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2017 24 Hours of Le Mans
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2017 24 Hours of Le Mans
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Index: Races | Winners
Porsche LMP Team No. 2 Porsche 919 Hybrid, Winner of the 2017 24 Hours of Le Mans
Circuit de la Sarthe track
The 85th 24 Hours of Le Mans (French: 85e 24 Heures du Mans) was an automobile endurance event held on 17–18 June 2017 at the Circuit de la Sarthe, Le Mans, France. It was the 85th running of the 24 hour race organised by the Automobile Club de l'Ouest as well as the third round of the 2017 FIA World Endurance Championship. 258,500 people attended the event.
The race was won by the No. 2 Porsche driven by Timo Bernhard, Brendon Hartley and Earl Bamber after taking the lead of the race in the final two hours. It was the second victory at Le Mans for Bamber and Bernhard, and Hartley's first. Toyota's Sébastien Buemi, Kazuki Nakajima, and Anthony Davidson finished in eighth place after starting on pole position, and were the only other competitor in the LMP1 field to finish the event. The LMP2 category was won by Ho-Pin Tung, Thomas Laurent, and Oliver Jarvis in the No. 38 Jackie Chan DC Racing Oreca, who led the race outright for several hours before finishing in second place overall. The second DC Racing entry of David Cheng, Tristan Gommendy, and Alex Brundle were three laps behind for third overall, followed by the No. 35 Signatech Alpine of Nelson Panciatici, Pierre Ragues, and André Negrão.
Aston Martin won the LMGTE Pro category, after the No. 97 car of Darren Turner, Jonathan Adam, and Daniel Serra overtook the stricken No. 63 Corvette of Jordan Taylor, Antonio García, and Jan Magnussen in the final two laps of the race. The No. 67 Ford was also able to pass the Corvette on the final lap to take second place for Harry Tincknell, Andy Priaulx, and Pipo Derani. LMGTE Am was won by the JMW Motorsport Ferrari of Robert Smith, Will Stevens, and Dries Vanthoor. Ferraris also finished in second and third, with Spirit of Race's Duncan Cameron, Aaron Scott, and Marco Cioci in second, and Scuderia Corsa's Townsend Bell, Cooper MacNeil, and Bill Sweedler in third.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Regulation changes
3 Entries
3.1 Automatic invitations
3.2 Entry list and reserves
4 Testing and practice
5 Qualifying
5.1 Qualifying results
6 Race
6.1 Warm-up
6.2 Race summary
6.3 Race result
7 Footnotes
8 References
9 External links
Background[edit]
The date for the 2017 Le Mans race was confirmed by the FIA World Motor Sport Council in a press conference of the sport's organiser, the Automobile Club de l'Ouest (ACO), at the Musée des 24 Heures du Mans on 16 June 2016.[1] It was the 85th running of the event,[1] and the third of nine scheduled rounds of the 2017 FIA World Endurance Championship.[2] The race was scheduled to avoid conflicting with other major motorsport events, as was the case in the 2016 event when it clashed with the European Grand Prix.[3]
Before the race Toyota drivers Anthony Davidson, Kazuki Nakajima and Sébastien Buemi led the Drivers' Championship with 50 points, 17 ahead of second-placed Timo Bernhard, Earl Bamber and Brendon Hartley and a further five in front of Neel Jani, Nick Tandy, André Lotterer in third. Mike Conway and Kamui Kobayashi were fourth on 19.5 points and their teammate Nicolas Lapierre rounded out the top five with 16 points.[4] Toyota were leading the Manufacturers' Championship on 69.5 points, seven and a half ahead of their sole rival Porsche in second position.[4] Toyota had so far dominated the championship with Davidson, Nakajima and Buemi winning the season's previous two rounds. Bernhard, Bamber and Hartley and Conway and Kobayashi had all finished in second once with their teammates Jani, Tandy, Lotterer having achieved one third-place result.[4]
Regulation changes[edit]
Following the 2016 event in which the leading car failed on its final lap and was eventually not classified in the final results, the standards by which a car is classified have been changed. Instead of the mandatory six minutes for the final lap of the race, penalties will be awarded for any lap over six minutes on a gradual scale. Failure to complete the last lap of the race in under fifteen minutes will now lead to a car no longer being classified.[5]
The slow zone system used at Le Mans has also been revised, with nine dedicated slow zone sectors laid out around the circuit. Previously individual marshal posts were used to mark the beginning and end of slow zones. The dedicated zones have been located such that the beginning of the 80 km/h (50 mph) is in a slow section of the circuit; previous slow zones could begin in areas of the track where cars were required to slow down from high speeds and cause accidents.[6]
Modifications were made to the circuit from the Porsche Curves to the Ford Chicane. The run-off area where the last right hand turn goes into the left hand corner that begins the entry to Corvette corner was widened with the barrier at the Porsche Curves being moved further back. Further the angle of the wall at the left hand entry to the short straight before the Ford Chicane was altered. The changes led to criticism from Lotterer and Jan Magnussen about the potential loss of challenge and the ACO's sporting manager Vincent Beaumesnil defended the alterations by saying that widening the run-off area was preferable than adding a chicane at the Porsche Curves.[7]
The Le Mans Prototype 2 (LMP2) category was revamped with the introduction of a single specification motor from Gibson, with increased power output compared to 2016 LMP2 cars.[8] Cockpit and chassis designs also mimic the Le Mans Prototype 1 (LMP1) regulations for safety.[9] The four approved chassis manufacturers were Dallara, Ligier, Oreca and Riley.[10]
Entries[edit]
Automatic invitations[edit]
Automatic entry invitations are earned by teams that won their class in the previous running of the 24 Hours of Le Mans, or won championships in the European Le Mans Series, Asian Le Mans Series, and the Michelin GT3 Le Mans Cup. The second-place finisher in the European Le Mans Series Le Mans Grand Touring Endurance (LMGTE) championship also earns an automatic invitation. Two participants from the WeatherTech SportsCar Championship are chosen by the series to be automatic entries by the ACO regardless of their performance or category. As invitations are granted to teams, they were allowed to change their cars from the previous year to the next, but not allowed to change their category. The LMGTE class invitations from the European and Asian Le Mans Series are allowed to choose between the Pro and Am categories. European Le Mans Series' Le Mans Prototype 3 (LMP3) champion is required to field an entry in LMP2 while the Asian Le Mans Series LMP3 champion may choose between LMP2 or LMGTE Am. The Michelin GT3 Le Mans Cup champions are limited to the LMGTE Am category.[11]
The ACO announced its initial list of automatic entries on 23 January 2017.[11]
Reason invited
LMP1
LMP2
LMGTE Pro
LMGTE Am
1st in the 24 Hours of Le Mans Porsche Team Signatech Alpine Ford Chip Ganassi Team USA Scuderia Corsa
1st in the European Le Mans Series (LMP2 and LMGTE)
G-Drive Racing Aston Martin Racing
2nd in the European Le Mans Series (LMGTE)
JMW Motorsport
1st in the European Le Mans Series (LMP3) United Autosports
WeatherTech SportsCar Championship at-large entries Keating Motorsport Scuderia Corsa
1st in the Asian Le Mans Series (LMP2 and GT) Algarve Pro Racing DH Racing
1st in the Asian Le Mans Series (LMP3) Tockwith Motorsports
– or –
Tockwith Motorsports
1st in the Michelin GT3 Le Mans Cup
TF Sport
Entry list and reserves[edit]
Further information: 2017 FIA World Endurance Championship season § Teams and drivers
In conjunction with the announcement of entries for the 2017 FIA World Endurance Championship and the European Le Mans Series seasons, the ACO announced the full 60 car entry list for Le Mans, plus two reserves. In addition to the 28 guaranteed entries from the World Endurance Championship, 13 entries came from the European Le Mans Series, six from the WeatherTech SportsCar Championship, eleven from the Asian Le Mans Series, while the rest of the field was filled with one-off entries only competing at Le Mans.[12] Two cars were initially named to the reserve entry list for the event; RLR Msport later withdrew their LMP2 Ligier, while a fourth entry from Proton Competition remained without being promoted to the race.[13] With the withdrawal of Audi Sport Team Joest from LMP1, the class was reduced to just six entries for the 24 Hours of Le Mans.[14]
Testing and practice[edit]
A pre-Le Mans testing day was held at the circuit on 4 June, and mandated all entrants for the race to participate in eight hours of track time divided into two sessions.[15] The morning session, held on a dirty track with lap times improving towards its conclusion,[16] was led by Toyota (the pre-race favourites),[14] with Nakajima's No. 8 car setting a lap time of three minutes and 20.778 seconds. The second Toyota of Kobayashi followed, almost seven-tenths of a second in arrears, and José María López completed a Toyota sweep of the first three placings in the No. 9 car.[16] Porsche were off Toyota's pace by more than two seconds and completed the LMP1 field with Bernhard fourth and Lotterer fifth.[17] Orecas led LMP2 with thirteen cars at the top of the time sheets, led by the No. 36 Signatech Alpine of André Negrão, the sole driver to go under than three minutes and 30 minutes with a three minutes and 29.809 seconds lap, and was ahead of Rebellion and Graff.[16] LMGTE Pro was topped by Corvette with Magnussen's lap of three minutes and 55.726 seconds, followed by Patrick Pilet's No. 91 Porsche 911 RSR and the second Corvette of Oliver Gavin. The No. 77 Porsche driven by Matteo Cairoli was fastest in LMGTE Am, ahead of the DH Racing Ferrari 488 of Andrea Bertolini.[17]
The second session saw Toyota continuing to lead the time sheets with Kobayashi setting a three minutes and 18.132 seconds lap time, followed by Buemi whose best effort was 1.1 seconds slower than Kobayashi's pace and López was a further 2.2 seconds slower in third. Porsche were still off the pace from Toyota with their best effort coming from Bamber in the No. 2 car followed by Jani in the sister No. 1 entry.[18] Nelson Panciatici in the No. 35 Signatech Alpine improved the fastest lap in LMP2 and finished in front of the sole LMP1 privateer, the No. 4 ByKolles Racing ENSO CLM P1/01 of Dominik Kraihamer, to go sixth overall. Panciatci's time put him ahead of Jean-Éric Vergne's No. 24 Manor Oreca and the No. 37 Jackie Chan DC Racing car of Alex Brundle.[19] Gavin missed 91 minutes due to him changing his engine midway through but recorded the best lap of the day in LMGTE Pro at three minutes and 54.701 seconds towards the end of testing to displace Frédéric Makowiecki's No. 92 Porsche at the top of the time sheets. Aston Martin led LMGTE Am with Pedro Lamy's three minutes and 58.250 seconds lap time that put him two-tenths of a second faster than Fernando Rees in the Larbre Compétition Corvette.[19] The No. 33 Eurasia Motorsport Ligier JS P217 of Erik Maris caused the session to be stopped after becoming stranded in the Dunlop Curves gravel trap. Paul-Loup Chatin's No. 17 IDEC Sport Ligier and Jan Lammers in the Racing Team Nederland Dallara made contact at the second Mulsanne Chicane but both cars continued without major damage.[19] The session was prematurely ended with less than fifteen minutes remaining when the No. 25 Manor of Roberto González laid oil on the track and stopped.[19][20]
Official practice was held on 14 June with the full 60-car field on track for four hours and took place in hot and sunny weather conditions.[15][21] Toyota led from the offset once again, with Lapierre setting the early pace and remained at the top for most of the session until Bamber bettered Lapierre's effort.[22] Kobayashi improved on Porsche's effort until he was overtaken in the final five minutes by Jani with a lap of three minutes and 20.362 seconds.[23] Alex Lynn in the No. 26 G-Drive Racing car led LMP2 with less than forty minutes left with a lap of three minutes and 30.363 seconds and displaced the No. 13 Rebellion of Nelson Piquet Jr. The sister No. 31 Rebellion driven by Bruno Senna was third.[22] The LMGTE Pro field was led from the start by Aston Martins and Corvettes until Sam Bird's No. 71 AF Corse Ferrari ended the session at the top of the time sheets with three minutes and 54.832 seconds effort. The best Aston Martin was placed second with Darren Turner's No. 97 vehicle and the second AF Corse car of James Calado completed the top three.[21] In LMGTE Am, the quickest vehicle was the No. 98 Aston Martin of Lamy, ahead of a trio of Ferraris led by DH Racing.[22] The safety cars was required for one hour and fifteen minutes after Christian Philippon's Larbre Compétition Corvette went off the track leaving the Porsche Curves and damaged the car's bodywork in an impact with the tyre barriers.[21] Stephane Lemeret's No. 88 Proton Porsche scraped the barrier through the Porsche Curves but continued to the pit lane for repairs. The Cetilar Villorba Corse Dallara of Roberto Lacorte slid into the Mulsanne Corner gravel trap and was forced to abandon his car.[21][24]
Qualifying[edit]
The first of three qualifying sessions began late Wednesday night under clear conditions.[15] The start was delayed due to an incident during the practice session for the first Road to Le Mans race in which a major crash necessitated barrier repairs to the Porsche Curves and the session was shortened by twenty minutes.[25] Slow zones and yellow flags limited the amount of quick running,[26] and the rapidly cooling track meant the best chance to set the fastest lap times was missed.[27] The first timed laps of the session saw Porsche led early on with a benchmark effort from Jani, followed by Bernhard's three minutes and 19.710 seconds lap. Fifteen minutes later, Kobayashi had no slower traffic impeding him and topped the session with a time of three minutes and 18.793 seconds to put him provisional pole position.[25] Nakajima followed six-tenths of a second behind in second with Bernhard's effort was enough to put him provisional third.[26] Lapierre was the slowest of the three Toyotas in fourth with Jani off the pace from Kobayashi. Rounding out the LMP1 field was Kraihamer whose fastest time was ten seconds slower than the leading Toyota but clear of the LMP2 field.[27]
Matthieu Vaxivière carried TDS Racing's Oreca to provisional pole in LMP2 with a time of three minutes and 29.333 seconds set late in the session.[27] He was half a second clear of Senna who held the class pole until Vaxivière's lap. The No. 25 Manor, driven by Vitaly Petrov, was third-fastest and was followed by teammate Vergne in fourth.[26] Eric Trouillet in the No. 39 Graff Oreca caused the session's first yellow flag when he contacted the barriers leaving the second Mulsanne Chicane and the No. 27 SMP Racing Dallara caused further disruption when it reportedly suffered a fire impacting the barrier that was extinguished quickly.[27] Aston Martin topped both the LMGTE categories in the first qualifying session, with Nicki Thiim setting the fastest time of three minutes and 52.117 seconds in the No. 95 car,[27] while Mathias Lauda was the fastest Amateur class entry with a three minutes and 55.134 seconds lap.[25] The No. 82 Risi Competizione Ferrari 488 was eleventh amongst LMGTEs before ACO officials disallowed their fastest lap times for their team breaking parc fermé regulations by handling the tyres after the session.[28][29]
Kamui Kobayashi (pictured in 2010) broke Neel Jani's two-year pole position lap record to clinch Toyota's third pole at Le Mans.
Thursday's first qualifying session began with a stoppage for a crash. Seventeen minutes into the session, Maris spun and crashed his No. 33 car heavily into the outside barriers leaving the first Mulsanne Chicane. Maris was unhurt but was transported to the medical centre for a precautionary check-up and the conclusion of second qualifying was rescheduled to 21:30 Central European Summer Time (CEST) (UTC+02:00) as a consequence.[30] When it restarted, Kobayashi exited the pit lane early and was helped by tailwinds on the Mulsanne Straight and headwinds through the Porsche Curves to set a new provisional pole lap of three minutes and 14.791 seconds.[31] It was nearly two seconds faster than the qualifying lap record set in 2015 on the current 13.629-kilometre (8.469 mi) version of the Circuit de la Sarthe and averaged 251.882 km/h (156.512 mph) to beat Hans-Joachim Stuck's 1985 qualifying run.[32] The No. 8 Toyota stopped leaving the second Mulsanne Chicane with an oil supply problem that necessitated the team to change its engine. It returned to the track with ten minutes remaining but the Toyota fell to fourth as Buemi could not improve on the car's best time.[31]
Jani and Bernhard in the two Porsches bettered their lap times and moved to second and third. Yuji Kunimoto also improved the No. 9 Toyota's best lap but fell to fifth.[33] Petrov's Manor set a new LMP2 class lap record with a time of three minutes and 25.549 more than a second faster than rookie Thomas Laurent in Jackie Chan DC Racing's No. 38 vehicle and the sister Manor of Vergne. Petrov consequently demoted the ByKolles car to seventh overall. The LMGTE categories had some changes with Aston Martin remaining the leaders in Pro but Jonathan Adam bettered Thiim's first qualification session lap with Calado improving to second. Euan Hankey became the provisional LMGTE Am pole sitter before Will Stevens eclipsed his time to take over the position.[31] At the premature end to qualifying with half an hour left, Timothé Buret drove onto grass in the No. 23 Panis Barthez Competition Ligier and lost control of his car. Buret heavily damaged the vehicle in an impact with the barrier and was stranded in the gravel trap entering Tertre Rouge corner.[33]
As temperatures cooled in the final qualifying session, more than half the field improved their fastest laps,[34] but Kobayashi's time could not be bettered by any other driver in LMP1 and thus held the record to clinch Toyota's third pole position at Le Mans and their first since 2014.[35] Nakajima improved the No. 8 car's time by more than two seconds to sit alongside the sister No. 7 Toyota on the grid's front row. Porsche was not able to improve on their times from the second qualifying session and settled for third and fourth places.[34] Hartley slowed and stopped the No. 2 Porsche at Indianapolis corner as a precaution due to rising oil temperatures.[34] He attempted to return to the pit lane on electric power but was forced to abandon the car.[36] Lapierre improved early in third qualifying but could only muster fifth position.[34] Oliver Webb took advantage of some clear air to move the ByKolles car back into sixth overall but was more than nine seconds off the pace.[37] Lynn reset the LMP2 lap record early in third qualifying by 11.3 seconds over the previous year's time demoting the No. 25 Manor Oreca to second. Ho-Pin Tung's No. 38 Jackie Chan DC Racing car took third and battled with Senna for the position. Oreca chassis, as well as the variant Alpine chassis, secured the first nine positions in LMP2, while the Dallara of SMP Racing was the fastest of the other chassis in tenth place.[25][36]
Aston Martin led LMGTE Pro with Richie Stanaway setting a new class record before Turner improved with a three minutes and 50.837 lap to secure the British marque's first category pole since 2015.[38] The two cars were separated by Calado in the closing minutes and Bird came within 0.048 seconds of Stanaway's effort. All five manufacturers in LMGTE Pro were within a second of Turner's lap, with the fastest Ford in fifth courtesy of Ryan Briscoe, Antonio García taking sixth for Corvette and Porsche seventh with their best time coming from Michael Christensen.[37] The lead in LMGTE Am changed with Rees earning Larbre Compétition's first class pole for ten years with a time of three minutes and 52.843 seconds, almost four-tenths of a second clear of Lamy's No. 98 Aston Martin in second and the No. 62 Scuderia Corsa Ferrari of Townsend Bell in third.[38][34]
Qualifying results[edit]
Provisional pole positions in each class are denoted in bold. The fastest time set by each entry is denoted with a gray background.
Pos.
Class
No.
Team
Qualifying 1[28]
Qualifying 2[39]
Qualifying 3[40]
Gap
Grid[41]
1
LMP1 7 Toyota Gazoo Racing 3:18.793 3:14.791 3:19.928
1
2
LMP1 8 Toyota Gazoo Racing 3:19.483 No time 3:17.128 +2.337
2
3
LMP1 1 Porsche LMP Team 3:21.165 3:17.259 3:18.210 +2.468
3
4
LMP1 2 Porsche LMP Team 3:19.710 3:18.067 3:20.154 +3.276
4
5
LMP1 9 Toyota Gazoo Racing 3:19.958 3:19.889 3:18.625 +3.834
5
6
LMP1 4 ByKolles Racing Team 3:28.887 3:26.026 3:24.170 +9.379
6
7
LMP2 26 G-Drive Racing 3:31.945 3:28.580 3:25.352 +10.561
7
8
LMP2 25 CEFC Manor TRS Racing 3:30.502 3:25.549 3:26.521 +10.758
8
9
LMP2 38 Jackie Chan DC Racing 3:31.024 3:26.776 3:25.911 +11.120
9
10
LMP2 31 Vaillante Rebellion 3:29.851 3:27.564 3:26.736 +11.945
10
11
LMP2 13 Vaillante Rebellion 3:31.636 3:27.071 3:26.811 +12.020
11
12
LMP2 24 CEFC Manor TRS Racing 3:30.847 3:26.871 3:27.359 +12.080
12
13
LMP2 28 TDS Racing 3:29.333 3:31.085 3:27.108 +12.317
13
14
LMP2 35 Signatech Alpine Matmut 3:31.439 3:29.328 3:27.517 +12.726
14
15
LMP2 37 Jackie Chan DC Racing 3:41.393 3:28.432 3:27.535 +12.744
15
16
LMP2 27 SMP Racing 3:34.407 3:30.262 3:27.782 +12.991
16
17
LMP2 36 Signatech Alpine Matmut 3:31.065 3:28.856 3:28.051 +13.260
17
18
LMP2 39 Graff 3:32.987 3:36.128 3:28.368 +13.577
18
19
LMP2 40 Graff 3:32.477 3:29.396 3:28.891 +14.100
19
20
LMP2 22 G-Drive Racing 3:31.963 3:28.937 3:30.313 +14.146
20
21
LMP2 32 United Autosports 3:34.166 3:30.693 3:29.151 +14.360
21
22
LMP2 21 DragonSpeed – 10 Star 3:34.046 3:30.396 3:29.777 +14.986
22
23
LMP2 29 Racing Team Nederland 3:33.796 3:31.766 3:29.976 +15.185
23
24
LMP2 47 Cetilar Villorba Corse 3:34.846 3:30.014 3:33.412 +15.223
24
25
LMP2 45 Algarve Pro Racing 3:37.814 3:30.164 3:32.425 +15.373
25
26
LMP2 23 Panis Barthez Competition 3:35.559 3:31.346 3:32.888 +16.555
26
27
LMP2 34 Tockwith Motorsports 3:41.628 3:33.739 3:32.536 +17.745
27
28
LMP2 49 ARC Bratislava 3:37.226 3:33.921 No time +19.130
28
29
LMP2 17 IDEC Sport Racing 3:40.162 3:36.362 3:36.230 +21.439
29
30
LMP2 43 Keating Motorsport 3:40.813 3:37.350 3:37.007 +22.216
30
31
LMP2 33 Eurasia Motorsport 3:42.660 3:42.916 No time +27.869
31
32
LMGTE Pro 97 Aston Martin Racing 3:53.296 3:51.860 3:50.837 +36.046
32
33
LMGTE Pro 51 AF Corse 3:53.123 3:52.087 3:51.028 +36.237
33
34
LMGTE Pro 95 Aston Martin Racing 3:52.117 3:52.525 3:51.038 +36.247
34
35
LMGTE Pro 71 AF Corse 3:52.235 3:52.903 3:51.086 +36.295
35
36
LMGTE Pro 69 Ford Chip Ganassi Team USA 3:55.553 3:52.496 3:51.232 +36.441
36
37
LMGTE Pro 63 Corvette Racing – GM 3:54.847 3:52.886 3:51.484 +36.693
37
38
LMGTE Pro 92 Porsche GT Team 3:54.243 3:52.177 3:51.847 +37.056
38
39
LMGTE Pro 66 Ford Chip Ganassi Team UK 3:55.803 3:52.558 3:51.991 +37.200
39
40
LMGTE Pro 67 Ford Chip Ganassi Team UK 3:54.118 3:53.059 3:52.008 +37.217
40
41
LMGTE Pro 64 Corvette Racing – GM 3:54.876 3:52.391 3:52.017 +37.226
41
42
LMGTE Pro 82 Risi Competizione No time[N 1] 3:52.138 3:54.129 +37.347
42
43
LMGTE Pro 68 Ford Chip Ganassi Team USA 3:55.059 3:52.626 3:52.178 +37.387
43
44
LMGTE Pro 91 Porsche GT Team 3:54.564 3:52.593 3:53.807 +37.802
44
45
LMGTE Am 50 Larbre Compétition 3:56.259 3:54.559 3:52.843 +38.052
45
46
LMGTE Am 98 Aston Martin Racing 3:55.134 3:54.456 3:53.233 +38.442
46
47
LMGTE Am 62 Scuderia Corsa 3:57.267 3:54.576 3:53.312 +38.521
47
48
LMGTE Am 77 Dempsey-Proton Racing 3:55.692 3:54.890 3:53.381 +38.590
48
49
LMGTE Am 55 Spirit of Race 4:01.098 3:54.941 3:53.641 +38.850
49
50
LMGTE Am 84 JMW Motorsport 3:56.890 3:53.981 3:53.977 +39.186
50
51
LMGTE Am 83 DH Racing 3:55.966 3:54.813 3:54.088 +39.297
51
52
LMGTE Am 90 TF Sport 3:55.953 3:54.319 3:54.551 +39.528
52
53
LMGTE Am 99 Beechdean AMR 3:57.463 3:55.046 3:54.328 +39.537
53
54
LMGTE Am 93 Proton Competition 3:58.196 3:54.621 3:59.046 +39.830
54
55
LMGTE Am 61 Clearwater Racing 3:56.333 3:55.995 3:54.955 +40.164
55
56
LMGTE Am 60 Clearwater Racing 3:57.321 4:02.436 3:54.994 +40.203
56
57
LMGTE Am 88 Proton Competition 3:56.507 3:55.468 4:00.323 +40.677
57
58
LMGTE Am 54 Spirit of Race 3:58.904 3:57.005 3:56.301 +41.510
58
59
LMGTE Am 86 Gulf Racing UK 3:58.427 No time 3:56.469 +41.678
59
60
LMGTE Am 65 Scuderia Corsa 3:58.249 3:59.842 No time +43.458
60
Race[edit]
Warm-up[edit]
The cars took to the circuit on Saturday morning for a 45-minute warm-up session.[15] The No. 8 Toyota driven by Nakajima set the fastest time with a late lap of three minutes and 18.308 seconds. The sister Toyota of Kobayashi was three-tenths of a second slower in second place. The best placed Porsche was Tandy's No. 1 car in third position having led the field throughout the majority of the session. Kunimoto was fourth-fastest and Hartley rounded the top five. The fastest LMP2 lap was set by Lynn with a time of three minutes and 27.096 seconds. Briscoe, driving the No. 69 Ford GT, was the quickest driver in LMGTE Pro with the No. 83 DH Racing Ferrari driven by Bertolini the fastest of the LMGTE Am drivers by more than a second.[42][43] Paul Lafargue oversteered the No. 17 IDEC Sport car driving through the Porsche Curves and made contact with the barriers before stopping in the gravel trap. Lafargue returned to the pit lane for repairs.[43]
Race summary[edit]
The weather conditions on the grid at the start of the race were sunny and hot with an air temperature between 19 and 32 °C (66 and 90 °F) and the track temperature ranged from 27 to 38 °C (81 to 100 °F).[44] 258,500 people attended the event.[45] The race began at 15:00 local time,[15] with the chairman and chief executive of the Formula One Group Chase Carey having the honour of waving the French Tricolour to start the race.[46] After pre race problems the LMP1 No. 4 ByKolles Racing Team entry retired after completing 7 laps due to a loss of compression in the engine.[47] Toyota established a healthy lead in the early hours of the race and the No. 2 Porsche took a lengthy stop after three and a half hours to fix its front axle, losing touch with the leaders. Four and a half hours in the No. 8 Toyota also had to make repairs in the pits, dropping them from contention for the win.[48]
Ten hours in, the overall leader Kobayashi in the No. 7 Toyota, suffered a clutch failure and could not make it back to the pits under hybrid power, forcing its retirement.[49] The No. 7 Toyota's retirement was attributed to Algarve Pro Racing's Vincent Capillare running up to the car and gave Kobayashi the thumbs up which the latter interpreted as a signal to leave the pit lane. Toyota then told Kobayashi over the radio to stop but this created further confusion.[50] This was quickly followed by the No. 9 Toyota colliding with an LMP2 car which caused a puncture. The debris left on the wheel rim caused further damage to the No. 9's gearbox and forced it to retire.[49] These events left the No. 1 Porsche with a large lead in the overall standings. However, with four hours to go, it too failed and retired from the race.[51] This left the No. 38 LMP2 car as the overall leader, meaning that for the first time in history the race was led by an LMP2 runner.[52] The eventual winner was the No. 2 Porsche (coming back from its early repair stop), passing the No. 38 with less than two hours to go and taking victory with 367 laps; the No. 8 Toyota, in 8th, was the only other LMP1 car to finish the race (also after an early repair stop).[53]
Following the race, the third-place overall finisher No. 13 Rebellion Oreca was disqualified by race officials after it was found that the team had modified the rear bodywork by cutting a hole to allow them to hit a faulty starter motor. This modification was deemed as an unnecessary modification of a homologated part of the bodywork. The disqualification promoted the second Jackie Chan DC Racing car to third place overall and second in class.[54]
Race result[edit]
The minimum number of laps for classification (70% of the overall winning car's race distance) was 257 laps. Class winners in bold.[55]
Pos
Class
No
Team
Drivers
Chassis
Tyre
Laps
Time/Retired
Engine
1
LMP1 2 Porsche LMP Team Timo Bernhard
Brendon Hartley
Earl Bamber Porsche 919 Hybrid M 367 24:01:14.075
Porsche 2.0 L Turbo V4
2
LMP2 38 Jackie Chan DC Racing Ho-Pin Tung
Thomas Laurent
Oliver Jarvis Oreca 07 D 366 +1 Lap
Gibson GK428 4.2 L V8
3
LMP2 37 Jackie Chan DC Racing David Cheng
Tristan Gommendy
Alex Brundle Oreca 07 D 363 +4 Laps
Gibson GK428 4.2 L V8
4
LMP2 35 Signatech Alpine Matmut Nelson Panciatici
Pierre Ragues
André Negrão Alpine A470 D 362 +5 Laps
Gibson GK428 4.2 L V8
5
LMP2 32 United Autosports William Owen
Hugo de Sadeleer
Filipe Albuquerque Ligier JS P217 D 362 +5 Laps
Gibson GK428 4.2 L V8
6
LMP2 40 Graff James Allen
Richard Bradley
Franck Matelli Oreca 07 D 361 +6 Laps
Gibson GK428 4.2 L V8
7
LMP2 24 CEFC Manor TRS Racing Tor Graves
Jonathan Hirschi
Jean-Éric Vergne Oreca 07 D 360 +7 Laps
Gibson GK428 4.2 L V8
8
LMP1 8 Toyota Gazoo Racing Sébastien Buemi
Kazuki Nakajima
Anthony Davidson Toyota TS050 Hybrid M 358 +9 Laps
Toyota 2.4 L Turbo V6
9
LMP2 47 Cetilar Villorba Corse Andrea Belicchi
Roberto Lacorte
Giorgio Sernagiotto Dallara P217 D 353 +14 Laps
Gibson GK428 4.2 L V8
10
LMP2 36 Signatech Alpine Matmut Romain Dumas
Gustavo Menezes
Matt Rao Alpine A470 D 351 +16 Laps
Gibson GK428 4.2 L V8
11
LMP2 34 Tockwith Motorsports Philip Hanson
Nigel Moore
Karun Chandhok Ligier JS P217 D 351 +16 Laps
Gibson GK428 4.2 L V8
12
LMP2 17 IDEC Sport Racing Patrice Lafargue
Paul Lafargue
David Zollinger Ligier JS P217 M 344 +23 Laps
Gibson GK428 4.2 L V8
13
LMP2 29 Racing Team Nederland Rubens Barrichello
Jan Lammers
Frits van Eerd Dallara P217 D 344 +23 Laps
Gibson GK428 4.2 L V8
14
LMP2 21 DragonSpeed – 10 Star Henrik Hedman
Felix Rosenqvist
Ben Hanley Oreca 07 D 343 +24 Laps
Gibson GK428 4.2 L V8
15
LMP2 33 Eurasia Motorsport Jacques Nicolet
Pierre Nicolet
Erik Maris Ligier JS P217 D 341 +26 Laps
Gibson GK428 4.2 L V8
16
LMP2 31 Vaillante Rebellion Bruno Senna
Nicolas Prost
Julien Canal Oreca 07 D 340 +27 Laps
Gibson GK428 4.2 L V8
17
LMGTE
Pro 97 Aston Martin Racing Darren Turner
Jonathan Adam
Daniel Serra Aston Martin Vantage GTE D 340 +27 Laps
Aston Martin 4.5 L V8
18
LMGTE
Pro 67 Ford Chip Ganassi Team UK Harry Tincknell
Andy Priaulx
Pipo Derani Ford GT M 340 +27 Laps
Ford EcoBoost 3.5 L Turbo V6
19
LMGTE
Pro 63 Corvette Racing – GM Jan Magnussen
Antonio García
Jordan Taylor Chevrolet Corvette C7.R M 340 +27 Laps
Chevrolet 5.5 L V8
20
LMGTE
Pro 91 Porsche GT Team Richard Lietz
Frédéric Makowiecki
Patrick Pilet Porsche 911 RSR M 339 +28 Laps
Porsche 4.0 L Flat-6
21
LMGTE
Pro 71 AF Corse Davide Rigon
Sam Bird
Miguel Molina Ferrari 488 GTE M 339 +28 Laps
Ferrari F154CB 3.9 L Turbo V8
22
LMGTE
Pro 68 Ford Chip Ganassi Team USA Joey Hand
Tony Kanaan
Dirk Müller Ford GT M 339 +28 Laps
Ford EcoBoost 3.5 L Turbo V6
23
LMGTE
Pro 69 Ford Chip Ganassi Team USA Ryan Briscoe
Scott Dixon
Richard Westbrook Ford GT M 337 +30 Laps
Ford EcoBoost 3.5 L Turbo V6
24
LMGTE
Pro 64 Corvette Racing – GM Oliver Gavin
Tommy Milner
Marcel Fässler Chevrolet Corvette C7.R M 335 +32 Laps
Chevrolet 5.5 L V8
25
LMGTE
Pro 95 Aston Martin Racing Nicki Thiim
Marco Sørensen
Richie Stanaway Aston Martin Vantage GTE D 334 +33 Laps
Aston Martin 4.5 L V8
26
LMGTE
Am 84 JMW Motorsport Robert Smith
Will Stevens
Dries Vanthoor Ferrari 488 GTE M 333 +34 Laps
Ferrari F154CB 3.9 L Turbo V8
27
LMGTE
Pro 66 Ford Chip Ganassi Team UK Stefan Mücke
Olivier Pla
Billy Johnson Ford GT M 332 +35 Laps
Ford EcoBoost 3.5 L Turbo V6
28
LMGTE
Am 55 Spirit of Race Duncan Cameron
Aaron Scott
Marco Cioci Ferrari 488 GTE M 331 +36 Laps
Ferrari F154CB 3.9 L Turbo V8
29
LMGTE
Am 62 Scuderia Corsa Cooper MacNeil
Bill Sweedler
Townsend Bell Ferrari 488 GTE M 331 +36 Laps
Ferrari F154CB 3.9 L Turbo V8
30
LMGTE
Am 99 Beechdean AMR Andrew Howard
Ross Gunn
Oliver Bryant Aston Martin Vantage GTE D 331 +36 Laps
Aston Martin 4.5 L V8
31
LMGTE
Am 61 Clearwater Racing Weng Sun Mok
Keita Sawa
Matt Griffin Ferrari 488 GTE M 330 +37 Laps
Ferrari F154CB 3.9 L Turbo V8
32
LMP2 45 Algarve Pro Racing Mark Patterson
Matt McMurry
Vincent Capillaire Ligier JS P217 D 330 +37 Laps
Gibson GK428 4.2 L V8
33
LMP2 27 SMP Racing Mikhail Aleshin
Sergey Sirotkin
Viktor Shaitar Dallara P217 D 330 +37 Laps
Gibson GK428 4.2 L V8
34
LMGTE
Am 77 Dempsey-Proton Racing Christian Ried
Marvin Dienst
Matteo Cairoli Porsche 911 RSR D 329 +38 Laps
Porsche 4.0 L Flat-6
35
LMGTE
Am 90 TF Sport Salih Yoluç
Euan Hankey
Rob Bell Aston Martin Vantage GTE D 329 +38 Laps
Aston Martin 4.5 L V8
36
LMGTE
Am 98 Aston Martin Racing Paul Dalla Lana
Mathias Lauda
Pedro Lamy Aston Martin Vantage GTE D 329 +38 Laps
Aston Martin 4.5 L V8
37
LMGTE
Am 93 Proton Competition Patrick Long
Mike Hedlund
Abdulaziz Al Faisal Porsche 911 RSR D 329 +38 Laps
Porsche 4.0 L Flat-6
38
LMGTE
Am 86 Gulf Racing UK Michael Wainwright
Ben Barker
Nick Foster Porsche 911 RSR D 328 +39 Laps
Porsche 4.0 L Flat-6
39
LMP2 22 G-Drive Racing Memo Rojas
Ryō Hirakawa
José Gutiérrez Oreca 07 D 327 +40 Laps
Gibson GK428 4.2 L V8
40
LMGTE
Am 60 Clearwater Racing Richard Wee
Álvaro Parente
Hiroki Katoh Ferrari 488 GTE M 327 +40 Laps
Ferrari F154CB 3.9 L Turbo V8
41
LMGTE
Am 54 Spirit of Race Thomas Flohr
Francesco Castellacci
Olivier Beretta Ferrari 488 GTE M 326 +41 Laps
Ferrari F154CB 3.9 L Turbo V8
42
LMGTE
Am 83 DH Racing Tracy Krohn
Niclas Jönsson
Andrea Bertolini Ferrari 488 GTE M 320 +47 Laps
Ferrari F154CB 3.9 L Turbo V8
43
LMP2 39 Graff Eric Trouillet
Enzo Guibbert
James Winslow Oreca 07 D 318 +49 Laps
Gibson GK428 4.2 L V8
44
LMGTE
Am 65 Scuderia Corsa Christina Nielsen
Alessandro Balzan
Bret Curtis Ferrari 488 GTE M 314 +53 Laps
Ferrari F154CB 3.9 L Turbo V8
45
LMP2 49 ARC Bratislava Miroslav Konôpka
Konstantīns Calko
Rik Breukers Ligier JS P217 M 314 +53 Laps
Gibson GK428 4.2 L V8
46
LMGTE
Pro 51 AF Corse James Calado
Alessandro Pier Guidi
Michele Rugolo Ferrari 488 GTE M 312 +55 Laps
Ferrari F154CB 3.9 L Turbo V8
47
LMP2 43 Keating Motorsport Ben Keating
Ricky Taylor
Jeroen Bleekemolen Riley Mk. 30 M 312 +55 Laps
Gibson GK428 4.2 L V8
48
LMGTE
Am 50 Larbre Compétition Romain Brandela
Christian Philippon
Fernando Rees Chevrolet Corvette C7.R M 309 +58 Laps
Chevrolet 5.5 L V8
DNF
LMP1 1 Porsche LMP Team Neel Jani
Nick Tandy
André Lotterer Porsche 919 Hybrid M 318 Mechanical
Porsche 2.0 L Turbo V4
DNF
LMP2 23 Panis Barthez Competition Fabien Barthez
Timothé Buret
Nathanaël Berthon Ligier JS P217 M 296 Retired
Gibson GK428 4.2 L V8
DNF
LMP2 28 TDS Racing François Perrodo
Emmanuel Collard
Matthieu Vaxivière Oreca 07 D 213 Accident
Gibson GK428 4.2 L V8
DNF
LMGTE
Pro 92 Porsche GT Team Michael Christensen
Kévin Estre
Dirk Werner Porsche 911 RSR M 179 Retired
Porsche 4.0 L Flat-6
DNF
LMP1 9 Toyota Gazoo Racing José María López
Nicolas Lapierre
Yuji Kunimoto Toyota TS050 Hybrid M 160 Puncture
Toyota 2.4 L Turbo V6
DNF
LMP1 7 Toyota Gazoo Racing Mike Conway
Kamui Kobayashi
Stéphane Sarrazin Toyota TS050 Hybrid M 154 Clutch
Toyota 2.4 L Turbo V6
DNF
LMP2 25 CEFC Manor TRS Racing Roberto González
Simon Trummer
Vitaly Petrov Oreca 07 D 152 Collision
Gibson GK428 4.2 L V8
DNF
LMGTE
Pro 82 Risi Competizione Toni Vilander
Giancarlo Fisichella
Pierre Kaffer Ferrari 488 GTE M 72 Collision
Ferrari F154CB 3.9 L Turbo V8
DNF
LMP2 26 G-Drive Racing Roman Rusinov
Pierre Thiriet
Alex Lynn Oreca 07 D 20 Collision
Gibson GK428 4.2 L V8
DNF
LMGTE
Am 88 Proton Competition Klaus Bachler
Stéphane Lémeret
Khalid Al Qubaisi Porsche 911 RSR D 18 Collision
Porsche 4.0 L Flat-6
DNF
LMP1 4 ByKolles Racing Team Dominik Kraihamer
Oliver Webb
Marco Bonanomi ENSO CLM P01/01 M 7 Retired
Nismo VRX30A 3.0 L Turbo V6
DSQ
LMP2 13 Vaillante Rebellion Nelson Piquet Jr.
Mathias Beche
David Heinemeier Hansson Oreca 07 D 364 Disqualified[N 2]
Gibson GK428 4.2 L V8
Footnotes[edit]
Jump up ^ The No. 82 Risi Ferrari had its lap times from the Qualifying 1 session deleted for the team breaking parc fermé regulations by handling the tires after the session.[29]
Jump up ^ The No. 13 Rebellion Oreca was disqualified from the race after the team was found to have intentionally modified the bodywork on the car.[54]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Bonardel, Cécile (25 June 2016). "The date of the 2017 24 Hours of Le Mans approved by the FIA World Motor Sport Council". Automobile Club de l'Ouest. Archived from the original on 6 January 2017. Retrieved 6 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Smith, Luke (28 September 2016). "Provisional calendar for 2017 FIA WEC season announced". NBC Sports. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Saunders, Nate (30 November 2016). "2017 F1 calendar confirmed; Germany gone, Baku moved to avoid Le Mans clash". ESPN. Archived from the original on 6 January 2017. Retrieved 6 January 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Season 2017 Results". FIA World Endurance Championship. Retrieved 5 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Dagys, John (19 December 2016). "ACO Adjusts Final Lap Classification Rule for 24H Le Mans". Sportscar365. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Watkins, Gary (8 June 2017). "Le Mans slow zone system revised for 2017 24 Hours event". Autosport. Haymarket Press. Retrieved 17 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Watkins, Gary (6 June 2017). "Drivers wary over safety changes at Le Mans ahead of 24 Hours". Autosport. Haymarket Press. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Dagys, John (14 September 2015). "Gibson Selected as 2017 LMP2 Spec Engine Provider". Sportscar365. Retrieved 6 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Dagys, John (11 June 2015). "2017 LMP2 Regulations Confirmed; Constructors Announced in July". Sportscar365. Retrieved 6 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "IMSA, ACO, FIA name LMP2 chassis constructors for 2017". Autoweek. 11 July 2015. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "2017 Le Mans 24 Hours – 14 teams invited". Automobile Club de l'Ouest. 23 January 2017. Retrieved 23 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Full 2017 Le Mans 24 Hours entry list". motorsport.com. 16 May 2017. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Kilbey, Stephen (25 April 2017). "2017 Le Mans Entry Nears Completion". DailySportsCar. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Walker, Kate (16 June 2017). "The Contest That Defines a Championship in Auto Racing". The New York Times. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "24H Le Mans 2017 Specific Regulation" (PDF). Automobile Club de l'Ouest. 16 May 2017. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kilbey, Stephen (4 June 2017). "Toyota 1-2-3 In First Le Mans Test Session". DailySportsCar. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Watkins, Gary (4 June 2017). "Toyota leads morning of Le Mans 24 Hours test day". Autosport. Haymarket Press. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Watkins, Gary (4 June 2017). "Le Mans 24 Hours test day: Toyota sets pace and beats 2016 pole". Autosport. Haymarket Press. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Kilbey, Stephen (4 June 2017). "Toyota Finishes Le Mans Test Day On Top". DailySportsCar. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Dagys, John (4 June 2017). "Toyota Sets Pace at Le Mans Test Day". SportsCar365. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Potts, Marcus; Little, Martin; Errity, Stephen (14 June 2017). "Le Mans: Free Practice, Porsche Fastest First". DailySportsCar. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Lickorish, Stephen; Straw, Edd; Codling, Stuart (14 June 2017). "Le Mans 24 Hours 2017: #1 Porsche outpaces Toyota in free practice". Autosport. Haymarket Press. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Le Mans 24 Hours: Jani steals top spot from Toyota in Le Mans practice". crash.net. 14 June 2017. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Smith, Luke (14 June 2017). "Jani Quickest in Practice as Porsche Hits Back". SportsCar365. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Klein, Jamie; Straw, Edd; Codling, Stuart (14 June 2017). "Le Mans 24h: Kobayashi takes provisional pole for Toyota". motorsport.com. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Smith, Luke (14 June 2017). "Kobayashi, Toyota on Provisional Pole at Le Mans". SportsCar365. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Potts, Marcus; Little, Martin; Errity, Stephen (14 June 2017). "Le Mans: Qualifying 1, Toyota On Provisional Pole". DailySportsCar. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "FIA WEC 85e Edition des 24 Heures du Mans Qualifying Practice 1 Final Classification" (PDF). Automobile Club de l'Ouest. 15 June 2017. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Dagys, John (15 June 2017). "Le Mans Thursday Notebook". Sportscar365. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Ramelet, Quentin (15 June 2016). "24h du Mans 2017: qualifications perturbées après la sortie du Français Erik Maris (Ligier n°33)". France Info (in French). Retrieved 23 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Smith, Luke (15 June 2017). "Kobayashi Takes Record-Breaking Pole at Le Mans". Sportscar365. Retrieved 16 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Motor racing-Kobayashi record lap puts Toyota on pole at Le Mans". Reuters. 15 June 2017. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Potts, Marcus; Little, Martin; Errity, Stephen (15 June 2017). "Le Mans: Second Qualifying, Lap Records Smashed At Will". DailySportsCar. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Klein, Jamie (15 June 2017). "Le Mans 24h: Toyota locks out front row in final qualifying". motorsport.com. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "Toyota startet in Le Mans von der Pole". n-tv (in German). 16 June 2017. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Smith, Luke (15 June 2017). "Kobayashi Takes Record-Breaking Pole at Le Mans". SportsCar365. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Potts, Marcus; Little, Martin; Errity, Stephen (15 June 2017). "Le Mans: Qualifying 3, Toyota Pole Confirmed". DailySportsCar. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Newbold, James (16 June 2017). "Aston Martin Denies Ferrari Pole in GTE-Pro". Sportscar365. Retrieved 16 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "FIA WEC 85e Edition des 24 Heures du Mans Qualifying Practice 2 Final Classification" (PDF). Automobile Club de l'Ouest. 15 June 2017. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "FIA WEC 85e Edition des 24 Heures du Mans Qualifying Practice 3 Final Classification" (PDF). Automobile Club de l'Ouest. 16 June 2017. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "FIA WEC 85e Edition des 24 Heures du Mans Race Final Starting Grid" (PDF). Automobile Club de l'Ouest. 17 June 2017. Retrieved 17 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Smith, Luke (17 June 2017). "Nakajima Leads Toyota 1-2 in Warmup". SportsCar365. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Little, Martin (17 June 2017). "Toyota Tops Le Mans Warm Up". DailySportsCar. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "85º Edition des 24 Heures du Mans – FIA WEC – Race – Weather Report" (PDF). FIA World Endurance Championship. 18 June 2017. p. 1. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
Jump up ^ DiZinno, Tony (19 June 2017). "2018 Le Mans date set; 258,500 attended this year's race". NBC Sports. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Williams, Richard (23 June 2017). "F1 could learn a few things from the magnificent Le Mans 24 Hours". The Guardian. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Schrader, Stef (17 June 2017). "Le Mans Claims Its First Car Of 2017". Black Flag. Retrieved 18 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Mans, Giles Richards at Le (18 June 2017). "Timo Bernhard leads Porsche to third straight Le Mans 24 Hours triumph". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 18 June 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Porsche victorious at 2017 Le Mans 24 Hours as unreliability rocks LMP1". Sky Sports. Retrieved 18 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Perkins, Chris (20 June 2017). "Watch the Strange Pit Lane Incident That Caused Toyota's Failure at Le Mans". Road & Track. Retrieved 13 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "24 Hours of Le Mans: Porsche take third successive victory". BBC Sport. 18 June 2017. Retrieved 18 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "24 Hours of Le Mans: As it happened". Eurosport. 18 June 2017. Retrieved 18 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Codling, Stephen Lickorish and Edd Straw and Stuart. "Porsche defeats LMP2 cars to win 2017 Le Mans 24 Hours". Autosport.com. Retrieved 2017-06-18.
^ Jump up to: a b Klein, Jamie (19 June 2017). "Rebellion LMP2 squad stripped of overall Le Mans podium". Motorsport.com. Motorsport Network. Retrieved 19 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "FIA WEC 85º Edition des 24 Heures du Mans Race Final Classification - Amended" (PDF). Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile. 20 June 2017. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2017 24 Hours of Le Mans.
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Antibiotic sensitivity
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Antibiotic sensitivity Thin wafers containing antibiotic have been placed on an agar plate growing bacteria. Bacteria are not able to grow around antibiotics to which they are sensitive
Antibiotic sensitivity or antibiotic susceptibility is the susceptibility of bacteria to antibiotics. Because susceptibility can vary even within a species (with some strains being more resistant than others), antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) is usually carried out to determine which antibiotic will be most successful in treating a bacterial infection in vivo. Testing for antibiotic sensitivity is often done by the Kirby-Bauer method. Small wafers containing antibiotics are placed onto a plate upon which bacteria are growing. If the bacteria are sensitive to the antibiotic, a clear ring, or zone of inhibition, is seen around the wafer indicating poor growth.[1] Other methods to test antimicrobial susceptibility include the Stokes method, Etest (also based on antibiotic diffusion), Agar and Broth dilution methods for minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination.[2][3] The results of the test are reported on the antibiogram.
Ideal antibiotic therapy is based on determination of the aetiological agent and its relevant antibiotic sensitivity. Empiric treatment is often started before laboratory microbiological reports are available when treatment should not be delayed due to the seriousness of the disease. The effectiveness of individual antibiotics varies with the location of the infection, the ability of the antibiotic to reach the site of infection, and the ability of the bacteria to resist or inactivate the antibiotic. Some antibiotics actually kill the bacteria (bactericidal), whereas others merely prevent the bacteria from multiplying (bacteriostatic) so that the host's immune system can overcome them. Müeller-Hinton agar is most frequently used in this antibiotic susceptibility test. [4]
Antibiogram, palatine tonsil smear of a dog with tonsillitis, Mueller-Hinton agar. Only Amoxicilline-Clavulanic acid (AMC) and Chloramphenicol (C) show an inhibition of bacterial growth.
An antibiogram is the result of an antibiotic sensitivity test. It is by definition an in vitro sensitivity, but the correlation of in vitro to in vivo sensitivity is often high enough for the test to be clinically useful.
In clinical practice, antibiotics are most frequently prescribed on the basis of general guidelines and knowledge about sensitivity: e.g. uncomplicated urinary tract infections can be treated with a first generation quinolone, etc. This is because Escherichia coli is the most likely causative pathogen, and it is known to be sensitive to quinolone treatment.
However, many bacteria are known to be resistant to several classes of antibiotics, and treatment is not so straightforward. This is especially the case in vulnerable patients, such as patients in the intensive care unit. When these patients develop a hospital-acquired pneumonia, more hardy bacteria like Pseudomonas aeruginosa are potentially involved. Treatment is then generally started on the basis of surveillance data about the local pathogens probably involved. This first treatment, based on statistical information about former patients, and aimed at a large group of potentially involved microbes, is called empirical treatment.
Before starting this treatment, the physician will collect a sample from a suspected contaminated compartment: a blood sample when bacteria possibly have invaded the bloodstream, a sputum sample in the case of a ventilator associated pneumonia, and a urine sample in the case of a urinary tract infection. These samples are transferred to the microbiology lab, which looks at the sample under the microscope, and tries to culture the bacteria. This can help in the diagnosis.
Once a culture is established, there are two possible ways to get an antibiogram:
a semi-quantitative way based on diffusion (Kirby-Bauer method); small discs containing different antibiotics, or impregnated paper discs, are dropped in different zones of the culture on an agar plate, which is a nutrient-rich environment in which bacteria can grow. The antibiotic will diffuse in the area surrounding each tablet, and a disc of bacterial lysis will become visible. Since the concentration of the antibiotic was the highest at the centre, and the lowest at the edge of this zone, the diameter is suggestive for the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration, or MIC, (conversion of the diameter in millimeter to the MIC, in µg/ml, is based on known linear regression curves).
a quantitative way based on dilution: a dilution series of antibiotics is established (this is a series of reaction vials with progressively lower concentrations of antibiotic substance). The last vial in which no bacteria grow contains the antibiotic at the Minimal Inhibiting Concentration.
Once the MIC is calculated, it can be compared to known values for a given bacterium and antibiotic: e.g. a MIC > 0,06 µg/ml may be interpreted as a penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. Such information may be useful to the clinician, who can change the empirical treatment, to a more custom-tailored treatment that is directed only at the causative bacterium.
Often clinical specimens are sent to the clinical laboratory for culture and sensitivity (C&S), which is culture and antibiotic sensitivity testing offered as one combined service. This is because the clinician needs to know which organism is causing the infection, and which drugs will specifically work against this strain.
See also[edit]
Antibiotic resistance
Miles-Misra method
Bacterial culture
Throat culture
Laboratory specimen
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.uphs.upenn.edu/bugdrug/antibiotic_manual/bk.html
Jump up ^ http://www.slideshare.net/doctorrao/antibiotic-sensitivity-testing-presentation
Jump up ^ http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/49/11/1749.full
Jump up ^ http://www.microrao.com/micronotes/antibiotic.pdf
Jump up
^ http://www.uphs.upenn.edu/bugdrug/antibiotic_manual/bk.html Jump up ^ http://www.slideshare.net/doctorrao/antibiotic-sensitivity-testing-presentation Jump up ^ http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/49/11/1749.full Jump up ^ http://www.microrao.com/micronotes/antibiotic.pdf
External links[edit]
Research Data
Raw Data
Antibiogram technique video (diffusion method)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antibiotic_sensitivity&oldid=836521089"
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Double-entry bookkeeping system
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Double-entry bookkeeping, in accounting, is a system of bookkeeping so named because every entry to an account requires a corresponding and opposite entry to a different account. The double entry has two equal and corresponding sides known as debit and credit. The left-hand side is debit and right-hand side is credit. For instance, recording a sale of $100 might require two entries: a debit of $100 to an account named "Cash" and a credit of $100 to an account named "Revenue."[further explanation needed]
The accounting equation
Assets = Equity + Liabilities {\displaystyle {\text{Assets}}={\text{Equity}}+{\text{Liabilities}}}
is an error detection tool; if at any point the sum of debits for all accounts does not equal the corresponding sum of credits for all accounts, an error has occurred. However, satisfying the equation does not guarantee that there are no errors; the ledger may still "balance" even if the wrong ledger accounts have been debited or credited.
Contents
1 History
2 Accounting entries
3 Approaches
3.1 The British approach
3.2 Accounting equation approach
4 Books of accounts
5 Debits and credits
6 See also
7 Notes and references
8 Further reading
9 External links
History[edit]
Main article: Accounting
Double-entry bookkeeping was pioneered in the Jewish community of the early-medieval Middle East.[1] Jewish bankers in Old Cairo, for example, used a double-entry bookkeeping system which predated the known usage of such a form in Italy, and whose records remain from the 11th century AD. It has been hypothesized that Italian merchants likely learned the method from their interaction with medieval Jewish merchants from the Middle East, however this question remains an area for further research. [2] The oldest European record of a complete double-entry system is the Messari (Italian: Treasurer's) accounts of the Republic of Genoa in 1340. The Messari accounts contain debits and credits journalised in a bilateral form, and include balances carried forward from the preceding year, and therefore enjoy general recognition as a double-entry system.[3] By the end of the 15th century, the bankers and merchants of Florence, Genoa, Venice and Lübeck used this system widely.
However, the double-entry accounting method was said to be developed independently earlier in Korea during the Goryeo dynasty (918-1392) when Kaesong was a center of trade and industry at that time. The Four-element bookkeeping system was said to be originated in the 11th or 12th century.[4][5][6]
The earliest extant accounting records that follow the modern double-entry system in Europe come from Amatino Manucci, a Florentine merchant at the end of the 13th century.[7] Manucci was employed by the Farolfi firm and the firm's ledger of 1299-1300 evidences full double-entry bookkeeping. Giovannino Farolfi & Company, a firm of Florentine merchants headquartered in Nîmes, acted as moneylenders to the Archbishop of Arles, their most important customer.[8] Some sources[which?] suggest that Giovanni di Bicci de' Medici introduced this method for the Medici bank in the 14th century.
Ragusan economist Benedetto Cotrugli's 1458 treatise Della mercatura e del mercante perfetto contained the earliest known description of a double-entry bookkeeping system, but his manuscript was not officially published until 1573.[9][10]
Luca Pacioli, a Franciscan friar and collaborator of Leonardo da Vinci, first codified the system in his mathematics textbook Summa de arithmetica, geometria, proportioni et proportionalità published in Venice in 1494.[11] Pacioli is often called the "father of accounting" because he was the first to publish a detailed description of the double-entry system, thus enabling others to study and use it.[12][13][14]
In pre-modern Europe, double-entry bookkeeping had theological and cosmological connotations, recalling "both the scales of justice and the symmetry of God's world".[15]
Accounting entries[edit]
In the double-entry accounting system, at least two accounting entries are required to record each financial transaction. These entries may occur in asset, liability, equity, expense, or revenue accounts. Recording of a debit amount to one or more accounts and an equal credit amount to one or more accounts results in total debits being equal to total credits for all accounts in the general ledger. If the accounting entries are recorded without error, the aggregate balance of all accounts having Debit balances will be equal to the aggregate balance of all accounts having Credit balances. Accounting entries that debit and credit related accounts typically include the same date and identifying code in both accounts, so that in case of error, each debit and credit can be traced back to a journal and transaction source document, thus preserving an audit trail. The accounting entries are recorded in the "Books of Accounts". Regardless of which accounts and how many are impacted by a given transaction, the fundamental accounting equation of assets equal liabilities plus capital will hold.
Approaches[edit]
There are two different ways to memorize the effects of debits and credits on accounts in the double entry system of bookkeeping. They are the Traditional Approach and the Accounting Equation Approach. Irrespective of the approach used, the effect on the books of accounts remains the same, with two aspects (debit and credit) in each of the transactions.
The British approach[edit]
Following the British approach (also called the traditional approach) accounts are classified as real, personal, and nominal accounts.[16] Real accounts are accounts relating to assets and liabilities including the capital account of the owners. Personal accounts are accounts relating to persons or organisations with whom the business has transactions and will mainly consist of accounts of debtors and creditors. Nominal accounts are revenue, expenses, gains, and losses. Transactions are entered in the books of accounts by applying the following golden rules of accounting:
Real account: Debit what comes in and credit what goes out
Personal account: Debit the receiver and credit the giver
Nominal account: Debit all expenses & losses and credit all incomes & gains[17][18]
Accounting equation approach[edit]
This approach is also called the American approach. Under this approach transactions are recorded based on the accounting equation, i.e., Assets = Liabilities + Capital.[16] The accounting equation is a statement of equality between the debits and the credits. The rules of debit and credit depend on the nature of an account. For the purpose of the accounting equation approach, all the accounts are classified into the following five types: assets, liabilities, income/revenues, expenses, or capital gains/losses.
If there is an increase or decrease in a set of accounts, there will be equal decrease or increase in another set of accounts. Accordingly, the following rules of debit and credit hold for the various categories of accounts:
Assets Accounts: debit entry represents an increase in assets and a credit entry represents a decrease in assets
Capital Account: credit entry represents an increase in capital and a debit entry represents a decrease in capital
Liabilities Accounts: credit entry represents an increase in liabilities and a debit entry represents a decrease in liabilities
Revenues or Incomes Accounts: credit entry represents an increase in incomes and gains, and debit entry represents a decrease in incomes and gains
Expenses or Losses Accounts: debit entry represents an increase in expenses and losses, and credit entry represents a decrease in expenses and losses
These five rules help learning about accounting entries and also are comparable with traditional (British) accounting rules.
Books of accounts[edit]
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Each financial transaction is recorded in at least two different nominal ledger accounts within the financial accounting system, so that the total debits equals the total credits in the general ledger, i.e. the accounts balance. This is a partial check that each and every transaction has been correctly recorded. The transaction is recorded as a "debit entry" (Dr) in one account, and a "credit entry" (Cr) in a second account. The debit entry will be recorded on the debit side (left-hand side) of a general ledger account, and the credit entry will be recorded on the credit side (right-hand side) of a general ledger account. If the total of the entries on the debit side of one account is greater than the total on the credit side of the same nominal account, that account is said to have a debit balance.
Double entry is used only in nominal ledgers. It is not used in daybooks (journals), which normally do not form part of the nominal ledger system. The information from the daybooks will be used in the nominal ledger and it is the nominal ledgers that will ensure the integrity of the resulting financial information created from the daybooks (provided that the information recorded in the daybooks is correct).
The reason for this is to limit the number of entries in the nominal ledger: entries in the daybooks can be totalled before they are entered in the nominal ledger. If there are only a relatively small number of transactions it may be simpler instead to treat the daybooks as an integral part of the nominal ledger and thus of the double-entry system.
However, as can be seen from the examples of daybooks shown below, it is still necessary to check, within each daybook, that the postings from the daybook balance.
The double entry system uses nominal ledger accounts. From these nominal ledger accounts a trial balance can be created. The trial balance lists all the nominal ledger account balances. The list is split into two columns, with debit balances placed in the left hand column and credit balances placed in the right hand column. Another column will contain the name of the nominal ledger account describing what each value is for. The total of the debit column must equal the total of the credit column.
Debits and credits[edit]
Main article: Debits and credits
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Double-entry bookkeeping is governed by the accounting equation. If revenue equals expenses, the following (basic) equation must be true:
assets = liabilities + equity
For the accounts to remain in balance, a change in one account must be matched with a change in another account. These changes are made by debits and credits to the accounts. Note that the usage of these terms in accounting is not identical to their everyday usage. Whether one uses a debit or credit to increase or decrease an account depends on the normal balance of the account. Assets, Expenses, and Drawings accounts (on the left side of the equation) have a normal balance of debit. Liability, Revenue, and Capital accounts (on the right side of the equation) have a normal balance of credit. On a general ledger, debits are recorded on the left side and credits on the right side for each account. Since the accounts must always balance, for each transaction there will be a debit made to one or several accounts and a credit made to one or several accounts. The sum of all debits made in each day's transactions must equal the sum of all credits in those transactions. After a series of transactions, therefore, the sum of all the accounts with a debit balance will equal the sum of all the accounts with a credit balance.
Debits and credits are numbers recorded as follows:
Debits are recorded on the left side of a T account in a ledger. Debits increase balances in asset accounts and expense accounts and decrease balances in liability accounts, revenue accounts, and capital accounts.
Credits are recorded on the right side of a T account in a ledger. Credits increase balances in liability accounts, revenue accounts, and capital accounts, and decrease balances in asset accounts and expense accounts.
Debit accounts are asset and expense accounts that usually have debit balances, i.e. the total debits usually exceed the total credits in each debit account.
Credit accounts are revenue (income, gains) accounts and liability accounts that usually have credit balances.
Debit
Credit
Asset Increase Decrease
Liability Decrease Increase
Income (revenue) Decrease Increase
Expense Increase Decrease
Capital Decrease Increase
The mnemonic DEADCLIC is used to help remember the effect of debit or credit transactions on the relevant accounts. DEAD: Debit to increase Expense, Asset and Drawing accounts and CLIC: Credit to increase Liability, Income and Capital accounts.
The account types are related as follows:
current equity = sum of equity changes across time (increases on the left side are debits, and increases on the right side are credits, and vice versa for decreases)
current equity = Assets - Liabilities
sum of equity changes across time = owner's investment (Capital above) + Revenues - Expenses
See also[edit]
Nostro and vostro accounts
Single-entry bookkeeping system
Momentum accounting and triple-entry bookkeeping
Debits and credits
Notes and references[edit]
Jump up ^ Parker, L. M., “Medieval Traders as International Change Agents: A Comparison With Twentieth Century International Accounting Firms,” The Accounting Historians Journal, 16(2) (1989): 107-118.
Jump up ^ MEDIEVAL TRADERS AS INTERNATIONAL CHANGE AGENTS: A COMMENT, Michael Scorgie, The Accounting Historians Journal, Vol. 21, No. 1 (June 1994), pp. 137-143
Jump up ^ Lauwers, Luc; Willekens, Marleen (1994). "Five Hundred Years of Bookkeeping: A Portrait of Luca Pacioli" (PDF). Tijdschrift voor Economie en Management. Katholieke Universiteit Leuven. 39 (3): 289–304 [p. 300]. ISSN 0772-7674.
Jump up ^ http://sjeas.skku.edu/upload/200707/87-114Owen%20Miller.PDF
Jump up ^ Financial Reporting in the Pacific Asia Region edited by Ronald Ma
Jump up ^ A Global History of Accounting, Financial Reporting and Public Policy: Asia ... By Gary John Previts, Peter Wolnizer
Jump up ^ Lee, Geoffrey A. (1977). "The Coming of Age of Double Entry: The Giovanni Farolfi Ledger of 1299-1300". Accounting Historians Journal. 4 (2): 79–95. JSTOR 40697544.
Jump up ^ Lee (1977), p. 80.
Jump up ^ Zubrinic, Darko. "History of Croatian". Retrieved 26 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "SIESC Croatia 2". Retrieved 26 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Luca Pacioli: The Father of Accounting Archived 18 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "La Riegola de Libro, Bookkeeping instructions from the mid-fifteenth century". Archived from the original on 29 December 2017. Retrieved 26 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Livio, Mario (2002). The Golden Ratio. New York: Broadway Books. pp. 130–131. ISBN 0-7679-0816-3.
Jump up ^ "Is this the most influential work in the history of capitalism?". bbc.com. 23 October 2017. Retrieved 23 October 2017.
Jump up ^ Poovey, Mary (1998). A History of the Modern Fact: Problems of Knowledge in the Sciences of Wealth and Society. University of Chicago Press. p. 54. ISBN 9780226675268. Retrieved 2014-08-07. In the late sixteenth-century [...] number still carried the pejorative connotations associated with necromancy [...]. [...] [D]ouble-entry bookkeeping helped confer cultural authority on numbers. It did so by means of the balance [...]. For late sixteenth-century readers, the balance conjured up both the scales of justice and the symmetry of God's world.
^ Jump up to: a b Rajasekaran V. (1 September 2011). Financial Accounting. Pearson Education India. pp. 54–. ISBN 978-81-317-3180-2. Retrieved 7 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Accountancy: Higher Secondary First Year (PDF) (First ed.). Tamil Nadu Textbooks Corporation. 2004. pp. 28–34. Retrieved 12 July 2011.
Jump up ^ Edward M. Hyans (1916). Theory of accounts for accountant students. Universal Business Institute, Inc. pp. 17–. Retrieved 7 April 2012.
Further reading[edit]
Gleeson-White, Jane (November 2011). Double Entry. Allen & Unwin. ISBN 978-1-74175-755-2.
Soll, Jacob (April 2014). The Reckoning: Financial Accountability and the Rise and Fall of Nations. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-46503-152-8.
External links[edit]
Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Accounting
A Concise Explanation of the Accounting Equation
Bean Counter's bookkeeping tutorial
GnuCash data entry concepts, GnuCash website
Authority control
GND: 4113337-7
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