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List of countries by system of government
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Part of the Politics series
Basic forms of government
Power structure
Separation
Associated state
Dominion
Chiefdom
Federalism
Federation
Confederation
Devolution
Integration
Empire
Hegemony
Unitary state
Administrative division
Power source
Democracy
power of many
Direct
Representative
Liberal
Social
Demarchy
others
Oligarchy
power of few
Aristocracy
Plutocracy
Kraterocracy
Stratocracy
Timocracy
Meritocracy
Technocracy
Geniocracy
Noocracy
Kritarchy
Particracy
Ergatocracy
Netocracy
Autocracy
power of one
Despotism
Dictatorship
Military dictatorship
Others
Anocracy
Anarchy
Theocracy
Power ideology
Monarchy vs. republic
socio-political ideologies
Absolute
Legalist
Constitutional
Parliamentary
Directorial
Semi-presidential
Presidential
Authoritarian vs. libertarian
socio-economic ideologies
Tribalism
Despotism
Feudalism
Colonialism
Minarchism
Distributism
Anarchism
Socialism
Communism
Totalitarianism
Global vs. local
geo-cultural ideologies
Commune
City-state
National government
Intergovernmental organisation
World government
Politics portal
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This is a list of countries by system of government. There is also a political mapping of the world that shows what form of government each country has, as well as a brief description of what each form of government entails. The list is colour-coded according to the type of government, for example: blue represents a republic with an executive head of state, and pink is a constitutional monarchy with a ceremonial head of state. The colour-coding also appears on the following map, representing the same government categories. The legend of what the different colours represent is found just below the map.
Contents
[hide]
1 List of countries
1.1 UN member states and observers
1.2 Unrecognized states
2 Map
2.1 Legend
3 Systems of governance
3.1 Presidential/Separated republics
3.1.1 Full presidential systems
3.1.1.1 Presidential systems
3.1.1.2 Presidential systems with a prime minister
3.1.2 Semi-presidential systems
3.2 Parliamentary republics
3.2.1 Mixed republican systems
3.3 Directorial systems
3.4 Constitutional monarchies
3.4.1 Constitutional monarchies with ceremonial monarchs
3.4.2 Constitutional monarchies with active monarchs
3.5 Absolute monarchies
3.6 Theocracies
3.7 One-party states
3.8 Military junta states
3.9 Transitional
4 Systems of internal governance
4.1 Federal
4.2 Unitary states
4.2.1 Regionalised unitary states
4.3 Confederation
5 European Union
6 See also
7 Notes
8 External links
List of countries[edit]
UN member states and observers[edit]
Name
Constitutional form
Head of state
Basis of executive legitimacy
Afghanistan Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Albania Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Algeria Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Andorra Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Angola Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Antigua and Barbuda Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Argentina Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Armenia Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Australia Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Austria Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Azerbaijan Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Bahamas, The Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Bahrain Constitutional monarchy Executive Monarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions
Bangladesh Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Barbados Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Belarus Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Belgium Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Belize Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Benin Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Bhutan Constitutional monarchy Executive Monarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions
Bolivia Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Bosnia and Herzegovina Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Botswana Republic Executive Presidency is elected by legislature; ministry may be, or not be, subject to parliamentary confidence
Brazil Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Brunei Absolute monarchy Executive All authority vested in absolute monarch
Bulgaria Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Burkina Faso Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Burundi Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Cambodia Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Cameroon Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Canada Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Cape Verde Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Central African Republic Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Chad Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Chile Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
China, People's Republic of Republic Executive Power constitutionally linked to a single political movement
Colombia Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Comoros Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Congo, Democratic Republic of the Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Congo, Republic of the Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Costa Rica Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Côte d'Ivoire Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Croatia Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Cuba Republic Executive Power constitutionally linked to a single political movement
Cyprus Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Czech Republic Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Denmark Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Djibouti Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Dominica Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Dominican Republic Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
East Timor Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Ecuador Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Egypt Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
El Salvador Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Equatorial Guinea Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Eritrea Republic Executive Power constitutionally linked to a single political movement
Estonia Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Ethiopia Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Federated States of Micronesia Republic Executive Presidency is elected by legislature; ministry may be, or not be, subject to parliamentary confidence
Fiji Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Finland Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
France Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Gabon Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Gambia, The Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Georgia Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Germany Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Ghana Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Greece Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Grenada Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Guatemala Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Guinea Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Guinea-Bissau Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Guyana Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Haiti Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Honduras Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Hungary Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Iceland Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
India Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Indonesia Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Iran Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Iraq Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Ireland Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Israel Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Italy Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Jamaica Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Japan Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Jordan Constitutional monarchy Executive Monarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions
Kazakhstan Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Kenya Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Kiribati Republic Executive Presidency is elected by legislature; ministry may be, or not be, subject to parliamentary confidence
Korea, North Republic Executive Power constitutionally linked to a single political movement
Korea, South Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Kuwait Constitutional monarchy Executive Monarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions
Kyrgyzstan Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Laos Republic Executive Power constitutionally linked to a single political movement
Latvia Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Lebanon Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Lesotho Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Liberia Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Libya n/a n/a No constitutionally-defined basis to current regime
Liechtenstein Constitutional monarchy Executive Monarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions
Lithuania Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Luxembourg Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Macedonia Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Madagascar Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Malawi Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Malaysia Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Maldives Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Mali Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Malta Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Marshall Islands Republic Executive Presidency is elected by legislature; ministry may be, or not be, subject to parliamentary confidence
Mauritania Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Mauritius Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Mexico Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Moldova Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Monaco Constitutional monarchy Executive Monarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions
Mongolia Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Montenegro Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Morocco Constitutional monarchy Executive Monarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions
Mozambique Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Myanmar Republic Executive Presidency is elected by legislature; ministry may be, or not be, subject to parliamentary confidence
Namibia Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Nauru Republic Executive Presidency is elected by legislature; ministry may be, or not be, subject to parliamentary confidence
Nepal Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Netherlands Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
New Zealand Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Nicaragua Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Niger Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Nigeria Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Norway Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Oman Absolute monarchy Executive All authority vested in absolute monarch
Pakistan Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Palau Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Palestine Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Panama Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Papua New Guinea Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Paraguay Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Peru Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Philippines Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Poland Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Portugal Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Qatar Absolute monarchy Executive All authority vested in absolute monarch
Romania Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Russia Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Rwanda Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Saint Kitts and Nevis Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Saint Lucia Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Samoa Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
San Marino Republic Executive Presidency is elected by legislature; ministry may be, or not be, subject to parliamentary confidence
São Tomé and Príncipe Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Saudi Arabia Absolute monarchy Executive All authority vested in absolute monarch
Senegal Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Serbia Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Seychelles Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Sierra Leone Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Singapore Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Slovakia Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Slovenia Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Solomon Islands Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Somalia Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
South Africa Republic Executive Presidency is elected by legislature; ministry may be, or not be, subject to parliamentary confidence
South Sudan Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Spain Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Sri Lanka Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Sudan Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Suriname Republic Executive Presidency is elected by legislature; ministry may be, or not be, subject to parliamentary confidence
Swaziland Absolute monarchy Executive All authority vested in absolute monarch
Sweden Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Switzerland Republic Executive Presidency is elected by legislature; ministry may be, or not be, subject to parliamentary confidence
Syria Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Tajikistan Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Tanzania Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Thailand Absolute monarchy Executive All authority vested in absolute monarch
Togo Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Tonga Constitutional monarchy Executive Monarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions
Trinidad and Tobago Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Tunisia Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Turkey Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Turkmenistan Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Tuvalu Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Uganda Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Ukraine Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
United Arab Emirates Absolute monarchy Executive All authority vested in absolute monarch
United Kingdom Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
United States Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Uruguay Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Uzbekistan Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Vanuatu Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Vatican City Absolute monarchy Executive All authority vested in absolute monarch
Venezuela Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Vietnam Republic Executive Power constitutionally linked to a single political movement
Yemen n/a n/a No constitutionally-defined basis to current regime
Zambia Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Zimbabwe Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Note that Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistan, and Mauritania are Islamic Republics.
Unrecognized states[edit]
The following states control their territory and are recognized by at least one UN member state.
Name
Constitutional form
Head of state
Basis of executive legitimacy
Abkhazia Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
China, Republic of Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Cook Islands Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Kosovo Republic Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Niue Constitutional monarchy Ceremonial Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Northern Cyprus Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Republic Executive Power constitutionally linked to a single political movement
South Ossetia Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
The following states/governments control their territory, but are not recognised by any UN member states.
Name
Constitutional form
Head of state
Basis of executive legitimacy
Artsakh Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Somaliland Republic Executive Presidency is independent of legislature
Transnistria Republic Executive Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence
Map[edit]
Legend[edit]
Presidential republics with a full presidential system
Presidential republics with a semi-presidential system
Parliamentary republics with an executive presidency dependent on the legislature
Parliamentary republics with a ceremonial/non-executive president, where a separate head of government leads the executive
Constitutional monarchy with a ceremonial monarch, where a separate head of government leads the executive
Constitutional monarchy which have with a separate head of government, but where royalty still hold significant executive and/or legislative power
Absolute monarchy
Countries where the dominant role of a political party is codified in the constitution
Countries in which constitutional provisions for government have been suspended (e.g. military dictatorship)
Countries which do not fit any of the above systems (e.g. transitional government or unclear political situations)
No government
Note: this chart represent de jure systems of government, not the de facto degree of democracy. Several states constitutionally republics, broadly appear as authoritarian states.
Systems of governance[edit]
Italics indicate states with limited recognition.
Presidential/Separated republics[edit]
These are systems in which a president is the active head of the executive branch of government and is elected and remains in office independently of the legislature. The following list includes democratic and non-democratic states:
Full presidential systems[edit]
In full presidential systems, the president is both head of state and head of government. There is generally no prime minister, although if one exists, in most cases, he or she serves purely at the discretion of the president (with the exceptions being Belarus and Kazakhstan, where the prime minister is effectively the head of government).[1][2]
Presidential systems[edit]
Afghanistan
Angola
Argentina
Artsakh
Bolivia
Brazil
Burundi
Chile
Colombia
Comoros
Costa Rica
Cyprus
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
El Salvador
Gambia, The
Ghana
Guatemala
Honduras
Indonesia
Kenya
Liberia
Malawi
Maldives
Mexico
Nicaragua
Nigeria
Palau
Panama
Paraguay
Philippines
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somaliland
South Sudan
Turkey (from 2019 onwards)[3]
Turkmenistan
United States
Uruguay
Venezuela
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Presidential systems with a prime minister[edit]
Belarus
Benin
Cameroon
Central African Republic
Chad
Djibouti
Gabon
Guinea
Equatorial Guinea
Guyana
Ivory Coast
Kazakhstan[2]
Korea, South
Rwanda
Sudan
Tajikistan
Tanzania
Togo
Uganda
Uzbekistan
Semi-presidential systems[edit]
In semi-presidential systems, there is always both a president and a prime minister. In such systems, the president has genuine executive authority, unlike in a parliamentary republic, but the role of a head of government may be exercised by the prime minister.
President-parliamentary systems
Abkhazia
Azerbaijan
Congo, Republic of the
Guinea-Bissau
Mauritania
Mozambique
Namibia
Palestine
Peru
Russia
Senegal
South Ossetia
Syria
Taiwan (Republic of China)
Transnistria
Premier-presidential systems
Algeria
Armenia
Burkina Faso
Cape Verde
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
East Timor
Egypt
France
Georgia
Haiti
Lithuania
Madagascar
Mali
Mongolia
Niger
Northern Cyprus
Poland
Portugal
Romania
São Tomé and Príncipe
Sri Lanka
Tunisia
Ukraine
Parliamentary republics[edit]
A parliamentary republic is a system in which a prime minister is the active head of the executive branch of government and also leader of the legislature. The president's degree of executive power may range from being reasonably significant to little (e.g. India), to only having certain limited reserve powers (e.g. Ireland) or none at all. Where the president holds little executive power, his or her function is primarily that of a symbolic figurehead.
Albania
Austria
Bangladesh[4]
Bosnia and Herzegovina[5]
Bulgaria
Croatia
Czech Republic
Dominica
Estonia
Ethiopia
Fiji
Finland[6]
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
India
Iraq
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Kosovo
Kyrgyzstan
Latvia
Lebanon
Macedonia
Malta
Mauritius
Moldova
Montenegro
Nepal
Pakistan
Serbia
Singapore
Slovakia
Slovenia
Somalia
Trinidad and Tobago
Turkey
Vanuatu
Mixed republican systems[edit]
A combined head of state and government is elected by the legislature, however they are not subject to parliamentary confidence during their term (although their cabinet may be); the exceptions are South Africa, where the president may be forced to resign by the Parliament's will,[7] and Kiribati, where the president is popularly elected and a successful parliamentary motion of no confidence automatically triggers a new presidential election.
Botswana[8]
Marshall Islands[8]
Federated States of Micronesia[9]
Kiribati
Myanmar[9]
Nauru[8]
San Marino[10]
South Africa
Suriname[9]
Switzerland[9][11]
Directorial systems[edit]
In the directorial system a council jointly exercises both state functions and governmental powers (the council is the collective head of state and government). The council is elected by the parliament, but it is not subject to political confidence during its term which has a fixed duration.
Switzerland[9][11]
Constitutional monarchies[edit]
These are systems in which the head of state is a constitutional monarch; the existence of their office and their ability to exercise their authority is established and restrained or held back by constitutional law.
Constitutional monarchies with ceremonial monarchs[edit]
Systems in which a prime minister is the active head of the executive branch of government. In some cases the prime minister is also leader of the legislature, in other cases the executive branch is clearly separated from legislature although the entire cabinet or individual ministers must step down in the case of a vote of no confidence.[12][13][dubious – discuss] The head of state is a constitutional monarch who normally only exercises his or her powers with the consent of the government, the people or their representatives.
Andorra[14]
Antigua and Barbuda[15]
Australia[15]
Bahamas[15]
Barbados[15]
Belgium
Belize[15]
Cambodia
Canada[15]
Cook Islands[15][16]
Denmark
Grenada[15]
Jamaica[15]
Japan
Lesotho
Luxembourg
Malaysia
Netherlands
New Zealand[15]
Niue[15][16]
Norway
Papua New Guinea[15]
Saint Kitts and Nevis[15]
Saint Lucia[15]
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines[15]
Samoa
Solomon Islands[15]
Spain
Sweden
Tuvalu[15]
United Kingdom[15]
Constitutional monarchies with active monarchs[edit]
The prime minister is the nation's active executive, but the monarch still has considerable political powers that can be used at their own discretion.
Bahrain
Bhutan
Jordan
Kuwait
Liechtenstein
Monaco
Morocco
Tonga
Thailand
Absolute monarchies[edit]
Specifically, monarchies in which the monarch's exercise of power is unconstrained by any substantive constitutional law.
Brunei
Oman
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Swaziland
United Arab Emirates[17]
Vatican City[18]
Theocracies[edit]
Main article: Theocracy
States based on a state religion where the head of state is selected by some form of religious hierarchy.
Andorra[19]
Iran[20]
Vatican City[18]
One-party states[edit]
States in which political power is by law concentrated within one political party whose operations are largely fused with the government hierarchy (as opposed to states where the law establishes a multi-party system but this fusion is not achieved anyway through electoral fraud or simple inertia). However, some do have elected governments.
China, People's Republic of (Communist Party leads the United Front) (list)
Cuba (Communist Party) (list)
Eritrea (People's Front for Democracy and Justice) (list)
Korea, North (Workers' Party leads the Democratic Front) (list)
Laos (People's Revolutionary Party leads the Front for National Construction) (list)
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (Polisario Front) (Politics of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic)
Vietnam (Communist Party leads the Fatherland Front) (list)
Military junta states[edit]
The nation's military control the organs of government and all high-ranking political executives are also members of the military hierarchy.
Egypt (semi-presidential republic)
Ethiopia (federal parliamentary republic)
Thailand (constitutional monarchy)
Zimbabwe (dominant-party presidential republic)
Transitional[edit]
States which have a system of government which is in transition or turmoil and are classified with the current direction of change.
Burkina Faso (semi-presidential system)
China, People's Republic of (autocracy)
Egypt (semi-presidential system)
Ethiopia (parliamentary system)
Eritrea (presidential system)
Libya (provisional government)
Yemen (provisional government)
Systems of internal governance[edit]
Federal[edit]
Main article: Federal state
States in which the federal government shares power with semi-independent regional governments. The central government may or may not be (in theory) a creation of the regional governments.
Argentina (23 provinces and one autonomous city: Buenos Aires)
Australia (six states and three territories)
Austria (nine states)
Belgium (three regions and three linguistic communities)
Bosnia and Herzegovina (two entities and one district)
Brazil (26 states and the Federal District)
Canada (ten provinces and three territories)
Comoros (Anjouan, Grande Comore, Mohéli)
Ethiopia (nine regions and two chartered cities)
Germany (16 states)
India (29 states and seven union territories)
Iraq (18 governorates and one region: Kurdistan)
Malaysia (13 states and three federal territories)
Mexico (31 states and one federal district: Mexico City)
Federated States of Micronesia (Chuuk, Kosrae, Pohnpei and Yap)
Nepal (seven provinces)
Nigeria (36 states and one federal territory: Federal Capital Territory)
Pakistan (4 provinces, 2 autonomous areas and 2 territories)
Russia (46 oblasts, 22 republics, nine krais, four autonomous okrugs, three federal cities, one autonomous oblast)
Saint Kitts and Nevis (Saint Kitts, Nevis)
South Sudan (ten states)
Sudan (17 states)
Switzerland (26 cantons)
United Arab Emirates (seven emirates)
United States (50 states, one incorporated territory, and one federal district: District of Columbia)
Venezuela (23 states, one capital district and one federal dependency)
Unitary states[edit]
Main article: Unitary state
Regionalised unitary states[edit]
Main article: Regional state
States in which the central government has delegated some of its powers to regional authorities.
Bolivia (9 regions, of which 9 are autonomous)
China, People's Republic of (22 provinces, 5 autonomous regions, 4 province-level municipalities, 2 special administrative regions, and 1 claimed province)
China, Republic of (2 provinces, 6 special municipalities, 33 claimed provinces, 3 claimed special administrative regions, 2 regions, 12 claimed special municipalities, 14 leagues, and 4 special banners)
France (18 regions, of which 6 are autonomous)
Indonesia (34 provinces, of which 5 provinces have special status)
Italy (20 regions, of which 5 are autonomous)
Kingdom of the Netherlands (4 constituent countries)
Philippines (one autonomous region subdivided into 5 provinces and 113 other provinces and independent cities grouped into 17 other non-autonomous regions)
Portugal (2 autonomous regions)
Spain (17 autonomous communities, 15 communities of common-regime, 1 community of chartered regime, 3 chartered provinces, 2 autonomous cities)
Tanzania (21 mainland regions and Zanzibar)
Ukraine (24 oblasts, 2 cities with special status, and Crimea)
United Kingdom (4 constituent countries, 3 devolved administrations)
Confederation[edit]
Main article: Confederation
European Union[edit]
Main article: List of European Union member states by political system
The exact political character of the European Union is debated, some arguing that it is sui generis (unique), but others arguing that it has features of a federation or a confederation. It has elements of intergovernmentalism, with the European Council acting as its collective "president", and also elements of supranationalism, with the European Commission acting as its executive and bureaucracy.[21] But it is not easily placed in any of the above categories.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
List of countries
List of countries by date of transition to republican system of government
List of current heads of state and government
Government
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Constitution of Belarus from 1994 (rev. 2004)
^ Jump up to: a b "Nazarbaev Signs Kazakh Constitutional Amendments Into Law". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 10 March 2017. Retrieved 10 March 2017. For more information: please see Abdurasulov, Abdujalil (6 March 2017). "Kazakhstan constitution: Will changes bring democracy?". BBC News. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Turkey referendum: Erdoğan wins vote amid dispute over ballots – as it happened | World news". The Guardian. 16 April 2017.
Jump up ^ In Bangladesh, a caretaker government during parliamentary elections. The Caretaker government is headed by a Chief Adviser and a group of neutral, non-partisan advisers chosen from the civil society. During this time, the president has jurisdiction over the defence and foreign affairs ministries.
Jump up ^ Collective presidency consisting of three members; one for each major ethnic group.
Jump up ^ Formerly a semi-presidential republic, it is now a parliamentary republic according to David Arter, First Chair of Politics at Aberdeen University, who in his "Scandinavian Politics Today" (Manchester University Press, revised 2008 ISBN 9780719078538), he quotes Nousiainen, Jaakko (June 2001). "From semi-presidentialism to parliamentary government: political and constitutional developments in Finland". Scandinavian Political Studies. Wiley. 24 (2): 95–109. doi:10.1111/1467-9477.00048. as follows: "There are hardly any grounds for the epithet 'semi-presidential'." Arter's own conclusions are only slightly more nuanced: "The adoption of a new constitution on 1 March 2000 meant that Finland was no longer a case of semi-presidential government other than in the minimalist sense of a situation where a popularly elected fixed-term president exists alongside a prime minister and cabinet who are responsible to parliament (Elgie 2004: 317)". According to the Finnish Constitution, the President has no possibility to rule the government without the ministerial approval, and substantially has not the power to disband the parliament under its own desire. Finland is actually represented by its Prime Minister, and not by its President, in the Council of the Heads of State and Government of the European Union. The 2012 constitutional amendments reduced the powers of the President even further.
Jump up ^ "Constitution of South Africa". Constitute. Retrieved 13 April 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Combines aspects of a presidential system with those of a parliamentary system. The president is elected by parliament and holds a parliamentary seat, much like a prime minister, but is immune from a vote of no confidence (but not their cabinet), unlike a prime minister.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Combines aspects of a presidential system with those of a parliamentary system. The president is elected by parliament but does not hold a parliamentary seat, and is immune from a vote of no confidence (as well is their cabinet), unlike a prime minister.
Jump up ^ "Scheda paese Repubblica di San Marino" (pdf) (in Italian). Segreteria di Stato Affari esteri. July 2012. p. 5.
^ Jump up to: a b The President of Switzerland serves in a primus inter pares capacity amongst the Swiss Federal Council, the seven-member executive council which constitutes both the presidency and the government.
Jump up ^ Norwegian Parliament web page
Jump up ^ CIA factbook on Norway
Jump up ^ Bishop of Urgell and President of France serve as ex officio co-princes who are have their interests known through a representative.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r One of sixteen constitutional monarchies which recognize Elizabeth II as head of state, who presides over an independent government. She is titled separately in each country (e.g. Queen of Australia), and notionally appoints a Governor-General to each country other than the United Kingdom to act as her representative. The prime minister is the active head of the executive branch of government and also leader of the legislature. These countries may be known as "Commonwealth realms".
^ Jump up to: a b The Cook Islands and Niue are under the sovereignty of the Monarch of New Zealand as self-governing states in free association with New Zealand. New Zealand and its associated states, along with Tokelau and the Ross Dependency, comprise the Realm of New Zealand.
Jump up ^ The UAE's constitution establishes the state as a federation of emirates, with the federal president drawn from hereditary emirs, but each emirate in turn functions as an absolute monarchy
^ Jump up to: a b The Vatican is an elective absolute monarchy and a Roman Catholic theocracy; its monarch, the Pope, is the head of the global Roman Catholic Church. His power within the Vatican City State is unlimited by any constitution, but all persons resident within the Vatican have consented to obey the Pope, either by virtue of being ordained Catholic clergy or members of the Swiss Guard.
Jump up ^ The Bishop of Urgell and the President of France serve as ex officio co-princes who are have their interests known through a representative.
Jump up ^ Iran combines the forms of a presidential republic, with a president elected by universal suffrage; and a theocracy, with a Supreme Leader who is ultimately responsible for state policy, chosen by the elected Assembly of Experts. Candidates for both the Assembly of Experts and the presidency are vetted by the appointed Guardian Council.
Jump up ^ For more detailed discussion, see John McCormick, European Union Politics (Palgrave Macmillan, 2011), Chapters 1 and 2.
External links[edit]
Global Scan- Election Tracker
Countries categorized by system of government in 20th century at Historical Atlas of 20th Century
A Chronology of political history based on Government form
Political Chronology Chronological development of political history
Bertelsmann Transformation Index 2012
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Hatter (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Hatter (disambiguation) and Mad Hatter (disambiguation).
The (Mad) Hatter
Alice character
The Hatter as depicted by Sir John Tenniel, reciting his nonsensical poem, "Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Bat"
First appearance
Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1865)
Last appearance
Through the Looking Glass (1871)
Created by
Lewis Carroll
Information
Aliases
"Mad Hatter", "Hatter"
Species
Human
Gender
Male
Occupation
Messenger, hatter
Significant other(s)
Alice
Nationality
Wonderland, Looking-Glass Land
The Hatter is a fictional character in Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and its sequel Through the Looking-Glass. He is often referred to as the Mad Hatter, though this term was never used by Carroll. The phrase "mad as a hatter" pre-dates Carroll's works. The Hatter and the March Hare are referred to as "both mad" by the Cheshire Cat, in Alice's Adventures in Wonderland in the seventh chapter titled "A Mad Tea-Party".
Contents
[hide]
1 First appearances
2 Character
2.1 Etymology
2.2 Appearance
2.3 Personality
2.4 Resemblance to Theophilus Carter
3 The Hatter's riddle
4 In other media
4.1 Batman
4.2 Disney
4.2.1 2010 film
4.3 Wonderland: A New Alice
4.4 SyFy's Alice
4.5 American McGee's Alice
4.6 The Looking Glass Wars
4.7 Alice in the Country of Hearts
4.8 Charisma Label
4.9 Pandora Hearts
4.10 Futurama
4.11 Once Upon a Time
4.11.1 Season 1
4.11.2 Season 2
4.11.3 Ever After High
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
8 Sources
9 External links
First appearances[edit]
The March Hare and the Hatter put the Dormouse's head in a teapot, by Sir John Tenniel.
The Hatter character, alongside all the other fictional beings, first appears in Lewis Carroll's 1865 novel Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. In it, the Hatter explains to Alice that he and the March Hare are always having tea because when he tried to sing for the foul-tempered Queen of Hearts, she sentenced him to death for "murdering the time", but he escapes decapitation. In retaliation, time (referred to as a "he" in the novel) halts himself in respect to the Hatter, keeping him and the March Hare stuck at 18:00 (or 6:00 pm) forever.
When Alice arrives at the tea party, the Hatter is characterised by switching places on the table at any given time, making short, personal remarks, asking unanswerable riddles and reciting nonsensical poetry, all of which eventually drives Alice away. The Hatter appears again as a witness at the Knave of Hearts' trial, where the Queen appears to recognise him as the singer she sentenced to death, and the King of Hearts also cautions him not to be nervous or he will have him "executed on the spot".
When the character makes his appearance in Carroll's 1871 Through the Looking-Glass, the sequel to Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, he is again in trouble with the law. This time, he is not necessarily guilty; the White Queen explains that subjects are often punished before they commit a crime, rather than after, and sometimes they do not even commit it at all. The Hatter, and the March Hare, is also mentioned as being one of the White King's messengers, since the King explains that he needs two messengers, "one to come, and one to go". Sir John Tenniel's illustration also depicts him as sipping from a teacup as he did in the original novel, adding weight to Carroll's hint that the two characters are very much the same.
Character[edit]
The Hatter enjoying a cup of tea and biscuit, by Sir John Tenniel.
Etymology[edit]
Mercury was used in the manufacturing of felt hats during the 19th century, causing a high rate of mercury poisoning in those working in the hat industry.[1] Mercury poisoning causes neurological damage, including slurred speech, memory loss, and tremors, which led to the phrase "mad as a hatter".[1] In the Victorian age, many workers in the textile industry, including hatters, often suffered from starvation and overwork, and were particularly prone to develop illnesses affecting the nervous system, such as tuberculosis, which is portrayed in novels like Alton Locke by Charles Kingsley and North and South by Elizabeth Gaskell, which Lewis Carroll had read. Many such workers were sent to Pauper Lunatic Asylums, which were supervised by Lunacy Commissioners such as Samuel Gaskell and Robert Wilfred Skeffington Lutwidge, Carroll's uncle. Carroll was familiar with the conditions at asylums and visited at least one, the Surrey County Asylum, himself, which treated patients with so-called non-restraint methods and occupied them, amongst others, in gardening, farming and hat-making.[2] Besides staging theatre plays, dances and other amusements, such asylums also held tea-parties.[3]
Appearance[edit]
The Hatter introduced in Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland wears a large top hat with a hatband reading "In this style 10/6". This is the hat's price tag, indicative of The Hatter's trade, and giving the price in pre-decimal British money as ten shillings and six pence (or half a guinea).
Personality[edit]
Illustration of the March Hare, one of the Hatter's tea party friends, by Sir John Tenniel.
The Hatter and his tea party friend, the March Hare, are initially referred to as "both mad" by the distinctive Cheshire Cat. The first mention of both characters occurs in the sixth chapter of Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, titled "Pig and Pepper", in a conversation between the child protagonist Alice and the Cheshire Cat, when she asks "what sort of people live about here?" to which the cat replies "in that direction lives a Hatter, and in that direction, lives a March Hare. Visit either you like: they're both mad!" Both then subsequently make their actual debuts in the seventh chapter of the same book, which is titled "A Mad Tea-Party".
Hat making was the main trade in Stockport where Carroll grew up, and it was not unusual then for hatters to appear disturbed or confused; many died early as a result of mercury poisoning. However, the Hatter does not exhibit the symptoms of mercury poisoning, which include excessive timidity, diffidence, increasing shyness, loss of self-confidence, anxiety, and a desire to remain unobserved and unobtrusive.[4]
Resemblance to Theophilus Carter[edit]
It has often been claimed that the Hatter's character may have been inspired by Theophilus Carter, an eccentric furniture dealer.[5][6] Carter was supposedly at one time a servitor at Christ Church, one of the University of Oxford's colleges.[7] This is not substantiated by university records.[7] He later owned a furniture shop, and became known as the "Mad Hatter" from his habit of standing in the door of his shop wearing a top hat.[5][6] Sir John Tenniel is reported to have come to Oxford especially to sketch him for his illustrations.[5] There is no evidence for this claim, however, in either Carroll's letters or diaries.[8]
The Hatter's riddle[edit]
In the chapter "A Mad Tea Party", the Hatter asks a much-noted riddle "why is a raven like a writing desk?" When Alice gives up trying to figure out why, the Hatter admits "I haven't the slightest idea!". Carroll originally intended the riddle to be without an answer, but after many requests from readers, he and others—including puzzle expert Sam Loyd—suggested possible answers; in his preface to the 1896 edition of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, Carroll wrote:
Enquiries have been so often addressed to me, as to whether any answer to the Hatter's riddle can be imagined, that I may as well put on record here what seems to me to be a fairly appropriate answer, "because it can produce a few notes, though they are very flat; and it is nevar put with the wrong end in front!" This, however, is merely an afterthought; the riddle as originally invented had no answer at all.[9][a]
Loyd proposed a number of alternative solutions to the riddle, including "because Poe wrote on both" (alluding to Poe's 1845 narrative poem The Raven) and "because the notes for which they are noted are not noted for being musical notes".
American author Stephen King provides an alternative answer to the Hatter's riddle in his 1977 horror novel The Shining. Snowbound and isolated "ten thousand feet high" in the Rocky Mountains, the five-year-old son "Danny" hears whispers of the malign "voice of the [Overlook] hotel" inside his head, including this bit of mockery, "why is a raven like a writing desk? The higher the fewer, of course! Have another cup of tea!"
In other media[edit]
Mad Hatter Cosplay
The Hatter has been featured in nearly every adaptation of Alice in Wonderland to date; he is usually the male lead. The character has been portrayed in film by Edward Everett Horton, Sir Robert Helpmann, Martin Short, Peter Cook, Anthony Newley, Ed Wynn, Andrew-Lee Potts, and Johnny Depp. In music videos, the Hatter has been portrayed by Tom Petty, Dero Goi, and Steven Tyler. He has also been portrayed on stage by Nikki Snelson and Katherine Shindle, and on television by John Robert Hoffman, Pip Donaghy and Sebastian Stan. In ballet adaptations, Steven McRae also portrayed him as a mad 'Tapper'.
Batman[edit]
Main article: Mad Hatter (comics)
The Mad Hatter (also referred to as "Jervis Tetch") is a supervillain and enemy of the Batman in DC comic books, making his first appearance in the October 1948 (#49) release of Batman. He is portrayed as a brilliant neurotechnician with considerable knowledge in how to dominate and control the human mind. He has also appeared in the Batman television series, animated series and various video games.
Disney[edit]
In the 1951 Walt Disney animated feature Alice in Wonderland, the Hatter appears as a short, hyperactive man with grey hair, a large nose and a comical voice. He was voiced by Ed Wynn in 1951, and by Corey Burton in his later appearances (Bonkers, House of Mouse). Alice stumbles upon the Hatter and the March Hare having an "un-birthday" party for themselves. The Hatter asks her the infamous riddle "why is a raven like a writing desk?", but when she tries to answer the Hatter and the March Hare think she is "stark raving mad" and the Hatter completely forgot that he even asked her the riddle.
Throughout the course of the film, the Hatter pulls numerous items out of his hat, such as cake and smaller hats. His personality is that of a child, angry one second, happy the next.
The Hatter and March Hare make a cameo appearance in a painting in the Tea Party Garden in the Kingdom Hearts video game and the Hatter is also a greetable character at the Disneyland Resort, Walt Disney World Resort, Tokyo Disney Resort, Disneyland Paris Resort and Hong Kong Disneyland. This version of the character was also a semi-regular on the Disney Afternoon series Bonkers and one of the guests in House of Mouse, where he even made a cameo appearance in one of the featured cartoon shorts.
2010 film[edit]
The Hatter appears in Tim Burton's 2010 version of Alice in Wonderland portrayed by Johnny Depp and given the name Tarrant Hightopp.[10] In the film, the Hatter takes Alice toward the White Queen's castle and relates the terror of the Red Queen's reign while commenting that Alice is not the same as she once was. The Hatter subsequently helps Alice avoid capture by the Red Queen's guards by allowing himself to be seized instead. He is later saved from execution by the Cheshire Cat and calls for rebellion against the Red Queen. Near the end of the film, the Hatter unsuccessfully suggests to Alice that she could stay in Wonderland and consummate his feelings for her.
Critical reception to Johnny Depp's portrayal of the Hatter was generally positive. David Edelstein of New York Magazine remarked that while the elements of the character suggested by Depp don't entirely come together, "Depp brings an infectious summer-stock zest to everything he does."[11]Bill Goodykoontz of The Arizona Republic said that "Depp is exactly what you'd expect, which is a good thing. Gap-toothed and leering, at times he looks like Madonna after sticking a fork in a toaster. How he finds his characters is anybody's guess, a sort of thrift-store warehouse of eccentricities, it seems like. But it works."[12] Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly had a more mixed opinion and commented that Depp as the Hatter is "a fantastic image, but once Depp opens his mouth, what comes out is a noisome Scottish brogue that makes everything he says sound more or less the same. The character offers no captivatingly skewed bat-house psychology. There isn't much to him, really—he's just a smiling Johnny one-note with a secret hip-hop dance move—and so we start to react to him the way that Alice does to everything else: by wondering when he's going to stop making nonsense."[13] Kenneth Turan of Los Angeles Times stated that "there's no denying Depp's gifts and abilities, but this performance feels both indulgent and something we've all seen before."[14]
Wonderland: A New Alice[edit]
Frank Wildhorn composed the music to and co-wrote the music to Wonderland. In this adaption the Hatter is portrayed as the villain of the story, and Alice's alter-ego and is a mad woman who longs to be Queen. She was played by Nikki Snelson in the original Tampa, Florida production, and then by Kate Shindle in the Tampa/Houston Tour, and the production on Broadway.
SyFy's Alice[edit]
This Hatter is portrayed as a smuggler who starts off working as a double agent for the Queen of Hearts and the Wonderland Resistance in the story; over the course of the story, he begins to side more and more with the Resistance, and ends up falling in love with Alice as he helps her along the way.
American McGee's Alice[edit]
In the videogame American McGee's Alice, The Mad Hatter is portrayed as psychotic, literally gone "mad" and obsessed with time and clockworks, and considers himself to be a genius. He invents mechanical devices, often evidently using the bodies of living organisms for the base of his inventions, as he plans to do to all of Wonderland's inhabitants. He appears in Alice: Madness Returns in the same appearance, although this time, he requests Alice's help in retrieving his lost limbs from his former compatriots the March Hare and Dormouse.
The Looking Glass Wars[edit]
A spin-off of the traditional Alice in Wonderland story, Frank Beddor's The Looking Glass Wars features a character named Hatter Madigan, a member of an elite group of bodyguards known in Wonderland as the "Millinery" after the business of selling women's hats. He acts as the bodyguard of the rightful Queen, and as guide/guardian to the protagonist, Alyss Heart.
Alice in the Country of Hearts[edit]
The Japanese manga Alice in the Country of Hearts has been translated into English. The Hatter role is played by Blood Dupre, a crime boss and leader of a street gang called The Hatters, which controls one of the four territories of Wonderland.
Charisma Label[edit]
Sir John Tenniel's drawing of the Hatter, combined with a montage of other images from Alice in Wonderland, were used as a logo by Charisma Records from 1972 onwards.
Pandora Hearts[edit]
The Mad Hatter in Pandora Hearts manga series is a chain (creature from the Abyss) that was contracted by Xerxes Break. The hatter basically looks like a large top hat with flowery decorations (similar to Break's top hat) and a tattered cape. When summoned, it can destroy all chains and objects from the Abyss within a large area. T
Futurama[edit]
The TV series Futurama has a robot named Mad Hatterbot who is based off the Hatter. Seen only in the HAL Institute (an asylum for criminally insane robots) the Mad Hatterbot only says one line: "Change places!", which all in the room comply with when spoken. The price tag on his hat reads "5/3", a simplified form of the fraction 10/6. A minor character, he has been in the episodes "Insane in the Mainframe" and "Follow the Reader" as well as the film Futurama: Bender's Game.
Once Upon a Time[edit]
Jefferson
Once Upon a Time character
First appearance
"Hat Trick" (1.17)
Last appearance
"The Doctor" (2.05)
Portrayed by
Sebastian Stan
Information
Nickname(s)
The Mad Hatter
Gender
Male
Occupation
Realm jumper
Hatter for the Queen of Hearts (formerly)
Family
Grace (daughter)
Significant other(s)
Priscilla[15] (wife, deceased)
Centric episodes
Season One
"Hat Trick"
Season Two
"The Doctor"
Season 1[edit]
Main article: Once Upon a Time (season 1)
Season 2[edit]
Main article: Once Upon a Time (season 2)
Ever After High[edit]
In the Netflix episode "Spring Unsprung", the Mad Hatter makes an appearance as Madeline Hatter's father. In the 47-minute special, he runs the Mad Hatter's Tea Shoppe in the town of Bookend, not far from Maddie's school Ever After High. He also runs a shop by the same name in Wonderland, but it was abandoned after the Evil Queen (Raven Queen's mother) cast a curse upon the land.
See also[edit]
The White Rabbit
The Mouse
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Please note that "nevar" is "raven" backwards and that Carroll deliberately misspelled it.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Myers 2003, p. 276.
Jump up ^ Kohlt, Franziska (26 Apr 2016). "‘The Stupidest Tea-Party in All My Life’: Lewis Carroll and Victorian Psychiatric Practice". Journal of Victorian Culture. 22. doi:10.1080/13555502.2016.1167767.
Jump up ^ Tuke, Samuel (1813). Description of the Retreat, an institution near York, for insane persons of the Society of Friends : containing an account of its origin and progress, the modes of treatment, and a statement of cases. York. p. 111.
Jump up ^ Hauth, Waldron (24 December 1983). "Did the Mad Hatter have mercury poisoning?". National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved 5 January 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c Hancher 1985, p. 101.
^ Jump up to: a b Millikan, Lauren (5 March 2011). "The Mad Hatter". Carleton University. Retrieved 14 June 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Collingwood 2011, p. 47.
Jump up ^ Maters, Kristin (27 January 2014). "Who Really Inspired Lewis Carroll's 'Alice' Characters?". Books Tell You Why. Retrieved 14 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Mad Hatter's riddle: why is a raven like a writing desk?". Alice in Wonderland Net. Retrieved 14 June 2015.
Jump up ^ "Alice in Wonderland – Glossary of Terms/Script (early draft)" (PDF). Walt Disney Pictures. JoBlo.com. Archived from the original on 15 November 2010. Retrieved 30 March 2010.
Jump up ^ David Edelstein (28 February 2010). "David Edelstein on 'Alice in Wonderland', 'The Yellow Handkerchief', and 'The Art of the Steal' -- New York Magazine Movie Review". New York Magazine. Retrieved 6 March 2013. Depp reportedly decided that the mercury poisoning that made many nineteenth-century hatters so mad would be manifest in his eyes (green) and hair (Bozo orange), and that his skin tone and accent would shift according to the character’s mood. (“I always saw the Hatter as kind of tragic … ”) Does it all come together? Not entirely, but Depp brings an infectious summer-stock zest to everything he does: I picture him digging through trunks of old costumes and trying on this torn vest and that dusty cravat and sitting in front of his dressing-room mirror playing with makeup and bulging his eyes and sticking out his tongue.
Jump up ^ Bill Goodykoontz (3 March 2010). "'Alice in Wonderland'". The Arizona Republic. Retrieved 6 March 2013. Depp is exactly what you'd expect, which is a good thing. Gap-toothed and leering, at times he looks like Madonna after sticking a fork in a toaster. How he finds his characters is anybody's guess, a sort of thrift-store warehouse of eccentricities, it seems like. But it works.
Jump up ^ Owen Gleiberman (3 March 2010). "Alice in Wonderland Review". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 6 March 2013. Then there's Johnny Depp, who plays the Mad Hatter with radioactive emerald eyes, an exploding Bozo carrot top, and a gaze of luminous dementia. He's a fantastic image, but once Depp opens his mouth, what comes out is a noisome Scottish brogue that makes everything he says sound more or less the same. The character offers no captivatingly skewed bat-house psychology. There isn't much to him, really—he's just a smiling Johnny one-note with a secret hip-hop dance move—and so we start to react to him the way that Alice does to everything else: by wondering when he's going to stop making nonsense.
Jump up ^ Kenneth Turan (4 March 2010). "Review: 'Alice in Wonderland'". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 6 March 2013. His Mad Hatter is a genuine fashionista whom we get to see designing wacky headgear like there is no tomorrow. There's no denying Depp's gifts and abilities, but this performance feels both indulgent and something we've all seen before.
Jump up ^ Her name is revealed in Once Upon a Time: Out of the Past ("Tea Party in March").
Sources[edit]
Collingwood, Stuart (2011). The Life and Letters of Lewis Carroll. Cambridge University. ISBN 978-1108033886.
Hancher, Michael (1985). The Tenniel Illustrations to the "Alice" Books. Ohio State University. ISBN 978-0814204085.
Myers, Richard (2003). The Basics of Chemistry. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0313316647.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Mad Hatter.
Alice In Wonderland - The Mad Hatter! on YouTube
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