text:
Billy Redden
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Billy Redden (born 1956) is an American actor, best known for his role as a backwoods, mountain boy in the 1972 film Deliverance. He played Lonnie, a banjo-playing teenager of the country in north Georgia, who played the noted "Dueling Banjos" with Drew Ballinger (Ronny Cox). The film was critically acclaimed and received nominations for awards in several categories.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Filmography
4 References
5 External links
Early life[edit]
Redden was born in Rabun County, Georgia.[citation needed]
Career[edit]
At the age of 16, he was selected for a role in Deliverance from his school in Georgia by the director John Boorman to portray a banjo-playing "local" during the film's famous "dueling banjos" scene. Boorman felt that Redden's skinny frame and large head, and almond shaped eyes made him the natural choice to play the part of an "inbred from the back woods." Because Redden could not play a banjo, he wore a special shirt which allowed a real banjo player to hide behind him for the scene, which was shot with carefully chosen camera angles that would conceal the player, whose arms were slipped around Redden's waist to play the tune.[1]
After Deliverance, Redden was cast in Lamberto Bava's 1984 film Blastfighter. The film was recorded in and around Clayton and many people recall it as a mixture of Deliverance and First Blood.
Redden next appeared in Tim Burton's 2003 film Big Fish. Burton was intent on getting Redden, as he wanted him to play the role of a banjo-playing "welcomer" in the utopian town of Spectre. Burton located Redden in Clayton, Georgia, where he was part-owner of the Cookie Jar Café, and also worked as a cook and dishwasher.
In 2004, Redden made a guest appearance on Blue Collar TV, playing a car repairman named Ray in a "Redneck Dictionary" skit. He represented the word "raisin bread" (as in "Ray's inbred"). He played a banjo in the skit.
In 2009, Redden played again his usual role (The banjo man) in Ace Cruz's film Outrage: Born in Terror.
In 2012, 40 years after the release of Deliverance, Redden was interviewed in association with a documentary, The Deliverance of Rabun County (2012). It explored the feelings of people in Rabun County four decades later about the 1972 film. Redden said that though Deliverance was the best thing that happened to him, he never saw much money from the movie:
I'd like to have all the money I thought I'd make from this movie. I wouldn't be working at Walmart right now. And I'm struggling really hard to make ends meet.[2]
Noting some locals objected to the stereotypes in the movie, Redden said that the people in Rabun County were good people:
We're not a bad people up here, we're a loving people. Rabun County is a pretty good town. It's peaceful, not a lot of crime going on, just a real peaceful town. Everybody pretty much gets along with everybody.[2]
Filmography[edit]
Deliverance (1972) - Lonnie
Blastfighter (1984) - Banjo Man (uncredited)
Big Fish (2003) - Banjo Man
Outrage (2009) - Banjo Man (final film role)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Potempa, Philip (October 19, 2008). "Burt Reynolds and 'Deliverance' boy reunited ". The Times of Northwest Indiana.
^ Jump up to: a b Welles, Cory (August 22, 2012). "40 Years Later, Deliverance Causes Mixed Feelings in Georgia". Marketplace. American Public Media.
External links[edit]
Billy Redden on IMDb
Blake Spurney (News Editor) (October 7, 2004). "Another celebrity appearance for Rabun star (Archived 27 Dec 2004)". Archived from the original on December 27, 2004.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Billy_Redden&oldid=831658916"
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Mall of America
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Not to be confused with Mall of the Americas.
Mall of America
The Mall of America logo
Wikimedia | © OpenStreetMap
Alternative names
MoA
General information
Type
Shopping mall
Address
60 East Broadway, Bloomington, Minnesota, United States 55425
Coordinates
44°51′15″N 93°14′32″W / 44.85417°N 93.24222°W / 44.85417; -93.24222Coordinates: 44°51′15″N 93°14′32″W / 44.85417°N 93.24222°W / 44.85417; -93.24222
Opening
August 11, 1992; 26 years ago (1992-08-11)
Owner
Triple Five Group
Technical details
Floor count
4 on East and South Wings
3 on North and West Wings
Floor area
2,500,000 sq ft (230,000 m2) + 5,400,000 sq ft (500,000 m2)
Design and construction
Architecture firm
HGA, KKE Architects, Inc., Jerde Partnership[1]
Main contractor
Melvin Simon & Associates
Triple Five Group
Other information
Number of stores
500+
Number of anchors
3
Parking
12,287 spaces
(Two 7-story ramps and two overflow surface lots)
Website
mallofamerica.com
Mall of America (commonly, locally known as "MOA") is a shopping mall located in Bloomington, Minnesota, United States (a suburb of the Twin Cities). It lies southeast of the junction of Interstate 494 and Minnesota State Highway 77, north of the Minnesota River, and across the Interstate from the Minneapolis–St. Paul International Airport. Opened in 1992, it is the largest mall in the United States in terms of total floor area (including Nickelodeon Universe), the fifth largest mall in North America in terms of leaseable space, and the twelfth largest in the world.
The mall is managed by the Triple Five Group (which in turn is owned by Canada's Ghermezian family, along with the West Edmonton Mall). Eighty percent of visitors to the Mall of America are from Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, the Dakotas, Illinois, Ohio, and Canada.[2]
Contents
1 History
1.1 Legal battle
1.2 Expansions
2 Architecture
3 Tenants
4 Attractions
5 Nostalgic artifacts and memorials
6 Transit
7 Security
7.1 MOA as a protest site
8 Amusement park and other features
9 Usage in media
10 See also
11 References
12 External links
History[edit]
One escalator well
The mall's concept was designed by the Triple Five Group, owned by the Ghermezian brothers, who also own the largest shopping mall in North America, the West Edmonton Mall.[3][4] Mall of America is located on the site of the former Metropolitan Stadium,[5] where the Minnesota Vikings and Minnesota Twins played[6] until the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome opened in 1982.[7] A plaque in the mall's amusement park commemorates the former location of home plate,[8] and one seat from Met Stadium was placed in Mall of America at the exact location it occupied in the stadium, commemorating a 520-foot (160 m) home run hit by hall-of-famer Harmon Killebrew on June 3, 1967.[9]
In 1986, the Bloomington Port Authority signed an agreement with the Ghermezian organization.[citation needed] Groundbreaking for the mall took place on June 14, 1989.[10] Organizations involved include Melvin Simon and Associates,[11] Teachers Insurance and Annuity (a.k.a. TIAA)[12] and the office of architect Jon Jerde.[13]
Mall of America opened its doors to the public on August 11, 1992.[14] Even before opening, the mall had earned several nicknames, including "The Megamall", "Sprawl of America", "Hugedale"—in reference to the four major "dale" shopping malls within the Twin Cities: Rosedale, Southdale, Ridgedale, and (defunct as of 2010[update]) Brookdale—and simply, "The Mall".[citation needed]
Mall of America became the largest shopping mall in total area and largest in total store vendors in the United States when it opened. The Mall of America's 42 million annual visitors equal roughly eight times the population of the state of Minnesota. As of 2015, the mall employed over 11,000 workers year-round and 13,000 during peak seasons.[15]
Legal battle[edit]
In 2003, after a protracted six-year legal battle between Simon Property Group, the managing general partner of the property, and the Ghermezian brothers/Triple Five Group, over majority ownership of the site, a federal appeals court ruled in favor of the Ghermezians, effectively transferring control and planning authority of the mall back to the creator of the concept.[16] The dispute stemmed from a 1999 purchase of Teacher's Insurance's 27.5% equity stake by Simon Properties, giving them majority ownership. The Ghermezians claimed they were never told of the deal and sued Simon, citing fiduciary responsibility.[17] On November 3, 2006, the Ghermezians gained full control of Mall of America by spending US$1 billion.[18]
Expansions[edit]
On May 18, 2008, the Mall of America received a tax break for a proposed $2 billion expansion. The bill gave the city of Bloomington the ability to increase taxes on sales, lodging and food and beverages to finances a parking ramp at the mall. [19] On March 24, 2012, the Triple Five Group announced the start of a $200 million expansion that would build into the north parking lot of the mall. The plans called for an additional hotel and an additional 200,000 square feet (19,000 m2) of retail space.[20] The project broke ground in the fall of 2013 and began opening in stages in the summer of 2015.[21][22] In March 2014, ground was broken on the mall's north side for the $104 million, 14-story JW Marriott hotel, owned and financed by the Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community.[23] In 2018, it was announced that MOA had proposed to build an indoor water park, with a cost between $150 to $200 million for the project. [24]
Architecture[edit]
Sign at a Mall of America entrance, removed in 2014 as part of the Phase II expansion
The Mall of America has three levels on its West side, pictured above.
The Mall of America has a gross area of 4,870,000 sq ft (452,000 m2) or 96.4 acres (390,000 m2), enough to fit seven Yankee Stadiums inside,[25] with 2,500,000 sq ft (230,000 m2) available as retail space.[15] The mall is nearly symmetric, with a roughly rectangular floor plan. More than 530 stores are arranged along three levels of pedestrian walkways on the sides of the rectangle, with a fourth level on the east side. Four anchor department stores are located at the corners. The mall is organized into four different zones, each of those zones had its own decorative style until a series of renovations from 2010 to 2015 led to a unified and more luxurious style, as well as to coincide with the mall's first major expansion.[26]
Despite Minnesota's cold winters, only the mall's entrances and some below ground areas are heated. Heat is allowed in through skylights above the central amusement park area. The majority of the heat is produced by lighting fixtures, other electric devices, and people in the mall.[27] In fact, even during the winter, air conditioning systems may still be in use during peak hours to ensure a comfortable shopping environment.[28] Although the common areas are unheated, the individual stores do have heating systems.[29]
Two nearly identical seven-story parking ramps on the east and west sides of the mall provide 12,287 parking spaces. Overflow parking north of the building provides an additional 1,200–1,500 spaces, and 1,407 spaces are provided by IKEA.
Tenants[edit]
Level One is the location of Nickelodeon Universe amusement park (formerly Camp Snoopy), and first level of general retail which includes Sea Life Minnesota Aquarium, Hard Rock Cafe, Lego Store, American Girl Place, Apple Store, Barnes & Noble, Fabletics, Nordstrom, Sears, Macy's, and Microsoft Store,[30] Level Two features restaurants, shopping, MOA® Moments, and the first Verizon Wireless Destination Store. Level Three has two food courts with more than 20 fast food and full service restaurants, mini-golf, shopping, and Crayola Experience. Level Four is the entertainment level with Hooters, Cantina # 1, Rick Bronson's House of Comedy, Gameworks, Dick's Last Resort, Sky Deck Sports Grille and Lane, and the first U.S. location of SMAAASH, a virtual reality sports entertainment center.
During its run as an all-encompassing entertainment and retail venue, certain aspects, particularly its bars, have come under scrutiny. In early-2000 a Mardi Gras-themed bar, Fat Tuesday, shut its doors due to indecent exposure and alcohol-related offenses.[31] On November 29, 2011, Google announced indoor maps for Mall of America along with several other places like airports, parks and public spaces.[32] On January 3, 2012, Macy's Inc. announced it would close its Bloomingdale's location at the Mall of America.[33]
The Theatres at Mall of America (Initially run by General Cinemas, bought out then rebranded by AMC Theatres,[34] and eventually operated by mall management) occupied the south side of the fourth floor through December 2016, when it closed permanently. It was replaced by Cinemex subsidiary CMX Cinemas in fall 2017.[35]
Attractions[edit]
Nickelodeon Universe indoor theme park
Amusement park view from third floor
Nickelodeon Universe is an indoor theme park in the center of the mall. The park features roller coasters, among numerous other rides and attractions, and is the largest indoor theme park in the United States. Unlike many indoor amusement parks, Nickelodeon Universe has a great deal of natural foliage in and about the park, and its floor has a wide variance in height – the highest ground level in the park is 15 feet (4.6 m) above the lowest. The rides include the roller coasters SpongeBob SquarePants Rock Bottom Plunge and Avatar Airbender, and a thrill ride called BrainSurge. The latter attraction bills itself as a "rather peculiar" ride. It also has a miniature golfing section called Moose Mountain. This miniature golf course features eighteen holes and a relatively fast astroturf surface.[citation needed]
At the Sea Life Minnesota Aquarium, guests travel through a 300-foot-long (91 m) curved tunnel through 14 feet (4.3 m) of water to view over 4,500 sea creatures including sharks, turtles, stingrays, and many more.[36] Sea Life Minnesota Aquarium offers special events such as sleepovers, scuba diving, snorkeling, and birthday parties.[37][third-party source needed]
The Mall recently added Crayola Experience and FlyOver America to the list of family attractions.
Nostalgic artifacts and memorials[edit]
A stadium seat commemorating the longest home run at Metropolitan Stadium, hit by Minnesota Twins player Harmon Killebrew on June 3, 1967. The seat is painted red and bolted to a wall to mark the exact height and position at which the ball landed in the upper-deck seats.[38]
A plaque embedded in the floor of Nickelodeon Universe, marking the exact spot of home plate at Metropolitan Stadium.
The home plate plaque in Nickelodeon Universe
[38]
A plaque embedded in the floor of Nickelodeon Universe, marking the spot of the 50 yard line at Metropolitan Stadium was added in 2018.
United Airlines Flight 93 memorial, for those who died aboard during the September 11, 2001, attacks—the bust of Tom Burnett (who was born and raised in Bloomington) is on the west side of the first floor, next to the fountain in front of Nordstrom.[39]
Transit[edit]
Main article: Mall of America (Metro Transit station)
In the lower level of the eastern parking ramp is the Mall of America Transit Station, the busiest transit hub in Minnesota with services to and from many destinations in the Minneapolis – St. Paul metropolitan area.
The Transit Station contains two stops on the Metro Transit network: the southern terminus of the METRO Blue Line (light rail) to Downtown Minneapolis via MSP Airport and Hiawatha Avenue (operated by Metro Transit), and the northern terminus of the METRO Red Line (BRT) to Lakeville (operated by the Minnesota Valley Transit Authority). Both agencies also operate many local bus services to the Transit Station, and many area hotels along with the Mystic Lake Casino offer free shuttles to their establishments.
The mall is not a park and ride facility, and overnight parking is banned to prevent passengers taking the train to the airport. Commuters are required to use the nearby 28th Avenue Station's parking ramp.
The Mall of America Transit Station is undergoing a study to increase efficiency and capacities, and to provide a better experience for its users.[40] Estimates for the upgrade are approximately $20 million.
Security[edit]
The Mall of America's security program is unique and in many ways the first of its kind. Michael Rozin, who used to be employed as the mall's Special Operations Security Captain, developed and implemented a behavior detection unit specifically focused on mitigating the threat of terrorism and enhancing counter-terrorism capabilities.[41] Behavior Detection Officers (BDOs) are trained extensively in Israel, each one going through at least 240 hours of training that includes communication techniques, first aid, defensive tactics, crisis intervention, terrorism awareness, and rapid response.[42] As Doug Reynolds, the Security Director at the mall, noted in a congressional testimony in 2008, BDOs are taught to "look for intent, rather than means. The objective is to focus on suspicious indicators in three categories: People, vehicles and unattended items like backpacks, shopping bags, suitcases."[43] This methodology has prepared the mall for a variety of threats, both from terrorists and everyday criminals.
In 2010, it was noted that mall security officials were instructed to question or detain individuals exhibiting what they deemed "suspicious behavior". Signs of suspicious behavior included photographing air-conditioning ducts, or signs that a shopper was hiding something.[44] At the time, some officials within the Bloomington Police Department worried that the mall's security methods may infringe on rights. [45]
In 2011, NPR's All Things Considered and Morning Edition and PBS's Newshour both aired programs documenting security abuses by the mall's security personnel.[46] On December 31, 2013, members from the First Nations protest movement Idle No More attempted to repeat a successful Native-American round dance held at the mall in 2012,[47] but failed after being stopped by mall security. Organizers of the dance, Patricia Shepard and Reyna Crow from Duluth were arrested on site for trespassing.[48]
In February 2015, the Al-Shabaab militant group also released a propaganda video calling for attacks on the Mall of America and other Western shopping centers.[49] Although the group had never launched attacks in North America,[50] security at the mall was tightened in response and Homeland Security issued a one-day alert to shoppers to remain vigilant.[49]
MOA as a protest site[edit]
On December 21, 2014, thousands of protesters attended an unauthorized demonstration organized by Black Lives Matter in the mall's rotunda. The demonstration was in response to the Michael Brown fatal shooting in Ferguson, Missouri, and the then recent jury decision not to prosecute the white officer in that case, as well as the death of Eric Garner of New York. In response to the demonstration, the Mall of America closed the areas of the mall around the rotunda.[51] Police arrested 25 demonstrators.[52] The Bloomington City Attorney, Sandra Johnson, pursued charges against the organizers, [53] and the city is sought compensatory damages from some of the organizers for out-of-pocket costs the city incurred while paying overtime for additional security. In response to these charges, demonstrators have called for a boycott of the mall.[54]
Plans for another Black Lives Matter demonstration at the Mall of America on December 23, 2015 prompted mall officials to file a restraining order against the movement's activists.[55] Eight individual activists were sued in Hennepin County District Court.[56] The mall's lawsuit would prohibit the defendants from demonstrating and require them to delete all of their posts to social media pertaining to the demonstration. The lawsuit additionally asked that the court jail Black Lives Matter activists unless they publicly announce that the demonstration is cancelled on their social media accounts. The American Civil Liberties Union of Minnesota called the mall's lawsuit an "improper prior restraint on speech" and an unconstitutional overreach.[57][58]
Amusement park and other features[edit]
The amusement park, during its "Camp Snoopy" days.
The Metropolitan Stadium home plate marker.
The Harmon Killebrew chair.
The carousel at the amusement park.
The band organ, formerly at the carousel entrance.
The Bubba Gump Shrimp Co. restaurant
Another shot of the amusement park during the Camp Snoopy era.
Another shot of Camp Snoopy from a different angle. The Kite-Eating Tree ride is shown in this picture.
When Camp Snoopy became Nickelodeon Universe in 2008, the Kite-Eating Tree was restyled and renamed Swing-Along.
The three-story American flag, which was used on July 4, 2008.
The mall's information sign, which shows the use of "MOA".
The MPR store, emphasizing A Prairie Home Companion. This has since closed.
Al's Farm Toys, a farm-themed toy store which closed in 2016.
A few of the unique sports-themed stores throughout the mall. Team Choice and Lids Locker Room (formerly Locker Room) closed, but Goldy's and Rybicki Cheese remain and Goldy's has since become Goldy's Locker Room.
The legendary mural imitating Seurat; formerly near the food court.
The Lego "Imagination Center", the longest-standing Mall attraction.
The Lego Store after 2009 remodeling.
Usage in media[edit]
The Mall of America was used as a filming location for various movies and television shows,[59] including:
D2: The Mighty Ducks (1994)
The first episode of WCW Monday Night Nitro [60][61]
Jingle All The Way (1996)
You're Invited to Mary-Kate & Ashley's Mall Party (1997)
Mall Masters (2001)
Mall Cops: Mall of America[62] (2010)
The End of the Tour (2015)
See also[edit]
Minnesota portal
List of the world's largest shopping malls
List of largest shopping malls in the United States
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Mall of America". Translucency.com. Retrieved December 20, 2011.
Jump up ^ Sandra Larriva and Gabe Weisert (April 25, 2007). "Most Visited Tourist Attractions". Forbes Traveler. Archived from the original on July 31, 2009.
Jump up ^ Mower, Lawrence. "Labor union launches ads targeting Gwen Graham over the American Dream mega-mall". Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved 2018-08-17.
Jump up ^ Berfield, Susan (15 December 2016). "How Not to Build a Supermall: $5 Billion, 5 Governors, 3 Developers, and 15 Years".
Jump up ^ "Photos: Some images of the Mall of America since its opening in 1992". La Crosse Tribune. Retrieved 2018-08-17.
Jump up ^ "Sid Hartman, supporter of stadium building through the decades, seeing a Super Bowl dream fulfilled". Star Tribune. Retrieved 2018-08-17.
Jump up ^ "U.S. Bank Stadium ready for Super Bowl closeup". USA TODAY. Retrieved 2018-08-17.
Jump up ^ "Best Unique Things At Mall Of America". 2010-11-06. Retrieved 2018-08-17.
Jump up ^ "50 years ago today, Harmon Killebrew hit his longest home run". Twin Cities. 2011-05-16. Retrieved 2018-08-17.
Jump up ^ "Flashback Friday: Mall of America Opened its Doors 25 Years Ago". KSTP. Retrieved 2018-08-17.
Jump up ^ "Melvin Simon, 82, Dies; Commercial Real Estate Magnate Co-Owned Indiana Pacers". 2009-09-20. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2018-08-17.
Jump up ^ Ackman, Dan. "Mall Of America Goes To Canadians". Forbes. Retrieved 2018-08-17.
Jump up ^ "Uptown home invasion suspect son of prominent architect Jon Jerde". NOLA.com. Retrieved 2018-08-17.
Jump up ^ Karlen, Neal. "The Mall That Ate Minnesota". Retrieved 2018-08-17.
^ Jump up to: a b "Facts - Mall of America". Mall of America. Retrieved 2015-03-18.
Jump up ^ "Brothers win back control of megamall; Simon Property will contest a ruling that transfers majority ownership". Star Tribune. September 12, 2003.
Jump up ^ Ackman, Dan. "Mall Of America Goes To Canadians". Forbes. Retrieved 2018-08-17.
Jump up ^ Black, Sam (November 3, 2006). "Ghermezians take sole control of Mall of America in $1B deal". Minneapolis / St. Paul Business Journal.
Jump up ^ "Capitol budget deal beats the clock". Twin Cities. 2008-05-18. Retrieved 2018-08-17.
Jump up ^ Webbtwebb, Tom. "Mall of America plans $200 million expansion". TwinCities.com. Retrieved July 24, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Mall of America's $325 million addition will open in stages". Star Tribune. Retrieved 2018-08-17.
Jump up ^ Vomhof, John (18 April 2013). "Mall of America moves ahead with $225M expansion (Updated rendering)".
Jump up ^ 'Ground' broken on $325 million Mall of America expansion. Retrieved March 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Mall Of America Proposes Huge Indoor Water Park". 2018-03-08. Retrieved 2018-08-17.
Jump up ^ [1] Citation of fitting "seven Yankee Stadiums" inside the retail space of MOA, listed in the City of Bloomington, MN Web site. Retrieved January 22, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Mall of America' giant makeover ditches 90's in bid to stay hip". Startribune.com. Star Tribune. Retrieved 5 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Elmasry, Faiza (October 10, 2006). "America's Largest Mall Offers More than Shopping". Voice of America. Archived from the original on November 14, 2006.
Jump up ^ Schapiro, Rose (November 29, 2007). "Road Trip to the Mall of America". Chicago Weekly. Archived from the original on November 22, 2010. Retrieved December 10, 2012.
Jump up ^ WCCO – TV (January 25, 2008). "Heating Costs". Archived from the original on January 21, 2010.
Jump up ^ "MALL OF AMERICA® DIRECTORY MAP". Retrieved December 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ "STATE OF MINNESOTA OFFICE OF ADMINISTRATIVE HEARINGS FOR THE BLOOMINGTON CITY COUNCIL" (PDF). July 14, 2000. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 20, 2014.
Jump up ^ "A new frontier for Google Maps". Google. 2011.
Jump up ^ "Bloomingdale's at Mall of America closing; space to be divided". Twin Cities. 2012-01-03. Retrieved 2017-11-17.
Jump up ^ DiCarlo, Lisa. "AMC To Acquire General Cinema". Forbes. Retrieved 2017-12-07.
Jump up ^ Kumar, Kavita. "Shuttered Mall of America movie theaters will reopen with gourmet food, cocktails". Star Tribune. StarTribune. Retrieved 29 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "*Official* SEA LIFE Minnesota". Sharky.tv. Archived from the original on February 9, 2010. Retrieved December 20, 2011.
Jump up ^ "*Official* SEA LIFE Minnesota". Sharky.tv. Archived from the original on November 29, 2010. Retrieved December 20, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Baseball at the Mall". Dusty Lens. March 11, 2008.
Jump up ^ Merullo, Roland (May 13, 2006). "Who Financed 9/11?". Reader's Digest Australia. Archived from the original on July 25, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Mall of America Transit Station" (PDF). Senate.MN. Minnesota Senate. Retrieved 4 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "RSC Team - Security Subject Matter Experts". Archived from the original on 2015-10-06. Retrieved 2015-10-04.
Jump up ^ "Inside the Anti-Terror Task Force at the Mall of America". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 2015-10-04.
Jump up ^ Committee on Homeland Security House of Representatives One Hundred Tenth Congress (July 9, 2008). "The Challenge of Protecting Mass Gatherings in a Post-9/11 World". US Government Printing Office. Committee on Homeland Security. Archived from the original on January 13, 2012. Retrieved October 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ G.W. SCHULZ, DANIEL ZWERDLING and ANDREW BECKER (September 11, 2011). "They're watching at the Mall of America". Star Tribune. Retrieved January 8, 2015.
Jump up ^ "The shadow of suspicion falls in the Mall of America". Salon. September 7, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Under Suspicion at the Mall of America". NPR. September 7, 2011.
Jump up ^ Rupar, Aaron. "Idle No More flash dance brings more than 1,000 protesters to Mall of America". CityPages. Archived from the original on 22 February 2015. Retrieved 22 February 2015.
Jump up ^ KBJR News. ""Idle No More" Round Dance attempt ends in arrests at Mall of America". Northland Newsletter. Archived from the original on 4 January 2014. Retrieved 22 February 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "'Be particularly careful' today, U.S. homeland security chief tells MOA visitors". Star Truibune. 22 February 2015. Retrieved 22 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "No "imminent threat" to West Edmonton Mall visitors, RCMP says". Edmonton Journal. 22 February 2015. Archived from the original on 24 February 2015. Retrieved 22 February 2015.
Jump up ^ The Associated Press. "Chanting 'Black Lives Matter,' Protesters Shut Down Part of Mall of America". The New York Times. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Ben Brumfield (December 21, 2014). "'Black Lives Matter' protesters storm mall". CNN. Retrieved January 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ LIBOR JANY (December 24, 2014). "Bloomington seeks charges against Mall of America protesters". Star Tribune. Retrieved January 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ Brandt Williams (March 10, 2015). "Mall of America demonstrators plead not guilty to charges". MPR News. Retrieved March 21, 2015.
Jump up ^ Moyer, Justin Wm. (December 22, 2015). "Mall of America sues to stop planned Dec. 23 protest by Black Lives Matter". The Washington Post.
Jump up ^ "Black Lives Matter Minneapolis: 8 Activists Sued By MOA". CBS Minnesota. December 21, 2015.
Jump up ^ Rietmulder, Michael (December 22, 2015). "Mall of America wants restraining order against Black Lives Matter protest". City Pages.
Jump up ^ Feshir, Riham; Collins, Jon; Cox, Peter (December 21, 2015). "Black Lives Matter vows MOA protest; judge weighs restraining order". MPR News.
Jump up ^ "MOA® Moments: Behind the Screens". Retrieved October 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ WCW Monday Nitro#First episode
Jump up ^ Wakeman, Travis. "WWE Turning Point: Analyzing Historical Impact of First Episode of WCW Nitro". Bleacher Report. Retrieved 2018-08-17.
Jump up ^ Vomhof Jr., John (March 21, 2010). "Mall of America seeks more roles in reality shows after 'Mall Cops' success". Minneapolis / St. Paul Business Journal.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mall of America.
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Sally Struthers
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Sally Struthers
Struthers at the Filmex Tribute to Elizabeth Taylor, 1981
Born
Sally Anne Struthers
(1947-07-28) July 28, 1947 (age 70)
Portland, Oregon, U.S.
Education
Grant High School
Occupation
Actress, voice artist, spokesperson, activist
Years active
1970–present
Known for
Gloria Bunker – All in the Family
Spouse(s)
William C. Rader (m. 1977; div. 1983)
Children
1
Sally Anne Struthers (born July 28, 1947) is an American actress, voice artist, spokeswoman and activist. She played the roles of Gloria Stivic, the daughter of Archie and Edith Bunker (played by Carroll O'Connor and Jean Stapleton) on All in the Family, for which she won two Emmy awards, and Babette on Gilmore Girls. She was the voice of Charlene Sinclair on the ABC sitcom Dinosaurs and Rebecca Cunningham on the Disney animated series TaleSpin.
Contents
[hide]
1 Personal life
2 Career
3 Activism
4 Legal troubles
5 Filmography
5.1 Film
5.2 Television
5.3 Stage
6 Awards and nominations
7 References
8 External links
Personal life[edit]
Sally Anne Struthers was born on July 28, 1947[1][2] in Portland, Oregon, and attended Grant High School.[3] She is one of two children. She has a sister, Sue.[4] Their parents are Margaret Caroline (née Jernes) and Robert Alden Struthers, a surgeon,[1] who left the family when Sally was 9 or 10 years old.[4] Her maternal grandparents were Norwegian immigrants.[4] Struthers married psychiatrist William C. Rader on December 18, 1977. After having one child, the couple divorced on January 19, 1983.[1]
Career[edit]
Struthers moved quickly into stardom between the late 1960s and early 1970s. In Five Easy Pieces (1970) she was cast opposite Jack Nicholson in a small yet memorable role, but achieved fame as Gloria Stivic on the 1970s sitcom All in the Family. Producer Norman Lear found the actress dancing on The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour, a counterculture variety show whose writing staff included Rob Reiner.[5]
According to a WPTT radio interview with Doug Hoerth in 2003, Struthers thought that Reiner's then-fiancée and later wife, Penny Marshall, would get the role of Gloria, as Marshall more resembled Jean Stapleton, who played Edith Bunker. Actress Candice Azzara had played the role of Gloria in a pilot episode, but was soon dropped. After a shaky start, the series became a hit beginning with its summer reruns, giving tens of millions of viewers the chance to see "Gloria" defending her liberal viewpoints about negative stereotypes and inequality. Struthers won two Emmy Awards (in 1972 and 1979) for her work on the show. In 2012, Struthers recalled the serendipity that helped her land the role:
I had just gotten let go from The Tim Conway Comedy Hour because the suits in New York said that I made the show look cheap. And the producer said, "That's the whole point, we're trying to make it look like the Conway show doesn't have a budget, has no money, and so that's why there's only one Tim Conway dancer instead of a line of them like the June Taylor Dancers on The Jackie Gleason Show, and there's only one musician, and they can't even afford an instrument for him, so he's standing at a music stand, humming the opening theme song." That's funny! And the suits said, "No, it makes the show look cheap." So they let me, the Tim Conway dancer, go. And if they hadn't done that, I wouldn't have been free to read for All in the Family.[6]
In November 1975, Struthers was famously ambush interviewed by Australian comedian Garry McDonald in his Norman Gunston character, where she broke down with uncontrollable laughter.[7][8]
Struthers (upper-left) in the 1976 cast promotional photo of All in the Family
On the short-lived Archie Bunker's Place spin-off Gloria (1982–1983), Struthers reprised Gloria as a new divorcée (she became an "exchange student", when husband Mike exchanged her for one of his students). The series co-starred Burgess Meredith as the doctor of an animal clinic with Gloria as his assistant.[5] She was a semi-regular panelist on the 1990 revival of Match Game and an occasional guest on Win, Lose or Draw (even filling in for Vicki Lawrence as host for a week). She also had a recurring role as Bill Miller's manipulative mother, Louise, on Still Standing and regularly appeared on Gilmore Girls as Babette Dell. She also provided voices for a number of animated series such as The Pebbles and Bamm-Bamm Show (as a teenage Pebbles Flintstone), TaleSpin (as Rebecca Cunningham) and was one of the voice stars on ABC's Dinosaurs produced by Walt Disney and Henson Productions (as Charlene Sinclair).[5]
Struthers starred in the stage production of Annie at the Fabulous Fox Theatre in Atlanta, Georgia,[citation needed] and in the national tour of the production in the late 1990s. She has been a regular since the early 2000s at the Ogunquit Playhouse, in Ogunquit, Maine, where, in 2012, she performed in Always...Patsy Cline, as Louise Segar, and 9 to 5: The Musical, as Roz Klein.[9]
In 2014, Struthers toured in the 50th anniversary production of Hello, Dolly!, playing Dolly Levi.
Activism[edit]
Struthers has been a spokesperson for Christian Children's Fund (later renamed ChildFund), advocating on behalf of impoverished children in developing countries, mainly in Africa, and has been the spokesperson for International Correspondence Schools in television ads, pitching the famous line "Do you want to make more money? Sure, we all do!". Her activism has been satirized in Episode 19 of the seventh season of Grey's Anatomy, 3 Episodes of In Living Color Season 3 Episodes 6 & 18 and Season 4 Episode 27,[10] the South Park episodes "Starvin' Marvin" and "Starvin' Marvin in Space",[5] and the Denis Leary song Voices in my Head.[11]
Legal troubles[edit]
On September 12, 2012, Struthers was arrested for driving under the influence in Ogunquit, Maine. She was released on the same day with a bail of $160. In 2013 she pleaded guilty to a lesser charge of driving to endanger. Her driver's license was suspended for 30 days and she was ordered to pay $1,210 in fines and fees.[12][13][14][15]
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
The Phynx (1970) ... World's No. 1 Fan
Five Easy Pieces (1970) ... Shirley "Betty"
The Getaway (1972) ... Fran Clinton
A Different Approach (1978) (short film) ... Cameo appearance
The Others (1997) ... Mrs. Zelov
Out of the Black (2001) ... Betty
A Month of Sundays (2001) ... Onida Roy
Reeseville (2003) ... Katie Oakman
Baadasssss! (2003) ... Roz
Monster Heroes (2010) ... Kripta
Waiting in the Wings: The Musical (2014) ... Sperm Bank Receptionist
Hollywood Musical! (2015) ... Sally
Still Waiting in the Wings (2016) ... Lucy
The Relationship (2017) ... Liam's Mom (voice)
You & Me (2017) ... Tilly
Television[edit]
The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour (1970) TV series ... Regular performer (8 episodes)
The Tim Conway Comedy Hour (1970) TV series ... Series regular (13 episodes)
All in the Family (1971–1978) TV series ... Gloria Stivic (182 episodes)
The Pebbles and Bamm-Bamm Show (1971–1972) TV series (voice) ... Pebbles Flintstone (16 episodes)
Love, American Style (1971) TV series ... Barbara (1 episode: "Love and the Triangle")
Ironside (1971) TV series ... Sandy Fonda (1 episode: "Love, Peace, Brotherhood and Murder")
The Courtship of Eddie's Father (1971) TV series ... Katie O'Hara (1 episode: "The Blarney Stone")
Aloha Means Goodbye (1974) TV movie ... Sara Moore
Hey, I'm Alive (1975) TV movie ... Helen Klaben
The Great Houdini (1976) TV movie ... Bess Houdini
Fred Flintstone and Friends (1977–1978) TV series (voice) ... Pebbles Flintstone (95 episodes)
Intimate Strangers (1977) TV movie ... Janice Halston
My Husband is Missing (1978) TV movie ... Mrs. Katherine Eaton
...And Your Name is Jonah (1979) TV movie ... Jenny Corelli
The 200th Episode Celebration of All in the Family (1979) TV special ... Herself
Archie Bunker's Place (1979) TV series ... Gloria Stivic (2-part episode: "Thanksgiving Reunion")
A Gun in the House (1981) TV movie ... Emily Cates
Archie Bunker's Place (1982) TV series ... Gloria Stivic (2-part episode: "Gloria Comes Home")
Gloria (1982–1983) TV series ... Gloria Stivic (21 episodes)
The Charmkins (1983) TV special (voice) ... Poison Ivy
The Glo Friends Save Christmas (1985) TV special (voice) ... Blanche
Alice in Wonderland (1985) TV miniseries ... Tiger Lily (Part 2: "Through the Looking-Glass")
9 to 5 (1986–1988) TV series ... Marsha McMurray Shrimpton (52 episodes)
A Deadly Silence (1989) TV movie ... Aunt Marilyn
Charles in Charge (1989) TV series ... Nora Bennington, Nancy Beauman (1 episode: "Still at Large")
Sister Kate (1990) TV series ... Mrs. Newberry (1 episode: "Sweet Sixteen")
Murder, She Wrote (1990) TV series ... Nancy La Rue (1 episode: "A Body to Die For")
TaleSpin: Plunder & Lightning (1990) TV movie (voice) ... Rebecca Cunningham
TaleSpin (1990–1991) TV series (voice) ... Rebecca Cunningham (42 episodes)
All in the Family: 20th Anniversary Special (1991) TV special ... Herself
Dinosaurs (1991–1994) TV series (voice) ... Charlene Sinclair (65 episodes)
Yo Yogi! (1991) TV series (voice) ... Additional voices (9 episodes)
Tom & Jerry Kids (1991) TV series (voice) ... Jerry's Mother (1 episode: "Jerry's Mother")
The Tin Soldier (1992) TV special (voice) ... Narrator
In the Best Interest of the Children (1992) TV movie ... Patty Pepper
Fish Police (1992) TV series (voice) ... Shelly (1 episode: "Beauty's Only Fin Deep")
Wild West C.O.W.-Boys of Moo Mesa (1992) TV series (voice) ... Bessy Bluebell (1 episode: "Another Fine Mesa")
Tiny Toon Adventures (1992) TV series (voice) ... Rhoda's Mom, Witch Sandy (2 episodes: "Fox Trot", "Buster's Directorial Debut")
Droopy, Master Detective (1993–1994) TV series (voice) ... Additional voices (13 episodes)
Duckman: Private Dick/Family Man (1994) TV series (voice) ... Additional voices (1 episode: "Cellar Beware")
The New Adventures of Mother Goose (1995) TV special (voice) ... Mother Goose
Cow and Chicken (1998) TV series (voice) ... Girl Enzyme #1, Native Enzyme Walla #2 (1 episode: "Journey to the Center of Cow")
The Wild Thornberrys (1998) TV series (voice) ... Galapagos Penguin, Iguanas (1 episode: "Eliza-cology")
The Brothers Flub (1999) TV series (voice) ... Additional Voices
Gilmore Girls (2000–2007) TV series ... Babette Dell (52 episodes)
General Hospital (2002) TV series ... Jennifer Smith (6 episodes)
As Told by Ginger (2002) TV series (voice) ... Mrs. Higsby (1 episode: "New Girl in Town")
Sabrina the Teenage Witch (2003) TV series ... Aunt Lorraine (1 episode: "Ping, Ping a Song")
The Division (2003) TV series ... Eve Warner (1 episode: "Bewitched, Bothered and Bewildered")
Still Standing (2003–2006) TV series ... Louise Miller (10 episodes)
Odd Job Jack (2004) TV series (voice) ... Additional voices (1 episode: "Almost Wormless")
What I Did for Love (2006) TV movie ... Aunt Trudy
Betsy's Kindergarten Adventures (2008–2009) TV series (voice) ... Mrs. O'Connor (26 episodes)
American Dad! (2011) TV series (voice) ... Clara (1 episode: "A Ward Show")
Celebrity Ghost Stories (2011) TV series ... Herself (1 episode: "Beverly D'Angelo/Sally Struthers/Melissa George")
Gilmore Girls: A Year in the Life (2016) TV miniseries ... Babette Dell
Maron (2016) TV series ... Shirley
Stage[edit]
Wally's Cafe (1981) ... Janet (Broadway: Brooks Atkinson Theatre)
The Odd Couple (1985–1986) ... Florence Ungar (Broadway: Broadhurst Theatre)
Grease (1994–1998) ... Miss Lynch (Broadway: Eugene O'Neill Theatre)
Annie (1998–1999) ... Miss Hannigan, 20th Anniversary National Tour; (2008) Reagle Players; (2011) Cabrillo Music Theatre; (2012) Pittsburgh CLO
Always...Patsy Cline (1999) ... Louise (Hollywood Playhouse); (2009) (Casa Mañana)
Anything Goes (2002) ... Mrs. Evangeline Harcourt (Freud Playhouse, UCLA)
The Club of Hearts (2005) ... Ida (New Theatre Restaurant)
The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas (2005) ... Miss Mona (Ogunquit Playhouse)
Fifth of July (2006) ... Aunt Sally Talley Friedman (Regional)
Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (2006) ... Big Mama (Regional)
Hello, Dolly! (2006) ... Dolly Levi (Ogunquit Playhouse)
The Full Monty (2007) ... Jeanette (Ogunquit Playhouse); (2010) (North Carolina Theatre); (2013) (Riverside Center Dinner Theatre)
Fiddler on the Roof (2008) ... Golde (Ogunquit Playhouse)
Steel Magnolias (2008) ... Truvy (Casa Mañana)
Nunsense (2008) ... Mother Superior, 25th Anniversary Tour
All Shook Up (2009) ... Mayor Matilda Hyde (Ogunquit Playhouse)
Love Letters (2010) ... Melissa Gardner (Kentucky Repertory Theatre)
Curtains (2010) ... Carmen Bernstein (Pittsburgh CLO)
Cinderella (2010) ... Fairy Godmother (Cabrillo Music Theater)
Chicago (2010) ... Mama Morton (Ogunquit Playhouse)
Legally Blonde (2011) ... Paulette Bonafonté (Ogunquit Playhouse)
Hello, Dolly! (2011) ... Dolly Levi (Riverside Center Dinner Theatre); (2012) (Alhambra Dinner Theatre); (2013–14) National Tour
The Drowsy Chaperone (2011) ... Mrs. Tottendale (3-D Theatricals)
Always...Patsy Cline (2011) ... Louise, also directed the production (3-D Theatricals); (2012) (Ogunquit Playhouse); (2013) (Algonquin Arts Theatre); (2014) (El Portal Theatre)
9 to 5: The Musical (2012) ... Roz Keith (Patchogue Theatre for the Performing Arts); (2012) (Ogunquit Playhouse); (2015) (Riverside Center Dinner Theatre)
Thoroughly Modern Millie (2013) ... Mrs. Meers (Ogunquit Playhouse)
Hello, Dolly! (2013–2014) ... Dolly Levi, 50th Anniversary Tour
The Witches of Eastwick (2014) ... Felicia Gabriel (Ogunquit Playhouse)
Spamalot (2014) ... God (Riverside Center Dinner Theatre)
Nice Work If You Can Get It (2015) ... Dutchess Estonia Dulworth (Ogunquit Playhouse)
Mame (2015–16) ... Agnes Gooch (Riverside Center Dinner Theatre)
Irving Berlin's White Christmas the Musical (2017) ...Martha Watson (Ogunquit Playhouse)
Awards and nominations[edit]
Primetime Emmy Awards
1971 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series (tied with Valerie Harper)
1979 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series
Ovation Awards
2010: Won the award for Featured Actress in a Musical for the role of the "Fairy Godmother" in the Cabrillo Music Theatre production of Cinderella[16]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "Sally Struthers Film Reference biography". Filmreference.com. 1947-07-28. Retrieved 2012-09-14.
Jump up ^ "Sally Struthers: Biography, Latest News & Videos". TVGuide.com. Retrieved September 13, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Signed in 1962 Sally Struthers Freshman Yearbook..." eBay, September 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Struthers, Sally (November 7, 2001). "Testimony to The Commission on Affordable Housing and Health Facility: Needs for Seniors in the 21st Century". Federal Depository Library Program. Retrieved September 13, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Sally Struthers on IMDb
Jump up ^ Fallick, Alan H. (July 24, 2012). "Sally Struthers on '9 to 5,' Life and Topless Scene with Jack Nicholson". Newsday.com. Retrieved September 13, 2012.
Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt2361122/
Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cW2kSkurQFs
Jump up ^ Keyes, Bob (April 1, 2012). "Waiting in the wings: Summer". The Portland Press Herald. Portland, Maine. Retrieved September 13, 2012.
Jump up ^ List of In Living Color episodes
Jump up ^ "Denis Leary – Voices in My Head".
Jump up ^ http://www.tmz.com/2012/09/13/sally-struthers-arrested-drunk-driving-maine-operating-under-the-influence/
Jump up ^ http://people.com/crime/sally-struthers-dui-arrested-in-maine/
Jump up ^ https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/people/2013/09/06/sally-struthers-reaches-plea-deal-for-maine-dui/2775109/
Jump up ^ http://bangordailynews.com/2013/09/10/news/portland/actress-sally-struthers-drivers-license-suspended-as-part-of-york-county-plea-deal/
Jump up ^ "2009/2010 Ovation Award Winners". January 17, 2011. Retrieved September 2, 2014.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Sally Struthers
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sally Struthers.
Sally Struthers on IMDb
Sally Struthers at the Internet Broadway Database
Sally Struthers at Voice Chasers
[hide]
v
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Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series
Vivian Vance (1953)
Audrey Meadows (1954)
Nanette Fabray (1955)
Pat Carroll (1956)
Ann B. Davis (1957)
Ann B. Davis (1959)
Alice Pearce (1966)
Frances Bavier (1967)
Marion Lorne (1968)
Karen Valentine (1970)
Valerie Harper (1971)
Sally Struthers / Valerie Harper (TIE) (1972)
Valerie Harper (1973)
Cloris Leachman (1974)
Betty White (1975)
Betty White (1976)
Mary Kay Place (1977)
Julie Kavner (1978)
Sally Struthers (1979)
Loretta Swit (1980)
Eileen Brennan (1981)
Loretta Swit (1982)
Carol Kane (1983)
Rhea Perlman (1984)
Rhea Perlman (1985)
Rhea Perlman (1986)
Jackée Harry (1987)
Estelle Getty (1988)
Rhea Perlman (1989)
Bebe Neuwirth (1990)
Bebe Neuwirth (1991)
Laurie Metcalf (1992)
Laurie Metcalf (1993)
Laurie Metcalf (1994)
Christine Baranski (1995)
Julia Louis-Dreyfus (1996)
Kristen Johnston (1997)
Lisa Kudrow (1998)
Kristen Johnston (1999)
Megan Mullally (2000)
Doris Roberts (2001)
Doris Roberts (2002)
Doris Roberts (2003)
Cynthia Nixon (2004)
Doris Roberts (2005)
Megan Mullally (2006)
Jaime Pressly (2007)
Jean Smart (2008)
Kristin Chenoweth (2009)
Jane Lynch (2010)
Julie Bowen (2011)
Julie Bowen (2012)
Merritt Wever (2013)
Allison Janney (2014)
Allison Janney (2015)
Kate McKinnon (2016)
Kate McKinnon (2017)
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 107007977
LCCN: n79049343
ISNI: 0000 0001 1778 855X
IATH: w6vj8ffb
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sally_Struthers&oldid=818341397"
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List of Major League Baseball career WHIP leaders
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Addie Joss, the all-time leader in career WHIP.
In baseball statistics, walks plus hits per inning pitched (WHIP) is a sabermetric measurement of the number of baserunners a pitcher has allowed per inning pitched. WHIP reflects a pitcher's propensity for allowing batters to reach base, therefore a lower WHIP indicates better performance. WHIP is calculated by adding the number of walks and hits allowed and dividing this sum by the number of innings pitched.
Below is the list of the top 100 Major League Baseball pitchers in Walks plus hits per inning pitched (WHIP) with at least 1,000 innings pitched.
Addie Joss is the all-time leader with a career WHIP of 0.9678. Ed Walsh (0.9996) is the only other player with a career WHIP under 1.0000.
Contents
[hide]
1 Key
2 List
3 Notes
4 References
Key[edit]
Rank Rank amongst leaders in career WHIP. A blank field indicates a tie.
Player Name of the player.
WHIP Total career WHIP.
*
Denotes elected to National Baseball Hall of Fame.
Bold
Denotes active player.[note 1]
List[edit]
Clayton Kershaw, the active leader and 4th all-time in career WHIP.
Stats updated as of September 17, 2017.
Rank
Player
WHIP
1 Addie Joss * 0.9678
2 Ed Walsh * 0.9996
3 Mariano Rivera 1.0003
4 Clayton Kershaw 1.0016
5 John Montgomery Ward * 1.0464
6 Chris Sale 1.0496
7 Pedro Martínez * 1.0544
8 Christy Mathewson * 1.0581
9 Trevor Hoffman 1.0584
10 Walter Johnson * 1.0612
11 Mordecai Brown * 1.0658
12 Charlie Sweeney 1.0673
13 Reb Russell 1.0800
14 Stephen Strasburg 1.0812
15 Corey Kluber 1.0862
16 Jim Devlin 1.0868
17 Smoky Joe Wood 1.0869
18 Jack Pfiester 1.0887
19 George Bradley 1.0901
20 Tommy Bond 1.0908
21 Babe Adams 1.0920
22 Madison Bumgarner 1.0970
23 Juan Marichal * 1.1012
24 Dick Hall 1.1019
Rube Waddell * 1.1019
26 Larry Corcoran 1.1048
27 Deacon Phillippe 1.1051
28 Sandy Koufax * 1.1061
29 Fred Glade 1.1066
30 Ed Morris 1.1075
31 Will White 1.1110
32 Chief Bender * 1.1127
33 Charlie Ferguson 1.1171
34 Terry Larkin 1.1172
35 Eddie Plank * 1.1189
36 Max Scherzer 1.1191
37 Doc White 1.1207
38 Tom Seaver * 1.1208
39 Grover Cleveland Alexander * 1.1212
40 Tim Keefe * 1.1230
41 Hoyt Wilhelm * 1.1245
42 Cy Young * 1.1296
43 Frank Owen 1.1306
44 George McQuillan 1.311
45 Hooks Wiltse 1.1315
46 Noodles Hahn 1.1319
47 Johan Santana 1.1320
48 Jim McCormick 1.1322
49 Ray Collins 1.1340
50 Catfish Hunter * 1.1340
Rank
Player
WHIP
51 Lady Baldwin 1.1347
52 Curt Schilling 1.1374
53 Bruce Sutter * 1.1401
54 Bret Saberhagen 1.1406
55 Nick Altrock 1.1407
56 Sam Leever 1.1411
57 Ferguson Jenkins * 1.1418
58 Don Sutton * 1.1425
59 Greg Maddux * 1.1431
Ed Reulbach 1.1431
61 Andy Messersmith 1.1433
62 David Price 1.1441
63 Sid Fernandez 1.1443
64 Jeff Tesreau 1.1447
65 Gary Nolan 1.1453
66 Joe Benz 1.1466
Jim Whitney 1.1466
68 Don Drysdale * 1.1477
69 Charles Radbourn 1.1492
70 Barney Pelty 1.1504
71 Jack Chesbro * 1.1520
72 Tiny Bonham 1.1528
73 Fred Goldsmith 1.1530
74 Russ Ford 1.1537
75 Eddie Cicotte 1.1544
76 Rollie Fingers * 1.1556
77 Bob Caruthers 1.1578
78 Dick Rudolph 1.1581
79 Babe Ruth * 1.1586
80 Harry Coveleski 1.1587
81 Dennis Eckersley * 1.1608
82 Orval Overall 1.1613
83 Denny McLain 1.1633
84 Jumbo McGinnis 1.1636
85 Cole Hamels 1.1637
86 George Winter 1.1649
87 Frank Smith 1.1658
88 Carl Hubbell * 1.1659
89 Guy Hecker 1.1676
90 Jake Weimer 1.1679
91 Jake Arrieta 1.1688
92 Robin Roberts * 1.1696
93 Slim Sallee 1.1702
94 Randy Johnson * 1.1711
95 Hiroki Kuroda 1.1721
96 Roy Patterson 1.1722
97 Roger Clemens 1.1725
98 Nap Rucker 1.1746
99 Dan Quisenberry 1.1751
100 John Smoltz * 1.1759
Jack Taylor 1.1759
Notes[edit]
Baseball portal
Jump up ^ A player is considered inactive if he has announced his retirement or not played for a full season.
References[edit]
Baseball-Reference.com
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Major_League_Baseball_career_WHIP_leaders&oldid=803497478"
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We Real Cool
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the poem. For the book, see We Real Cool: Black Men and Masculinity.
"We Real Cool" is a poem written in 1959 by poet Gwendolyn Brooks and published in her 1960 book The Bean Eaters, her third collection of poetry.
It consists of four verses of two rhyming lines each. The final word in most lines is "we". The next line describes something that "we" do, such as play pool or drop out of school. Brooks has said that the "we"s are meant to be said softly, as though the protagonists in the poem are questioning the validity of their existence.[1] The poem has been featured on broadsides, and is widely studied in literature classes and re-printed in literature textbooks. It also contains references to the seven deadly sins.
The last lines of the poem, "We / Die soon," indicate the climax, which comes as a surprise to the boasts that have been made previously. It also suggests a moment of self-awareness about the choices that the players have made.
Contents
[hide]
1 Origin
2 Themes and meaning
3 In popular culture
4 External links
5 References
Origin[edit]
In an interview Brooks stated that her inspiration for the poem came from her walking in her community and passing a pool hall full of boys. When considering this she thought to herself “I wonder how they feel about themselves?” Instead of wondering about why they were not in school, Brooks captured this scene and turned it into the seven pool players at the Golden Shovel.[2]
Themes and meaning[edit]
The poem covers a multitude of themes despite its short length, some including rebellion and youth. The unique structure offers a subtitle at the beginning of the poem where Brooks writes, "The Pool Players / Seven at the Golden Shovel". This gives the poem its characters and setting. Many readers have also suggested the general song-like quality that the poem possesses when being read, in line with the jazz poetry tradition started by Langston Hughes.
The poem also covers the topic of mortality. In the last line it states that the seven pool players and narrator will "Die Soon", although the seven young pool players are prideful in their rebellion, they will eventually face mortality. This could also be an indicator into the time period with which the poem was written during the 1960s. Racial tensions were at a height during the decade with civil rights leaders pushing for de-segregation in the South. The mortality that Brooks addresses could be an indicator of the times that it was written in along with the fast life that the boys live in their enjoyment of skipping school, singing sin and drinking gin.
Brooks has also gone on the record of saying that the seven pool players in the poem are fighting the establishment with their rebellious actions. She states that the establishment is represented by the month of June. In the same interview Brooks explains how the poem has even been banned in some areas due to the use of the word "jazz" due to a perceived sexual nature. Some have interpreted the usage of "jazz" to have a sexual reference. However, Brooks said that the interpretation was not her intention; instead she intended for it to represent music.[2]
In popular culture[edit]
The poem was printed in the booklet of Chicago metalcore band The Killing Tree's 2003 EP, We Sing Sin, whose title is a reference to the poem.
It is also referenced in the song of the same title, "We Real Cool," by the band Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds on their 2013 album, Push the Sky Away.
The band The Jazz June takes their name from this poem as well.
The poem was referenced in the film Southside with You, a film depicting the first date of future first couple Barack Obama and Michelle Robinson.
External links[edit]
Gwendolyn Brooks Captures Chicago 'Cool' Brooks recites "We Real Cool" in interview with Henry Lyman on NPR. Retrieved 2017-02-11
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "An Interview with Gwendolyn Brooks" in Contemporary Literature 11:1 (Winter 1970). Available on-line: "On We Real Cool".
^ Jump up to: a b Robert Ricardo Reese (2013-11-01), Gwendolyn Brooks reads We Real Cool, retrieved 2016-10-31
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=We_Real_Cool&oldid=834395553"
Categories:
1959 poems
American poems
Works by Gwendolyn Brooks
African-American poetry
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This page was last edited on 5 April 2018, at 14:15.
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