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Multi-user software
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"Single user" redirects here. For a product designed for cheapness and short-term convenience rather than medium to long-term durability, see Single use.
This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Multi-user software is software that allows access by multiple users of a computer. Time-sharing systems are multi-user systems. Most batch processing systems for mainframe computers may also be considered "multi-user", to avoid leaving the CPU idle while it waits for I/O operations to complete. However, the term "multitasking" is more common in this context.
An example is a Unix server where multiple remote users have access (such as via a serial port or Secure Shell) to the Unix shell prompt at the same time. Another example uses multiple X Window sessions spread across multiple terminals powered by a single machine - this is an example of the use of thin client. Similar functions were also available under MP/M, Concurrent DOS, Multiuser DOS and FlexOS.
Some multi-user operating systems such as Windows versions from the Windows NT family support simultaneous access by multiple users (for example, via Remote Desktop Connection) as well as the ability for a user to disconnect from a local session while leaving processes running (doing work on their behalf) while another user logs into and uses the system. The operating system provides isolation of each user's processes from other users, while enabling them to execute concurrently[dubious – discuss].
Management systems are implicitly designed to be used by multiple users, typically one system administrator or more and an end-user community.
The complementary term, single-user, is most commonly used when talking about an operating system being usable only by one person at a time, or in reference to a single-user software license agreement. Multi-user operating systems such as Unix sometimes have a single user mode or runlevel available for emergency maintenance.
See also[edit]
Multiseat
External links[edit]
Interix in a Multi-User Windows TSE Environment paper about the Unix multi-user model and MS-Windows NT TSE
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Active transport
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about transport in cellular biology. For human transport systems, see active transportation.
Active transport is the movement of molecules across a membrane from a region of their lower concentration to a region of their higher concentration—in the direction against the concentration gradient. Active transport requires cellular energy to achieve this movement. There are two types of active transport – primary active transport that uses ATP, and secondary active transport that uses an electrochemical gradient. An example of active transport in human physiology is the uptake of glucose in the intestines.
Contents
[hide]
1 Cellular transportation mechanisms
2 History
3 Background
4 Primary active transport
4.1 Model of active transport
5 Types of primary active transporters
6 Secondary active transport
6.1 Antiporter
6.2 Symporter
7 Bulk transport
8 See also
9 References
10 Notes
11 External links
Cellular transportation mechanisms[edit]
Active transport is the movement of molecules across a membrane from a region of their lower concentration to a region of their higher concentration—in the direction against the concentration gradient or other obstructing factor (often a concentration gradient).
Unlike passive transport, which uses the kinetic energy and natural entropy of molecules moving down a gradient, active transport uses cellular energy to move them against a gradient, polar repulsion, or other resistance. Active transport is usually associated with accumulating high concentrations of molecules that the cell needs, such as ions, glucose and amino acids. If the process uses chemical energy, such as from adenosine triphosphate (ATP), it is termed primary active transport. Secondary active transport involves the use of an electrochemical gradient. Examples of active transport include the uptake of glucose in the intestines in humans and the uptake of mineral ions into root hair cells of plants.[1]
History[edit]
In 1848, the German physiologist Emil du Bois-Reymond suggested the possibility of active transport of substances across membranes.[2]
Rosenberg (1948) formulated the concept of active transport based on energetic considerations,[3] but later it would be redefined.
In 1997, Jens Christian Skou, a Danish physician [4] received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his research regarding the sodium-potassium pump [5]
One category of cotransporters that is especially prominent in research regarding diabetes treatment [6] is sodium glucose cotransporters. These transporters were discovered by scientists at that National Health Institute.[7] These scientists had noticed a discrepancy in the absorption of glucose at different points in the kidney tubule of a rat. The gene was then discovered for intestinal glucose transport protein and linked to these membrane sodium glucose cotransport systems. The first of these membrane transport proteins was named SGLT1 followed buy the discovery of SGLT2.[8] Robert Krane also played a prominent role in this field.
Background[edit]
Specialized transmembrane proteins recognize the substance and allow it to move across the membrane when it otherwise would not, either because the phospholipid bilayer of the membrane is impermeable to the substance moved or because the substance is moved against the direction of its concentration gradient.[9] There are two forms of active transport, primary active transport and secondary active transport. In primary active transport, the proteins involved are pumps that normally use the chemical energy in the form of ATP. Secondary active transport, however, makes use of potential energy, which is usually derived through exploitation of an electrochemical gradient. The energy created from one ion moving down its electrochemical gradient is used to power the transport of another ion moving against its electrochemical gradient.[10] This involves pore-forming proteins that form channels across the cell membrane. The difference between passive transport and active transport is active transport requires energy, and moves substances against their respective concentration gradient, whereas passive transport requires no energy and moves substances in the direction of their respective concentration gradient.[11]
In an antiporter, one substrate is transported in one direction across the membrane while another is cotransported in the opposite direction. In a symporter, two substrates are transported in the same direction across the membrane. Antiport and symport processes are associated with secondary active transport, meaning that one of the two substances is transported against its concentration gradient, utilizing the energy derived from the transport of another ion (mostly Na+, K+ or H+ ions) down its concentration gradient.
If substrate molecules are moving from areas of lower concentration to areas of higher concentration[12] (i.e., in the opposite direction as, or against the concentration gradient), specific transmembrane carrier proteins are required. These proteins have receptors that bind to specific molecules (e.g., glucose) and transport them across the cell membrane. Because energy is required in this process, it is known as 'active' transport. Examples of active transport include the transportation of sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell by the sodium-potassium pump. Active transport often takes place in the internal lining of the small intestine.
Plants need to absorb mineral salts from the soil or other sources, but these salts exist in very dilute solution. Active transport enables these cells to take up salts from this dilute solution against the direction of the concentration gradient. For example, the molecules chlorine (Cl^-) and nitrate NO3- exist in the cytosol of plant cells, and need to be transported into the vacuole. While the vacuole has channels for these ions, transportation of them is against the concentration gradient, and thus movement of these ions is driven by hydrogen pumps, or proton pumps[13]
Primary active transport[edit]
The action of the sodium-potassium pump is an example of primary active transport.
Primary active transport, also called direct active transport, directly uses metabolic energy to transport molecules across a membrane.[14] Substances that are transported across the cell membrane by primary active transport include metal ions, such as Na+, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+. These charged particles require ion pumps or ion channels to cross membranes and distribute through the body.
Most of the enzymes that perform this type of transport are transmembrane ATPases. A primary ATPase universal to all animal life is the sodium-potassium pump, which helps to maintain the cell potential. The sodium-potassium pump maintains the membrane potential by moving three Na+ ions out of the cell for every two [15] K+ ions moved into the cell. Other sources of energy for Primary active transport are redox energy and photon energy (light). An example of primary active transport using Redox energy is the mitochondrial electron transport chain that uses the reduction energy of NADH to move protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane against their concentration gradient. An example of primary active transport using light energy are the proteins involved in photosynthesis that use the energy of photons to create a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane and also to create reduction power in the form of NADPH.
Model of active transport[edit]
ATP hydrolysis is used to transport hydrogen ions against the electrochemical gradient (from low to high hydrogen ion concentration). Phosphorylation of the carrier protein and the binding of a hydrogen ion induce a conformational (shape) change that drives the hydrogen ions to transport against the electrochemical gradient. Hydrolysis of the bound phosphate group and release of hydrogen ion then restores the carrier to its original conformation.[16]
Types of primary active transporters[edit]
P-type ATPase: sodium potassium pump, calcium pump, proton pump
F-ATPase: mitochondrial ATP synthase, chloroplast ATP synthase
V-ATPase: vacuolar ATPase
ABC (ATP binding cassette) transporter: MDR, CFTR, etc.
Secondary active transport[edit]
Secondary active transport
In secondary active transport, also known as coupled transport or cotransport, energy is used to transport molecules across a membrane; however, in contrast to primary active transport, there is no direct coupling of ATP; instead it relies upon the electrochemical potential difference created by pumping ions in/out of the cell.[17] Permitting one ion or molecule to move down an electrochemical gradient, but possibly against the concentration gradient where it is more concentrated to that where it is less concentrated increases entropy and can serve as a source of energy for metabolism (e.g. in ATP synthase). The energy derived from the pumping of protons across a cell membrane is frequently used as the energy source in secondary active transport. In humans, sodium (Na+) is a commonly co-transported ion across the plasma membrane, whose electrochemical gradient is then used to power the active transport of a second ion or molecule against its gradient.[18] In bacteria and small yeast cells, a commonly cotransported ion is hydrogen.[19] Hydrogen pumps are also used to create an electrochemical gradient to carry out processes within cells such as in the electron transport chain, an important function of cellular respiration that happens in the mitochondrion of the cell.[20]
In August 1960, in Prague, Robert K. Crane presented for the first time his discovery of the sodium-glucose cotransport as the mechanism for intestinal glucose absorption.[21] Crane's discovery of cotransport was the first ever proposal of flux coupling in biology.[22][23]
Cotransporters can be classified as symporters and antiporters depending on whether the substances move in the same or opposite directions.
Antiporter[edit]
Function of symporters and antiporters.
In an antiporter two species of ion or other solutes are pumped in opposite directions across a membrane. One of these species is allowed to flow from high to low concentration which yields the entropic energy to drive the transport of the other solute from a low concentration region to a high one.
An example is the sodium-calcium exchanger or antiporter, which allows three sodium ions into the cell to transport one calcium out.[24] This antiporter mechanism is important within the membranes of cardiac muscle cells in order to keep the calcium concentration in the cytoplasm low.[25] Many cells also possess calcium ATPases, which can operate at lower intracellular concentrations of calcium and sets the normal or resting concentration of this important second messenger.[26] But the ATPase exports calcium ions more slowly: only 30 per second versus 2000 per second by the exchanger. The exchanger comes into service when the calcium concentration rises steeply or "spikes" and enables rapid recovery.[27] This shows that a single type of ion can be transported by several enzymes, which need not be active all the time (constitutively), but may exist to meet specific, intermittent needs.
Symporter[edit]
A symporter uses the downhill movement of one solute species from high to low concentration to move another molecule uphill from low concentration to high concentration (against its concentration gradient). Both molecules are transported in the same direction.
An example is the glucose symporter SGLT1, which co-transports one glucose (or galactose) molecule into the cell for every two sodium ions it imports into the cell.[28] This symporter is located in the small intestines,[29] heart,[30] and brain.[31] It is also located in the S3 segment of the proximal tubule in each nephron in the kidneys.[32] Its mechanism is exploited in glucose rehydration therapy[33] This mechanism uses the absorption of sugar through the walls of the intestine to pull water in along with it.[34] Defects in SGLT2 prevent effective reabsorption of glucose, causing familial renal glucosuria.[35]
Bulk transport[edit]
Main articles: Endocytosis and Exocytosis
Endocytosis and exocytosis are both forms of bulk transport that move materials into and out of cells, respectively, via vesicles.[36] In the case of endocytosis, the cellular membrane folds around the desired materials outside the cell.[37] The ingested particle becomes trapped within a pouch, known as a vesicle, inside the cytoplasm. Often enzymes from lysosomes are then used to digest the molecules absorbed by this process. Substances that enter the cell via signal mediated endocytosis include proteins, hormones and growth factors.[38] Viruses enter cells through a form of endocytosis that involves their outer membrane fusing with the membrane of the cell. This forces the viral DNA into the host cell.[39]
Biologists distinguish two main types of endocytosis: pinocytosis and phagocytosis.[40]
In pinocytosis, cells engulf liquid particles (in humans this process occurs in the small intestine, where cells engulf fat droplets).[41]
In phagocytosis, cells engulf solid particles.[42]
Exocytosis involves the removal of substances through the fusion of the outer cell membrane and a vesicle membrane[43] An example of exocytosis would be the transmission of neurotransmitters across a synapse between brain cells.
See also[edit]
ATP-binding cassette transporter
Countercurrent exchange
Protein targeting
Translocation
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ Story of Discovery: SGLT2 Inhibitors: Harnessing the Kidneys to Help Treat Diabetes.” National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, www.niddk.nih.gov/news/research-updates/Pages/story-discovery-SGLT2-inhibitors-harnessing-kidneys-help-treat-diabetes.aspx.
Jump up ^ Story of Discovery: SGLT2 Inhibitors: Harnessing the Kidneys to Help Treat Diabetes.” National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, www.niddk.nih.gov/news/research-updates/Pages/story-discovery-SGLT2-inhibitors-harnessing-kidneys-help-treat-diabetes.aspx.
Jump up ^ Active Transport Process. Buzzle.com (2010-05-14). Retrieved on 2011-12-05.
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Jump up ^ Reese, Jane B.; Urry, Lisa A.; Cain, Michael L.; Wasserman, Steven A.; Minorsky, Peter V.; Jackson, Robert B. (2014). Tenth Edition, Campbell's Biology. United States: Pearson Education Inc. p. 135. ISBN 978-0-321-77565-8 – via Tenth edition.
Jump up ^ Cooper, Geoffrey (2009). The Cell: A Molecular Approach. Washington, DC: ASM PRESS. p. 65. ISBN 9780878933006.
Jump up ^ Physiology: 7/7ch05/7ch05p12 - Essentials of Human Physiology
Jump up ^ Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, et al. Molecular Biology of the Cell. 4th edition. New York: Garland Science; 2002. Carrier Proteins and Active Membrane Transport. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26896/
Jump up ^ Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, et al. Molecular Biology of the Cell. 4th edition. New York: Garland Science; 2002. Carrier Proteins and Active Membrane Transport. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26896/
Jump up ^ Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, et al. Molecular Biology of the Cell. 4th edition. New York: Garland Science; 2002. Electron-Transport Chains and Their Proton Pumps. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26904/
Jump up ^ Crane, Robert K.; Miller, D.; Bihler, I. (1961). "The restrictions on possible mechanisms of intestinal transport of sugars". In Kleinzeller, A.; Kotyk, A. Membrane Transport and Metabolism. Proceedings of a Symposium held in Prague, August 22–27, 1960. Prague: Czech Academy of Sciences. pp. 439–449.
Jump up ^ Wright EM, Turk E (February 2004). "The sodium/glucose cotransport family SLC5". Pflügers Arch. 447 (5): 510–8. doi:10.1007/s00424-003-1063-6. PMID 12748858. Crane in 1961 was the first to formulate the cotransport concept to explain active transport [7]. Specifically, he proposed that the accumulation of glucose in the intestinal epithelium across the brush border membrane was coupled to downhill Na+
transport cross the brush border. This hypothesis was rapidly tested, refined and extended [to] encompass the active transport of a diverse range of molecules and ions into virtually every cell type.
Jump up ^ Boyd CA (March 2008). "Facts, fantasies and fun in epithelial physiology". Exp. Physiol. 93 (3): 303–14. doi:10.1113/expphysiol.2007.037523. PMID 18192340. p. 304. “the insight from this time that remains in all current text books is the notion of Robert Crane published originally as an appendix to a symposium paper published in 1960 (Crane et al. 1960). The key point here was 'flux coupling', the cotransport of sodium and glucose in the apical membrane of the small intestinal epithelial cell. Half a century later this idea has turned into one of the most studied of all transporter proteins (SGLT1), the sodium–glucose cotransporter.
Jump up ^ Yu, SP; Choi, DW (June 1997). "Na(+)-Ca2+ exchange currents in cortical neurons: concomitant forward and reverse operation and effect of glutamate". The European Journal of Neuroscience. 9 (6): 1273–81. doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.1997.tb01482.x. PMID 9215711.
Jump up ^ Lodish H, Berk A, Zipursky SL, et al. Molecular Cell Biology. 4th edition. New York: W. H. Freeman; 2000. Section 15.6, Cotransport by Symporters and Antiporters. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21687/
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Jump up ^ Dyer, J; Hosie, KB; Shirazi-Beechey, SP (July 1997). "Nutrient regulation of human intestinal sugar transporter (SGLT2) expression". Gut. 41 (1): 56–9. doi:10.1136/gut.41.1.56. PMC 1027228  . PMID 9274472.
Jump up ^ Zhou, L; Cryan, EV; D'Andrea, MR; Belkowski, S; Conway, BR; Demarest, KT (1 October 2003). "Human cardiomyocytes express high level of Na+/glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT2)". Journal of Cellular Biochemistry. 90 (2): 339–46. doi:10.1002/jcb.10631. PMID 14505350.
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Jump up ^ Phagocytosis. Courses.washington.edu. Retrieved on 2011-12-05.
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Notes[edit]
Lodish H.; Berk A.; Zipursky S.L.; Matsudaira P.; Baltimore D.; Darnell J. (2000). "Section 15.6 Cotransport by Symporters and Antiporters". Molecular Cell Biology (4th ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-3136-3.
External links[edit]
Secondary Active Transport
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Membrane transport
Mechanisms for chemical transport through biological membranes
Passive transport
Simple diffusion (or non-mediated transport)
Facilitated diffusion
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Channels
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Primary active transport
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Cytosis
Endocytosis
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Non-specific, adsorptive pinocytosis
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NDL: 00570452
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Gautam Adani
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Gautam Adani
Native name
ગૌતમ અદાણી
Born
Gautam Shantilal Adani
(1962-06-24) 24 June 1962 (age 55)
Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
Residence
Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
Nationality
Indian
Occupation
Chairman, Adani Group
Known for
Founder and chairman, Adani Group
Net worth
$8.81 billion (September 2017)[1]
Spouse(s)
Priti Adani
Children
Karan Adani
Jeet Adani
Parent(s)
Shantilal and Shanta Adani
Relatives
Vinod Adani (brother)
Gautam Shantilal Adani (born 24 June 1962) is an Indian billionaire businessman who is the chairman and founder of Adani Group. According to Forbes, his net worth is estimated to be $8.81 billion as of September 2017. [1] He founded the Adani Group in 1988, which now deals in businesses spanning coal trading, coal mining, oil & gas exploration, ports, logistics, power generation, agriculture, edible oils, transmission and gas distribution.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Adani Group
4 Kamuthi
5 Controversy
6 Adani Foundation
7 Personal life
8 References
9 External links
Early life[edit]
Gautam Adani was born into a Gujarati Jain Bania family on 24 June 1962, in Ahmedabad. He is the son of Shantilal and Shanta Adani and has seven siblings. His parents had migrated from the town of Tharad in the northern part of Gujarat. He did his schooling at the Sheth Chimanlal Nagindas Vidyalaya school in Ahmedabad. He started a bachelor's degree in commerce at Gujarat University, but dropped out after the second year.[3]
Career[edit]
After working as a diamond sorter at Mahindra Brothers for two years, Adani set up his own diamond brokerage business in Mumbai, India.[4] Mahasukh Adani, his elder brother, called him back to Ahmedabad to run his newly purchased plastic factory.[4] He soon started commodity trading by importing polyvinyl chloride (PVC), a key raw material for manufacturing plastic.[4]
Adani Group[edit]
In 1988, he started Adani Enterprises Limited (formerly known as the Adani Export Ltd), the flagship company of the Adani Group, that traded in a variety of power and agricultural commodities. The 1991 economic liberalization policies fuelled the rapid growth of the business leading to huge profitability of Adani Exports. This provided further capital to Adani to expand his business. In 2006, Adani Exports was renamed to Adani Enterprises Limited.[5] In 1993, the Government of Gujarat invited private companies to run the Mundra Port and in 1995 the contract was given to Adani Group. Today, Mundra Port is the largest Private Sector port in India, with capability of handling close to 210 million tonnes of cargo per annum. [5]
Adani is also the founder and promoter of Adani Power Ltd (APL), a power business arm of Adani Group. Adani Power has thermal power plants with capacity of 4620 MW, the largest private thermal power producer of the country. It is also the largest solar power producer of India with capacity 648 MW.[6]
Kamuthi[edit]
In September 2016, Adani Green Energy (Tamil Nadu), the renewable wing of the Adani Group, kicked off operations in Kamuthi in Ramnathapuram in Tamil Nadu with a capacity of 648 megawatts (MW) at an estimated cost of Rs. 4,550 crore. [7]
Controversy[edit]
During the time of 2014 Loksabha elections of India, Adani was accused of various controversies. He was being accused of supporting Narendra Modi for his campaign in Bharatiya Janata Party. [8] Even though claiming on national media that he has no special favors with Modi, ,[9] Modi was seen traveling on Adani group's chartered planes to rallies across India.[10][11] To counter this allegation, Mr Adani spoke out in an interview with CNBC and clarified that the BJP paid market price to Adani Group for using its aviation services.[12]
It was alleged that the NDA government was favouring Adani by allegedly waiving off Rs. 200 crore fine on Adani Port and SEZ.[13] Adani, later, in an interview clarified the fine has not been dropped and the government is not favouring Adani either.[14] He further clarified that the mine is owned by Rajasthan Government and Adani Group is just the mine contractor.[14]
Adani Foundation[edit]
The Adani Foundation was founded in 1996, and is registered under the Bombay Public Charity Trusts Act of 1950 and Society’s Registration Act 1860.[15] Other than Gujarat, the Foundation operates in the states of Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Odisha.[15]
Personal life[edit]
He is married to Priti Adani, who is a dentist and heads the Adani Foundation as a managing trustee.[16] They have two sons. [17]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Gautam Adani & family". Forbes. Retrieved 6 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "Adani Enterprises Ltd". BusinessWeek. 2014. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Gautam Adani Business Profile". Business Maps of India. 2014. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Gautam Adani Biography- About family, children, education, wife, age, and more". Business.mapsofindia.com. 2 June 2015. Retrieved 6 April 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Mehta, Harit (10 April 2014). "Gautam Adani, the baron to watch out for if Narendra Modi becomes king". The Times of India. Retrieved 10 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "ABB links 648 MW solar project at Kamuthi with national grid - The Economic Times". Economictimes.indiatimes.com. 13 June 2016. Retrieved 6 April 2017.
Jump up ^ Share on FacebookShare on Twitter (21 September 2016). "Adani: Adani unveils world's largest solar power plant in Tamil Nadu - Times of India". Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 6 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "Allegations political, didn't get land at Re 1 from Modi: Adani". The Times of India. 28 April 2014. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
Jump up ^ Press Trust of India (27 April 2014). "Gautam Adani denies any special favours from Modi". The Indian Express. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Modi flies only on Gujarat Inc. money". The Times of India. 29 September 2007. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Can someone explain why Modi is using Adani's private jet?". Reddit.com. 2 March 2014. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "GAUTAM ADANI INTERVIEW Youtube HD Video Online". Onlinenewsvideo.net. 28 April 2014. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
Jump up ^ "Modi government cancels Rs 200cr penalty: Achhe din for Adani only?". Dailyo.in. 3 July 2016. Retrieved 6 April 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Gautam Adani: We don't seek special favours from BJP or any individual". The Indian Express. 11 July 2016. Retrieved 6 April 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Gautam Adani". Globalrecorder.com. Retrieved 6 April 2017.
Jump up ^ Ahmedabad Mirror (6 July 2016). "Being sultan - Ahmedabad Mirror". Ahmedabadmirror.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 6 April 2017.
Jump up ^ https://www.ft.com/content/ffce04fe-d295-11e2-aac2-00144feab7de
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gautam Adani.
Profile at Forbes
Adani Website
Adani Foundation
Fortune Foods Official Website
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List of cities in Washington
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
See also: List of towns in Washington, List of census-designated places in Washington, and List of unincorporated communities in Washington
It has been suggested that this article be merged with List of towns in Washington. (Discuss) Proposed since June 2016.
Map of the United States, with Washington highlighted
Washington is a state located in the Western United States. According to the 2010 United States Census, Washington is the 13th most populous state with 7006672454300000000♠6,724,543 inhabitants but the 20th largest by land area spanning 66,455.52 square miles (172,119.0 km2) of land.[1] Washington is divided into 39 counties and contains 281 incorporated municipalities consisting of cities and towns.[2]
Legally, a city in Washington can be described primarily by its class. There are five classes of municipalities in Washington: first class city, second class city, town, unclassified city, and code city.
First class cities are the 10 cities with a population over 10,000 at the time of reorganization and operating under a home rule charter. They are permitted to perform any function specifically granted them by Title 35 RCW (Revised Code of Washington). Second class cities are the 9 cities with a population over 1,500 at the time of reorganization and operating without a home rule charter. Like first class cities, they are permitted to perform any function specifically granted them by Title 35 RCW. Towns are the 69 municipalities with a population of under 1,500 at the time of reorganization. Towns are not authorized to operate under a charter. Like the previously listed cities, they are permitted to perform any function specifically granted them by Title 35 RCW. In 1994, the legislature made 1,500 the minimum population required to incorporate. Unclassified cities are cities that are not operating under any other class. Only one city—Waitsburg, in Walla Walla County—is unclassified. It operates under the 1881 territorial charter under which it was organized, eight years before Washington was admitted to the Union in 1889. Code cities were created by the state legislature in order to grant the greatest degree of local control to municipalities possible under the state constitution and general law. This classification has been adopted by 192 municipalities in Washington. Code cities (shorthand for optional municipal code cities, as encoded by Title 35A RCW) are authorized to perform any function not specifically denied them in the state constitution or by state law. They may perform any function granted to any other city classification under Title 35 RCW.
A city in Washington can be described by its form of government. Cities and towns are specifically authorized three forms of government: Commission, Mayor-Council, Council-Manager. Only the city of Shelton using the three-member commission form of government. Most cities in Washington have the Mayor-Council form of government, which calls for an elected mayor and an elected city council. Cities with Council-Manager system have an elected council and appointed city manager. In addition, if the population of code cites is over 10,000, may incorporate as charter code cities. They may then "set out any plan of government deemed 'suitable for the good government of the city'" (RCW 35A.08.050), which need not be a commission, mayor-council, or council-manager form. No charter code city has opted for a different type of government as of 2012[update].
The largest municipality by population in Washington is Seattle with 608,660 residents, and the smallest municipality by population is Krupp with 48 residents.[1] The largest municipality by land area is Seattle, which spans 83.84 sq mi (217.1 km2), while Beaux Arts Village is the smallest at 0.08 sq mi (0.21 km2).[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 List of cities
2 Notes
3 References
3.1 General
4 External links
List of cities[edit]
Skyline of Seattle, Washington's largest city
Skyline of Spokane, Washington's second largest city
Skyline of Tacoma, a satellite city in the Seattle metropolitan area and Washington's third largest city
Skyline of Vancouver, a suburb in the Portland metropolitan area and Washington's fourth largest city
Aerial view of Bellevue, a boomburb in the Seattle metropolitan area and the fifth largest municipality in Washington
Aerial view of Kent, a suburb in the Seattle metropolitan area and the sixth largest municipality in Washington
Downtown Everett, a satellite city in the Seattle metropolitan area and the seventh largest city in Washington
Skyline of Yakima, Washington's eleventh largest city
State capital and county seat
County seat
Name
Type[3]
County[4]
Population
Land area[5]
2014 estimate[6]
2010 Census[5]
sq mi
km2
Aberdeen First Grays Harbor 16,255 16,896 10.65 27.6
Airway Heights Code Spokane 6,545 6,114 5.12 13.3
Algona Code King 3,133 3,014 1.30 3.4
Anacortes Code Skagit 16,232 15,778 11.76 30.5
Arlington Code Snohomish 18,808 17,926 9.30 24.1
Asotin Code Asotin 1,290 1,251 1.05 2.7
Auburn Code King
Pierce[Note 1] 76,347 70,180 29.62 76.7
Bainbridge Island Code Kitsap 23,293 23,025 27.61 71.5
Battle Ground Code Clark 18,930 17,571 7.86 20.4
Bellevue Code King 136,426 122,363 33.48 86.7
Bellingham First Whatcom 83,365 80,885 27.07 70.1
Benton City Code Benton 3,191 3,038 2.43 6.3
Bingen Code Klickitat 719 712 0.62 1.6
Black Diamond Code King 4,338 4,151 6.56 17.0
Blaine Code Whatcom 4,976 4,684 5.63 14.6
Bonney Lake Code Pierce 18,809 17,374 7.94 20.6
Bothell Code King
Snohomish[Note 1] 36,567 33,505 12.10 31.3
Bremerton First Kitsap 38,572 37,729 28.42 73.6
Brewster Code Okanogan 2,354 2,370 1.19 3.1
Bridgeport Code Douglas 2,434 2,409 1.05 2.7
Brier Code Snohomish 6,434 6,087 2.13 5.5
Buckley Code Pierce 4,520 4,354 3.87 10.0
Burien Code King 50,188 33,313 10.06 26.1
Burlington Code Skagit 8,568 8,388 4.25 11.0
Camas Code Clark 21,220 19,355 13.74 35.6
Carnation Code King 1,853 1,786 1.16 3.0
Cashmere Code Chelan 3,137 3,063 1.11 2.9
Castle Rock Code Cowlitz 2,140 1,982 1.99 5.2
Centralia Code Lewis 16,623 16,336 7.49 19.4
Chehalis Code Lewis 7,261 7,259 5.53 14.3
Chelan Code Chelan 3,981 3,890 6.36 16.5
Cheney Code Spokane 11,420 10,590 4.35 11.3
Chewelah Code Stevens 2,602 2,607 2.98 7.7
Clarkston Code Asotin 7,359 7,229 2.01 5.2
Cle Elum Code Kittitas 1,883 1,872 3.82 9.9
Clyde Hill Code King 3,198 2,984 1.06 2.7
Colfax Second Whitman 2,828 2,805 3.79 9.8
College Place Code Walla Walla 8,997 8,765 2.68 6.9
Colville Second Stevens 4,706 4,673 2.97 7.7
Connell Code Franklin 5,388 4,209 7.87 20.4
Cosmopolis Code Grays Harbor 1,589 1,649 1.33 3.4
Covington Code King 19,134 17,575 5.81 15.0
Davenport Second Lincoln 1,665 1,734 1.82 4.7
Dayton Code Columbia 2,460 2,526 1.43 3.7
Deer Park Code Spokane 3,864 3,652 6.89 17.8
Des Moines Code King 31,011 29,673 6.50 16.8
DuPont Code Pierce 9,313 8,199 5.86 15.2
Duvall Code King 7,639 6,695 2.45 6.3
East Wenatchee Code Douglas 13,505 13,190 3.80 9.8
Edgewood Code Pierce 9,749 9,387 8.41 21.8
Edmonds Code Snohomish 40,896 39,709 8.90 23.1
Electric City Code Grant 1,018 968 1.98 5.1
Ellensburg Code Kittitas 18,774 18,174 7.03 18.2
Elma Code Grays Harbor 3,018 3,107 1.89 4.9
Entiat Code Chelan 1,154 1,112 2.11 5.5
Enumclaw Code King
Pierce[Note 1] 11,548 10,669 5.16 13.4
Ephrata Code Grant 8,031 7,664 10.09 26.1
Everett First Snohomish 106,736 103,019 33.11 85.8
Everson Code Whatcom 2,565 2,481 1.31 3.4
Federal Way Code King 93,425 89,306 22.27 57.7
Ferndale Code Whatcom 12,704 11,415 7.03 18.2
Fife Code Pierce 9,550 9,173 5.69 14.7
Fircrest Code Pierce 6,658 6,497 1.58 4.1
Forks Code Clallam 3,717 3,532 3.91 10.1
George Code Grant 505 501 1.33 3.4
Gig Harbor Code Pierce 8,375 7,126 5.95 15.4
Gold Bar Code Snohomish 2,101 2,075 1.03 2.7
Goldendale Code Klickitat 3,428 3,407 2.52 6.5
Grand Coulee Code Grant 1,050 988 1.24 3.2
Grandview Code Yakima 11,140 10,862 6.23 16.1
Granger Code Yakima 3,394 3,246 1.79 4.6
Granite Falls Code Snohomish 3,468 3,364 2.19 5.7
Harrington Code Lincoln 400 424 0.38 0.98
Hoquiam Code Grays Harbor 8,389 8,726 9.08 23.5
Ilwaco Code Pacific 905 936 2.10 5.4
Issaquah Code King 34,056 30,434 11.41 29.6
Kahlotus Code Franklin 191 193 0.47 1.2
Kalama Code Cowlitz 2,347 2,344 2.77 7.2
Kelso Code Cowlitz 11,788 11,925 8.14 21.1
Kenmore Code King 21,839 20,460 6.17 16.0
Kennewick Code Benton 77,421 73,917 26.87 69.6
Kent Code King 125,560 92,411 33.76 87.4
Kettle Falls Code Stevens 1,592 1,595 1.12 2.9
Kirkland Code King 85,763 48,787 17.82 46.2
Kittitas Code Kittitas 1,417 1,381 0.73 1.9
La Center Code Clark 3,099 2,800 2.21 5.7
Lacey Code Thurston 45,446 42,393 16.06 41.6
Lake Forest Park Code King 13,184 12,598 3.53 9.1
Lake Stevens Code Snohomish 30,284 28,069 8.88 23.0
Lakewood Code Pierce 59,610 58,163 17.18 44.5
Langley Code Island 1,052 1,035 1.08 2.8
Leavenworth Code Chelan 1,979 1,965 1.23 3.2
Liberty Lake Code Spokane 8,637 7,591 6.14 15.9
Long Beach Code Pacific 1,346 1,392 1.35 3.5
Longview Code Cowlitz 36,483 36,648 14.54 37.7
Lynden Code Whatcom 13,165 11,951 5.26 13.6
Lynnwood Code Snohomish 36,687 35,836 7.85 20.3
Mabton Code Yakima 2,303 2,286 0.81 2.1
Maple Valley Code King 25,125 22,684 5.73 14.8
Marysville Code Snohomish 65,087 60,020 20.69 53.6
Mattawa Code Grant 4,579 4,437 0.74 1.9
McCleary Code Grays Harbor 1,609 1,653 2.05 5.3
Medical Lake Code Spokane 4,952 5,060 3.40 8.8
Medina Code King 3,188 2,969 1.45 3.8
Mercer Island Code King 24,326 22,699 6.32 16.4
Mesa Code Franklin 491 489 1.64 4.2
Mill Creek Code Snohomish 19,200 18,244 4.66 12.1
Millwood Code Spokane 1,776 1,786 0.70 1.8
Milton Code Pierce
King[Note 1] 7,360 6,968 2.62 6.8
Monroe Code Snohomish 17,899 17,304 6.05 15.7
Montesano Code Grays Harbor 3,861 3,976 10.58 27.4
Morton Code Lewis 1,116 1,126 0.82 2.1
Moses Lake Code Grant 21,713 20,366 17.84 46.2
Mossyrock Code Lewis 745 759 0.68 1.8
Mount Vernon Code Skagit 33,132 31,743 12.24 31.7
Mountlake Terrace Code Snohomish 20,817 19,909 4.06 10.5
Moxee Code Yakima 3,784 3,308 2.20 5.7
Mukilteo Code Snohomish 20,993 20,254 6.34 16.4
Napavine Code Lewis 1,778 1,766 2.38 6.2
Newcastle Code King 11,201 10,380 4.45 11.5
Newport Code Pend Oreille 2,123 2,126 1.35 3.5
Nooksack Code Whatcom 1,443 1,338 0.71 1.8
Normandy Park Code King 6,615 6,335 2.52 6.5
North Bend Code King 6,578 5,731 4.37 11.3
North Bonneville Code Skamania 971 956 2.41 6.2
Oak Harbor Code Island 22,306 22,075 9.65 25.0
Oakville Code Grays Harbor 663 684 0.50 1.3
Ocean Shores Code Grays Harbor 5,628 5,569 8.51 22.0
Okanogan Code Okanogan 2,571 2,552 1.99 5.2
Olympia Code Thurston 49,218 46,478 17.82 46.2
Omak Code Okanogan 4,848 4,845 3.46 9.0
Oroville Code Okanogan 1,679 1,686 1.64 4.2
Orting Code Pierce 7,266 6,746 2.73 7.1
Othello Code Adams 7,703 7,364 3.81 9.9
Pacific Code King
Pierce[Note 1] 7,079 6,606 2.41 6.2
Palouse Second Whitman 1,012 998 1.08 2.8
Pasco Code Franklin 68,648 59,781 31.46 81.5
Pateros Code Okanogan 656 667 0.49 1.3
Pomeroy Code Garfield 1,386 1,425 1.78 4.6
Port Angeles Code Clallam 19,256 19,038 10.70 27.7
Port Orchard Second Kitsap 13,266 11,144 9.68 25.1
Port Townsend Code Jefferson 9,255 9,113 6.98 18.1
Poulsbo Code Kitsap 9,702 9,200 4.74 12.3
Prescott Code Walla Walla 309 318 0.40 1.0
Prosser Code Benton 5,802 5,714 4.55 11.8
Pullman Code Whitman 31,682 29,799 9.88 25.6
Puyallup Code Pierce 39,105 37,022 14.11 36.5
Quincy Code Grant 7,355 6,750 4.98 12.9
Rainier Code Thurston 1,948 1,794 1.73 4.5
Raymond Code Pacific 2,787 2,882 4.06 10.5
Redmond Code King 59,285 54,144 16.47 42.7
Renton Code King 98,404 90,927 23.37 60.5
Republic Code Ferry 1,083 1,073 1.59 4.1
Richland First Benton 53,019 48,058 38.56 99.9
Ridgefield Code Clark 6,123 4,763 7.08 18.3
Ritzville Second Adams 1,671 1,673 1.70 4.4
Rock Island Code Douglas 792 788 0.62 1.6
Roslyn Code Kittitas 896 893 4.37 11.3
Roy Code Pierce 805 793 0.49 1.3
Royal City Code Grant 2,217 2,140 1.35 3.5
Ruston Code Pierce 791 749 0.26 0.67
Sammamish Code King 51,229 45,780 18.41 47.7
SeaTac Code King 28,126 26,909 10.03 26.0
Seattle First King 668,342 608,660 83.84 217.1
Sedro-Woolley Code Skagit 10,764 10,540 3.93 10.2
Selah Code Yakima 7,444 7,147 4.51 11.7
Sequim Code Clallam 6,737 6,606 6.31 16.3
Shelton Code Mason 9,777 9,834 5.76 14.9
Shoreline Code King 55,174 53,007 11.67 30.2
Snohomish Code Snohomish 9,544 9,098 3.46 9.0
Snoqualmie Code King 12,630 10,670 7.22 18.7
Soap Lake Code Grant 1,585 1,514 1.30 3.4
South Bend Code Pacific 1,594 1,637 1.63 4.2
Spangle Code Spokane 288 278 0.36 0.93
Spokane First Spokane 212,052 208,916 68.73 178.0
Spokane Valley Code Spokane 91,729 89,755 37.71 97.7
Sprague Code Lincoln 423 446 0.63 1.6
Stanwood Code Snohomish 6,739 6,231 2.82 7.3
Stevenson Code Skamania 1,499 1,465 1.65 4.3
Sultan Code Snohomish 4,769 4,651 3.15 8.2
Sumas Code Whatcom 1,348 1,307 1.48 3.8
Sumner Code Pierce 9,677 9,451 7.51 19.5
Sunnyside Code Yakima 16,140 15,858 6.63 17.2
Tacoma First Pierce 205,159 198,397 49.73 128.8
Tekoa Second Whitman 784 778 1.14 3.0
Tenino Code Thurston 1,729 1,695 1.44 3.7
Tieton Code Yakima 1,247 1,191 0.82 2.1
Toledo Code Lewis 721 725 0.40 1.0
Tonasket Code Okanogan 1,018 1,032 0.80 2.1
Toppenish Code Yakima 8,996 8,949 2.11 5.5
Tukwila Code King 19,920 19,107 9.17 23.8
Tumwater Code Thurston 18,820 17,371 14.32 37.1
Union Gap Code Yakima 6,030 6,047 5.06 13.1
University Place Code Pierce 32,282 31,144 8.43 21.8
Vader Code Lewis 614 621 0.93 2.4
Vancouver First Clark 169,294 161,791 46.78 121.2
Waitsburg Unclassified Walla Walla 1,196 1,217 1.12 2.9
Walla Walla Code Walla Walla 31,910 31,731 12.80 33.2
Wapato Second Yakima 5,051 4,997 1.17 3.0
Warden Code Grant 2,749 2,692 2.66 6.9
Washougal Code Clark 14,999 14,095 5.47 14.2
Wenatchee Code Chelan 33,261 31,925 7.86 20.4
West Richland Code Benton 13,351 11,811 21.97 56.9
Westport Code Grays Harbor 2,018 2,099 3.68 9.5
White Salmon Code Klickitat 2,314 2,224 1.24 3.2
Winlock Code Lewis 1,308 1,339 1.29 3.3
Woodinville Code King 11,372 10,938 5.60 14.5
Woodland Code Cowlitz
Clark[Note 1] 5,708 5,509 4.05 10.5
Woodway Code Snohomish 1,351 1,307 1.11 2.9
Yakima First Yakima 93,357 91,067 27.63 71.6
Yelm Code Thurston 8,223 6,848 5.68 14.7
Zillah Code Yakima 3,118 2,964 1.85 4.8
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f The city spans multiple counties. The counties are listed in the order given by GNIS, primary county first.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "GCT-PH1 – Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 – State — Place and (in selected states) County Subdivision". 2010 United States Census. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved June 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Washington: 2010 Population and Housing Unit Counts 2010 Census of Population and Housing" (PDF). 2010 United States Census. United States Census Bureau. September 2012. p. III-2. Retrieved August 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Washington City and Town Profiles". Municipal Research and Services Center. Retrieved May 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Domestic and Antarctic Names - State and Topical Gazetteer Download Files: National Federal Codes" (CSV). United States Board on Geographical Names, USGS. Retrieved November 25, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-04-23.
Jump up ^ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2014". census.gov. May 21, 2015. Retrieved May 28, 2015.
General[edit]
"Washington City and Town Profiles". Municipal Research and Services Center of Washington. Retrieved November 25, 2012. Up-to-date table of Washington municipalities.
"Cities and Towns of the United States" (DBF). National Atlas. United States Department of the Interior. 2012. Retrieved July 15, 2013. Database of places noting county seats.
External links[edit]
Title 35 RCW (governing all cities)
Title 35A RCW (governing code cities)
Municipal Research & Services Center of Washington
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