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Camcorder
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A 2004 SONY FX-1E HDV camcorder
A camcorder is an electronic device originally combining a video camera and a videocassette recorder.
The earliest camcorders were tape-based, recording analog signals onto videotape cassettes. In 2006, digital recording became the norm, with tape replaced by storage media such as mini-HD, microDVD, internal flash memory and SD cards.[1]
More recent devices capable of recording video are camera phones and digital cameras primarily intended for still pictures; the term "camcorder" may be used to describe a portable, self-contained device, with video capture and recording its primary function, often having advanced functions over more common cameras.
Full HD camcorder by Canon based on flash memory/SD card
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 High definition (HD)
1.2 Tapeless
1.3 3D
1.4 4K Ultra HD
2 Components
2.1 Lens
2.2 Imager
2.3 Recorder
3 Types
3.1 Analog and digital
3.2 Recording media
3.2.1 Tapeless
3.3 Consumer market
3.4 Other devices
3.5 Flip Video
3.6 Interchangeable lenses
3.7 Built-in projector
4 Uses
4.1 Media
4.2 Home video
4.3 Politics
4.4 Entertainment
4.5 Education
5 Formats
5.1 Analog
5.2 Digital
6 Operating systems
7 Digital forensics
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
History[edit]
Prior to the camcorder, a portable recorder and camera would be required. This is a Sony SL-F1 Betamax recorder and video camera.[2]
Sony Betamovie BMC-100P is the first consumer camcorder. Released in 1983 for the Betamax format. It has no playback functionality and is only capable of recording.
VHS Shoulder-mount camcorder
Video cameras originally designed for television broadcast were large and heavy, mounted on special pedestals and wired to remote recorders in separate rooms. As technology improved, out-of-studio video recording was possible with compact video cameras and portable video recorders; a detachable recording unit could be carried to a shooting location. Although the camera itself was compact, the need for a separate recorder made on-location shooting a two-person job.[3] Specialized videocassette recorders were introduced by JVC (VHS) and Sony (U-matic, with Betamax) releasing a model for mobile work. Portable recorders meant that recorded video footage could be aired on the early-evening news, since it was no longer necessary to develop film.
In 1983, Sony released the first camcorder, the Betacam system, for professional use.[4] A key component was a single camera-recorder unit, eliminating a cable between the camera and recorder and increasing the camera operator's freedom. The Betacam used the same cassette format (0.5 inches or 1.3 centimetres tape) as the Betamax, but with a different, incompatible recording format. It became standard equipment for broadcast news.[4]
Sony released the first consumer camcorder in 1983, the Betamovie BMC-100P.[4] It used a Betamax cassette and rested on the operator's shoulder, due to a design not permitting a single-handed grip. That year, JVC released the first VHS-C camcorder.[3] Kodak announced a new camcorder format in 1984, the 8 mm video format.[5] Sony introduced its compact 8 mm Video8 format in 1985. That year, Panasonic, RCA and Hitachi began producing camcorders using a full-size VHS cassette with a three-hour capacity. These shoulder-mount camcorders were used by videophiles, industrial videographers and college TV studios. Full-size Super-VHS (S-VHS) camcorders were released in 1987, providing an inexpensive way to collect news segments or other videographies. Sony upgraded Video8, releasing the Hi8 in competition with S-VHS.
Digital technology emerged with the Sony D1, a device which recorded uncompressed data and required a large amount of bandwidth for its time. In 1992 Ampex introduced DCT, the first digital video format with data compression using the discrete cosine transform algorithm present in most commercial digital video formats. In 1995 Sony, JVC, Panasonic and other video-camera manufacturers launched DV, which became a de facto standard for home video production, independent filmmaking and citizen journalism. That year, Ikegami introduced Editcam (the first tapeless video recording system).
In 1995, Ikegami introduced Editcam, the first tapeless video recording system.
Camcorders using DVD media were popular at the turn of the 21st century due to the convenience of being able to drop a disc into the family DVD player; however, DVD capability, due to the limitations of the format, is largely limited to consumer-level equipment targeted at people who are not likely to spend any great amount of effort video editing their video footage.
High definition (HD)[edit]
Panasonic launched DVCPRO HD in 2000, expanding the DV codec to support high definition (HD). The format was intended for professional camcorders, and used full-size DVCPRO cassettes. In 2003 Sony, JVC, Canon and Sharp introduced HDV as the first affordable HD video format, due to its use of inexpensive MiniDV cassettes.
Tapeless[edit]
Sony introduced the XDCAM tapeless video format in 2003, introducing the Professional Disc (PFD). Panasonic followed in 2004 with its P2 solid state memory cards as a recording medium for DVCPRO-HD video. In 2006 Panasonic and Sony introduced AVCHD as an inexpensive, tapeless, high-definition video format. AVCHD camcorders are produced by Sony, Panasonic, Canon, JVC and Hitachi.
3D[edit]
In 2010, after the success of James Cameron's 2009 3D film Avatar, full 1080p HD 3D camcorders entered the market. With the proliferation of file-based digital formats, the relationship between recording media and recording format has declined; video can be recorded onto different media. With tapeless formats, recording media are storage for digital files.
Professional-grade digital camcorder
In 2011 Panasonic released a camcorder capable of shooting in 3D, the HDC-SDT750. It is a 2D camcorder which can shoot in HD; 3D is achieved by a detachable conversion lens. Sony released a 3D camcorder, the HDR-TD10. The Sony's 3D lens is built in, but it can shoot 2D video. Panasonic has also released 2D camcorders with an optional 3D conversion lens. The HDC-SD90, HDC-SD900, HDC-TM900 and HDC-HS900 are sold as "3D-ready": 2D camcorders, with optional 3D capability at a later date.
4K Ultra HD[edit]
In CES (January) 2014, Sony announced the first consumer/low-end professional ("prosumer" or "consufessional") camcorder Sony FDR-AX100 with a 1" 20.9MP sensor able to shoot 4K video in 3840x2160 pixels 30fps or 24fps in the XAVC-S format; in standard HD the camcorder can also deliver 60fps. When using the traditional format AVCHD, the camcorder supports 5.1 surround sound from its built-in microphone, this is however not supported in the XAVC-S format. The camera also has a 3-step ND filter switch for maintaining a shallow depth of field or a softer appearance to motion. For one hour video shooting in 4K the camera needs about 32 GB to accommodate a data transfer rate of 50 Mbit/s. The camera's MSRP in the US is USD $2,000.[6]
In early 2014 Sony released the FDR-AX100 which represents the next generation of camcorders. It is capable of shooting in 4K resolution. It currently has a price tag of £1,699 and 4K camcorders are not expected to come into the mainstream market for at least another eight to ten years as most current Blu-ray players are not capable of playing 4K video. Virtually all mainstream TVs are not 4K ready either with the only 4K TVs available being very expensive at £2,500 or over. The only means of archiving 4K video is the 100 GB Blu-ray Disc XL but the discs are very expensive.[7]
However, in 2015, consumer UHD (3840x2160) camcorders below USD $1000 have become available. Sony released the FDRAX33, and Panasonic has released the HC-WX970K and the HC-VX870.[citation needed]
In September 2014 Panasonic announced and claimed 4K Ultra HD Camcorder HC-X1000E as the first conventional camcorder design that can capture up to 60fps at 150 Mbit/s or alternatively standard HD recording at up to 200 Mbit/s in ALL-I mode with MP4, MOV and AVCHD formats all offered depending on the resolution and frame rate. With use 1/2.3" small sensor as commonly is used by bridge cameras, the camcorder has 20x optical zoom in a compact body with dual XLR audio inputs, Internal ND filters and separate control rings for focus, iris and zoom. In HD capture, the camcorder get benefit to reduce noises of small sensor by in-camera downscaling of the 4K image to HD.[8]
As of January 2017, the only major manufacturer to announce new consumer camcorders at CES (Consumer Electronic Show) in Las Vegas was Canon with its entry-level HD models. Panasonic only announced details regarding their Mirrorless Micro Four Thirds Digital Camera called the LUMIX GH5, capable of shooting 4K in 60p. This is the first time in decades that Panasonic & Sony haven't announced new traditional camcorders at CES, & instead carried over 2016's models, such as Sony's FDR-AX53. This is due to there being far less demand in the market for traditional camcorders as more & more consumers prefer to record video with their 4K-capable smartphones, DSLRs, and action cameras from GoPro, Xiaomi, Sony, Nikon, and many others.
Components[edit]
Camcorders have three major components: lens, imager and recorder. The lens gathers light, focusing it on the imager. The imager (usually a CCD or CMOS sensor; earlier models used vidicon tubes) converts incident light into an electrical signal. The recorder converts the electrical signal to video, encoding it in a storable form. The lens and imager comprise the "camera" section.
Lens[edit]
The lens is the first component of the light path. Camcorder optics generally have one or more of the following controls:
Aperture (or iris): Regulates exposure and controls depth of field
Zoom: Controls focal length and angle of view
Shutter speed: Regulates exposure to maintain desired motion portrayal
Gain: Amplifies signal strength in low-light conditions
Neutral density filter: Regulates exposure intensity
In consumer units these adjustments are often automatically controlled by the camcorder, but can be adjusted manually if desired. Professional-grade units offer user control of all major optical functions.
Imager[edit]
The imager converts light into an electrical signal. The camera lens projects an image onto the imager surface, exposing the photosensitive array to light. This light exposure is converted into an electrical charge. At the end of the timed exposure, the imager converts the accumulated charge into a continuous analog voltage at the imager's output terminals. After the conversion is complete, the photosites reset to start the exposure of the next video frame.
Recorder[edit]
The recorder writes the video signal onto a recording medium, such as magnetic videotape. Since the record function involves many signal-processing steps, some distortion and noise historically appeared on the stored video; playback of the stored signal did not have the exact characteristics and detail as a live video feed. All camcorders have a recorder-controlling section, allowing the user to switch the recorder into playback mode for reviewing recorded footage, and an image-control section controlling exposure, focus and color balance.
The image recorded need not be limited to what appeared in the viewfinder. For documenting events (as in law enforcement), the field of view overlays the time and date of the recording along the top and bottom of the image. The police car or constable badge number to which the recorder was given, the car's speed at the time of recording, compass direction and geographical coordinates may also be seen.
Types[edit]
Analog and digital[edit]
An RCA AutoShot VHS Camcorder. It can only record up to four hours of NTSC analog video.
Camcorders are often classified by their storage device; VHS, VHS-C, Betamax, Video8 are examples of late 20th century videotape-based camcorders which record video in analog form. Digital video camcorder formats include Digital8, MiniDV, DVD, hard disk drive, direct to disk recording and solid-state, semiconductor flash memory. While all these formats record video in digital form, Digital8, MiniDV, DVD and hard-disk drives[9] have no longer been manufactured in consumer camcorders since 2006.
In the earliest analog camcorders the imaging device is vacuum-tube technology, in which the charge of a light-sensitive target was directly proportional to the amount of light striking it; the Vidicon is an example of such an imaging tube. Newer analog, and digital camcorders use a solid-state charge-coupled imaging device (CCD) or a CMOS imager. Both are analog detectors, using photodiodes to pass a current proportional to the light striking them. The current is then digitised before being electronically scanned and fed to the imager's output. The main difference between the two devices is how the scanning is done. In the CCD the diodes are sampled simultaneously, and the scan passes the digitised data from one register to the next. In CMOS devices, the diodes are sampled directly by the scanning logic.
Digital video storage retains higher-quality video than analog storage, especially on the prosumer and strictly consumer levels. MiniDV storage allows full-resolution video (720x576 for PAL, 720x480 for NTSC), unlike analog consumer-video standards. Digital video does not experience colour bleeding, jitter, or fade.
Unlike analog formats, digital formats do not experience generation loss during dubbing; however, they are more prone to complete loss. Although digital information can theoretically be stored indefinitely without deterioration, some digital formats (like MiniDV) place tracks only about 10 micrometers apart (compared with 19–58 μm for VHS). A digital recording is more vulnerable to wrinkles or stretches in the tape which could erase data, but tracking and error-correction code on the tape compensates for most defects. On analog media, similar damage registers as "noise" in the video, leaving a deteriorated (but watchable) video. DVDs may develop DVD rot, losing large chunks of data. An analog recording may be "usable" after its storage media deteriorates severely, but[10] slight media degradation in digital recordings may trigger an "all or nothing" failure; the digital recording will be unplayable without extensive restoration.
Recording media[edit]
Older digital camcorders record video onto tape digitally, microdrives, hard drives, and small DVD-RAM or DVD-Rs. Newer machines since 2006 record video onto flash memory devices and internal solid-state drives in MPEG-1, MPEG-2 or MPEG-4 format.[11] Because these codecs use inter-frame compression, frame-specific editing requires frame regeneration, additional processing and may lose picture information. Codecs storing each frame individually, easing frame-specific scene editing, are common in professional use.
Other digital consumer camcorders record in DV or HDV format on tape, transferring content over FireWire or USB 2.0 to a computer where large files (for DV, 1GB for 4 to 4.6 minutes in PAL/NTSC resolutions) can be edited, converted and recorded back to tape. The transfer is done in real time, so the transfer of a 60-minute tape requires one hour to transfer and about 13GB of disk space for the raw footage (plus space for rendered files and other media).
Tapeless[edit]
A tapeless camcorder is a camcorder that does not use video tape for the digital recording of video productions as 20th century ones did. Tapeless camcorders record video as digital computer files onto data storage devices such as optical discs, hard disk drives and solid-state flash memory cards.[12]
Inexpensive pocket video cameras use flash memory cards, while some more expensive camcorders use solid-state drives or SSD; similar flash technology is used on semi-pro and high-end professional video cameras for ultrafast transfer of high-definition television (HDTV) content.
Most consumer-level tapeless camcorders use MPEG-2, MPEG-4 or its derivatives as video coding formats. They are normally capable of still-image capture to JPEG format additionally.
Consumer-grade tapeless camcorders include a USB port to transfer video onto a computer. Professional models include other options like Serial digital interface (SDI) or HDMI. Some tapeless camcorders are equipped with a Firewire (IEEE-1394) port to ensure compatibility with magnetic tape-based DV and HDV formats.
Consumer market[edit]
Since the consumer market favors ease of use, portability and price, most consumer-grade camcorders emphasize handling and automation over audio and video performance. Most devices with camcorder capability are camera phones or compact digital cameras, in which video is a secondary capability. Some pocket cameras, mobile phones and camcorders are shock-, dust- and waterproof.[13]
This market has followed an evolutionary path driven by miniaturization and cost reduction enabled by progress in design and manufacture. Miniaturization reduces the imager's ability to gather light; designers have balanced improvements in sensor sensitivity with size reduction, shrinking the camera imager and optics while maintaining relatively noise-free video in daylight. Indoor or dim-light shooting is generally noisy, and in such conditions artificial lighting is recommended. Mechanical controls cannot shrink below a certain size, and manual camera operation has given way to camera-controlled automation for every shooting parameter (including focus, aperture, shutter speed and color balance). The few models with manual override are menu-driven. Outputs include USB 2.0, Composite and S-Video and IEEE 1394/Firewire (for MiniDV models).
The high end of the consumer market emphasizes user control and advanced shooting modes. More-expensive consumer camcorders offer manual exposure control, HDMI output and external audio input, progressive-scan frame rates (24fps, 25fps, 30fps) and higher-quality lenses than basic models. To maximize low-light capability, color reproduction and frame resolution, multi-CCD/CMOS camcorders mimic the 3-element imager design of professional equipment. Field tests have shown that most consumer camcorders (regardless of price) produce noisy video in low light.
Before the 21st century, video editing required two recorders and a desktop video workstation to control them. A typical home personal computer can hold several hours of standard-definition video, and is fast enough to edit footage without additional upgrades. Most consumer camcorders are sold with basic video editing software, so users can create their own DVDs or share edited footage online.
Since 2006, nearly all camcorders sold are digital. Tape-based (MiniDV/HDV) camcorders are no longer popular, since tapeless models (with an SD card or internal SSD) cost almost the same but offer greater convenience; video captured on an SD card can be transferred to a computer faster than digital tape. None of the consumer-class camcorders announced at the 2006 International Consumer Electronics Show recorded on tape.[1]
Other devices[edit]
Video-capture capability is not confined to camcorders. Cellphones, digital single-lens reflex and compact digicams, laptops and personal media players offer video-capture capability, but most multipurpose devices offer less video-capture functionality than an equivalent camcorder. Most lack manual adjustments, audio input, autofocus and zoom. Few capture in standard TV-video formats (480p60, 720p60, 1080i30), recording in either non-TV resolutions (320x240, 640x480) or slower frame rates (15 or 30 fps).
A multipurpose device used as a camcorder offers inferior handling, audio and video performance, which limits its utility for extended or adverse shooting situations. The camera phone developed video capability during the early 21st century, reducing sales of low-end camcorders.
DSLR cameras with high-definition video were also introduced early in the 21st century. Although they still have the handling and usability deficiencies of other multipurpose devices, HDSLR video offers the shallow depth-of-field and interchangeable lenses lacking in consumer camcorders. Professional video cameras with these capabilities are more expensive than the most expensive video-capable DSLR. In video applications where the DSLR's operational deficiencies can be mitigated, DSLRs such as the Canon 5D Mark II provide depth-of-field and optical-perspective control.
Combo-cameras combine full-feature still cameras and camcorders in a single unit. The Sanyo Xacti HD1 was the first such unit, combining the features of a 5.1 megapixel still camera with a 720p video recorder with improved handling and utility. Canon and Sony have introduced camcorders with still-photo performance approaching that of a digicam, and Panasonic has introduced a DSLR body with video features approaching that of a camcorder. Hitachi has introduced the DZHV 584E/EW, with 1080p resolution and a touch screen.
Flip Video[edit]
Main articles: Flip Video and Flip Video Mino
The Flip Video was a series of tapeless camcorders introduced by Pure Digital Technologies in 2006. Slightly larger than a smartphone, the Flip Video was a basic camcorder with record, zoom, playback and browse buttons and a USB jack for uploading video. The original models recorded at a 640x480-pixel resolution; later models featured HD recording at 1280x720 pixels. The Mino was a smaller Flip Video, with the same features as the standard model. The Mino was the smallest of all camcorders, slightly wider than a MiniDV cassette and smaller than most smartphones on the market. In fact the Mino was small enough to fit inside the shell of a VHS cassette. Later HD models featured larger screens. In 2011, the Flip Video (more recently manufactured by Cisco) was discontinued.[14]
Interchangeable lenses[edit]
Interchangeable-lens camcorders can capture HD video with DSLR lenses and an adapter.[15]
Built-in projector[edit]
In 2011, Sony launched its HDR-PJ range of HD camcorders: the HDR-PJ10, 30 and 50. Known as Handycams, they were the first camcorders to incorporate a small image projector on the side of the unit. This feature allows a group of viewers to watch video without a television, a full-size projector or a computer. These camcorders were a huge success and Sony subsequently released further models in this range. Sony's current 2014 line up comprises the HDR-PJ240, HDR-PJ330 (entry level models), HDR-PJ530 (mid-range model) and the HDR-PJ810 (top of the range).[16] Specifications vary by model.[17]
Uses[edit]
Media[edit]
Professional TV camcorder (90's era)
Operating a camcorder
Camcorders are used by nearly all electronic media, from electronic-news organizations to current-affairs TV productions. In remote locations, camcorders are useful for initial video acquisition; the video is subsequently transmitted electronically to a studio or production center for broadcast. Scheduled events (such as press conferences), where a video infrastructure is readily available or can be deployed in advance, are still covered by studio-type video cameras "tethered" to production trucks.
Home video[edit]
Camcorders often cover weddings, birthdays, graduations, children's growth and other personal events. The rise of the consumer camcorder during the mid- to late 1980s led to the creation of TV shows such as America's Funniest Home Videos, which showcases homemade video footage.
Politics[edit]
Political protesters use camcorders to film what they believe unjust. Animal rights protesters who break into factory farms and animal testing labs use camcorders to film the conditions in which the animals are living. Anti-hunting protesters film fox hunts. People investigating political crimes use surveillance cameras for evidence-gathering. Activist videos often appear on Indymedia.
Police use camcorders to film riots, protests and crowds at sporting events. The film can be used to spot troublemakers, who can then be prosecuted. In countries such as the United States, the use of compact dashcams in police cars allows the police to retain a record of activity in front of the car (such as interaction with a stopped motorist).
Entertainment[edit]
Camcorders are used in the production of low-budget TV shows if the production crew does not have access to more expensive equipment. Movies have been shot entirely on consumer camcorder equipment (such as The Blair Witch Project, 28 Days Later and Paranormal Activity). Academic filmmaking programs have also switched from 16mm film to digital video in early 2010s, due to the reduced expense and ease of editing of digital media and the increasing scarcity of film stock and equipment. Some camcorder manufacturers cater to this market; Canon and Panasonic support 24p (24 fps, progressive scan—the same frame rate as cinema film) video in some high-end models for easy film conversion.
Education[edit]
Schools in the developed world increasingly use digital media and digital education. Students use camcorders to record video diaries, make short films and develop multi-media projects across subject boundaries. Teacher evaluation involves a teacher's classroom lessons being recorded for review by officials, especially for questions of teacher tenure.
Student camcorder-created material and other digital technology are used in new-teacher preparation courses. The University of Oxford Department of Education PGCE programme and NYU's Steinhardt School's Department of Teaching and Learning MAT programme are examples.
The USC Rossier School of Education goes further, insisting that all students purchase their own camcorder (or similar) as a prerequisite to their MAT education programs (many of which are delivered online). These programs employ a modified version of Adobe Connect to deliver the courses. Recordings of MAT student work are posted on USC's web portal for evaluation by faculty as if they were present in class. Camcorders have allowed USC to decentralize its teacher preparation from Southern California to most American states and abroad; this has increased the number of teachers it can train.
Formats[edit]
The following list covers consumer equipment only (for other formats, see videotape):
Analog[edit]
Video8 Camcorder
Lo-Band: Approximately 3 MHz bandwidth (250 lines EIA resolution, or ~333x480 edge-to-edge)
BCE (1954): First tape storage for video, manufactured by Bing Crosby Entertainment from Ampex equipment
BCE Color (1955): First color tape storage for video, manufactured by Bing Crosby Entertainment from Ampex equipment
Simplex (1955): Developed commercially by RCA and used to record live broadcasts by NBC
Quadruplex videotape (1955): Developed formally by Ampex, this was the recording standard for 20 years.
Vision electronic recording apparatus (Vera) (1955): An experimental recording standard developed by the BBC, it was never used or sold commercially.
U-matic (1971): Tape originally used by Sony to record video
U-matic S (1974): A smaller version of U-matic, used for portable recorders
Betamax (1975): Used on old Sony and Sanyo camcorders and portables; obsolete by the late 1980s in the consumer market
VHS (1976): Compatible with VHS VCRs; no longer manufactured
VHS-C (1982): Originally designed for portable VCRs, this standard was later adapted for compact consumer camcorders; identical in quality to VHS; cassettes play in VHS VCRs with an adapter. Still available in the low-end consumer market. Relatively short running time compared to other formats.
Video8 (1985): Small-format tape developed by Sony to compete with VHS-C's palm-sized design; equivalent to VHS or Betamax in picture quality
Hi-Band: Approximately 5 MHz bandwidth (420 lines EIA resolution, or ~ 550x480 edge-to-edge)
U-matic BVU (1982): Largely used in high-end consumer and professional equipment
U-matic BVU-SP (1985): Largely used in high-end consumer and professional equipment
S-VHS (1987): Largely used in mid-range consumer and prosumer equipment
S-VHS-C (1987): Limited to low-end consumer market
Hi8 (1988): Used in low to mid-range consumer equipment but also was available as prosumer/industrial equipment
Digital[edit]
MICROMV camcorder and tape (top), compared with MiniDV and Hi8 tapes
DV (1995): Initially developed by Sony, the DV standard became the most widespread standard-definition digital camcorder technology for the next decade. The DV format was the first to make capturing footage for video editing possible without special hardware, using the 4- or 6-pin Firewire sockets common on computers at the time.[18]
DVCPRO (1995): Panasonic released its own variant of the DV format for broadcast news-gathering.
DVCAM (1996): Sony's answer to the DVCPRO
DVD recordable (1996): A variety of recordable optical disc standards were released by multiple manufacturers during the 1990s and 2000s, of which DVD-RAM was the first. The most common in camcorders was MiniDVD-R, which used recordable 8 cm discs holding 30 minutes of MPEG video.
D-VHS (1998): JVC's VHS tape supporting 720p/1080i HD; many units also supported IEEE 1394 recording.
Digital8 (1999): Uses Hi8 tapes; most can read older Video8 and Hi8 analog tapes.
MICROMV (2001): Matchbox-sized cassette. Sony was the only electronics manufacturer for this format, and editing software was proprietary to Sony and only available on Microsoft Windows; however, open source programmers did manage to create capture software for Linux.[19]
Blu-ray Disc (2003): Manufactured by Hitachi
HDV (2004): Records up to an hour of HDTV MPEG-2 signal on a MiniDV cassette
MPEG-2 codec-based format: Records MPEG-2 program stream or MPEG-2 transport stream to various kinds of tapeless standard and HD media (hard disks, solid-state memory, etc.).
H.264: Compressed video using the H.264 codec in an MPEG-4 file; usually stored in tapeless media
AVCHD: Puts H.264 video into a transport-stream file format; compressed in H.264 format (not MPEG-4)
Multiview Video Coding: Amendment to H.264/MPEG-4 AVC video compression for sequences captured from multiple cameras using a single video stream; backwards-compatible with H.264
Operating systems[edit]
Since most manufacturers focus their support on Windows and Mac users, users of other operating systems have difficulty finding support for their devices. However, open-source products such as Cinelerra and Kino (written for the Linux operating system) allow editing of some digital formats on alternative operating systems; software to edit DV streams is available on most platforms.
Digital forensics[edit]
The issue of digital-camcorder forensics to recover data (e.g. video files with timestamps) has been addressed.[20]
See also[edit]
Electronics portal
3CCD
AVCHD
Charge-coupled device
CMOS
Dew warning
Firewire
Flip Video
PictBridge
Pocket video camera
Professional video camera
PXL-2000—A toy camcorder that used compact audio cassette to store video
SteadyShot
USB streaming and USB port.
VTR
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Jump up ^ "Transfer Video from your Camcorder to Your PC". Transfer Video from your Camcorder to Your PC. New Wave TV. Retrieved 15 August 2011. [not in citation given]
Jump up ^ Dennedy, Dan (August 2, 2003). "MicrMV capture". Kino Video Editor. Archived from the original on February 22, 2012. Retrieved October 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ Ariffin, Aswami; Choo, Kim-Kwang Raymond; Slay, Jill. Thomborson, C.; Parampalli, U., eds. "Digital Camcorder Forensics" (PDF). Conferences in Research and Practice in Information Technology. 138. Retrieved October 22, 2013.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Camcorders.
Look up camcorder in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
History of Camcorders by Mark Shapiro
How Camcorders Work from HowStuffWorks
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text:
List of people who have walked across the United States
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries.
This is a list of people who have walked across the United States from the east coast to the west coast or vice versa. Walking or running across the United States has long been pursued as a way to bring publicity to social causes.
Contents
[hide]
1 Mark Baumer
2 Philip Cihiwsky
3 Helga and Clara Estby
4 Louis Michael Figueroa
5 Aaron Huey
6 Pete Kostelnick
7 Polly Letofsky
8 Barbara Moore
9 Richard H. Noble
10 James Harry Pierce
11 Peace Pilgrim
12 Granny D
13 Chad Sigmon
14 Katie Visco
15 Bob Wieland
16 Zachary Bonner
17 Joe "Tiger" Patrick II
18 Walter O. McGill III
19 Arthur Hitchcock
20 John Ball
21 Anthony Roddy
22 Jeffrey Grabosky
23 Bjorn Suneson
24 Mike Maczuzak
25 Steve Wescott
26 Jason P. Lester
27 Ted G. Stone
28 See also
29 References
30 Further reading
Mark Baumer[edit]
Mark Baumer walked across the USA in 81 days. He was killed in 2017 while attempting a second walk barefoot.[1]
Philip Cihiwsky[edit]
Phil Cihiwsky, 59, from Loveland, Colorado walked from San Diego, California to York Harbor, Maine starting his walk on March 4 and completing it on October 4, 2013. He walked 3300 miles, crossing 15 states in 7 months while raising awareness about food insecurity issues among older adults for Meals On Wheels and encouraging the people he met along the way to support home delivered meal programs in their own communities.[2][3]
Helga and Clara Estby[edit]
Helga Estby, a 36-year-old from Spokane, Washington, and her 18-year-old daughter Clara walked from Spokane to New York City in 1896, setting off on May 5, 1896, passing through 14 states along the way, and arriving at the latter on Christmas Eve. She did so in response to a $10,000 challenge from a sponsor given to any woman who would walk across the United States. She brought with her a compass, red-pepper spray, a revolver, and a curling iron. She wanted the money in order to save her family's 160-acre (65 ha) farm. She did not receive it.[4][5][6]
Louis Michael Figueroa[edit]
In 1982, Louis Michael Figueroa, age 16, became the fastest and youngest person (according to some sources)[7] to run across the United States, covering the route from New Brunswick, NJ to San Francisco in 60 days to fulfill a promise to a friend who was dying of bone cancer.[8]
In 1996–1997 he walked from Bangor, ME to San Diego, CA for local AIDS networks in memory of his brother Jimmy, who died of the disease. The walk was plagued by delays due to Figueroa's battle with Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia.[8]
In 2005, he began a walk around the United States for victims of child abuse. Figueroa walked for six months and covered 6,437 miles (10,359 km) of the 12,070 miles (19,420 km).[9]
On June 4, 2010 Figueroa left from where he previously stopped, 6.43 miles (10.35 km) west of Somerset, PA and arrived in Tucson on January 15, 2011.[7][8][10][needs update]
Aaron Huey[edit]
Aaron Huey, age 26, left Encinitas, California on January 22, 2002 and arrived in New York City 3,349 miles and 154 days later on June 25. His only travel companion was his dog Cosmo. He did not carry a cell phone and had no support team.[11] Huey covered the why and how in his 2010 Annenberg Foundation lecture,[12] and Huey also wrote journals of his travels along the way.[13]
Pete Kostelnick[edit]
In October 2016, Pete Kostelnick, age 29, set the world record for fastest run across America; he ran the 3,067 miles from San Francisco’s City Hall to New York’s City Hall in 42 days, 6 hours, 30 minutes.[14]
Polly Letofsky[edit]
Polly Letofsky, 37, walked around the world, including the United States. She started in Vail, Colorado in 1999, and headed west through Arizona, California, then walked around the world entering US shores again in NY. NJ, PA, Upstate NY, Ontario, CA, MI, WI, MN, IA, MO, KS, CO. Her walk around the world was the culmination of a childhood dream, but moreover was an advocacy campaign for breast cancer around the world. In each country the funds raised stayed in that country. She returned home on July 30, 2004.
Barbara Moore[edit]
Barbara Moore (1903–1977),[15] a Russian-born health enthusiast, walked 3,387 miles from San Francisco to New York City in 85 days in 1960, departing on April 13 and arriving on July 6.[16][17]
Richard H. Noble[edit]
From March 12, 2011 through June 9, 2012, Richard Noble, a gay rights activist, walked with a rainbow flag from San Francisco to Jacksonville Beach, Florida.[18][19][20]
James Harry Pierce[edit]
James Harry Pierce, a 46-year-old writer, costumer, and street performer,[21] began his walk across the United States on May 30, 2011 just south of Seattle, Washington, passed through Crestview, Florida on December 24, 2011,[22] and continued on to Key West, Florida, where he settled on February 7, 2012 and now performs nightly on Duval Street dressed as Darth Vader playing the banjo.[23]
Peace Pilgrim[edit]
Peace Pilgrim, née Mildred Lisette Norman (July 18, 1908 – July 7, 1981), was an American pacifist, vegetarian, and peace activist. Starting on January 1, 1953, she walked across the United States for 28 years until her death in 1981.[24] She had no organizational backing, carried no money, and would not even ask for food or shelter. When she began her pilgrimage she had taken a vow to "remain a wanderer until mankind has learned the way of peace, walking until given shelter and fasting until given food." At the time of her death, she was crossing the United States for the seventh time.
Granny D[edit]
Granny D (née Doris Haddock, January 24, 1910 – March 9, 2010) achieved international fame in February 2000 when, at age 90, she completed her walk across the U.S. to support campaign finance reform. A resident of Dublin, New Hampshire, Granny D started the walk January 1, 1999, shortly before her 89th birthday in Pasadena, California amid the Rose bowl festivities. She completed it on Leap Day of the following year, more than 400 days later, having traversed over 3200 miles across nine states (California, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Arkansas, Tennessee, Kentucky, West Virginia, and Maryland). She chronicled her expedition and reasons for undertaking it in a autobiography entitled "You're Never Too Old to Raise a Little Hell" published in 2003. The following year, at age 94, she as ran as Democratic candidate against Judd Gregg in the New Hampshire senate race, but was soundly defeated. She died shortly after turning 100, on March 9, 2010.[25]
Chad Sigmon[edit]
Chad Sigmon was 38 years old when he ran across America starting April 1, 2013 from Jacksonville, FL and ending August 1 in San Diego, California. He ran to help end mental health stigma. He averaged around 22 miles a day for a total of 2,650 miles.[26][27]
Katie Visco[edit]
From March 29 through December 29, 2009, Pave Your Lane's founder, Katie Visco, ran across America, from Boston to San Diego to publicize this campaign. At age 24, Visco became the second youngest and 13th woman overall to run from coast to coast.[28][29]
Bob Wieland[edit]
Bob Wieland is a Vietnam War veteran who lost his legs to a mortar mine in 1969. He "ran" across America on his hands, taking three years, eight months, and six days to travel from coast to coast and raise money for Vietnam war veterans.[30]
Zachary Bonner[edit]
Zachary Bonner is a homeless youth advocate. He started a non profit when he was 6 years old called the Little Red Wagon Foundation. At age 8 after seeing a documentary on a woman named Peace Pilgrim he decided to walk from his home in Tampa, Florida to the state Capitol Tallahassee. The following year at age 9 he continued his walk to Atlanta, Georgia and that summer at age 11 he walked from Atlanta to Washington DC.[31] He vowed to become the youngest to walk Coast to Coast and at age 12 completed that mission by walking from Jacksonville Beach to the Santa Monica Pier. During his walks he used media attention to raise awareness to homeless youth and highlighted many programs working to help these kids.[32] The journey took Zach 7 months to complete.
Joe "Tiger" Patrick II[edit]
Joe "Tiger" Patrick II is a Peace Dale, Rhode Island Army veteran. After volunteering at Ground Zero for 3 weeks he decided he wanted to do something to bring awareness to the men and women who died as a result of the events during the 9/11 attacks, and those who have died while serving in the military for the United States of America.[33][34] He committed to walking for the cause. He completed a memorial walk in 2011 and on his second walk in 2013 he walked approximately 3,000 miles across the United States beginning in April 2013 in the City of Coronado, California and ending in Washington D.C. in October 2013.[35][36] During this walk he carried a memorial panel that he created on canvas, which displayed the faces of over 6600 color images of U.S. service members, and weighed over 50 pounds. He also carried an American flag and a bat used by Boston Red Sox second baseman Dustin Pedroia.
Walter O. McGill III[edit]
Walter McGill, also known as Pastor "Chick" McGill,[37] the "Freedom Walker"[38] and the "Cross Country Flagman,"[39] a 69-year-old pastor of the Creation Seventh Day Adventist Church and Vietnam War era veteran, began to walk across the United States on April 23, 2014 at Kill Devil Hills, North Carolina.[40][41] He completed his journey on April 29, 2015 at the Santa Monica Pier in Santa Monica, California after traveling a route of over 3,200 miles,[42][43] and carrying the United States flag by hand the entire way, the first such documented case.[38][44] On July 12, 2015 he was honored at Dodger Stadium for the completion of the walk prior to a baseball game between the Los Angeles Dodgers and the Milwaukee Brewers.[45][46]
McGill's websites promoting the walk, walkingcoast2coast and walkthewalknow.com, indicate an extensive list of causes for which he made the journey, including: civil liberties, human rights, national integrity, the restoration of individual and corporate self-respect, support for traditional family values, liberty of conscience for all citizens, the defense of constitutional principles, the review and appreciation of American heritage, care for the poor and homeless, the promotion of natural health practices, employment of the Golden Rule in daily living, and a spiritual awakening for the healing of the country.[47] Along the way he saluted passing motorists and pedestrians,[38][48] received certificates of appreciation at the Inland Empire and San Gabriel Valley, and left non-sectarian 40-day prayer guides for city and county officials.[44][49] He was provided with a police escort part of the way along his walk in Tennessee and Georgia,[49] and was awarded a "Day of Recognition" in his home state of Tennessee by Governor Bill Haslam.[50]
During the portion of the journey through Prescott, Arizona he dedicated ten miles of his walk to Kayla Mueller, who was captured by ISIS and killed earlier in 2015.[51]
In his closing statements, McGill said, "To be the first veteran to carry Old Glory from sea to shining sea has been a great aspiration of mine, and I'm praying this flag will be enshrined at the Smithsonian Institute [sic]."[52]
Arthur Hitchcock[edit]
Arthur Hitchcock is a documentary/editorial photographer who, at age 19, walked from Long Beach, California to Augusta, Maine between May 11 and November 2, 2011. He walked approximately 4,100 miles (6,598 km), crossing through 17 states in 175 days. Hitchcock walked to raise funds for breast cancer research and aid to assist families dealing with the cost of hospital bills and treatments. He walked to honor his deceased parents, Janet and Mike Hitchcock. His mother died from ductal carcinoma a few months before the trip. The majority of his route included major highways (it's illegal to walk on most major highways). He was led by a support vehicle.[53]
John Ball[edit]
Retired U.S. Air Force Colonel John Ball, aka “The Walking Aggie,” walked coast-to-coast across America from March 1, 2015[54] to August 17, 2015.[55] Beginning at Scripps Park in La Jolla, California and ending at Daytona Beach, Florida, Ball, age 58, walked 2,686 miles, crossing 8 states in 170 days. His unassisted, uninterrupted walk raised over $27,000 to help establish an Endowed Aggie Ring Scholarship at his alma mater, Texas A&M University.[56]
Anthony Roddy[edit]
Anthony "Silverback" Roddy is a retired USDA Forest Service worker who, at age 56, walked from Wells Beach, Maine, to Imperial Beach, California, between April 19 and December 15, 2015. A US Army veteran of the war in Iraq, he crossed 13 states in 244 days, walking approximately 3,073 miles. His Walkabout-America 2015 was the culmination of a life-long dream, but moreover was an advocacy campaign to help grant wishes to children with life-threatening medical conditions. He raised more than $5,000 for the Make-a-Wish Foundation.[57]
Jeffrey Grabosky[edit]
From January 20 to May 20, 2011, Jeff Grabosky ran solo and unsupported for over 3,700 miles from Oceanside, California to Smith Point, New York. He took prayer intentions from people all around the world and prayed a decade of the rosary for each of the approximate 3,500 intentions he received. His book, Running With God Across America was published in 2012.[58]
Bjorn Suneson[edit]
In 2016, Bjorn Suneson, a Stockholm native, finished his fifth run across the United States.[59][60][61]
Mike Maczuzak[edit]
Mike Maczuzak, president of SmartShape Design, walked solo and unsupported from Coney Island to Santa Monica Pier, covering more than 3,600 miles in 125 days, and traveling through 15 states, March to July 2016.[62]
Steve Wescott[edit]
Steve Wescott walked from Space Needle in Seattle to Times Square with a goat as his companion. His walk, dubbed Needle2Square, raised awareness and funds for Uzima Outreach, a ministry reaching out to drug addicts, and the neglected and orphaned children of the addicted in Nairobi, Kenya.[63][64]
Jason P. Lester[edit]
Run Across America — Ran 3,550 miles in 72 days averaging 50 miles a day across the United States(4th Fastest athlete to run from San Francisco to New York (July 2013) The run raised money for the Waves for Water organization’s Hurricane Relief Initiative[65][66]
Ted G. Stone[edit]
Ted G. Stone was a Southern Baptist evangelist and recovering amphetamine addict who walked across the United States three times and was on his fourth trip when he died. He made the walks to raise awareness for his ministry to addicts and would drive up to 150 miles off of his walking route to speak to groups. His first trip, in 1996, was 3,650-mile from the Capitol steps in Washington, D.C., south to Jacksonville, FL and west to Los Angeles. His second trip, in 1998, was a 3,550-mile walk from San Francisco, CA to Virginia Beach, VA. His third trip was in 2000 and he walked 1,700-mile from Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas in Mexico to the Ambassador Bridge in Detroit, MI leading into Canada. He died on his fourth trip in 2006 in Nashville, TN. He was walking from Chicago, IL to Pensacola, FL which would have covered 1,100 miles.[67][68]
See also[edit]
Biography portal
United States portal
Lists portal
Transcontinental walk
List of people who have run across Australia
List of people who have walked across Australia
Twenty-first-century fundraising walks in Tasmania
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Harriett Staff, Darcie Dennigan (11 August 2017), Providence Journal Remembers Poet Mark Baumer
Jump up ^ Susan Morse (October 5, 2013). "Man walks across country for Meals on Wheels". Seacoastonline.
Jump up ^ Dwane Brown (March 4, 2013). "Volunteer Will Walk And Wheel 3,200 Miles To Support Meals On Wheels". KPBS News.
Jump up ^ Christy Karras (June 1, 2003). "Book Honors Pair's Courageous, Forgotten Walk Across America". The Salt Lake Tribune. pp. D6.
Jump up ^ Margo Hammond (June 23, 2006). "Get on the road with a good book". St. Petersburg Times.
Jump up ^ Chris Rodkey (July 13, 2003). "The Nation: Women Get No Mileage From Cross-Country Trek". Los Angeles Times. pp. A.27.
^ Jump up to: a b "Long-distance walker on journey to protect children". Contra Costa Times. November 23, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Man to walk across U.S. for children's rights". Arizona Daily Wildcat. November 30, 2004.
Jump up ^ "Figueroa Video Interview on WTOC-TV of Savannah, Georgia".
Jump up ^ "The real 'Forrest Gump' stopped by police in Elm Grove". BrookfieldNow. July 6, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Walking Across America". The Seattle Times Sunday Magazine. April 24, 2005.
Jump up ^ http://www.annenbergspaceforphotography.org/events/iris_nights_past_ee_huey.asp
Jump up ^ Aaron Huey: Photographer, Argonaut, Rock Star
Jump up ^ Fox, Kit (October 24, 2016). "Ultrarunner Pete Kostelnick Smashes Record for Run Across U.S". Runner's World. Retrieved October 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Dr. Barbara Moore, Who Walked Across U.S., Is Dead at 73". New York Times. May 15, 1977. Retrieved March 26, 2008.
Jump up ^ Bill Clark (July 1, 2010). "This week in local history". Retrieved January 16, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Interview without a halt". Chicago Tribune. April 14, 1960. Retrieved January 16, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Crosscountry hiker promotes gay rights amendments". Mountain Democrat.
Jump up ^ Advocate Contributors. "OpEd Sleeping Praying and Walking Across America for Equality". Advocate.com.
Jump up ^ "Richard Noble, a Man You Should Know". The Huffington Post.
Jump up ^ http://jamesacrossamerica.blogspot.com/2011/05/day-one-baby-steps.html
Jump up ^ "Walking across America" (PDF). CrestView News Bulletin page A5. December 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Duval performers need a license to thrill". KeysNews.com. May 31, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Peace Pilgrim's 28-Year Walk For 'A Meaningful Way Of Life'". NPR. January 1, 2013. Retrieved January 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/12/us/12haddock.html
Jump up ^ Local Chad Sigmon travels coast to coast raising mental health awareness - The Exponent Telegram : News
Jump up ^ Increasing mental health awareness - Arizona Range News: News
Jump up ^ Mario Fraioli (December 29, 2009). "Katie Visco Completes Run Across America". Running Competitor.
Jump up ^ http://www.paveyourlane.com/page/katies-run-across-america-2009
Jump up ^ Rote, Kyle; Pettigrew, Joe (2009). Living Life in the Zone: A 40-Day Spiritual Gameplan for Men (2009 ed.). Thomas Nelson Inc. p. 289. ISBN 978-0-8499-4652-3.
Jump up ^ "Fla. boy walking to D.C. for homeless kids". NBCNews.com. Retrieved June 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ Marshall, Joyce (May 21, 2010). "12-year-old Florida boy takes Six Flags break during 2,500-mile walk | Today's Buzz". Star Telegram. Retrieved June 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ Prater, Erin (June 19, 2013). "A war veteran, a flag and a mission". The Gazette. Retrieved July 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ Miller, Roxann (August 22, 2011). "Rhode Island man treks through Chambersburg on way to ground zero". The Herald. Retrieved July 19, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Faces of Our Fallen" (PDF). The City of Coronado California. City of Coronado, California. Retrieved July 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ Rangel, Alexis (May 7, 2013). "One man's extraordinary walk across America". Imperial Valley Press News. Retrieved July 15, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Man walking across America comes through Inland Empire, San Gabriel Valley". Retrieved May 3, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c ""Freedom-Walker" Carries Nation’s Flag Cross-country". Retrieved May 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Going for a long walk: National prayer trek brings pastor through Bullhead City". Retrieved May 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ Roanoke Beacon, April 23, 2014. "Pastor's trek across America is God's idea"
Jump up ^ The Coastland Times, April 20, 2014. "Cross country walk to start in Kill Devil Hills"
Jump up ^ "69-Year-Old Veteran Finishes Cross Country Walk Carrying American Flag". Retrieved May 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ "News Update!! Santa Monica, CA: Man walking coast to coast reached his final destination at Santa Monica Pier". Retrieved May 2, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Veteran To Complete Coast-To-Coast Walk At Santa Monica Pier Wednesday". Retrieved May 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Veteran honored at Dodgers Stadium". Retrieved September 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ "McGill completes walk across America". Retrieved September 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ "walkthewalknow.com".
Jump up ^ "Saluting America". Retrieved May 2, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Tenn. Pastor To End Cross-Country ‘Prayer Walk’ At Santa Monica Pier". Retrieved May 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Day of Recognition Certificate". Retrieved May 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Tennessee pastor honors Kayla Mueller". Retrieved May 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ VERY MOVING: 69 YEAR OLD PASTOR WALKS ACROSS AMERICA. REACHES PACIFIC OCEAN. Retrieved May 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ Hitchcock Walks.
Jump up ^ Walker, Texas Aggie: Man to walk coast to coast, starting in La Jolla. Retrieved October 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ 'The Walking Aggie' completes cross-country walk in Daytona. Retrieved October 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ 'The Walking Aggie' passes through Houston area. Retrieved October 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Man walks across country to raise money for Make-a-Wish". KOB4 Eyewitness News. December 24, 2015. Retrieved January 16, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Catholic Man Finished Run Across America With Deepened Faith". Retrieved January 18, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Swedish Radio article on Bjorn Suneson". Retrieved September 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ Suneson, Bjorn. "I made it again – for the fifth time!". Bjorn Suneson - Keep on running. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Barrett, Malachi. "Swedish man passes through Michigan on fifth run across United States". MLive.com. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
Jump up ^ SmartShape Design (August 8, 2016). "SmartShape Design President Completes Walk Across America". SmartShape Design Media Room.
Jump up ^ "Wescott, goat reach Times Square". The Madras Pioneer. Retrieved 5 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "October 2016". Uzima Outreach. Retrieved 5 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Nike's Forrest Gump: Ironman Jason Lester Crosses America for Nike". brandchannel:. 2012-05-02. Retrieved 2017-05-17.
Jump up ^ "R[U]N To Rebuild". Waves For Water. Retrieved 2017-05-17.
Jump up ^ "Ted Stone, 72; Preached During U.S. Walking Tours". The Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, California. July 19, 2006. Retrieved May 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ted Stone; drug addict became preacher". The Boston Globe. Boston, Massacheusetts. July 20, 2006. Retrieved May 15, 2017.
Further reading[edit]
Doris Haddock and Dennis Burke (2001). Granny D: Walking Across America in My Ninetieth Year. Villard Books. ISBN 978-0-375-50539-3.
Linda Hunt (2003). Bold Spirit: Helga Estby's Forgotten Walk Across Victorian America. University of Idaho Press. ISBN 978-0-89301-262-5.
Eric M. Latham (2006). Take Steps With A Purpose: A Walk Across America for Cancer Research. Walk About America. ISBN 1-4243-0760-0.
Lyn Hanush (2007). Putting a Face on AMERICA. Winepress Publishing. ISBN 978-1-57921-882-9.
Kevin James Shay (2012). Walking through the Wall. Lulu Press. ISBN 978-1-105-60881-0.
Summerlin, Jamie (2013). Freedom Run. Fitness Info Tech,West Virginia University. p. 264. ISBN 978-1935412502.
"Walking across America: The people who do it, at a glance". The Oregonian.
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