text:
Earth Day
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Not to be confused with the electricity switch off called Earth Hour, celebrated in March.
Earth Day
Unofficial Earth Day Flag created by John McConnell. The Ecology Flag was also used.
Significance
support for environmental protection
Begins
1970
Date
April 22
Next time
22 April 2019 (2019-04-22)
Frequency
annual
Earth Day is an annual event celebrated on April 22. Worldwide, various events are held to demonstrate support for environmental protection. First celebrated in 1970, Earth Day events in more than 193 countries[1] are now coordinated globally by the Earth Day Network.[2]
On Earth Day 2016, the landmark Paris Agreement was signed by the United States, China, and some 120 other countries.[3][4][5] This signing satisfied a key requirement for the entry into force of the historic draft climate protection treaty adopted by consensus of the 195 nations present at the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Paris.
In 1969 at a UNESCO Conference in San Francisco, peace activist John McConnell proposed a day to honor the Earth and the concept of peace, to first be celebrated on March 21, 1970, the first day of spring in the northern hemisphere. This day of nature's equipoise was later sanctioned in a proclamation written by McConnell and signed by Secretary General U Thant at the United Nations. A month later a separate Earth Day was founded by United States Senator Gaylord Nelson as an environmental teach-in first held on April 22, 1970. Nelson was later awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom award in recognition of his work.[6] While this April 22 Earth Day was focused on the United States, an organization launched by Denis Hayes, who was the original national coordinator in 1970, took it international in 1990 and organized events in 141 nations.[7][8]
Numerous communities celebrate Earth Week, an entire week of activities focused on the environmental issues that the world faces. In 2017, the March for Science occurred on Earth Day (April 22, 2017) and was followed by the People's Climate Mobilization (April 29, 2017).
Contents
[hide]
1 Santa Barbara Oil Blowout 1969
2 Santa Barbara’s Environmental Rights Day 1970
3 Earth Day 1970
3.1 New York City
3.2 Philadelphia
4 Earth Day 1990
5 Earth Day 2000
6 Subsequent Earth Day events
7 The Earth Day name
8 Earth Day Canada
9 History of the Equinox Earth Day (March 20)
10 April 22 observances
10.1 Growing eco-activism before Earth Day 1970
10.2 Significance of April 22
11 Earth Day songs
12 See also
13 References
14 External links
Santa Barbara Oil Blowout 1969
Main article: 1969 Santa Barbara oil spill
On January 28, 1969, a well drilled by Union Oil Platform A off the coast of Santa Barbara, California, blew out. More than three million gallons of oil spewed, killing over 10,000 seabirds, dolphins, seals, and sea lions. As a reaction to this natural disaster, activists were mobilized to create environmental regulation, environmental education, and Earth Day. Among the proponents of Earth Day were the people in the front lines of fighting this disaster, Selma Rubin, Marc McGinnes, and Bud Bottoms, founder of Get Oil Out.[9] According to Kate Wheeling, Denis Hayes told her that Senator Gaylord Nelson from Wisconsin saw the Santa Barbara Channel 800 square-mile oil slick from an airplane, which gave him the impetus to organize Earth Day.[10]
Santa Barbara’s Environmental Rights Day 1970
On the first anniversary of the oil blowout, January 28,1970, Environmental Rights Day is celebrated, where the Declaration of Environmental Rights is read. It had been written by Rod Nash during a boat trip across the Santa Barbara Channel while carrying a copy of Thomas Jefferson's Declaration of Independence.[11] The organizers of Environmental Rights Day, led by Marc McGinnes, had been working closely over a period of several months with Congressman Pete McCloskey (R-CA) to consult on the creation of the National Environmental Policy Act, the first of many new environmental protection laws sparked by the national outcry about the blowout/oil spill and on the Declaration of Environmental Rights. Both McCloskey (Earth Day co-chair with Senator Gaylord Nelson) and Earth Day organizer Denis Hayes, along with Senator Alan Cranston, Paul Ehrlich, David Brower and other prominent leaders, endorsed the Declaration and spoke about it at the Environmental Rights Day conference. According to Francis Sarguis, "the conference was sort of like the baptism for the movement."[12] Nash, Garrett Hardin, McGinnes and others went on to develop the first undergraduate Environmental Studies program of its kind at the University of California at Santa Barbara.[13]
Earth Day 1970
President Richard Nixon and First Lady Pat Nixon plant a tree on the White House South Lawn to recognize the first Earth Day.
The first Earth Day celebrations took place in two thousand colleges and universities, roughly ten thousand primary and secondary schools, and hundreds of communities across the United States. More importantly, it "brought 20 million Americans out into the spring sunshine for peaceful demonstrations in favor of environmental reform."[14] It now is observed in 192 countries, and coordinated by the nonprofit Earth Day Network, chaired by the first Earth Day 1970 organizer Denis Hayes, according to whom Earth Day is now "the largest secular holiday in the world, celebrated by more than a billion people every year."[15] Walt Kelly created an anti-pollution poster featuring his comic strip character Pogo with the quotation "We have met the enemy and he is us" to promote the 1970 Earth Day. Environmental groups have sought to make Earth Day into a day of action to change human behavior and provoke policy changes.[16]
New York City
In the winter of 1969–1970, a group of students met at Columbia University to hear Denis Hayes talk about his plans for Earth Day. Among the group were Fred Kent, Pete Grannis, and Kristin and William Hubbard. This group agreed to head up the New York City activities within the national movement. Fred Kent took the lead in renting an office and recruiting volunteers. "The big break came when Mayor Lindsay agreed to shut down Fifth Avenue for the event. A giant cheer went up in the office on that day," according to Kristin Hubbard (now Kristin Alexandre). 'From that time on we used Mayor Lindsay's offices and even his staff. I was Speaker Coordinator but had tremendous help from Lindsay staffer Judith Crichton."
U.S. Senator Edmund Muskie speaking at Fairmount Park, Philadelphia on Earth Day, 1970
In addition to shutting down Fifth Avenue, Mayor John Lindsay made Central Park available for Earth Day. In Union Square, New York Times estimated crowds of up to 20,000 people at any given time and, perhaps, as many as over 100,000 over the course of the day.[17] Since Manhattan was also the home of NBC, CBS, ABC, The New York Times, Time, and Newsweek, it provided the best possible anchor for national coverage from their reporters throughout the country.[18]
Philadelphia
U.S. Senator Edmund Muskie was the keynote speaker on Earth Day in Fairmount Park in Philadelphia. Other notable attendees included consumer protection activist and presidential candidate Ralph Nader; Landscape Architect Ian McHarg; Nobel prize-winning Harvard Biochemist, George Wald; U.S. Senate Minority Leader, Hugh Scott; and poet, Allen Ginsberg.
Earth Day 1990
Mobilizing 200 million people in 141 countries and lifting the status of environmental issues onto the world stage, Earth Day activities in 1990 gave a huge boost to recycling efforts worldwide and helped pave the way for the 1992 United Nations Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro. Unlike the first Earth Day in 1970, this 20th Anniversary was waged with stronger marketing tools, greater access to television and radio, and multimillion-dollar budgets.[19]
The official logo of the Mount Everest Earth Day 20 International Peace Climb
Two separate groups formed to sponsor Earth Day events in 1990: The Earth Day 20 Foundation, assembled by Edward Furia (Project Director of Earth Week in 1970), and Earth Day 1990, assembled by Denis Hayes (National Coordinator for Earth Day 1970). Senator Gaylord Nelson, the original founder of Earth Day, was honorary chairman for both groups. The two did not combine forces over disagreements about leadership of combined organization and incompatible structures and strategies.[19] Among the disagreements, key Earth Day 20 Foundation organizers were critical of Earth Day 1990 for including on their board Hewlett-Packard, a company that at the time was the second-biggest emitter of chlorofluorocarbons in Silicon Valley and refused to switch to alternative solvents.[19] In terms of marketing, Earth Day 20 had a grassroots approach to organizing and relied largely on locally based groups like the National Toxics Campaign, a Boston-based coalition of 1,000 local groups concerned with industrial pollution. Earth Day 1990 employed strategies including focus group testing, direct mail fund raising, and email marketing.[19]
The Earth Day 20 Foundation highlighted its April 22 activities in George, Washington, near the Columbia River with a live satellite phone call with members of the historic Earth Day 20 International Peace Climb who called from their base camp on Mount Everest to pledge their support for world peace and attention to environmental issues.[20] The Earth Day 20 International Peace Climb was led by Jim Whittaker, the first American to summit Mt. Everest (many years earlier), and marked the first time in history that mountaineers from the United States, Soviet Union, and China had roped together to climb a mountain, let alone Mt. Everest.[20] The group also collected more than two tons of trash (transported down the mountain by support groups along the way) that was left behind on Mount Everest from previous climbing expeditions. The master of ceremonies for the Columbia Gorge event was the TV star, John Ratzenberger, from "Cheers", and the headlining musician was the "Father of Rock and Roll," Chuck Berry.[20]
Warner Bros. Records released an Earth Day-themed single in 1990 entitled "Tomorrow's World", written by Kix Brooks (who would later become one-half of Brooks & Dunn) and Pam Tillis.[21] The song featured vocals from Lynn Anderson, Butch Baker, Shane Barmby, Billy Hill, Suzy Bogguss, Kix Brooks, T. Graham Brown, The Burch Sisters, Holly Dunn, Foster & Lloyd, Vince Gill, William Lee Golden, Highway 101, Shelby Lynne, Johnny Rodriguez, Dan Seals, Les Taylor, Pam Tillis, Mac Wiseman, and Kevin Welch. It charted at number 74 on the Hot Country Songs chart dated May 5, 1990.[22]
Earth Day 2000
Earth Day 2000 combined the ambitious spirit of the first Earth Day with the international grassroots activism of Earth Day 1990. This was the first year that Earth Day used the Internet as its principal organizing tool, and it proved invaluable nationally and internationally. Kelly Evans, a professional political organizer, served as executive director of the 2000 campaign. The event ultimately enlisted more than 5,000 environmental groups outside the United States, reaching hundreds of millions of people in a record 183 countries.[23] Leonardo DiCaprio was the official host for the event,[23] and about 400,000 participants stood in the cold rain during the course of the day.
Subsequent Earth Day events
Earth Day 2007 at San Diego City College in San Diego, California
To turn Earth Day into a sustainable annual event rather than one that occurred every 10 years, Nelson and Bruce Anderson, New Hampshire's lead organizers in 1990, formed Earth Day USA. Building on the momentum created by thousands of community organizers around the world, Earth Day USA coordinated the next five Earth Day celebrations through 1995, including the launch of EarthDay.org. Following the 25th Anniversary in 1995, the coordination baton was handed to Earth Day Network.
As the millennium approached, Hayes agreed to spearhead another campaign, this time focusing on global warming and pushing for clean energy. The April 22 Earth Day in 2000 combined the big-picture feistiness of the first Earth Day with the international grassroots activism of Earth Day 1990. For 2000, Earth Day had the internet to help link activists around the world. By the time April 22 came around, 5,000 environmental groups around the world were on board reaching out to hundreds of millions of people in a record 184 countries. Events varied: A talking drum chain traveled from village to village in Gabon, Africa, for example, while hundreds of thousands of people gathered on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., USA.
Earth Day 2007 was one of the largest Earth Days to date, with many people participating in the activities in thousands of places including Kiev, Ukraine; Caracas, Venezuela; Tuvalu; Manila, Philippines; Togo; Madrid, Spain; London; and New York.
For Earth Day 2017, the Earth Day Network created four toolkits to aid organizations wanting to hold teach-ins to celebrate the theme "Environmental and Climate Literacy."[24] The four toolkits are:
Earth Day Action Toolkit: Educating and Activating Communities for Change
Environmental Teach-in Toolkit
Global Day of Conversation Toolkit for Local Governments
MobilizeU: Campus Teach-in Toolkit
2017 also saw the Earth Day Network co-organize the March for Science rally and teach-in at the National Mall in Washington D.C.[24]
The Earth Day name
According to Nelson, the moniker "Earth Day" was "an obvious and logical name" suggested by a lot of other people in the fall of 1969, including, he writes, both "a friend of mine who had been in the field of public relations" and "a New York advertising executive," Julian Koenig.[25] Koenig, who had been on Nelson's organizing committee in 1969, has said that the idea came to him by the coincidence of his birthday with the day selected, April 22; "Earth Day" rhyming with "birthday," the connection seemed natural.[26][27] Other names circulated during preparations—Nelson himself continued to call it the National Environment Teach-In, but national coordinator Denis Hayes used the term Earth Day in his communications and press coverage of the event was "practically unanimous" in its use of "Earth Day," so the name stuck.[25] The introduction of the name "Earth Day" was also claimed by John McConnell (see "Equinox Earth Day," below).[28]
Earth Day Canada
Paul Tinari officially launched the first Canadian Earth Day on September 11, 1980 – included are Flora MacDonald MP, Ken Keyes and Dr. Ronald Watts
The first Canadian Earth Day was held on Thursday, September 11, 1980, and was organized by Paul D. Tinari, then a graduate student in Engineering Physics/Solar Engineering at Queen's University. Flora MacDonald, then MP for Kingston and the Islands and former Canadian Secretary of State for External Affairs, officially opened Earth Day Week on September 6, 1980 with a ceremonial tree planting and encouraged MPs and MPPs across the country to declare a cross-Canada annual Earth Day. The principal activities taking place on the first Earth Day included educational lectures given by experts in various environmental fields, garbage and litter pick-up by students along city roads and highways as well as tree plantings to replace the trees killed by Dutch Elm Disease.[29][30]
History of the Equinox Earth Day (March 20)
The equinoctial Earth Day is celebrated on the March equinox (around March 20) to mark the precise moment of astronomical spring in the Northern Hemisphere, and of astronomical autumn in the Southern Hemisphere. An equinox in astronomy is that point in time (not a whole day) when the Sun is directly above the Earth's equator, occurring around March 20 and September 23 each year. In most cultures, the equinoxes and solstices are considered to start or separate the seasons.
John McConnell[31] first introduced the idea of a global holiday called "Earth Day" at the 1969 UNESCO Conference on the Environment. The first Earth Day proclamation was issued by San Francisco Mayor Joseph Alioto on March 21, 1970. Celebrations were held in various cities, such as San Francisco and in Davis, California with a multi-day street party. UN Secretary-General U Thant supported McConnell's global initiative to celebrate this annual event; and on February 26, 1971, he signed a proclamation to that effect, saying:
May there be only peaceful and cheerful Earth Days to come for our beautiful Spaceship Earth as it continues to spin and circle in frigid space with its warm and fragile cargo of animate life.[32]
United Nations secretary-general Kurt Waldheim observed Earth Day with similar ceremonies on the March equinox in 1972, and the United Nations Earth Day ceremony has continued each year since on the day of the March equinox (the United Nations also works with organizers of the April 22 global event). Margaret Mead added her support for the equinox Earth Day, and in 1978 declared:
"Earth Day is the first holy day which transcends all national borders, yet preserves all geographical integrities, spans mountains and oceans and time belts, and yet brings people all over the world into one resonating accord, is devoted to the preservation of the harmony in nature and yet draws upon the triumphs of technology, the measurement of time, and instantaneous communication through space.
Earth Day draws on astronomical phenomena in a new way – which is also the most ancient way – by using the vernal Equinox, the time when the Sun crosses the equator making the length of night and day equal in all parts of the Earth. To this point in the annual calendar, EARTH DAY attaches no local or divisive set of symbols, no statement of the truth or superiority of one way of life over another. But the selection of the March Equinox makes planetary observance of a shared event possible, and a flag which shows the Earth, as seen from space, appropriate."[33]
At the moment of the equinox, it is traditional to observe Earth Day by ringing the Japanese Peace Bell, which was donated by Japan to the United Nations.[34] Over the years, celebrations have occurred in various places worldwide at the same time as the UN celebration. On March 20, 2008, in addition to the ceremony at the United Nations, ceremonies were held in New Zealand, and bells were sounded in California, Vienna, Paris, Lithuania, Tokyo, and many other locations. The equinox Earth Day at the UN is organized by the Earth Society Foundation.[35]
Earth Day ringing the peace bell is celebrated around the world in many towns, ringing the Peace Bell in Vienna,[36] Berlin, and elsewhere. A memorable event took place at the UN in Geneva, celebrating a Minute for Peace ringing the Japanese Shinagawa Peace Bell with the help of the Geneva Friendship Association and the Global Youth Foundation,[37] directly after in deep mourning about the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant catastrophe 10 days before.
Beside the Spring Equinox for the Northern Hemisphere, the observance of the Spring Equinox for the Southern Hemisphere in September is of equal importance. The International Day of Peace[38] is celebrated on September 21, and can thus be considered to accord with the original intentions of John McConnell, U Thant and others.
April 22 observances
Growing eco-activism before Earth Day 1970
In 1968, Morton Hilbert and the U.S. Public Health Service organized the Human Ecology Symposium, an environmental conference for students to hear from scientists about the effects of environmental degradation on human health.[39] This was the beginning of Earth Day. For the next two years, Hilbert and students worked to plan the first Earth Day.[40] In April 1970—along with a federal proclamation from U.S. Sen. Gaylord Nelson—the first Earth Day was held.[41]
Project Survival, an early environmentalism-awareness education event, was held at Northwestern University on January 23, 1970. This was the first of several events held at university campuses across the United States in the lead-up to the first Earth Day. Also, Ralph Nader began talking about the importance of ecology in 1970.
The 1960s had been a very dynamic period for ecology in the US. Pre-1960 grassroots activism against DDT in Nassau County, New York, and widespread opposition to open-air nuclear weapons tests with their global nuclear fallout, had inspired Rachel Carson to write her influential bestseller, Silent Spring (1962).
Significance of April 22
Global selfie – Earth Day, April 22, 2014.
Nelson chose the date in order to maximize participation on college campuses for what he conceived as an "environmental teach-in". He determined the week of April 19–25 was the best bet as it did not fall during exams or spring breaks.[42] Moreover, it did not conflict with religious holidays such as Easter or Passover, and was late enough in spring to have decent weather. More students were likely to be in class, and there would be less competition with other mid-week events—so he chose Wednesday, April 22. The day also fell after the anniversary of the birth of noted conservationist John Muir. The National Park Service, John Muir National Historic Site, has a celebration every year on or around Earth Day (April 21, 22 or 23), called Birthday-Earth Day, in recognition of Earth Day and John Muir's contribution to the collective consciousness of environmentalism and conservation.[43]
Unbeknownst to Nelson,[44] April 22, 1970, was coincidentally the 100th anniversary of the birth of Vladimir Lenin, when translated to the Gregorian calendar (which the Soviets adopted in 1918). Time reported that some suspected the date was not a coincidence, but a clue that the event was "a Communist trick", and quoted a member of the Daughters of the American Revolution as saying, "subversive elements plan to make American children live in an environment that is good for them."[45] J. Edgar Hoover, director of the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation, may have found the Lenin connection intriguing; it was alleged the FBI conducted surveillance at the 1970 demonstrations.[46] The idea that the date was chosen to celebrate Lenin's centenary still persists in some quarters,[47][48] an idea borne out by the similarity with the subbotnik instituted by Lenin in 1920 as days on which people would have to do community service, which typically consisted in removing rubbish from public property and collecting recyclable material. Subbotniks were also imposed on other countries within the compass of Soviet power, including Eastern Europe, and at the height of its power the Soviet Union established a nationwide subbotnik to be celebrated on Lenin's birthday, April 22, which had been proclaimed a national holiday celebrating communism by Nikita Khrushchev in 1955.
Earth Day songs
See also: Earth Anthem
There are many songs that are performed on Earth Day, that generally fall into two categories. Popular songs by contemporary artists not specific to Earth Day that are under copyright or new lyrics adapted to children's songs.
See also
March for Science (April 22, 2017)
Air pollution
Arbor Day
Net capacity factor
Carbon footprint
Copenhagen Accord
Earth Charter
Earth Hour
Expo '74: "Celebrating Tomorrow's Fresh New Environment"
International Day of Forests
International Mother Earth Day
Live Earth
Pale Blue Dot
World Environment Day by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
World Water Day
Environmental politics
IPCC Fifth Assessment Report
Paris Agreement
Politics of global warming
Under2MOU
References
Jump up ^ "Earth Day International". Archived from the original on March 15, 2010. Retrieved April 15, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Earth Day Network". Earthday.net. Retrieved April 22, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Here's Why the U.S. and China Are Signing the Historic Paris Agreement on Earth Day". whitehouse.gov.
Jump up ^ "Paris Climate Treaty: 'Significant step' as US and China agree to sign". BBC News.
Jump up ^ "'Today is an historic day,' says Ban, as 175 countries sign Paris climate accord". United Nations. April 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Earth Day | Care2 Healthy Living". Care2.com. Retrieved April 24, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Staff — The Builtt Foundation". Bullitt.org. Retrieved April 22, 2011.
Jump up ^ "The Rumpus Interview With Earth Day Organizer Denis Hayes". The Rumpus.net. Retrieved April 22, 2011.
Jump up ^ Kate Wheeling & Max Ufberg date=April 18, 2017. "'The Ocean Is Boiling': The Complete Oral History of the 1969 Santa Barbara Oil Spill". Pacific Standard. Retrieved May 9, 2018. CS1 maint: Missing pipe (link) CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Jonathan Bastian (April 21, 2017). "How the 1969 Santa Barbara oil spill sparked Earth Day". KCRW. Retrieved May 9, 2018.
Jump up ^ Kate Wheeling & Max Ufberg (April 18, 2017). "'The Ocean Is Boiling': The Complete Oral History of the 1969 Santa Barbara Oil Spill". Pacific Standard. Retrieved May 9, 2018. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Kate Wheeling & Max Ufberg (April 18, 2017). "'The Ocean Is Boiling': The Complete Oral History of the 1969 Santa Barbara Oil Spill". Pacific Standard. Retrieved May 9, 2018. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ McGinnes, J. Marc (May 2, 2014). "Environmental Law Series Links Campus and Community in Santa Barbara". The Journal of Environmental Education. Retrieved May 24, 2018.
Jump up ^ Jack Lewis (November 1985). "The Birth of EPA". United States Environmental Protection Agency. Archived from the original on September 22, 2006.
Jump up ^ "About Earth Day Network". Archived from the original on April 23, 2007. Retrieved April 15, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Earth Day: The History of A Movement". Earth Day Network. Retrieved August 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Millions Observe Earth Day with a Variety of Activities Across the Country". New York Times: 30. April 23, 1970 – via ProQuest Historical Newspapers.
Jump up ^ "The Spirit of the First Earth Day". U.S.Environmental Protection Agency. January–February 1990. Archived from the original on March 28, 2010. Retrieved April 22, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "The Business of Earth Day". Nytimes.com. November 12, 1989. Retrieved April 22, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Ellensburg Daily Record – Google News Archive Search".
Jump up ^ Hurst, Jack (April 22, 1990). "Earth calling. . .Help! Cautious Nashville is starting to turn green". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved April 15, 2013.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2008). Hot Country Songs 1944 to 2008. Record Research, Inc. p. 424. ISBN 0-89820-177-2.
^ Jump up to: a b Gerth, Jeff (April 23, 2000). "Peaceful, Easy Feeling Imbues 30th Earth Day". The New York Times. Retrieved April 15, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Earth Day Network releases teach-in toolkits for Earth Day 2017". Davis Enterprise. April 20, 2017. Retrieved April 21, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Gaylord Nelson Papers, State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Box 231, Folder 43.
Jump up ^ "Origin Story". This American Life. Episode 383. June 19, 2009. Archived from the original on June 24, 2009. Retrieved April 15, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Statement by Paul Leventhal on the 25th Anniversary of the Nuclear Control Institute". June 21, 2006. Retrieved April 15, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Who invented Earth Day?". Retrieved March 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ Tait, Teresa (July 23, 1980), "A Little Litter is Too Much", Kingston This Week.
Jump up ^ Wright, Sylvia (July 1980), "Canada's First Earth Day Scheduled for Sept. 11", The Kingston Whig Standard.
Jump up ^ "EarthSite". "EarthSite". Retrieved April 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Earth Day 2004". Retrieved April 15, 2013.
Jump up ^ Margaret Mead, "Earth Day," EPA Journal, March 1978.
Jump up ^ "Japanese Peace Bell". UN.org. Archived from the original on September 28, 2013. Retrieved April 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Earth Society Foundation". "Earth Society Foundation". Retrieved April 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Earth Day 2010". Dorf Wiki. Retrieved April 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Seeds of Change - Heiner Benking's Blog - quergeist.info". Newciv.org. March 21, 2011. Retrieved April 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ "International Day of Peace, 21 September 2012". Retrieved April 15, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Bentley Historical Library Finding Aids". Quod.lib.umich.edu. October 18, 1976. Retrieved April 22, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Historical Timeline – About UM SPH". Sph.umich.edu. Archived from the original on November 9, 2001. Retrieved April 22, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Earth Day co-founder Morton S. Hilbert dies". Ns.umich.edu. January 5, 1999. Retrieved April 22, 2011.
Jump up ^ "A proposal reprinted across the country". Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies. April 18, 2010. Archived from the original on March 26, 2013. Retrieved April 15, 2013.
Jump up ^ https://www.nps.gov/jomu/planyourvisit/john-muir-birthday-earth-day-2016.htm
Jump up ^ Gaylord Nelson; Susan Campbell; Paul R. Wozniak (October 4, 2002). Beyond Earth Day: fulfilling the promise. Univ of Wisconsin Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-299-18040-9. Retrieved April 15, 2013.
Jump up ^ "A Memento Mori to the Earth". Time. May 4, 1970. Retrieved April 15, 2013.
Jump up ^ Finney, John W. (April 15, 1971). "Muski says FBI spied at rallies on '70 Earth Day". The New York Times. p. 1.
Jump up ^ "Of Leo and Lenin: Happy Earth Day from the Religious Right". Church & State. 53 (5): 20. May 2000.
Jump up ^ Marriott, Alexander (April 21, 2004). "This Earth Day Celebrate Vladimir Lenin's Birthday!". Capitalism Magazine. Retrieved April 22, 2007.
External links
Look up earth day in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Earth Day.
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Environment
Wikinews has related news: Earth Day 2008 marked in various ways
Wikinews has related news: Earth Day 2009 celebrated around the globe
Earth Day
Earth Day Network – Coordinating worldwide events for Earth Day
United States Earth Day – The U.S. government's Earth Day site
Earth Day Canada – The Canadian Official Site for Earth Day
Earth Day at The History Channel
EPA Journal: Earth Day – an entire journal dedicated to Earth Day, written in early 1990
Gaylord Nelson and Earth Day: The Making of the Modern Environmental Movement narrative account of the origins of Earth Day, Nelson's political career, as well as online access to documents from the Wisconsin Historical Society's Nelson Papers collection
Equinoctial Earth Day
Earth Society Foundation – Official organization arranging annual equinox Earth Day celebration at the United Nations
[show]
v
t
e
Holidays, observances, and celebrations in Algeria
January
New Year's Day (1)
Yennayer (12)
February
Valentine's Day (14)
Tafsut (28)
March
International Women's Day (8)
Victory Day (19)
World Water Day (22)
Maghrebi Blood Donation Day (30)
Spring vacation (2 last weeks)
April
April Fools' Day (1)
Knowledge Day (16)
Berber Spring (20)
Earth Day (22)
Election Day (Thursday)
May
International Workers' Day (1)
World Press Freedom Day (3)
Mother's Day (last Sunday)
June–July–August
Summer vacation (varies)
June
Children's Day (1)
Father's Day (21)
July
Independence Day (5)
September
International Day of Peace (21)
October
International Day of Non-Violence (2)
Halloween (31)
November
Revolution Day (1)
December
Christmas Eve (24)
Christmas (25)
New Year's Eve (31)
Winter vacation (2 last weeks)
Varies (year round)
Hijri New Year's Day (Muharram 1)
Ashura (Muharram 10)
Mawlid (Rabi' al-Awwal 12)
Ramadan (Ramadan 1)
Laylat al-Qadr (Ramadan 27)
Eid al-Fitr (Shawwal 1)
Day of Arafah (Dhu al-Hijjah 9)
Eid al-Adha (Dhu al-Hijjah 10)
Holi (varies)
Bold indicates major holidays commonly celebrated in Algeria, which often represent the major celebrations of the month.
See also: Lists of holidays.
[show]
v
t
e
Holidays, observances, and celebrations in the United States
January
New Year's Day (federal)
Martin Luther King Jr. Day (federal)
Confederate Heroes Day (TX)
Fred Korematsu Day (CA, FL, HI, VA)
Idaho Human Rights Day (ID)
Inauguration Day (federal quadrennial, DC area)
Kansas Day (KS)
Lee–Jackson Day (formerly Lee–Jackson–King Day) (VA)
Robert E. Lee Day (FL)
Stephen Foster Memorial Day (36)
The Eighth (LA, former federal)
January–February
Super Bowl Sunday
February
American Heart Month
Black History Month
Washington's Birthday/Presidents' Day (federal)
Valentine's Day
Georgia Day (GA)
Groundhog Day
Lincoln's Birthday (CA, CT, IL, IN, MO, NJ, NY, WV)
National Girls and Women in Sports Day
National Freedom Day (36)
Primary Election Day (WI)
Ronald Reagan Day (CA)
Rosa Parks Day (CA, MO)
Susan B. Anthony Day (CA, FL, NY, WI, WV, proposed federal)
February–March
Mardi Gras
Ash Wednesday (religious)
Courir de Mardi Gras (religious)
Super Tuesday
March
Irish-American Heritage Month
National Colon Cancer Awareness Month
Women's History Month
St. Patrick's Day (religious)
Spring break (week)
Casimir Pulaski Day (IL)
Cesar Chavez Day (CA, CO, TX, proposed federal)
Evacuation Day (Suffolk County, MA)
Harriet Tubman Day (NY)
Holi (NY, religious)
Mardi Gras (AL (in two counties), LA)
Maryland Day (MD)
National Poison Prevention Week (week)
Prince Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole Day (HI)
Saint Joseph's Day (religious)
Seward's Day (AK)
Texas Independence Day (TX)
Town Meeting Day (VT)
March–April
Easter (religious)
Palm Sunday (religious)
Passover (religious)
Good Friday (CT, NC, PR, religious)
Easter Monday (religious)
April
Confederate History Month
420 Day
April Fools' Day
Arbor Day
Confederate Memorial Day (AL, MS)
Days of Remembrance of the Victims of the Holocaust (week)
Earth Day
Emancipation Day (DC)
Thomas Jefferson's Birthday (AL)
Pascua Florida (FL)
Patriots' Day (MA, ME)
San Jacinto Day (TX)
Siblings Day
Walpurgis Night (religious)
May
Asian Pacific American Heritage Month
Jewish American Heritage Month
Memorial Day (federal)
Mother's Day (36)
Cinco de Mayo
Harvey Milk Day (CA)
Law Day (36)
Loyalty Day (36)
Malcolm X Day (CA, IL, proposed federal)
May Day
Military Spouse Day
National Day of Prayer (36)
National Defense Transportation Day (36)
National Maritime Day (36)
Peace Officers Memorial Day (36)
Truman Day (MO)
June
Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and
Transgender Pride Month
Father's Day (36)
Bunker Hill Day (Suffolk County, MA)
Carolina Day (SC)
Emancipation Day In Texas / Juneteenth (TX)
Flag Day (36, proposed federal)
Helen Keller Day (PA)
Honor America Days (3 weeks)
Jefferson Davis Day (AL, FL)
Kamehameha Day (HI)
Odunde Festival (Philadelphia, PA)
Senior Week (week)
West Virginia Day (WV)
July
Independence Day (federal)
Lā Hoʻihoʻi Ea (HI, unofficial)
Parents' Day (36)
Pioneer Day (UT)
July–August
Summer vacation
August
American Family Day (AZ)
Barack Obama Day (IL)
Bennington Battle Day (VT)
Hawaii Admission Day / Statehood Day (HI)
Lyndon Baines Johnson Day (TX)
National Aviation Day (36)
Service Reduction Day (MD)
Victory over Japan Day (RI, former federal)
Women's Equality Day (36)
September
Prostate Cancer Awareness Month
Labor Day (federal)
California Admission Day (CA)
Carl Garner Federal Lands Cleanup Day (36)
Constitution Day (36)
Constitution Week (week)
Defenders Day (MD)
Gold Star Mother's Day (36)
National Grandparents Day (36)
National Payroll Week (week)
Native American Day (CA, TN, proposed federal)
Patriot Day (36)
September–October
Hispanic Heritage Month
Oktoberfest
Rosh Hashanah (religious)
Yom Kippur (religious)
October
Breast Cancer Awareness Month
Disability Employment Awareness Month
Filipino American History Month
LGBT History Month
Columbus Day (federal)
Halloween
Alaska Day (AK)
Child Health Day (36)
General Pulaski Memorial Day
German-American Day
Indigenous Peoples' Day (VT)
International Day of Non-Violence
Leif Erikson Day (36)
Missouri Day (MO)
National School Lunch Week
Native American Day (SD)
Nevada Day (NV)
Sweetest Day
White Cane Safety Day (36)
October–November
Diwali (religious)
November
Native American Indian Heritage Month
Veterans Day (federal)
Thanksgiving (federal)
Day after Thanksgiving (24)
Election Day (CA, DE, HI, KY, MT, NJ, NY, OH, PR, WV, proposed federal)
Family Day (NV)
Hanukkah (religious)
Lā Kūʻokoʻa (HI, unofficial)
Native American Heritage Day (MD, WA)
Obama Day (Perry County, AL)
December
Christmas (religious, federal)
Alabama Day (AL)
Christmas Eve (KY, NC, SC)
Day after Christmas (KY, NC, SC, TX)
Festivus
Hanukkah (religious, week)
Indiana Day (IN)
Kwanzaa (religious, week)
National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day (36)
New Year's Eve
Pan American Aviation Day (36)
Rosa Parks Day (OH, OR)
Wright Brothers Day (36)
Varies (year round)
Eid al-Adha (religious)
Eid al-Fitr (religious)
Ramadan (religious, month)
Legend:
(federal) = federal holidays, (state) = state holidays, (religious) = religious holidays, (week) = weeklong holidays, (month) = monthlong holidays, (36) = Title 36 Observances and Ceremonies
Bold indicates major holidays commonly celebrated in the United States, which often represent the major celebrations of the month.
See also: Lists of holidays, Hallmark holidays, public holidays in the United States, New Jersey, New York, Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands.
Environment portal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earth_Day&oldid=842970066"
Categories:
1970 establishments in California
April observances
Counterculture of the 1960s
Environmental awareness days
History of environmentalism
History of San Francisco
International environmental organizations
March observances
Recurring events established in 1970
United Nations days
Hidden categories:
CS1 maint: Missing pipe
CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter
Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism
Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages
Use mdy dates from April 2018
Infobox holiday fixed day
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
View source
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Afrikaans
العربية
অসমীয়া
Asturianu
Avañe'ẽ
Azərbaycanca
تۆرکجه
বাংলা
Bân-lâm-gú
Башҡортса
Беларуская
Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
भोजपुरी
Български
Bosanski
Brezhoneg
Català
Чӑвашла
Čeština
Chavacano de Zamboanga
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Galego
한국어
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
ಕನ್ನಡ
ქართული
Kurdî
Latina
Latviešu
Lietuvių
Magyar
मैथिली
Македонски
മലയാളം
मराठी
Bahasa Melayu
Baso Minangkabau
မြန်မာဘာသာ
Nederlands
नेपाली
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
ଓଡ଼ିଆ
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Scots
Shqip
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
کوردی
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
தமிழ்
Татарча/tatarça
తెలుగు
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
اردو
Tiếng Việt
粵語
中文
74 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 25 May 2018, at 23:00.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: This article is semi-protected due to vandalism

attrs: class id

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

values: 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference

values:
/wiki/People%27s_Climate_Mobilization
mw-redirect
People's Climate Mobilization

values:
nofollow
http://es.ucsb.edu/
external text

values: University of California at Santa Barbara

values: National Toxics Campaign (page does not exist)

values: Member of Provincial Parliament (Ontario)

values:
/wiki/Earth_Anthem
mw-redirect
Earth Anthem

values:
nofollow
external text
http://earthday.org/countries

values:
nofollow
http://www.earthday.net/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://bullitt.org/who-we-are/staff

values: Category:CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter

values: United States Environmental Protection Agency

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.earthsite.org

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.earthsocietyfoundation.org

values:
nofollow
https://www.un.org/en/events/peaceday/
external text

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: wikinews:Earth Day 2008 marked in various ways

values: wikinews:Earth Day 2009 celebrated around the globe

values:
nofollow
http://www.earthday.org/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.epa.gov/earthday/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.earthday.ca/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.history.com/topics/earth-day

values:
nofollow
http://www.nelsonearthday.net/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.earthsocietyfoundation.org/
external text

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Template:Public holidays in the United States

values: Template talk:Public holidays in the United States

values:
/wiki/Gay_and_Lesbian_Pride_Month
mw-redirect
Gay and Lesbian Pride Month

values:
/wiki/Bunker_Hill_Day
mw-redirect
Bunker Hill Day

values:
/wiki/Carolina_Day
mw-redirect
Carolina Day

values:
/wiki/Jefferson_Davis_Day
mw-redirect
Jefferson Davis Day

values: National Prostate Cancer Awareness Month

values:
/wiki/Gold_Star_Mother%27s_Day
mw-redirect
Gold Star Mother's Day

values: National Disability Employment Awareness Month

values:
/wiki/National_School_Lunch_Week
mw-redirect
National School Lunch Week

values: Public holidays in the United States Virgin Islands

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
noprint metadata navbox
navigation
Portals
font-weight:bold;padding:0.4em 2em

values: Category:1970 establishments in California

values: Category:Recurring events established in 1970

values: Category:Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism

values: Category:Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Earth_Day
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
This page is protected.
You can view its source [ctrl-alt-e]

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aardedag
Aardedag – Afrikaans
af
af
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-af
display: none;

values: يوم الأرض – Arabic

values: ধৰিত্ৰী দিৱস – Assamese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-as
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-azb
display: none;

values: ধরিত্রী দিবস – Bangla

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan
display: none;

values: Ер көнө – Bashkir

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ba
display: none;

values: Дзень Зямлі – Belarusian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values: Дзень Зямлі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old
display: none;

values: धरती दिवस – Bhojpuri

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bh
display: none;

values: Ден на Земята – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-br
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values: Çĕрĕн кунĕ – Chuvash

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values: 22 de abril dia mundial de la tierra – Chavacano

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-de
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: Ημέρα της Γης – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tera_Tago
Tera Tago – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: روز زمین – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values: Երկրի օր – Armenian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values: पृथ्वी दिवस – Hindi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hari_Bumi
Hari Bumi – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: יום כדור הארץ – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values: ಭೂಮಿ ದಿನ – Kannada

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kn
display: none;

values: დედამიწის დღე – Georgian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ku
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values: पृथ्वी दिवस – Maithili

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mai
display: none;

values: Ден на планетата Земја – Macedonian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values: ലോകഭൗമദിനം – Malayalam

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

values: पृथ्वी दिन – Marathi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mr
display: none;

values:
https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hari_Bumi
Hari Bumi – Malay
ms
ms
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-min
display: none;

values: ကမ္ဘာမြေနေ့ – Burmese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-my
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: पृथ्वी दिवस – Nepali

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ne
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values: ପୃଥିବୀ ଦିବସ – Odia

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-or
display: none;

values: ਧਰਤੀ ਦਿਵਸ – Punjabi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: День Земли – Russian

values:
https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yird_Day
Yird Day – Scots
sco
sco
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sq
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb
display: none;

values: Дан планете Земље – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: புவி நாள் – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values: Җир көне – Tatar

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tt
display: none;

values: ధరిత్రి దినోత్సవం – Telugu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-te
display: none;

values: วันคุ้มครองโลก – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: День Землі – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: یوم ارض – Urdu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Earth_Day rootpage-Earth_Day skin-vector action-view


text:
Pat Gibson
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Pat Gibson
Pat Gibson at the European Quizzing Championship 2011 in Bruges, Belgium
Born
(1961-07-19) 19 July 1961 (age 56)
Galway, County Galway, Ireland
Known for
Eggheads panellist
Are You an Egghead? panellist
Make Me an Egghead panellist
Mastermind Champion
Mastermind Champion of Champions
Brain of Britain Champion
Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? jackpot winner
European Quiz Champion
World Quiz Champion
Patrick 'Pat' Gibson (born 19 July 1961 Galway, Ireland) is an Irish quizzer. On 24 April 2004 he became the fourth contestant to win the £1m jackpot on the quiz show Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?. He is a multiple world champion in quizzing and one of the world's most successful quiz players. He is best known for winning several quiz shows and being a panellist on Eggheads. He was born and educated in Ireland but has lived in the United Kingdom for many years and competes as part of the England quiz team. Gibson is currently the No. 2 (as of 3 September 2017) ranked quizzer in the world, behind Kevin Ashman.[1] He claimed the top ranking in 2012[2] and 2015.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life and education
2 TV quiz shows
2.1 Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?
2.1.1 Pat's complete run to the million
2.2 Mastermind
2.3 Brain of Britain
2.4 Eggheads and Are You an Egghead?
3 National and international quizzing championships
4 Domestic competition
5 Personal life
6 References
7 External links
Early life and education[edit]
Pat was born in Galway in 1961. He moved to Letterkenny, County Donegal in the early 1970s. He was educated at Scoil Colmcille and Saint Eunan's College in Letterkenny. Pat holds an engineering degree from University College Galway.[4]
TV quiz shows[edit]
Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?[edit]
On his one million pound question below, he still had his 50:50 and phone a friend. The question was "Which of these is not one of the American Triple Crown horse races?" Gibson used the 50:50 first, where B. "Belmont Stakes" and D. "Preakness Stakes" disappeared. He then used his phone-a-friend option, phoning Mark Kerr (a highly ranked British quiz player and winner of TV's "Brainiest Estate Agent" title, as well as winner of £250,000 on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire[5]) who said he was 90% sure the answer was Arlington Million, which was Pat's original instinct. He was the only person in the United Kingdom to reach the one million pound question with two lifelines remaining. He used his Ask-the-Audience on the £64,000 question, and kept 50:50 and phone a friend back until the final question.
He correctly answered 'Arlington Million' to win £1 million.
Pat's complete run to the million[edit]
These are the questions Pat faced to win £1,000,000.
Question 1
£100 (1 of 15) - no time limit
In children's stories, how many wishes are traditionally granted by a genie or fairy?
• A: One • B: Two
• C: Three • D: Four
Question 2
£200 (2 of 15) - no time limit
Which phrase refers to a discussion about work outside working hours?
• A: Talking factory • B: Talking store
• C: Talking shop • D: Talking mill
Question 3
£300 (3 of 15) - no time limit
What is the colour of the front door of Number Ten Downing Street?
• A: Red • B: Blue
• C: Yellow • D: Black
Question 4
£500 (4 of 15) - no time limit
Complete TV presenter David Dickinson's famous catchphrase: "Cheap as..."?
• A: Cheddar • B: Chowder
• C: Chips • D: Chilli
Question 5
£1,000 (5 of 15) - no time limit
What is the first word in the phonetic alphabet?
• A: Apple • B: Alpha
• C: Armadillo • D: Amazon
Question 6
£2,000 (6 of 15) - no time limit
Which girl's name is the title of a song on the Beatles album Rubber Soul?
• A: Mandy • B: Michelle
• C: Madeleine • D: Marianne
Question 7
£4,000 (7 of 15) - no time limit
In 1581, Sir Francis Drake became mayor of which city?
• A: Hull • B: Glasgow
• C: Plymouth • D: Bristol
Question 8
£8,000 (8 of 15) - no time limit
'The Walrus and the Carpenter' is a well-known verse in which children's novel?
• A: Swallows and Amazons • B: The Hobbit
• C: Through the Looking-Glass • D: Stig of the Dump
Question 9
£16,000 (9 of 15) - no time limit
In heraldry, a lion standing on one or two hind legs with one foreleg raised above the other is described as what?
• A: Dormant • B: Passant
• C: Couchant • D: Rampant
Question 10
£32,000 (10 of 15) - no time limit
What is the name of the world's highest active volcano?
• A: Etna • B: St Helens
• C: Cotopaxi • D: Krakatoa
Question 11
£64,000 (11 of 15) - no time limit
In Welsh place names, what does 'afon' mean?
• A: Fort • B: Meadow
• C: Pool • D: River
Question 12
£125,000 (12 of 15) - no time limit
Which king wrote a famous denunciation of smoking?
• A: Richard I • B: William I
• C: George I • D: James I
Question 13
£250,000 (13 of 15) - no time limit
What is the female equivalent of the Oedipus complex?
• A: Electra complex • B: Athena complex
• C: Diana complex • D: Pandora complex
Question 14
£500,000 (14 of 15) - no time limit
Which of these creatures are most associated with the naturalist and artist John James Audubon?
• A: Beetles • B: Butterflies
• C: Birds • D: Bats
Question 15
£1 million (15 of 15) - no time limit
Which of these is not one of the American Triple Crown horse races?
• A: Arlington Million • B: Belmont Stakes
• C: Kentucky Derby • D: Preakness Stakes
Mastermind[edit]
In 2005 he was crowned champion of Mastermind: his specialist subjects included Father Ted, the books of Iain M. Banks and the films of Quentin Tarantino.
On 6 August 2010 he was crowned Mastermind Champion of Champions with a winning score of 36 points with no passes. Jesse Honey also scored 36 but had 2 passes.
Brain of Britain[edit]
On 25 December 2006 he won the highly prestigious BBC Radio 4 quiz show Brain of Britain, becoming only the fourth person after Roger Pritchard, Kevin Ashman and Chris Hughes to win both that and Mastermind.
In 2008 he finished third in BBC Radio 4's Brain of Brains, behind Egghead Chris Hughes and the eventual winner, 2008 World Quizzing Champion Mark Bytheway.
Eggheads and Are You an Egghead?[edit]
Gibson competed in both the first and second series of Are You an Egghead?, a series seeking a new panellist to join the resident team on the BBC Two / 12 Yard quiz show Eggheads. In the first series, he was beaten in the quarter finals by Mark Kerr. He returned for the second series in 2009, and won the final broadcast on 23 November 2009, beating fellow Mastermind and Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? winner David Edwards and thereby claiming a place on the Eggheads team.
National and international quizzing championships[edit]
Pat Gibson
Medal record
Quizzing
Representing England
British Championships (BQC)
2004 Old Trafford Singles
2006 Shrewsbury Singles
2006 Shrewsbury Pairs
2007 Staveley Singles
2009 Derby Singles
2010 Derby Singles
2011 Lichfield Pairs
2011 Lichfield Singles
2013 Hilton Singles
2014 Rothwell Singles
2015 Newark Singles
World Championships
2003 Villa Park Singles
2004 Old Trafford Singles
2005 Silverstone Singles
2006 Newport Singles
2007 Irthlingborough Singles
2010 Peterborough Singles
2011 Lichfield Singles
2012 Lichfield Singles
2013 Masham Singles
2015 Singles
2016 Singles
2017 Singles
European Championships
2004 Ghent Singles
2004 Ghent National Team
2005 Tallinn Singles
2005 Tallinn Pairs
2005 Tallinn National Team
2006 Paris Singles
2006 Paris National Team
2006 Paris Club
2007 Blackpool Singles
2007 Blackpool National Team
2008 Oslo Singles
2008 Oslo National Team
2008 Oslo Club
2009 Dordrecht Singles
2009 Dordrecht Pairs
2009 Dordrecht National Team
2010 Derby Singles
2010 Derby Pairs
2010 Derby National Team
2011 Bruges Singles
2011 Bruges Pairs
2012 Tartu Pairs
2012 Tartu National Team
2013 Liverpool Pairs
2013 Liverpool National Team
2013 Liverpool Club
2013 Liverpool Masters
2014 Bucharest Pairs
2014 Bucharest National Team
2015 Rotterdam Singles
2015 Rotterdam Pairs
2015 Rotterdam National Team
2016 Athens Singles
2016 Athens Pairs
2016 Athens National Team
2016 Athens Club
He has amassed 25 international medals (7 gold, 11 silver and 7 bronze), the second highest total ever (behind Kevin Ashman with 27) and is ranked the second strongest player in the World/Europe.[6] In 2007 Gibson won the IQA World Quizzing Championship. In pairs competitions he partners Ian Bayley and they have won the British and European titles.
In 2010 Gibson won the IQA World Quizzing Championship achieving an all-time high score of 180/210, defeating both Kevin Ashman and Belgian Ronny Swiggers who tied at 169/210. In the 2010 EQC Gibson had the highest accumulated score in terms of the number of correct answers, and would have won the Singles title with a normal scoring system of 1 point for each correct answer, as he had 2 more than the eventual winner, Olav Bjortomt. Gibson retained the World Quizzing Championship title in 2011 with a score of 186/210, a 10-point margin over Kevin Ashman, and won again in 2013 with a score of 172/210.
Despite being originally from Ireland Gibson competes for the England team.
Domestic competition[edit]
Pat plays in the Summer in the Orrell and District League for the Millstone team and in the winter in the Ormskirk league for Collywobblers.
Personal life[edit]
Gibson currently resides in Wigan.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Hot 100 2017 Overall Standings". World Quiz Rankings. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Hot 100 2012 Overall Standings". World Quiz Rankings. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Hot 100 2015 Overall Standings". World Quiz Rankings. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Donegal Democrat Ex- St. Eunan's student wins Mastermind championship
Jump up ^ "Estate agent is a quiz king". St Helens Reporter. St Helens Reporter. Retrieved 11 April 2015.
Jump up ^ International Quizzing Association, Rankings
External links[edit]
World Quizzing Championships 2010
Interview with Pat Gibson on the Norwegian Quiz Association website.
Preceded by
Robert Brydges Top prize winner on
Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (UK)
24 April 2004 Succeeded by
Ingram Wilcox
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pat_Gibson&oldid=798755388"
Categories:
1963 births
Living people
Alumni of NUI Galway
Contestants on British game shows
IQA team event gold medalists
People educated at Saint Eunan's College
People from Galway (city)
People from Letterkenny
Hidden categories:
Articles with hCards
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Edit links
This page was last edited on 3 September 2017, at 17:00.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: id class style

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: span

value: th

attrs: colspan style

value: tr

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

attrs: href title

value: td

values: Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (UK game show)

values:
/wiki/University_College_Galway
mw-redirect
University College Galway

values: Edit section: Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?

values: Edit section: Pat's complete run to the million

values: text-align: left; background-color: #00008B;

values:
/wiki/NATO_Phonetic_Alphabet
mw-redirect
NATO Phonetic Alphabet

values:
/wiki/James_I_of_England
mw-redirect
James I of England

values:
/wiki/Mastermind_(television)
mw-redirect
Mastermind (television)

values:
/wiki/Iain_M._Banks
mw-redirect
Iain M. Banks

values: Edit section: Eggheads and Are You an Egghead?

values: David Edwards (Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? contestant)

values: Edit section: National and international quizzing championships

values:
/wiki/British_Quiz_Championship
mw-redirect
British Quiz Championship

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.iqa.be

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
http://www.wqc2010.com/
external text

values: Category:Contestants on British game shows

values: Category:People educated at Saint Eunan's College

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Pat_Gibson
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: パット・ギブソン – Japanese

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Pat_Gibson rootpage-Pat_Gibson skin-vector action-view


text:
Blunt (cigar)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Part of a series on
Tobacco
History
History of tobacco
Chemistry
Tobacco
Tobacco smoke
Biology
Nicotiana (Nicotiana tabacum)
Nicotine
Tobacco diseases
Types of tobacco
Personal and social impact
Health effects
Prevalence of consumption
Tobacco advertising
Tobacco and art
Tobacco and other drugs
Tobacco control
Religious views
Tobacco politics
Tobacco smoking
Tobacconist
Production
Cultivation of tobacco
Curing of tobacco
Tobacco industry
Tobacco products
v
t
e
A blunt is a cigar which is wider than a cigarillo and not quite as wide as a Corona. These cigars typically consist of two main parts; the inner leaf, which is similar to a cigarette rolling paper, except it is made of tobacco, and a thicker outer leaf which is rolled around the inner leaf in a spiral. In most commercially available blunts, the "leaves" are not actual tobacco leaves but rather paper made from tobacco pulp.
Tobacco leaf with blunt end
Blunts originally got their name from their "broad or rounded tip", and were named as such in the 19th century to differentiate them from other cigars with a tapered, pointed tip.[1] Blunts are a specific size cigar that have been so popular as to have been once sold in specific vending machines.[2] The original blunt cigar was manufactured in Philadelphia out of a single leaf outer tobacco wrapper. At the time this was the only cigar wrapped in one continuous leaf, other cigars used pieces of leaves for their outer wrapper. Tobacco leaves naturally taper at the ends. Since this cigar was rolled in one leaf the end would taper and had a round appearance (thus leading to the Blunt name). Due to the popularity of this style of cigar many other Blunts were launched into the marketplace. Brands of blunts include: Phillies, Dutch Masters, Backwoods, White Owl, Altadis marketing "Antonio Y Cleopatra", "El Producto", and "Tampa Nugget" brands, Swedish Match marketing "Game" and "Garcia Y Vega" brands, and Swisher Sweets marketing "King Edward", "Optimo", and Pom Pom brands.[3] These types of cigars are commonly sold in convenience stores, gas stations, grocery stores, and drugstores, in contrast to premium cigars, which are sold in cigar shops. Blunts burn quickly like cigarettes, and some can be smoked in about five minutes, whereas a premium cigar takes an hour or so to burn. Unlike premium cigars, blunts are either already cut or have a hole in the mouth end for the smoke to go through, and so they do not need to be cut at the mouth end. Blunts are also significantly cheaper than premium cigars.
Over time the term Blunt came to describe any cigar wrapped in a single continuous leaf. However, in the 1970s a new manner of producing cigars was invented. This manner is known as spiral binding.[4][5] No longer did cigars have to be rolled in a continuous single leaf but instead a continuous spiral wrap from base to tip could be employed. The basic shape of a blunt remained unchanged although the burn characteristics of a spiral wrapped cigar is not the same as a single continuous leaf. However spiral wrapping is much less expensive than using a full single tobacco leaf. Spiral wrapping gives a better seal than a single continuous leaf as overlapping can be done (much like wrapping an arm in a bandage, spiral wrapping is easier to seal than a single continuous bandage).[6]
Individually packaged blunt leaves have been available for many years. These are tobacco leaves that because of their nature and appearance are used to roll a cigar in one continuous sheet[7][8] (thus the name blunt is used). The United States Tobacco Taxation Board has classified all individual cigar wrappers as "blunts" and taxes them as roll-your-own tobacco.[9] Many US states classify blunt wraps as tobacco and a license is required to sell them and collect tax.[10][11][12] Canada defines a blunt wrap as "a sheet or tube made of tobacco used to roll cigarette tobacco in—similar to rolling paper".[13] Use of these single continuous sheets is closer to the original blunts of the 19th century since it is not a spiral wrap.
See also[edit]
Blunt (cannabis cigar)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Gary Manelski. "A Taste of Cigar History". About.com Home. Retrieved 30 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "1142: Antique Phillies Blunt Cigar Vending Machine". Retrieved 30 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Cigar Brand Database". Retrieved 30 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Global provider of machinery for the Tobacco Industry". Retrieved 30 May 2015.
Jump up ^ (WO/1996/014761) METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR WRAPPING A ROD OF SMOKING MATERIAL, WIPO
Jump up ^ "How cigar is made - material, manufacture, making, history, used, industry, machine, History, Raw Materials, The Manufacturing Process, Quality Control". Retrieved 30 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Taxable Weight of Tobacco Products" (PDF). Ttb.gov. Retrieved 2013-08-17.
Jump up ^ "TTB - Federal Excise Tax Increase and Related Provisions". Retrieved 30 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "TTB - Tobacco - Amended Definition of "Roll-Your-Own Tobacco"". Retrieved 30 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Michigan Tax on Blunt Wraps
Jump up ^ Montana Tax and classification of Blunt Wraps Archived May 14, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Chapter 7. of Crimes Against Religion and Conscience, and Other Offenses Against Good Morals - California Penal Code Section 308". Retrieved 30 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "An Act to amend the Tobacco Act (2009)". Retrieved 30 May 2015.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blunt_(cigar)&oldid=827531469"
Categories:
Cigars
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 25 February 2018, at 07:26 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

attrs: href class title

value: li

value: ul

values:
/wiki/Tobacco_advertising
mw-redirect
Tobacco advertising

values: padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;border-bottom:1px solid #7E3517;

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Community_pharmacy
mw-redirect
Community pharmacy

values:
/wiki/Blunt_(cannabis_cigar)
mw-redirect
Blunt (cannabis cigar)

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.cigargroup.com/cigardb.htm

values:
nofollow
http://www.cigarmachinery.com/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.ttb.gov/rulings/2009-1.pdf

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Blunt_(cigar)
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Blunt_cigar rootpage-Blunt_cigar skin-vector action-view