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Dutch guilder
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Dutch guilder
Nederlandse gulden (Dutch)
1968 one-guilder coin
ISO 4217
Code
NLG
Denominations
Subunit
1⁄100
cent
Plural
guilders
cent
cents
Symbol
ƒ or fl.
Banknotes
Freq. used
ƒ5 (replaced for coin in 1988), ƒ10, ƒ25, ƒ50, ƒ100, ƒ1000
Rarely used
ƒ250
Coins
Freq. used
5c, 10c, 25c, ƒ1, ƒ2 1⁄2, ƒ5
Rarely used
1c (withdrawn 1 March 1983), 1⁄2c, 2 1⁄2c (withdrawn 1948)
Demographics
User(s)
Netherlands (until 2002)
Suriname (until 1962)
Netherlands Antilles (until 1940)
Luxembourg (until 1839)
Belgium (until 1832)
Issuance
Central bank
De Nederlandsche Bank
Website
www.dnb.nl
Printer
Joh. Enschedé
Website
www.joh-enschede.nl
Mint
Royal Dutch Mint
Website
www.knm.nl
Valuation
Inflation
2.6% (December 2000)
Source
worldpress.org, 2000 est.
ERM
Since
13 March 1979
Fixed rate since
31 December 1998
Replaced by €, non cash
1 January 1999
Replaced by €, cash
1 January 2002
€ =
ƒ2.20371
This infobox shows the latest status before this currency was rendered obsolete.
The Dutch guilder (Dutch: gulden, IPA: [ˈɣɵldə(n)]) or fl. was the currency of the Netherlands from the 17th century until 2002, when it was replaced by the euro. Between 1999 and 2002, the guilder was officially a "national subunit" of the euro. However, physical payments could only be made in guilder, as no euro coins or banknotes were available. The Netherlands Antillean guilder is still in use in Curaçao and Saint Maarten (two countries in the Kingdom of the Netherlands), but this currency is distinct from the Dutch guilder. In 2004, the Surinamese guilder was replaced by the Surinamese dollar.
The Dutch name gulden was a Middle Dutch adjective meaning "golden",[1] and the name indicates the coin was originally made of gold. The symbol ƒ or fl. for the Dutch guilder was derived from another old currency, the florin.
The exact exchange rate, still relevant for old contracts and for exchange of the old currency for euros at the central bank, is 2.20371 Dutch guilders (NLG) for 1 euro (EUR).[2] Inverted, this gives EUR 0.453780 for NLG 1.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Coins
3 Banknotes
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
Before the introduction of the first guilder, there were regional and foreign golden coins that were likely referred to as "gulden" in Dutch. The first internationally accepted Dutch coin called gulden dates from 1517:[3] the Carolusgulden (not to be confused with the English Carolus). Even before that, the County of Holland had minted golden coins since 1378.[4]
An early guilder, a 10.61-gram .910 silver coin, was minted by the States of Holland and West Friesland in 1680.[5] The original guilder design featured Pallas Athena standing,[citation needed] holding a spear topped by a hat in her right hand, resting with her left forearm on Gospels set on an ornate basis, with a small shield in the legend. This guilder was divided into 20 stuivers, each of 8 duiten or 16 penningen. The guilder gradually replaced other silver coin denominations circulating in the United Netherlands: the florijn (28 stuivers), the daalder (1 1⁄2 guilders or 30 stuivers), the rijksdaalder (2 1⁄2 guilders or 50 stuivers), the silver ducat (same value as the rijksdaalder) and the silver rider ducaton (3 guilders or 60 stuivers).
Between 1810 and 1814, the Netherlands was annexed to France and the French franc circulated. After the Napoleonic wars, the Kingdom of the Netherlands readopted the guilder. In 1817 it became decimalised, with one guilder equal to 100 cents. However, it was not until 1848 that the last pre-decimal coins (many of which dated back to the 17th century) were withdrawn from circulation, whilst some of the new, decimal coins continued to bear nicknames based on their values in the older currency system through to the 21st century. Until 1948, the plural of cent used on coins was centen, after that it was cent.
The Netherlands was initially on a bimetallic standard, with the guilder equal to 605.61 milligrams of fine gold or 9.615 grams of fine silver. In 1840, the silver standard was adjusted to 9.45 grams, with the gold standard suspended in 1848. In 1875, the Netherlands adopted a gold standard with 1 guilder equal to 604.8 milligrams of fine gold. The gold standard was suspended between 1914 and 1925 and was abandoned in 1936.[6]
In 1914 the guilder was traded at a rate of 2.46 guilders = 1 U.S. dollar. As of 1938, the rate was 1.82 guilders = 1 U.S. dollar. [7] One Dutch guilder in 1914 could buy roughly the same amount of goods and services as 10.02 U.S. dollars or 8.17 Euros in December 2017. In 1938, the guilder purchasing power would be approximately equal to 9.54 U.S. dollars or 7.78 Euros in December 2017. Overall, the guilder remained a very stable currency and was also the third highest-valued currency unit in Europe in the interwar period (after the British Pound Sterling and the Irish pound, which, at this time, were pegged to each other at par).
Following the German occupation, on 10 May 1940, the guilder was pegged to the Reichsmark at a rate of 1 guilder = 1.5 Reichsmark. This rate was reduced to 1.327 on 17 July of the same year. The liberating Allied forces set an exchange rate of 2.652 guilders = 1 U.S. dollar, which became the peg for the guilder within the Bretton Woods system. In 1949, the peg was changed to 3.8 guilders = 1 dollar, approximately matching the devaluation of the British pound. In 1961, the guilder was revalued to 3.62 guilders = 1 dollar, a change approximately in line with that of the German mark. After 1967 guilders were made from nickel instead of silver.
In 2002, the guilder was replaced by the euro at an exchange rate of 2.20371 guilders = 1 Euro. Coins remained exchangeable for euros at branches of the Netherlands Central Bank until 1 January 2007. Banknotes valid at the time of conversion to the euro may be exchanged there until 1 January 2032.
Coins[edit]
William III of the Netherlands depicted on a 20-guilder proof gold coin (1850)
Zinc coins minted in the 1940s during the German occupation of the Netherlands (obverse).
Zinc coins minted in the 1940s during the German occupation of the Netherlands (reverse).
Main article: Coins of the Dutch guilder
In the 18th century, coins were issued by the various provinces. There were copper 1 duit, silver 1, 2, 6 and 10 stuivers, 1 and 3 guilders, 1⁄2 and 1 rijksdaalder and 1⁄2 and 1 ducaton. Gold 1 and 2-ducat trade coins were also minted. Between 1795 and 1806, the Batavian Republic issued coins in similar denominations to the earlier provincial issues. The Kingdom of Holland minted silver 10 stuivers, 1 florin and 1 guilder (equivalent), 50 stuivers and 2 1⁄2 guilder (also equivalent) and 1 rijksdaalder, along with gold 10 and 20 guilders. Before decimalization, the Kingdom of the Netherlands briefly issued some 1 rijksdaalder coins.
The gold 1 and 2 ducat and silver ducat (rijksdaalder) are still minted today as bullion coins.
In 1817, the first coins of the decimal currency were issued, the copper 1 cent and silver 3 guilders. The remaining denominations were introduced in 1818. These were copper 1⁄2 cents, silver 5, 10 and 25 cents, 1⁄2 and 1 guilder, and gold 10 guilders. In 1826, gold 5-guilder coins were introduced.
In 1840, the silver content of the coinage was reduced (see above) and this was marked by the replacement of the 3-guilder coin by a 2 1⁄2-guilder piece. The gold coinage was completely suspended in 1853, five years after the suspension of the gold standard. By 1874, production of silver coins greater in value than 10 cents had ceased, to be only fully resumed in the 1890s. Gold 10 guilder coins were struck again from 1875. In 1877, bronze 2 1⁄2-cent coins were introduced. In 1907, silver 5 cent coins were replaced by round, cupro-nickel pieces. These were later replaced in 1913 by square shaped 5 cent pieces. In 1912, gold 5 guilder coins were reintroduced but the gold coinage was ended in 1933. The 1/2 guilder saw discontinuation after 1930. Throughout the Wilhelmina period, a number of infrequent changes were made to the 10 and 25 cent coins as well, with the largest changes being periodic updates of the Queen's effigy and smaller changes to designs on the reverse (back).
In 1941, following the German occupation, production of all earlier coin types ceased and zinc coins were introduced by the occupational government for 1, 2 1⁄2, 5, 10 and 25 cents. Large quantities of pre-war type silver 10 and 25 cents and 1-guilder coins were minted in the United States between 1943 and 1945 for use following liberation. Afterwards, the zinc coins were quickly demonetized and melted.
In 1948, all half cents and 2 1⁄2 cents were taken out of circulation, though no further production of either denomination had continued after 1940 and 1942, respectively. New bronze 1 and 5 cent coins featuring Queen Wilhelmina on the obverse were issued, phasing out previous types. At the same time, new nickel 10 and 25 cent coins were introduced. In 1949, 1 and 2 1⁄2 guilder banknotes were introduced. Five years later, the silver 1-guilder coin was reintroduced, followed by the silver 2 1⁄2-guilder coin in 1959. The silver content was replaced with nickel in 1967, although no 2 1⁄2-guilder coins were minted in 1967 and 1968. The silver coins were demonetized in 1973. In 1950, Queen Juliana's profile replaced the image of Wilhelmina on the obverse (front) of all coins.
In 1980, production of the one cent coin ceased and was demonetized the same year. Soon after, it was decided to replace the 5 guilder banknote with a coin of the same value. However, it wasn't until 1988 that a bronze-coated nickel 5 guilder coin was finally introduced. The 5-guilder banknote remained legal tender until 1995. The 2 1⁄2 guilder coin gradually began losing widespread use shortly after the introduction of the 5 guilder coin, and mintage figures for the denomination declined until the discontinuation of the guilder. 1980 also saw a circulating two coin commemorative series of 1 and 2 1⁄2 guilder coins celebrating Queen Beatrix's ascension to the throne.
All circulating coins went through a complete redesign in 1982, a short while after Queen Beatrix's coronation. They depict abstract designs featuring grids and a layered silhouette profile of the Queen as opposed to the more formal designs of the previous generation of coins. Production of these coins ceased after 2001.
At the time of withdrawal, the following denominations of coins were circulating:
5 cents (2.27 euro cents) – stuiver—the name survived, although the stuiver had not been an official subunit of the guilder since decimalisation in 1817;
10 cents (4.54 euro cents) – dubbeltje ("little double")—being small enough to fit into the center hole of a compact disc,[8] it was the smallest coin in circulation. It was worth two stuivers, hence the name;
25 cents (11.3 euro cents) – kwartje ("little quarter")—the kwartje was smaller than the stuiver, though larger than the dubbeltje and the cent;
1 guilder (45.4 euro cents) – gulden, colloquially piek;
2 1⁄2 guilders (€1.13) – rijksdaalder, colloquially riks or knaak;
5 guilders (€2.27) – vijfje ("little five");
All the coins carried a profile image of the Queen on the obverse and a simple grid on the other side. The 1-guilder, 2 1⁄2-guilder, and 5-guilder coins had God zij met ons ("God be with us") inscribed on the edge.
Banknotes[edit]
One guilder, playing card money (1801). Prior to the formal introduction of paper currency, playing card money, denominated in Dutch guilders, was used in Dutch Guiana (1761–1826).[9]
Main article: Banknotes of the Dutch guilder
Between 1814 and 1838, The Dutch Bank issued notes in denominations of 25, 40, 60, 80, 100, 200, 300, 500 and 1000 guilders. These were followed, from 1846 by state notes (muntbiljetten) in denominations of 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500, 1000 guilders, with the 10 and 50 guilders issued until 1914.
In 1904, the Netherlands Bank recommenced the issuance of paper money. By 1911, it was issuing notes for 10, 25, 40, 60, 100, 200, 300 and 1000 guilders. In 1914, because of silver shortage for minting, the government introduced silver certificates (zilverbonnen) for 1, 2 1⁄2 and 5 guilders. Although the 5-guilder notes were only issued that year, the 1-guilder notes continued until 1920 and the 2 1⁄2-guilder until 1927.
In 1926, the Netherlands Bank introduced 20 guilder notes, followed by 50 guilder in 1929 and 500 guilder in 1930. These introductions followed the cessation of production of the unusual 40, 60 and 300-guilder notes during the 1920s.
Dutch 2 1⁄2-guilder silver certificate from 1927.
US Printed Dutch Guilder 1943
In 1938, silver notes were reintroduced for 1 and 2 1⁄2 guilders. During World War II, the Netherlands Bank continued to issue paper money, although there were some design changes, most notably, the replacement of a portrait of Queen Emma by a Rembrandt portrait on the 10-guilder note. The Allies printed state notes dated 1943 for use following liberation. These were in denominations of 1, 2 1⁄2, 10, 25, 50 and 100 guilders. More state notes were issued for 1 and 2 1⁄2 guilders in 1945 and 1949.
Following the war, The Dutch Bank introduced notes for 10, 20, 25, 50, 100 and 1000 guilders. The last 20 guilder notes were dated 1955, whilst 5-guilder notes were introduced in 1966 (replaced by coins in 1988) and 250-guilder notes in 1985.
At the time of withdrawal, the following denominations of banknotes were circulating:
ƒ10 (€4.54) – tientje ("little ten", see Diminutive), joet
ƒ25 (€11.34) – geeltje (yellow one)
ƒ50 (€22.69) – zonnebloem (sunflower)
ƒ100 (€45.38) – honderdje, meier, later: snip (snipe)
ƒ250 (€113.45) – vuurtoren (lighthouse)
ƒ1000 (€453.78) – duizendje, (rooie) rug (red back) / rooi(tj)e
At the time of withdrawal, all but the 50 and 250-guilder notes had been issued in a new series that was the same colour as the older, long-serving notes but with a mostly abstract pattern, featuring a different bird for each denomination.
Persons depicted on older banknotes were:
ƒ5 – poet Joost van den Vondel (until 1988, when the note was replaced by a ƒ5 coin)
ƒ10 – painter Frans Hals
ƒ25 – composer Jan Pietersz. Sweelinck
ƒ100 – admiral Michiel de Ruyter (This being the most profitable note to counterfeit it was first replaced by a note featuring the common snipe. This note was of a similar design as the newly introduced 50 and 250-guilder notes; and was again replaced by an abstract design in the last series of guilder notes)
ƒ1000 – philosopher Baruch de Spinoza
These 1970s "face"-notes and the 1980s ƒ50 (sunflower), ƒ100 (snipe) and ƒ250 (lighthouse) were designed by R.D.E. Oxenaar. Eventually all faces were to be replaced by abstracts, designed by Jaap Drupsteen (see above).
See also[edit]
Netherlands portal
Numismatics portal
Aruban florin
Caribbean guilder
Dutch euro coins
Economy of the Netherlands
Netherlands Antillean guilder
Netherlands Indian guilder
References[edit]
Jump up ^ J. Verdam, Middelnederlandsch Handwoordenboek, The Hague 1932 (reprint of 1994). In modern Dutch, the adjective still exists in certain fossilised forms such as het Gulden Vlies ("the Golden Fleece"). The modern equivalent is gouden.
Jump up ^ "Rules for exchanging guilder notes". De Nederlandsche Bank. Archived from the original on 12 January 2011. Retrieved 31 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "Carolus d´or". reppa.de.
Jump up ^ Munro, John. "Gold, Guilds and Government" (PDF). economics.utoronto.ca.
Jump up ^ Krause, Chester; Clifford Mishler (2003). [Standard Catalog of World Coins, 1601-1700: Identification and Valuation Guide 17th Century (Standard Catalog of World Coins 17th Century Edition 1601-1700)] (3rd ed.). Krause Publications. p. 932. ISBN 0-87349-666-3.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2007-01-11. Retrieved 2007-03-11.
Jump up ^ Herod, Andrew (2009). [Geographies of Globalization: A Critical Introduction] (1st ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 13. ISBN 1-40511-091-0.
Jump up ^ The size of the central hole in a CD was proposed by a Philips engineer to be exactly the size of a dubbeltje. Beijen, Frank (6 March 2009). "Philips geëerd voor uitvinding compact disc: 'Sony en wij waren één familie, de cd was onze baby'". Trouw (in Dutch). Retrieved 13 April 2010.
Jump up ^ Cuhaj, George S. (2010). Standard Catalog of World Paper Money General Issues (1368-1960) (13 ed.). Krause Publications. p. 1116. ISBN 978-1-4402-1293-2.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gulden.
The Marteau Early 18th century Currency Converter with tools to convert early 18th century Dutch Guilders into the major contemporary European currencies.
Overview of the Dutch guilder and its history from the BBC
Heiko Otto (ed.). "Historical banknotes of the Netherlands" (in English and German). Retrieved 2017-05-07.
Preceded by
?,
French franc (1794-1815, Southern Netherlands)
French franc (1810-1813, Netherlands) Dutch currency
15th century–1810, 1813–20021

1815–1832 (Belgium)
1815–1839 (Luxembourg)
1828–1940 (Netherlands Antilles)
1828–1962 (Surinam) Succeeded by
Belgian franc (1832, Belgium, 1839, Luxembourg), Netherlands Antillean guilder (1940, Netherlands Antilles), Surinamese guilder (1962, Surinam), Euro

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Currency and coinage of the Netherlands
Topics
Dutch Guilder
De Nederlandsche Bank
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½ct
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ƒ½
ƒ1
ƒ2½
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Banknotes of the Netherlands
Coins of the Dutch guilder
Euro banknotes
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Currencies named guilder, florin or similar
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Hungarian forint
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Baden gulden
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Economic, financial and business history of the Netherlands
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Economic history of the Netherlands (1500–1815)
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text:
List of national border changes since World War I
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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List of national border changes since World War I refers to changes in borders between nations during or since 1914. For information on border changes from the end of the Napoleonic Wars to 1914, see List of national border changes from 1815 to 1914. This is a list of significant boundary changes with countries. This refers to where there have been changes in borders only, not necessarily including changes in ownership of a territory. For instance many European colonies in Africa became independent without any adjustment to their borders, although some did have many changes. Also mentioned are some de facto changes, not recognized by the international community, such as Crimea, Artsakh, and South Ossetia.
Contents
[hide]
1 Africa
2 Asia
3 Europe
4 North America
5 South America
6 Oceania
7 World maps showing borders
8 See also
9 References
Africa[edit]
1919 — The treaty of Versailles divides Germany's African colonies into mandates of the victors (which largely become new colonies of the victors). Most of Cameroon becomes a French mandate with a small portion taken by the British and some territory incorporated into France's previously existing colonies; Togo is mostly taken by the British, though the French gain a slim portion; German East Africa was separated between Belgium (Rwanda and Burundi), Portugal (the Kionga Triangle) and the United Kingdom (Tanganyika, later merging with Zanzibar to form Tanzania); and German South-West Africa (Namibia) becomes a mandate of South Africa. In September, France settles its African colonial borders with Italian Libya. On September 8, following the signing of the Anglo-French Convention of September 8, 1919, the borders of Italian Libya and French Chad are settled to the present-day boundaries.[1] A few days later, the borders of western and southwestern Libya are extended to their current boundaries after French concessions with the Franco-Italian Arrangement of 12 September 1919.[2]
1923 — the city of Tangier becomes an International Free Zone after France and Spain end their control over parts of the city.
1924 — Britain ceded a portion of Jubaland to Italy (Trans-Juba, it. Oltregiuba) as a reward for the Italians having joined the Allies in World War I.
1925 — The eastern borders of Libya and British Egypt are changed to their present boundaries, with the exception of parts of present-day southern Libya still remaining part of British Sudan.[1]
1931 — France moves the control of the area of the present day Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti Prefecture from the territory of Niger in French West Africa to Chad in French Equatorial Africa.[3]
1934 — The borders of Libya are changed to their present-day boundaries after the Italo-British-Egyptian Agreement, British Sudan cedes northern territory to Libya.[1]
1935 — The Franco-Italian Agreement cedes the Aouzou Strip from French Chad to Italian Libya.
1936 — After the success of Italy during the Second Italo-Abyssinian War, Ethiopia is annexed by Italy. Ethiopia joins with Eritrea and Italian Somaliland to form Italian East Africa. The international community does not accept Italy's occupation of Ethiopia and maintains relations with exiled Ethiopian Emperor Haile Selassie.
World War II — With the outbreak of World War II, war arrives in Africa in 1940, with Italy joining the war, initially British forces in British Somaliland are defeated by the Italians coming from Italian East Africa and the territory is taken. However, by 1941, the British retake lost territory and take over Italian East Africa. In North Africa, after a period of retreat into Libya, Italian forces receive vital aid from the German army and the Germans move deep into Egypt by 1942, before beginning to lose ground. By 1943, The German and Italian forces retreat from Libya and capture Tunisia from France prior to fleeing to Sicily.
1951 December 24 — The Kingdom of Libya becomes independent.
1952 — After the WWII, Ethiopia was granted Eritrea.
British decolonization in Africa.
1953 August 1 — Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland established from the British self-governing colony of Southern Rhodesia and the British protectorates of Northern Rhodesia, and Nyasaland.
1956 March 2 — French Morocco, the International Zone of Tangier, and most of Spanish Morocco join to become the independent nation of Morocco; December 13 — British Togoland joins with the Gold Coast before becoming the independent nation of Ghana in 1957.
1957 — Tunisia gains independence.
1958 — French West Africa splits into Mauritania, Senegal, French Sudan (now Mali), French Guinea (now Guinea), Côte d'Ivoire, Niger, Upper Volta (now Burkina Faso) and Dahomey (now Benin)
1960 — Belgian Congo is granted independence as the Republic of the Congo. In 1964 it changes its name to the Democratic Republic of the Congo to differentiate itself from Congo-Brazzaville.
1960 July 1 — State of Somaliland (formerly British Somaliland) joins with Italian Somaliland to form Somalia. French Equatorial Africa's interim successor, the Union of Central African Republics dissolves in August with independence of Chad (August 11), Oubangui-Chari (now Central African Republic) (August 13), Congo-Brazzaville (now the Republic of the Congo) (August 15), and Gabon (August 17).
1961 May 31 — the northern two-thirds of British Cameroons joins Nigeria; October 1 — the southern third of British Cameroons joins with the Republic of Cameroon to form the Federal Republic of Cameroon. This year also the tiny Portuguese outpost of São João Baptista de Ajudá was annexed by Dahomey (now Benin)
1962 July 1 — The Belgian colony of Ruanda-Urundi separated into Rwanda and Burundi.
1962 September 25 — The People's Democratic Republic of Algeria is formally proclaimed.
1963 December 31 — Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland dissolved; over the next two years Nyasaland becomes independent Malawi, Northern Rhodesia wins independence as Zambia, and Southern Rhodesia (or simply Rhodesia) unilaterally declares independence.
1964 — Tanganyika unites with the island of Zanzibar to form Tanzania.
1967 May 30 — The break-away state of Biafra is formed from southern Nigeria. Officially Biafra receives de jure acknowledgement of existence by only a few nations, but has the de facto support of France, Israel, Portugal, and South Africa which provide arms to the state in its war of independence against Nigeria.
1969 January 4 — Spain returns Ifni to Morocco.
1970 January 15 — Biafra is occupied and annexed by Nigeria.
1975 December — Spanish Sahara divided between Morocco and Mauritania (although Spain's formal mandate did not end until February 26, 1976)
1977 — South African Government reimposed direct rule on Walvis Bay.
1979 — Mauritania withdraws from southern Western Sahara, which is taken over by Morocco
1990 — Namibia gets independent from occupying South Africa.
1991 May 18 — Somaliland declares independence from Somalia but is not recognized by any other country.
1993 May 24 — Eritrea breaks off from Ethiopia.
1994 February 28 — Walvis Bay formally[weasel words] transferred by South Africa to Namibia.
2008 August 14 — Bakassi transferred to Cameroon by Nigeria
2011 July 9 — South Sudan formally obtains independence from the Republic of Sudan.
Asia[edit]
1921 — The Soviet satellite state of Tannu Tuva is formed after Bolshevik revolutionaries take the region by force from Mongolia
1922 — The Saudi-Iraqi neutral zone is created.
1928 — The ICJ awards the Island of Palmas from the Philippines to the Dutch East Indies.
1932 February 18 — The Empire of Japan declares Manchukuo independent of China
1936 May 12 — Japan declares Mengjiang independent of China.
1938 — The British split Burma off from the rest of India. Hatay State, a city-state, is formed when it separates from French-held Syria.
1939 — Hatay joins Turkey.
World War II — In the early stages of World War II in the Pacific, Japan made steady gains against the Allies. In 1940, with the collapse of France in Europe, the new Vichy regime allows Japan to annex French Indochina. After the attack on Pearl Harbor, Japan proceeds to occupy Wake Island, the Philippines, British Malaya, the Dutch East Indies, northern New Guinea and a number of pacific islands. Also Japan begins attacks against British-held Burma and India, and creates a puppet regime in Burma. From 1943 to its defeat, Japan steadily loses territory in the Pacific to the Allies and in 1945, Japan surrenders, abolishing its remaining puppet regimes in Manchukuo and Mengjiang, and abandoning its hold on Korea.
1944 — Tuvinian People's Republic becomes a part of the Soviet Union.
1945 — Soviet Union annexes Kuril(Chishima) and Japanese Sakhalin (Karafuto Prefecture)
1945 — Kwantung Leased Territory dissolved and returned to China
1945 — The Republic of China annexes Taiwan
Britain's holdings on the Indian subcontinent were granted independence in 1947 and 1948, becoming four new independent states: India, Burma, Ceylon, and Pakistan (including East Bengal, from 1971 Bangladesh).
1946 April 1 — Straits Settlements, Unfederated Malay States and Federated Malay States join to form the Malayan Union. (Although these could have been considered remaining part of British Malaya). Jordan becomes independent after separating from the British Mandate of Palestine. The Turtle Islands is awarded by Britain to the Philippines.
1947 August — The Partition of India as India and Pakistan are given independence from Britain
1948 — The State of Israel is created after the 1947 United Nations General Assembly Resolution 181 called for the partition of the British-ruled Palestine into a Jewish state and an Arab state. The resolution was accepted by the Jews in Palestine, but rejected by the Arabs in Palestine and the Arab states.
1948 — After the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948 over Kashmir, a Line of Control is created in Kashmir, creating Indian and Pakistani controlled zones.
1949 — The Republic of China loses control of all of mainland China (expect Kinmen and Matsu of Fukien province) to the newly formed People's Republic of China in the Chinese Civil War
1949 — The Arab–Israeli War ends in armistice, with Israel gaining 60% of the Palestinian state proposed by the 1947 partition plan, Egypt gaining the Gaza Strip and Jordan gaining the West Bank.
1950 — Chandannagar is taken over by India from French control.
1953 — Following the Korean War, the boundary between North Korea and South Korea is the Military Demarcation Line, which roughly follows the previous 38th parallel
1954 — Bands of Indian irregulars took over the Portuguese enclaves of Dadra and Nagar Haveli. On June 13, the port of Mahé breaks away from French rule and joins India. French Indochina dissolves, and the nations of Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam become independent states.
1961 December 19 — India takes over the Portuguese colony of Goa, Daman and Diu, which becomes a single Union Territory of India. In 1987, Goa is elevated to full statehood, with Daman and Diu remaining a Union Territory.
1962 August 16 — India officially absorbs the French enclaves of Pondicherry.
1962 — The Federation of South Arabia is created.
1963 — The Protectorate of South Arabia is created.
1963 — Pakistan cedes claimed areas of Kashmir to the People's Republic of China.
1963 September 16 — Singapore, British North Borneo (renamed Sabah), Sarawak and Malaya join to form Malaysia
1965 August 9 — Singapore withdraws from Malaysia
1965 — Jordan and Saudi Arabia concluded a bilateral agreement that realigned and defined the boundary.
1967 — The Federation of South Arabia and the Protectorate of South Arabia join to form South Yemen.
1967 — following the Six-Day War, Israel gains Sinai Peninsula and Gaza Strip from Egypt, West Bank from Jordan and Golan Heights from Syria.
1969 December 18 — Saudi–Kuwaiti neutral zone partitioned between Kuwait and Saudi Arabia
1971 December 16 — Bangladesh becomes independent.
1975 May 16 — Sikkim becomes part of India.
1976 July 2 — South Vietnam and the North Vietnam were officially unified as Vietnam
1976 July 17 — After being relinquished by Portugal in 1974, and invaded by Indonesia in 1975, East Timor is annexed by Indonesia
1982 — pursuant to the Camp David Accords, Israel completes the withdrawal from the Sinai Peninsula.
1990 May 22 — North Yemen unites with South Yemen. August 2 — Kuwait annexed by Iraq
1991 February 27 — Kuwait liberated from Iraq; Saudi–Iraqi neutral zone is officially recognized as being disbanded, it was de facto disbanded since 1981.
1994 — Under the Oslo Agreements, Israel transferred parts of the West Bank (Areas "A" and "B") and the majority of the Gaza Strip to the rule of the Palestinian National Authority.
1997 July 1 — Hong Kong transferred to People's Republic of China by Britain as a special administrative region.
1999 December 20 — Macau transferred to People's Republic of China by Portugal as a special administrative region.
2002 May 20 — East Timor gains independence from Indonesia.
2005 August — Israel dismantles its settlements in the Gush Katif region of the Gaza Strip, and the remainder of the Gaza Strip, most of which had already been transferred to Palestinian rule in 1994, became administered by the Palestinian Authority, until 2007 when the territory was seized by the military wing of Hamas in a violent coup d'état.
2015 June — India and Bangladesh border is removed of enclaves and exclaves.
Europe[edit]
Map of territorial changes in Europe after World War I (as of 1923).
Changes in national boundaries after the end of the Cold War.
1918 — Poland, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan declare their independence from the Russian Empire. Russia recognizes the independence of Finland, declared in 1917. The Kingdom of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs (later known as the Kingdom of Yugoslavia) is formed.
1919–20 — The Austro-Hungarian Empire is formally dissolved by the Treaty of Saint-Germain signed September 10, 1919 and the Treaty of Trianon signed June 4, 1920. Austria, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia are formed. Territory of the former kingdom is additionally awarded to Italy, Poland, Romania, and Yugoslavia. In 1919, Germany suffers substantial territorial losses in the Treaty of Versailles. Belgium receives Neutral Moresnet and three German cantons as compensation for extensive damage during World War I. These three cantons still form the German speaking community of Belgium: Eupen, Malmedy and Sankt Vith. Denmark receives Northern Schleswig from Germany (with local plebiscites concluding in 1920). Most of the Prussian provinces of Posen and of West Prussia went to Poland. The east part of Upper Silesia and the area of Soldau in East Prussia are annexed to Poland as well. Danzig and Saarland fall under the control of the League of Nations. The Memel territory comes under a temporary French administration.
1920 — Greece is promised most of eastern Thrace as well as Ionia with the city of İzmir (Smyrna) in the Treaty of Sèvres. Soviet Russia invades and occupies Azerbaijan. Soviet Russia recognizes the independence of Georgia. Soviet Russia invades an occupies Armenia. The Free State of Fiume is established as the result of an Italo–Yugoslav border dispute.
1921 — Soviet Russia invades and occupies Georgia. The Treaty of Kars rearranges the borders in the South Caucasus, considerable territories of Georgia and Armenia are ceded to Turkey.
1922 — The Soviet Union is officially formed under the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR. In December, the Irish Free State and United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland are formed from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The United Kingdom maintains Treaty Ports at Berehaven, Cobh, and Lough Swilly.
1923 — The Treaty of Sèvres is superseded by the Treaty of Lausanne under which Greece loses its earlier territorial gains and the borders of modern Turkey are established. Western Thrace is ceded by Bulgaria to Greece, a decision earlier agreed upon in the 1919 Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine. On the Baltic sea, Lithuania annexes the Memel territory without plebiscite. Italian military forces take control of the Greek island of Corfu.
1924 — The Treaty of Rome is concluded on January 27, ending the existence of the Free State of Fiume and the Italo–Yugoslav border dispute. The treaty assigns Fiume (Rijeka) to Italy and Sušak to Yugoslavia, with joint port administration. On March 16, Italy formally annexes Fiume.
1926 — Albania cedes territory to the Kingdom of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs.
1929 — Vatican City becomes independent after the signing of the Lateran Treaty with Italy.
1930 — Bouvet Island ("Bouvetøya" in Norwegian) is located in the Subantarctic, and was declared a Norwegian dependency in 1930 after a dispute with the United Kingdom.
1934 — Erik the Red's Land ("Eirik Raudes Land" in Norwegian) located on the East of Greenland was returned to Denmark. The area had been occupied by Norway since 1931, but Norway accepted that The Permanent Court of International Justice ruled against this.
1935 — Saar is annexed by Nazi Germany after a plebiscite was held.
1938 — Austria is annexed by Nazi Germany in the Anschluss with plebiscite but also with a pre-vote invasion. On April 25, the United Kingdom returns the Treaty Ports to Ireland as part of the Anglo-Irish Trade Agreement. The Munich Agreement on September 29 permits Germany to also annex the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia.
1939 — The Memel territory is ceded to Nazi Germany by Lithuania under pressure from Berlin on March 23. The rest of Czechoslovakia is taken over by Nazi Germany, a German protectorate called Bohemia and Moravia is formed on the remaining Czech land, while Slovak territory is split between a puppet state of Slovakia and land given to Hungary. On August 23, the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact is signed. Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union invade Poland on September 1.
World War II — Many boundary changes occurred during the Second World War as Axis powers and the Soviet Union re-divided the areas under their control.
1945 — Following the war, the borders of Germany were moved west to the Oder-Neisse line, while the approximate boundary of the Curzon Line was used as the eastern border of Poland. In addition to incorporating the Kresy territories, the Soviet Union also annexed the Baltic states, Carpathian Ruthenia from Czechoslovakia, and Bessarabia, Hertza, and part of Bukovina from Romania. From Germany, the Soviet Union acquired the northeastern third of the former East Prussian exclave with the Klaipeda/Memel region becoming part of the Lithuanian SSR and the bulk of the territory forming the Kaliningrad Oblast of the Russian SFSR. Additionally, Finland ceded major portions of Karelia and Salla to the Soviet Union as well as islands in the Gulf of Finland, the whole Petsamo, and a lease to use Porkkala as a Soviet naval base for 50 years.
1947 — In the Paris Peace Treaties of 1947, Italy cedes the Dodecanese to Greece and Goriška, Inner Carniola, most of Istria, Zadar, its Dalmatian islands (such as Cres and Lastovo), and Rijeka (Fiume) to the newly established Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Trieste, becomes the capital city of the Free Territory of Trieste established as an independent Sovereign State at the coming into force of the Treaty (September 15). [4]
1949 — April 23, Federal Republic of Germany cedes the villages Elten and Tüddern to the Netherlands.
1949 — May 23, the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) is formed and shortly afterwards, the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) is established on October 7.
1952 — Italy and Switzerland signed an agreement to modify the border in the zone of Lago di Lei
1955 July 27 — Austrian State Treaty comes into force, established Austria from the four occupation zones of the Allied powers.
1956 — The Soviet Union returns Porkkala to Finland.
1957 — With plebiscite, Saar is incorporated into the Federal Republic of Germany, having previously bordered Luxembourg, France and West Germany.
1960 — Cyprus declares its independence from the United Kingdom. The Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia are established on the island of Cyprus by the United Kingdom.
1961 — An adjustment to the Meuse river between The Netherlands and Belgium results in three small packages of land being exchanged between the two countries.[5]
1964 — Malta is independent from the United Kingdom.
1972 — The United Kingdom formally annexes Rockall (by the Island of Rockall Act 1972, declaring it to be part of Scotland).
1974 — After an attempted Greek Cypriot coup sponsored by the Greek military junta of that period, Turkey invades and occupies one-third of Cyprus.
Turkish-occupied Northern Cyprus (1974-present)
1983 — The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus is declared but is not recognized by any country except Turkey.
1990 — East Germany reunites with West Germany on October 3. Transnistria declares independence from the Moldavian SSR but is not recognized by any country.
1991 — With the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the USSR is split up into 15 independent states, including the European states of Russia, Belarus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Ukraine, Moldova, Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan. All the former Soviet republics had their independence recognized by December 26. Slovenia (June 25), Croatia (June 25) including in their new borders former "zone B" of the Free Territory of Trieste, and the Republic of Macedonia (September 8) all declare their independence from Yugoslavia.
1992 — Bosnia and Herzegovina declares independence from Yugoslavia on March 1 and is formally recognized on April 6. The remaining rump of Yugoslavia becomes the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (renamed Serbia and Montenegro in 2003).
1993 January 1 — Czechoslovakia is dissolved into the Czech Republic and Slovakia in the "Velvet Divorce".
2003 — Lithuania's share of Lake Vištytis increased to about 383 ha (about 22 % from 2,2 %) from a new border treaty with Russia.[6]
2005 — A 115.5-hectare Russian area is swapped for an area in the Meremae District of Estonia and land in the neighborhood of the Varska District.[7]
2006 June 8 — The State Union of Serbia and Montenegro is dissolved. Montenegro and Serbia each become independent states.
2007 — Latvia accepts Russia's control over the Pytalovo district in the Pskov region in a new border treaty.[8]
2008 February 17 — Kosovo declares independence from Serbia and is recognized by a majority of UN member states including the United States, most western European states, Turkey, and Canada, though its independence is not recognized by Romania, Serbia, Greece, Spain, India, Russia, and the People's Republic of China.
2014 March 18 — Russia annexes Crimea from Ukraine, following an internationally unrecognized plebiscite.
2016 November 28 — Belgium and the Netherlands swapped land near Lanaye and Oost-Maarland over the discovery of a headless body several years prior, which the Belgian Authorities could not access without crossing Dutch territory. The border has been straightened out and now runs down the center of the Meuse River.[9] The change took effect on 1 January 2018.
North America[edit]
1927 April 1 — The Imperial Privy Council of the United Kingdom establish the boundaries of the Dominion of Newfoundland and Canada, in particular, the province of Quebec, which transfers territories claimed by Quebec to Newfoundland. Previous maps showed the disputed territory as undefined.
1949 March 31 — The Dominion of Newfoundland joins with Canada. The territory is now called Newfoundland and Labrador.
1999 — Panama Canal Zone returned from joint US–Panamanian control to Panamanian control (the actual change in borders could also be regarded as the 1979 change from US control to joint US–Panama control).
2010 — The Netherlands Antilles is dissolved, with Curaçao and Sint Maarten becoming constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, while Bonaire, Saba and Sint Eustatius become special municipalities of the Netherlands.
South America[edit]
1938 — A ceasefire signed between Paraguay and Bolivia awards Paraguay three-quarters of the Chaco Boreal which it took over during the Chaco War (1932–35).
1941 — The Rio Protocol recognises Peru as having control of the territory it won in the Ecuadorian–Peruvian war.
Oceania[edit]
1946 United States formally mandate South Pacific Mandate fron Japan
1949 July — Territory of New Guinea joins with the Australian Territory of Papua to form The Territory of Papua and New Guinea.[10]
1955 November 23 — Cocos (Keeling) Islands transferred from the Singapore to Australia.
1957 — Christmas Island transferred from the Singapore to Australia.
1969 — Western Papua becomes part of Indonesia under the 1969 Act of Free Choice.
World maps showing borders[edit]
See also: blank historical world maps
(Click to enlarge)
National boundaries around the time of the start of the First World War (1914)
Boundaries during the Second World War in November 1942, at the height of Axis power, especially in Europe.
National boundaries in 1985, during the Cold War
Present-day boundaries
See also[edit]
Timeline of historical geopolitical changes
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "International Boundary Study No. 10: Libya–Sudan Boundary" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-26. , United States Department of State, October 16, 1961
Jump up ^ "International Boundary Study No. 1: Algeria–Libya banaba" (PDF). , United States Department of State, April 28, 1961
Jump up ^ "International Boundary Study No. 3 (Revised): Chad–Libya Boundary" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-09-16. , United States Department of State, December 15, 1978
Jump up ^ https://treaties.un.org/doc/publication/unts/volume%2049/v49.pdf
Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/28/world/europe/belgium-netherlands-land-dispute.html?_r=0
Jump up ^ "Lithuanian-Russian 2003 Border Treaty and Land Swap". Jan S. Krogh's Geosite. Retrieved 16 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Treaty on Russian-Estonian border signed in Moscow". Sputnik News. Retrieved 16 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Latvia agrees to end border dispute with Russia". RT TV-Novosti. Retrieved 16 October 2017.
Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/28/world/europe/belgium-netherlands-land-dispute.html?_r=0
Jump up ^ Timeline: Papua New Guinea, BBC News Online, May 5, 2009
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_border_changes_since_World_War_I&oldid=845913456"
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