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Chinese Exclusion Act
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This article is about the former U.S. law. For the similar Canadian law, see Chinese Immigration Act, 1923.
Not to be confused with Asian Exclusion Act.
‹ The template Infobox U.S. legislation is being considered for merging. ›
Chinese Exclusion Act
Long title
An Act to execute certain treaty stipulations relating to Chinese.
Nicknames
Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
Enacted by
the 47th United States Congress
Effective
May 6, 1882
Citations
Public law
47-126
Statutes at Large
22 Stat. 58
Legislative history
Introduced in the House as H.R. 5804 by Horace F. Page (R–CA) on April 12, 1882
Committee consideration by House Foreign Relations
Passed the house on April 17, 1882 (202-37)
Passed the Senate on April 28, 1882 (32-15) with amendment
House agreed to Senate amendment on May 3, 1882 (Agreed)
Signed into law by President Chester A. Arthur on May 6, 1882
Political cartoon: Uncle Sam kicks out the Chinaman, referring to the Chinese Exclusion Act. Image published in 19th century.
The first page of the Chinese Exclusion Act
The Chinese Exclusion Act was a United States federal law signed by President Chester A. Arthur on May 6, 1882, prohibiting all immigration of Chinese laborers. The act followed the Angell Treaty of 1880, a set of revisions to the US–China Burlingame Treaty of 1868 that allowed the US to suspend Chinese immigration. The act was initially intended to last for 10 years, but was renewed in 1892 with the Geary Act and made permanent in 1902. The Chinese Exclusion Act was the first law implemented to prevent a specific ethnic group from immigrating to the United States. It was repealed by the Magnuson Act on December 17, 1943.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Content
3 Repeal and current status
4 See also
5 References
6 Further reading
6.1 Primary sources
7 External links
Background
Main article: History of Chinese Americans
This "Official Map of Chinatown 1885" was published as part of an official report of a Special Committee established by the San Francisco Board of Supervisors "on the Condition of the Chinese Quarter".
Chinese immigrant workers building the Transcontinental Railroad
The first significant Chinese immigration to North America began with the California Gold Rush of 1848–1855 and it continued with subsequent large labor projects, such as the building of the First Transcontinental Railroad. During the early stages of the gold rush, when surface gold was plentiful, the Chinese were tolerated, if not well received.[1] As gold became harder to find and competition increased, animosity toward the Chinese and other foreigners increased. After being forcibly driven from the mines, most Chinese settled in enclaves in cities, mainly San Francisco, and took up low-wage labor, such as restaurant and laundry work.[citation needed] With the post-Civil War economy in decline by the 1870s, anti-Chinese animosity became politicized by labor leader Denis Kearney and his Workingman's Party[2] as well as by California Governor John Bigler, both of whom blamed Chinese "coolies" for depressed wage levels. Another significant anti-Chinese group organized in California during this same era was the Supreme Order of Caucasians, with some 60 chapters statewide.[citation needed]
In the early 1850s, there was resistance to the idea of excluding Chinese migrant workers from immigration, because they provided essential tax revenue which helped fill the fiscal gap of California.[3] But toward the end of the decade, the financial situation improved and subsequently, attempts to legislate Chinese exclusion became successful on the state level.[3] In 1858, the California Legislature passed a law that made it illegal for any person "of the Chinese or Mongolian races" to enter the state; however, this law was struck down by an unpublished opinion of the State Supreme Court in 1862.[4] The Chinese immigrant workers provided cheap labor and did not use any of the government infrastructure (schools, hospitals, etc.) because the Chinese migrant population was predominantly made up of healthy male adults.[3] As time passed and more and more Chinese migrants arrived in California, violence would often break out in cities such as Los Angeles. By 1878 Congress decided to act and passed legislation excluding the Chinese, but this was vetoed by President Rutherford B. Hayes. 1879, California adopted a new Constitution, which explicitly authorized the state government to determine which individuals were allowed to reside in the state, and banned the Chinese from employment by corporations and state, county or municipal governments.[5] Once the Chinese Exclusion Act was finally passed in 1882, California went further by passing various laws that were later held to be unconstitutional.[6] After the act was passed, most Chinese families were faced with a dilemma: stay in the United States alone or go back to China to reunite with their families.[7] Although there was widespread dislike for the Chinese, some capitalists and entrepreneurs resisted their exclusion because they accepted lower wages.[8]
Content
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For the first time, federal law proscribed entry of an ethnic working group on the premise that it endangered the good order of certain localities. (The earlier Page Act of 1875 had prohibited immigration of Asian forced laborers and sex workers, and the Naturalization Act of 1790 prohibited naturalization of non-white subjects.) The Act excluded Chinese laborers, meaning "skilled and unskilled laborers and Chinese employed in mining," from entering the country for ten years under penalty of imprisonment and deportation.[9][10]
Front page of The San Francisco Call -November 20th 1901, Chinese Exclusion Convention
The Chinese Exclusion Act required the few nonlaborers who sought entry to obtain certification from the Chinese government that they were qualified to emigrate. However, this group found it increasingly difficult to prove that they were not laborers[10] because the 1882 act defined excludables as “skilled and unskilled laborers and Chinese employed in mining.” Thus very few Chinese could enter the country under the 1882 law. Diplomatic officials and other officers on business, along with their house servants, for the Chinese government were also allowed entry as long as they had the proper certification verifying their credentials.[11]
The Act also affected the Chinese who had already settled in the United States. Any Chinese who left the United States had to obtain certifications for reentry, and the Act made Chinese immigrants permanent aliens by excluding them from U.S. citizenship.[9][10] After the Act's passage, Chinese men in the U.S. had little chance of ever reuniting with their wives, or of starting families in their new abodes.[9]
Amendments made in 1884 tightened the provisions that allowed previous immigrants to leave and return, and clarified that the law applied to ethnic Chinese regardless of their country of origin. The Scott Act (1888) expanded upon the Chinese Exclusion Act, prohibiting reentry after leaving the U.S. Constitutionality of the Chinese Exclusion Act and the Scott Act was upheld by the Supreme Court in Chae Chan Ping v. United States (1889); the Supreme Court declared that "the power of exclusion of foreigners [is] an incident of sovereignty belonging to the government of the United States as a part of those sovereign powers delegated by the constitution." The Act was renewed for ten years by the 1892 Geary Act, and again with no terminal date in 1902.[10] When the act was extended in 1902, it required "each Chinese resident to register and obtain a certificate of residence. Without a certificate, he or she faced deportation."[10]
Between 1882 and 1905, about 10,000 Chinese appealed against negative immigration decisions to federal court, usually via a petition for habeas corpus.[12] In most of these cases, the courts ruled in favor of the petitioner.[12] Except in cases of bias or negligence, these petitions were barred by an act that passed Congress in 1894 and was upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court in U.S. vs Lem Moon Sing (1895). In U.S. vs Ju Toy (1905), the U.S. Supreme Court reaffirmed that the port inspectors and the Secretary of Commerce had final authority on who could be admitted. Ju Toy's petition was thus barred despite the fact that the district court found that he was an American citizen. The Supreme Court determined that refusing entry at a port does not require due process and is legally equivalent to refusing entry at a land crossing. All these developments, along with the extension of the act in 1902, triggered a boycott of U.S. goods in China between 1904 and 1906.[13] There was one 1885 case in San Francisco, however, in which Treasury Department officials in Washington overturned a decision to deny entry to two Chinese students.[14]
One of the critics of the Chinese Exclusion Act was the anti-slavery/anti-imperialist Republican Senator George Frisbie Hoar of Massachusetts who described the Act as "nothing less than the legalization of racial discrimination."[15]
The laws were driven largely by racial concerns; immigration of persons of other races was unlimited during this period.[16]
On the other hand, many people strongly supported the Chinese Exclusion Act, including the Knights of Labor, a labor union, who supported it because it believed that industrialists were using Chinese workers as a wedge to keep wages low.[17] Among labor and leftist organizations, the Industrial Workers of the World were the sole exception to this pattern. The IWW openly opposed the Chinese Exclusion Act from its inception in 1905.[18]
A political cartoon from 1882, showing a Chinese man being barred entry to the "Golden Gate of Liberty". The caption reads, "We must draw the line somewhere, you know."
Certificate of identity issued to Yee Wee Thing certifying that he is the son of a US citizen, issued Nov. 21, 1916. This was necessary for his immigration from China to the United States.
For all practical purposes, the Exclusion Act, along with the restrictions that followed it, froze the Chinese community in place in 1882. Limited immigration from China continued until the repeal of the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1943. From 1910 to 1940, the Angel Island Immigration Station on what is now Angel Island State Park in San Francisco Bay served as the processing center for most of the 56,113 Chinese immigrants who are recorded as immigrating or returning from China; upwards of 30% more who showed up were returned to China. Furthermore, after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, which destroyed City Hall and the Hall of Records, many immigrants (known as "paper sons") claimed that they had familial ties to resident Chinese-American citizens. Whether these were true or not cannot be proven.
The Chinese Exclusion Act gave rise to the first great wave of commercial human smuggling, an activity that later spread to include other national and ethnic groups.[19]
The Chinese Exclusion Act also led to an expansion of the power of U.S. immigration law through its influence on Canada's policies on Chinese exclusion during this time because of the need for greater vigilance at the U.S.-Canada border. Shortly after the U.S. Chinese Exclusion Act, Canada established the Chinese Immigration Act of 1885 which imposed a head tax on Chinese migrants entering Canada. After increasing pressure from the U.S. government, Canada finally established the Chinese Immigration Act, 1923 which banned most forms of immigration by the Chinese to Canada. There was also a need for this kind of border control along the U.S-Mexico border, however, efforts to control the border went along a different path because Mexico was fearful of expanding imperial power of the U.S. and did not want U.S. interference in Mexico. Not only this, but Chinese immigration to Mexico was welcomed because the Chinese immigrants filled Mexico's labor needs. The Chinese Exclusion Act actually led to heightened Chinese immigration to Mexico because of exclusion by the U.S. Therefore, the U.S. resorted to heavily policing the border along Mexico.
Later, the Immigration Act of 1924 restricted immigration even further, excluding all classes of Chinese immigrants and extending restrictions to other Asian immigrant groups.[9] Until these restrictions were relaxed in the middle of the twentieth century, Chinese immigrants were forced to live a life separated from their families, and to build ethnic enclaves in which they could survive on their own (Chinatown).[9] The Chinese Exclusion Act did not address the problems that whites were facing; in fact, the Chinese were quickly and eagerly replaced by the Japanese, who assumed the role of the Chinese in society. Unlike the Chinese, some Japanese were even able to climb the rungs of society by setting up businesses or becoming truck farmers.[20] However, the Japanese were later targeted in the National Origins Act of 1924, which banned immigration from east Asia entirely.
In 1891 the Government of China refused to accept the U.S. Senator Mr. Henry W. Blair as U.S. Minister to China due to his abusive remarks regarding China during negotiation of the Chinese Exclusion Act.[21]
The American Christian Rev. Dr. George F. Pentecost spoke out against western imperialism in China, saying: I personally feel convinced that it would be a good thing for America if the embargo on Chinese immigration were removed. I think that the annual admission of 100,000 into this country would be a good thing for the country. And if the same thing were done in the Philippines those islands would be a veritable Garden of Eden in twenty-five years. The presence of Chinese workmen in this country would, in my opinion, do a very great deal toward solving our labor problems. There is no comparison between the Chinaman, even of the lowest coolie class, and the man who comes here from Southeastern Europe, from Russia, or from Southern Italy. The Chinese are thoroughly good workers. That is why the laborers here hate them. I think, too, that the emigration to America would help the Chinese. At least he would come into contact with some real Christian people in America. The Chinaman lives in squalor because he is poor. If he had some prosperity his squalor would cease.[22]
Repeal and current status
The Chinese Exclusion Act was repealed by the 1943 Magnuson Act, during a time when China had become an ally of the U.S. against Japan in World War II. This repeal also occurred in the context of World War II, during which the U.S. fought against German Nazism and needed to embody an image of fairness and justice, and also during a time when the Japanese were becoming vilified. The Magnuson Act permitted Chinese nationals already residing in the country to become naturalized citizens and stop hiding from the threat of deportation. While the Magnuson Act overturned the discriminatory Chinese Exclusion Act, it only allowed a national quota of 105 Chinese immigrants per year, and did not repeal the restrictions on immigration from the other Asian countries. Large scale Chinese immigration did not occur until the passage of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965. The crackdown on Chinese immigrants reached a new level in its last decade, from 1956–1965, with the Chinese Confession Program launched by the Immigration and Naturalization Service, that encouraged Chinese who had committed immigration fraud to confess, so as to be eligible for some leniency in treatment.
Despite the fact that the exclusion act was repealed in 1943, the law in California prohibiting non-whites from marrying whites was not struck down until 1948, in which the California Supreme Court ruled the ban of interracial marriage within the state unconstitutional in Perez v. Sharp.[23][24] Other states had such laws until 1967, when the United States Supreme Court unanimously ruled in Loving v. Virginia that anti-miscegenation laws across the nation are unconstitutional.
Even today, although all its constituent sections have long been repealed, Chapter 7 of Title 8 of the United States Code is headed "Exclusion of Chinese."[25] It is the only chapter of the 15 chapters in Title 8 (Aliens and Nationality) that is completely focused on a specific nationality or ethnic group. Like the following Chapter 8, "The Cooly Trade", it consists entirely of statutes that are noted as "Repealed" or "Omitted."
On June 18, 2012, the United States House of Representatives passed a resolution which had been introduced by Congresswoman Judy Chu, that formally expresses the regret of the House of Representatives for the Chinese Exclusion Act, an act which imposed almost total restrictions on Chinese immigration and naturalization and denied Chinese-Americans basic freedoms because of their ethnicity.[26] The resolution had been approved by the U.S. Senate in October 2011.[27]
In 2014, the California Legislature took formal action to pass measures that formally recognize the many proud accomplishments of Chinese-Americans in California and to call upon Congress to formally apologize for the 1882 adoption of the Chinese Exclusion Act. Senate Republican Leader Bob Huff (R-Diamond Bar) and incoming Senate President pro-Tem Kevin de León (D-Los Angeles) served as Joint Authors for Senate Joint Resolution (SJR) 23 and Senate Concurrent Resolution (SCR) 122.[28]
SJR 23 acknowledges and celebrates the history and contributions of Chinese Americans in California. The resolution also formally calls on Congress to apologize for laws which resulted in the persecution of Chinese Americans, such as the Chinese Exclusion Act.[29]
Perhaps most importantly is the sociological implications for understanding ethnic/race relations in the context of American history: there is a tendency for minorities to be punished in times of economic, political and/or geopolitical crises. Times of social and sytemic stability, however, tend to mute whatever underlying tensions exist between different groups. In times of societal crisis—whether perceived or real—patterns or retractability of American identities have erupted to the forefront of America's political landscape, often generating institutional and civil society backlash against workers from other nations, a pattern documented by Fong's research into how crises drastically alters social relationships.[30]
See also
Anti-Chinese legislation in the United States
Chinese Confession Program
Chinese exclusion policy of NASA
Chinese massacre of 1871
Head tax (Canada)
List of United States immigration laws
New Zealand head tax
Paper Sons
Rock Springs massacre
Sinophobia
United States v. Wong Kim Ark, which held that the Chinese Exclusion Act could not overrule the citizenship of those born in the U.S. to Chinese parents
White Australia policy
Yamataya v. Fisher (Japanese Immigrant Case)
Yellow Peril
Executive Order 13769
References
Jump up ^ Norton, Henry K. (1924). The Story of California From the Earliest Days to the Present. Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co. pp. 283–296. Archived from the original on 2008-05-09.
Jump up ^ Kearney, Denis (28 February 1878). "Appeal from California. The Chinese Invasion. Workingmen’s Address". Indianapolis Times. Retrieved 5 May 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kanazawa, Mark (September 2005). "Immigration, Exclusion, and Taxation: Anti-Chinese Legislation in Gold Rush California". The Journal of Economic History. Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Economic History Association. 65 (3): 779–805. JSTOR 3875017.
Jump up ^ "Text of the Chinese Exclusion Act" (PDF). University of California, Hastings College of the Law. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-05-05. Retrieved 2014-05-05.
Jump up ^ "Constitution of the State of California, 1879" (PDF).
Jump up ^ Cole, L. Cheryl. (Spring 1978). "Chinese Exclusion: The Capitalist Perspective of the Sacramento Union, 1850–1882". California History. California Historical Society. 57 (1, The Chinese in California): 8–31.
Jump up ^ Chew, Kenneth; Liu, John (March 2004). "Hidden in Plain Sight: Global Labor Force Exchange in the Chinese American Population, 1880–1940". Population and Development Review. Population Council. 30 (1): 57–78. JSTOR 3401498.
Jump up ^ Miller, Joaquin (December 1901). "The Chinese and the Exclusion Act". The North American Review. University of Northern Iowa. 173 (541): 782–789. JSTOR 25105257  .
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Exclusion". Library of Congress. 2003-09-01. Retrieved 2010-01-25.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "The People's Vote: Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on 28 March 2007. Retrieved 5 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Transcript of Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)
^ Jump up to: a b Daniels, Roger (Spring 1999). "Book Review: Laws Harsh as Tigers: Chinese Immigrants and the Shaping of Modern Immigration Law—Lucy E. Salyer". Archived from the original on 2012-09-25.
Jump up ^ Lee, Jonathan H. X. (2015). Chinese Americans: The History and Culture of a People. ABC-CLIO. p. 26. ISBN 978-1610695497.
Jump up ^ Lee, Erika (2003). At America's Gates: Chinese Immigration during the Exclusion Era, 1882–1943. University of North Carolina Press. p. 51. ISBN 978-0807827758.
Jump up ^ Daniels, Roger (2002). Coming to America: A History of Immigration and Ethnicity in American Life. Harper Perennial. p. 271. ISBN 978-0060505776.
Jump up ^ Chin, Gabriel J. (1998). "Segregation's Last Stronghold: Race Discrimination and the Constitutional Law of Immigration". UCLA Law Review. 46 (1). SSRN 1121119  .
Jump up ^ Kennedy, David M.; Cohen, Lizabeth; Bailey, Thomas A. (2002). The American Pageant (12th ed.). New York: Houghton Mifflin Company.
Jump up ^ Choi, Jennifer Jung Hee (1999). "The Rhetoric of Inclusion: The I.W.W. and Asian Workers" (PDF). Ex Post Facto: Journal of the History Students at San Francisco State University. 8: 9.
Jump up ^ Zhang, Sheldon (2007). Smuggling and trafficking in human beings: all roads lead to America. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 69. ISBN 978-0-275-98951-4.
Jump up ^ Brinkley, Alan. American History: A Survey (12th ed.). ISBN 978-0073280479.
Jump up ^ Denza, Eileen (2008). Commentary to the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations (Third ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 51. ISBN 978-0199216857.
Jump up ^ "America Not A Christian Nation, Says Dr. Pentecost". The New York Times. February 11, 1912. Archived from the original on 25 March 2014.
Jump up ^ Chin, Gabriel; Karthikeyan, Hrishi (2002). "Preserving Racial Identity: Population Patterns and the Application of Anti-Miscegenation Statutes to Asian Americans, 1910–1950". Asian Law Journal. Social Science Research Network. 9. SSRN 283998  .
Jump up ^ See Perez v. Sharp, 32 Cal. 2d 711 (1948).
Jump up ^ "US CODE-TITLE 8-ALIENS AND NATIONALITY". FindLaw. Retrieved 5 May 2014.
Jump up ^ 112th Congress (2012) (June 8, 2012). "H.Res. 683 (112th)". Legislation. GovTrack.us. Retrieved August 9, 2012. Expressing the regret of the House of Representatives for the passage of laws that adversely affected the Chinese in the United States, including the Chinese Exclusion Act.
Jump up ^ "US apologizes for Chinese Exclusion Act" China Daily, 19 June 2012
Jump up ^ "Legislature Recognizes the Contributions of Chinese-Americans & Apologizes for Past Discriminatory Laws". California State Senate Republican Caucus. August 19, 2014. Archived from the original on 2016-07-26.
Jump up ^ "Bill Text". ca.gov.
Jump up ^ Fong, Jack (April 2008). "American Social ‘Reminders’ of Citizenship after September 11, 2001: Nativisms in the Ethnocratic Retractability of American Identity" (PDF). Qualitative Sociology Review. 4 (1): 69–91.
Further reading
Chan, Sucheng ed. In Entry Denied: Exclusion and the Chinese Community in America, 1882-1943 (Temple UP, 1994).
Gyory, Andrew. Closing the gate: Race, politics, and the Chinese Exclusion Act (U of North Carolina Press, 1998).
Hsu, Madeline Y. The good immigrants: How the yellow peril became the model minority (Princeton UP, 2015).
Kil, Sang Hea. "Fearing yellow, imagining white: media analysis of the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882." Social Identities 18.6 (2012): 663-677.
Lee, Erika. "The 'Yellow Peril' and Asian Exclusion in the Americas." Pacific Historical Review 76.4 (2007): 537-562. in JSTOR
Li Bo. Beyond the Heavenly Kingdom is an historical novel that focuses on the politics of the Chinese Exclusion Act ISBN 1541232216
Perry, Jay. "The Chinese question: California, British Columbia, and the making of transnational immigration policy, 1847-1885" (PhD. Diss. Bowling Green State University, 2014) online, bibliography pp 242–76.
Rhodes, James Ford. History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850: 1877-1896 (1919) online complete; pp 188–96
Primary sources
Chinese Immigration Pamphlets in the California State Library. Vol. 1 | Vol. 2 | Vol. 3 | Vol. 4,
"Bitter Melon: Inside America's Last Rural Chinese Town" How residents of Locke, California, the last rural Chinese town in America, lived in the Sacramento Delta under the Chinese Exclusion Act
External links
Wikisource has several original texts related to: Chinese Exclusion Act
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chinese Exclusion Act.
George Frederick Seward and the Chinese Exclusion Act | "From the Stacks" at New-York Historical Society
George Frederick Seward Papers, MS 557, The New-York Historical Society
Text of 1880 Chinese Exclusion Treaty and 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act – PBS.org
Chinese Exclusion Act from the Library of Congress
Chinese Exclusion Act – Menlo School
Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) – Our Documents
Exclusion Act Case Files of Yee Wee Thing and Yee Bing Quai, two "Paper Sons"
The Yung Wing Project hosts the memoir of one of the earliest naturalized Chinese whose citizenship was revoked forty-six years after having received it as a result of the Chinese Exclusion Act.
An Alleged Wife One Immigrant in the Chinese Exclusion Era
Collection of primary source documents relating to the Chinese Exclusion Act, from Harvard University.
Primary source documents and images from the University of California
The Rocky Road to Liberty: A Documented History of Chinese American Immigration and Exclusion
[1] Primary source documents and images related to the documentary "Separate Lives, Broken Dreams" saga of the Chinese Exclusion Act era, e.g. political cartoons, immigrant case files and government correspondence from the National Archives.
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In the Air Tonight
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"In the Air Tonight"
Single by Phil Collins
from the album Face Value
B-side
"The Roof is Leaking"
Released
9 January 1981[1]
Format
7-inch single
12-inch single
Recorded
Townhouse Studios
London, 1980
Genre
Experimental pop
soft rock
Length
5:34 (album version)
4:57 (single edit)
Label
Virgin
Atlantic
Songwriter(s)
Phil Collins
Producer(s)
Phil Collins
Hugh Padgham
Phil Collins singles chronology
"In the Air Tonight"
(1981) "I Missed Again"
(1981)
"In the Air Tonight"
(1981) "I Missed Again"
(1981)
"Separate Lives"
(1985) Separate Lives1985
"In the Air Tonight"
(Remix)
(1988) In the Air Tonight1988
"A Groovy Kind of Love"
(1988) A Groovy Kind of Love1988
"You Touch My Heart"
(2005) You Touch My Heart2005
"In the Air Tonight"
(Re-release)
(2007) In the Air Tonight2007
"(Love Is Like a) Heatwave"
(2010) (Love Is Like a) Heatwave2010
Audio sample
file
help
"In the Air Tonight" is the debut solo single by the English singer-songwriter and drummer Phil Collins. It was released as the lead single from Collins' debut solo album, Face Value, in January 1981.
Collins co-produced the single with Hugh Padgham, who became a frequent collaborator in the following years. The song was an instant hit, quickly climbing to No. 2 on the UK Singles chart but was held off the top spot by a posthumous release of John Lennon's "Woman".[2] It was also an international hit, peaking at No. 19 on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States and No. 1 in the Netherlands.[citation needed] It was later certified Gold by the RIAA, representing 500,000 copies sold. The song's music video, directed by Stuart Orme, received heavy play on MTV when the new cable music video channel launched in August 1981. It remains one of Collins' best-known hits, often cited as his signature song, and is especially famous for his drum break towards the end, which has been described as "the sleekest, most melodramatic drum break in history".[3][4][5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background and recording
1.1 Inspiration
1.2 Recording
1.3 Drum sound
2 Urban legend
3 Music Video
4 In popular culture
5 Sampling of the song
6 Use in literature
7 Single and credits
7.1 UK and US single (1981)
7.2 12" German maxi-single (1981)
7.3 Japan CD single (1988)
7.4 German CD single (1990)
8 Charts and certifications
8.1 Weekly charts
8.2 Year-end charts
8.3 Certifications
9 Cover versions
10 References
11 External links
Background and recording[edit]
Inspiration[edit]
Collins wrote the song amid the grief he felt after divorcing his first wife Andrea Bertorelli in 1980. In a 2016 interview, Collins said of the song's lyrics: "I wrote the lyrics spontaneously. I'm not quite sure what the song is about, but there's a lot of anger, a lot of despair and a lot of frustration."[6] In a 1997 BBC Radio 2 documentary, the singer revealed that the divorce contributed to his 1979 hiatus from Genesis until the band regrouped in October of that year to record the album Duke.
The lyrics of the song take the form of a dark monologue directed towards an unnamed person:
Well if you told me you were drowning, I would not lend a hand
I've seen your face before, my friend, but I don't know if you know who I am
Well I was there and I saw what you did
I saw it with my own two eyes
So you can wipe off that grin
I know where you've been
It's all been a pack of lies
Recording[edit]
The recording is notable for its atmospheric production and macabre theme. It has been described as being "at the vanguard of experimental pop" in 1981 and "a rock oddity classic", having been influenced by "the unconventional studio predilections of Brian Eno and Peter Gabriel".[7] Musically, the song consists of a series of ominous chords played by a Sequential Circuits Prophet-5 over a simple drum machine pattern (the Roland CR-78 Disco-2 pattern, plus some programming); processed electric guitar sounds and vocoded vocals, an effect which is increased on key words to add additional atmosphere. The mood is one of restrained anger until the final chorus when an explosive burst of drums releases the musical tension, and the instrumentation builds to a thundering final chorus.
Collins has described obtaining the drum machine specifically to deal with personal issues relating to his divorce through songwriting, telling Mix magazine: "I had to start writing some of this music that was inside me."[8] He improvised the lyrics during a songwriting session in the studio: "I was just fooling around. I got these chords that I liked, so I turned the mic on and started singing. The lyrics you hear are what I wrote spontaneously. That frightens me a bit, but I'm quite proud of the fact that I sang 99.9 percent of those lyrics spontaneously."[9]
Drum sound[edit]
Musically, it's an extraordinarily striking record, because almost nothing happens in it ... It's the drum sound in particular that's amazing. You don't hear it at all for the first two minutes of the song ... then there's that great doo-dom doo-dom doo-dom comes in, and the drums come in half way through the song, setting the template for all the Eighties drum songs after that. – Stuart Maconie[10]
The means by which Collins attained the drum sound on this recording was long a source of mystery. The exact process was a result of serendipity: an unintended use of studio technology giving unexpectedly useful results.
In this case, the Solid State Logic 4000 mixing board had a "reverse talk-back" circuit (labeled on the board as "Listen Mic"). Normal "talkback" is a button that the mixing engineer has to press in order to talk to the recording musicians (the recording and the mixing parts of a studio are, otherwise, completely sonically isolated). Reverse talkback is a circuit (also button-activated) for the engineer to listen to musicians in the studio. In order to compensate for sound level differences—people can be close to the reverse talkback microphone or far off—this circuit has a compressor on it, which minimizes the differences between loud and soft sounds. While recording "Intruder" for his ex-bandmate Peter Gabriel's third solo album, at some point Collins started playing the drums while the reverse talkback was activated. Engineer Hugh Padgham was amazed at the sound achieved. Overnight, they rewired the board so that the reverse talkback could be recorded in a more formal manner. Later models of the SSL 4000 allowed the listen mic to be recorded with the touch of a button.[8]
When recording engineer Padgham was brought in to help develop Collins' demos that would become Face Value they recreated the "Intruder" sound using the reverse talkback microphone as well as heavily compressed and gated ambient mics. Padgham continued working with Genesis for Abacab later in 1981 and the same technique (generally referred to as gated reverb) was used, and the powerful drum sound has become synonymous with later Genesis projects and Collins' solo career ever since.
The original single version of "In the Air Tonight" features extra drums that play underneath the song until the signature drum crash (referred to by fans as the "magic break") appears. These were added at the suggestion of Atlantic Records head Ahmet Ertegun. In 2007, Collins wrote:[11]
Ahmet came down to the final mix in the cutting room in New York (...) The drums don't come in until the end but Ahmet didn't know that at this point, because on the demo the drums hadn't come in at all; it was only drum machine all the way. And he was saying, "Where's the down beat, where's the backbeat?" I said, "The drums come in in a minute." "Yeah, you know that and I know that, but the kids don't know that; you've got to put the drums on earlier." So we added some drums to the mix and put it out as a single.
Black Sabbath singer Ozzy Osbourne has called the drum fill "the best ever – it still sounds awesome".[5]
In 2007, Mike Gruss, former columnist for The Virginian-Pilot, referred to the song as a "soft rock classic."[12]
Urban legend[edit]
An urban legend has arisen around "In the Air Tonight", according to which the lyrics are based on a drowning incident in which someone who was close enough to save the victim did not help them, while Collins, who was too far away to help, looked on. Increasingly embellished variations on the legend emerged over time, with the stories often culminating in Collins singling out the guilty party while singing the song at a concert.[13] Collins has denied all such stories; he commented on the legends about the song in a BBC World Service interview:
I don't know what this song is about. When I was writing this I was going through a divorce. And the only thing I can say about it is that it's obviously in anger. It's the angry side, or the bitter side of a separation. So what makes it even more comical is when I hear these stories which started many years ago, particularly in America, of someone come up to me and say, "Did you really see someone drowning?" I said, "No, wrong". And then every time I go back to America the story gets Chinese whispers, it gets more and more elaborate. It's so frustrating, 'cause this is one song out of all the songs probably that I've ever written that I really don't know what it's about, you know?[14]
The urban legend is referenced in the song "Stan" by Eminem.[15] The reference is contained in the following lyrics:
You know the song by Phil Collins, "In the Air of the Night" [sic]
About that guy who coulda saved that other guy from drownin'
But didn't, then Phil saw it all, then at a show he found him?
Music Video[edit]
The music video animates the photograph of Collins' face from the cover of the Face Value album, slowly fading in through the intro until it fills the screen, singing the first chorus. The video then cuts to Collins sitting in an empty room at night. Twice a spectral figure appears in the window, but only the second time does Collins get up to look at it, then is shown walking to the one door of the room. Collins' face returns for the second chorus, then he's shown leaving the room and entering a hallway full of doors. The first one is locked, then the second opens and Collins sees himself looking at the window again, only now the specter has turned into his own reflection. The third door is locked, but as the fourth one opens, the drum break sounds and the viewer is returned to Collins' face again, this time in thermal coloring, which gradually reverts to black and white. Collins recedes into the darkness as the song repeats and fades.
In popular culture[edit]
"In the Air Tonight" remains a popular selection on many classic rock radio stations. It is the song most often associated with Collins' solo career, and he has performed versions of it at many events, including at Live Aid, where he played the song on a piano on the same calendar day in both Philadelphia and London.[16] He also performed the song at The Secret Policeman's Ball, which was his first live performance as a solo artist.
"In the Air Tonight" has been licensed repeatedly for use in films, television and advertisements for various products.
It was used in the train sequence of the 1983 film Risky Business and appeared on the soundtrack album.[17]
In 1984 the song was featured in the pilot episode of the U.S. television show Miami Vice ("Brother's Keeper"), one of the first pop/rock songs to be featured as part of a television program in this manner. Its use in that scene was "a moment that first signaled to audiences and critics that Miami Vice had something to offer that few other TV programs on the air in 1984 could match", The A.V. Club wrote in 2012.[18] It subsequently "bubbled under" the Billboard Hot 100 at No. 102 in late 1984 and appeared on the television soundtrack album released in 1985.[19] On the heels of this successful merging of media, Collins became associated with the show; other Collins tracks including "Take Me Home" were later featured, and Collins himself also acted in the second season episode "Phil the Shill". This song was later used in the show's fourth season episode "A Bullet for Crockett" for its car chase opening scene, a clear reference to the show's pilot episode. A cover of "In the Air Tonight", performed by American metal band Nonpoint, also appeared in the 2006 film adaptation.
It was used in 1986 when the brewer Anheuser-Busch adopted it for an ad campaign promoting Michelob beer, along with night-related songs by Collins' peers Steve Winwood ("Don't You Know What the Night Can Do?") and Eric Clapton ("After Midnight").[20]
Cadbury used the song in their 2007 Gorilla advertising campaign for its Dairy Milk chocolate bar. Afterwards, the song reached No. 14 on the UK singles chart and No. 9 on the UK Download Chart. The advertisement also helped the song re-enter the New Zealand RIANZ Singles Chart and went to No. 1, staying there for two weeks, beating its original 1981 No. 6 peak, and become his first chart topper song on the country. The single was finished also certified Platinum with sales of over 15,000 copies.[21] This advert was so popular, it won the awards for the Best Ad of the Year, at New Zealands Fair-Go Ad Awards. It was also subsequently parodied in a spoof ad by Wonderbra.[22]Contrary to popular belief, it was not Phil Collins performing in the gorilla suit but American actor Garon Michael.[23][24]
The song also featured in the hit BBC One 1980s-based drama series Ashes to Ashes. In an interview with SFX, series creator Matthew Graham discusses his editorial choices in using the iconic song and its referential value for the dramatic finale. He considered the piece ideal for his purpose, evoking the mood of the early-1980s.[25]
Sampling of the song[edit]
The song has been sampled by many artists, including Shaquille O'Neal in his song "Edge of Night", Nas in his song "One Mic", and Tupac Shakur on his tracks "Starin' Through My Rear View" and "Letter to the President". Other tracks which include samples of "In the Air Tonight" include DMX's "I Can Feel It", Krayzie Bone's "Silent Warrior", Joe Budden's "Rest in Peace (In the Air)", Sean Kingston's "Can You Feel It", Young Buck's "New York City", Big Audio Dynamite's "Innocent Child", Lil' Kim's "In the Air Tonite", Ke$ha's "Love Into the Light", and Av LMKR's "In The Air".[citation needed]
It was used in 2009 by Canadian rapper Roi Heenok in his song "La Mama Coca."[citation needed]
According to video game music composer David Wise, he sampled the percussion track of "In the Air Tonight" for "Bayou Boogie", a track in the 1995 SNES game Donkey Kong Country 2: Diddy's Kong Quest.[26]
It was also sampled by MiC LOWRY on their single "Oh Lord".
The song sampled by The Overall Ole in the songs "Gig Paty Gig!".
Use in literature[edit]
U.S. author Mohja Kahf obtained permission to cite two lines from the song in her novel, The Girl in the Tangerine Scarf (Perseus Books, 2006). When the novel's protagonist, a young Syrian American woman named Khadra who is coming of age during the 1970s and 1980s in America, performs the Muslim ritual pilgrimage (hajj) to Mecca and views the Ka'ba for the first time, the author writes that: "Khadra tried to keep the joyous talbiya [ritual chant] in her mind and on her tongue: Here I am, O my Lord, Here I am! Labbaik, allahumma, labbaik! But she kept getting it crossed with Phil Collins in her head crooning, 'I can feel it coming in the air tonight, Oh Lo-ord ... I've been waiting for this moment for all my life, oh Lo-ord ...'"[27]
Single and credits[edit]
VSK102 UK Single Release (Martin H)
"In the Air tonight"
"The Roof is leaking
Sleeve includes a black and white 12 page cartoon storyboard drawn by Collins' brother Clive Collins.
UK and US single (1981)[edit]
"In the Air Tonight" – 4:57
Phil Collins – Roland CR-78, vocals, drums, Prophet 5, Rhodes, Roland VP-330 vocoder
John Giblin – bass
Daryl Stuermer – guitar
L. Shankar – violins
"The Roof Is Leaking" – 3:36
Phil Collins – piano, vocal
Daryl Stuermer – banjo
Joe Partridge – slide guitar, aka Eric Clapton, credited as Eric
A demo track for "In the Air Tonight" also appeared on the "If Leaving Me Is Easy" single.[1]
12" German maxi-single (1981)[edit]
"In the Air Tonight" (full-length version including the extra drums) – 5:34
Phil Collins – Roland CR-78, vocals, drums, Prophet 5, Rhodes, Roland VP-330 vocoder
John Giblin – bass
Daryl Stuermer – guitar
L. Shankar – violins
"The Roof Is Leaking" – 3:36
Phil Collins – piano, vocal
Daryl Stuermer – banjo
Joe Partridge – slide guitar, aka Eric Clapton, credited as Eric
Japan CD single (1988)[edit]
"In the Air Tonight" (extended)
"In the Air Tonight" ('88 remix)
"I Missed Again" (Album Version)
German CD single (1990)[edit]
"In the Air Tonight" (extended version) – 7:33 (Additional production by Ben Liebrand)
"In the Air Tonight" ('88 remix) – 5:07 (Remixed by Phil Collins and Hugh Padgham)
"I Missed Again" – 3:42
(catalogue 2292-57672-2)
Charts and certifications[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1981)
Peak
position
Australia (Kent Music Report)[28] 3
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[29] 1
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[30] 3
Canadian RPM Top Singles 2
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[31] 2
Germany (Media Control Charts)[32] 1
Ireland (IRMA)[33] 2
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[34] 6
Norway (VG-lista)[35] 4
Spain (AFYVE)[36] 7
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[37] 1
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[38] 1
UK Singles Chart[2] 2
US Billboard Hot 100[39] 19
US Mainstream Rock (Billboard)[40] 2
Zimbabwe Singles (ZIMA)[41] 4
Chart (1984)
Peak
position
U.S. Billboard Bubbling Under the Hot 100 102
Chart (1988)
Peak
position
Dutch Singles Chart 17
Germany (Media Control Charts)[42] 3
UK Singles Chart[2] 4
Chart (1989)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[43] 47
Chart (2007)
Peak
position
UK Singles Chart 14
Chart (2008)
Peak
position
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[44] 1
Chart (2012)
Peak
position
France (SNEP)[45] 102
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1981)
Peak
position
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[46] 35
Chart (2008)
Peak
position
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[47] 23
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Germany (BVMI)[48]
Physical single
Gold 250,000^
Italy (FIMI)[49]
Digital single
Gold 10,000*
New Zealand (RMNZ)[50]
Physical single
Gold 25,000*
New Zealand (RMNZ)[51]
Digital single
Platinum
United Kingdom (BPI)[52]
Physical single
Gold 500,000^
United States (RIAA)[53]
Physical single
Gold 3,500,000^
United States (RIAA)[53]
Digital single
3× Platinum
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
Preceded by
"Shaddap You Face" by Joe Dolce Music Theatre German Singles Chart number-one single
15 May 1981 Succeeded by
"Stars on 45 Medley" by Stars on 45
Preceded by
"Always on My Mind" by Tiki Taane New Zealand RIANZ number-one single
21 July 2008 – 27 July 2008 Succeeded by
"Nesian 101" by Nesian Mystik
Cover versions[edit]
A cover of the song appears on the Nonpoint album Recoil and on the godheadSilo album Share the Fantasy. The Nonpoint cover was featured in the film Miami Vice (2006), and a video was made to promote the track using clips from the film. Nonpoint's version was also used in teasers for the fifth season of Dexter in 2010.
The band Shinedown also released a version of the song.
In 2007, the Finnish heavy metal cover supergroup Northern Kings released on the album Reborn a cover version of the song, with Marco Hietala (Nightwish, Tarot) as a solo vocalist.
X Factor Australia 2015 winner Cyrus Villanueva's version, which he sang is on his self-titled album. Other recent versions of the song include the one by Kelly Sweet (2014) and Julio D (2016).
Chicago-based band Umphrey's McGee incorporated "In the Air Tonight" in a Halloween "mashup" song along with "Loser" by Beck and "The National Anthem" by Radiohead. The result was called "National Loser Anthem". It was first performed at the House of Blues Boston on October 31, 2015, and a studio recording is on Umphrey's McGee's 2016 album Zonkey.
Barenaked Ladies performed an acoustic cover of the song in 2015 for the A.V. Club.[54]
Metal band In This Moment covered this song for their sixth album Ritual released in 2017.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "BPI > Certified Awards > Search results for Phil Collins (page 3)". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 16 February 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Official Charts > Phil Collins". The Official UK Charts Company. Retrieved 16 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "The 20 Best Drummers of All Time". LA Weekly. Los Angeles. 11 November 2014. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Veix, Joe (11 April 2014). "An intense 30-minute loop of Phil Collins's ‘In The Air Tonight’ drum fill". Death and Taxes. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Wardrop, Murray (8 May 2009). "Ozzy Osbourne: 'I love Phil Collins'". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Greene, Andy (2016-02-29). ""In the Air Tonight" (1981) | Phil Collins: My Life in 15 Songs". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2016-10-19.
Jump up ^ Mills, Gary (26 May 2010). "No Flak Jacket Required: In Defence Of Phil Collins". The Quietus. Retrieved 23 October 2015. the single's place in 1981 at the vanguard of experimental pop
^ Jump up to: a b "Mix Magazine - Classic Tracks: Phil Collins' "In the Air Tonight"". Archived from the original on 17 March 2007.
Jump up ^ Thompson, Dave (November 2004). Turn It On Again: Peter Gabriel, Phil Collins, and Genesis. Backbeat Books. p. 182. ISBN 978-0-87930-810-0.
Jump up ^ Sold on Song - Song Library - In the Air Tonight
Jump up ^ Collins, Phil; et al. (2007). Genesis: Chapter and Verse. St. Martin's Griffin. pp. 220–221. ISBN 978-0-312-37956-8.
Jump up ^ Gruss, Mike (11 July 2007). "I've been Waiting for a theme song all my life". The Virginian-Pilot. Daily Break section, p. E1. Retrieved 11 August 2013. ... Phil Collins' 1981 soft-rock classic 'In the Air Tonight.' (subscription required)
Jump up ^ "In the Air Tonight". Snopes.com. Retrieved 2015-11-11.
Jump up ^ "BBC World Service - "The Singer and the Song" Phil Collins"".
Jump up ^ "Eminem – Stan Lyrics". MetroLyrics. Retrieved 9 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "BBC News: Stars recall Live Aid spectacular". 8 November 2004.
Jump up ^ "The top ten sex scenes in film" The Michigan Daily 14 February 2002: 5B
Jump up ^ Murray, Noel (2 August 2012). "How Miami Vice launched the '80s on TV, then died with its decade | TV | A Very Special Episode". The A.V. Club. The Onion. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel. Bubbling Under Singles & Albums (1998): 51
Jump up ^ Lippert, Barbara. "Michelob Taps Sultry Feel In Night Moves" The Milwaukee Journal 17 June 1986: XTRA14
Jump up ^ "New Zealand Platinum Certification". RadioScope New Zealand. 25 October 2009. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 28 October 2009.
Jump up ^ Wonderbra drums up sexy hit, Daily Mail, 9 November 2007. Retrieved 27 February 2012.
Jump up ^ YouTube. "Gorilla TV advert - In The Air Tonight (Ad Of The Decade)". YouTube. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Daily Mail. "Revealed: The man behind the drum-playing gorilla suit in Cadbury's ad". Daily Mail. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Setchfield, Nick; Graham, Matthew (22 May 2010). "Ashes exclusive". SFX. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
Jump up ^ "David Wise on Twitter: "@pantalytron No coincidence. I was trying to get the SNES to sound like the Roland CR78 that Phil Collins used for In the air tonight."". Twitter. Retrieved 2016-10-19.
Jump up ^ (The Girl in the Tangerine Scarf, p. 162)
Jump up ^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (Illustrated ed.). St. Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. p. 71. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Phil Collins – In the Air Tonight" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Phil Collins – In the Air Tonight" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Phil Collins – In the Air Tonight" (in Dutch). Single Top 100.
Jump up ^ "Offizielle Deutsche Charts > Phil Collins - In the Air Tonight (single)" (in German). GfK Entertainment. Retrieved 16 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – In the Air Tonight". Irish Singles Chart.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz - Phil Collins - In the Air Tonight". Retrieved 14 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – Phil Collins – In the Air Tonight". VG-lista.
Jump up ^ Salaverri, Fernando (September 2005). Sólo éxitos: año a año, 1959–2002 (1st ed.). Spain: Fundación Autor-SGAE. ISBN 84-8048-639-2.
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Phil Collins – In the Air Tonight". Singles Top 100.
Jump up ^ "Swisscharts.com – Phil Collins – In the Air Tonight". Swiss Singles Chart.
Jump up ^ "Phil Collins – Chart history" Billboard Hot 100 for Phil Collins.
Jump up ^ "Phil Collins – Chart history" Billboard Mainstream Rock Songs for Phil Collins.
Jump up ^ * Zimbabwe. Kimberley, C. Zimbabwe: singles chart book. Harare: C. Kimberley, 2000
Jump up ^ "Offizielle Deutsche Charts > Phil Collins - In the Air Tonight ('88 Remix) (single)" (in German). GfK Entertainment. Retrieved 16 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "australian-charts.com > Discography Phil Collins". Hung Medien. Archived from the original on 29 February 2016. Retrieved 16 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Phil Collins – In the Air Tonight". Top 40 Singles.
Jump up ^ "Lescharts.com – Phil Collins – In the Air Tonight" (in French). Les classement single.
Jump up ^ "Top Selling Singles of 1981". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved 14 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Top Selling Singles of 2008". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved 14 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Phil Collins; 'In The Air Tonight')" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "Italian single certifications – Phil Collins – In The Air Tonight" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "New Zealand single certifications – Phil Collins – In The Air Tonight". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "Latest Gold / Platinum Singles – RadioScope New Zealand". Recording Industry Association of New Zealand. RadioScope New Zealand. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "British single certifications – Phil Collins – In The Air Tonight". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 2 February 2016. Enter In The Air Tonight in the search field and then press Enter.
^ Jump up to: a b "American single certifications – Phil Collins – In The Air Tonight". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved 2 February 2016. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
Jump up ^ Adams, Erik (1 September 2015). "Barenaked Ladies cover Phil Collins". The A.V. Club.
External links[edit]
The Singer and the Song, a "Learning English" episode from the BBC World Service, which includes a clip from the song and a recording of Collins reading part of the song's lyrics (in RealAudio)
"Classic track: In the Air Tonight" About the lyrics and the drum sound.
aglassandahalffullproductions.com, Cadbury advert featuring a Gorilla playing the song.
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
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