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Miraculous catch of fish
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Two miracles
Raphael (1515)
Duccio (14th century)
The painting by Raphael (top) shows Jesus in the boat and depicts the first miracle, while the painting by Duccio (bottom) shows Jesus on the shore and depicts the second miracle.
The miraculous catch of fish or more traditionally the Miraculous Draught of Fish/es, is either of two miracles attributed to Jesus in the Canonical gospels. The miracles are reported as taking place years apart from each other, but in both miracles apostles are fishing unsuccessfully in the Sea of Galilee when Jesus tells them to try one more cast of the net, at which they are rewarded with a great catch (or "draught", as in "haul" or "weight"). Either is thus sometimes called a "miraculous draught of fish".
Miraculous draught of fish (1610) oil on wood by Peter Paul Rubens.
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 First miraculous catch of fish
3 Second miraculous catch of fish—153 large ones
3.1 153 fish
4 Gallery of art
5 See also
6 References
Overview[edit]
In the Gospel of Luke (Luke 5:1–11),[1] the first miraculous catch of fish takes place early in the ministry of Jesus and results in Peter as well as James and John, the sons of Zebedee, joining Jesus vocationally as disciples.[2][3][4]
The second miraculous catch of fish is also called the "miraculous catch of 153 fish," and seems to recall the first catch. It is reported in the last chapter of the Gospel of John (John 21:1–14)[5] and takes place after the Resurrection of Jesus.[6][7][8][9]
In Christian art, the two miracles are distinguished by the fact that in the first miracle Jesus is shown sitting in the boat with Peter, while in the second miracle he is standing on the shore.
First miraculous catch of fish[edit]
According to the Gospel of Luke,[1] on the day of this miracle, Jesus was preaching near the Lake of Genesareth (Sea of Galilee), when he saw two boats at the water's edge. Boarding the one belonging to Simon (Peter), and moving out a little from shore, he sat and taught the people from the boat. Afterwards, he said to Peter:
"Put out into deep water, and let down the nets for a catch."[1]
Peter answered:
"Master, we've worked hard all night and haven't caught anything. But because you say so, I will let down the nets."[1]
When they had done so, "they caught such a large number of fish that their nets began to break,"[1] requiring help from another boat. When Peter saw the large catch, which filled both boats almost to sinking point, he fell at Jesus' knees and said, "Go away from me, Lord; I am a sinful man!"[1] Jesus responded "Don't be afraid; from now on you will catch men,"[1] after which Peter and his partners James and John left everything and followed Jesus.
Second miraculous catch of fish—153 large ones[edit]
Miraculous catch of 153 fish fresco in the Spoleto Cathedral, Italy (second miracle).
According to John 21:11
"Simon Peter climbed back into the boat and dragged the net ashore. It was full of 153 large fish, but even with so many the net was not torn".
This has become known popularly as the "153 fish" miracle. Gospel of John,[5] seven of the disciples—Peter, Thomas, Nathanael, the sons of Zebedee (James and John), and two others – decided to go fishing one evening after the Resurrection of Jesus, but caught nothing that night. Early the next morning, Jesus (whom they had not recognised) called out to them from the shore:
"Friends, haven't you any fish?"[5]
When they reply in the negative (the question in Greek uses a particle which expects the answer "No"),[10][11] Jesus responds: "Throw your net on the right side of the boat and you will find some".[5] After doing so, "they were unable to haul the net in because of the large number of fish".[5]
Realising the identity of their advisor, the disciple whom Jesus loved said to Peter, "It is the Lord!"[5] at which Peter jumped into the water to meet him (an aspect of the story often illustrated in Christian art), while the remaining disciples followed in the boat, towing the net, which proved to be full of 153 large fish.[5]
This passage has traditionally been one of the liturgical readings following Easter, and sermons have been preached on it by Augustine of Hippo[12] and John Chrysostom,[13] among others.
153 fish[edit]
The precision of the number of fish as 153 has long been considered, and various writers have argued that the number 153 has some deeper significance, with many conflicting theories having been offered (see the discussion on the number 153 in the Bible). Discussing some of these theories, theologian D. A. Carson suggests that "If the Evangelist has some symbolism in mind connected with the number 153, he has hidden it well,"[14] while other scholars note "No symbolic significance for the number of 153 fish in John 21:11 has received widespread support".[15]
References to aspects of the miracle, or to the general idea of being "fishers of men," can sometimes be recognised by uses of the number 153. For example, St Paul's School in London was founded in 1512 by John Colet to teach 153 poor men's children: although the school is now considerably larger, it still has 153 Foundation Scholars, who since the 19th century have worn a fish emblem on their watch-chains, or, more recently, in their button-holes.[16][17]
In Iamblichus' Life of Pythagoras, a tale is mentioned in which Pythagoras, while journeying from Sybaris to Crotona, is said to have met some fishermen, who were drawing their net heavily laden to the shore, and he told them the exact number of fish they caught. In this reference, the exact number is not mentioned.[18]
Gallery of art[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Miraculous draught of fish.
Depictions of The Miraculous catch of fish
Stained glass detail, Canterbury Cathedral (first miracle)
Painting by Anton Losenko, 1762 (first miracle)
The Miraculous Draft of Fishes by Konrad Witz, 1444 (second miracle)
Painting by Jacopo Bassano, 1545 (first miracle )
Water color by James Tissot (first miracle )
Painting by H. Picou, 1850s (first miracle)
See also[edit]
Chronology of Jesus
Life of Jesus in the New Testament
Ministry of Jesus
Miracles of Jesus
Parables of Jesus
Restoration of Peter
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "Luke 5:1–11, New International Version". Biblegateway. Retrieved 2012-07-18.
Jump up ^ John Clowes, The Miracles of Jesus Christ published by J. Gleave, Manchester, UK, 1817, page 214, available on Google books
Jump up ^ The Gospel of Luke by Timothy Johnson, Daniel J. Harrington, 1992 ISBN 0-8146-5805-9 page 89
Jump up ^ The Gospel of Luke, by Joel B. Green 1997 ISBN 0-8028-2315-7 page 230
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "John 21:1–14, New International Version". Biblegateway. Retrieved 2012-07-18.
Jump up ^ Lockyer, Herbert, 1988 All the Miracles of the Bible ISBN 0-310-28101-6 page 248
Jump up ^ The Gospel of John by Francis J. Moloney, Daniel J. Harrington, 1998 ISBN 0-8146-5806-7 page 549
Jump up ^ The Gospel of John by Frederick Fyvie Bruce, 1994 ISBN 0-8028-0883-2 page 400
Jump up ^ Reading the Gospel of John by Kevin Quast 1991 ISBN 0-8091-3297-4 page 142
Jump up ^ J.W. Wenham, The Elements of New Testament Greek, Cambridge University Press, 1965, p. 75.
Jump up ^ Boyce W. Blackwelder, Light from the Greek New Testament, Baker Book House, 1976, p. 120, ISBN 0-8010-0662-7.
Jump up ^ John E. Rotelle (ed) and Edmund Hill (tr), The works of Saint Augustine: A Translation for the 21st Century, Part 3, Volume 7 (Sermons: On the Liturgical Seasons), ISBN 1-56548-059-7.
Jump up ^ Chrysostom, Homily 87 on the Gospel of John.
Jump up ^ D. A. Carson, The Gospel According to John (Pillar Commentaries Series), Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1991, p. 673, ISBN 0-85111-749-X.
Jump up ^ Leland Ryken, Jim Wilhoit, Tremper Longman, Colin Duriez, Douglas Penney, and Daniel G. Reid, Dictionary of Biblical Imagery (Fish), InterVarsity Press, 1998, p. 290, ISBN 0-8308-1451-5.
Jump up ^ Peter Cunningham, Modern London; or, London as it is, 1851, p. 193.
Jump up ^ Mead, A.H. (1990). A Miraculous Draught of Fishes: a history of St Paul's School. London: James & James. p. 15. ISBN 0-907383-05-X.
Jump up ^ Iamblichus. (trans. Thomas Taylor), Life of Pythagoras, or, Pythagoric life, J.M Watkins, 1818, p. 17.
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Civil Rights Act of 1991
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Civil Rights Act of 1991
Long title
Civil Rights Act of 1991
Enacted by
the 102nd United States Congress
Citations
Public law
Pub. L. 102-166
Codification
Acts amended
Civil Rights Act of 1957
Civil Rights Act of 1960
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Titles amended
42
U.S.C. sections amended
1981 et seq.
Legislative history
Introduced in the Senate as S.1745 by Sen. John Danforth (R-MO) on September 24, 1991
Passed the Senate on October 30, 1991[1] (93-5)
Passed the House on November 7, 1991[2] (381 - 38)
Signed into law by President George H.W. Bush on November 21, 1991
The Civil Rights Act of 1991 is a United States labor law, passed in response to United States Supreme Court decisions that limited the rights of employees who had sued their employers for discrimination. The Act represented the first effort since the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to modify some of the basic procedural and substantive rights provided by federal law in employment discrimination cases. It provided the right to trial by jury on discrimination claims and introduced the possibility of emotional distress damages and limited the amount that a jury could award.
President Bush had used his veto against the more comprehensive Civil Rights Act of 1990. He feared racial quotas would be imposed but later approved the 1991 version of the bill.[3]
Contents
1 Predecessors
2 Background
3 Changes
4 See also
5 Notes
6 External links
Predecessors[edit]
The 1991 Act combined elements from two different civil right acts of the past: the Civil Rights Act of 1866, better known by the number assigned to it in the codification of federal laws as Section 1981, and the employment-related provisions of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, generally referred to as Title VII. The two statutes, passed nearly a century apart, approached the issue of employment discrimination very differently: Section 1981 prohibited only discrimination based on race or color, but Title VII also prohibited discrimination on the basis of sex, religion, and national origin. Section 1981, which had lain dormant and unenforced for a century after its passage, allowed plaintiffs to seek compensatory damages and trial by jury. Title VII, passed in the 1960s when it was assumed that Southern juries could not render a fair verdict, allowed only trial by the court and provided for only traditional equitable remedies: back pay, reinstatement, and injunctions against future acts of discrimination. By the time the 1991 Act was passed, both allowed for an award of attorneys fees.
The 1991 Act expanded the remedies available to victims of discrimination by amending Title VII of the 1964 Act.
Background[edit]
Congress had amended Title VII once before, in 1972, when it broadened the coverage of the Act. It was moved to overhaul Title VII in 1991 and to harmonize it with Section 1981 jurisprudence, with a series of controversial Supreme Court decisions:
Patterson v. McLean Credit Union, 491 U.S. 164 (1988), which held that an employee could not sue for damages caused by racial harassment on the job because even if the employer's conduct were discriminatory, the employer had not denied the employee the "same right... to make and enforce contracts... as is enjoyed by white citizens," the language that Congress chose in passing the law in 1866.
Wards Cove Packing Co. v. Atonio, 490 U.S. 642 (1989), which made it more difficult for employees of Wards Cove Packing Company to prove that an employer's personnel practices, neutral on their face, had an unlawful disparate impact on them by requiring that they identify the particular policy or requirement that allegedly produced inequalities in the workplace and show that it, in isolation, had that effect.
Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins, 490 U.S. 228 (1989), which held that the burden of proof shifted, once an employee had proved that an unlawful consideration had played a part in the employer's personnel decision, to the employer to prove that it would have made the same decision if it had not been motivated by that unlawful factor, but such proof by the employer would constitute a complete defense for the employer.
Martin v. Wilks, 490 U.S. 755 (1989), which permitted white firefighters who had not been party to the litigation, establishing a consent decree governing hiring and promotion of black firefighters in the Birmingham, Alabama, Fire Department, to bring suit to challenge the decree.
Changes[edit]
The Patterson case had attracted much criticism since it appeared to leave employees who had been victimized by racial harassment on the job with no effective remedies, as they could not prove a violation of Section 1981 and could rarely show any wage losses that they could recover under Title VII. In addition, the Court's narrow reading of the phrase "make or enforce contracts" eliminated any liability under Section 1981 for lost promotions and most other personnel decisions that did not constitute a refusal and that was the end to hire or a discharge on the basis of race or color.
Congress addressed the issue by redefining the phrase "make and enforce contracts" to include "the making, performance, modification, and termination of contracts, and the enjoyment of all benefits, privileges, terms, and conditions of the contractual relationship." Congress also clarified that Section 1981 applied to both governmental and private discrimination, the issue that the Supreme Court originally announced it would decide in Patterson.
Congress also believed that the Wards Cove case made it too difficult to prove disparate impact claims under Title VII. The Act was amended to provide that an employee could prove a case by showing either that an individual practice or group of practices resulted in "a disparate impact on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin, and the respondent fails to demonstrate that such practice is required by business necessity." Congress added, however, "The mere existence of a statistical imbalance in an employer's workforce on account of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin is not alone sufficient to establish a prima facie case of disparate impact violation."
While the majority in Congress supported the burden-shifting rule in Price Waterhouse, it was uncomfortable with an employer's ability to prove that it would have made the same decision in any event, as a complete defense in a case in which it had been shown that race or gender or another unlawful factor played a significant role in its decision. Congress amended the Act to provide that the employer's proof that it would have made the same decision in any case was a defense to back pay, reinstatement and other remedies but not to liability per se. The practical effect of this change was to allow a party that proved that the employer discriminated but could not show that it made any practical difference in the outcome could still recover attorney's fees after showing that the employer discriminated, even if no other remedy was awarded.
Finally, Congress limited the rights of non-parties to attack consent decrees by barring any challenges by parties who knew or should have known of the decree or who were adequately represented by the original parties.
The Court also authorizes jury trials on Title VII claims and allows Title VII plaintiffs to recover emotional distress and punitive damages, while imposing caps on such relief under Title VII. The 1991 Act also made technical changes affecting the length of time allowed to challenge unlawful seniority provisions, to sue the federal government for discrimination, and to bring age discrimination claims, but it allowed successful plaintiffs to recover expert witness fees as part of an award of attorney's fees and to collect interest on any judgment against the federal government.
See also[edit]
US labor law
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "S. 1745 (102nd): Civil Rights Act of 1991". GovTrack.us.
Jump up ^ "S. 1745 (102nd): Civil Rights Act of 1991". GovTrack.us.
Jump up ^ Devroy, Ann. "Bush Vetoes Civil Rights Bill; Measure Said to Encourage Job Quotas; Women, Minorities Sharply Critical." Washington Post 23 October 1990, Print.
External links[edit]
Modified Text of the Civil Rights Act of 1991
Changes in Title VII made by the Civil Rights Act of 1991
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