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The Knight in the Panther's Skin
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ვეფხისტყაოსანი
Vepkhistqaosani
The Knight in the Panther's Skin
17th-century manuscript of Vepkhistqaosani
Author(s)
Shota Rustaveli
Dedicated to
Queen Tamar of Georgia
Language
Georgian
Date
c. 1180–1205/07
First printed edition
by King Vakhtang VI in 1712
Genre
epic poetry, national epic
Length
6,648 lines
Subject
love, friendship, heroism, loyalty
Period covered
Reign of Queen Tamar of Georgia
Georgian Golden Age
The Knight in the Panther's Skin (Georgian: ვეფხისტყაოსანი pronounced [vɛpʰxist’q’ɑosɑni] literally "one with a skin of a tiger") is a Georgian medieval epic poem, written in the 12th century by Georgia's national poet Shota Rustaveli.[1] A definitive work of the Georgian Golden Age, the poem consists of over 1600 Rustavelian Quatrains and is considered to be a "masterpiece of the Georgian literature".[2] Until the early 20th century, a copy of this poem was part of the dowry of any bride.[3][4]
Although the poem takes place in the fictional settings of exotic "India" and "Arabia", events in these distant lands are but a colorful allegory of the rule of Queen Tamar of Georgia, and the size and glory of the Kingdom of Georgia in its Golden Age.[5][6] It tells the friendship of two heroes, Avtandil and Tariel, and their quest to find the object of love, Nestan-Darejan, an allegorical embodiment of Queen Tamar. These idealized heroes and devoted friends are united by courtly love, generosity, sincerity, dedication, and proclaim equality between men and women, which is a recurring theme. The poem is regarded as the "coronation of thought, poetic and philosophical art of medieval Georgia",[7] a complex work with rich and transcending genres. It has been described as "epic", "chivalric romance", "epic romance" and "epic poem of lyric poetry."[8] Despite its formal complexity, it bears to this day "the Georgian vision of the world."[9]
Contents
[hide]
1 History of the work
1.1 Context and time
2 Content and form
2.1 Title
2.2 Story
2.2.1 Search for Tariel
2.2.2 Search for Nestan-Darejan
3 Places and characters
3.1 Places
3.2 Characters
3.2.1 The brave and loyal knights: Avtandil and Tariel
3.2.2 The faithful and patient lover: Tinatin and Nestan-Darejan
4 Human relationships
4.1 Love
4.2 Friendship
5 Morals, religion and philosophy
5.1 Values
5.2 Religious and philosophical views
6 Translations
7 References
8 Sources
History of the work[edit]
Rustaveli presenting Queen Tamar the poem, by Mihály Zichy.
Context and time[edit]
The creation of the poem corresponds to the Golden Age of the Kingdom of Georgia and the reign of Queen Tamar who was enthroned by her father King George III of Georgia. Tamar was celebrated by poets for her beauty, intelligence and diplomatic skills. She magnified the Georgian kingdom to its historical maximum extension, repulsed the invasions and established protectorates over many Muslim and Christian lands around. Under her reign, the economy prospered and the Georgian caravans reached Ayyubid Egypt, the Kievan Rus and the Byzantine Empire. Medieval science grew and the largest monasteries and churches in Georgia were built, secular literature developed to the point of equaling the greatest religious texts. It was with the backdrop of this "remarkable growth" that Shota Rustaveli composed his poem.[10] Rustaveli, a Meskhetian from the south-western Georgian town of Rustavi, was close to Queen Tamar and possibly served as her treasurer.[11] He likely participated in many military campaigns and the stories in his poem are set in faraway lands, but allegorical representations of his contemporaneous Georgia are recognizable in his work by many things, such as references to wine culture and a female king who became an heir of her father.[12]
In the very prologue, Rustaveli mentions that he wrote this poem for praising the "King" Tamar.[13]
თამარს ვაქებდეთ მეფესა სისხლისა ცრემლ-დათხეული,
ვთქვენი ქებანი ვისნი მე არ-ავად გამორჩეული.
მელნად ვიხმარე გიშრის ტბა და კალმად მე ნა რხეული,
ვინცა ისმინოს, დაესვას ლახვარი გულსა ხეული.
By shedding tears of blood we praise King Tamar,
whose praises I, not ill-chosen, have told forth.
For ink I have used a lake of jet, and for pen a pliant crystal.
Whoever hears, a jagged spear will pierce his heart.
And in the epilogue he praises the queen's king consort David Soslan.[14]
ქართველთა ღმრთისა დავითის, ვის მზე მსახურებს სარებლად,
ესე ამბავი გავლექსე მე მათად მოსახმარებლად,
ვინ არის აღმოსავლეთით დასავლეთს ზართა მარებლად,
და ორგულთა მათთა დამწველად, ერთგულთა გამახარებლად.
For the goddess of Georgia, whom David the sun serves by all rights,
I have put this tale into verse as entertainment for her nights-
she who strikes terror from the East to the West, wherever she fights;
those who are traitors, she destroys; those who are loyal, she delights.
Content and form[edit]
Title[edit]
Georgian title ვეფხისტყაოსანი (vepkhistqaosani) literally means "one with a skin of vepkhi". The identity of the animal that it refers to is not certain and it can be a tiger, panther or leopard. In modern Georgian, it refers to the tiger. However, according to more modern research it would rather mean a panther. Similarly, the qualification of "knight" is not derived from the original title and its alternative translations exist, such as the "valiant" or simply a "man."[15] The alternative English titles of the poem also are "Lord of the Panther Skin"[16] and "The Man in the Panther's Skin".[17]
Story[edit]
The story can be divided into two parts: the first part is Avtandil's quest for Tariel, the titular "knight in the panther's skin", and the second part is Avtandil's quest for Nestan-Darejan, Tariel's love.
Search for Tariel[edit]
Tariel, the knight in the panther's skin.
The King of Arabia, Rostevan, has no sons and confers the kingship on his only daughter, the beautiful and wise Tinatin. She has a tender affection for Avtandil, the knight and commander-in-chief of Rostevan's armies. One day, Avtandil challenges King Rostevan to a hunting competition. They have spent three days shooting game when they encounter a knight crying by a river, dressed in a panther's skin, who kills the slaves sent by the king to contact him before disappearing. Rostevan sends parties across the world to search for the mysterious knight, but becomes disheartened when he fails. Tinatin then asks Avtandil to find the strange knight in three years, promising him her hand in marriage in return. After two years and nine months of searching, Avtandil finally finds the knight in the panther's skin hiding in a cave with only a maiden for company. His name is Tariel, son of the king of the seventh kingdom of India, King Saridan. He had served as heir to King Pharsadan, king of the other six kingdoms, for many years when he fell in love with Pharsadan's daughter, Nestan-Darejan. Tariel wages war with the Khatavians to earn the favor of Nestan, but is dismayed to find she has already been promised to the Khwarezmian prince. Tariel could not bear the idea of marriage, and at the request of Nestan he killed the suitor. The princess was then placed on a boat and adrift on the seas. Despite Tariel's lengthy search for his love he could not find her. Later he met Nuradin-Phridon, ruler of Mulgazanzar, who told him that Nestan was alive but trapped on a distant boat. Tariel retired to a cave to live in the wilderness with Asmat, the former servant and messenger of Nestan. Moved by this story, Avtandil promises his friendship and brotherhood to Tariel and agrees to help him find his love, Nestan-Darejan. Avtandil returns home to Arabia, tells Tinatin the story of Tariel and returns to his new friend, going against king Rostevan's will.[18]
Search for Nestan-Darejan[edit]
Avtandil then leaves Tariel to go to the kingdom of Phridon, where he does not hear anything new about Nestan. Continuing his quest, he arrives in the city of Gulansharo. He meets Patman, the wife of the chief Usen, who falls in love with him. Avtandil, sensing she knows the fate of Nestan, succumbs to Patman's seduction. She tells him she has been keeping Nestan at her place and, as Nestan was promised to the king's son, she helped her escape, but in her flight Nestan was abducted by Kaji the demon king. Avtandil then returns home to Phridon and to the cave of Tariel and later all three friends decide to go to the country of Kaji with an army of three hundred men to find and deliver Nestan. When she is released, all return to Arabia, where King Rostevan forgives Avtandil his flight and breaking the king's order. They all celebrate the marriage of the latter with the king's only daughter, Tinatin. They then leave for India where Tariel marries his love Nestan. Phridon also returns to his homeland and the three friends reign happily with prosperity and generosity in their own respective realms.[19]
Places and characters[edit]
Tariel, Avtandil and Pridon looking at the Kajeti fortress.
Places[edit]
The poem is placed far away from Georgia in countries that the poet has certainly never visited: Arabia, India and "Khataeti" that is to say, China. The indications are vague and not designate any particular site.[20] It is the Georgian kingdom that has existed through these distant lands. It seems that the choice of places refers primarily to the national character of these peoples: the Arabs are portrayed as more rational, as the king Rostevan and his knight Avtandil with their communication skills and action help to break deadlocks. Conversely, the Indians appear to be more emotional and impulsive and cause unintended disasters, as of the image of Tariel and Nestan.[21] Other locations mentioned as the Kajeti or country of Kaj demons are imaginary. Gulansharo, capital of the "Kingdom of the Seas", has been compared to Venice.[22]
Characters[edit]
The brave and loyal knights: Avtandil and Tariel[edit]
These two characters represent the most devouted and friend lover characters, both heroes capable of courtly love and men endowed with free will.[23] They initially were actively involved and served the kingdoms held position of modern "steward" or "Mayor of the Palace".[24] Besides their position they only obey their beloved therefore their love and dedication is unwavering. Their mutual commitment friendship they swear, also extends to a third person who is Nuradin-Pridon who is also endowed with the same heroic qualities. Tariel is however distinguished by his wild character as he's attributeed with the panther's skin. The qualities associated with him of animal what is the power, intelligence or passion adds the impression of his feelings, his dedication and courage, as his hatred and violence could be extreme and uncontrollable.[25] It is also close to Saint George slaying the dragon whose cult was particularly strong in the 12th century especially in the episode where Tariel kills a lion and a panther.[26]
The faithful and patient lover: Tinatin and Nestan-Darejan[edit]
Although they take little action, these female characters, Tinatin and Nestan-Darejan are constantly present in thoughts of the knights and in the narrative tension as a whole. Princesses, a higher rank than their servant knights, they are inspired by the Queen Tamar or reflect the fact that each of them is the sovereign in their own realm.[27] Tinatin chooses her own husband, and it references to Queen Tamar as her role of the king and his father Rostevan, ceding his throne to his daughter references King George III of Georgia who was succeeded by her daughter in 1178, after his death.[28] Tinatin is a static character who leaves no time to the court of his father in Arabia. Nestan being a prisoner in the distant regions, is also passive. But their confidence, righteousness, shows these two women being faithful and respective lovers. As for Patman, she is an altered representation of their type but an infidel during the absence of her husband.[29] Patman takes little account of family honor as she humiliates her husband on account of his bodily defects. Patman's character is true to life from the artistic point of view. Despite everything, she is capable of displaying both affection and sincere warmth peculiar to a woman. She spares no effort to save Nestan. It is very characteristic that when Patman learns of the purpose of Avtandil's journey, she makes no attempt to keep the man she loves at her side even for a short time.[30]
Human relationships[edit]
Attack against the Kajs and reunion of Tariel and Nestan-Darejan.
Avtandil and Tariel in cave with Asmat.
Coronation of Tinatin.
Rustaveli is a great humanist. The poet focuses his attention on a man as a complex of sincere feelings, emotions, passions and aspirations. To counterbalance the mentality of the Middle Ages and the ecclesiastic morality of asceticism Rustaveli's poem proclaims the freedom of man as a personality, freedom of thought and feeling.[31]
Love[edit]
In the prologue, Rustaveli describes three types of love: an inaccessible due to the divine, heavenly love; physical love; and finally, a higher earthly love or passionate love.[32] Rustaveli thinks that pure and constant love does not expect love in return.[33] Such kind of love can not be felt without a strong spirit and the only possibility of experiencing love of this order is determined by the natural qualities that should have a real human being. Therefore, the valiant must have its beautiful with impeccable behavior including a constant devotion, the rejection of social duties and selfless loyalty. And as the author puts it "love is a severe trial for man as for woman".[34]
Loyalty of Nestan that fills the work and supports the dramatic tension well before the appearance of the character, is a model of righteousness. When it was announced that she would be married against her own will, she protests with force and supports its consequences with her heroic courage and stoicism. For three heroes who go to her aid, fearless and selfless, the fight is intended as a quest for justice. Amorous conquest is also noticeably absent from the poem. Both romantic relationships are paralleled and never mixed as the true brotherhood between the two heroes prevent such incidents.[35] Love, like friendship, often gives rise to hyperbolic descriptions in the poem.[36]
Friendship[edit]
The friendship between the three heroes sworn, Avtandil, Tariel and Pridon, a clear narrative of the entire epic, binds them together and at the same time it binds their peoples. These three men belong to different nations, they find themselves with the same aspirations and the same goal and that is their union of forces that can and will destroy a tyranny and evil what is represented by the Kajs.[37] This friendship, full of honesty and courage, free of cowardice and sycophancy, must go to the death if necessary. Such friendship is also possible between persons of different sexes in this case of Tariel and Asmat who share the same cave in brotherhood. However, love and friendship are intertwined as love of a knight with his heroism is fully realized with the help of a disinterested friendship and absolute loyalty. Both feelings are also expressed in the terms when Avtandil even against the will and order of his king departs to help his friend in need. Moreover, the happiness of each is conditioned by the happiness of others. Tinatin allows Avtandil to leave for Tariel, because it is the duty of her suitor to rescue his friend to whom he has promised to help.[38]
Morals, religion and philosophy[edit]
Values[edit]
With the glorification of courtly love, Rustaveli leads to strongly condemn forced marriages. Poem also shows an admiration for the woman and demands for gender equality. Even though Queen Tamar is the first female monarch and the sovereign of the kingdom, women's political function, position and leading role in Georgia was very high be it the patronage of Georgia by the Virgin Mary or conversion of Georgians to Christianity by a woman, Saint Nino in the 4th century.[39] This "cult of woman"[40] celebrates her honor and freedom to choose her own husband and Nestan is the model of a noble woman who puts reason above passion. In equal rights, women can develop a sincere friendship with the opposite sex without love and desire and Asmat is dedicated to Tariel. Slavery is also condemned in the poem.[41]
Politically, the poem does not lack and is not without patriotism. The state must be led by a strong and autocratic central government, however, sovereigns must rule with justice and prudence.[42]
In general, the poem is a "manifest of living with joy". The success of the three heroes in the liberation of Nestan shows that justice can exist on earth, as with enough courage and perseverance, one can find the happiness here.[43]
Religious and philosophical views[edit]
The poem sometimes gives the impression of being a pagan work.[44] In fact, no prayer is inserted into the poem, and never appear references to Christ or the Virgin Mary, or the Trinity but only to Paul the Apostle. Paul is mentioned, although references to the Gospels and the Old Testament are many (ten occurrences of Garden of Eden, including references to the Euphrates, Gibeon and Levi).[45]
However, the moral framework of the work is Christian, with a clear dichotomy between a good god and a hard and disappointing world. This Christianity yet has no fanaticism, even though its references to Islam, its prophet Muhammad (st. 1019), to Mecca (st. 1154) and the Quran (st. 344, 523 and 1154) are not particularly benevolent, and it is sometimes mocking,[46] they nevertheless clearly show some knowledge of this religion.[47]
Philosophical references of the poem is the Pseudo-Dionysius (st. 1478) which could be identified with the Georgian monk Peter the Iberian, an idealist, who believes in the oneness of God but sees the impossibility of knowing God's real existence.[48]
Translations[edit]
The poem also was translated on other Kartvelian languages like Laz, Svan and Mingrealian languages.
Outside of Georgia, first interest in the poem appeared in 1802, when Eugene Bolkhovitinov published a verbatim translation of the first stanza of the poem into Russian.[49] In France in 1828, Marie-Félicité Brosset made his first partial French translation.[50] In the 19th century the poem saw full translations into Polish,[51] German[52] and Russian. In 1845, extracts were published in Russian, French and Armenian. In 1912, Marjory Wardrop published the first English translation available.[53] In 1968, a verse translation by Venera Urushadze was published in Georgia. In 2015 an English poetic translation by Lyn Coffin was published, combining literary achievement with academic precision.[citation needed]
Today, unabridged editions are available in many languages: Hungarian,[54] Ukrainian,[55] Armenian,[56] Azeri,[57] Uzbek,[58] Kazakh,[59] Abkhaz,[60] Chinese,[61] Ossetian,[62] Italian,[63] Romanian,[64] Kyrgyz,[65] Turkmen,[66] Japanese,[67] Spanish,[68] Mongolian,[69] Belarusian,[70] Moldovan,[71] Hebrew,[72],[73] Chechen,[74] Kurdish,[75] Bashkir, Chuvash, Tatar, Esperanto,[76] Serbian, Greek, Korean, Bulgarian and also in Persian.
Among the translations, the following fulfill the rhythmic and rhyme structures of the original while faithfully conserving content: Esperanto.[77]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Baramidze & Gamezardashvili, p. 17
Jump up ^ Shengelia, p. 106
Jump up ^ Shengelia, p. 105
Jump up ^ Delshad, p. 18
Jump up ^ Baramidze & Gamezardashvili, p. 19
Jump up ^ David Marshall Lang. Landmarks in Georgian Literature. School of Oriental and African Studies, 1966, p. 20
Jump up ^ Asatiani & Bendianashvili, p. 151
Jump up ^ Malinka Velinova, "Interférence des genres dans les emplois du monologue médiéval", Institut Roustavéli, p. 160
Jump up ^ Polet, p. 529
Jump up ^ Polet, p. 500
Jump up ^ Polet, p. 525
Jump up ^ Kveselava, p. 13
Jump up ^ The Knight in the Panther's Skin, st. 4
Jump up ^ The Knight in the Panther's Skin, st. 1666
Jump up ^ Orbeliani & Iordanishvili, 1949
Jump up ^ Rustaveli, SUNY Press, 1977
Jump up ^ Rustaveli, Netlancers Inc, 2014
Jump up ^ The Knight in the Panther's Skin, III-XXX
Jump up ^ The Knight in the Panther's Skin, XXX-XLV
Jump up ^ Beynen, p. 221
Jump up ^ Beynen, p. 219
Jump up ^ Beynen, p. 222
Jump up ^ Beynen, p. 228
Jump up ^ Delshad, p. 50
Jump up ^ Polet, p. 548
Jump up ^ Mirianaschwili, Müller & Müller, «Schota Rustaveli, "Der Ritter im Tigerfell", 1999
Jump up ^ Wardrop, p. 6
Jump up ^ Beynen, p. 220
Jump up ^ Wardrop, p. 7
Jump up ^ Baramidze & Gamezardashvili, p. 25
Jump up ^ Baramidze & Gamezardashvili, pp. 25-26
Jump up ^ Baramidze & Gamezardashvili, p. 21
Jump up ^ Wardrop, p. 4
Jump up ^ Baramidze & Gamezardashvili, pp. 21-22
Jump up ^ Beynen, p. 232
Jump up ^ Wardrop, p. 7
Jump up ^ Baramidze & Gamezardashvili, p. 23
Jump up ^ Polet, p. 527
Jump up ^ Shengelia, p. 107
Jump up ^ Baramidze & Gamezardashvili, p. 22
Jump up ^ Khakhanoff, p. 95
Jump up ^ Baramidze & Gamezardashvili, p. 24
Jump up ^ Baramidze & Gamezardashvili, p. 20
Jump up ^ Rayfield, p. 77
Jump up ^ Wardrop, p. 270
Jump up ^ Rayfield, p. 76
Jump up ^ Wardrop, p. 4-5
Jump up ^ Rayfield, pp. 77-78
Jump up ^ Bolkhovitinov, Историческое изображение Грузии в политическом, церковном и учебном ее состаянии, St. Petersburg, 1802
Jump up ^ Brosset, pp. 277-294
Jump up ^ Lapchinski & Eristavi, 1840
Jump up ^ Der Mann in Tigerfelle, von Schota Rustaveli, Arthur Leist, 1889 online version
Jump up ^ Taktakishvili & Urushadze, pp. 142-148
Jump up ^ Tsereteli, pp. 661-664
Jump up ^ Mikola Bajan, Kiev, 1937
Jump up ^ Asatur, Yerevan, 1937
Jump up ^ Vurghun, Rahim & Rustam, Baku, 1937
Jump up ^ Shahzoda 1938 & Mirtemir 1959
Jump up ^ Almaty, 1938
Jump up ^ Gulia, Sokhumi, 1941
Jump up ^ Li-tsi-e, Shanghai, 1943
Jump up ^ Shavlokhovisa, Tskhinvali, 1943
Jump up ^ La pelle di Leopardo di Schotha Rusthaveli, Milan, 1945
Jump up ^ Vera Roman, Bucarest, 1947
Jump up ^ Frunse, 1956
Jump up ^ Ashgabat, 1957
Jump up ^ Kotchlashvili & Fukuro, 1962
Jump up ^ Gustavo de la Tore Botaro, Santiago, 1964
Jump up ^ Gombojav, Ulan-Bator, 1965
Jump up ^ Zvonak & Khvedarovitch, Minsk, 1966
Jump up ^ Krecu, Chișinău, 1966
Jump up ^ Shalom Barel,2017
Jump up ^ Agiashvili, 1967
Jump up ^ Mouzaev, Grozny, 1969
Jump up ^ Asad & Ankus, 2007
Jump up ^ Baramidze, p. 344
Jump up ^ Zurab Makaŝvili: Kavaliro en tigra felo, Tbiliso 1989
Sources[edit]
Marjory Scott Wardrop, The Man in the Panther's Skin: A Romantic Epic by Shota Rustaveli, Royal Asiatic Society, 1912
Donald Rayfield, The Literature of Georgia, Richmond, Curzon Press, 2000 (1st ed. 1994)
A. G. Baramidze & D. M. Gamezardashvili, Georgian Literature, Honolulu, University Press of the Pacific, 2001 (1st ed. 1968)
Kakha Shengelia, History of Georgia, Tbilisi, Caucasus University Publishing House, 2001
Jean-Claude Polet, Patrimoine littéraire européen, vol. 4a, Le Moyen Âge, de l'Oural à l'Atlantique. Littératures d'Europe orientale, De Boeck, 1993
Farshid Delshad, Studien zu den iranischen und semitischen Lehnwörtern im georgischen Nationalepos "Der Recke im Pantherfell", Iéna, 2002
Gijs Koolemans Beynen, "Adultery and Death in Shota Rustaveli's The Man in the Panther Skin", Courtly Arts and the Arts of Courtliness, 2004
M. Kveselava, Anthology of Georgian Poetry, Honolulu, University Press of the Pacific, 2001 (1st ed. 1948)
Nodar Asatiani & Alexandre Bendianashvili, Histoire de la Géorgie, Paris, l'Harmattan, 1997
A. Khakhanoff, «Abrégé de l'histoire et de la littérature géorgienne», dans Raphaël Isarloff, Histoire de Géorgie, Paris - Tbilissi, Charles Noblet - Librairie de la société géorgienne de lettres, 1900
°Shota Rustaveli The Knight in the Panther Skin, new translation by Lyn Coffin. Poezia Press, 2015 Tbilisi, Georgia
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Somewhere (song)
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This article is about the song from West Side Story. For the Shanice song, see Somewhere (Shanice song). For other uses, see Somewhere (disambiguation).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
"Somewhere", sometimes referred to as "Somewhere (There's a Place for Us)" or simply "There's a Place for Us", is a song from the 1957 Broadway musical West Side Story that was made into a film in 1961. The music is composed by Leonard Bernstein with lyrics by Stephen Sondheim, and takes a phrase from the slow movement of Beethoven's 'Emperor' Piano Concerto, which forms the start of the melody,(actually is a quote from the cello and bass line in Tchaikovsky’s Romeo and Juliet, 17 bars from the end.)[1] and also a longer phrase from the main theme of Pyotr Tchaikovsky's Swan Lake.
Contents
1 The song in the stage musical
2 The song in the 1961 film
3 P. J. Proby version
4 The Supremes' version
5 Barbra Streisand version
6 Phil Collins version
6.1 Charts
7 Pet Shop Boys version
7.1 Track listings
7.2 Charts
8 Other notable cover versions
9 References
10 External links
The song in the stage musical[edit]
In the stage musical, the song appears in the second act of the show during the Somewhere Ballet. It is performed by an off-stage soprano singer and is later reprised by the entire company. In the original Broadway production, "Somewhere" was sung by Reri Grist who played the role of Consuelo.
At the end of the show, when Tony is shot, Maria sings the first few lines of the song as he dies in her arms.
In late 1957, this recording was released on the album West Side Story (Original Broadway Cast).
The song in the 1961 film[edit]
In the 1961 film, the song occurs at a pivotal point, after the rumble in which Tony (Richard Beymer) has stabbed Maria's brother, Bernardo (George Chakiris). Having nowhere else to go, Tony runs to Maria (Natalie Wood), who has just been told of her brother's death and who killed him. When Tony comes to her room through the balcony window, Maria, in shock, pounds against his chest.
Realizing in spite of her anger that she still loves Tony, Maria begs him to hold her. After Maria cries out, "It's not us...it's everything around us." Tony replies, "Then I'll take you away, where nothing can get to us." He then begins singing "Somewhere" to her. His comforting voice draws her in and it becomes a duet of hope that their love will survive "somehow, someday, somewhere."
As in the stage show, Maria sings the first few lines of the song as Tony dies in her arms. In 2004, this version finished at #20 on AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs survey of top tunes in American cinema.
"Somewhere" is the only track that is out of sequence on the original soundtrack album as it is the last track on Side 2. This is rectified on the CD as "Somewhere" is correctly placed in sequence to the film between "The Rumble" and "Cool."
P. J. Proby version[edit]
In 1964, P. J. Proby released his version of "Somewhere", which reached number 6 on the British singles chart and 7 on the Australian singles chart. The song also charted well in various European countries.
Chart positions
Peak
position
UK Singles Chart 6
Australian Singles Chart 7
The Supremes' version[edit]
In 1965, the Supremes recorded the song for their album, There's a Place for Us, though it went unreleased until 2004. They also used it for their debut appearance at the Copacabana nightclub in New York City and it eventually became a fixture of their nightclub acts. They also sang the song on The Ed Sullivan Show and The Hollywood Palace. In contrast to the original melody, a special dramatic monologue was incorporated, which was frequently changed in conjunction with changes in the group as well as the country's turmoil in the late 1960s.
In the aftermath of the shooting of Martin Luther King, Jr., the monologue was changed to reflect King's famous "I Have a Dream" speech. When the Supremes appeared on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson the day after King had been murdered, lead singer Diana Ross was so overcome with emotion that she practically stumbled through the speech, but got an extraordinary ovation from the studio audience. It would once again be nationally televised several months later that year when the group paired up with the Temptations for an NBC television special, TCB. The monologue for that special went as follows:[2]
"Yes, there's a place for each of us, And we must try to pursue this place. Where love is like a passion, that burns like a fire, Let our efforts be as determined as that of Dr. Martin Luther King, Who had a dream that all God's children, Black men, white men, Jews, Gentiles, Protestants, and Catholics, Will join hands and sing that spiritual of all: "Free at last! Great God, we are free at last!"
Barbra Streisand version[edit]
In 1985, Barbra Streisand released a version of "Somewhere" as a single off the Grammy Award-winning The Broadway Album. In the US, it narrowly missed the Top 40 on the Hot 100, peaking at number 43, but fared better on the AC, peaking at number 5. It was a minor hit in the UK, peaking at number 88.[3] The song itself won the Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocal(s). In 2011, a duet was produced using scenes from Streisand's version while Jackie Evancho performed live with David Foster at the Ringling Museum of Art. On her 2014 Partners album, she released a new recording of the song, this time as a duet with Josh Groban.
Phil Collins version[edit]
"Somewhere"
Single by Phil Collins
from the album The Songs of West Side Story
Released
1996
Format
CD, 12"
Genre
Rock
Length
4:02
Label
Atlantic, Virgin, WEA
Songwriter(s)
Leonard Bernstein, Stephen Sondheim
Producer(s)
Phil Collins
Phil Collins singles chronology
"We Wait and We Wonder"
(1994) "Somewhere"
(1996) "Dance into the Light"
(1996)
"We Wait and We Wonder"
(1994) "Somewhere"
(1996) "Dance into the Light"
(1996)
British drummer Phil Collins later covered the song in 1996 for the West Side Story cover album The Songs of West Side Story.
Charts[edit]
Chart (1996)
Peak
position
Canadian Singles Chart 68
US Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks 7
Pet Shop Boys version[edit]
"Somewhere"
Single by Pet Shop Boys
from the album Bilingual Special Edition
A-side
"A Red Letter Day" (US)
B-side
"The View from Your Balcony", "Disco Potential"
Released
23 June 1997
Format
CD single, 12", cassette single
Recorded
1995
Genre
Hi-NRG[4]
Length
4:42
10:56 (extended version)
Label
Parlophone / Atlantic
Songwriter(s)
Leonard Bernstein, Stephen Sondheim
Producer(s)
Pet Shop Boys
Pet Shop Boys singles chronology
"A Red Letter Day"
(1997) "Somewhere"
(1997) "I Don't Know What You Want But I Can't Give It Any More"
(1999)
"A Red Letter Day"
(1997) "Somewhere"
(1997) "I Don't Know What You Want But I Can't Give It Any More"
(1999)
"Somewhere" was released as a single by the British music group Pet Shop Boys on 23 June 1997 to promote their "Somewhere" residency at the Savoy Theatre in London, which was named after the song, and to promote a repackage of Bilingual.
The single was another top 10 hit for the group, peaking at number 9. The single also peaked at number 25 on the Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles, roughly equivalent to 125 on the main United States Billboard Hot 100 chart. It also peaked at number 19 on the US Hot Dance Club Play chart. In the US, the song was released as a double A-side with "A Red Letter Day".
The Pet Shop Boys' version also uses elements of another West Side Story song, "I Feel Pretty", and the album version uses elements of "One Hand, One Heart" spoken by Chris Lowe.
Track listings[edit]
UK CD single 1 Parlophone CDRS 6470
"Somewhere"
"The View from Your Balcony"
"To Step Aside" (Ralphi's Old School Dub)
"Somewhere" (Forthright Vocal Mix)
UK CD single 2 Parlophone CDR 6470
"Somewhere" (Orchestral version)
"Disco Potential"
"Somewhere" (Trouser Enthusiasts Mix)
"Somewhere" (Forthright Dub)
UK cassette single TCR 6470
"Somewhere"
"Somewhere" (Orchestral version)
"The View from Your Balcony"
Charts[edit]
Chart (1997)
Peak
position
Australian Singles Chart[5] 56
German Singles Chart 70
Swedish Singles Chart 21
UK Singles Chart 9
US Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles 25
US Billboard Hot Dance Club Play 19
Other notable cover versions[edit]
Esther Ofarim covered this song on her 1965 album "Is it Really Me?" and in the 2006 re-release "In New York With Bobby Scott & His Orchestra"[6]
Len Barry covered this song in 1966 and peaked at #26 on the Billboard Hot 100.
Tom Waits opened his 1978 album Blue Valentine with a cover of this song.
Ben Platt performed this song at the 60th Annual Grammy Awards as a tribute to Leonard Bernstein.[7]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Ross, Alex. The Rest is Noise: Listening to the Twentieth Century. Fourth Estate. ISBN 978-1-84115-475-6.
Jump up ^ "The Supremes - Somewhere on Tonight Show (Audio Only)". YouTube. November 15, 2014.
Jump up ^ Barbra Streisand Archives: Records/The Broadway Album.
Jump up ^ Dean, Will (June 19, 2013). "Music review: Pet Shop Boys bring cornucopia of hits to London's O2 Arena". The Independent. Retrieved March 31, 2015.
Jump up ^ Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988-2010. Mt. Martha, VIC, Australia: Moonlight Publishing.
Jump up ^ www.esther-ofarim.de
Jump up ^ Bell, Crystal (January 29, 2018). "Ben Platt Goes From Pitch Perfect To Grammy Standing Ovation With Emotional Performance". MTV. Retrieved August 19, 2018.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
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Arthur Laurents, Leonard Bernstein and Stephen Sondheim's West Side Story (1957)
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Inspiration
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"I Feel Pretty"
"Somewhere"
"A Boy Like That"
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West Side Story (1962 Peterson Trio)
Kenton's West Side Story (1962 Kenton)
Toshiko–Mariano Quartet (in West Side) (1963 Akiyoshi)
West Side Story (1974 Earl Hines)
Related
"The First Time"
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Wild Side Story
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Play It Again
Josh
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Candide (1956)
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Peter Pan (1950)
Wonderful Town (1953, "Ohio")
West Side Story (1957, "A Boy Like That" · "America" · "Cool" · "Gee, Officer Krupke" · "I Feel Pretty" · "Maria" · "One Hand, One Heart" · "Something's Coming" · "Somewhere" · Tonight" · "Tonight Quintet")
A Party with Betty Comden and Adolph Green (1958, collaboration)
The Race to Urga (1968)
1600 Pennsylvania Avenue (1976)
The Madwoman of Central Park West (1979, contribution)
Ballet
Fancy Free (1944)
Dybbuk (1974)
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Symphony No. 1 Jeremiah (1942)
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Slava! A Political Overture (1977)
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Serenade after Plato's "Symposium" (1954)
Ḥalil (1981)
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Hashkiveinu (1945)
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"So pretty"
Songfest: A Cycle of American Poems for Six Singers and Orchestra (1977)
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Four Anniversaries (1948)
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Hello, I Must Be Going!
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"Hallo Spaceboy"
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"She's Madonna"
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"King's Cross"
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"Ol' '55"
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Step Right Up: The Songs of Tom Waits
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Plant stem cell
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Plant stem cells are innately undifferentiated cells located in the meristems of plants.[1] Plant stem cells serve as the origin of plant vitality, as they maintain themselves while providing a steady supply of precursor cells to form differentiated tissues and organs in plants.[2] Two distinct areas of stem cells are recognised: the apical meristem and the lateral meristem.
Root tip (10X) 1) Meristem; 2)Columelle 3)Lateral part of the tip; 4)Dead Cells; 5)Elongation zone
Plant stem cells are characterized by two distinctive properties, which are: the ability to create all differentiated cell types and the ability to self-renew such that the number of stem cells is maintained.[3] Plant stem cells never undergo aging process but immortally give rise to new specialized and unspecialized cells, and they have the potential to grow into any organ, tissue, or cell in the body.[2] Thus they are totipotent cells equipped with regenerative powers that facilitate plant growth and production of new organs throughout lifetime.[1]
Unlike animals, plants are immobile. As plants cannot escape from danger by taking motion, they need a special mechanism to withstand various and sometimes unforeseen environmental stress. Here, what empowers them to withstand harsh external influence and preserve life is stem cells. In fact, plants comprise the oldest and the largest living organisms on earth, including Bristlecone Pines in California, U.S. (4,842 years old), and the Giant Sequoia in mountainous regions of California, U.S. (87 meters in height and 2,000 tons in weight).[4] This is possible because they have a modular body plan that enables them to survive substantial damage by initiating continuous and repetitive formation of new structures and organs such as leaves and flowers.[1]
Plant stem cells are also characterized by their location in specialized structures called meristematic tissues, which are located in root apical meristem (RAM), shoot apical meristem (SAM), and vascular system ((pro)cambium or vascular meristem.)[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Research and development
2 Plant stem cell vs. callus
3 Bioprocess innovation
4 Further applications
5 Notes
6 References
Research and development[edit]
Traditionally, plant stem cells were thought to only exist in SAM and RAM and studies were conducted based on this assumption. However, recent studies have indicated that (pro)cambium also serves as a niche for plant stem cells: "Procambium cells fulfill the criteria for being stem cells since they have the capacity for long-term self renewal and being able to differentiate into one or more specialized cell types."[6]
Cambium is a type of meristem with thin walls which minutely exist in small populations within a plant. Due to this structural characteristic, once physical force is applied to it, it is easily damaged in the very process of isolation, losing its stem cell characteristics. Despite 160 years of biological effort to isolate and retrieve plant stem cells, none succeeded in the isolation due to the distinct structural characteristics of plant stem cell: "[t]he cambium consists of a few layers of narrow elongated, thin-walled cells, easily damaged during sampling." This highly vulnerable feature has made studies on cambial structure and ultrastructure difficult to achieve with conventional methods. Thus failure to isolate plant stem cells from meristematic tissues prompted scientists to administer plant cell culture by using callus (dedifferentiated cells) as an alternative to plant stem cells.
Callus, or dedifferentiated cells, are somatic cells that undergo dedifferentiation to give rise to totipotent embryogenic cells, which temporarily gains the ability to proliferate and/or regenerate an embryo. Since embryogenic cells were considered totipotent cells based on their ability to regenerate or develop into an embryo under given conditions, dedifferentiated cells were generally regarded as stem cells of plant: "…we propose to extend the concept of stem cells to include embryogenic stem cells that arise from plant somatic cells. We examine the cellular, physiological and molecular similarities and differences between plant meristematic stem cells and embryogenic stem cells originating directly from single somatic cells."
Plant stem cell vs. callus[edit]
Despite that callus exhibits a number of stem cell-like properties for a temporary period and that it has been cultured for useful plant compounds as an alternative source of plant stem cell, callus and plant stem cell are fundamentally different from each other. Callus is similar to plant stem cell in its ability to differentiate, but the two are different in their origin. While plant stem cell exists in the meristematic tissues of plant, callus is obtained as a temporary response to cure wounds in somatic cell.
Moreover, callus undergoes dedifferentiation as differentiated cells acquire ability to differentiate; but genetic variation is inevitable in the process because the cells consist of somatic undifferentiated cells from an adult subject plant. Unlike true stem cells, callus is heterogeneous. Due to this reason, continuous and stable cell division of callus is difficult. Hence a plant stem cell originated from cambium is an immortal cell while that from callus is a temporarily dediffertiated cell obtained from stimulating the somatic cell.
Furthermore, the ability to differentiate and proliferate is different that differences between plant stem cell and callus are prevalent in culture and research. Only plant stem cells embedded in meristems can divide and give rise to cells that differentiate while giving rise to new stem cells. These immortal cells divide infinitely.
Bioprocess innovation[edit]
Plant cells are cultured to acquire plant useful compounds. However cell cultures are often hindered by various factors especially if cell culture continues long-term. However, strong vitality and structural characteristics of plant stem cell overcome previous drawbacks to plant cell culture. Thus plant stem cell culture is the most ideal and productive method of cell culture and phytochemical production as cells are successfully mass cultured while maintaining quality.
Further applications[edit]
Numerous medicines, perfumes, pigments, antimicrobials, and insecticides are derived from plant natural products. Cultured Cambial Meristematic Cells (CMC) may provide a cost-effective, environmentally friendly, and sustainable source of important natural products, including paclitaxel. Unlike plant cultivation, this approach is not subject to the unpredictability caused by variation in climatic conditions or political instability in certain part of the world. Also, CMCs from reference specifies may also provide an important biological tool to explore plant stem cell function.
In 2010, researchers from the Plant Stem Cell Institute (formerly Unhwa Institute of Science and Technology) presented their data to the world via Nature Biotechnology. Their research demonstrated the world's first cambial meristematic cell isolation. Due to the valuable and beneficial compounds for human health (i.e. paclitaxel) which are secreted by the CMC's, this technology is considered a serious breakthrough in plant biotechnology.[7]
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Detlef Weigel and Gerd Jürgens. "Stem cells that make stems." Nature. 415.6873 (2002): 751-754.
^ Jump up to: a b Robert Sablowski. "Plant and animal stem cells: conceptually similar, molecularly distinct?" Trends in Cell Biology. 14.11 (2004): 605-611.
Jump up ^ Ben Scheres. "Cells: A Plant Biology Perspective." Cell. 122 (2005): 499-504.
Jump up ^ Gymnosperm Database (15 March 2007). "Pinus longaeva." http://www.conifers.org/pi/pin/longaeva.htm. Retrieved 2006-07-25.
Jump up ^ Yuki Hirakawa, Hidefumi Shinohara, Yukki Kondo, Asuka Inoue, Ikuko Nakanomyo, Mari Ogawa, Shinichiro Sawa, Kyoko Ohashi-Ito, Yoshikatsu Matsubayashi, and Hiroo Fukuda. "Non-cell-autonomous control of vascular stem cell fate by a CLE peptide/receptor system." PNAS. 105.39 (2008): 15208-15213.
Jump up ^ Alison et al. An Introduction to Stem Cells. Journal of Pathology 197 (2002) 149-423
Jump up ^ http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v28/n11/full/nbt.1693.html
References[edit]
Bhalla, Singh, and Prem L. Bhalla. "Plant Stem Cells Carve Their Own Niche." Trends in Plant Science (2006).
Detlef Weigel and Gerd Jürgens. "Stem cells that make stems." Nature. 415.6873 (2002): 751-754.
Oxidative stress and formation and maintenance of root stem cells Ivanov, V.B., Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. 10 December 2008
Cytokinin and auxin interaction in root stem-cell specification during early embryogenesis Müller, Bruno, Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. 10 December 2008
Mei-P26 regulates microRNAs and cell growth in the Drosophila ovarian stem cell lineage Neumüller, Ralph, Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. 10 December 2008
Scheres, Ben. "Stem-cell Niches: Nursery Rhymes Across Kingdoms." Nature Reviews Molecular Cell
Meristems[permanent dead link] Sengbusch, Peter, Botany Online: Cells and Tissues. 10 December 2008
Simon, Eric, Neil Campbell, and Jane Reece. Essential Biology with Physiology. San Francisco, CA: Pearson Benjamin Cummins, 2007.
Plant Development Staveley, Brian E., Department of Biology. Memorial University of Newfoundland. 10 December 2008
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Ripley's Aquarium of Canada
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Ripley's Aquarium of Canada
Date opened
October 16, 2013 (5 years ago) (2013-10-16)
Location
288 Bremner Boulevard
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
M5V 3L9
Coordinates
43°38′33″N 79°23′10″W / 43.642481°N 79.38605°W / 43.642481; -79.38605Coordinates: 43°38′33″N 79°23′10″W / 43.642481°N 79.38605°W / 43.642481; -79.38605
Floor space
12,500 m2 (135,000 sq ft)
No. of animals
20,000[1]
Volume of largest tank
2,840,000 litres (750,000 US gal)
Total volume of tanks
5,700,000 litres (1,506,000 US gal)[1]
Public transit access
Union Station
Union
Website
ripleyaquariums.com/canada
Ripley's Aquarium of Canada is a public aquarium in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The aquarium is one of three aquariums owned and operated by Ripley Entertainment. It is located in downtown Toronto, just southeast of the CN Tower. The aquarium has 5.7 million litres (1.5 million gallons) of marine and freshwater habitats from across the world. The exhibits hold more than 20,000 exotic sea and freshwater specimens from more than 450 species.
Contents
1 History
2 Building
2.1 Access
3 Exhibits
4 References
5 External links
History[edit]
Ripley's Aquarium a year into construction in August 2012.
A Ripley's Aquarium was originally planned in 2004 to be built in Niagara Falls, Ontario[2] next to what is now Great Wolf Lodge around 2007, but plans fell through and Ripley's eventually relocated to Toronto.[3] Construction began on the attraction in August 2011 with a final cost approaching C$130 million.[4] The aquarium opened to the public in October 2013.[4]
The project was a partnership with three levels of government. The federal government's Canada Lands Company contributed $10 million to the project to develop the "John Street Corridor" linking Front Street with the aquarium, the CN Tower and the Rogers Centre. The Government of Ontario contributed $11 million to the project, and the City of Toronto provided property-tax incentives amounting to between $8 million and $12 million over the first twelve years of the aquarium.[5]
Ripley's Aquarium has been the target of animal liberation groups such as TARA (Toronto Aquarium Resistance) and MAD (Marineland Animal Defence), which claim animal captivity is synonymous with animal abuse and regularly conduct protests and demonstrations at the facility. Prominent animal conservationist Bob Timmons has also publicly spoken out against Ripley Aquarium's capture of endangered tiger sharks.
On Oct. 12 multiple videos emerged, showing a man swimming nude through a shark tank on the main level of the downtown aquarium. Officials at Ripley’s said the man purchased a ticket to enter the aquarium at around 10 p.m. and immediately stripped naked and hopped over a security barrier to access the shark tank, where he was fully visible to dozens of shocked patrons watching from above the water and from a glass observation area on the level below.
After splashing around for a while, security eventually convinced the man to leave and he took off before police could arrive.[6]
Building[edit]
The roof of the main entrance was designed to give the illusion of the Earth's crust peeling away to reveal a window into the aquatic world.
The building features a multi-faceted shell clad in large aluminum panels, with the roof of the main entrance that "gives the illusion of the earth’s crust peeling away to reveal a window into the aquatic world." There are also coloured surfaces that juxtapose reflective aluminum soffits.[7] The building was designed with special shielding so that sharks would not be disturbed by its electrical systems.
Access[edit]
The building is located on Bremner Boulevard, to the east of the Rogers Centre, just south of the CN Tower and across the street from the Roundhouse Railway Museum. The aquarium is accessible from the Union subway station using the SkyWalk pedestrian pathway. The building does not have parking of its own. Parking is available in several underground parking garages nearby and surface parking lots. The nearest highway access is the Gardiner Expressway by exiting at York Street. The underground PATH pathway system will eventually be extended to the site from the east.
Exhibits[edit]
The aquarium holds 5.7 million litres (1.5 million gallons) of water and shows marine and freshwater habitats from around the world.[8] The aquarium is organized into ten galleries: Canadian Waters, Rainbow Reef, Dangerous Lagoon, Discovery Centre, The Gallery, Ray Bay, Swarm: Nature by Numbers, Planet Jellies, Life Support Systems and the Shoreline Gallery. It is home to more than 20,000 animals.[1]
The Dangerous Lagoon exhibit includes several species of sharks, roughtail stingrays, longcomb sawfish, and green sea turtles.
The Canadian Waters exhibit features animals from all the bodies of water surrounding the country. The gallery has 17 habitats. Some animals featured in this exhibit include: alewife, largemouth bass, American lobster, wolf eel, lump fish, giant pacific octopus, china rockfish[1]
The Rainbow Reef features animals from the Indo-Pacific water regions and is the most colourful gallery in the exhibit, hence its name. Some of the species in this exhibit include: Picasso triggerfish, humbug dascyllus, emperor angelfish, pajama cardinalfish, unicorn surgeonfish. The exhibit also features an interactive dive show.[1]
The Dangerous Lagoon is an underwater tunnel with a moving conveyor belt, which is the aquarium's largest tank. Some of the featured animals in this exhibit include sand tiger shark, sandbar shark, roughtail stingray, longcomb sawfish, green sea turtles.[1]
The Discovery Centre features various hands-on activities such as underwater viewing bubbles, a pop-up research submarine and a touch pool which allows visitors to touch living fossils. Discovery Centre inhabitants include clownfish, palette surgeonfish, horseshoe crab.[1] The Touch exhibits give visitors the opportunity to touch the skins of various animals like sharks and sting-rays with the help of aquarium employees. This gallery is home to whitespotted bamboo sharks, brownbanded bamboo sharks, southern stingray, cownose rays.[1]
The Gallery exhibit, also known as Mother Nature's Art Gallery, features some of the most delicate underwater species from all over the world. This exhibit features the red lionfish, electric eel, lined seahorse, and the archerfish. This exhibit features six salt water and three fresh water exhibits.[1]
The Planet Jellies exhibit has colour changing displays with five species of jellyfish. These include: pacific sea nettle, moon jelly, spotted jelly, and upside-down jelly.[1]
The Ray Bay exhibit is focused around three distinct species of stingrays. Occasionally visitors can see aquarium divers feeding the stingrays during their daily interactive dive shows. Some of the inhabitants of this exhibit include the bonnethead shark, cownose ray, and the southern stingray.[1]
The Life Support System gives visitors a behind the scenes look at the aquarium’s life support systems room. The building features the largest life support systems room of Ripley’s three aquariums. This gallery features equipment for Dangerous Reef and Ray Bay.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k "Ripley's Aquarium of Canada". Ripley's Aquarium of Canada. Retrieved 14 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Ripleys Development At Niagara Glenview Site". Niagaraglenview.com. February 28, 2004. Retrieved December 4, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Ripley's considers Toronto aquarium while Falls... | Niagara Falls Review". Niagarafallsreview.ca. January 7, 2010. Retrieved December 4, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Ripley's Aquarium of Canada opens its doors". 680 News. 2013-10-16. Retrieved 2016-01-14.
Jump up ^ "Ripley's Aquarium of Canada". Urban Toronto. Retrieved April 10, 2014.
Jump up ^ Gallant, Jacques (2012-08-20). "Ripley's aquarium facing opposition over sharks". The Toronto Star. Retrieved 2016-01-14.
Jump up ^ "B+H Architects - Global architectural, interior, landscape, sustainability and planning design firm with offices in Toronto, Vancouver, Shanghai, Singapore, Ho Chi Minh City, Delhi, Sharjah and Dubai". Bharchitects.com. Retrieved August 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Tourism Toronto | Ripley's Aquarium of Canada". Seetorontonow.com. Retrieved August 9, 2013.
External links[edit]
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