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Detroit
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This article is about the city in Michigan state. For other uses, see Detroit (disambiguation).
"Motor City" and "Detroit City" redirect here. For other uses, see Motor City (disambiguation) and Detroit City (disambiguation).
Detroit, Michigan
City
City of Detroit
From top to bottom, left to right: Downtown Detroit skyline and the Detroit River, Fox Theatre, Dorothy H. Turkel House in Palmer Woods, Belle Isle Conservatory, The Spirit of Detroit, Fisher Building, Eastern Market, Old Main at Wayne State University, Ambassador Bridge, and the Detroit Institute of Arts

Flag
Seal
Etymology: French: détroit (strait)
Nickname(s): The Motor City, Motown, Renaissance City, City of the Straits, The D, Hockeytown, The Automotive Capital of the World, Rock City, The 313
Motto: Speramus Meliora; Resurget Cineribus
(Latin: We Hope For Better Things; It Shall Rise From the Ashes)

Location of Detroit in Wayne County and the state of Michigan.
Detroit
Detroit
Show map of Michigan Show map of the US Show all
Location in Michigan and the contiguous United States
Coordinates: 42°19′53″N 83°02′45″W / 42.33139°N 83.04583°W / 42.33139; -83.04583Coordinates: 42°19′53″N 83°02′45″W / 42.33139°N 83.04583°W / 42.33139; -83.04583[1]
Country
United States of America
State
Michigan
County
Wayne
Founded
July 24, 1701
Incorporated
September 13, 1806
Government
• Type
Mayor–Council
• Body
Detroit City Council
• Mayor
Mike Duggan
• City Council
Members[show]
Janeé Ayers – At Large
Brenda Jones – At Large
James Tate – District 1 Northwest
George Cushingberry, Jr. – District 2 Near Northwest
Scott Benson – District 3 Northeast
Andre Spivey – District 4 Far East Side
Mary Sheffield – District 5 Central-Near East Side
Raquel Castaneda-Lopez – District 6 Southwest
Gabe Leland – District 7 West Side
Area[2]
• City
142.87 sq mi (370.03 km2)
• Land
138.75 sq mi (359.36 km2)
• Water
4.12 sq mi (10.67 km2)
• Urban
1,295 sq mi (3,350 km2)
• Metro
3,913 sq mi (10,130 km2)
Elevation[1]
600 ft (200 m)
Population (2010)[3][4]
• City
713,777
• Estimate (2016)[5]
672,795
• Rank
US: 21st
• Density
5,000/sq mi (1,900/km2)
• Urban
3,734,090 (US: 11th)
• Metro
4,292,060 (US: 14th)
• CSA
5,311,449 (US: 12th)
Demonym(s)
Detroiter
Time zone
EST (UTC−5)
• Summer (DST)
EDT (UTC−4)
ZIP codes
48201-48202, 48204-11, 48213-17, 48219, 48221-24, 48226-28, 48231-35, 48238, 48242-44, 48255, 48260, 48264-69, 48272, 48275, 48277-79, 48288
Area code
313
FIPS code
26-22000
GNIS feature ID
1617959[1]
Website
DetroitMI.gov
Detroit (/dɪˈtrɔɪt/[6]) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Michigan, the largest city on the United States–Canada border, and the seat of Wayne County. The municipality of Detroit had a 2015 estimated population of 677,116, making it the 21st-most populous city in the United States. The metropolitan area, known as Metro Detroit, is home to 4.3 million people, making it the second-largest in the Midwest after Chicago.
Detroit is a major port on the Detroit River, one of the four major straits that connect the Great Lakes system to the Saint Lawrence Seaway. The Detroit Metropolitan Airport is among the most important hubs in the United States. The City of Detroit anchors the third-largest economic region in the Midwest, behind Chicago and Minneapolis, and the 14th-largest in the United States.[7] Detroit and its neighboring Canadian city Windsor are connected through a tunnel and the Ambassador Bridge, the busiest international crossing in North America.[8] Detroit is best known as the center of the American automobile industry, and the "Big Three" auto manufacturers General Motors, Ford, and Chrysler are all headquartered in Metro Detroit.
Detroit was founded on July 24, 1701 by the French explorer and adventurer Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac and a party of settlers. During the 19th century, it became an important industrial hub at the center of the Great Lakes region. With expansion of the auto industry in the early 20th century, the city and its suburbs experienced rapid growth, and by the 1940s, the city had become the fourth-largest in the country. However, due to industrial restructuring, the loss of jobs in the auto industry, and rapid suburbanization, Detroit lost considerable population from the late 20th century to the present. Since reaching a peak of 1.85 million at the 1950 census, Detroit's population has declined by more than 60 per cent.[3] In 2013, Detroit became the largest U.S. city to file for bankruptcy, which it successfully exited in December 2014, when the city government regained control of Detroit's finances.[9]
Detroit's diverse culture has had both local and international influence, particularly in music, with the city giving rise to the genres of Motown and techno, and playing an important role in the development of jazz, hip-hop, rock, and punk music. The erstwhile rapid growth of Detroit left a globally unique stock of architectural monuments and historic places of the first half of the 20th century, and since the 2000s conservation efforts managed to save many architectural pieces and allowed several large-scale revitalisations, including the restoration of several historic theatres and entertainment venues, highrise renovations, new sports stadiums, and a riverfront revitalization project. More recently, the population of Downtown Detroit, Midtown Detroit, and various other neighborhoods has increased. In 2015, Detroit was named a "City of Design" by UNESCO, the first U.S. city to receive that designation.[10]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Early Settlement
1.2 Later Settlement
1.3 19th century
1.4 20th century
1.5 Postwar era
1.6 1970s and decline
1.7 1990s–2000s
1.8 21st century
2 Geography
2.1 Metropolitan area
2.2 Topography
2.3 Climate
2.4 Cityscape
2.4.1 Architecture
2.4.2 Neighborhoods
3 Demographics
3.1 Income and employment
3.2 Race and ethnicity
3.2.1 Asians and Asian Americans
4 Economy
5 Culture and contemporary life
5.1 Nicknames
5.2 Music
5.3 Entertainment and performing arts
5.4 Tourism
6 Sports
7 Law and government
7.1 Crime
7.2 Politics
7.3 Public finances
8 Education
8.1 Colleges and universities
8.2 Primary and secondary schools
8.2.1 Public schools and charter schools
8.2.2 Private schools
9 Media
10 Infrastructure
10.1 Health systems
11 Transportation
11.1 Transit systems
11.2 Airports
11.3 Freeways
11.4 Floating Post Office
12 Notable people
13 Sister cities
14 See also
15 Notes
16 References
17 Further reading
18 External links
18.1 Municipal government and local Chamber of Commerce
18.2 Historical research and current events
History[edit]
Main articles: History of Detroit and Timeline of Detroit
Early Settlement[edit]
Paleo-Indian people inhabited areas near Detroit as early as 11,000 years ago including the culture referred to as the Mound-builders.[11] In the 17th century, the region was inhabited by Huron, Odawa, Potawatomi and Iroquois peoples.[12]
The first Europeans did not penetrate into the region and reach the straits of Detroit until French missionaries and traders worked their way around the League of the Iroquois, with whom they were at war, and other Iroquoian tribes in the 1630s.[13] The north side of Lake Erie was held by the Huron and Neutral peoples until the 1650s, when the Iroquois pushed both and the Erie people away from the lake and its beaver-rich feeder streams in the Beaver Wars of 1649–1655.[13] By the 1670s, the war-weakened Iroquois laid claim to as far south as the Ohio River valley in northern Kentucky as hunting grounds,[13] and had absorbed many other Iroquoian peoples after defeating them in war.[13] For the next hundred years, virtually no British, colonist, or French action was contemplated without consultation with, or consideration of the Iroquois' likely response.[13] When the French and Indian War evicted the Kingdom of France from Canada, it removed one barrier to British colonists migrating west. (See main article).
British negotiations with the Iroquois would both prove critical and lead to a Crown policy limiting the west of the Alleghenies settlements below the Great Lakes, which gave many American would-be migrants a casus belli for supporting the American Revolution. The 1778 raids and resultant 1779 decisive Sullivan Expedition reopened the Ohio Country to westward emigration, which began almost immediately, and by 1800 white settlers were pouring westwards.
Later Settlement[edit]
Ste. Anne de Détroit, founded in 1701 by French colonists, is the second-oldest continuously operating Catholic parish in the United States. The present church was completed in 1887.[14]
The city was named by French colonists, referring to the Detroit River (French: le détroit du lac Érié, meaning the strait of Lake Erie), linking Lake Huron and Lake Erie; in the historical context, the strait included the St. Clair River, Lake St. Clair and the Detroit River.[15][16]
On the shores of the strait, in 1701, the French officer Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac, along with fifty-one French people and French Canadians, founded a settlement called Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit, naming it after Louis Phélypeaux, comte de Pontchartrain, Minister of Marine under Louis XIV.[17] France offered free land to colonists to attract families to Detroit; when it reached a total population of 800 in 1765, it was the largest European settlement between Montreal and New Orleans, both also French settlements.[18] By 1773, the population of Detroit was 1,400. By 1778, its population was up to 2,144 and it was the third-largest city in the Province of Quebec.[19]
The region's economy was based on the lucrative fur trade, in which numerous Native American people had important roles. The flag of Detroit reflects its French colonial heritage. Descendants of the earliest French and French Canadian settlers formed a cohesive community, who gradually were replaced as the dominant population after more Anglo-American settlers came to the area in the early 19th century. Living along the shores of Lakes St. Clair, and south to Monroe and downriver suburbs, the French Canadians of Detroit, also known as Muskrat French, remain a subculture in the region today.[20][21]
During the French and Indian War (1754–63), the North American front of the Seven Years' War between Britain and France, British troops gained control of the settlement in 1760. They shortened the name to Detroit. Several Native American tribes launched Pontiac's Rebellion (1763), and conducted a siege of Fort Detroit, but failed to capture it. In defeat, France ceded its territory in North America east of the Mississippi to Britain following the war.
Following the American Revolutionary War and United States independence, Britain ceded Detroit along with other territory in the area under the Jay Treaty (1796), which established the northern border with Canada.[22] In 1805, fire destroyed most of the Detroit settlement, which consisted mostly of wooden buildings. A river warehouse and brick chimneys of the former wooden homes were the sole structures to survive.[23]
19th century[edit]
After the Siege of Detroit in 1812, Surrender of Detroit, painting by John Wycliffe Lowes Forster
From 1805 to 1847, Detroit was the capital of Michigan (first the territory, then the state). Detroit surrendered without a fight to British troops during the War of 1812 in the Siege of Detroit. The Battle of Frenchtown (January 18–23, 1813) was part of a United States effort to retake the city, and American troops suffered their highest fatalities of any battle in the war. This battle is commemorated at River Raisin National Battlefield Park south of Detroit in Monroe County. Detroit was finally recaptured by the United States later that year.
It was incorporated as a city in 1815.[14] As the city expanded, a geometric street plan developed by Augustus B. Woodward was followed, featuring grand boulevards as in Paris.
Prior to the American Civil War, the city's access to the Canada–US border made it a key stop for refugee slaves gaining freedom in the North along the Underground Railroad. Many went across the Detroit River to Canada to escape pursuit by slave catchers.[14] There were estimated to be 20,000 to 30,000 African-American refugees who settled in Canada.[24] George DeBaptiste was considered to be the "president" of the Detroit Underground Railroad, William Lambert the "vice president" or "secretary" and Laura Haviland the "superintendent".[25]
Numerous men from Detroit volunteered to fight for the Union during the American Civil War, including the 24th Michigan Infantry Regiment (part of the legendary Iron Brigade), which fought with distinction and suffered 82% casualties at the Battle of Gettysburg in 1863. When the First Volunteer Infantry Regiment arrived to fortify Washington, DC, President Abraham Lincoln is quoted as saying "Thank God for Michigan!" George Armstrong Custer led the Michigan Brigade during the Civil War and called them the "Wolverines".[26]
During the late 19th century, several Gilded Age mansions reflecting the wealth of industry and shipping magnates were built east and west of the current downtown, along the major avenues of the Woodward plan. Most notable among them was the David Whitney House located at 4421 Woodward Avenue, which became a prime location for mansions. During this period some referred to Detroit as the Paris of the West for its architecture, grand avenues in the Paris style, and for Washington Boulevard, recently electrified by Thomas Edison.[14] The city had grown steadily from the 1830s with the rise of shipping, shipbuilding, and manufacturing industries. Strategically located along the Great Lakes waterway, Detroit emerged as a major port and transportation hub.
In 1896, a thriving carriage trade prompted Henry Ford to build his first automobile in a rented workshop on Mack Avenue. During this growth period, Detroit expanded its borders by annexing all or part of several surrounding villages and townships.
20th century[edit]
A 4 p.m. change of work shift at the Ford Motor Company assembly plant in Highland Park, Michigan, 1910s
In 1903, Henry Ford founded the Ford Motor Company. Ford's manufacturing—and those of automotive pioneers William C. Durant, the Dodge Brothers, Packard, and Walter Chrysler—established Detroit's status in the early 20th century as the world's automotive capital.[14] The growth of the auto industry was reflected by changes in businesses throughout the Midwest and nation, with the development of garages to service vehicles and gas stations, as well as factories for parts and tires.
With the rapid growth of industrial workers in the auto factories, labor unions such as the American Federation of Labor and the United Auto Workers fought to organize workers to gain them better working conditions and wages. They initiated strikes and other tactics in support of improvements such as the 8-hour day/40-hour work week, increased wages, greater benefits and improved working conditions. The labor activism during those years increased influence of union leaders in the city such as Jimmy Hoffa of the Teamsters and Walter Reuther of the Autoworkers.
The city became the 4th-largest in the nation in 1920, after only New York City, Chicago and Philadelphia, with the influence of the booming auto industry.
The prohibition of alcohol from 1920 to 1933 resulted in the Detroit River becoming a major conduit for smuggling of illegal Canadian spirits.[27]
Detroit, like many places in the United States, developed racial conflict and discrimination in the 20th century following rapid demographic changes as hundreds of thousands of new workers were attracted to the industrial city; in a short period it became the 4th-largest city in the nation. The Great Migration brought rural blacks from the South; they were outnumbered by southern whites who also migrated to the city. Immigration brought southern and eastern Europeans of Catholic and Jewish faith; these new groups competed with native-born whites for jobs and housing in the booming city. Detroit was one of the major Midwest cities that was a site for the dramatic urban revival of the Ku Klux Klan beginning in 1915. "By the 1920s the city had become a stronghold of the KKK," whose members opposed Catholic and Jewish immigrants, as well as black Americans.[28] The Black Legion, a secret vigilante group, was active in the Detroit area in the 1930s, when one-third of its estimated 20,000 to 30,000 members in Michigan were based in the city. It was defeated after numerous prosecutions following the kidnapping and murder in 1936 of Charles Poole, a Catholic Works Progress Administration organizer. A total of 49 men of the Black Legion were convicted of numerous crimes, with many sentenced to life in prison for murder.
Looking south down Woodward Avenue, with the Detroit skyline in the distance, July 1942
In the 1940s the world's "first urban depressed freeway" ever built, the Davison,[29] was constructed in Detroit. During World War II, the government encouraged retooling of the American automobile industry in support of the Allied powers, leading to Detroit's key role in the American Arsenal of Democracy.[30]
Jobs expanded so rapidly that 400,000 people were attracted to the city from 1941 to 1943, including 50,000 blacks in the second wave of the Great Migration, and 350,000 whites, many of them from the South. Some European immigrants and their descendants feared black competition for jobs and housing. The federal government prohibited discrimination in defense work but when in June 1943, Packard promoted three blacks to work next to whites on its assembly lines, 25,000 whites walked off the job.[31] The Detroit race riot of 1943 took place three weeks after the Packard plant protest. Over the course of three days, 34 people were killed, of whom 25 were African American, and approximately 600 were injured, 75% black people.[28][32]
Postwar era[edit]
Industrial mergers in the 1950s, especially in the automobile sector, increased oligopoly in the American auto industry. Detroit manufacturers such as Packard and Hudson merged into other companies and eventually disappeared. At its peak population of 1,849,568, in the 1950 Census, the city was the 5th-largest in the United States, after New York City, Chicago, Philadelphia and Los Angeles.
As in other major American cities in the postwar era, construction of an extensive highway and freeway system around Detroit and pent-up demand for new housing stimulated suburbanization; highways made commuting by car easier. In 1956, Detroit's last heavily used electric streetcar line along the length of Woodward Avenue was removed and replaced with gas-powered buses. It was the last line of what had once been a 534-mile network of electric streetcars. In 1941 at peak times, a streetcar ran on Woodward Avenue every 60 seconds.[33][34]
All of these changes in the area's transportation system favored low-density, auto-oriented development rather than high-density urban development, and industry also moved to the suburbs. The metro Detroit area developed as one of the most sprawling job markets in the United States by the 21st century, and combined with poor public transport, resulted in many jobs beyond the reach of urban low-income workers.[35]
Packard Automotive Plant, an automobile factory that was closed and abandoned in 1958.
In 1950, the city held about one-third of the state's population, anchored by its industries and workers. Over the next sixty years, the city's population declined to less than 10 percent of the state's population. During the same time period, the sprawling Detroit metropolitan area, which surrounds and includes the city, grew to contain more than half of Michigan's population.[14] The shift of population and jobs eroded Detroit's tax base.
In June 1963, Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr. gave a major speech in Detroit that foreshadowed his "I Have a Dream" speech in Washington, D.C. two months later. While the Civil Rights Movement gained significant federal civil rights laws in 1964 and 1965, longstanding inequities resulted in confrontations between the police and inner city black youth wanting change. Longstanding tensions in Detroit culminated in the Twelfth Street riot in July 1967. Governor George W. Romney ordered the Michigan National Guard into Detroit, and President Johnson sent in U.S. Army troops. The result was 43 dead, 467 injured, over 7,200 arrests, and more than 2,000 buildings destroyed, mostly in black residential and business areas. Thousands of small businesses closed permanently or relocated to safer neighborhoods. The affected district lay in ruins for decades.[36] It was the most costly riot in the United States.
On August 18, 1970, the NAACP filed suit against Michigan state officials, including Governor William Milliken, charging de facto public school segregation. The NAACP argued that although schools were not legally segregated, the city of Detroit and its surrounding counties had enacted policies to maintain racial segregation in public schools. The NAACP also suggested a direct relationship between unfair housing practices and educational segregation, which followed segregated neighborhoods.[37] The District Court held all levels of government accountable for the segregation in its ruling. The Sixth Circuit Court affirmed some of the decision, holding that it was the state's responsibility to integrate across the segregated metropolitan area.[38] The U.S. Supreme Court took up the case February 27, 1974.[37] The subsequent Milliken v. Bradley decision had wide national influence. In a narrow decision, the Court found that schools were a subject of local control and that suburbs could not be forced to solve problems in the city's school district.
"Milliken was perhaps the greatest missed opportunity of that period," said Myron Orfield, professor of law at the University of Minnesota. "Had that gone the other way, it would have opened the door to fixing nearly all of Detroit's current problems."[39] John Mogk, a professor of law and an expert in urban planning at Wayne State University in Detroit, says, "Everybody thinks that it was the riots [in 1967] that caused the white families to leave. Some people were leaving at that time but, really, it was after Milliken that you saw mass flight to the suburbs. If the case had gone the other way, it is likely that Detroit would not have experienced the steep decline in its tax base that has occurred since then."[39]
1970s and decline[edit]
New cars built in Detroit loaded for rail transport, 1973
Main articles: Decline of Detroit and Detroit bankruptcy
In November 1973, the city elected Coleman Young as its first black mayor. After taking office, Young emphasized increasing racial diversity in the police department.[40] Young also worked to improve Detroit's transportation system, but tension between Young and his suburban counterparts over regional matters was problematic throughout his mayoral term. In 1976, the federal government offered $600 million for building a regional rapid transit system, under a single regional authority.[41] But the inability of Detroit and its suburban neighbors to solve conflicts over transit planning resulted in the region losing the majority of funding for rapid transit. Following the failure to reach an agreement over the larger system, the City moved forward with construction of the elevated downtown circulator portion of the system, which became known as the Detroit People Mover.[42]
Michigan Central Station and its Amtrak connection went out of service in 1988.
The gasoline crises of 1973 and 1979 also affected Detroit and the U.S. auto industry. Buyers chose smaller, more fuel-efficient cars made by foreign makers as the price of gas rose. Efforts to revive the city were stymied by the struggles of the auto industry, as their sales and market share declined. Automakers laid off thousands of employees and closed plants in the city, further eroding the tax base. To counteract this, the city used eminent domain to build two large new auto assembly plants in the city.[43]
As mayor, Young sought to revive the city by seeking to increase investment in the city's declining downtown. The Renaissance Center, a mixed-use office and retail complex, opened in 1977. This group of skyscrapers was an attempt to keep businesses in downtown.[14][44][45] Young also gave city support to other large developments to attract middle and upper-class residents back to the city. Despite the Renaissance Center and other projects, the downtown area continued to lose businesses to the automobile dependent suburbs. Major stores and hotels closed and many large office buildings went vacant. Young was criticized for being too focused on downtown development and not doing enough to lower the city's high crime rate and improve city services.
Long a major population center and site of worldwide automobile manufacturing, Detroit has suffered a long economic decline produced by numerous factors.[46][47][48] Like many industrial American cities, Detroit reached its population peak in the 1950 census. The peak population was 1.8 million people. Following suburbanization, industrial restructuring, and loss of jobs (as described above), by the 2010 census, the city had less than 40 percent of that number, with just over 700,000 residents. The city has declined in population in each census since 1950.[49][50]
High unemployment was compounded by middle-class flight to the suburbs, and some residents leaving the state to find work. The city was left with a higher proportion of poor in its population, reduced tax base, depressed property values, abandoned buildings, abandoned neighborhoods, high crime rates and a pronounced demographic imbalance.
1990s–2000s[edit]
The Renaissance Center, home of the world headquarters of General Motors and the second tallest hotel in the Western Hemisphere, sits along the International Riverfront.
In 1993 Young retired as Detroit's longest serving mayor, deciding not to seek a sixth term. That year the city elected Dennis Archer, a former Michigan Supreme Court justice. Archer prioritized downtown development and easing tensions with Detroit's suburban neighbors. A referendum to allow casino gambling in the city passed in 1996; several temporary casino facilities opened in 1999, and permanent downtown casinos with hotels opened in 2007–08.[51]
Campus Martius, a reconfiguration of downtown's main intersection as a new park was opened in 2004. The park has been cited as one of the best public spaces in the United States.[52][53][54] The city's riverfront has been the focus of redevelopment, following successful examples of other older industrial cities. In 2001, the first portion of the International Riverfront was completed as a part of the city's 300th anniversary celebration, with miles of parks and associated landscaping completed in succeeding years. In 2011, the Port Authority Passenger Terminal opened with the riverwalk connecting Hart Plaza to the Renaissance Center.[45]
Since 2006, $9 billion has been invested in downtown and surrounding neighborhoods; $5.2 billion of that has come in 2013 and 2014.[55] Construction activity, particularly rehabilitation of historic downtown buildings, has increased markedly. The number of vacant downtown buildings has dropped from nearly 50 to around 13.[when?][56] Among the most notable redevelopment projects are the Book Cadillac Hotel and the Fort Shelby Hotel; the David Broderick Tower; and the David Whitney Building.[44]
Little Caesars Arena, a new home for the Detroit Red Wings and the Detroit Pistons with attached residential, hotel, and retail use is under construction and set to open in fall 2017.[57] The plans for the project call for mixed-use residential on the blocks surrounding the arena and the renovation of the vacant 14-story Eddystone Hotel. It will be a part of The District in Detroit, a group of places owned by Olympia Entertainment Inc., including Comerica Park and the Detroit Opera House, among others.
21st century[edit]
Detroit's protracted decline has resulted in severe urban decay and thousands of empty buildings around the city. Some parts of Detroit are so sparsely populated that the city has difficulty providing municipal services. The city has considered various solutions, such as demolishing abandoned homes and buildings; removing street lighting from large portions of the city; and encouraging the small population in certain areas to move to more populated locations.[58][59][60][61][62] Roughly half of the owners of Detroit's 305,000 properties failed to pay their 2011 tax bills, resulting in about $246 million in taxes and fees going uncollected, nearly half of which was due to Detroit; the rest of the money would have been earmarked for Wayne County, Detroit Public Schools, and the library system.[63]
Westin Book-Cadillac Hotel during extensive restoration. The hotel tower reopened in 2008.
In September 2008, Mayor Kwame Kilpatrick (who had served for six years) resigned following felony convictions. In 2013, Kilpatrick was convicted on 24 federal felony counts, including mail fraud, wire fraud, and racketeering,[64] and was sentenced to 28 years in federal prison.[65] The former mayor's activities cost the city an estimated $20 million.[66] In 2013, felony bribery charges were brought against seven building inspectors.[67] In 2016, further corruption charges were brought against 12 principals, a former school superintendent and supply vendor[68] for a $12 million kickback scheme.[69][70] Law professor Peter Henning argues that Detroit's corruption is not unusual for a city its size, especially when compared with Chicago.[71]
The city's financial crisis resulted in the state of Michigan taking over administrative control of its government.[72] The state governor declared a financial emergency in March 2013, appointing Kevyn Orr as emergency manager. On July 18, 2013, Detroit became the largest U.S. city to file for bankruptcy.[73] It was declared bankrupt by U.S. District Court on December 3, 2013, in light of the city's $18.5 billion debt and its inability to fully repay its thousands of creditors.[74] On November 7, 2014 the city's plan for exiting bankruptcy was approved. The following month on December 11 the city officially exited bankruptcy. The plan allowed the city to eliminate $7 billion in debt and invest $1.7 billion into improved city services.[75]
One of the largest post-bankruptcy efforts to improve city services has been work to fix the city's broken street lighting system. At one time it was estimated that 40% of lights were not working. The plan calls for replacing outdated high pressure sodium lights with 65,000 LED lights. Construction began in late 2014 and finished in December 2016 making Detroit the largest U.S city with all LED street lighting.[76]
In the 2010s, several initiatives were taken by Detroit's citizens and new inhabitants to improve the cityscape by renovating and revitalizing neighborhoods. Such include the Motor City Blight Busters[77] and various urban gardening movements.[78] The well-known symbol of the city's decades-long demise, the Michigan Central Station, is renovated with new windows, elevators and facilities since 2015.[79] Several other landmark buildings were fully renovated and transformed into condominiums, hotels, offices or for cultural uses. Detroit is mentioned as a city of renaissance.[80]
See also: Planning and development in Detroit
Geography[edit]
Panorama of the Detroit International Riverfront
Metropolitan area[edit]
Detroit is the center of a three-county urban area (population 3,734,090, area of 1,337 square miles (3,460 km2), a 2010 United States Census) six-county metropolitan statistical area (2010 Census population of 4,296,250, area of 3,913 square miles [10,130 km2]), and a nine-county Combined Statistical Area (2010 Census population of 5,218,852, area of 5,814 square miles [15,060 km2]).[4][81][82]
Topography[edit]
A simulated-color satellite image of the Detroit metro area, including Windsor across the river, taken on NASA's Landsat 7 satellite
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 142.87 square miles (370.03 km2), of which 138.75 square miles (359.36 km2) is land and 4.12 square miles (10.67 km2) is water.[2] Detroit is the principal city in Metro Detroit and Southeast Michigan situated in the Midwestern United States and the Great Lakes region.
The Detroit River International Wildlife Refuge is the only international wildlife preserve in North America, uniquely located in the heart of a major metropolitan area. The Refuge includes islands, coastal wetlands, marshes, shoals, and waterfront lands along 48 miles (77 km) of the Detroit River and Western Lake Erie shoreline.
The city slopes gently from the northwest to southeast on a till plain composed largely of glacial and lake clay. The most notable topographical feature in the city is the Detroit Moraine, a broad clay ridge on which the older portions of Detroit and Windsor sit, rising approximately 62 feet (19 m) above the river at its highest point.[83] The highest elevation in the city is located directly north of Gorham Playground on the northwest side approximately three blocks south of 8 Mile Road, at a height of 675 to 680 feet (206 to 207 m).[84] Detroit's lowest elevation is along the Detroit River, at a surface height of 572 feet (174 m).[85]
A view of the city from Belle Isle Park in April 2008
Belle Isle Park is a 982-acre (1.534 sq mi; 397 ha) island park in the Detroit River, between Detroit and Windsor, Ontario. It is connected to the mainland by the MacArthur Bridge in Detroit. Belle Isle Park contains such attractions as the James Scott Memorial Fountain, the Belle Isle Conservatory, the Detroit Yacht Club on an adjacent island, a half-mile (800 m) beach, a golf course, a nature center, monuments, and gardens. The city skyline may be viewed from the island.
Three road systems cross the city: the original French template, with avenues radiating from the waterfront; and true north–south roads based on the Northwest Ordinance township system. The city is north of Windsor, Ontario. Detroit is the only major city along the Canada–US border in which one travels south in order to cross into Canada.
Detroit has four border crossings: the Ambassador Bridge and the Detroit–Windsor Tunnel provide motor vehicle thoroughfares, with the Michigan Central Railway Tunnel providing railroad access to and from Canada. The fourth border crossing is the Detroit–Windsor Truck Ferry, located near the Windsor Salt Mine and Zug Island. Near Zug Island, the southwest part of the city was developed over a 1,500-acre (610 ha) salt mine that is 1,100 feet (340 m) below the surface. The Detroit salt mine run by the Detroit Salt Company has over 100 miles (160 km) of roads within.[86][87]
Climate[edit]
Detroit
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2
32
19
2
35
21
2.3
46
29
2.9
59
39
3.4
70
49
3.5
79
60
3.4
83
64
3
81
63
3.3
74
55
2.5
62
43
2.8
49
34
2.5
36
24
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
Source: NWS[88]
[show]Metric conversion
J F M A M J J A S O N D
50
0
−7
51
2
−6
58
8
−2
74
15
4
86
21
10
89
26
15
86
29
18
76
27
17
83
23
13
64
16
6
71
9
1
62
2
−4
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Detroit and the rest of southeastern Michigan have a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfa) which is influenced by the Great Lakes; the city and close-in suburbs are part of USDA Hardiness zone 6b, with farther-out northern and western suburbs generally falling in zone 6a.[89] Winters are cold, with moderate snowfall and temperatures not rising above freezing on an average 44 days annually, while dropping to or below 0 °F (−18 °C) on an average 4.4 days a year; summers are warm to hot with temperatures exceeding 90 °F (32 °C) on 12 days.[88] The warm season runs from May to September. The monthly daily mean temperature ranges from 25.6 °F (−3.6 °C) in January to 73.6 °F (23.1 °C) in July. Official temperature extremes range from 105 °F (41 °C) on July 24, 1934 down to −21 °F (−29 °C) on January 21, 1984; the record low maximum is −5 °F (−21 °C) on January 19, 1994, while, conversely the record high minimum is 80 °F (27 °C) on August 1, 2006, the most recent of five occurrences.[88] A decade or two may pass between readings of 100 °F (38 °C) or higher, which last occurred July 17, 2012. The average window for freezing temperatures is October 20 thru April 22, allowing a growing season of 180 days.[88]
Precipitation is moderate and somewhat evenly distributed throughout the year, although the warmer months such as May and June average more, averaging 33.5 inches (850 mm) annually, but historically ranging from 20.49 in (520 mm) in 1963 to 47.70 in (1,212 mm) in 2011.[88] Snowfall, which typically falls in measurable amounts between November 15 through April 4 (occasionally in October and very rarely in May),[88] averages 42.5 inches (108 cm) per season, although historically ranging from 11.5 in (29 cm) in 1881–82 to 94.9 in (241 cm) in 2013–14.[88] A thick snowpack is not often seen, with an average of only 27.5 days with 3 in (7.6 cm) or more of snow cover.[88] Thunderstorms are frequent in the Detroit area. These usually occur during spring and summer.[90]
[show]Climate data for Detroit (DTW), 1981–2010 normals,[a] extremes 1874–present[b]
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °F (°C)
67
(19) 70
(21) 86
(30) 89
(32) 95
(35) 104
(40) 105
(41) 104
(40) 100
(38) 92
(33) 81
(27) 69
(21) 105
(41)
Mean maximum °F (°C)
51.2
(10.7) 54.6
(12.6) 70.4
(21.3) 80.1
(26.7) 85.8
(29.9) 92.2
(33.4) 93.4
(34.1) 92.0
(33.3) 88.3
(31.3) 79.7
(26.5) 67.2
(19.6) 54.4
(12.4) 95.1
(35.1)
Average high °F (°C)
32.0
(0) 35.2
(1.8) 45.8
(7.7) 59.1
(15.1) 69.9
(21.1) 79.3
(26.3) 83.4
(28.6) 81.4
(27.4) 74.0
(23.3) 61.6
(16.4) 48.8
(9.3) 36.1
(2.3) 59.0
(15)
Daily mean °F (°C)
25.6
(−3.6) 28.1
(−2.2) 37.2
(2.9) 49.2
(9.6) 59.7
(15.4) 69.4
(20.8) 73.6
(23.1) 72.0
(22.2) 64.4
(18) 52.4
(11.3) 41.5
(5.3) 30.1
(−1.1) 50.4
(10.2)
Average low °F (°C)
19.1
(−7.2) 21.0
(−6.1) 28.6
(−1.9) 39.4
(4.1) 49.4
(9.7) 59.5
(15.3) 63.9
(17.7) 62.6
(17) 54.7
(12.6) 43.3
(6.3) 34.3
(1.3) 24.1
(−4.4) 41.8
(5.4)
Mean minimum °F (°C)
−1.2
(−18.4) 2.9
(−16.2) 10.9
(−11.7) 24.5
(−4.2) 35.7
(2.1) 45.8
(7.7) 52.2
(11.2) 51.2
(10.7) 39.8
(4.3) 29.7
(−1.3) 19.7
(−6.8) 5.4
(−14.8) −5.1
(−20.6)
Record low °F (°C)
−21
(−29) −20
(−29) −4
(−20) 8
(−13) 25
(−4) 36
(2) 42
(6) 38
(3) 29
(−2) 17
(−8) 0
(−18) −11
(−24) −21
(−29)
Average precipitation inches (mm)
1.96
(49.8) 2.02
(51.3) 2.28
(57.9) 2.90
(73.7) 3.38
(85.9) 3.52
(89.4) 3.37
(85.6) 3.00
(76.2) 3.27
(83.1) 2.52
(64) 2.79
(70.9) 2.46
(62.5) 33.47
(850.1)
Average snowfall inches (cm)
12.5
(31.8) 10.2
(25.9) 6.9
(17.5) 1.7
(4.3) trace 0
(0) 0
(0) 0
(0) 0
(0) 0.1
(0.3) 1.5
(3.8) 9.6
(24.4) 42.5
(108)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)
13.1 10.6 11.7 12.2 12.1 10.2 10.4 9.6 9.5 9.8 11.6 13.7 134.5
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)
10.4 8.3 5.4 1.6 0 0 0 0 0 0.2 2.3 8.5 36.7
Average relative humidity (%)
74.7 72.5 70.0 66.0 65.3 67.3 68.5 71.5 73.4 71.6 74.6 76.7 71.0
Mean monthly sunshine hours
119.9 138.3 184.9 217.0 275.9 301.8 317.0 283.5 227.6 176.0 106.3 87.7 2,435.9
Percent possible sunshine
41 47 50 54 61 66 69 66 61 51 36 31 55
Source: NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961–1990)[88][91][92]
Cityscape[edit]
See also: List of tallest buildings in Detroit
Aerial view of Downtown Detroit with the Riverfront
Architecture[edit]
Main article: Architecture of metropolitan Detroit
Cadillac Place (1923) (left) and the Fisher Building (1928) in the New Center district are among the city's National Historic Landmarks
Wayne County Building (completed 1902) downtown by John and Arthur Scott, One Detroit Center (1993) in the back
Seen in panorama, Detroit's waterfront shows a variety of architectural styles. The post modern Neo-Gothic spires of the One Detroit Center (1993) were designed to blend with the city's Art Deco skyscrapers. Together with the Renaissance Center, they form a distinctive and recognizable skyline. Examples of the Art Deco style include the Guardian Building and Penobscot Building downtown, as well as the Fisher Building and Cadillac Place in the New Center area near Wayne State University. Among the city's prominent structures are United States' largest Fox Theatre, the Detroit Opera House, and the Detroit Institute of Arts.[93][94]
While the Downtown and New Center areas contain high-rise buildings, the majority of the surrounding city consists of low-rise structures and single-family homes. Outside of the city's core, residential high-rises are found in upper-class neighborhoods such as the East Riverfront extending toward Grosse Pointe and the Palmer Park neighborhood just west of Woodward. The University Commons-Palmer Park district in northwest Detroit, near the University of Detroit Mercy and Marygrove College, anchors historic neighborhoods including Palmer Woods, Sherwood Forest, and the University District.
The National Register of Historic Places lists several area neighborhoods and districts. Neighborhoods constructed prior to World War II feature the architecture of the times, with wood-frame and brick houses in the working-class neighborhoods, larger brick homes in middle-class neighborhoods, and ornate mansions in upper-class neighborhoods such as Brush Park, Woodbridge, Indian Village, Palmer Woods, Boston-Edison, and others.
St. Joseph Catholic Church (1873) is a notable example of Detroit's ecclesiastical architecture (interior)
Some of the oldest neighborhoods are along the Woodward and East Jefferson corridors. Some newer residential construction may also be found along the Woodward corridor, the far west, and northeast. Some of the oldest extant neighborhoods include West Canfield and Brush Park, which have both seen multimillion-dollar restorations and construction of new homes and condominiums.[44][95]
Detroit Financial District viewed from Windsor, Canada
Many of the city's architecturally significant buildings have been listed on the National Register of Historic Places; the city has one of United States' largest surviving collections of late 19th- and early 20th-century buildings.[94] Architecturally significant churches and cathedrals in the city include St. Joseph's, Old St. Mary's, the Sweetest Heart of Mary, and the Cathedral of the Most Blessed Sacrament.[93]
The city has substantial activity in urban design, historic preservation, and architecture.[96] A number of downtown redevelopment projects—of which Campus Martius Park is one of the most notable—have revitalized parts of the city. Grand Circus Park stands near the city's theater district, Ford Field, home of the Detroit Lions, and Comerica Park, home of the Detroit Tigers.[93] Other projects include the demolition of the Ford Auditorium off of Jefferson St.
The Detroit International Riverfront includes a partially completed three-and-one-half mile riverfront promenade with a combination of parks, residential buildings, and commercial areas. It extends from Hart Plaza to the MacArthur Bridge accessing Belle Isle Park (the largest island park in a U.S. city). The riverfront includes Tri-Centennial State Park and Harbor, Michigan's first urban state park. The second phase is a two-mile (3.2-kilometre) extension from Hart Plaza to the Ambassador Bridge for a total of five miles (8.0 kilometres) of parkway from bridge to bridge. Civic planners envision that the pedestrian parks will stimulate residential redevelopment of riverfront properties condemned under eminent domain.
Other major parks include River Rouge (in the southwest side), the largest park in Detroit; Palmer (north of Highland Park) and Chene Park (on the east river downtown).[97]
Neighborhoods[edit]
Further information: Neighborhoods in Detroit
Restored historic homes in the East Ferry Avenue neighborhood in Midtown
Detroit has a variety of neighborhood types. The revitalized Downtown, Midtown, and New Center areas feature many historic buildings and are high density, while further out, particularly in the northeast and on the fringes,[98] high vacancy levels are problematic, for which a number of solutions have been proposed. In 2007, Downtown Detroit was recognized as a best city neighborhood in which to retire among the United States' largest metro areas by CNN Money Magazine editors.[99]
Lafayette Park is a revitalized neighborhood on the city's east side, part of the Ludwig Mies van der Rohe residential district.[100] The 78-acre (32 ha) development was originally called the Gratiot Park. Planned by Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig Hilberseimer and Alfred Caldwell it includes a landscaped, 19-acre (7.7 ha) park with no through traffic, in which these and other low-rise apartment buildings are situated.[100] Immigrants have contributed to the city's neighborhood revitalization, especially in southwest Detroit.[101] Southwest Detroit has experienced a thriving economy in recent years, as evidenced by new housing, increased business openings and the recently opened Mexicantown International Welcome Center.[102]
Historic restoration of the Lucien Moore House (1885), in Brush Park, completed in 2006[103]
The city has numerous neighborhoods consisting of vacant properties resulting in low inhabited density in those areas, stretching city services and infrastructure. These neighborhoods are concentrated in the northeast and on the city's fringes.[98] A 2009 parcel survey found about a quarter of residential lots in the city to be undeveloped or vacant, and about 10% of the city's housing to be unoccupied.[98][104][105] The survey also reported that most (86%) of the city's homes are in good condition with a minority (9%) in fair condition needing only minor repairs.[104][105][106][107]
To deal with vacancy issues, the city has begun demolishing the derelict houses, razing 3,000 of the total 10,000 in 2010,[108] but the resulting low density creates a strain on the city's infrastructure. To remedy this, a number of solutions have been proposed including resident relocation from more sparsely populated neighborhoods and converting unused space to urban agricultural use, including Hantz Woodlands, though the city expects to be in the planning stages for up to another two years.[109][110]
Public funding and private investment have also been made with promises to rehabilitate neighborhoods. In April 2008, the city announced a $300-million stimulus plan to create jobs and revitalize neighborhoods, financed by city bonds and paid for by earmarking about 15% of the wagering tax.[109] The city's working plans for neighborhood revitalizations include 7-Mile/Livernois, Brightmoor, East English Village, Grand River/Greenfield, North End, and Osborn.[109] Private organizations have pledged substantial funding to the efforts.[111][112] Additionally, the city has cleared a 1,200-acre (490 ha) section of land for large-scale neighborhood construction, which the city is calling the Far Eastside Plan.[113] In 2011, Mayor Dave Bing announced a plan to categorize neighborhoods by their needs and prioritize the most needed services for those neighborhoods.[114]
Demographics[edit]
Historical population
Census
Pop.
%±
1820 1,422 —
1830 2,222 56.3%
1840 9,102 309.6%
1850 21,019 130.9%
1860 45,619 117.0%
1870 79,577 74.4%
1880 116,340 46.2%
1890 205,876 77.0%
1900 285,704 38.8%
1910 465,766 63.0%
1920 993,678 113.3%
1930 1,568,662 57.9%
1940 1,623,452 3.5%
1950 1,849,568 13.9%
1960 1,670,144 −9.7%
1970 1,514,063 −9.3%
1980 1,203,368 −20.5%
1990 1,027,974 −14.6%
2000 951,270 −7.5%
2010 713,777 −25.0%
Est. 2016 672,795 [5] −5.7%
U.S. Decennial Census[115]
See also: Demographic history of Detroit and Demographics of Metro Detroit
In the 2010 United States Census, the city had 713,777 residents, ranking it the 18th most populous city in the United States.[3][49]
Of the large shrinking cities of the United States, Detroit has had the most dramatic decline in population of the past 60 years (down 1,135,791) and the second largest percentage decline (down 61.4%, second only to St. Louis, Missouri's 62.7%). While the drop in Detroit's population has been ongoing since 1950, the most dramatic period was the significant 25% decline between the 2000 and 2010 Census.[49]
The population collapse has resulted in large numbers of abandoned homes and commercial buildings, and areas of the city hit hard by urban decay.[58][59][60][61][62]
Detroit's 713,777 residents represent 269,445 households, and 162,924 families residing in the city. The population density was 5,144.3 people per square mile (1,895/km²). There were 349,170 housing units at an average density of 2,516.5 units per square mile (971.6/km²). Housing density has declined. The city has demolished thousands of Detroit's abandoned houses, planting some areas and in others allowing the growth of urban prairie.
Of the 269,445 households, 34.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 21.5% were married couples living together, 31.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 39.5% were non-families, 34.0% were made up of individuals, and 3.9% had someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. Average household size was 2.59, and average family size was 3.36.
There is a wide distribution of age in the city, with 31.1% under the age of 18, 9.7% from 18 to 24, 29.5% from 25 to 44, 19.3% from 45 to 64, and 10.4% 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females there were 89.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.5 males.
According to a 2014 study, 67% of the population of the city identified themselves as Christians, with 49% professing attendance Protestant churches, and 16% professing Roman Catholic beliefs,[116][117] while 24% claim no religious affiliation. Other religions collectively make up about 8% of the population.
Income and employment[edit]
The loss of industrial and working-class jobs in the city has resulted in high rates of poverty and associated problems.[118] From 2000 to 2009, the city's estimated median household income fell from $29,526 to $26,098.[119] As of 2010[update] the mean income of Detroit is below the overall U.S. average by several thousand dollars. Of every three Detroit residents, one lives in poverty. Luke Bergmann, author of Getting Ghost: Two Young Lives and the Struggle for the Soul of an American City, said in 2010, "Detroit is now one of the poorest big cities in the country."[120]
In the 2010 American Community Survey, median household income in the city was $25,787, and the median income for a family was $31,011. The per capita income for the city was $14,118. 32.3% of families had income at or below the federally defined poverty level. Out of the total population, 53.6% of those under the age of 18 and 19.8% of those 65 and older had income at or below the federally defined poverty line.
Oakland County in Metro Detroit, once rated amongst the wealthiest US counties per household, is no longer shown in the top 25 listing of Forbes magazine. But internal county statistical methods—based on measuring per capita income for counties with more than one million residents—show that Oakland is still within the top 12, slipping from the 4th-most affluent such county in the U.S. in 2004 to 11th-most affluent in 2009.[121][122][123] Detroit dominates Wayne County, which has an average household income of about $38,000, compared to Oakland County's $62,000.[124][125]
Race and ethnicity[edit]
Map of racial distribution in Detroit, 2010 U.S. Census. Each dot is 25 people: White, Black, Asian, Hispanic or Other (yellow)
Detroit racial composition
[hide]Demographic profile
2010[126]
1990[127]
1970[127]
1950[127]
1940[127]
1930[127]
1920[127]
1910[127]
White 10.6% 21.6% 55.5% 83.6% 90.7% 92.2% 95.8 98.7%
—Non-Hispanic 7.8% 20.7% 54.0%[128] n/a 90.4% n/a n/a n/a
Black or African American 82.7% 75.7% 43.7% 16.2% 9.2% 7.7% 4.1% 1.2%
Hispanic or Latino (of any race) 6.8% 2.8% 1.8%[128] n/a 0.3% n/a n/a n/a
Asian 1.1% 0.8% 0.3% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% n/a
The city's population increased more than sixfold during the first half of the 20th century, fed largely by an influx of European, Middle Eastern (Lebanese, Assyrian/Chaldean), and Southern migrants to work in the burgeoning automobile industry.[129] In 1940, Whites were 90.4% of the city's population.[127] Since 1950 the city has seen a major shift in its population to the suburbs. In 1910, fewer than 6,000 blacks called the city home;[130] in 1930 more than 120,000 blacks lived in Detroit.[131] The thousands of African Americans who came to Detroit were part of the Great Migration of the 20th century.[132]
Detroit remains one of the most racially segregated cities in the United States.[133][134] From the 1940s to the 1970s a second wave of Blacks moved to Detroit to escape Jim Crow laws in the south and find jobs.[135] However, they soon found themselves excluded from white areas of the city—through violence, laws, and economic discrimination (e.g., redlining).[136] White residents attacked black homes: breaking windows, starting fires, and exploding bombs.[133][136] The pattern of segregation was later magnified by white migration to the suburbs.[134] One of the implications of racial segregation, which correlates with class segregation, may be overall worse health for some populations.[134][137]
While Blacks/African-Americans comprised only 13 percent of Michigan's population in 2010, they made up nearly 82 percent of Detroit's population. The next largest population groups were Whites, at 10 percent, and Hispanics, at 6 percent.[138] According to the 2010 Census, segregation in Detroit has decreased in absolute and in relative terms. In the first decade of the 21st century, about two-thirds of the total black population in metropolitan area resided within the city limits of Detroit.[139][140] The number of integrated neighborhoods has increased from 100 in 2000 to 204 in 2010. The city has also moved down the ranking, from number one most segregated to number four.[141] A 2011 op-ed in The New York Times attributed the decreased segregation rating to the overall exodus from the city, cautioning that these areas may soon become more segregated. This pattern already happened in the 1970s, when apparent integration was actually a precursor to white flight and resegregation.[133] Over a 60-year period, white flight occurred in the city. According to an estimate of the Michigan Metropolitan Information Center, from 2008 to 2009 the percentage of non-Hispanic White residents increased from 8.4% to 13.3%. Some empty nesters and many younger White people moved into the city while many African Americans moved to the suburbs.[142]
Detroit has a Mexican-American population. In the early 20th century thousands of Mexicans came to Detroit to work in agricultural, automotive, and steel jobs. During the Mexican Repatriation of the 1930s many Mexicans in Detroit were willingly repatriated or forced to repatriate. By the 1940s the Mexican community began to settle what is now Mexicantown. The population significantly increased in the 1990s due to immigration from Jalisco. In 2010 Detroit had 48,679 Hispanics, including 36,452 Mexicans. The number of Hispanics was a 70% increase from the number in 1990.[143]
After World War II, many people from Appalachia settled in Detroit. Appalachians formed communities and their children acquired southern accents.[144] Many Lithuanians settled in Detroit during the World War II era, especially on the city's Southwest side in the West Vernor area,[145] where the renovated Lithuanian Hall reopened in 2006.[146][147]
In 2001, 103,000 Jews, or about 1.9% of the population, were living in the Detroit area, in both Detroit and Ann Arbor.[148]
Asians and Asian Americans[edit]
As of 2002, of all of the municipalities in the Wayne County-Oakland County-Macomb County area, Detroit had the second largest Asian population. As of that year Detroit's percentage of Asians was 1%, far lower than the 13.3% of Troy.[149] By 2000 Troy had the largest Asian American population in the tricounty area, surpassing Detroit.[150]
As of 2002 there are four areas in Detroit with significant Asian and Asian American populations. Northeast Detroit has population of Hmong with a smaller group of Lao people. A portion of Detroit next to eastern Hamtramck includes Bangladeshi Americans, Indian Americans, and Pakistani Americans; nearly all of the Bangladeshi population in Detroit lives in that area. Many of those residents own small businesses or work in blue collar jobs, and the population in that area is mostly Muslim. The area north of Downtown Detroit; including the region around the Henry Ford Hospital, the Detroit Medical Center, and Wayne State University; has transient Asian national origin residents who are university students or hospital workers. Few of them have permanent residency after schooling ends. They are mostly Chinese and Indian but the population also includes Filipinos, Koreans, and Pakistanis. In Southwest Detroit and western Detroit there are smaller, scattered Asian communities including an area in the westside adjacent to Dearborn and Redford Township that has a mostly Indian Asian population, and a community of Vietnamese and Laotians in Southwest Detroit.[149]
As of 2006[update] the city has one of the U.S.'s largest concentrations of Hmong Americans.[151] In 2006, the city had about 4,000 Hmong and other Asian immigrant families. Most Hmong live east of Coleman Young Airport near Osborn High School. Hmong immigrant families generally have lower incomes than those of suburban Asian families.[152]
Economy[edit]
See also: Economy of metropolitan Detroit and Planning and development in Detroit
Top City Employers
Source: Crain's Detroit Business[153]
Rank Company/Organization #
1 Detroit Medical Center 11,497
2 City of Detroit 9,591
3 Quicken Loans 9,192
4 Henry Ford Health System 8,807
5 Detroit Public Schools 6,586
6 U.S. Government 6,308
7 Wayne State University 6,023
8 Chrysler 5,426
9 Blue Cross Blue Shield 5,415
10 General Motors 4,327
11 State of Michigan 3,911
12 DTE Energy 3,700
13 St. John Providence Health System 3,566
14 U.S. Postal Service 2,643
15 Wayne County 2,566
16 MGM Grand Detroit 2,551
17 MotorCity Casino 1,973
18 Compuware 1,912
19 Detroit Diesel 1,685
20 Greektown Casino 1,521
21 Comerica 1,194
22 Deloitte 942
23 Johnson Controls 760
24 PricewaterhouseCoopers 756
25 Ally Financial 715

Labor force distribution in Detroit by category:
Construction
Manufacturing
Trade, transportation, utilities
Information
Finance
Professional and business services
Education and health services
Leisure and hospitality
Other services
Government

The Renaissance Center is the headquarters of General Motors.
Several major corporations are based in the city, including three Fortune 500 companies. The most heavily represented sectors are manufacturing (particularly automotive), finance, technology, and health care. The most significant companies based in Detroit include: General Motors, Quicken Loans, Ally Financial, Compuware, Shinola, American Axle, Little Caesars, DTE Energy, Lowe Campbell Ewald, Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan, and Rossetti Architects.
About 80,500 people work in downtown Detroit, comprising one-fifth of the city's employment base.[154][155] Aside from the numerous Detroit-based companies listed above, downtown contains large offices for Comerica, Chrysler, HP Enterprise, Deloitte, PricewaterhouseCoopers, KPMG, and Ernst & Young. Ford Motor Company is located in the adjacent city of Dearborn.
The Metropolitan Center for High Technology at Wayne University offers room for startup companies.
Thousands more employees work in Midtown, north of the central business district. Midtown's anchors are the city's largest single employer Detroit Medical Center, Wayne State University, and the Henry Ford Health System in New Center. Midtown is also home to watchmaker Shinola and an array of small and startup companies. New Center bases TechTown, a research and business incubator hub that is part of the WSU system.[156] Like downtown and Corktown, Midtown also has a fast-growing retailing and restaurant scene.
A number of the city's downtown employers are relatively new, as there has been a marked trend of companies moving from satellite suburbs around Metropolitan Detroit into the downtown core.[157] Compuware completed its world headquarters in downtown in 2003. OnStar, Blue Cross Blue Shield, and HP Enterprise Services are located at the Renaissance Center. PricewaterhouseCoopers Plaza offices are adjacent to Ford Field, and Ernst & Young completed its office building at One Kennedy Square in 2006. Perhaps most prominently, in 2010, Quicken Loans, one of the largest mortgage lenders, relocated its world headquarters and 4,000 employees to downtown Detroit, consolidating its suburban offices.[158] In July 2012, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office opened its Elijah J. McCoy Satellite Office in the Rivertown/Warehouse District as its first location outside Washington, D.C.'s metropolitan area.[159]
In April 2014, the Department of Labor reported the city's unemployment rate at 14.5%.[160]
The city of Detroit and other private-public partnerships have attempted to catalyze the region's growth by facilitating the building and historical rehabilitation of residential high-rises in the downtown, creating a zone that offers many business tax incentives, creating recreational spaces such as the Detroit RiverWalk, Campus Martius Park, Dequindre Cut Greenway, and Green Alleys in Midtown. The city itself has cleared sections of land while retaining a number of historically significant vacant buildings in order to spur redevelopment;[161] though it has struggled with finances, the city issued bonds in 2008 to provide funding for ongoing work to demolish blighted properties.[109] Two years earlier, downtown reported $1.3 billion in restorations and new developments which increased the number of construction jobs in the city.[44] In the decade prior to 2006, downtown gained more than $15 billion in new investment from private and public sectors.[162]
The Westin Book Cadillac Hotel completed a $200-million reconstruction in 2008, and is in Detroit's Washington Boulevard Historic District
Despite the city's recent financial issues, many developers remain unfazed by Detroit's problems.[163] Midtown is one of the most successful areas within Detroit to have a residential occupancy rate of 96%.[164] Numerous developments have been recently completely or are in various stages of construction. These include the $82 million reconstruction of downtown's David Whitney Building (now an Aloft Hotel and luxury residences), the Woodward Garden Block Development in Midtown, the residential conversion of the David Broderick Tower in downtown, the rehabilitation of the Book Cadillac Hotel (now a Westin and luxury condos) and Fort Shelby Hotel (now Doubletree) also in downtown, and various smaller projects.[165]
Downtown's population of young professionals is growing and retail is expanding.[166][167][168] A study in 2007 found out that Downtown's new residents are predominantly young professionals (57% are ages 25 to 34, 45% have bachelor's degrees, and 34% have a master's or professional degree),[154][166][169] a trend which has hastened over the last decade. John Varvatos is set to open a downtown store in 2015, and Restoration Hardware is rumored to be opening a store nearby.[170]
On July 25, 2013, Meijer, a midwestern retail chain, opened its first supercenter store in Detroit,;[171] this was a 20 million dollar, 190,000-square-foot store in the northern portion of the city and it also is the centerpiece of a new 72 million dollar shopping center named Gateway Marketplace.[172] On June 11, 2015, Meijer opened its second supercenter store in the city.[173]
On May 21, 2014, JPMorgan Chase announced that it was injecting $100 million over five years into Detroit's economy, providing development funding for a variety of projects that would increase employment. It is the largest commitment made to any one city by the nation's biggest bank.[174] Of the $100 million, $50 million will go toward development projects, $25 million will go toward city blight removal, $12.5 million will go for job training, $7 million will go for small businesses in the city, and $5.5 million will go toward the M-1 light rail project (Qline).[175] On May 19, 2015, JPMorgan Chase announced that it has invested $32 million for two redevelopment projects in the city's Capitol Park district, the Capitol Park Lofts (the former Capitol Park Building) and the Detroit Savings Bank building at 1212 Griswold. Those investments are separate from Chase's five-year, $100-million commitment.[176] On May 10, 2017, J.P. Morgan Chase & Co. announced a $50 million increase in the $100 million investment the firm committed to economic development and neighborhood stabilization in Detroit by 2019. Half of the $150 million will be grants and the other half is going to toward a variety of loan funds for small business growth, mixed-use real estate development and residential housing projects. [177]
Culture and contemporary life[edit]
Main article: Culture of Detroit
Detroit's Broadway Area, a cultural link in Downtown
In the central portions of Detroit, the population of young professionals, artists, and other transplants is growing and retail is expanding.[166][167] This dynamic is luring additional new residents, and former residents returning from other cities, to the city's Downtown along with the revitalized Midtown and New Center areas.[154][166][167][169]
A desire to be closer to the urban scene has also attracted some young professionals to reside in inner ring suburbs such as Ferndale and Royal Oak, Michigan.[178] Detroit's proximity to Windsor, Ontario, provides for views and nightlife, along with Ontario's minimum drinking age of 19.[179] A 2011 study by Walk Score recognized Detroit for its above average walkability among large U.S. cities.[180] About two-thirds of suburban residents occasionally dine and attend cultural events or take in professional games in the city of Detroit.[181]
Nicknames[edit]
Known as the world's automotive center,[182] "Detroit" is a metonym for that industry.[183] Detroit's auto industry, some of which was converted to wartime defense production, was an important element of the American "Arsenal of Democracy" supporting the Allied powers during World War II.[184] It is an important source of popular music legacies celebrated by the city's two familiar nicknames, the Motor City and Motown.[185] Other nicknames arose in the 20th century, including City of Champions, beginning in the 1930s for its successes in individual and team sport;[186] The D; Hockeytown (a trademark owned by the city's NHL club, the Red Wings); Rock City (after the Kiss song "Detroit Rock City"); and The 313 (its telephone area code).[187][188]
Music[edit]
Main article: Music of Detroit
Live music has been a prominent feature of Detroit's nightlife since the late 1940s, bringing the city recognition under the nickname 'Motown'.[189] The metropolitan area has many nationally prominent live music venues. Concerts hosted by Live Nation perform throughout the Detroit area. Large concerts are held at DTE Energy Music Theatre and The Palace of Auburn Hills. The city's theatre venue circuit is the United States' second largest and hosts Broadway performances.[190][191]
Greektown Historic District in Detroit
The city of Detroit has a rich musical heritage and has contributed to a number of different genres over the decades leading into the new millennium.[188] Important music events in the city include: the Detroit International Jazz Festival, the Detroit Electronic Music Festival, the Motor City Music Conference (MC2), the Urban Organic Music Conference, the Concert of Colors, and the hip-hop Summer Jamz festival.[188]
In the 1940s, Detroit blues artist John Lee Hooker became a long-term resident in the city's southwest Delray neighborhood. Hooker, among other important blues musicians migrated from his home in Mississippi bringing the Delta blues to northern cities like Detroit. Hooker recorded for Fortune Records, the biggest pre-Motown blues/soul label. During the 1950s, the city became a center for jazz, with stars performing in the Black Bottom neighborhood.[14] Prominent emerging Jazz musicians of the 1960s included: trumpet player Donald Byrd who attended Cass Tech and performed with Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers early in his career and Saxophonist Pepper Adams who enjoyed a solo career and accompanied Byrd on several albums. The Graystone International Jazz Museum documents jazz in Detroit.[192]
Other, prominent Motor City R&B stars in the 1950s and early 1960s was Nolan Strong, Andre Williams and Nathaniel Mayer – who all scored local and national hits on the Fortune Records label. According to Smokey Robinson, Strong was a primary influence on his voice as a teenager. The Fortune label was a family-operated label located on Third Avenue in Detroit, and was owned by the husband and wife team of Jack Brown and Devora Brown. Fortune, which also released country, gospel and rockabilly LPs and 45s, laid the groundwork for Motown, which became Detroit's most legendary record label.[193]
The MGM Grand Detroit, one of Detroit's three casino resorts and the 16th largest employer in the city
Berry Gordy, Jr. founded Motown Records which rose to prominence during the 1960s and early 1970s with acts such as Stevie Wonder, The Temptations, The Four Tops, Smokey Robinson & The Miracles, Diana Ross & The Supremes, the Jackson 5, Martha and the Vandellas, The Spinners, Gladys Knight & the Pips, The Marvelettes, The Elgins, The Monitors, The Velvelettes and Marvin Gaye. Artists were backed by in-house vocalists[194] The Andantes and The Funk Brothers, the Motown house band that was featured in Paul Justman's 2002 documentary film Standing in the Shadows of Motown, based on Allan Slutsky's book of the same name.
The Motown Sound played an important role in the crossover appeal with popular music, since it was the first African American owned record label to primarily feature African-American artists. Gordy moved Motown to Los Angeles in 1972 to pursue film production, but the company has since returned to Detroit. Aretha Franklin, another Detroit R&B star, carried the Motown Sound; however, she did not record with Berry's Motown Label.[188]
Local artists and bands rose to prominence in the 1960s and 70s including: the MC5, The Stooges, Bob Seger, Amboy Dukes featuring Ted Nugent, Mitch Ryder and The Detroit Wheels, Rare Earth, Alice Cooper, and Suzi Quatro. The group Kiss emphasized the city's connection with rock in the song Detroit Rock City and the movie produced in 1999. In the 1980s, Detroit was an important center of the hardcore punk rock underground with many nationally known bands coming out of the city and its suburbs, such as The Romantics, The Necros, The Meatmen, and Negative Approach.[193]
In the 1990s and the new millennium, the city has produced a number of influential hip hop artists, including Eminem, the hip-hop artist with the highest cumulative sales, hip-hop producer J Dilla, rapper and producer Esham and hip hop duo Insane Clown Posse. The city is also home to rappers Big Sean and Danny Brown. The band Sponge toured and produced music, with artists such as Kid Rock and Uncle Kracker.[188][193] The city also has an active garage rock genre that has generated national attention with acts such as: The White Stripes, The Von Bondies, The Detroit Cobras, The Dirtbombs, Electric Six, and The Hard Lessons.[188]
Detroit is cited as the birthplace of techno music in the early 1980s.[195] The city also lends its name to an early and pioneering genre of electronic dance music, "Detroit techno". Featuring science fiction imagery and robotic themes, its futuristic style was greatly influenced by the geography of Detroit's urban decline and its industrial past.[14] Prominent Detroit techno artists include Juan Atkins, Derrick May, Kevin Saunderson, and Jeff Mills. The Detroit Electronic Music Festival, now known as "Movement", occurs annually in late May on Memorial Day Weekend, and takes place in Hart Plaza. In the early years (2000–2002), this was a landmark event, boasting over a million estimated attendees annually, coming from all over the world to celebrate Techno music in the city of its birth.
Entertainment and performing arts[edit]
Fox Theatre at night in Downtown Detroit
Main article: Theatre in Detroit
Major theaters in Detroit include the Fox Theatre (5,174 seats), Music Hall (1,770 seats), the Gem Theatre (451 seats), Masonic Temple Theatre (4,404 seats), the Detroit Opera House (2,765 seats), the Fisher Theatre (2,089 seats), The Fillmore Detroit (2,200 seats), Saint Andrew's Hall, the Majestic Theater, and Orchestra Hall (2,286 seats) which hosts the renowned Detroit Symphony Orchestra. The Nederlander Organization, the largest controller of Broadway productions in New York City, originated with the purchase of the Detroit Opera House in 1922 by the Nederlander family.[188]
Motown Motion Picture Studios with 535,000 square feet (49,700 m2) produces movies in Detroit and the surrounding area based at the Pontiac Centerpoint Business Campus for a film industry expected to employ over 4,000 people in the metro area.[196]
Tourism[edit]
Main article: Tourism in metropolitan Detroit
Detroit Institute of Arts
Many of the area's prominent museums are located in the historic cultural center neighborhood around Wayne State University and the College for Creative Studies. These museums include the Detroit Institute of Arts, the Detroit Historical Museum, Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History, the Detroit Science Center, as well as the main branch of the Detroit Public Library. Other cultural highlights include Motown Historical Museum, the Ford Piquette Avenue Plant museum (birthplace of the Ford Model T and the world's oldest car factory building open to the public), the Pewabic Pottery studio and school, the Tuskegee Airmen Museum, Fort Wayne, the Dossin Great Lakes Museum, the Museum of Contemporary Art Detroit (MOCAD), the Contemporary Art Institute of Detroit (CAID), and the Belle Isle Conservatory.
In 2010, the G.R. N'Namdi Gallery opened in a 16,000-square-foot (1,500 m2) complex in Midtown. Important history of America and the Detroit area are exhibited at The Henry Ford in Dearborn, the United States' largest indoor-outdoor museum complex.[197] The Detroit Historical Society provides information about tours of area churches, skyscrapers, and mansions. Inside Detroit, meanwhile, hosts tours, educational programming, and a downtown welcome center. Other sites of interest are the Detroit Zoo in Royal Oak, the Cranbrook Art Museum in Bloomfield Hills, the Anna Scripps Whitcomb Conservatory on Belle Isle, and Walter P. Chrysler Museum in Auburn Hills.[93]
Eastern Market
The city's Greektown and three downtown casino resort hotels serve as part of an entertainment hub. The Eastern Market farmer's distribution center is the largest open-air flowerbed market in the United States and has more than 150 foods and specialty businesses.[198] On Saturdays, about 45,000 people shop the city's historic Eastern Market.[199] The Midtown and the New Center area are centered on Wayne State University and Henry Ford Hospital. Midtown has about 50,000 residents and attracts millions of visitors each year to its museums and cultural centers;[200] for example, the Detroit Festival of the Arts in Midtown draws about 350,000 people.[200]
Annual summer events include the Electronic Music Festival, International Jazz Festival, the Woodward Dream Cruise, the African World Festival, the country music Hoedown, Noel Night, and Dally in the Alley. Within downtown, Campus Martius Park hosts large events, including the annual Motown Winter Blast. As the world's traditional automotive center, the city hosts the North American International Auto Show. Held since 1924, America's Thanksgiving Parade is one of the nation's largest.[201] River Days, a five-day summer festival on the International Riverfront lead up to the Windsor–Detroit International Freedom Festival fireworks, which draw super sized-crowds ranging from hundreds of thousands to over three million people.[181][188][202]
An important civic sculpture in Detroit is The Spirit of Detroit by Marshall Fredericks at the Coleman Young Municipal Center. The image is often used as a symbol of Detroit and the statue itself is occasionally dressed in sports jerseys to celebrate when a Detroit team is doing well.[203] A memorial to Joe Louis at the intersection of Jefferson and Woodward Avenues was dedicated on October 16, 1986. The sculpture, commissioned by Sports Illustrated and executed by Robert Graham, is a 24-foot (7.3 m) long arm with a fisted hand suspended by a pyramidal framework.[204]
Artist Tyree Guyton created the controversial street art exhibit known as the Heidelberg Project in 1986, using found objects including cars, clothing and shoes found in the neighborhood near and on Heidelberg Street on the near East Side of Detroit.[188] Guyton continues to work with neighborhood residents and tourists in constantly evolving the neighborhood-wide art installation.
Sports[edit]
Looking toward Ford Field the night of Super Bowl XL
Further information: Sports in Detroit and U.S. cities with teams from four major sports
Detroit is one of 13 American metropolitan areas that are home to professional teams representing the four major sports in North America. All these teams play in the city of Detroit itself. There are three active major sports venues in the city: Comerica Park (home of the Major League Baseball team Detroit Tigers), Ford Field (home of the NFL's Detroit Lions), and Little Caesars Arena (home of the NHL's Detroit Red Wings and the NBA's Detroit Pistons). A 1996 marketing campaign promoted the nickname "Hockeytown".[188]
The Detroit Tigers have won four World Series titles. The Detroit Red Wings have won 11 Stanley Cups (the most by an American NHL franchise).[205] The Detroit Lions have won 4 NFL titles. The Detroit Pistons have won three NBA titles.[188] With the Pistons' first of three NBA titles in 1989, the city of Detroit has won titles in all four of the major professional sports leagues. Two new downtown stadiums for the Detroit Tigers and Detroit Lions opened in 2000 and 2002, respectively, returning the Lions to the city proper.
In college sports, Detroit's central location within the Mid-American Conference has made it a frequent site for the league's championship events. While the MAC Basketball Tournament moved permanently to Cleveland starting in 2000, the MAC Football Championship Game has been played at Ford Field in Detroit since 2004, and annually attracts 25,000 to 30,000 fans. The University of Detroit Mercy has a NCAA Division I program, and Wayne State University has both NCAA Division I and II programs. The NCAA football Little Caesars Pizza Bowl is held at Ford Field each December.
The local soccer team is called the Detroit City Football Club and was founded in 2012. The team plays in the National Premier Soccer League, and its nickname is Le Rouge.[206]
Ford Field, home of the Detroit Lions
The city hosted the 2005 MLB All-Star Game, 2006 Super Bowl XL, 2006 and 2012 World Series, WrestleMania 23 in 2007, and the NCAA Final Four in April 2009. The city hosted the Detroit Indy Grand Prix on Belle Isle Park from 1989 to 2001, 2007 to 2008, and 2012 and beyond. In 2007, open-wheel racing returned to Belle Isle with both Indy Racing League and American Le Mans Series Racing.[207]
In the years following the mid-1930s, Detroit was referred to as the "City of Champions" after the Tigers, Lions, and Red Wings captured all three major professional sports championships in a seven-month period of time (the Tigers won the World Series in October 1935; the Lions won the NFL championship in December 1935; the Red Wings won the Stanley Cup in April 1936).[186] In 1932, Eddie "The Midnight Express" Tolan from Detroit won the 100- and 200-meter races and two gold medals at the 1932 Summer Olympics. Joe Louis won the heavyweight championship of the world in 1937.
Detroit has made the most bids to host the Summer Olympics without ever being awarded the games: seven unsuccessful bids for the 1944, 1952, 1956, 1960, 1964, 1968 and 1972 games.[188]
Law and government[edit]
Further information: Government of Detroit and List of mayors of Detroit
The Coleman A. Young Municipal Center houses the City of Detroit offices. Shown here is The Spirit of Detroit statue.
The Guardian Building serves as the headquarters of Wayne County, Michigan.
The city is governed pursuant to the Home Rule Charter of the City of Detroit. The city government is run by a mayor and a nine-member city council and clerk. Seven city council members are elected via district while two are elected at large. The mayor and clerk are elected in an at large election as well. Since voters approved the city's charter in 1974, Detroit has had a "strong mayoral" system, with the mayor approving departmental appointments. The council approves budgets but the mayor is not obligated to adhere to any earmarking. City ordinances and substantially large contracts must be approved by the council.[208] The Detroit City Code is the codification of Detroit's local ordinances.
The city clerk supervises elections and is formally charged with the maintenance of municipal records. Municipal elections for mayor, city council and city clerk are held at four-year intervals, in the year after presidential elections.[208] Following a November 2009 referendum, seven council members will be elected from districts beginning in 2013 while two will continue to be elected at-large.[209]
Detroit's courts are state-administered and elections are nonpartisan. The Probate Court for Wayne County is located in the Coleman A. Young Municipal Center in downtown Detroit. The Circuit Court is located across Gratiot Avenue in the Frank Murphy Hall of Justice, in downtown Detroit. The city is home to the Thirty-Sixth District Court, as well as the First District of the Michigan Court of Appeals and the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan. The city provides law enforcement through the Detroit Police Department and emergency services through the Detroit Fire Department.
Crime[edit]
Further information: Crime in Detroit and Detroit Police Department
Theodore Levin United States Courthouse, Downtown
Detroit has struggled with high crime for decades. Detroit held the title of murder capital between 1985–1987 with a murder rate around 58 per 100,000.[210] Crime has since decreased and, in 2014, the murder rate was 43.4 per 100,000, lower than in St. Louis, Missouri.[211]
About half of all murders in Michigan in 2015 occurred in Detroit.[212][213] Although the rate of violent crime dropped 11% in 2008,[214] violent crime in Detroit has not declined as much as the national average from 2007 to 2011.[215] The violent crime rate is one of the highest in the United States. Neighborhoodscout.com reported a crime rate of 62.18 per 1,000 residents for property crimes, and 16.73 per 1,000 for violent crimes (compared to national figures of 32 per 1,000 for property crimes and 5 per 1,000 for violent crime in 2008).[216] Annual statistics released by the Detroit Police Department for 2016 indicate that while the city's overall crime rate declined that year, the murder rate rose from 2015.[217] In 2016 there were 302 homicides in Detroit, a 2.37% increase in the number of murder victims from the preceding year.[217]
The city's downtown typically has lower crime than national and state averages.[218] According to a 2007 analysis, Detroit officials note that about 65 to 70 percent of homicides in the city were drug related,[219] with the rate of unsolved murders roughly 70%.[118]
Areas of the city closer to the Detroit River are also patrolled by the United States Border Patrol.
In 2012, crime in the city was among the reasons for more expensive car insurance.[220]
Politics[edit]
In 2013 Mike Duggan was elected Mayor of Detroit[221]
Beginning with its incorporation in 1802, Detroit has had a total of 74 mayors. Detroit's last mayor from the Republican Party was Louis Miriani, who served from 1957 to 1962. In 1973, the city elected its first black mayor, Coleman Young. Despite development efforts, his combative style during his five terms in office was not well received by many suburban residents.[222] Mayor Dennis Archer, a former Michigan Supreme Court Justice, refocused the city's attention on redevelopment with a plan to permit three casinos downtown. By 2008, three major casino resort hotels established operations in the city.
In 2000, the city requested an investigation by the United States Justice Department into the Detroit Police Department which was concluded in 2003 over allegations regarding its use of force and civil rights violations. The city proceeded with a major reorganization of the Detroit Police Department.[223]
Public finances[edit]
In March 2013, Governor Rick Snyder declared a financial emergency in the city, stating that the city has a $327 million budget deficit and faces more than $14 billion in long-term debt. It has been making ends meet on a month-to-month basis with the help of bond money held in a state escrow account and has instituted mandatory unpaid days off for many city workers. Those troubles, along with underfunded city services, such as police and fire departments, and ineffective turnaround plans from Bing and the City Council[224] led the state of Michigan to appoint an emergency manager for Detroit on March 14, 2013. On June 14, 2013 Detroit defaulted on $2.5 billion of debt by withholding $39.7 million in interest payments, while Emergency Manager Kevyn Orr met with bondholders and other creditors in an attempt to restructure the city's $18.5 billion debt and avoid bankruptcy.[225] On July 18, 2013, the City of Detroit filed for Chapter 9 bankruptcy protection.[226][227] It was declared bankrupt by U.S. judge Stephen Rhodes on December 3, with its $18.5 billion debt he said in accepting the city's contention that it is broke and that negotiations with its thousands of creditors were infeasible.[74] The city levies an income tax of 2.4 percent on residents and 1.2 percent on nonresidents.[228]
Education[edit]
Colleges and universities[edit]
See also: Colleges and universities in Metro Detroit
Old Main, a historic building at Wayne State University, originally built as Detroit Central High School.
Sacred Heart Major Seminary
Commons at University of Detroit Mercy
Detroit is home to several institutions of higher learning including Wayne State University, a national research university with medical and law schools in the Midtown area offering hundreds of academic degrees and programs. The University of Detroit Mercy, located in Northwest Detroit in the University District, is a prominent Roman Catholic co-educational university affiliated with the Society of Jesus (the Jesuits) and the Sisters of Mercy. The University of Detroit Mercy offers more than a hundred academic degrees and programs of study including business, dentistry, law, engineering, architecture, nursing and allied health professions. The University of Detroit Mercy School of Law is located Downtown across from the Renaissance Center.
Sacred Heart Major Seminary, founded in 1919, is affiliated with Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum in Rome and offers pontifical degrees as well as civil undergraduate and graduate degrees. Sacred Heart Major Seminary offers a variety of academic programs for both clerical and lay students. Other institutions in the city include the College for Creative Studies, Lewis College of Business, Marygrove College and Wayne County Community College. In June 2009, the Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine which is based in East Lansing opened a satellite campus located at the Detroit Medical Center. The University of Michigan was established in 1817 in Detroit and later moved to Ann Arbor in 1837. In 1959, University of Michigan–Dearborn was established in neighboring Dearborn.
Primary and secondary schools[edit]
Public schools and charter schools[edit]
With about 66,000 public school students (2011–12), the Detroit Public Schools (DPS) district is the largest school district in Michigan. Detroit has an additional 56,000 charter school students for a combined enrollment of about 122,000 students.[229][230] As of 2009[update] there are about as many students in charter schools as there are in district schools.[231]
In 1999, the Michigan Legislature removed the locally elected board of education amid allegations of mismanagement and replaced it with a reform board appointed by the mayor and governor. The elected board of education was re-established following a city referendum in 2005. The first election of the new 11-member board of education occurred on November 8, 2005.[232]
Due to growing Detroit charter schools enrollment as well as a continued exodus of population, the city planned to close many public schools.[229] State officials report a 68% graduation rate for Detroit's public schools adjusted for those who change schools.[233][234]
Public and charter school students in the city have performed poorly on standardized tests. While Detroit public schools scored a record low on national tests, the publicly funded charter schools did even worse than the public schools.[235][236]
Detroit public schools students scored the lowest on tests of reading and writing of all major cities in the United States in 2015. Among eighth-graders, only 27% showed basic proficiency in math and 44% in reading.[237] Nearly half of Detroit's adults are functionally illiterate.[238]
Private schools[edit]
Detroit is served by various private schools, as well as parochial Roman Catholic schools operated by the Archdiocese of Detroit. As of 2013[update] there are four Catholic grade schools and three Catholic high schools in the City of Detroit, with all of them in the city's west side.[239] The Archdiocese of Detroit lists a number of primary and secondary schools in the metro area as Catholic education has emigrated to the suburbs.[240][241] Of the three Catholic high schools in the city, two are operated by the Society of Jesus and the third is co-sponsored by the Sisters, Servants of the Immaculate Heart of Mary and the Congregation of St. Basil.[242][243]
In the 1964–1965 school year there were about 110 Catholic grade schools in Detroit, Hamtramck, and Highland Park and 55 Catholic high schools in those three cities. The Catholic school population in Detroit has decreased due to the increase of charter schools, increasing tuition at Catholic schools, the small number of African-American Catholics, White Catholics moving to suburbs, and the decreased number of teaching nuns.[239]
Media[edit]
Main article: Media in Detroit
The Detroit Public Library
The Detroit Free Press and The Detroit News are the major daily newspapers, both broadsheet publications published together under a joint operating agreement called the Detroit Newspaper Partnership. Media philanthropy includes the Detroit Free Press high school journalism program and the Old Newsboys' Goodfellow Fund of Detroit.[244] In March 2009, the two newspapers reduced home delivery to three days a week, print reduced newsstand issues of the papers on non-delivery days and focus resources on Internet-based news delivery.[245] The Metro Times, founded in 1980, is a weekly publication, covering news, arts & entertainment.[246]
Also founded in 1935 and based in Detroit the Michigan Chronicle is one of the oldest and most respected African-American weekly newspapers in America. Covering politics, entertainment, sports and community events.[247] The Detroit television market is the 11th largest in the United States;[248] according to estimates that do not include audiences located in large areas of Ontario, Canada (Windsor and its surrounding area on broadcast and cable TV, as well as several other cable markets in Ontario, such as the city of Ottawa) which receive and watch Detroit television stations.[248]
Detroit has the 11th largest radio market in the United States,[249] though this ranking does not take into account Canadian audiences.[249] Nearby Canadian stations such as Windsor's CKLW (whose jingles formerly proclaimed "CKLW-the Motor City") are popular in Detroit.
Hardcore Pawn, an American documentary reality television series produced for truTV, features the day-to-day operations of American Jewelry and Loan, a family-owned pawn shop on Greenfield Road.
Infrastructure[edit]
Health systems[edit]
Within the city of Detroit, there are over a dozen major hospitals which include the Detroit Medical Center (DMC), Henry Ford Health System, St. John Health System, and the John D. Dingell VA Medical Center. The DMC, a regional Level I trauma center, consists of Detroit Receiving Hospital and University Health Center, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Harper University Hospital, Hutzel Women's Hospital, Kresge Eye Institute, Rehabilitation Institute of Michigan, Sinai-Grace Hospital, and the Karmanos Cancer Institute. The DMC has more than 2,000 licensed beds and 3,000 affiliated physicians. It is the largest private employer in the City of Detroit.[250] The center is staffed by physicians from the Wayne State University School of Medicine, the largest single-campus medical school in the United States, and the United States' fourth largest medical school overall.[250]
Detroit Medical Center formally became a part of Vanguard Health Systems on December 30, 2010, as a for profit corporation. Vanguard has agreed to invest nearly $1.5 B in the Detroit Medical Center complex which will include $417 M to retire debts, at least $350 M in capital expenditures and an additional $500 M for new capital investment.[251][252] Vanguard has agreed to assume all debts and pension obligations.[251] The metro area has many other hospitals including William Beaumont Hospital, St. Joseph's, and University of Michigan Medical Center.
In 2011, Detroit Medical Center and Henry Ford Health System substantially increased investments in medical research facilities and hospitals in the city's Midtown and New Center.[251][253]
In 2012, two major construction projects were begun in New Center, the Henry Ford Health System started the first phase of a $500 million, 300-acre revitalization project, with the construction of a new $30 million, 275,000-square-foot, Medical Distribution Center for Cardinal Health, Inc.[254][255] and Wayne State University started construction on a new $93 million, 207,000-square-foot, Integrative Biosciences Center (IBio).[256][257] As many as 500 researchers, and staff will work out of the IBio Center. [258]
Transportation[edit]
Main article: Transportation in metropolitan Detroit
Rosa Parks bus terminal downtown
With its proximity to Canada and its facilities, ports, major highways, rail connections and international airports, Detroit is an important transportation hub. The city has three international border crossings, the Ambassador Bridge, Detroit–Windsor Tunnel and Michigan Central Railway Tunnel, linking Detroit to Windsor, Ontario. The Ambassador Bridge is the single busiest border crossing in North America, carrying 27% of the total trade between the U.S. and Canada.[259]
On February 18, 2015, Canadian Transport Minister Lisa Raitt announced that Canada has agreed to pay the entire cost to build a $250 million U.S. Customs plaza adjacent to the planned new Detroit–Windsor bridge, now the Gordie Howe International Bridge. Canada had already planned to pay for 95% of the bridge, which will cost $2.1 billion, and is expected to open in 2020. "This allows Canada and Michigan to move the project forward immediately to its next steps which include further design work and property acquisition on the U.S. side of the border," Raitt said in a statement issued after she spoke in the House of Commons. [260]
Transit systems[edit]
People Mover train comes into the Renaissance Center station
Mass transit in the region is provided by bus services. The Detroit Department of Transportation (DDOT) provides service to the outer edges of the city. From there, the Suburban Mobility Authority for Regional Transportation (SMART) provides service to the suburbs. Cross border service between the downtown areas of Windsor and Detroit is provided by Transit Windsor via the Tunnel Bus.[261]
An elevated rail system known as the People Mover, completed in 1987, provides daily service around a 2.94 miles (4.73 km) loop downtown. The QLINE serves as a link between the Detroit People Mover and Detroit Amtrak station via Woodward Avenue.[262] The SEMCOG Commuter Rail line will extend from Detroit's New Center, connecting to Ann Arbor via Dearborn, Wayne, and Ypsilanti when it is opened.[263]
The Regional Transit Authority (RTA) was established by an act of the Michigan legislature in December 2012 to oversee and coordinate all existing regional mass transit operations, and to develop new transit services in the region. The RTA's first project was the introduction of RelfeX, a limited-stop, cross-county bus service connecting downtown and midtown Detroit with Oakland and Macomb counties via Woodward and Gratiot avenues.[264]
Amtrak provides service to Detroit, operating its Wolverine service between Chicago and Pontiac. The Amtrak station is located in New Center north of downtown. The J. W. Westcott II, which delivers mail to lake freighters on the Detroit River, is the world's only floating post office.[265]
Airports[edit]
Aerial of Detroit Metro Airport, one of the largest air traffic hubs in the US
Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport (DTW), the principal airport serving Detroit, is located in nearby Romulus. DTW is a primary hub for Delta Air Lines (following its acquisition of Northwest Airlines), and a secondary hub for Spirit Airlines.
Coleman A. Young International Airport (DET), previously called Detroit City Airport, is on Detroit's northeast side; the airport now maintains only charter service and general aviation.[266] Willow Run Airport, in far-western Wayne County near Ypsilanti, is a general aviation and cargo airport.
Freeways[edit]
Main article: Roads and freeways in metropolitan Detroit
Metro Detroit has an extensive toll-free network of freeways administered by the Michigan Department of Transportation. Four major Interstate Highways surround the city. Detroit is connected via Interstate 75 (I-75) and I-96 to Kings Highway 401 and to major Southern Ontario cities such as London, Ontario and the Greater Toronto Area. I-75 (Chrysler and Fisher freeways) is the region's main north–south route, serving Flint, Pontiac, Troy, and Detroit, before continuing south (as the Detroit–Toledo and Seaway Freeways) to serve many of the communities along the shore of Lake Erie.[267]
I-94 (Edsel Ford Freeway) runs east–west through Detroit and serves Ann Arbor to the west (where it continues to Chicago) and Port Huron to the northeast. The stretch of the current I-94 freeway from Ypsilanti to Detroit was one of America's earlier limited-access highways. Henry Ford built it to link the factories at Willow Run and Dearborn during World War II. A portion was known as the Willow Run Expressway. The I-96 freeway runs northwest–southeast through Livingston, Oakland and Wayne counties and (as the Jeffries Freeway through Wayne County) has its eastern terminus in downtown Detroit.[267]
I-275 runs north–south from I-75 in the south to the junction of I-96 and I-696 in the north, providing a bypass through the western suburbs of Detroit. I-375 is a short spur route in downtown Detroit, an extension of the Chrysler Freeway. I-696 (Reuther Freeway) runs east–west from the junction of I-96 and I-275, providing a route through the northern suburbs of Detroit. Taken together, I-275 and I-696 form a semicircle around Detroit. Michigan state highways designated with the letter M serve to connect major freeways.[267]
Floating Post Office[edit]
Detroit is home to the only floating post office in the United States. In 1948, The J.W. Westscot II became a floating post office servicing the Port of Detroit. Its zip code is 48222. Originally established in 1874 as a maritime reporting agency to inform other vessels about port conditions, the J.W. Westscott II is still in operation today.
Notable people[edit]
Main article: List of people from Detroit
Sister cities[edit]
Detroit has seven sister cities, as designated by Sister Cities International: [268][269]
Chongqing, China
Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Kitwe, Zambia
Minsk, Belarus
Nassau, Bahamas
Toyota, Aichi Prefecture, Japan[270]
Turin, Italy[271]
See also[edit]
Decline of Detroit
History of Detroit
Michigan portal
Metro Detroit portal
New France portal
United States portal
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010.
Jump up ^ Official records for Detroit were kept at downtown from January 1874 to December 1933, Detroit City Airport from February 1934 to March 1966, and at DTW since April 1966. For more information, see ThreadEx.
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Jump up ^ Henion, Andy (March 22, 2007). City puts transit idea in motion.The Detroit News.(About 80,500 people work in downtown Detroit which is 21% of the city's employment base). Retrieved on May 14, 2007.
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Jump up ^ Commemorated in the movie 8 Mile (2002).
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l Gavrilovich, Peter; Bill McGraw (2006). The Detroit Almanac, 2nd edition. Detroit Free Press. ISBN 978-0-937247-48-8.
Jump up ^ "Searching for "Motown" within on Discogs". Discogs.com. Retrieved 2017-07-23.
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Jump up ^ Arts & Culture Archived April 11, 2005, at the Wayback Machine. Detroit Economic Growth Corporation. Retrieved on July 24, 2008. "Detroit is home to the second largest theatre district in the United States."
Jump up ^ "The Graystone Online". Internet Public Library of the University of Michigan. Archived from the original on September 11, 2009. Retrieved May 5, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c Carson, David A. (2005). Noise, and Revolution: The Birth of Detroit Rock 'n' Roll. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-11503-0.
Jump up ^ Girl Groups – Fabulous Females Who Rocked The World, by John Clemente
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^ Jump up to: a b "Midtown". Archived from the original on April 5, 2008. Retrieved 2007-04-05. .Model D Media (April 4, 2008). Retrieved on January 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ "The Parade Company | Home of America's Thanksgiving Day Parade". Theparade.org. Retrieved 2017-07-23.
Jump up ^ Fifth Third Bank rocks the Winter Blast.Michigan Chronicle. (March 14, 2006).
Jump up ^ Baulch, Vivian M. (August 4, 1998). Marshall Fredericks – the Spirit of Detroit Archived July 11, 2012, at Archive.is. Michigan History, The Detroit News. Retrieved on November 23, 2007.
Jump up ^ Sarah Karush, The Associated Press (February 23, 2004). Police arrest two men suspected of vandalizing Joe Louis statue. USA Today.
Jump up ^ "Detroit News. Retrieved on April 8, 2007". Archived from the original on July 10, 2012. Retrieved July 1, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Detroit City Football Club". Detcityfc.com. Retrieved December 9, 2012.
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^ Jump up to: a b Ward, George E. (July 1993). Detroit Charter Revision – A Brief History. Citizens Research Council of Michigan (pdf file).
Jump up ^ Nelson, Gabe (November 3, 2009).Voters overwhelmingly approve Detroit Proposal D.Crains Detroit Business. Retrieved on December 23, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Conservative Media Link Chicago's Crime Wave To Strong Gun Laws, Ignoring Higher Murder Rates In "Gun-Friendly" Cities". Mediamatters.org. July 7, 2015. Retrieved 2017-07-23.
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Jump up ^ "Detroit crime drops". Michigan Live LLC. Retrieved September 18, 2009.
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Jump up ^ "Detroit crime rates and statistics". Neighborhood Scout. Retrieved July 1, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Williams, Corey (January 3, 2017). "Crime in Detroit is down overall in 2016; homicide up by 7." Detroit Free Press. Retrieved January 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Booza, Jason C. (July 23, 2008).Reality v. Perceptions: An Analysis of Crime and Safety in Downtown Detroit. (Archive) Michigan Metropolitan Information Center, Wayne State University Center for Urban Studies. Retrieved August 14, 2011.
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Jump up ^ "Most Expensive Cities for Car Insurance". yahoo.com. February 19, 2012. Retrieved February 19, 2012. I ... it has a high crime rate – it scored an 889 on the City-Data.com 2010 crime index, ... * Source: Runzheimer International. Average insurance rates are as of August 2011, and based on business driving for a 2012 Chevrolet Malibu LS. Assumes $100,000/$300,000/$50,000 liability limits, collision, and comprehensive with $500 deductibles, 100/300 uninsured motorist coverage, and any mandatory insurance coverage.
Jump up ^ Yaccino, Steven (November 6, 2013). "For Detroit's New Mayor, Power, With Conditions". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Detroit's 'great warrior,' Coleman Young, dies (November 29, 1997). CNN.com.
Jump up ^ Lin, Judy and David Joser, (August 30, 2005). Detroit to trim 150 cops, precincts. Detroit News.
Jump up ^ Williams, Corey (March 1, 2013). "Governor declares financial emergency in Detroit – Yahoo! Finance". Finance.yahoo.com. Retrieved March 29, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Debt default by Detroit city rocks bondholders". Detroit Star. Retrieved June 15, 2013.
Jump up ^ "WDIV: Detroit files for Chapter 9 municipal bankruptcy". Clickondetroit.com. July 18, 2013. Retrieved October 31, 2013.
Jump up ^ See generally Chapter 9 bankruptcy petition, July 18, 2013, docket entry 1, In re City of Detroit, Michigan, case no. 13-53846-swr, U.S. Bankr. Court for the Eastern District of Michigan (Detroit Div.), U.S. Bankr. Judge Steven W. Rhodes, Presiding.
Jump up ^ Gibbons, Lauren (August 16, 2017). "Michigan State University, city of East Lansing at odds over proposed income tax". MLive Lansing. Mlive Media Group. Retrieved August 16, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Hing, Julianne (March 17, 2010).Where Have All The Students Gone?.Color Lines.com. Retrieved on August 19, 2010.
Jump up ^ Dawsey, Chastity Pratt (October 20, 2011). Detroit Public Schools hits enrollment goal. Detroit Free Press
Jump up ^ Winerip, Michael. "For Detroit Schools, Mixed Picture on Reforms." The New York Times. March 13, 2011. Retrieved on November 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ LewAllen, Dave (August 3, 2005). Detroiters Vote for New School Board Archived June 21, 2006, at the Wayback Machine.. WXYZ.com.
Jump up ^ Shultz, Marissa and Greg Wilkerson (June 13, 2007).Graduation rate. Detroit News. Retrieved on March 17, 2009.[dead link]
Jump up ^ Detroit Public Schools news (June 15, 2007). Retrieved February 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Resmovits, Joy. "Detroit Charter High Schools Underperform Public Counterparts, Analysis Shows." Huffington Post. July 8, 2011. Updated September 7, 2011.
Jump up ^ Erb, Robin and Chastity Pratt Dawsey. "Detroit students' scores a record low on national test." Detroit Free Press. December 8, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Detroit worst in math, reading scores among big cities". Detroitnews.com. Retrieved 2017-07-23.
Jump up ^ "Nearly Half Of Detroit's Adults Are Functionally Illiterate, Report Finds". Huff Post. May 7, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Detroit area's Catholic schools shrink, but tradition endures" (Archive). Detroit Free Press. February 1, 2013. Retrieved on September 13, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Detroit Catholic high school "sees God in the challenges" [Education Report]". Educationreport.org. Retrieved July 1, 2010.
Jump up ^ Pratt, Chastity, Patricia Montemurri, and Lori Higgins. "PARENTS, KIDS SCRAMBLE AS EDUCATION OPTIONS NARROW." Detroit Free Press. March 17, 2005. A1 News. Retrieved on April 30, 2011.
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Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on January 31, 2009. Retrieved April 21, 2009.
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Jump up ^ "Metro Times". Metro Times. Retrieved December 9, 2012.
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^ Jump up to: a b Nielsen Media Research Local Universe Estimates (September 24, 2005) Archived May 17, 2006, at the Wayback Machine. The Nielson Company
^ Jump up to: a b "Market Ranks and Schedule". Arbitron.com. Retrieved December 31, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Organization History and Profile". Archived from the original on April 15, 2006. Retrieved 2006-04-20. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link) Wayne State University Retrieved January 24, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c "For-profit Vanguard signs deal to buy nonprofit Detroit Medical Center – Detroit News and Information – Crain's Detroit Business". Crainsdetroit.com. June 11, 2010. Retrieved July 1, 2010.
Jump up ^ Anstett, Patricia (March 20, 2010).$1.5 billion for new DMC.Detroit Free Press. DMC.org. Retrieved on June 12, 2010.
Jump up ^ Greene, Jay (April 5, 2010).Henry Ford Health System plans $500 million expansion. Crains Detroit Business. Retrieved on June 12, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Henry Ford Health System Plans $500 Million, 300-Acre Detroit Development". Huffington Post. May 30, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Blight removal in Detroit isn't impossible, but it is difficult".
Jump up ^ Henderson, Tom (April 15, 2012).WSU to build $93M biotech hub. Crains Detroit Business. Retrieved on March 15, 2015.
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Jump up ^ Ambassador Bridge Crossing Summary (May 11, 2005). U.S. Department of Transportation. Retrieved on April 8, 2007.
Jump up ^ "$250M U.S. customs plaza to be paid for by Canada". CBC News. February 18, 2015.
Jump up ^ Transit Windsor. "Routes and Schedules". Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved May 5, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Construction Starts on Detroit Rail". The Mining Journal. Marquette, Michigan. Associated Press. July 28, 2014. p. 5A.
Jump up ^ Ann Arbor – Detroit Regional Rail Project SEMCOG. Retrieved on February 4, 2010.
Jump up ^ Lawrence, Eric D. (September 19, 2016). "New express bus connects Detroit to Somerset mall". Joyce Jenereaux. Retrieved October 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ America's Floating ZIP Code 48222 J.W. Westcott Homepage. Retrieved on April 8, 2007.
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Jump up ^ "International Sister Cities". City.toyota.aichi.jp. Archived from the original on January 17, 2010. Retrieved July 1, 2010.
Jump up ^ Pessotto, Lorenzo. "International Affairs – Twinnings and Agreements". International Affairs Service in cooperation with Servizio Telematico Pubblico. City of Torino. Archived from the original on June 18, 2013. Retrieved August 6, 2013.
Further reading[edit]
Bak, Richard (2001). Detroit Across Three Centuries. Thompson Gale. ISBN 1-58536-001-5.
Barrow, Heather B. Henry Ford's Plan for the American Suburb: Dearborn and Detroit. DeKalb, IL: Northern Illinois University Press, 2015.
Bates, Beth Tompkins. The Making of Black Detroit in the Age of Henry Ford. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2012.
Bergmann, Luke (September 8, 2010). Getting Ghost: Two Young Lives and the Struggle for the Soul of an American City. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-03436-9.
Burton, Clarence M (1896). Cadillac's Village: A History of the Settlement, 1701–1710. Detroit Society for Genealogical Research. ISBN 0-943112-21-4.
Burton, Clarence M (1912). Early Detroit: A sketch of some of the interesting affairs of the olden time. Burton Abstracts. OCLC 926958.
Cangany, Catherine (2014). Frontier Seaport: Detroit's Transformation into an Atlantic Entrepôt. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Catlin, George B. (1923). The Story of Detroit. The Detroit News Association.
Dunnigan, Brian Leigh (2001). Frontier Metropolis, Picturing Early Detroit, 1701–1838. Great Lakes Books. ISBN 0-8143-2767-2.
Farley, Reynolds; et al. (2002). Detroit Divided. Russell Sage Foundation Publications. ISBN 0-87154-281-1.
Farmer, Silas. (1884) (July 1969) The history of Detroit and Michigan, or, The metropolis illustrated: a chronological cyclopaedia of the past and present: including a full record of territorial days in Michigan, and the annuals of Wayne County, in various formats at Open Library.
Farmer, Silas (1889). History of Detroit and Wayne County and Early Michigan. Omnigraphics Inc; Reprint edition (October 1998). ISBN 1-55888-991-4.
Galster, George. (2012). Driving Detroit: The Quest for Respect in the Motor City University of Pennsylvania Press
Gavrilovich, Peter; Bill McGraw (2006). The Detroit Almanac, 2nd edition. Detroit Free Press. ISBN 978-0-937247-48-8.
Hill, Eric J.; John Gallagher (2002). AIA Detroit: The American Institute of Architects Guide to Detroit Architecture. Wayne State University Press. ISBN 0-8143-3120-3.
Parkman, Francis (1994). The Conspiracy of Pontiac. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-8737-2.
Poremba, David Lee (2001). Detroit in Its World Setting. Wayne State University. ISBN 0-8143-2870-9.
Poremba, David Lee (2003). Detroit: A Motor City History (Images of America). Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 0-7385-2435-2.
Powell, L. P (1901). "Detroit, the Queen City," Historic Towns of the Western States (New York).
Sharoff, Robert (2005). American City: Detroit Architecture. Wayne State University Press. ISBN 0-8143-3270-6.
Sobocinski, Melanie Grunow (2005). Detroit and Rome: building on the past. Regents of the University of Michigan. ISBN 0-933691-09-2.
Stahl, Kenneth. (2009). Detroit's Great Rebellion. ISBN 978-0-9799157-0-3.
Taylor, Paul (2013). "Old Slow Town": Detroit during the Civil War. Wayne State University Press. ISBN 978-0-8143-3603-8.
Woodford, Arthur M. (2001). This is Detroit 1701–2001. Wayne State University Press. ISBN 0-8143-2914-4.
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https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit
Detroit – Czech
cs
cs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit
Detroit – Corsican
co
co
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit
Detroit – Welsh
cy
cy
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit
Detroit – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

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values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit
Detroit – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit
Detroit – Estonian
et
et
interlanguage-link-target

values: Ντιτρόιτ – Greek

values:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit
Detroit – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detrojto
Detrojto – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit
Detroit – Extremaduran
ext
ext
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit
Detroit – Basque
eu
eu
interlanguage-link-target

values: دیترویت – Persian

values:
https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit
Detroit – Faroese
fo
fo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit
Detroit – Western Frisian
fy
fy
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit
Detroit – Kikuyu
ki
ki
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit
Detroit – Hakka Chinese
hak
hak
interlanguage-link-target

values: 디트로이트 – Korean

values: Դետրոյթ – Armenian

values: डेट्राइट, मिशिगन – Hindi

values:
https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit
Detroit – Upper Sorbian
hsb
hsb
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit
Detroit – Ido
io
io
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit
Detroit – Igbo
ig
ig
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit
Detroit – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit
Detroit – Icelandic
is
is
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit
Detroit – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values: דטרויט – Hebrew

values: დეტროიტი – Georgian

values: Детройт – Kazakh

values:
https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit
Detroit – Kurdish
ku
ku
interlanguage-link-target

values: Детройт – Kyrgyz

values:
https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroitum
Detroitum – Latin
la
la
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroita
Detroita – Latvian
lv
lv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit
Detroit – Luxembourgish
lb
lb
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroitas
Detroitas – Lithuanian
lt
lt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit
Detroit – Lombard
lmo
lmo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit
Detroit – Hungarian
hu
hu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit
Detroit – Malagasy
mg
mg
interlanguage-link-target

values: डेट्रॉईट – Marathi

values:
https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit
Detroit – Malay
ms
ms
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit
Detroit – Min Dong Chinese
cdo
cdo
interlanguage-link-target

values: Детройт – Chechen

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit
Detroit – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit
Detroit – Norwegian Nynorsk
nn
nn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit
Detroit – Occitan
oc
oc
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroyt
Detroyt – Uzbek
uz
uz
interlanguage-link-target

values: ਡਿਟਰੋਇਟ, ਮਿਸ਼ੀਗਨ – Punjabi

values:
https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit
Detroit – Piedmontese
pms
pms
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit
Detroit – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit
Detroit – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit
Detroit – Tahitian
ty
ty
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit
Detroit – Romanian
ro
ro
interlanguage-link-target

values: Детройт – Russian

values: Детройт – Sakha

values:
https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit
Detroit – Sardinian
sc
sc
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit
Detroit – Scots
sco
sco
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit
Detroit – Saterland Frisian
stq
stq
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit
Detroit – Albanian
sq
sq
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit
Detroit – Sicilian
scn
scn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit
Detroit – Slovak
sk
sk
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit
Detroit – Slovenian
sl
sl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit
Detroit – Silesian
szl
szl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit
Detroit – Somali
so
so
interlanguage-link-target

values: Детроит – Serbian

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit
Detroit – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit
Detroit – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit
Detroit – Tagalog
tl
tl
interlanguage-link-target

values: டிட்ராயிட் – Tamil

values: డెట్రాయిట్ – Telugu

values:
https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit
Detroit – Tetum
tet
tet
interlanguage-link-target

values: ดีทรอยต์ – Thai

values: Детройт – Tajik

values:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit
Detroit – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit
Detroit – Twi
tw
tw
interlanguage-link-target

values: ڈیٹرائٹ – Urdu

values:
https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit
Detroit – Venetian
vec
vec
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit
Detroit – Veps
vep
vep
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit
Detroit – Vietnamese
vi
vi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit
Detroit – Volapük
vo
vo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit
Detroit – Waray
war
war
interlanguage-link-target

values: דעטרויט – Yiddish

values:
https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit
Detroit – Yoruba
yo
yo
interlanguage-link-target

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