko (April 13, 2014). "Defense accord with US a 'security cover' for PH". The Philippine Inquirer. Retrieved April 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ "FACT SHEET: United States-Philippines Bilateral Relations". Press release – White House. Office of the Press Secretary. Retrieved April 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ Lowe, Aya (April 27, 2014). "Military bases at centre of Philippines-US relationship". The National. Retrieved April 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ Sison, Jose (April 28, 2014). "US and Philippines: How strategic is the partnership?". Al Jazeera. Retrieved April 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ Freeman, Colin (April 27, 2014). "Philippines to sign security pact with US". The Telegraph. Retrieved April 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ "US delivers M4 carbines, M203 grenade launchers to Philippines for counter-terrorism operations | Jane's 360". www.janes.com. Retrieved 2017-06-06.
Jump up ^ "Readout of the President's Call with President-elect Rodrigo Duterte of the Philippines". 2016-05-17. Retrieved 2016-09-28.
Jump up ^ Gayle, Damien (2016-09-05). "Barack Obama cancels meeting after Philippines president calls him 'son of a whore'". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2016-09-28.
Jump up ^ "Duterte Wants Us Forces Out Of Southern Philippines". 2016-09-13. Retrieved 2016-09-28.
Jump up ^ "TO APPEASE CHINA: Duterte announces end to military exercises with US". Retrieved 2016-09-28.
Jump up ^ cnnphttp://cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/07/18/poor-trust-rating-to-china.html
Jump up ^ http://globalnation.inquirer.net/148483/duterte-on-ramos-hes-a-graduate-of-west-point-i-am-just-a-local-boy
Jump up ^ https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKBN13412N
Bibliography[edit]
Cullather, Nick (1994). Illusions of influence: the political economy of United States-Philippines relations, 1942–1960. Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-2280-3.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Relations of the Philippines and the United States.
History recognition, diplomatic and consular relations : Philippines, Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State.
This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Department of State website http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/index.htm (Background Notes). [1]
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Jerry Mathers
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Jerry Mathers
Mathers in 2007
Born
Gerald Patrick Mathers
(1948-06-02) June 2, 1948 (age 69)
Sioux City, Iowa, US
Nationality
American
Other names
Jerry Mather
Education
Notre Dame High School
Alma mater
University of California, Berkeley
Occupation
Actor, singer
Years active
1950–present
Known for
Portrayal of Theodore "Beaver" Cleaver in Leave It to Beaver
Home town
Los Angeles, California, US
Spouse(s)
Diana Platt (m. 1974–81)
Rhonda Gehring (m. 197?–1997)
Teresa Modnick (m. 2011)
Children
Noah Mathers
Mercedes Mathers
Gretchen Mathers
Relatives
Jim Mathers (brother)
Website
www.jerrymathers.com
Gerald Patrick "Jerry" Mathers (born June 2, 1948) is an American television, film, and stage actor. Mathers is best known for his role in the television sitcom Leave It to Beaver, originally broadcast from 1957 to 1963, in which he played Theodore "Beaver" Cleaver, the younger son of the suburban couple June and Ward Cleaver (played by Barbara Billingsley and Hugh Beaumont) and the brother of Wally Cleaver (played by Tony Dow).
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life and family
2 Early career
2.1 Leave It to Beaver
2.2 Music
3 Later career
3.1 Other ventures
4 Personal life
4.1 Diabetes
5 Filmography
6 Awards
7 Bibliography
8 References
9 External links
Early life and family[edit]
Mathers was born in Sioux City, Iowa, the son of a high school principal, and grew up in Rock Rapids,[1] about 75 miles north, and in the San Fernando Valley, Los Angeles, California.[2] He has two younger siblings, Susie Mathers McSweeney and Jimmy Mathers, who also became child actors.
Early career[edit]
Mathers began his career at the age of 2 when he appeared as a child model for a department store ad.[3] Soon after, he starred in a commercial for PET Milk opposite vaudeville comedian Ed Wynn.[2]
His early movies included This is My Love (1954), Men of the Fighting Lady (1954), The Seven Little Foys (1955) and The Trouble with Harry (1955).
Leave It to Beaver[edit]
Mathers in a 1959 publicity shot
Mathers states that he got the role of Beaver Cleaver after telling the show's producers he would rather be at his Cub Scout meeting than auditioning for the part. The producers found his candidness appealing and perfect for the role.[2][4] Mathers played the Beaver for six years, appearing in all 234 episodes of the series. He was the first child actor ever to make a deal to get a percentage of the merchandising revenue from a television show. The Leave It to Beaver show still generates merchandise revenue today, many years after its original production run ended.
The original sitcom has been shown in over 80 countries in 40 languages. Mathers has noted that the Leave It to Beaver phenomenon is worldwide. "I can go anywhere in the world, and people know me," Mathers has said. "In Japan the show’s called 'The Happy Boy and His Family.' So I’ll be walking through the airport in Japan, and people will come up and say, 'Hi, Happy Boy!'"[5]
When asked in a 2014 television interview[6] whether he had known at the time of the filming of the Leave it to Beaver series that the show was special, and would be in perpetual syndication, Mathers responded: "No, not at all. I had worked since I was two years old. I did movies. I didn't do any other series, but I had done a lot of movies and things like that so, in fact, every year it was a question whether we would come back for the next year 'cause you had to be picked up. So you would do 39 shows and then we would go to New York and meet all the press, and then we'd go to Chicago to meet the ad people, then we'd come back and take about five to six weeks off, and if we got picked up, then we'd start again. So we did that for six years because that was the length of the contracts at those times. So that's why there are 39 [episodes] for six years, and then it was off the air. Not off the air, but we didn't film any new ones [after that.]"
Music[edit]
In 1962, near the end of the run of Leave It to Beaver, Mathers recorded two songs for a single 45rpm: "Don't 'Cha Cry," and for the flip side, the twist ditty, "Wind-Up Toy."[7] During his high school years, Mathers had a band called Beaver and the Trappers.[8]
Later career[edit]
Jerry Mathers in US Air Force uniform
As he moved into his teenage years, Mathers retired from acting to concentrate on high school. He attended Notre Dame High School, in Sherman Oaks, California. During this time he led a musical band called Beaver and the Trappers.[2] While he was still in high school, Mathers joined the United States Air Force Reserve, in 1966. Wearing his dress uniform, Mathers and child actress Angela Cartwright presented an Emmy award to Gene Kelly in 1967. After graduating from high school in 1967, Mathers continued to serve in the Reserve and made the rank of Sergeant.[9] In December 1969, a rumor began that Mathers was killed in action in the Vietnam War. Although the origin of the rumor is unclear,[10] Mathers never saw action and was never stationed outside of the United States.[11][12] Years later, in 1980, Mathers and Dow appeared with Bill Murray on Saturday Night Live's Weekend Update segment, making fun of the Vietnam War death rumor.[13]
In 1973, Mathers attended the University of California, Berkeley, and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in philosophy.[14] He then worked as a commercial loan officer at a bank before using well-invested savings from his acting career, which began at $500 a week,[15] to begin a career in real estate development. In 1978, he reentered the entertainment industry. That year, he and Tony Dow starred in a production of the comedy play Boeing, Boeing which ran for ten weeks in Kansas City. Mathers and Dow then toured the dinner theater circuit in a production of So Long, Stanley for 18 months. In 1981, he worked as a disc jockey at KEZY-AM radio in Anaheim, California.[8]
In 1983, Mathers reprised his role in the television reunion film Still the Beaver, which also featured the majority of the original Leave It to Beaver cast.[8] The success of the television film led to the development of a sequel series of the same name. The series began airing on the Disney Channel in 1984, then went on to be picked up by TBS and broadcast syndication, where it was retitled The New Leave It to Beaver and ran until 1989.[16]
Mathers has since continued his career in films and television roles. In the 1990s, he guest starred on episodes of Parker Lewis Can't Lose, Vengeance Unlimited, Diagnosis Murder, and as himself on Married... with Children. In 1998, Mathers released his memoirs, And Jerry Mathers as The Beaver.[17] On June 5, 2007, he made his Broadway debut with a starring role as Wilbur Turnblad in the Tony winning best musical Hairspray at the Neil Simon Theater.[5]
Other ventures[edit]
In 2009, Mathers became the national spokesman for PhRMA and their Partnership for Prescription Assistance program.[18]
Personal life[edit]
Mathers has been married three times. He met his first wife, Diana Platt, in college. She attended Vallejo Senior High in California; class of 1969. They married in 1974 and later divorced.[14][19] Mathers met his second wife, Rhonda Gehring, while touring in the production of So Long, Stanley. They have three children, a son (Noah) and two daughters (Mercedes and Gretchen). Mathers and Gehring later divorced.[20] Mathers married his third wife, Teresa Modnick, in Huntington Beach on January 30, 2011.[21]
Diabetes[edit]
Mathers was diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes in 1996.[22] On the advice of his doctor, Mathers enrolled in a weight loss program with Jenny Craig in May 1997 and lost over 40 lb (18 kg).[17] He later became the first male spokesman for Jenny Craig.[8] He has also represented a Type 2 diabetes reversal program's publications in a television ad.[23]
Filmography[edit]
Film
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1952 Son of Paleface Child at Finale Uncredited
1954 Men of the Fighting Lady Richard Dodson Uncredited
1954 This Is My Love David Myer
1955 The Seven Little Foys Bryan Lincoln Foy - Age 5 Uncredited
1955 The Trouble with Harry Arnie Rogers
1956 That Certain Feeling Norman Taylor
1956 Bigger Than Life Freddie Uncredited
1957 The Shadow on the Window Petey Atlas
1958 The Deep Six Steve Innes Uncredited
1987 Back to the Beach Judge #2
1990 Down the Drain Policeman (desk)
1994 The Other Man Sergeant Dun Alternative title: Sexual Malice
1998 Playing Patti
2002 Better Luck Tomorrow Biology Teacher
2005 Angels with Angles Mr. Cohiba
2008 Will to Power Mr. Simpson
Television
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1952 The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet Trick Or Treating Child Episode: "Halloween Party"
1953 I Love Lucy Dream Little Ricky Episode: "Ricky's Old Girlfriend"
Uncredited
1955 Lux Video Theatre Little Boy Episode: "The Great McGinty"
1955 General Electric Theater Tommy Episode: "Into the Night"
1955 Matinee Theater Episode: "Santa is no Saint"
1956 Screen Directors Playhouse Peter at 5 Episode: "It's a Most Unusual Day"
1957–1963 Leave It to Beaver Theodore "Beaver" Cleaver 234 episodes
1963 Insight Episode: "The Boy and the Bomb"
1968 Batman Pop, the Stage Doorman Episode: "The Great Escape"
Uncredited
1968 Lassie Ken Hines Episode: "Lassie and the 4-H Boys"
1970 My Three Sons Joe Lawrie Episode: "Love Thy Neighbor"
1978 Flying High Chuck Wallace Episode: "Fear of Cheesecake"
1981 The Girl, the Gold Watch and Dynamite Deputy Henry Thomas Watts Television film
1983 Still the Beaver Theodore "Beaver" Cleaver Television film
1983–1989 The New Leave It to Beaver Theodore "Beaver" Cleaver 101 episodes
1984 Hardcastle and McCormick Cameo Appearance Season 1; Episode 19 " The Homecoming: Part 2"
1984 High School U.S.A. Mr. Sirota Television film
1987 The Love Boat "Beaver" Cleaver Episode: "Who Killed Maxwell Thorn?"
1991 Married... with Children Himself Episode: "You Better Shop Around (Part 2)"
1991 Parker Lewis Can't Lose Theodore Musso Episode: "Jerry: Portrait of a Video Junkie"
1999 Vengeance Unlimited Lucas Zimmerman Episode: "Friends"
1999 Diagnosis: Murder Mr. Lustig Episode: "Trash TV - Part One"
2006 The War at Home Principal Episode: "Back to School"
2008 Mother Goose Parade Television film
Awards[edit]
Year
Award
Category
Title of work
1984 Young Artist Award Former Child Star "Lifetime Achievement" Award[24] Leave It to Beaver
Bibliography[edit]
And Jerry Mathers as The Beaver; Mathers, Jerry and Fagen, Herb; Berkley Trade (1998)
Holmstrom, John. The Moving Picture Boy: An International Encyclopaedia from 1895 to 1995. Norwich, Michael Russell, 1996, p. 275.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "‘The Beaver’ comes back". Lyon County Reporter. New Century Press. June 14, 2017. Retrieved June 30, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d O'Toole, Caitlin (May 14, 2007). "Interview with Jerry Mathers: 'I've Had a Charmed Life'". Parade.com. Archived from the original on March 24, 2009. Retrieved January 16, 2016.
Jump up ^ Foster, Barbara (March 1984). "Celebrity Update". Orange Coast Magazine. Emmis Communications: 149. ISSN 0279-0483.
Jump up ^ Jerry Mathers on auditioning for "Leave it to Beaver" Emmytvlegends.org video (posted in 2010)
^ Jump up to: a b Robertson, Campbell (June 5, 2007). "And Jerry Mathers as ... Tracy Turnblad’s Father?". The New York Times. Retrieved February 20, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Jerry Mathers, the “Beaver,” – Guest 02/13/2014". kenboxerlive.com. Retrieved February 13, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Singles Review". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. (0006-2510): 25. August 25, 1962.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Hammer, Josh (February 7, 1983). "Still the Beaver After 20 Years, Jerry Mathers Joins Tony Dow for a Bittersweet Return to Mayfield". People. 19 (5). ISSN 0093-7673.
Jump up ^ "Sgt Jerry Mathers". TogetherWeServed.com. 1948-06-02. Retrieved 2014-07-15.
Jump up ^ Jerry Mathers discusses the urban myth of his "death in Vietnam" Emmytvlegends.org video (posted 2010)
Jump up ^ "Believe It to Beaver". Snopes.com. January 9, 2007. Retrieved February 20, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Jerry Mathers of 'Leave It to Beaver' Now Collegian". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. April 8, 1970. p. 12–C. Retrieved February 20, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Saturday Night Live Transcripts, Rodney Dangerfield, 03/08/80". JT.org.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Odyssey of Child Actor Jerry Mathers: from Beaver to Banker to Real Estate Broker". People. 7 (15). April 18, 1977. ISSN 0093-7673.
Jump up ^ Lamparski, Richard (1982). Whatever Became Of ...? Eighth Series. New York: Crown Publishers. pp. 200–1. ISBN 0-517-54855-0.
Jump up ^ "Mathers Taking 'Beaver' Persona, Friends To WTBS". Toledo Blade. June 11, 1986. pp. P–4. Retrieved February 20, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Child Star Jerry Mathers". Palo Verde Valley Times. North American Precis Syndicate. June 26, 1998. p. 10. Retrieved February 20, 2013.
Jump up ^ Pulliam, John R. (April 6, 2009). "‘The Beav’ pitches prescription assistance". galesburg.com. Archived from the original on February 20, 2010. Retrieved February 20, 2013.
Jump up ^ Reilly, Pattie (May 5, 1980). "Leave It to Beaver: Tony Dow and Jerry Mathers Find a New Channel for Their Talent—Dinner Theater". people.com. Retrieved February 20, 2013.
Jump up ^ Schoenberg, Nara (May 7, 1999). "Catching up with the 50-year-old Beaver". The Robesonian. Retrieved February 20, 2013.
Jump up ^ Bersebach, Paul (January 30, 2011). "'Leave it to Beaver' star gets hitched in H.B.". The Orange County Register. Retrieved February 20, 2013.
Jump up ^ Trecroci, Daniel (August 1, 1999). "Jerry Mathers Leaves it to Weight Loss to Control His Diabetes". DiabetesHealth.com. Archived from the original on October 7, 2007. Retrieved January 16, 2016.
Jump up ^ Mathers, Jerry (January 16, 2016). Diabetes Solution Kit (Television advertisement). Barton Publishing. I'm Jerry Mathers, and if I can do it, you can do it.
Jump up ^ "6th Annual Youth in Film Awards". YoungArtistAwards.org. Retrieved March 31, 2011.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jerry Mathers.
Biography portal
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Jerry Mathers at the Internet Broadway Database
Jerry Mathers on IMDb
Jerry Mathers at the TCM Movie Database
Jerry Mathers interview video at the Archive of American Television
Interview with Jerry Mathers, Montgomery Advertiser, February 10, 2015.
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List of countries by iron ore production
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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World iron ore production (thousands of tonnes) in 2013/2015:
500,000+
100,000–500,000
10,000–99,999
1,000–9,999
0–999
This is a list of countries by iron ore production based on U.S. Geological Survey data.[1] The mine production estimates for China are estimated from the National Bureau of Statistics China's crude ore statistics, rather than usable ore as reported for the other countries.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 List
2 Pig iron production
3 See also
4 References
List[edit]
Rank
Country
Usable iron ore production
(thousand tonnes)
Year
World 2,280,000 2015
1 Australia 817,000 2015
2 Brazil 397,000 2015
3 China 375,000 (estimate) 2015
4 India 156,000 2015
5 Russia 101,000 2015
6 South Africa 73,000 2015
7 Ukraine 67,000 2015
8 United States 46,000 2015
9 Canada 46,000 2015
10 Iran 27,000 2015
11 Sweden 25,000 2015
12 Kazakhstan 21,000 2015
13 Mexico 18,840 2013
14 Chile 17,109 2013
15 Venezuela 16,800 2013
16 Mauritania 13,400 2013
17 Sierra Leone 11,895 2013
18 Malaysia 11,588 2013
19 Peru 10,126 2013
20 Turkey 8,589 2013
21 Mongolia 6,736 2013
22 Liberia 5,103 2013
23 Vietnam 4,708 2013
24 Indonesia 4,000 2013
25 Norway 3,409 2013
26 Egypt 3,320 2013
27 New Zealand 3,157 2013
28 North Korea 3,054 2013
29 Austria 2,320 2013
30 Greece 2,221 2013
31 Bosnia and Herzegovina 2,122 2013
32 Laos 1,459 2013
33 Algeria 1,067 2013
34 Philippines 1,057 2013
35 Colombia 710 2013
36 South Korea 663 2013
37 Thailand 334 2013
38 Morocco 301 2013
39 Tunisia 244 2013
40 Pakistan 193 2013
41 Azerbaijan 141 2013
other countries 147 2013
[3][1][2]
Pig iron production[edit]
This is a list of countries by pig iron production.
Iron ore production (million metric tons):
Rank
Country
1980
2013
2015
World 506 1,168 1,180
1 China 38 709 710
2 Japan 87 84 84
3 India 8.5 50 54
4 Russia n/a 50 51
5 South Korea 5.6 41 47
6 Brazil 13 26 30
7 Germany 36 27 28
8 United States 62 30 26
9 Ukraine n/a 29 25
10 United Kingdom 6.2 9.4 9
other countries 246 91 101
[4][5]
See also[edit]
List of countries by steel production
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2017" (PDF). U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved 2017-08-21.
^ Jump up to: a b "Global iron ore production data; Clarification of reporting from the USGS" (PDF). U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved 2017-08-21.
Jump up ^ USGS, Iron Ore 2014
Jump up ^ "World Steel Production 1980-2013" (PDF). World Steel Association. Nov 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 April 2015. Retrieved 4 April 2015.
Jump up ^ USGS 2016
[hide]
v
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Lists of countries by industrial output rankings
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Al2O3
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Copper
smelter
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Iron ore
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Citadel
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the fortification. For other uses, see Citadel (disambiguation).
In this seventeenth-century plan of the fortified city of Casale Monferrato the citadel is the large star-shaped structure on the left.
Vauban's citadel of Neuf Brisach (France)
A citadel is the core fortified area of a town or city. It may be a fortress, castle, or fortified center. The term is a diminutive of "city" and thus means "little city", so called because it is a smaller part of the city of which it is the defensive core.
In a fortification with bastions, the citadel is the strongest part of the system, sometimes well inside the outer walls and bastions, but often forming part of the outer wall for the sake of economy. It is positioned to be the last line of defense, should the enemy breach the other components of the fortification system. A citadel is also a term of the third part of a medieval castle, with higher walls than the rest. It was to be the last line of defense before the keep itself.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 3300–1300 BC
1.2 8000 BC–600 AD
1.2.1 167–160 BC
1.3 500–1500 AD
1.4 1600–1860 AD
1.5 1820 AD–present
2 Modern usage
3 Naval term
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
Citadel of Bam, Iran, original structure possibly before the Achaemenid period
The Citadel of Aleppo, Syria.
A view of Samuil's Fortress, over the old town in Ohrid, Macedonia.
The Fortezza Medicea in Siena was built by the victorious Florence, which had defeated and annexed Siena, its long standing rival.
The Royal Citadel, Plymouth, England.
A panoramic view of Moscow Kremlin in 1908
3300–1300 BC[edit]
Some of the oldest known structures which have served as citadels were built by the Indus Valley Civilisation, where the citadel represented a centralised authority. The main citadel in Indus Valley was almost 12 meters tall.[1] The purpose of these structures, however, remains debated. Though the structures found in the ruins of Mohenjo-daro were walled, it is far from clear that these structures were defensive against enemy attacks. Rather, they may have been built to divert flood waters.
8000 BC–600 AD[edit]
In Ancient Greece, the Acropolis (literally: "high city"), placed on a commanding eminence, was important in the life of the people, serving as a refuge and stronghold in peril and containing military and food supplies, the shrine of the god and a royal palace. The most well-known is the Acropolis of Athens, but nearly every Greek city-state had one – the Acrocorinth famed as a particularly strong fortress. In a much later period, when Greece was ruled by the Latin Empire, the same strong points were used by the new feudal rulers for much the same purpose.
167–160 BC[edit]
Rebels who took power in the city but with the citadel still held by the former rulers could by no means regard their tenure of power as secure. One such incident played an important part in the history of the Maccabean Revolt against the Seleucid Empire. The Hellenistic garrison of Jerusalem and local supporters of the Seleucids held out for many years in the Acra citadel, making Maccabean rule in the rest of Jerusalem precarious. When finally gaining possession of the place, the Maccabeans pointedly destroyed and razed the Acra, though they constructed another citadel for their own use in a different part of Jerusalem.
500–1500 AD[edit]
At various periods, and particularly during the Middle Ages, the citadel – having its own fortifications, independent of the city walls – was the last defence of a besieged army, often held after the town had been conquered. A city where the citadel held out against an invading army was not considered conquered. For example, in the 1543 Siege of Nice the Ottoman forces led by Barbarossa conquered and pillaged the town itself and took many captives – but the city castle held out, due to which the townspeople were accounted the victors.
In the Philippines The Ivatan people of the northern islands of Batanes often built fortifications to protect themselves during times of war. They built their so-called idjangs on hills and elevated areas.These fortifications were likened to European castles because of their purpose. Usually, the only entrance to the castles would be via a rope ladder that would only be lowered for the villagers and could be kept away when invaders arrived.[2]
1600–1860 AD[edit]
In time of war the citadel in many cases afforded retreat to the people living in the areas around the town. However, Citadels were often used also to protect a garrison or political power from the inhabitants of the town where it was located, being designed to ensure loyalty from the town that they defended.
For example, during the Dutch Wars of 1664-67, King Charles II of England constructed a Royal Citadel at Plymouth, an important channel port which needed to be defended from a possible naval attack. However, due to Plymouth's support for the Parliamentarians in the then-recent English Civil War, the Plymouth Citadel was so designed that its guns could fire on the town as well as on the sea approaches.
Barcelona had a great citadel built in 1714 to intimidate the Catalans against repeating their mid-17th- and early-18th-century rebellions against the Spanish central government. In the 19th century, when the political climate had liberalized enough to permit it, the people of Barcelona had the citadel torn down, and replaced it with the city's main central park, the Parc de la Ciutadella. A similar example is the Citadella in Budapest, Hungary.
The attack on the Bastille in the French Revolution – though afterwards remembered mainly for the release of the handful of prisoners incarcerated there – was to considerable degree motivated by the structure being a Royal citadel in the midst of revolutionary Paris.
Similarly, after Garibaldi's overthrow of Bourbon rule in Palermo, during the 1860 Unification of Italy, Palermo's Castellamare Citadel – symbol of the hated and oppressive former rule – was ceremoniously demolished.
Following Belgium declaring independence in 1830, a Dutch garrison under General David Hendrik Chassé held out in Antwerp Citadel between 1830 and 1832, while the city itself had already become part of the independent Belgium.
The Siege of the Alcázar in the Spanish Civil War, in which the Nationalists held out against a much larger Republican force for two months until relieved, shows that in some cases a citadel can be effective even in modern warfare; a similar case is the Battle of Huế during the Vietnam war, where a North Vietnamese Army division held the citadel of Huế for 26 days against roughly their own numbers of much better-equipped US and South Vietnamese troops.
1820 AD–present[edit]
The Citadelle of Québec, Québec City (Canada)
The Citadelle of Québec (construction started 1673, completed 1820) still survives as the largest citadel still in official military operation in North America. It is home to the Royal 22nd Regiment of Canada;[3] and forms part of the fortified walls of Vieux-Québec dating back to 1608.[4]
Modern usage[edit]
Citadels since the mid 20th century are commonly military command and control centres built to resist attacks such as aerial or nuclear bombardment. The military citadels under London such as the massive underground complex beneath the Ministry of Defense called Pindar are examples, as is the Cheyenne Mountain nuclear bunker in the US.
Naval term[edit]
On armored warships, the heavily armored section of the ship that protects the ammunition and machinery spaces is called the armored citadel.
A modern naval interpretation refers to the heaviest protected part of the hull as "The Vitals", and the citadel refers to the semi armoured freeboard above the vitals. Generally Anglo-American and German language follow this while Russian sources/language refer to "The Vitals" as "zitadel". Likewise Russian literature often refers to 'the turret' of a tank as 'the tower'.
The safe room on a ship is also called a citadel.
See also[edit]
Bijela Tabija (English: White Bastion) is a citadel overlooking the historic core of Sarajevo – National monument of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Citadel Počitelj overlooking the historic village Počitelj and with it constitute architectural whole – National monument of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Gradačac Castle is a citadel, also a palace of Husein "Dragon Of Bosnia" Gradaščević who was a renowned 19th-century military Bosnian Captain, overlooking the historic core of Gradačac – National monument of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bab Ksiba Southern gateway to the Kasbah, Marrakesh, first Citadel to the Sultans of Morocco
Alcazaba a term for Moorish citadels in Spain
Casbah/Kasbah a synonym
Bam citadel/Iran
Arx (Roman)
Castillo San Felipe del Morro, San Juan, Puerto Rico
Citadel of Arbil
Citadella Budapest
The Citadella, Gozo
Citadelle Laferrière built by King Henry I of Haiti
Citadelle le Forcalquier
Acropolis
Alcázar
Acra (fortress)
Antwerp citadel in 1830–1832
Cadmea
Citadel of Salah Ed-Din
Cairo Citadel
Brest Fortress
Dublin Castle
Edinburgh Castle
Fort Santiago, Manila
City of Hamina, Finland
Kremlin
Palmanova / Palmanova Fortress (Northeastern Italy)
Prague Castle
Tower of London
Tower of David (Jerusalem)
Kars#Kars Citadel
Uzhhorod Castle
Samuil's Fortress, Ohrid
Spandau Citadel
Suomenlinna (Finland)
Rocca (architecture)
Icecrown citadel
Presidio
Fort George
Walls of Nicosia
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Thapar, B. K. (1975). "Kalibangan: A Harappan Metropolis Beyond the Indus Valley". Expedition. 17 (2): 19–32.
Jump up ^ http://www.filipiknow.net/archaeological-discoveries-in-the-philippines/%7Ctitle=15 Most Intense Archaeological Discoveries in Philippine History
Jump up ^ "Musée Royal 22e Régiment - La Citadelle". Retrieved 28 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Canada's Historic Places - HistoricPlaces.ca". Retrieved 28 February 2014.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Citadels.
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See also: Category
Authority control
GND: 4139778-2
BNF: cb15086573j (data)
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Sitadel – Afrikaans
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https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citadela
Citadela – Czech
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cs
interlanguage-link-target

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https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citadel
Citadel – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

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https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zitadelle
Zitadelle – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

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Tsitadell – Estonian
et
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interlanguage-link-target

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Ciudadela – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

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https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citadelo
Citadelo – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

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https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zitadela
Zitadela – Basque
eu
eu
interlanguage-link-target

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values:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citadelle
Citadelle – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

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values:
https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citadela
Citadela – Croatian
hr
hr
interlanguage-link-target

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https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citadelo
Citadelo – Ido
io
io
interlanguage-link-target

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Citadella – Interlingua
ia
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interlanguage-link-target

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Arx – Latin
la
la
interlanguage-link-target

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Zitadell – Luxembourgish
lb
lb
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Kubu Kota – Malay
ms
ms
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Citadell – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

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Citadell – Norwegian Nynorsk
nn
nn
interlanguage-link-target

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Ark – Uzbek
uz
uz
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Cytadela – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

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Cidadela – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

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Citadela – Slovak
sk
sk
interlanguage-link-target

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Citadela – Slovenian
sl
sl
interlanguage-link-target

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values:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citadela
Citadela – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

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Sitadelli – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

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Citadell – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

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