text:
Hoarders
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This article is about the American reality television series on A&E. For the human behavior pattern associated with this program, see Compulsive hoarding.
Not to be confused with Hoarding: Buried Alive, a similar American reality television series on TLC.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Hoarders
Genre
Reality show
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
9
No. of episodes
118 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Dave Severson
Andrew Berg
David McKillop
Elaine Frontain Bryant
George Butts
Jessica Morgan
Matt Chan
Mike Kelly
Camera setup
Multiple
Running time
42 to 48 minutes
Production company(s)
Screaming Flea Productions
Distributor
A+E Networks
Release
Original network
A&E, Lifetime
Picture format
480i (SDTV)
1080i (HDTV)
Original release
August 17, 2009 (2009-08-17) – present
External links
Website
Hoarders is an American reality television series that debuted on A&E. The show depicts the real-life struggles and treatment of people who suffer from compulsive hoarding disorder.[1] The series premiered on August 17, 2009 and concluded its original run on February 4, 2013, after six seasons.[2]
Over a year after the program's original cancellation in 2013, Lifetime began airing a series of weekly "Where Are They Now?" episodes on June 2, 2014.[3] This led to the production of a seventh season, Hoarders: Family Secrets, which aired on Lifetime from May 28, 2015 to July 30, 2015.[4]
The program returned to A&E for an eighth season which began on January 3, 2016. A second part of the eighth season began on August 21, 2016, under the title Hoarders: Then and Now. Each broadcast presents an episode from earlier seasons, ending with a present-day visit to a featured hoarder by the therapist or organizer who worked with him/her. Interviews with the hoarder and his/her family reveal how their lives have progressed since their first appearance on the show.
A ninth season began on December 19, 2016. Some episodes of this season air under the title Hoarders: Overload, presenting expanded versions of episodes from earlier seasons that include previously unaired footage and updates on the subjects.
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
1.1 Concept
1.2 Hoarding disorder
2 Contributors
2.1 Therapists
2.2 Organizers
3 Episodes
4 Reception
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Overview[edit]
Concept[edit]
Each 60-minute episode profiles one or two interventions. During most of the first season, the hoarder worked with either a psychiatrist/psychologist, a professional organizer, or an "extreme cleaning specialist," each of whom specialized in some aspect involving the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorders, anxiety disorders, and/or hoarding. A crew of professional cleaners (usually a local franchise of the series' major corporate sponsor) performed actual cleanups. Two episodes in the first season featured a cleanup with both a psychologist and an organizer: Jill (episode "Jennifer and Ron/Jill") and Patty (episode "Patty/Bill"). From season 2 onward, all hoarders were given a psychologist and an organizer. The final episode of the first season, "Paul/Missy and Alex", featured professional organizer Geralin Thomas, CPO-CD, working with Missy, while a child psychologist, Dr. David Dia, worked with Missy's seven-year-old son Alex. Beginning in the second season, each hoarder had a psychologist-plus-organizer/cleaning specialist team assisting them in their cleanup. This specialist combination leads a group of cleaning professionals, family, friends, and relatives of the hoarder in conducting a two- to three-day decluttering session. The cleanups aim to teach the hoarder new ways of thinking and patterns of behavior, and to make the home a liveable and usable space. In most instances a crisis prompts the intervention, such as the threat of eviction or the removal of minor children from the home.
At the end of each episode, on-screen text indicates the short-term outcome of the cleanup effort, including the subjects' decisions on whether to seek further assistance from organizers and/or therapists. The show provides six months of aftercare funds to pay these professionals and, occasionally, to carry out vital repairs to the home.[5]
Each of the "Where Are They Now?" episodes on Lifetime revisits two or more hoarders, showing clips from their original appearances followed by newer footage detailing the progress they have made since they were featured.
Hoarding disorder[edit]
With the release of the DSM-5 in 2013, hoarding was classified as a separate disorder. During the show's original run, hoarding behaviors were considered symptoms of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). Hoarding does show links to obsessive and compulsive behaviors; however, it also shows connections to major depressive disorder as well as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).[6]
Hoarding could have simply remained a symptom and been included under multiple disorders. However, treating the comorbid disorders in a patient often does not eliminate hoarding behaviors. Another significant factor in the disorder's reclassification was the discovery that more people could be diagnosed with hoarding behaviors than could be diagnosed with OCD.[7] This showed that hoarding could not be a subtype of OCD. Rather, it had to be a separate illness with similarities (the fear of letting go being the obsession, and the hoarding of unneeded items as the compulsion). These similarities are recognized in the DSM-5, as hoarding is classified under obsessive compulsive related disorders. Other disorders in this category include body dysmorphic disorder, trichotillomania, and excoriation. These disorders share common features such as "obsessive preoccupation and repetitive behaviors."[8]
The role of documentary shows like Hoarders in this change of classification is unclear. However, some believe the rise in awareness caused by such shows was a significant contributing factor.[7] When hoarding became a buzzword, it "commanded a significant amount of professional…attention".[7] Studies that may have been prompted by this may have helped reveal the disorder as the unique and complex illness it truly is.
Contributors[edit]
A number of board-licensed therapists, psychologists, and professional organizers have contributed to the show as on-air personalities. Recurring cast members are as follows:
Therapists[edit]
Professional
Credential(s)
Associated institution(s)
Ref.
Suzanne Chabaud Ph.D. OCD Institute of Greater New Orleans [9]
Melva Green M.D., M.B.A., M.P.H. [9]
Scott Hannan Ph.D. The Institute of Living [9]
Mark Pfeffer M.S., L.M.F.T. Panic/Anxiety Recovery Center of Chicago [9]
Renae Reinardy Psy.D. Lakeside Center for Behavioral Change (Fargo, North Dakota) [10]
David Tolin Ph.D., A.B.P.P. The Institute of Living [9]
Michael Tomkins Ph.D. San Francisco Bay Area Center for Cognitive Therapy [9]
Robin Zasio Psy.D. L.C.S.W. The Anxiety Treatment Center (Sacramento, California) [9]
Organizers[edit]
Professional
Title
Ref.
Dorothy Breininger Certified Professional Organizer [9]
Cory Chalmers Extreme Cleaning Specialist [9]
Matt Paxton Extreme Cleaning Specialist [9]
Dr. Darnita L. Payden Life Management Specialist [9]
Standolyn Robertson Extreme Cleaning Specialist [9]
Geralin Thomas Certified Professional Organizer [11]
Episodes[edit]
Main article: List of Hoarders episodes
Season
Episodes
Premiere
Finale
1 7 August 17, 2009 September 28, 2009
2 15 November 30, 2009 May 31, 2010
3 20 September 6, 2010 January 10, 2011
4 17 June 20, 2011 November 28, 2011
5 11 January 2, 2012 March 12, 2012
6 13 September 10, 2012 February 4, 2013
7 13 May 28, 2015 July 30, 2015
8 16 January 3, 2016 April 3, 2016
9 6 December 18, 2016 January 22, 2017
Reception[edit]
At the time of its premiere, Hoarders was the most-watched series premiere in A&E network history among adults aged 18–49 and tied for the most ever in the adults aged 25–54 demographic.[12] The premiere was watched by 2.5 million viewers: 1.8 million adults aged 18–49.[12]
In 2011, Hoarders won a Critics' Choice Award, in a tie with The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills, for best reality series.[13][14]
See also[edit]
Hoarding: Buried Alive
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "A&E Premieres New Original Nonfiction Series "Hoarders"". The Futon Critic. August 11, 2009.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (September 25, 2013). "'Hoarders' Canceled by A&E after Six Seasons". TV by the Numbers.
Jump up ^ "Hoarders Update on Lifetime Could Revive Show". May 31, 2014.
Jump up ^ "New Episodes of Hoarders in Production". Mar 15, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Aftercare — Home cleaning". A&E Community. Retrieved 27 February 2012. This is Cory Chalmers from Hoarders and as part of my business, we offer regularly scheduled cleaning for every hoarding case we help with.
Jump up ^ Hall, Brian; Tolin, David; Frost, Randy; Steketee, Gail (2013). "An exploration of comorbid symptoms and clinical correlates of clinically significant hoarding symptoms". Depression and Anxiety. 30: 67–76. doi:10.1002/da.22015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Marchland, Shoshana; Phillips McEnany, Geoffry (September 2012). "Hoarding's place in the DSM-5: Another symptom, or a newly listed disorder?". Issues in Mental Health Nursing. 33: 593–597.
Jump up ^ Hiller, Anne. "Obsessive Compulsive and Related Disorders" (PDF). dsm5.org. American Psychiatric Publishing.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l "Emmy-nominated "Hoarders" Premieres an All-new Season". TV Weekly Now. May 25, 2015. Retrieved February 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ Gerdes, Vicky (November 19, 2010). "Hoarders just can't let go of their stuff". Detroit Lakes Online. Great Lakes, Minnesota. Retrieved March 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ Juzwiak, Rich (June 19, 2011). "Geralin Thomas on Helping Through Hoarders". TV Guide. Retrieved March 5, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Seidman, Robert (August 18, 2009). "Hoarders has best premiere ever for A&E with adults 18–49". TV by the Numbers (Press release).
Jump up ^ Mets, Lauren. "RHOBH Grabs Critics' Choice Award; Lisa Vanderpump 'Bloody Can't Believe It'". Bravo. The Daily Dish. Retrieved September 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ "'Mad Men' & 'Modern Family' Among Winners At First Critics' Choice TV Awards". Deadline. Retrieved September 5, 2016.
External links[edit]
Official website
Hoarders on IMDb
Hoarders at TV.com
[hide]
v
t
e
Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Reality Series
Hoarders / The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills (2011)
Anthony Bourdain: No Reservations (2012)
Duck Dynasty / Push Girls (2013)
Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey (2014)
Shark Tank (2015)
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Government of Meiji Japan
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Government of Meiji Japan (明治政府, Meiji seifu) was the government that was formed by politicians of the Satsuma Domain and Chōshū Domain in the 1860s. The Meiji government was the early government of the Empire of Japan.
Politicians of the Meiji government were known as the Meiji oligarchy, who overthrew the Tokugawa shogunate.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early developments
2 Abolition of the domains
3 Reorganization of the central government
4 Events leading to Okuma's resignation
5 Establishment of a national assembly
6 Strengthening of state authority
7 The Meiji Constitution
8 Elections and political power
9 Political struggles
10 Itō becomes Prime Minister
11 End of the Meiji period
12 References
Early developments[edit]
After the Meiji Restoration, the leaders of the samurai who overthrew the Tokugawa shogunate had no clear agenda or pre-developed plan on how to run Japan. They did have a number of things in common – , according to Andrew Gordon, “It was precisely their intermediate status and their insecure salaried position, coupled with their sense of frustrated ambition and entitlement to rule, that account for the revolutionary energy of the Meiji insurgents and their far-reaching program of reform”.[1] most were in their mid-40s, and most were from the four tozama domains of western Japan (Chōshū, Satsuma, Tosa and Hizen). Although from lower-ranked samurai families, they had risen to military leadership roles in their respective domains, and came from a Confucian-based educational background which stressed loyalty and service to society. Finally, most either had first-hand experience in travel overseas, or second-hand experience through contacts with foreign advisors in Japan. As a result, they knew of the military superiority of the western nations and of the need for Japan to unify, and to strengthen itself to avoid the colonial fate of its neighbors on the Asian continent.
However, immediately after the resignation of Tokugawa Yoshinobu in 1867, with no official centralized government, the country was a collection of largely semi-independent daimyōs controlled feudal domains, held together by the military strength of the Satchō Alliance, and by the prestige of the Imperial Court.
In early March 1868, with the outcome of the Boshin War still uncertain, the new Meiji government summoned delegates from all of the domains to Kyoto to establish a provisional consultative national assembly. In April 1868, the Charter Oath was promulgated, in which Emperor Meiji set out the broad general outlines for Japan's development and modernization.
Two months later, in June 1868, the Seitaisho was promulgated to establish the new administrative basis for the Meiji government. This administrative code was drafted by Fukuoka Takachika and Soejima Taneomi (both of whom had studied abroad and who had a liberal political outlook), and was a mixture of western concepts such as division of powers, and a revival of ancient structures of bureaucracy dating back to Nara period. A central governmental structure, or Daijōkan, was established.
The Daijōkan had seven departments:
Legislative (divided into an Upper Assembly of appointed bureaucrats, and a Lower Assembly of domain representatives)
Executive
Shinto
Finance
Military
Foreign Affairs
Civil Affairs
A separate Justice Ministry was established to create a form of separation of powers in imitation of the western countries.
The government instigated Fuhanken Sanchisei, dividing territory into urban prefectures or municipalities (fu) and rural prefectures (ken). Local government in Japan consisted of area confiscated from the Tokugawa, administered from the Department of Civil Affairs, and 273 semi-independent domains. Agents from the central government were sent to each of the domains to work towards administrative uniformity and conformation to the directives of the central government.
In early 1869, the national capital was transferred from Kyoto to Edo, which was renamed Tokyo (Eastern Capital).
Abolition of the domains[edit]
Main articles: Abolition of the han system and Meiji Restoration
In March 1869, the central government led by Ōkubo Toshimichi of Satsuma felt strong enough to effect further centralization. After merging the armies of Satsuma and Chōshū into a combined force, Ōkubo and Kido Takayoshi convinced the daimyō of Satsuma, Chōshū, Hizen and Tosa to surrender their domains to the emperor. Other daimyō were forced to do the same, and all were reappointed as “governors” to their respective domains, which were now treated as sub-divisions of the central government.
In the spring of 1871, Ōkubo, Kido, Inoue Kaoru, Yamagata Aritomo, Saigō Takamori, Ōyama Iwao, Sanjō Sanetomi and Iwakura held a secret meeting during which it was decided to proceed with abolition of the han domains entirely. Later that year, all of the ex-daimyō were summoned to the Emperor, and he issued a decree converting the domains to prefectures headed by a bureaucratic appointee from the central government. The daimyō were generously pensioned off into retirement, and their castles became the local administrative centers for the central government. This decree resulted in 305 units of local administration, which were reduced to 72 prefectures and 3 municipalities by the end of the year through various mergers, so that by the end of 1871, Japan had become a fully centralized state. The transition was made gradually, so that there was no disruption to the lives of the common people, and no outbreaks of resistance or violence. The central government absorbed all of the debts and obligations of the domains, and many former officials in the domains found new employment with the central government.
In 1871, the central government supported the creation of consultative assembles at the lowest levels of government, at the town, village and county level. The membership of the prefectural assemblies was drawn from these local assemblies. As the local assemblies only had the power of debate, and not legislation, they provided an important safety valve, without the ability to challenge the authority of the central government.
Reorganization of the central government[edit]
While then domains were being abolished and local administrative boundaries were being moved around, in August 1869, the central government itself underwent some restructuring to reinforce centralized authority. The idea of division of powers was abandoned. The new government was based on a national assembly (which met only once), an appointive Council of Advisors (Sangi), and eight Ministries:
Civil Affairs (Home Ministry from 1873)
Foreign Affairs
Finance
Army
Navy
Imperial Household
Justice
Public Works
Education
Decision-making in the government was restricted to a closed oligarchy of perhaps 20 individuals (from Satsuma, Chōshū, Tosa, Hizen and from the Imperial Court). The Home Ministry, as it appointed all prefectural governors, and controlled police apparatus was the most powerful ministry in the government, and it is noteworthy that Ōkubo left the Ministry of Finance to head the Home Ministry when it was established.
Events leading to Okuma's resignation[edit]
Main articles: Itagaki Taisuke and Freedom and People's Rights Movement
One of the pressures on the early Meiji government was the division between those members of the oligarchy who favored some form of representative government, based on overseas models, and the more conservative faction who favored centralized, authoritarian rule.
A major proponent of representative government was Itagaki Taisuke, a powerful leader of Tosa forces who had resigned from his Council of State position over the Korean affair in 1873. Itagaki sought peaceful rather than rebellious means to gain a voice in government. Such movements were called The Freedom and People's Rights Movement. He started a movement aimed at establishing a constitutional monarchy and a national assembly. Itagaki and others wrote the Tosa Memorial in 1874 criticizing the unbridled power of the oligarchy and calling for the immediate establishment of representative government. Dissatisfied with the pace of reform after having rejoined the Council of State in 1875, Itagaki organized his followers and other democratic proponents into the nationwide Aikokusha (Society of Patriots) to push for representative government in 1878. In 1881, in an action for which he is best known, Itagaki helped found the Jiyūtō (Liberal Party), which favored French political doctrines. In 1882 Ōkuma Shigenobu established the Rikken Kaishintō (Constitutional Progressive Party), which called for a British-style constitutional democracy. In response, government bureaucrats, local government officials, and other conservatives established the Rikken Teiseitō (Imperial Rule Party), a pro-government party, in 1882. Numerous political demonstrations followed, some of them violent, resulting in further government political restrictions. The restrictions hindered the political parties and led to divisiveness within and among them. The Jiyūtō, which had opposed the Kaishintō, was disbanded in 1884, and Ōkuma resigned as Kaishintō president.
Establishment of a national assembly[edit]
Main article: Meiji Constitution
Government leaders, long preoccupied with violent threats to stability and the serious leadership split over the Korean affair, generally agreed that constitutional government should someday be established. Kido Takayoshi had favored a constitutional form of government since before 1874, and several proposals that provided for constitutional guarantees had been drafted. The oligarchy, however, while acknowledging the realities of political pressure, was determined to keep control. The Osaka Conference of 1875 resulted in the reorganization of government with an independent judiciary and an appointed Council of Elders tasked with reviewing proposals for a constitution. The emperor declared that "constitutional government shall be established in gradual stages" as he ordered the Genrōin to draft a constitution. In 1880, delegates from twenty-four prefectures held a national convention to establish the Kokkai Kisei Dōmei (League for Establishing a National Assembly).
Although the government was not opposed to parliamentary rule, confronted with the drive for "people's rights," it continued to try to control the political situation. New laws in 1875 prohibited press criticism of the government or discussion of national laws. The Public Assembly Law (1880) severely limited public gatherings by disallowing attendance by civil servants and requiring police permission for all meetings. Within the ruling circle, however, and despite the conservative approach of the leadership, Ōkuma continued as a lone advocate of British-style government, a government with political parties and a cabinet organized by the majority party, answerable to the national assembly. He called for elections to be held by 1882 and for a national assembly to be convened by 1883; in doing so, he precipitated a political crisis that ended with an 1881 imperial rescript declaring the establishment of a national assembly in 1890 and his dismissal from government.
Rejecting the British model, Iwakura Tomomi and other conservatives borrowed heavily from the Prussian constitutional system. Itō Hirobumi, one of the Meiji oligarchy and a Chōshū native long involved in government affairs, was charged with drafting Japan's constitution. He led a Constitutional Study Mission abroad in 1882, spending most of his time in Germany. He rejected the United States Constitution as "too liberal" and the British system as too unwieldy and having a parliament with too much control over the monarchy; the French and Spanish models were rejected as tending toward despotism.
Strengthening of state authority[edit]
Main article: Meiji Constitution
On Itō's return, one of the first acts of the government was to establish the kazoku peerage system with new ranks for the nobility. Five hundred persons from the old court nobility, former daimyō, samurai and commoners who had provided valuable service to the government were organized in five ranks: prince, marquis, count, viscount, and baron.
Itō was put in charge of the new Bureau for Investigation of Constitutional Systems in 1884, and the Council of State was replaced in 1885 with a cabinet headed by Itō as prime minister. The positions of chancellor, minister of the left, and minister of the right, which had existed since the seventh century as advisory positions to the emperor, were all abolished. In their place, the Privy Council was established in 1888 to evaluate the forthcoming constitution and to advise the emperor. To further strengthen the authority of the state, the Supreme War Council was established under the leadership of Yamagata Aritomo a Chōshū native who has been credited with the founding of the modern Imperial Japanese Army and was to become the first constitutional Prime Minister. The Supreme War Council developed a German-style general staff system with a chief of staff who had direct access to the emperor and who could operate independently of the army minister and civilian officials.
The Meiji Constitution[edit]
Main article: Meiji constitution
When finally granted by the Emperor as a sign of his sharing his authority and giving rights and liberties to his subjects, the 1889 Constitution of the Empire of Japan (the Meiji Constitution) provided for the Imperial Diet (Teikoku Gikai), composed of a House of Representatives and a House of Peers. The House of Representatives was popularly elected with a very limited franchise of male citizens who paid 15 yen in national taxes (about 1 percent of the population) being eligible candidates. The House of Peers was composed of nobility and imperial appointees. There was also the provision for the creation of a Cabinet composed of ministers of State directly responsible to the Emperor and independent of the legislature. Functionally, the Diet was able to approve government legislation and initiate laws, make representations to the government, and submit petitions to the Emperor.
Nevertheless, in spite of these institutional changes, sovereignty still resided in the Emperor on the basis of his divine ancestry. The new constitution specified a form of government that was still authoritarian in character, with the Emperor holding the ultimate power and only minimal concessions made to popular rights and parliamentary mechanisms. Party participation was recognized as part of the political process. The Meiji Constitution was to last as the fundamental law until 1947.
Elections and political power[edit]
The first national election was held in 1890, and 300 members were elected to the lower house. Voting was restricted to males over twenty-five who paid income tax of minimally fifteen yen, a qualification to be lowered in 1900 and 1919 with universal male suffrage passed after much debate in 1925.[2] Women never obtained the franchise until after World War II when a new constitution was introduced.
The Jiyūtō and Kaishintō parties had been revived in anticipation of the election and together won more than half of the seats. The House of Representatives soon became the arena for disputes between the politicians and the government bureaucracy over large issues, such as the budget, the ambiguity of the constitution on the Diet's authority, and the desire of the Diet to interpret the "will of the Emperor" versus the oligarchy's position that the cabinet and administration should "transcend" all conflicting political forces. The main leverage the Diet had was in its approval or disapproval of the budget, and it successfully wielded its authority henceforth.
In the early years of constitutional government, the strengths and weaknesses of the Meiji Constitution were revealed. A small clique of Satsuma and Chōshū elite continued to rule Japan, becoming institutionalized as an extraconstitutional body of genrō (elder statesmen). Collectively, the genrō made decisions reserved for the Emperor, and the genrō, not the Emperor, controlled the government politically. Throughout the period, however, political problems were usually solved through compromise, and political parties gradually increased their power over the government and held an ever larger role in the political process as a result.
Political struggles[edit]
Main article: Meiji period
After the bitter political rivalries between the inception of the Diet in 1890 and 1894, when the nation was unified for the war effort against China, there followed five years of unity, unusual cooperation, and coalition cabinets. From 1900 to 1912, the Diet and the cabinet cooperated even more directly, with political parties playing larger roles. Throughout the entire period, the old Meiji oligarchy retained ultimate control but steadily yielded power to the opposition parties. The two major figures of the period were Yamagata Aritomo, whose long tenure (1868–1922) as a military and civil leader, including two terms as prime minister, was characterized by his intimidation of rivals and resistance to democratic procedures, and Itō Hirobumi, who was a compromiser and, although overruled by the genrō, wanted to establish a government party to control the House during his first term. When Itō returned as prime minister in 1898, he again pushed for a government party, but when Yamagata and others refused, Itō resigned. With no willing successor among the genrō, the Kenseitō (Constitutional Party) was invited to form a cabinet under the leadership of Ōkuma and Itagaki, a major achievement in the opposition parties' competition with the genrō. This success was short-lived: the Kenseitō split into two parties, the Kenseitō led by Itagaki and the Kensei Hontō (Real Constitutional Party) led by Ōkuma, and the cabinet ended after only four months. Yamagata then returned as prime minister with the backing of the military and the bureaucracy. Despite broad support of his views on limiting constitutional government, Yamagata formed an alliance with Kenseitō. Reforms of electoral laws, an expansion of the House to 369 members, and provisions for secret ballots won Diet support for Yamagata's budgets and tax increases. He continued to use imperial ordinances, however, to keep the parties from fully participating in the bureaucracy and to strengthen the already independent position of the military. When Yamagata failed to offer more compromises to the Kenseitō, the alliance ended in 1900, beginning a new phase of political development.
Itō becomes Prime Minister[edit]
Itō and his protégé, Saionji Kinmochi finally succeeded in forming a progovernment party—the Rikken Seiyūkai (Constitutional Association of Political Friendship) —in September 1900, and a month later Itō became prime minister of the first Seiyūkai cabinet. The Seiyūkai held the majority of seats in the House, but Yamagata's conservative allies had the greatest influence in the House of Peers, forcing Itō to seek imperial intervention. Tiring of political infighting, Itō resigned in 1901. Thereafter, the prime ministership alternated between Yamagata's protégé, Katsura Tarō and Saionji . The alternating of political power was an indication of the two sides' ability to cooperate and share power and helped foster the continued development of party politics.
End of the Meiji period[edit]
Main articles: Meiji period and Taishō period
In 1911, Japan ended all unequal treaties. The Meiji period ended with the death of the Emperor Meiji in 1912 and the beginning of the Taishō period (1912–1926) as Crown Prince Yoshito became the new emperor (Emperor Taishō). The end of the Meiji period was marked by huge government domestic and overseas investments and military programs, nearly exhausted credit, and a lack of foreign exchange to pay debts. But, the "Meiji regime" lasted until the end of the World War II in 1945.
The beginning of the Taishō period was marked by a political crisis that interrupted the earlier politics of compromise. When Prime Minister Saionji attempted to cut the military budget, the army minister resigned, bringing down the Seiyūkai cabinet. Both Yamagata and Saionji refused to resume office, and the genrō were unable to find a solution. Public outrage over the military manipulation of the cabinet and the recall of Katsura for a third term led to still more demands for an end to genrō politics. Despite old guard opposition, the conservative forces formed a party of their own in 1913, the Rikken Dōshikai (Constitutional Association of Allies), a party that won a majority in the House over the Seiyūkai in late 1914.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Gordon, Andrew (2014). A modern history of Japan: from Tokugawa times to the present. Oxford University Press. p. 62.
Jump up ^ Griffin, Edward G.; "The Universal Suffrage Issue in Japanese Politics, 1918–25"; The Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 31, No. 2 (February 1972), pp. 275–290
This article incorporates public domain material from the Library of Congress Country Studies website http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/. – Japan
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Uniform Crime Reports
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Federal Bureau of Investigation
Badge of the Federal Bureau of Investigation
Flag of the Federal Bureau of Investigation
Common name
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Abbreviation
FBI
Motto
Fidelity, Bravery, Integrity
Agency overview
Formed
July 26, 1908; 110 years ago (1908-07-26)
Employees
35,104[1] (October 31, 2014)
Annual budget
US$8.3 billion (FY 2014)[1]
Jurisdictional structure
Federal agency
(Operations jurisdiction)
United States
Operations jurisdiction
United States
Legal jurisdiction
As per operations jurisdiction
Governing body
U.S. Department of Justice
Constituting instrument
United States Code Title 28 Part II Chapter 33
General nature
• Federal law enforcement
Headquarters
J. Edgar Hoover Building
Northwest, Washington, D.C.

Sworn members
13,260 (October 31, 2014)[1]
Unsworn members
18,306 (October 31, 2014)[1]
Agency executives
Christopher Wray, Director
David Bowdich, Acting Deputy Director
List of FBI Directors, Other directors
Child agencies
FBI Academy
FBI Laboratory
Criminal Justice Information Services (CJIS)
Critical Incident Response Group (CIRG)
Counterterrorism Division (CTD)
FBI Police (FBIP)
Major units
5[show]
Behavioral Analysis Unit (BAU)
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Field offices
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Notables
People
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Programmes
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Uniform Crime Reports
Significant operation(s)
COINTELPRO
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Website
www.fbi.gov
The Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) compiles official data on crime in the United States, published by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). UCR is "a nationwide, cooperative statistical effort of nearly 18,000 city, university and college, county, state, tribal, and federal law enforcement agencies voluntarily reporting data on crimes brought to their attention".[2]
Crime statistics are compiled from UCR data and published annually by the FBI in the Crime in the United States series.
The FBI does not collect the data itself. Rather, law enforcement agencies across the United States provide the data to the FBI, which then compiles the Reports.
The Uniform Crime Reports program began in 1929, and since then has become an important source of crime information for law enforcement, policymakers, scholars, and the media. The UCR Program consists of four parts:
Traditional Summary Reporting System (SRS) and the National Incident Based Reporting System (NIBRS) – Offense and arrest data
Law Enforcement Officers Killed and Assaulted (LEOKA) Program
Hate Crime Statistics Program – hate crimes
Cargo Theft Reporting Program – cargo theft
The FBI publishes annual data from these collections in Crime in the United States, Law Enforcement Officers Killed and Assaulted, and Hate Crime Statistics.
Contents
1 History
2 Data collection
3 UCR crime categories
4 Advisory groups
5 Limitations
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
History[edit]
The UCR Program was based upon work by the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) and the Social Science Research Council (SSRC)[3] throughout the 1920s to create a uniform national set of crime statistics, reliable for analysis. In 1927, the IACP created the Committee on Uniform Crime Reporting to determine statistics for national comparisons. The committee determined seven crimes fundamental to comparing crime rates: murder and non-negligent manslaughter, forcible rape, burglary, aggravated assault, larceny and motor vehicle theft (the eighth, arson, was added under a congressional directive in 1979). The early program was managed by the IACP, prior to FBI involvement, done through a monthly report. The first report in January 1930 reported data from 400 cities throughout 43 states, covering more than 20 million individuals, approximately twenty percent of the total U.S. population.[4]
On June 11, 1930, through IACP lobbying, the United States Congress passed legislation enacting 28 U.S.C. § 534, which granted the office of the Attorney General the ability to "acquire, collect, classify, and preserve identification, criminal identification, crime, and other records" with the ability to appoint officials to oversee this duty, including the subordinate members of the Bureau of Investigation. The Attorney General, in turn, designated the FBI to serve as the national clearinghouse for the data collected, and the FBI assumed responsibility for managing the UCR Program in September 1930. The July 1930 issue of the IACP crime report announced the FBI’s takeover of the program. While the IACP discontinued oversight of the program, they continued to advise the FBI to better the UCR.
Since 1935, the FBI served as a data clearinghouse; organizing, collecting, and disseminating information voluntarily submitted by local, state, federal and tribal law enforcement agencies. The UCR remained the primary tool for collection and analysis of data for the next half century. Throughout the 1980s, a series of National UCR Conferences were with members from the IACP, Department of Justice, including the FBI, and newly formed Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS). The purpose was to determine necessary system revisions and then implement them. The result of these conferences was the release of a Blueprint for the Future of the Uniform Crime Reporting Program release in May 1985, detailing the necessary revisions. The report proposed splitting reported data into two separate categories, the eight serious crimes (which later became known as "Part I index crimes") and 21 less commonly reported crimes (which later became known as "Part II index crimes").
In 2003, FBI UCR data were compiled from more than 16,000 agencies, representing 93 percent of the population[5] in 46 states and the District of Columbia.[6] While nationally reporting is not mandated, many states have instituted laws requiring law enforcement within those states to provide UCR data.
Data collection[edit]
Each month, law enforcement agencies report the number of known index crimes in their jurisdiction to the FBI. This mainly includes crimes reported to the police by the general public, but may also include crimes that police officers discover, and known through other sources. Law enforcement agencies also report the number of crime cases cleared.
UCR crime categories[edit]
FBI Crime Clock – 2014
Violent and Property Crime Indexes per 100,000 population, 2004 Uniform Crime Report
For reporting purposes, criminal offenses are divided into two major groups: Part I offenses and Part II offenses.
In Part I, the UCR indexes reported incidents of index crimes which are broken into two categories: violent and property crimes. Aggravated assault, forcible rape, murder, and robbery are classified as violent while arson, burglary, larceny-theft, and motor vehicle theft are classified as property crimes. These are reported via the document named Return A – Monthly Return of Offenses Known to the Police. Part 1 crimes are collectively known as Index crimes, this name is used because the crimes are considered quite serious, tend to be reported more reliably than others, and are reported directly to the police and not to a separate agency (ex- IRS) that doesn't necessarily contribute to the UCR.
In Part II, the following categories are tracked: simple assault, curfew offenses and loitering, embezzlement, forgery and counterfeiting, disorderly conduct, driving under the influence, drug offenses, fraud, gambling, liquor offenses, offenses against the family, prostitution, public drunkenness, runaways, sex offenses, stolen property, vandalism, vagrancy, and weapons offenses.
Two property reports are also included with the Return A. The first is the Property Stolen by Classification report. This report details the number of actual crimes of each type in the Return A and the monetary value of property stolen in conjunction with that crime. Some offenses are reported in greater detail on this report than on the Return A. For example, on the Report A, burglaries are divided into three categories: Forcible Entry, Unlawful Entry – No Force, and Attempted Forcible Entry. On the Property Stolen by Classification report, burglaries are divided into six categories based on location type and the time of the offense. Offenses are counted in residences with offense times of 6 p.m. to 6 a.m., 6 a.m. to 6 p.m. and Unknown Time and Non-residences with the same three time groupings.
The second property report is the Property Stolen by Type and Value report. The monetary value of both stolen and recovered property are totaled and classified as one of eleven property types:
Currency, Notes, Etc.
Jewelry and Precious Metals
Clothing and Furs
Locally Stolen Motor Vehicles
Office Equipment
Televisions, Radios, Stereos, Etc.
Firearms
Household goods
Consumable goods
Livestock
Miscellaneous
The FBI began recording arson rates, as part of the UCR, in 1979. This report details arsons of the following property types:
Single Occupancy Residential (houses, townhouses, duplexes, etc.)
Other Residential (apartments, tenements, flats, hotels, motels, dormitories, etc.)
Storage (barns, garages, warehouses, etc.)
Industrial/Manufacturing
Other Commercial (stores, restaurants, offices, etc.)
Community/Public (churches, jails, schools, colleges, hospitals, etc.)
All Other Structures (out buildings, monuments, buildings under construction, etc.)
Motor Vehicles (automobiles, trucks, buses, motorcycles, etc.)
Other Mobile Property (trailers, recreational vehicles, airplanes, boats, etc.)
Other (crops, timber, fences, signs, etc.)
Advisory groups[edit]
The Criminal Justice Information Systems Committees of the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) and the National Sheriffs' Association (NSA) serve in an advisory capacity to the UCR Program and encourage local police departments and sheriff's departments to participate fully in the program.
In 1988, a Data Providers' Advisory Policy Board was established to provide input for UCR matters. The Board operated until 1993 when it combined with the National Crime Information Center Advisory Policy Board to form a single Advisory Policy Board (APB) to address all issues regarding the FBI's criminal justice information services. In addition, the Association of State UCR Programs (ASUCRP) focuses on UCR issues within individual state law enforcement associations and promotes interest in the UCR Program. These organizations foster widespread and responsible use of UCR statistics and assist data contributors when needed.
Limitations[edit]
The UCR itself warns that it reflects crime reports by police, not later adjudication.
Also, not all states require municipalities to report data, making the crime statistics under-reported in UCR reports
Comparing arrests, reports and unknown violent crime
See also[edit]
National Crime Victimization Survey
Uniform Crime Reporting Handbook
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Frequently Asked Questions". Federal Bureau of Investigation. Retrieved 2016-09-02.
Jump up ^ "Summary of the Uniform Crime Reporting Program". fbi.gov. 1987-09-30. Retrieved 2012-12-30.
Jump up ^ Lawrence Rosen, "The Creation of the Uniform Crime Report", Social Science History 19:2 (Summer 1995):215–238.
Jump up ^ Crime in the United States 2000. (PDF). Federal Bureau of Investigation, U.S. Department of Justice. Washington, D.C.. Retrieved on 30 March 2008. Archived on 14 April 2010.
Jump up ^ Frequently Asked Questions. Federal Bureau of Investigation, U.S. Department of Justice. Washington, D.C.. Uniform Crime Reports. Retrieved on 2008-03-30.
Jump up ^ UCR and NIBRS Participation Archived 2006-04-25 at the Wayback Machine.. U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Washington, D.C. Retrieved on 2008-03-30.[dead link]
Further reading[edit]
Lynch, J. P., & Addington, L. A. (2007). Understanding crime statistics: revisiting the divergence of the NCVS and UCR. Cambridge studies in criminology. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521862042
External links[edit]
Uniform Crime Reports, all years (official)
Uniform Crime Report Statistics Graphed
Uniform Crime Reporting Handbook (FBI)
United States: Uniform Crime Report – State Statistics from 1960 to 2005
Officer Survival Spotlight - Officer Perception and Assault Prevention FBI
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United States Trustee Program
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Post–World War I recession
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The post–World War I recession was an economic recession that hit much of the world in the aftermath of World War I. In many nations, especially in North America, this growth continued during World War I as nations mobilized their economies to fight the war in Europe. After the war ended, the global economy began to decline. In the United States, 1918–1919 saw a modest economic retreat, but the next year saw a mild recovery. A more severe recession hit the United States in 1920 and 1921, when the global economy fell very sharply.
Contents
[hide]
1 North America
2 Germany
3 See also
4 References
5 Further reading
North America[edit]
In North America, the recession immediately following World War I was extremely brief, lasting for only 7 months from August 1918 to March 1919.[1] A second, much more severe recession, sometimes labeled a depression, began in January 1920. Several indices of economic activity suggest the recession was moderately severe. The Axe-Houghton Index of Index of Trade and Industrial Activity declined by 14.1% in this recession (compared to a 31% decline in the Panic of 1907). The Babson index of physical volume of business activity declined by 28.6% in this recession (compared to a 2.3% decline in the 1921 recession and a 22.7% decline in the Panic of 1907).[2][clarification needed]
Germany[edit]
In Germany, the economic recession and inflation was harder due to the imposition of the Treaty of Versailles. A period of hyperinflation severely devalued the Mark and nearly crippled the German economy.
See also[edit]
Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic
Aftermath of World War I
Dawes Plan
Great Depression
References[edit]
Jump up ^ US Business Cycle Expansions and Contractions, National Bureau of Economic Research. Retrieved on September 22, 2008.
Jump up ^ Zarnowitz, Victor (1996). Business Cycles. University of Chicago Press.
Further reading[edit]
Romer, Christina D. (1988). "World War I and the postwar depression A reinterpretation based on alternative estimates of GNP". Journal of Monetary Economics. 22 (1): 91–115. doi:10.1016/0304-3932(88)90171-7.
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Recessions in the United States (notable recessions in bold)
1796–99
1815–21
1836–38 and 1839–43
1857–58
1873–1879
1882–85
1893–1897
1907–08
1918–19
1920–21
1929–33 and 1937–38
1949
1953–54
1958
1960–61
1969–70
1973–75
1980 and 1981–82
1990–91
2002–03
2007–09
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Post–World_War_I_recession&oldid=829640718"
Categories:
Recessions
Aftermath of World War I
1910s economic history
1920s economic history
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All articles needing additional references
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