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Fresh Off the Boat
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This article is about the TV series. For the book upon which it is based, see Fresh Off the Boat: A Memoir.
Further information on the general term: Fresh off the boat
Fresh Off the Boat
Genre
Sitcom
Created by
Nahnatchka Khan
Based on
Fresh Off the Boat
by Eddie Huang
Starring
Randall Park
Constance Wu
Hudson Yang
Forrest Wheeler
Ian Chen
Lucille Soong
Chelsey Crisp
Ray Wise
Narrated by
Eddie Huang (season 1)
Opening theme
"Fresh off the Boat", performed by Danny Brown[1]
Composer(s)
Bo Boddie
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
Mandarin
No. of seasons
4
No. of episodes
79 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Nahnatchka Khan[2]
Jake Kasdan[2]
Melvin Mar[2]
Producer(s)
Rich Blomquist
Eddie Huang
Justin McEwen
Location(s)
Orlando, Florida (Series is taped in Los Angeles, California)
Camera setup
Single-camera
Running time
30 minutes
Production company(s)
Fierce Baby Productions
The Detective Agency
20th Century Fox Television
Distributor
20th Television
Release
Original network
ABC
Picture format
720p (HDTV)
Original release
February 4, 2015 (2015-02-04) – present
External links
Website
Production website
Fresh Off the Boat is an American sitcom series, starring Hudson Yang, Randall Park, and Constance Wu.[3][4][5] Created by Nahnatchka Khan, it is loosely inspired by the life of chef and food personality Eddie Huang and his book Fresh Off the Boat. It is the first American television sitcom starring an Asian-American family to air on American network primetime since Margaret Cho's All American Girl, which aired for one season in 1994.[6] Its style has been compared to the comedy series Everybody Hates Chris.[7] The flashback technique with voice-over narration from the present day (first season only) is similar to The Wonder Years.
The show debuted on ABC with two preview episodes on February 4, 2015. The second episode, which aired after Modern Family, was promoted as a bonus episode, and formally premiered in its primetime slot on February 10, 2015.[8] The first of the two preview episodes garnered 7.94 million viewers, becoming the second-highest rated comedy premiere that season.
On May 7, 2015, ABC renewed Fresh off the Boat for a second season of 13 episodes.[9] ABC ordered 9 additional episodes on October 13 and two more on November 17, leading to a total of 24 episodes for the second season.[10][11] On March 3, 2016, ABC announced that the series has been renewed for a third season, which premiered on October 11, 2016.[12] On May 12, 2017, ABC renewed the series for a fourth season, which premiered on October 3, 2017.[13] On May 11, 2018, ABC renewed the series for a fifth season.
Contents
[hide]
1 Premise
2 Cast and characters
2.1 Main cast
2.2 Recurring cast
3 Development and production
3.1 Season two changes
4 Episodes
4.1 Home media
5 Broadcast
6 Reception
6.1 Seasonal ratings
6.2 Critical reception
7 Awards and nominations
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Premise[edit]
The story follows the course of Eddie Huang's Taiwanese family as they make their way from Chinatown of Washington, DC to Orlando, Florida, to open a cowboy-themed steak restaurant in 1995[14] (with the first season being set between 1995 and 1997).[15][16] His mother struggles with the culture clash between her upbringing and a Florida community that does not have a large Asian population,[17] his father embraces the "American Dream", and Eddie struggles with assimilating into school.
Cast and characters[edit]
Main cast[edit]
Hudson Yang as Edwyn "Eddie" Huang,[18] the show's protagonist and a die-hard hip-hop and rap fan, as well as a great fan of basketball. The oldest of three brothers, he eschews Taiwanese culture and is more rebellious than his younger siblings, which makes him a frequent target of Jessica's complaints. Because Eddie represents the writer of the book on which the show is based, all of the season-one episodes were told from his perspective, and the real-life Eddie Huang voices the narrator. A creative change for season two expands the focus to the entire Huang family.
Randall Park as Louis Huang,[4][5] is the father of Eddie, Emery, and Evan, and husband of Jessica. He is nice and naive, and embraces all things American. He owns a Western steakhouse restaurant in Orlando named Cattleman's Ranch.
Constance Wu as Jessica Huang,[19] is the wife of Louis and mother[20] of Eddie, Emery, and Evan. She is a no-nonsense, pragmatic woman who believes in tough love. She wants her children to be successful and also keep in touch with their Taiwanese heritage.
Forrest Wheeler as Emery Huang,[21] is the middle child of the Huang family. He is a romantic and lovable kid who is fairly intelligent. He is also depicted as charismatic and mature for his age. He graduated elementary school at the end of the second season.
Ian Chen as Evan Huang,[21] is the youngest child, who is a star student and obeys the rules. He is Jessica's favorite child. He was allowed to skip fifth grade between seasons 3 and 4, and is starting middle school in the fourth season.
Lucille Soong as Grandma Jenny Huang (regular season 2–present, recurring season 1), is Louis' mother and grandmother of Eddie, Evan, and Emery. Although she clearly understands English, she speaks only in Mandarin (subtitled in English). However, she spoke English in Marvin's dream in the season-three episode "Where Are the Giggles?". In the season-four episode, "It's a Plastic Pumpkin, Louis Huang", the family discovers she has secretly been taking ESL lessons, and she speaks English for the first time (excluding that dream sequence). In the season-four episode, "The Day After Thanksgiving", Jenny finishes her ESL class and speaks English around her ESL professor. She recites lines from the 1989 Tim Burton movie, Batman for her class.
Chelsey Crisp as Honey Ellis (regular season 2–present, recurring season 1),[22] is the Huangs' next door neighbor, Marvin's third wife, and Jessica's new best friend.
Ray Wise as Marvin Ellis (regular season 3–present, recurring seasons 1–2) is Honey's much-older husband and Nicole's father. He is a successful dentist who married Honey after his previous wife caught him cheating with Honey on the kitchen floor.
Recurring cast[edit]
Cattleman's Steakhouse staff:
Paul Scheer as Mitch
Jillian Armenante as Nancy
Amanda Lund as Vanessa
Noel Gugliemi as Hector Martinez
Michael Bolton as himself, briefly co-owner of Cattleman's (seasons 3–4)
Matt Oberg as Matthew Chestnut (season 4)
Eddie's school friends:
Luna Blaise as Nicole Ellis, Eddie's first crush, who is Marvin's daughter and Honey's stepdaughter; in season four, she reveals to Eddie that she is gay.
Isabella Alexander as Alison, also Eddie's girlfriend. They break up in episode 2 of season 4.
Prophet Bolden as Walter, one of Eddie's friends
Trevor Larcom as Trent Masterson, one of Eddie's friends
Evan Hannemann as Dave Selby, one of Eddie's friends
Dash Williams as Brian Stone, one of Eddie's friends
Connor Rosen as Doug Pew, one of Eddie's friends
Brady Tutton as Brock Blanca
Albert Tsai as Phillip Goldstein[23][24]
Arden Belle as Shelly, one of Nicole's friends
Liliana Mumy as Layla, one of Nicole's friends
Monique Green as Sandy, one of Nicole's friends
Marlowe Peyton as Reba, Eddie's classmate, who has an unrequited crush on him
Others:
Rachel Cannon as Deidre Sanderson
Stacey Scowley as Carol-Joan
Colleen Ryan as Amanda
Kimberly Crandall as Lisa
Arden Myrin as Ashley Alexander
David Goldman as Principal Charlie Hunter
Maria Bamford as Principal Thomas
Susan Park as Connie Chen, Jessica's sister
C.S. Lee as Steve Chen, Jessica's brother-in-law
Ken Jeong as Gene Huang, Louis' younger brother
Eddie Huang as adult Eddie Huang (voice only), the narrator of the show for season one only
Wai Ching Ho as Big Auntie
Development and production[edit]
Eddie Huang's 2013 Fresh Off the Boat caught the attention of TV networks upon release, with ABC and 20th Century Fox Television signing in late that year. Huang, the show's creator and one of the producers of the series,[5] led a Twitter campaign[25][26] to change the original show name, Far East Orlando, when it was in development.[6]
On May 13, 2014, ABC ordered the first season of the show during the May 2014 upfront[7][27] to air in 2015 as a mid-season replacement.[7][28]
The Fresh Off the Boat cast at a panel discussion for the show.
The real-life Eddie Huang narrates the first season only. Eleven episodes into the first season, Huang expressed frustration over ABC's approach, saying it presents an "ambiguous, cornstarch story about Asian-Americans" that perpetuates "an artificial representation of Asian American lives". The sitcom was adapted to suit a broader American audience.[29] He also Tweeted in April 2015, "I understand this is a comedy but the great comics speak from pain: Pryor, Rock, Louis...This show had that opportunity but it fails."[30] Despite his concern for authenticity, he finds the show a "milestone" for Asian-Americans as they are at the forefront of this television series.[31] Huang further explained in an interview on National Public Radio, "The studio and network are not on a mission to not represent us. They just don't know how to."[32]
Huang described the exchange between his team and ABC as brief. In an article in Vulture Huang expressed concern over the studio's decision that Nahnatchka Khan, an Iranian-American writer, would represent his memoir for the TV scripts, believing that she would present the story as less than realistic and authentic. "I would be excited, but you attached a Persian writer, and I'm kinda worried it's going to be The Shahs of Cul-de-Sac Holando."[33]
In 2015, Constance Wu was interviewed by Jenny Zhang for The Lenny Interview. In this interview, she spoke about her initial fear of criticizing some of the shows details. Now in its second season, Wu speaks openly about her request for the staff to make the show more specific, stating, "If you change the food to a 1,000-year-old black egg with tofu and scallions, it will be a little more specific, and specificity is just better for character, and it's more interesting than, say, tofu and rice."[34]
Season two changes[edit]
Fresh Off the Boat made many changes for the second season, including:
Eddie Huang reduced his involvement with the series, including no longer being the narrator, due to creative differences with ABC, as well as time constraints with other projects. He is still credited as a producer, and the show's credits continue to note that the series is based on his memoir.
With Huang's departure, ABC decided not to recast the narrator role, dropping it from the series altogether.
The writing from season two onward is focused on the entire Huang family instead of centering on Eddie. In particular, more Louis- and Jessica-centered episodes were shot.
Lucille Soong and Chelsey Crisp were both promoted from recurring cast to main cast.
Episodes[edit]
Main article: List of Fresh Off the Boat episodes
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
First aired
Last aired
1 13 February 4, 2015 (2015-02-04) April 21, 2015 (2015-04-21)
2 24 September 22, 2015 (2015-09-22) May 24, 2016 (2016-05-24)
3 23 October 11, 2016 (2016-10-11) May 16, 2017 (2017-05-16)
4 19 October 3, 2017 (2017-10-03) March 20, 2018 (2018-03-20)
Home media[edit]
On September 29, 2015, the first season of Fresh Off the Boat was released on DVD. The DVD had two discs with all 13 season-one episodes and special features such as a gag reel, as well a "Fresh Facts Trivia Track". On May 22, 2018, the second and third season of Fresh Off the Boat was released on DVD.
Broadcast[edit]
On November 8, 2014, the world premiere of the pilot episode was hosted by the San Diego Asian Film Festival.[35]
Fresh Off the Boat premiered on FOX8 in Australia starting May 10, 2015;[36] It was also picked up by Network Ten, and started airing on March 7, 2016 on its sister channel, Eleven until October 2017.
In the UK, the first season originally premiered on Amazon Video on February 4, 2015. The second season premiered on September 22, 2015. On November 1, 2017 Fresh Off the Boat received its television premiere on Channel 5's sister channel 5Star starting with the pilot episode.
It debuted on March 12, 2015 in South Africa on Fox Crime.[37]
In South Asia, Fresh Off The Boat, airs 12 hours after the U.S. broadcast on Star World Premiere HD.[38]
Reception[edit]
Seasonal ratings[edit]
Season
Timeslot (ET)
No. of
episodes
Premiered
Ended
TV season
Rank
Viewers
(in millions)
Date
Premiere viewers
(in millions)
Date
Finale viewers
(in millions)
1 Wednesday 8:30 pm
(Episode 1)
Wednesday 9:30 pm
(Episode 2)
Tuesday 8:00 pm
(Episodes 3-13) 13 February 4, 2015 7.94[39] April 21, 2015 5.08[40] 2014–15 78 6.99[41]
2 Tuesday 8:30 pm
(2015)
Tuesday 8:00 pm
(2016) 24 September 22, 2015 6.05[42] May 24, 2016 4.88[43] 2015–16 86 5.48[44]
3 Tuesday 9:00 pm 23 October 11, 2016 5.03[45] May 16, 2017 3.55[46] 2016–17 95 4.66[47]
4 Tuesday 8:30 pm 19 October 3, 2017 4.51[48] March 20, 2018 3.61[49] 2017–18 108 4.57[50]
Critical reception[edit]
Fresh Off the Boat has received critical acclaim. On Rotten Tomatoes, the show has a 91% certified fresh approval rating, with the critical consensus "Once the cliched gags of Fresh off the Boat are superseded by a grounded truthfulness, the series evolves into a humorously charming family sitcom."[51] It also has earned a 75 out of 100 score on Metacritic, indicating 'generally favorable reviews'.[52] Particularly, Constance Wu's performance has been acclaimed, earning nominations for both the TCA Awards and the EWwy Award for Best Supporting Actress in Comedy, as well as an "Individual Achievement in Comedy" nomination at the Critics' Choice Television Awards.
Reviews cited the show's potential to increase the visibility and accuracy of Asian Americans in arts and entertainment.[7][53][54] For writer and poet Jenny Zhang (who interviewed Constance Wu for Lenny Letter), Fresh Off the Boat was a welcome change from the representation of Asian Americans on the TV series she had seen as a child at age 11, where the few people who looked like her were either the subjects of crude jokes or had only minor cameos.[34]
"It means that there are real conversations being had about Asian American identity in addition to acknowledging the lack of inclusivity Asian Americans have had in the nation's cultural and entertainment dialogue."[55] Ester Suh, writing for the Huffington Post, felt that many characterizations in the show misrepresented the Asian-American experience, but acknowledged that "our experience as Americans, like everyone else’s, is varied, and to say that a single show can exemplify all our experiences, would be a disfavor. I see Fresh as a sound board for future shows with Asian American casts, helping make television a more diverse and inclusive cultural platform."[55]
The Harvard Political Review additionally commented that "Fresh Off the Boat captures the essence of why diversity in media matters—we, like young Eddie, all want to see ourselves as worthy of being protagonists, whether in stories or in real life. However, lost in translation are the stories of parents and grandparents, who also have claim to labels like the Asian-American experience."[56]
Television critic Emily Nussbaum, in her review for The New Yorker, compares the memoir and television version of Huang's relationship with his father and with black culture, "Without a cruel bully for a father, Eddie's taste for hip-hop feels more superficial—in the book, it's an abused kid's catharsis and an identification with black history."[57]
Fresh Off The Boat is covered in Chinese-language news media, where the title is simplified Chinese: 菜鸟新移民; traditional Chinese: 菜鳥新移民; pinyin: càiniǎo xīn yímín; literally: "Beginner New Immigrants".[58][59]
Awards and nominations[edit]
Year
Award
Category
Nominee
Result
2015 Critics' Choice Television Awards Best Actress in a Comedy Series Constance Wu Nominated
TCA Awards Individual Achievement in Comedy Nominated
EWwy Awards Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Nominated
Gold Derby TV Awards Best Comedy Actress Nominated
Unforgettable Gala – Asian American Awards Actor of the Year Randall Park Won
Female Breakout Star of the Year Constance Wu Won
2016 Critics' Choice Television Awards Best Actor in a Comedy Series Randall Park Nominated
Best Actress in a Comedy Series Constance Wu Nominated
NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Performance by a Youth (Series, Special, Television Movie or Mini-series) Hudson Yang Nominated
Women's Image Network Awards Best Comedy Series Fresh Off the Boat Nominated
Young Artist Awards Outstanding Young Ensemble Cast In A TV Series Hudson Yang, Forrest Wheeler, Ian Chen Won
Best Performance in a TV Series – Supporting Young Actor Ian Chen Nominated
Best Performance In A TV Series - Recurring Young Actress (14-21) Luna Blaise Won
Best Performance In A TV Series - Guest Starring Young Actress (11-13) Laura Krystine Nominated
Young Entertainer Awards Best Young Ensemble Cast - TV Series Hudson Yang, Forrest Wheeler, Ian Chen Won
Best Recurring Young Actor 13 and Under - Television Series Trevor Larcom Nominated
Best Recurring Young Actress 13 to 15 - Television Series Luna Blaise Nominated
Best Recurring Young Actress 12 and Under- Television Series Isabella Alexander Won
Best Guest Starring Young Actor 11 and Under - TV Series Cole Sand Nominated
Teen Choice Awards Choice TV: Scene Stealer Hudson Yang Nominated
TCA Awards Individual Achievement in Comedy Constance Wu Nominated
Gold Derby TV Awards Best Actress in a Comedy Series Nominated
Poppy Awards Best Actress in a Comedy Series Nominated
Best Actor in a Comedy Series Randall Park Nominated
Critics' Choice Television Awards Best Actress in a Comedy Series Constance Wu Nominated
2017 NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Performance by a Youth (Series, Special, Television Movie or Mini-series) Hudson Yang Nominated
Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a TV Series - Leading Young Actor Ian Chen Nominated
Forrest Wheeler Nominated
Best Performance in a TV Series - Leading Teen Actor Hudson Yang Won
Best Performance in a TV Series - Recurring Teen Actor Trevor Larcom Won
Young Entertainer Awards Best Leading Young Actor 14 and Under - Television Series Ian Chen Pending
MTV Movie & TV Awards Best American Story Fresh Off the Boat Nominated
Critics' Choice Television Awards Best Actor in a Comedy Series Randall Park Nominated
Best Actress in a Comedy Series Constance Wu Nominated
See also[edit]
Television in the United States portal
2010s portal
Asian Americans portal
Comedy portal
These are television shows with a similar premise.
The Family Law
Citizen Khan
Kim's Convenience
Brown Nation
References[edit]
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External links[edit]
Official website
Fresh Off the Boat on IMDb
Fresh Off the Boat at TV Guide
Fresh Off the Boat on Twitter
Fresh Off the Boat on Facebook
Fresh Off the Boat at TV.com
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Yellowjacket
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about a type of wasp. For the town in the United States, see Yellow Jacket, Colorado. For other uses, see Yellowjacket (disambiguation).
Yellowjacket
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hymenoptera
Family: Vespidae
Subfamily: Vespinae
Genus: Vespula or Dolichovespula
Yellowjacket or Yellow jacket is the common name in North America for predatory social wasps of the genera Vespula and Dolichovespula. Members of these genera are known simply as "wasps" in other English-speaking countries. Most of these are black and yellow like the eastern yellowjacket Vespula maculifrons and the aerial yellowjacket Dolichovespula arenaria; some are black and white like the bald-faced hornet, Dolichovespula maculata. Others may have the abdomen background color red instead of black. They can be identified by their distinctive markings, their occurrence only in colonies, and a characteristic, rapid, side-to-side flight pattern prior to landing. All females are capable of stinging. Yellowjackets are important predators of pest insects.[1]
Contents
1 Identification
2 Life cycle and habits
3 Notable species
4 Nest
5 In the United States
6 In popular culture
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Identification[edit]
Yellowjacket stinger in its sheath in the scanning electron microscope
Face of a southern yellowjacket (Vespula squamosa)
Yellowjackets are sometimes mistakenly called "bees" (as in "meat bees"), given that they are similar in size and sting, but yellowjackets are actually wasps. They may be confused with other wasps, such as hornets and paper wasps. Polistes dominula, a species of paper wasp, is very frequently misidentified as a yellowjacket. A typical yellowjacket worker is about 12 mm (0.5 in) long, with alternating bands on the abdomen; the queen is larger, about 19 mm (0.75 in) long (the different patterns on their abdomens help separate various species). Workers are sometimes confused with honey bees, especially when flying in and out of their nests. Yellowjackets, in contrast to honey bees, have yellow or white markings, are not covered with tan-brown dense hair on their bodies, do not carry pollen, and do not have the flattened hairy hind legs used to carry it.
These species have lance-like stingers with small barbs, and typically sting repeatedly,[1] though occasionally a stinger becomes lodged and pulls free of the wasp's body; the venom, like most bee and wasp venoms, is primarily only dangerous to humans who are allergic or are stung many times. All species have yellow or white on their faces. Their mouthparts are well-developed with strong mandibles for capturing and chewing insects, with probosces for sucking nectar, fruit, and other juices. Yellowjackets build nests in trees, shrubs, or in protected places such as inside man-made structures, or in soil cavities, tree stumps, mouse burrows, etc. They build them from wood fiber they chew into a paper-like pulp. Many other insects exhibit protective mimicry of aggressive, stinging yellowjackets; in addition to numerous bees and wasps (Müllerian mimicry), the list includes some flies, moths, and beetles (Batesian mimicry).
Yellowjackets' closest relatives, the hornets, closely resemble them, but have larger heads, seen especially in the large distance from the eyes to the back of the head.[1]
Life cycle and habits[edit]
Vespula squamosa queen
Yellowjackets are social hunters living in colonies containing workers, queens, and males (drones). Colonies are annual with only inseminated queens overwintering. Fertilized queens are found in protected places such as in hollow logs, in stumps, under bark, in leaf litter, in soil cavities, and in man-made structures. Queens emerge during the warm days of late spring or early summer, select a nest site, and build a small paper nest in which they lay eggs. After eggs hatch from the 30 to 50 brood cells, the queen feeds the young larvae for about 18 to 20 days. Larvae pupate, then emerge later as small, infertile females called workers. Workers in the colony take over caring for the larvae, feeding them with chewed up meat or fruit. By midsummer, the first adult workers emerge and assume the tasks of nest expansion, foraging for food, care of the queen and larvae, and colony defense.
From this time until her death in the autumn, the queen remains inside the nest, laying eggs. The colony then expands rapidly, reaching a maximum size of 4000 to 5000[2] workers and a nest of 10,000 to 15,000 cells in late summer. (This is true of most species in most areas; however, Vespula squamata, in the southern part of its range, may build much larger perennial colonies populated by scores of queens, tens of thousands of workers, and hundreds of thousands of cells.) At peak size, reproductive cells are built with new males and queens produced. Adult reproductives remain in the nest fed by the workers. New queens build up fat reserves to overwinter. Adult reproductives leave the parent colony to mate. After mating, males quickly die, while fertilized queens seek protected places to overwinter. Parent colony workers dwindle, usually leaving the nest to die, as does the foundress queen. Abandoned nests rapidly decompose and disintegrate during the winter. They can persist as long as they are kept dry, but are rarely used again. In the spring, the cycle is repeated; weather in the spring is the most important factor in colony establishment.
The diet of the adult yellowjacket consists primarily of items rich in sugars and carbohydrates, such as fruits, flower nectar, and tree sap. Larvae feed on proteins derived from insects, meats, and fish, which are collected by the adults, which chew and condition them before feeding them to the larvae. Many of the insects collected by the adults are considered pest species, making the yellowjacket beneficial to agriculture.[3] Larvae, in return, secrete a sugar material to be eaten by the adults; this exchange is a form of trophallaxis. In late summer, foraging workers pursue other food sources from meats to ripe fruits, or scavenge human garbage, sodas, picnics, etc., as additional sugar is needed to foster the next generation's queens.[3]
Notable species[edit]
European yellowjackets, the German wasp (Vespula germanica), and the common wasp (Vespula vulgaris) were originally native to Europe, but are now established in southern Africa, New Zealand, and eastern Australia
The North American yellowjacket (Vespula alascensis), eastern yellowjacket (Vespula maculifrons), western yellowjacket (Vespula pensylvanica), and prairie yellowjacket (Vespula atropilosa) are native to North America.
Southern yellowjacket (Vespula squamosa)
Bald-faced hornets (Dolichovespula maculata) belong among the yellowjackets rather than the true hornets. They are not usually called "yellowjackets" because of their ivory-on-black coloration.
Aerial yellowjacket (Dolichovespula arenaria)
Tree wasp (Dolichovespula sylvestris)
Nest[edit]
Two-year yellowjacket nest, with a one-gallon (3.8-liter) container for size reference. Collected in Alabama, USA, 2007. Dimensions approximately 18 inches by 24 inches by 12 inches (46 cm by 61 cm by 30 cm).
Dolichovespula species such as the aerial yellowjacket, D. arenaria, and the bald-faced hornet, tend to create exposed aerial nests. This feature is shared with some true hornets, which has led to some naming confusion.
Vespula species, in contrast, build concealed nests, usually underground.
Yellowjacket nests usually last for only one season, dying off in winter. The nest is started by a single queen, called the "foundress". Typically, a nest can reach the size of a basketball by the end of a season. In parts of Australia, New Zealand, the Pacific Islands, and southwestern coastal areas of the United States, the winters are mild enough to allow nest overwintering. Nests that survive multiple seasons become massive and often possess multiple egg-laying queens.[4][5]
In the United States[edit]
The German yellowjacket (V. germanica) first appeared in Ohio in 1975, and has now become the dominant species over the eastern yellowjacket. It is bold and aggressive, and can sting repeatedly and painfully. It will mark aggressors and pursue them. It is often confused with Polistes dominula, an invasive species in the United States, due to their very similar pattern. The German yellowjacket builds its nests in cavities—not necessarily underground—with the peak worker population in temperate areas between 1000 and 3000 individuals between May and August. Each colony produces several thousand new reproductives after this point through November. The eastern yellowjacket builds its nests underground, also with the peak worker population between 1000 and 3000 individuals, similar to the German yellowjacket. Nests are built entirely of wood fiber and are completely enclosed except for a small entrance at the bottom. The color of the paper is highly dependent on the source of the wood fibers used. The nests contain multiple, horizontal tiers of combs within. Larvae hang within the combs.[citation needed]
In the southeastern United States, where southern yellowjacket (Vespula squamosa) nests may persist through the winter, colony sizes of this species may reach 100,000 adult wasps.[4] The same kind of nest expansion has occurred in Hawaii with the invasive western yellowjacket (V. pensylvanica).[6]
In popular culture[edit]
Detail of Giovanna Garzoni's Still Life with Bowl of Citrons, 17th century
The yellowjacket's most visible place in American popular culture is as a mascot, most famously with the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets, represented by the mascot Buzz. Other college and university examples include the American International College, Baldwin-Wallace University, Black Hills State University, Cedarville University, Defiance College, Graceland University, Howard Payne University, LeTourneau University, Montana State University Billings, Randolph-Macon College, University of Rochester, University of Wisconsin–Superior, West Virginia State University, and Waynesburg University.
Though not specified by the team, the mascot of the Columbus Blue Jackets, named "Stinger," closely resembles a yellowjacket. In the years since its original yellow incarnation, the mascot's color has been changed to a light green, seemingly combining the real insect's yellow and the team's blue.
Note that yellowjacket is often spelled as two words (yellow jacket) in popular culture and even in some dictionaries. The proper entomological spelling, according to the Entomological Society of America, is as a single word (yellowjacket).[7]
See also[edit]
Common wasp (V. vulgaris)
Biological pest control
Volucella pellucens
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Akre, R.D. et al. (1980). The yellowjackets of America north of Mexico. USDA Agriculture Handbook 552. 102 pp.
Jump up ^ Lives of Social Insects Peggy Larson p.13
^ Jump up to: a b "About Yellowjackets and the Benefits of Wasps in the Garden". Mother Earth News.
^ Jump up to: a b "Yellow jackets building enormous nests". TuscaloosaNews.com. Retrieved 2013-01-14.
Jump up ^ Extension Daily: What is Causing Super-sized Yellow Jacket Nests? Archived 2007-06-29 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Response of Native Plant Communities to Alien Species Management on the Island of Hawaii" on the Hawaiian Cooperative Studies Program website
Jump up ^ "Common Names of Insects Database | Entomological Society of America". Entsoc.org. Retrieved 2018-06-25.
External links[edit]
"Yellowjackets and Hornets of Florida" on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site
Successful Removal of German Yellow Jackets by Toxic Baiting
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yellowjacket&oldid=859880328"
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David and Jonathan
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see David and Jonathan (disambiguation).
"David and Jonathan" one of Gustave Doré's illustrations for La Grande Bible de Tours
David (Hebrew: דָּוִד; Dāwīḏ or David) and Jonathan (Hebrew: יְהוֹנָתָן; Yəhōnāṯān or Yehonatan) were heroic figures of the Kingdom of Israel, who formed a covenant of friendship recorded in the books of Samuel.
Jonathan was the son of Saul, king of Israel, of the tribe of Benjamin, and David was the son of Jesse of Bethlehem, of the tribe of Judah, and Jonathan's presumed rival for the crown. David became king. The covenant the two men had formed eventually led to David, after Jonathan's death, graciously seating Jonathan's son Mephibosheth at his own royal table instead of eradicating the former king Saul's line.[1]
The biblical text does not explicitly depict the nature of the relationship between David and Jonathan. The traditional and mainstream religious interpretation of the relationship has been one of platonic love and an example of homosociality. Some later Medieval and Renaissance literature drew upon the story to underline strong personal friendships between men, some of which involved romantic love and could perhaps be described as romantic friendships.
In modern times, some scholars, writers, and activists have emphasized elements of homoeroticism in the story. A number of groups made up of gay Roman Catholics trying to reconcile their faith with their sexuality have also adopted the name to their cause - Davide e Gionata (Italy), and David et Jonathan (France).[2]
Contents
1 In the Bible
1.1 Death of Jonathan
2 Views
2.1 Jewish interpretation
2.2 Traditional Christian interpretation
2.3 Medieval and Renaissance allusions
2.4 Modern interpretations
2.4.1 Homoeroticism
2.4.2 Counter-arguments
3 Cultural references
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
In the Bible[edit]
The relationship between David and Jonathan is mainly covered in the Hebrew Bible Book of Samuel. The episodes belong to the story of David's ascent to power, which is commonly regarded as one of the sources of the Deuteronomistic history, and to its later additions.[3]
David, the youngest son of Jesse, slays Goliath at the Valley of Elah where the Philistine army is in a standoff with the army of King Saul (Jonathan's father).[4] David's victory begins a rout of the Philistines who are driven back to Gath and the gates of Ekron. Abner brings David to Saul while David is still holding Goliath's severed head. Jonathan, the eldest son of Saul, has also been fighting the Philistines.[5] Jonathan takes an immediate liking to David and the two form a covenant:
Now it came about when he had finished speaking to Saul, that the soul of Jonathan was knit to the soul of David, and Jonathan loved him as himself. Saul took him that day and did not let him return to his father's house. Then Jonathan made a covenant with David because he loved him as himself. Jonathan stripped himself of the robe that was on him and gave it to David, with his armor, including his sword and his bow and his belt. So David went out wherever Saul sent him, and prospered; and Saul set him over the men of war. (NASB)[6]
Death of Jonathan[edit]
As Saul continues to pursue David, the pair renew their covenant, after which they do not meet again. Eventually Saul and David are reconciled. Jonathan, however, is slain on Mt. Gilboa along with his two brothers Abinadab and Malchi-shua, and there Saul commits suicide.[7] David learns of Saul and Jonathan's death and chants a lament,[8] which in part says:
Saul and Jonathan, beloved and pleasant in their life, And in their death they were not parted; They were swifter than eagles, They were stronger than lions ... How have the mighty fallen in the midst of the battle! Jonathan is slain on your high places. I am distressed for you, my brother Jonathan; You have been very pleasant to me. Your love to me was more wonderful than the love of women. How have the mighty fallen, And the weapons of war perished![9]
Views[edit]
Jewish interpretation[edit]
"The sages characterized the relationship between Jonathan and David in the following Mishnah:
“Whenever love depends on some selfish end, when the end passes away, the love passes away; but if it does not depend on some selfish end, it will never pass away. Which love depended on a selfish end? This was the love of Amnon and Tamar. And which did not depend on a selfish end? This was the love of David and Jonathan. (Avot 5:15)"[10]
Rabbi Shimon ben Tzemach Duran (Spain, North Africa 14th-15th century) delineated the significance of this mishnah:
“Anyone who establishes a friendship for access to power, money, or sexual relations; when these ends are not attainable, the friendship ceases…love that is not dependent on selfish ends is true love of the other person since there is no intended end.” (Magen Avot – abridged and adapted translation)[10]
Traditional Christian interpretation[edit]
A platonic interpretation for the relationship between David and Jonathan has been the mainstream view found in biblical exegesis, as led by Christian writers. This argues that the relationship between the two, although strong and close, is ultimately a platonic friendship. The covenant that is made is political, and not erotic; while any intimacy is a case of male bonding and homosociality.
"Saul Tries to Kill David" by Julius Schnorr von Karolsfeld
David and Jonathan's love is understood as the intimate camaraderie between two young soldiers with no sexual involvement.[11] The books of Samuel do not actually document physical intimacy between the two characters aside from "kissing,"[12] while the euphemisms the Bible uses for sexual relations are missing, and nothing indicates that David and Jonathan slept together. Neither of the men is described as having problems in their heterosexual married life. David had an abundance of wives and concubines as well as an adulterous affair with Bathsheba, and apparently suffered impotence only as an old man, while Jonathan had a five-year-old son at his death.[13]
In response to the argument that homoeroticism was edited out, some traditionalists who subscribe to the Documentary Hypothesis note the significance of the lack of censoring of the descriptions at issue, in spite of the Levitical injunctions against homoerotic contact. Gagnon notes, "The narrator’s willingness to speak of David’s vigorous heterosexual life (compare the relationship with Bathsheba) puts in stark relief his (their) complete silence about any sexual activity between David and Jonathan."[14]
Presuming such editing would have taken place, Martti Nissinen comments, "Their mutual love was certainly regarded by the editors as faithful and passionate, but without unseemly allusions to forbidden practices ... Emotional and even physical closeness of two males did not seem to concern the editors of the story, nor was such a relationship prohibited by Leviticus." Homosociality is not seen as being part of the sexual taboo in the biblical world.[15]
Medieval and Renaissance allusions[edit]
Jonathan embraces David from Caspar Luiken’s Historiae Celebriores Veteris Testamenti Iconibus Representatae (1712)
Medieval literature occasionally drew upon the biblical relationship between David and Jonathan to underline strong personal and intimate friendships between men. The story has also frequently been used as a coded reference to homoerotic relations when the mention was socially discouraged or even punished.[16]
The anonymous Vita Edwardi Secundi, c. 1326 AD, wrote: "Indeed I do remember to have heard that one man so loved another. Jonathan cherished David, Achilles loved Patroclus." And thus, King Edward II wept for his dead lover Piers Gaveston as: "... David had mourned for Jonathan.".[17] Similarly, Roger of Hoveden, a twelfth-century chronicler, deliberately drew comparisons in his description of “The King of France (Philip II Augustus) [who] loved him (Richard the Lionheart) as his own soul.”[18]
The Renaissance artists Donatello and Michelangelo both brought out strong homoerotic elements in their respective sculptures depicting the youthful David.[19]
Modern interpretations[edit]
Homoeroticism[edit]
David and Jonathan
The biblical account of David and Jonathan has been read by some as the story of two lovers.
"La Somme le Roy", 1290 AD; French illuminated ms (detail); British Museum
Some modern scholars and writers have interpreted the love between David and Jonathan as more intimate than platonic friendship. This was first pioneered by Tom Horner,[20] then adopted by John Boswell.[21] This interpretation views the bonds the men shared as romantic love, regardless of whether the relationship was physically consummated. Jonathan and David cared deeply about each other in a way that was arguably stronger and more intimate than a platonic friendship.
David's praise in 2 Samuel 1:26 for Jonathan's 'love' (for him) over the 'love' of women is considered evidence for same-sex attraction, along with Saul's exclamation to his son at the dinner table, "I know you have chosen the son of Jesse - which is a disgrace to yourself and the nakedness of your mother!" The "choosing" (bahar) may indicate a permanent choice and firm relationship, and the mention of "nakedness" (erwa) could be interpreted to convey a negative sexual nuance, giving the impression that Saul saw something indecent in Jonathan and David's relationship.[22]
Some also point out that the relationship between the two men is addressed with the same words and emphasis as other love relationships in the Hebrew Testament, whether heterosexual or between God and people: e.g. 'ahava' or אהבה.[23][24][25][26][27][28][29]
When they are alone together, David confides that he has "found grace in Jonathan's eyes", a phrase proponents say normally refers to romantic or physical attraction. Throughout the passages, David and Jonathan consistently affirm and reaffirm their love and devotion to one another, and Jonathan is willing to betray his father, family, wealth, and traditions for David.
That there is more than mere homosociality in the dealings of David and Jonathan is asserted by two recent studies: the biblical scholar Susan Ackerman,[30] and the Orientalist Jean-Fabrice Nardelli.[31] Ackerman and Nardelli argue that the narrators of the books of Samuel encrypted same-sex allusions in the texts where David and Jonathan interact so as to insinuate that the two heroes were lovers. Ackerman explains this as a case of liminal, viz. transitory, homosexuality, deployed by the redactors as a textual means to assert David's rights against Jonathan's: the latter willingly alienated his princely status by bowing down (1 Samuel 20:41), sexually speaking, to the former. Nardelli disagrees and argues that the various covenants Jonathan engaged David into as the superior partner gradually elevated David's status and may be seen as marriage-like.
Susan Ackerman also believes that there is highly eroticized language present in six different sections in the Hebrew Bible in regards to the relationship of David and Jonathan.[32] The six sections she mentions are 1) David and Jonathan's first meeting in 1 Sam. 18:1-18:4 2) the most important description of David and Jonathan's first few meetings in 1 Sam 19:1-19:7. 3) the incident of Saul berating Jonathan for his friendship with David in 1 Sam 20:30-20:34 4) David fleeing from the court of King Saul in 1 Sam. 20:1-20:42 5) the description of David and Jonathan's final meeting in 1 Sam. 23:15-23:18 and 6) David's lament (the Song of the Bow) for Saul and Jonathan. Of these six examples, Ackerman identifies the most important example being the last one (the Song of the Bow) due to David's assertion that Jonathan's love to David "was more wonderful than the love of women".[32]
Although David was married, David himself articulates a distinction between his relationship with Jonathan and the bonds he shares with women. David is married to many women, one of whom is Jonathan's sister Michal, but the Bible does not mention David loving Michal (though it is stated that Michal loves David).
Nissinen has concluded:[33]
Perhaps these homosocial relationships, based on love and equality, are more comparable with modern homosexual people's experience of themselves than those texts that explicitly speak of homosexual acts that are aggressive, violent expressions of domination and subjection.
Counter-arguments[edit]
Other interpreters point out that neither the books of Samuel nor Jewish tradition documents sanctioned romantic or erotic physical intimacy between the two characters, which the Bible elsewhere makes evident when between heterosexuals, most supremely in the Song of Solomon. It is also known that covenants were common, and that marriage was a public event and included customs not seen in this story.[34][35]
The platonic interpretation of David and Jonathan's relationship is advocated by the religious writer Robert A. J. Gagnon[36] and the Assyriologist Markus Zehnder[37] and is consistent with commonly held theological views condemning same sex relations.[38]
The removal of the robe is seen as a ceremonial act following the precedent of Aaron, of whom God commanded, "And strip Aaron of his garments, and put them upon Eleazar his son",[39] in transference of the office of the former upon the latter. In like manner, Jonathan would be symbolically and prophetically transferring the kingship of himself (as the normal heir) to David, which would come to pass.[40][41][42]
Even if the mention of "nakedness" in 1 Samuel 20:30 could be interpreted to convey a negative sexual nuance, it is related to Jonathan's mother Ahinoam rather than Jonathan ("to the shame of the nakedness of your mother"). Jon Levenson and Baruch Halpern suggest that the phrase suggests "David's theft of Saul's wife", and that the verse supports the construction that Ahinoam, the wife of Saul is the same Ahinoam who became David's wife.[43]
These interpreters also argue that the description in 2 Samuel 1:26 of the “love” (Hebrew: “ahava”) between David and Jonathan that is greater than the “love of women” should be understood in light of the two earlier mentions of “love” (ahava) between David and Jonathan where it is described not as love for a romantic partner but love for self (“he loved him as his own soul,” 1 Sam 18:3; 20:17).
Furthermore, the phrase “David has found grace in Jonathan's eyes,” mentioned above, is not normally a reference to romantic or physical attraction, since in 45 of the 46 other occurrences it refers to finding grace either in the eyes of God,[44] of a ruler or wealthy landowner,[45] of a close relative,[46] of the father of a potential bride,[47] or of a nation.[48] The only occurrence where the phrase is used of lovers is a wife no longer finding grace in the eyes of her husband, not because he no longer finds her physically attractive but because he has “found some indecency in her” (Deuteronomy 24:1).[49]
In platonic respects, such as in sacrificial loyalty and zeal for the kingdom, Jonathan's love is seen as surpassing that of romantic or erotic affection,[50] especially that of the women David had known up until that time. The grammatical and social difficulties are pointed out in respect to 1 Samuel 18:21,[51] as well as the marked difference in the Bible between sensual kissing (as in Song of Songs) and the cultural kiss of Near Eastern culture whether in greeting or as expression of deep affection between friends and family (as found throughout the Old and New Testaments).[52] The strong emotive language expressed by David towards Jonathan is also argued to be akin to that of platonic expressions in more expressive or pre-urban cultures.[53]
Orly Keren additionally posits that the relationship between Jonathan and David was not without enlightened self-interest on both sides: Jonathan in obtaining guarantees for his own future and that of his family, and David in creating and maintaining a public image. Keren suggests that David's lament for Jonathan may have been a calculated pose for a people mourning a popular prince.[54]
Cultural references[edit]
Donatello, David (1440s?)
Museo Nazionale del Bargello
h.158 cm
At his 1895 trial, Oscar Wilde cited the example of David and Jonathan in support of "the love that dare not speak its name": "Such a great affection of an elder for a younger man as there was between David and Jonathan, such as Plato made the very basis of his philosophy, and such as you find in the sonnets of Michelangelo and Shakespeare."[55]
In his Lambeth essay of December 2007, James Jones, the Bishop of Liverpool, drew particular attention to the "emotional, spiritual, and even physical" friendship between David and Jonathan:[56]
There was between them a deep emotional bond that left David grief-stricken when Jonathan died. But not only were they emotionally bound to each other they expressed their love physically. Jonathan stripped off his clothes and dressed David in his own robe and armour. With the candour of the Eastern World that exposes the reserve of Western culture they kissed each other and wept openly with each other. The fact that they were both married did not inhibit them in emotional and physical displays of love for each other. This intimate relationship was sealed before God. It was not just a spiritual bond it became covenantal for “Jonathan made a covenant with David, because he loved him as his own soul” (1 Samuel 18:3). Here is the Bible bearing witness to love between two people of the same gender.
In 1993 a member of the Knesset in Israel, Yael Dayan, provoked controversy when she referred to David and Jonathan in a parliamentary debate in support of whether gay men and women could serve in the Israeli military.[57]
In Tim Winton's 2018 novel The Shepherd's Hut (published by Hamish Hamilton) the old hermit, Fintan, a defrocked priest, alludes to this biblical couple, at page 181: "Fintan reckoned we was the original odd couple, a veritable David and Jonathan he said, like they was some chilled dudes."
See also[edit]
History of Christianity and homosexuality
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Peter J. Leithart, A Son to Me, p 208-09, Canon Press, (2003).
Jump up ^ John Cornwall, Breaking faith: The pope, the people and the future of catholicism, Viking, 2001
Jump up ^ Collins, John. Introduction to the Hebrew Bible Canada: Augsburg Fortress,2004.(p.225).
Jump up ^ 1 Sam. 17
Jump up ^ 1 Sam. 14
Jump up ^ 1 Samuel 18:1-5
Jump up ^ 1 Samuel 31:1-6
Jump up ^ 2 Samuel 1:1-17
Jump up ^ 2 Samuel 1:23-27
^ Jump up to: a b Parshat Toldot, Mahar Hodesh,(1 Samuel 20:18-42) November 13, 2004 Archived November 26, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Matthew Henry, 1Samuel 18:1-5; 2Samual 1:17-27
Jump up ^ 1 Sam. 20:41
Jump up ^ James B. deYoung, Homosexuality, p. 290
Jump up ^ Prof. Dr. Robert A. J. Gagnon
Jump up ^ Martti Nissinen, Kirsi Stjerna, Homoeroticism in the Biblical World, p. 56
Jump up ^ Rocke, Michael. 1996. Forbidden Friendships: Homosexuality and Male Culture in Renaissance Florence. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press
Jump up ^ W.R. Childs, Ed. (2005). Vita Edwardi Secundi. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-927594-7
Jump up ^ Roger of Hoveden, The Annals, trans. Henry T. Riley, 2. Vols. London: H.G. Bohn, 1853; repr. New York: AMS Press, 1968
Jump up ^ Rocke, Michael. 1996. Forbidden Friendships: Homosexuality and Male Culture in Renaissance Florence. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Jump up ^ Horner, Tom M. Jonathan Loved David: Homosexuality in Biblical Times. The Westminster John Knox Press, Pennsylvania, 1978, ISBN 0664241859
Jump up ^ Boswell, John. Same-sex Unions in Premodern Europe. New York: Vintage, 1994. (pp. 135-137)
Jump up ^ Martti Nissinen, Homoeroticism in the Biblical World, Minneapolis, 1998
Jump up ^ Hebrew word #160[permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Gen. 29:20
Jump up ^ 2 Sam. 13:15
Jump up ^ Prv. 5:19
Jump up ^ Sg. 2:4-7
Jump up ^ Sg. 3:5-10
Jump up ^ Sg. 5:8)
Jump up ^ When Heroes Love: The Ambiguity of Eros in the Stories of Gilgamesh and David (New York & Chichester, Columbia University Press, 2005), pp. 165-231
Jump up ^ Homosexuality and Liminality in the Gilgamesh and Samuel (Amsterdam, Hakkert, 2007), pp. 28-63
^ Jump up to: a b When Heroes Love: The Ambiguity Of Eros In The Stories Of Gilgamesh And David - Susan Ackerman - Google Books. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2012-05-09.
Jump up ^ Martti Nissinen, Homoeroticism in the Biblical World, Minneapolis, 1998
Jump up ^ Albert Barnes, Judges 14:10
Jump up ^ Sketches of Jewish Social Life. Cp. 9 (Edersheim)
Jump up ^ The Bible and Homosexual Practice. Texts and Hermeneutics (Nashville, Abingdon Press, 2001), pp. 146-154
Jump up ^ Observations on the Relationship Between David and Jonathan and the Debate on Homosexuality, Westminster Theological Journal 69 (2007), pp. 127-174
Jump up ^ "Welcoming But Not Affirming," by Stanley J. Grenz
Jump up ^ Numbers 20:26; cf. Esther 3:6
Jump up ^ Gagnon, The Bible and Homosexual Practice, pp. 146-54
Jump up ^ Markus Zehnder, “Observations on the Relationship between David and Jonathan and the Debate on Homosexuality,” Westminster Theological Journal 69.1 [2007]: 127-74)
Jump up ^ Thomas E Schmidt, “Straight or Narrow?”
Jump up ^ Jon D. Levenson and Baruch Halpern, "The Political Import of David's Marriages," JBL 99 [1980] 515.
Jump up ^ Genesis 6:8; 18:3; 19:19; Exodus 33:12, 13, 16, 17; 34:9; Numbers 11:11, 15; Judges 6:17; 2 Samuel 15:25; Proverbs 3:4
Jump up ^ Genesis 39:4; 39:21; 47:25; 50:4; Numbers 32:5; Ruth 2:2, 10, 13; 1 Samuel 1:18; 16:22; 20:29; 25:8; 27:5; 2 Samuel 14:22; 16:4; 1 Kings 11:29; Esther 5:2, 8; 7:3; 8:5)
Jump up ^ Genesis 30:27; 32:6; 33:8, 10, 15; 47:29; 1 Samuel 20:29
Jump up ^ Genesis 34:11; 1 Kings 11:19
Jump up ^ Exodus 3:21; 11:3; 12:36; Esther 2:15
Jump up ^ While some may be inclined to add Esther 5:2, 8; 7:3; and 8:5 as other examples of a person "finding grace in the eyes of" his/her lover, the language here is the same as other appeals to an authority.
Jump up ^ Matthew Henry
Jump up ^ Keil and Delitzsch; and is seen as referring to Merab and Michal: John Gill; T. Bab. Sanhedrin, fol. 19. 2.
Jump up ^ Gagnon, ibid
Jump up ^ Regan, P. C; Jerry, D; Narvaez, M; Johnson, D. Public displays of affection among Asian and Latino heterosexual couples. Psychological Reports. 1999;84:1201–1202
Jump up ^ Keren, Orly. "David and Jonathan: A Case of Unconditional Love?", Journal for the Study of the Old Testament September, 2012, vol. 37 no. 1 3-23, doi: 10.1177/0309089212455544
Jump up ^ Neil McKenna, The Secret Life of Oscar Wilde, London, 2004
Jump up ^ Jones, James (January 2008) [December 2007]. "Making Space for Truth and Grace". In Stevenson, Kenneth. A Fallible Church: Lambeth Essays. Darton Longman and Todd. ISBN 978-0232527308. Archived from the original on February 12, 2008.
Jump up ^ Robert Block (1993-02-11). "Gay King David theory starts Goliath of a row - World - News". The Independent. Retrieved 2013-02-10.
References[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to David and Jonathan.
Jonathan Loved David: Homosexuality in Biblical Times (ISBN 0-664-24185-9) by Tom M. Horner, Ph.D. (pgs 15-39)
What the Bible Really Says About Homosexuality (ISBN 1-886360-09-X) by Daniel A. Helminiak, Ph.D. (pgs 123-127)
Lord Given Lovers: The Holy Union of David & Jonathan (ISBN 0-595-29869-9) by Christopher Hubble. (entire)
"The Significance of the Verb Love in the David-Jonathan Narratives in 1 Samuel" by J. A. Thompson from the Vetus Testamentum 24 (pgs 334-338)
John Boswell's Same-Sex Unions in Premodern Europe (pgs. 67-71)
Craig Williams' Yale University Ph.D. Dissertation Homosexuality and the Roman Man: A Study in the Cultural Construction of Sexuality (pg. 319).
Martti Nissinen, Homoeroticism in the Biblical World, Minneapolis, 1998
Noel I. Garde [Edgar H. Leoni], Jonathan to Gide: The Homosexual in History. New York:Vangard, 1964. OCLC 3149115
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