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Always on My Mind
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For other uses, see Always on My Mind (disambiguation).
"You Were Always on My Mind"
Song by Gwen McCrae
Published
1972
Songwriter(s)
Wayne Carson, Johnny Christopher, Mark James
"Always on My Mind"
Single by Brenda Lee
from the album Brenda
Released
1972
Genre
Country
Length
2:50
Label
Decca
Songwriter(s)
Wayne Carson, Johnny Christopher, Mark James
Brenda Lee singles chronology
"Misty Memories"
(1971) "Always on My Mind"
(1972) "Nobody Wins"
(1973)
"Always on My Mind" is a song by Johnny Christopher, Mark James, and Wayne Carson, recorded first by Gwen McCrae (as "You Were Always on My Mind") and Brenda Lee in 1972. The song has been a crossover hit, charting in both the country and western and pop categories.
AllMusic lists over 300 recorded releases of the song in versions by dozens of performers.[1] While Brenda Lee's version had stalled at number 45 on the country charts in 1972, other performers reached the top 20 in the United States and elsewhere with their own versions: Elvis Presley in 1972; John Wesley Ryles in 1979; Willie Nelson's Grammy Award-winning version in 1982; Pet Shop Boys in 1987.
Contents
1 Composition
2 Elvis Presley version
2.1 Charts
3 John Wesley Ryles' version
3.1 Charts
4 Willie Nelson version
4.1 Chart history
5 Pet Shop Boys version
5.1 Charts
6 Other cover versions
7 References
8 External links
Composition[edit]
Wayne Carson said that he wrote most of the song in 10 minutes at his kitchen table in Springfield, Missouri, and completed the song in studio with the assistance of Johnny and Mark.[citation needed]
Carson, who had the song about a year and one day, was finishing a recording session. Producer Chips Moman asked about recording "that mind" song, but added it would need a bridge. Wayne went upstairs to the studio's old piano, trying to work out a bridge, when Johnny and Mark walked in the door, and he asked for their help to complete his song.[citation needed]
The trio thought that the song was finished and at first could not come up with anything to add, but Wayne explained that Moman was insisting that a bridge be added. So between them, the two-line "Tell me..." bridge was written.[citation needed]
The song was passed to one of Elvis's bodyguards, who gave Presley the cut from the studio. Moman did not produce Presley's recording, but did record the Willie Nelson version years later.[citation needed]
Elvis Presley version[edit]
"Always on My Mind"
Picture sleeve for North American, some European, and Australian releases with "Separate Ways" in smaller font
Single by Elvis Presley
A-side
"Separate Ways"
Released
November 1972
Format
7", 45rpm
Recorded
March 29, 1972, RCA Studios, Hollywood, California
Genre
Country
soft rock
gospel
Label
RCA Records
Songwriter(s)
Wayne Carson, Johnny Christopher, Mark James
Producer(s)
Felton Jarvis[2]
Elvis Presley singles chronology
"Burning Love"
(1972) "Always on My Mind"
(1972) "Fool" / "Steamroller Blues"
(1973)
Elvis Presley recorded his version of "Always on My Mind" on March 29, 1972, a few weeks after his February separation from wife Priscilla.[3] The song received immense fame and critical appreciation and is considered one of the standout songs of the '70s for Elvis. The song was released as the B-side of the "Separate Ways" single, which reached Gold status in the U.S for sales of over a million copies. It was listed as a double sided hit reaching number 16 on Billboard magazine's Hot Country Singles chart in November 1972.[4] In the UK "Always on My Mind" was the hit song and "Separate Ways" was the B-side. It was voted the number 1 song of Presley's recording career in a poll conducted by ITV in 2013.[5]
Charts[edit]
1972 Weekly Chart
Peak
position
US Billboard Hot 100[6] 20
US Hot Country Singles (Billboard)[6] 16
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[6] 3
Canadian RPM Country Tracks 4
Dutch Top 40 17
French Singles Chart 56
Ireland (IRMA)[7] 9
Swiss Singles Chart 39
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[8] 9
John Wesley Ryles' version[edit]
In 1979, John Wesley Ryles reached number 20 on the US country charts with his rendition, entitled "You Are Always on My Mind", from the album Let the Night Begin.[9] The rendition was produced by Bob Montgomery.[10]
A review in Billboard praised the "brightly mixed vocals" and "powerful production".[10]
Charts[edit]
1979 Weekly Chart
Peak
position
US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[11] 20
Canadian RPM Country Tracks 24[12]
Willie Nelson version[edit]
"Always on My Mind"
A-side label of the U.S. vinyl release
Single by Willie Nelson
from the album Always on My Mind
B-side
"The Party's Over"
Released
March 6, 1982
Genre
Country
Length
3:33
Label
Columbia
Songwriter(s)
Wayne Carson, Johnny Christopher, Mark James
Producer(s)
Chips Moman
Willie Nelson singles chronology
"Heartaches of a Fool"
(1981) "Always on My Mind"
(1982) "Let It Be Me"
(1982)
Audio sample
file
help
Willie Nelson recorded and released the song in early 1982. It raced to number one on Billboard magazine's Hot Country Singles chart that May, spending two weeks on top and total of 21 weeks on the chart. The song also did very well on Top 40 radio, reaching number five on the Billboard Hot 100 for three weeks and staying on this chart for 23 weeks. In the year end charts, it was Billboard's biggest Country hit for 1982. This version also charted in a number of other countries.
Nelson's version would result in three wins at the 25th Grammy Awards in February 1983: songwriters Christopher, James and Carson won Song of the Year and Best Country Song; in addition, Nelson won for Best Male Country Vocal Performance.
This version also won Country Music Association awards in two consecutive years: 1982 Song of the Year and 1983 Song of the Year for songwriters Christopher, James and Carson; 1982 Single of the Year for Nelson, and; contributed to Nelson winning 1982 Album of the Year for the album "Always on My Mind".
Willie Nelson performed the number with Johnny Cash on the 1998 release of VH1 Storytellers: Johnny Cash & Willie Nelson. The song was also featured on a December 2009 ASPCA commercial.
The single was certified Platinum by the RIAA signifying U. S. sales in excess of two million. In 2008, the single was inducted to the Grammy Hall of Fame.
Nelson's version was also featured, in its entirety, in a season two (2013) episode of the HBO television series The Newsroom.
Chart history[edit]
1982 Weekly Chart
Peak
position
Australian Kent Music Report[13] 39
Belgian Top 40 (Flanders)[14] 31
Canadian RPM Country Tracks 1
Canadian RPM Adult Contemporary Tracks 4
Canadian RPM Top Singles 10
Dutch Singles Chart 17
Irish Singles Chart 8
US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[15] 1
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[16] 2
US Billboard Hot 100[17] 5
UK Singles Chart 49
1982 Year-End Chart
Position
Canadian RPM Top Singles[18] 70
US Billboard Hot 100[19] 22
US Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks[19] 8
US Billboard Hot Country Singles[19] 1
US Cashbox Top 100[20] 31
Pet Shop Boys version[edit]
"Always on My Mind"
Standard artwork for commercial releases in most territories
Single by Pet Shop Boys
B-side
"Do I Have To?"
Released
November 30, 1987
Format
7", 12", cassette, CD
Genre
Synthpop
hi-NRG
Euro disco
Dance-pop
House
Length
3:56 (single mix)
5:55 (remix)
8:10 (extended mix)
9:04 (album version)
Label
Parlophone – R 6171
Songwriter(s)
Mark James, Johnny Christopher, Wayne Carson Thompson
Producer(s)
Julian Mendelsohn, Pet Shop Boys
Pet Shop Boys singles chronology
"Rent"
(1987) "Always on My Mind"
(1987) "Heart"
(1988)
Alternative cover
Artwork for the UK and European 12-inch vinyl remix single
Audio sample
file
help
In 1987, the Pet Shop Boys performed a synthpop version of "Always on My Mind" on Love Me Tender, a television special on the ITV network in the UK. Commemorating the tenth anniversary of Presley's death, the programme featured various popular acts of the time performing cover versions of his hits. The Pet Shop Boys' performance was so well-received that the duo decided to record the song and release it as a single.
This version became the UK's Christmas number one single that year. It went on to top the charts for four weeks in total, and reached number four on the US Billboard Hot 100.[21][22]
The Pet Shop Boys version introduces a harmonic variation not present in the original version. In the original the ending phrase "always on my mind" is sung to a IV-V7-I cadence (C-D7-G). The Pet Shop Boys extend this cadence by adding two further chords: C-D7-Gm7/B♭-C-G (i.e. a progression of IV-V7-IIIb-IV-I).
In November 2004, The Daily Telegraph newspaper placed the version at number two in a list of the fifty greatest cover versions of all time.[23] In October 2014, a public poll compiled by the BBC saw the song voted the all-time best cover version.[24]
In the video for Pet Shop Boys' version of "Always on My Mind" (an excerpt from their surreal music film It Couldn't Happen Here), Neil Tennant and Chris Lowe are seated in the front of a taxi cab, when an eccentric passenger gets in, played by notable British actor Joss Ackland. At the end of the song, he gets out of the car, which drives away. Standing alone, he mutters: "You went away. It should make me feel better. But I don't know how I'm going to get through", which is part of the lyrics for another Pet Shop Boys track, "What Have I Done to Deserve This?", which was released earlier in the year.
In 1988, the duo remixed the song for their third studio LP, Introspective, combining it with an acid-house track called "In My House".
In 2008, Konami used the song for Dance Dance Revolution X which was released for both arcades and the Sony PlayStation 2 console. In 2010, the song was re-used for Dance Dance Revolution X2 which was released for arcades.
In 2017, Burberry released its Holiday campaign, as directed by Alasdair McLellan, which features "Cara Delevingne and British actor Matt Smith. It opens with Delevingne singing "Always on My Mind" before segueing into the Pet Shop Boys cover of the song.[25]
Charts[edit]
Chart (1987/1988)
Peak
position
Australian Singles Chart[26] 10
Austrian Singles Chart[27] 2
Belgian Singles Chart (Vl)[28] 2
Canadian Singles Chart[29] 1
Dutch Singles Chart[30] 5
European Singles Chart[citation needed] 1
Finland (Suomen virallinen lista)[31] 1
French Singles Chart[32] 22
German Singles Chart[33] 1
Icelandic Singles Chart[34] 2
Irish Singles Chart[35] 2
Italian Singles Chart[36] 9
New Zealand Singles Chart[37] 8
Norwegian Singles Chart[38] 3
Polish Singles Chart[39] 1
South African Singles Chart[40] 3
Spain (AFYVE)[41] 1
Swedish Singles Chart[42] 1
Swiss Singles Chart[43] 1
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[21] 1
US Billboard Hot 100[22] 4
US Dance Club Songs (Billboard)[44] 8
US Billboard Hot Dance Music/Maxi-Singles Sales Chart[22] 12
Other cover versions[edit]
In 1983, Michael Kwan and Tracy Huang (黃鶯鶯) covered the song in Cantonese as "Often in My Heart" (常在我心間), written by lyricist Andrew Lam (林敏驄), for Kwan's album Often in My Heart... Sooner or Later I Love You (常在我心間...愛你不分早晚).[45] The Cantonese rendition became one of the year's top ten songs awarded in the 1983 Jade Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards Presentation.[46] In 1984, the duo re-adapted the song in Mandarin with the same Chinese title for Huang's album Demi-Gods and Semi-Devils / Impulse / nu hai ping zong (天龍八部、衝激、怒海萍踪).
Mary Elizabeth McGlynn performed a cover of the song for the soundtrack for Silent Hill: Shattered Memories in 2009.
In 2013, the Spanish national Christmas lottery advertisement [47] covered this song with various popular Spanish artists, including Montserrat Caballé.
In 2017, Jessica Mauboy covered the song on her album, The Secret Daughter Season Two: Songs from the Original 7 Series.
In 2017, Ane Brun covered the song on her album, Leave Me Breathless.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ ""Always on My Mind" – search results". AllMusic. Retrieved 2014-03-30.
Jump up ^ George Klein; Chuck Crisafulli. Elvis: My Best Man: Radio Days, Rock 'n' Roll Nights, and My Lifelong ... Books.google.com. p. 233. Retrieved 2016-10-06.
Jump up ^ Guralnick, Peter / Jorgensen, Ernst (1999) p. 310. Elvis: Day by Day. ISBN 0-345-42089-6
Jump up ^ "Top 20 Country Billboard Singles". The Official Elvis Presley Website. Archived from the original on 19 December 2007. Retrieved 2007-12-02.
Jump up ^ "The Nation's Favourite Elvis Song: Top 20 Results and Winner". Telly Chat. Retrieved 2016-10-06.
^ Jump up to: a b c Elvis Presley Billboard Chart Positions at AllMusic. Retrieved 2014-07-14.
Jump up ^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Always on My Mind". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Elvis Presley: Artist Chart History". Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2008). Hot Country Songs 1944 to 2008. Record Research, Inc. p. 367. ISBN 0-89820-177-2.
^ Jump up to: a b Billboard. Books.google.com. 1979-10-06. p. 85. Retrieved 2016-10-06.
Jump up ^ "John Wesley Ryles Chart History (Hot Country Songs)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "RPM Country Tracks for December 29, 1979". RPM. Retrieved 2012-02-04.
Jump up ^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992. Australian Chart Book. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop Belgian Charts". ultratop.be. 1984-07-21. Retrieved 2014-03-30.
Jump up ^ "Willie Nelson Chart History (Hot Country Songs)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Willie Nelson Chart History (Adult Contemporary)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Willie Nelson – Chart history". Billboard. Retrieved 2014-03-30.
Jump up ^ http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.6167&type=1&interval=24&PHPSESSID=mhe12pta2k83e08udtq66ot062
^ Jump up to: a b c "Willie Nelson – Always on My Mind". billboard.com. Retrieved 2012-04-10.
Jump up ^ "Cash Box YE Pop Singles – 1982". Cashboxcountdowns.com. 1982-12-25. Archived from the original on 2016-04-07. Retrieved 2012-06-23.
^ Jump up to: a b "Pet Shop Boys: Artist Chart History". Official Charts Company. Retrieved May 13, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Pet Shop Boys Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved May 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ "They did it their way". The Daily Telegraph. London. November 20, 2004. Retrieved 2012-06-02.
Jump up ^ "Pet Shop Boys' Always On My Mind tops cover version vote". BBC News. 27 October 2014. Retrieved 2014-10-27.
Jump up ^ "Cara Delevingne and Matt Smith Star in Burberry's Very '80s Holiday Campaign". Fashionista. Retrieved 2017-11-09.
Jump up ^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992. St Ives, NSW, Australia: Australian Chart Book. p. 232. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.
Jump up ^ Steffen Hung. "Pet Shop Boys – Always on My Mind". austriancharts.at. Retrieved 2012-06-23.
Jump up ^ "PET SHOP BOYS - ALWAYS ON MY MIND (SONG)". Archived from the original on 2015-01-15. Retrieved 2016-06-29.
Jump up ^ "Results – RPM – Library and Archives Canada". Collectionscanada.gc.ca. Retrieved 2012-06-23.
Jump up ^ Steffen Hung. "Pet Shop Boys – Always on My Mind". dutchcharts.nl. Retrieved 2012-06-23.
Jump up ^ Pennanen, Timo (2006). Sisältää hitin – levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972 (in Finnish) (1st ed.). Helsinki: Tammi. ISBN 978-951-1-21053-5.
Jump up ^ Steffen Hung. "Pet Shop Boys – Always on My Mind". lescharts.com. Retrieved 2012-06-23.
Jump up ^ "charts.de". charts.de. 2006-11-14. Retrieved 2012-06-23.
Jump up ^ "Íslenski Listinn Topp 10 (5. febrúar 1988)" (PDF) (in Icelandic). Dagblaðið Vísir. Retrieved 2018-07-26.
Jump up ^ Jaclyn Ward – Fireball Media Group. "The Irish Charts – All there is to know". Irishcharts.ie. Archived from the original on 2009-06-03. Retrieved 2012-06-23.
Jump up ^ "Hit Parade Italia – Indice per Interprete: P". Hitparadeitalia.it. Retrieved 2012-06-23.
Jump up ^ Steffen Hung. "Pet Shop Boys – Always on My Mind". charts.org.nz. Retrieved 2012-06-23.
Jump up ^ Steffen Hung. "Pet Shop Boys – Always on My Mind". norwegiancharts.com. Retrieved 2012-06-23.
Jump up ^ "Archiwum Listy Przebojów Programu Trzeciego". lp3.pl. Retrieved 2016-11-09.
Jump up ^ Brian Currin (2003-05-25). "South African Rock Lists Website – SA Charts 1969 – 1989 Acts (P)". Rock.co.za. Retrieved 2012-06-23.
Jump up ^ Salaverri, Fernando (September 2005). Sólo éxitos: año a año, 1959–2002 (1st ed.). Spain: Fundación Autor-SGAE. ISBN 84-8048-639-2.
Jump up ^ Steffen Hung. "Pet Shop Boys – Always on My Mind". swedishcharts.com. Retrieved 2012-06-23.
Jump up ^ Steffen Hung. "Pet Shop Boys – Always on My Mind". hitparade.ch. Retrieved 2012-06-23.
Jump up ^ "Pet Shop Boys Chart History (Dance Club Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved May 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ http://hd.stheadline.com/arts/arts_content.asp?contid=152111&srctype=g
Jump up ^ 1983年度十大勁歌金曲頒獎典禮 (十大勁歌金曲獎). TVB (in Chinese). Retrieved December 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ "YouTube". YouTube. Retrieved 2014-03-30.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics

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Elvis Presley singles
1954
"That's All Right" / "Blue Moon of Kentucky"
"Good Rockin' Tonight" / "I Don't Care if the Sun Don't Shine"
"You're a Heartbreaker"
1955
"Baby Let's Play House"
"I Forgot to Remember to Forget" / "Mystery Train"
1956
"Heartbreak Hotel" / "I Was the One"
"I Want You, I Need You, I Love You" / "My Baby Left Me"
"Don't Be Cruel" / "Hound Dog"
"Blue Suede Shoes" / "Tutti Frutti"
"Money Honey"
"I Got a Woman"
"Tryin' to Get to You"
"Blue Moon"
"I'll Never Let You Go (Lil' Darlin')" / "I'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Cry (Over You)"
"Shake, Rattle and Roll" / "Lawdy Miss Clawdy"
"Love Me Tender"
1957
"Too Much" / "Playing for Keeps"
"All Shook Up"
"Peace in the Valley
"(Let Me Be Your) Teddy Bear" / "Loving You"
"Paralyzed" (UK)
"Jailhouse Rock"
"Party" / "Got a Lot o' Livin' to Do!" (UK)
1958
"Don't" / "I Beg of You"
"Wear My Ring Around Your Neck"
"Hard Headed Woman" / "Don't Ask Me Why"
"King Creole" (UK)
"One Night" / "I Got Stung"
1959
"I Need Your Love Tonight" / "A Fool Such as I"
"A Big Hunk o' Love"
1960
"Stuck on You" / "Fame and Fortune"
"It's Now or Never"
"Are You Lonesome Tonight?"
1961
"Surrender" / "Lonely Man"
"I Feel So Bad" / "Wild in the Country"
"(Marie's the Name) His Latest Flame" / "Little Sister"
"Can't Help Falling in Love" / "Rock-A-Hula Baby"
1962
"Good Luck Charm" / "Anything That's Part of You"
"She's Not You"
"Return to Sender" / "Where Do You Come From"
1963
"One Broken Heart for Sale"
"(You're the) Devil in Disguise"
"Bossa Nova Baby" / "Witchcraft"
1964
"Kissin' Cousins" / "It Hurts Me"
"What'd I Say" / "Viva Las Vegas"
"Such a Night" / "Never Ending"
"Ask Me" / "Ain't That Loving You Baby"
"Blue Christmas"
1965
"Do the Clam" / "You'll Be Gone"
"Crying in the Chapel
"(Such an) Easy Question"
"I'm Yours"
"Puppet on a String" / "Wooden Heart"
1966
"Tell Me Why" / "Blue River"
"Frankie and Johnny" / "Please Don't Stop Loving Me"
"Love Letters"
"Spinout" / "All That I Am"
"If Every Day Was Like Christmas"
1967
"Indescribably Blue"
"Long Legged Girl (With the Short Dress On)" / "That's Someone You Never Forget"
"There's Always Me" / "Judy"
"Big Boss Man" / "You Don't Know Me"
1968
"Guitar Man"
"U.S. Male" / "Stay Away"
"You'll Never Walk Alone"
"Your Time Hasn't Come Yet, Baby" / "Let Yourself Go"
"Almost in Love" / "A Little Less Conversation"
"If I Can Dream" / "Edge of Reality"
1969
"Memories" / "Charro"
"How Great Thou Art"
"In the Ghetto" / "Any Day Now"
"Clean Up Your Own Backyard"
"Suspicious Minds" / "You'll Think of Me"
"Don't Cry Daddy"
1970
"Kentucky Rain"
"The Wonder of You"
"I've Lost You"
"You Don't Have to Say You Love Me" / "Patch It Up"
"I Really Don't Want to Know" / "There Goes My Everything"
1971
"Rags to Riches"
"Life" / "Only Believe"
"I'm Leavin'"
"It's Only Love"
"Merry Christmas Baby" / "O Come All Ye Faithful"
1972
"Until It's Time for You to Go"
"He Touched Me"
"An American Trilogy" / "The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face"
"Burning Love" / "It's a Matter of Time"
"Separate Ways" / "Always on My Mind"
1973
"Steamroller Blues" / "Fool"
"Raised on Rock" / "For Ol' Times Sake"
1974
"I've Got a Thing About You Baby"
"If You Talk in Your Sleep" / "Help Me"
"Promised Land" / "It's Midnight"
1975
"My Boy" / "Thinking About You"
"T-R-O-U-B-L-E"
"Bringing It Back" / "Pieces of My Life"
1976
"Hurt" / "For the Heart"
"Moody Blue"
1977
"Way Down"
"My Way" / "America the Beautiful"
1978
"Unchained Melody" / "Softly as I Leave You"
Category
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Brenda Lee
Albums
Grandma, What Great Songs You Sang!
Brenda Lee
This Is...Brenda
Emotions
All the Way
Sincerely, Brenda Lee
Brenda, That's All
All Alone Am I
..."Let Me Sing"
Gospel Duets with Treasured Friends
Other albums
The Winning Hand
Singles
"Jambalaya (On the Bayou)"
"One Step at a Time"
"Let's Jump the Broomstick"
"Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree"
"Sweet Nothin's"
"That's All You Gotta Do"
"I'm Sorry"
"I Want to Be Wanted"
"Emotions"
"You Can Depend on Me"
"Dum Dum"
"Fool #1
"Break It to Me Gently"
"Speak to Me Pretty"
"Everybody Loves Me But You"
"Here Comes That Feeling"
"Heart in Hand"
"It Started All Over Again"
"All Alone Am I"
"Your Used to Be"
"She'll Never Know"
"Losing You"
"I Wonder"
"My Whole World Is Falling Down"
"The Grass Is Greener"
"As Usual"
"Think"
"Alone with You"
"When You Loved Me"
"Truly, Truly True"
"Is It True"
"Jingle Bell Rock"
"Too Many Rivers"
"Rusty Bells"
"Coming on Strong"
"Johnny One Time"
"Let It Be Me"
"Always on My Mind"
"Sunday Sunrise"
"Wrong Ideas"
"Big Four Poster Bed"
"Rock on Baby"
"He's My Rock"
"Tell Me What It's Like"
"The Cowgirl and the Dandy"
"Broken Trust"
Other singles
"Hallelujah, I Love You So"
"America the Beautiful"
Songs
"Fly Me to the Moon"
"The Letter"
"Our Day Will Come"
"The Stroll"
Related topics
Discography
Connie Francis
Skeeter Davis
Ricky Nelson
Lesley Gore
Red Foley
Muruga Booker
Book:Brenda Lee
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UK Christmas number-one singles in the 1980s
"There's No One Quite Like Grandma" (St Winifred's School Choir, 1980)
"Don't You Want Me" (The Human League, 1981)
"Save Your Love" (Renée and Renato, 1982)
"Only You" (The Flying Pickets, 1983)
"Do They Know It's Christmas?" (Band Aid, 1984)
"Merry Christmas Everyone" (Shakin' Stevens, 1985)
"Reet Petite" (Jackie Wilson, 1986)
"Always on My Mind" (Pet Shop Boys, 1987)
"Mistletoe and Wine" (Cliff Richard, 1988)
"Do They Know It's Christmas?" (Band Aid II, 1989)
Complete list
1950s
1960s
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
2010s
show
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Willie Nelson singles discography
1950s
and
1960s
1957
"No Place for Me" / "Lumberjack"
1959
"Man With the Blues" / "The Storm Has Just Begun"
1960
"What a Way to Live" / "Misery Mansion"
"Nite Life" / "Rainy Day Blues"
1961
"The Part Where I Cry" / "Mr. Record Man"
1962
"Willingly" / "Chain of Love"
"Touch Me" / "Where My House Lives"
"Wake Me When It's Over" / "There's Gonna Be Love In My House"
"You Dream About Me" / "Is This My Destiny"
1963
"Half a Man" / "The Last Letter"
"Take My Word" / "Feed it a Memory"
1964
"How Long is Forever" / "You Took My Happy Away"
"Am I Blue" / "There'll Be No Teardrops Tonight"
"River Boy" / "Opportunity to Cry"
"I Never Cared For You" / "You Left Me (A Long Time Ago)"
"Pretty Paper" / "What A Merry Christmas This Could Be"
1965
"She's Not For You" / "Permanently Lonely"
"Healing Hands of Time" / "One Day at the Time"
"I Just Can't Let You Say Goodbye" / "And So Will You, My Love"
1966
"One In A Row" / "San Antonio Rose"
"Colombus Stockade Blues" / "He Sits at my Table"
"I'm Still Not Over You"/ "I Love You Because"
1967
"The Party's Over" / "Make Way for a Better Man"
"Blackjack County Chain" / "Some Other World"
"San Antonio" / "To Make a Long Story Short"
1968
"Little Things" / " Sweet Memories"
"Good Times" / "Where Do You Stand"
"Johnny One Time" / "She's Still Gone"
1969
"Bring Me Sunshine" / "Don't Say Love or Nothing"
"I Hope So" / "Right or Wrong"
1970s
1970
"Once More With Feeling" / "Who Do I Know in Dallas"
"Laying My Burdens Down" / "Truth Number One"
1971
"I'm a Memory" / "Fire and Rain"
"Yesterday's Wine" / "Me and Paul"
1972
"Words Don't Fit the Picture" / "A Moment"
1973
"Shotgun Willie" (mono) / "Sad Songs and Waltzes"
"Stay All Night (Stay a Little Longer)" / "Devil in a Sleepin' Bag"
1974
"I Still Can't Believe You're Gone" / "Heaven and Hell"
"Bloody Mary Morning" / "After the Fire is Gone"(with Tracy Nelson)
"Sister's Comin' Home" (mono) / "Pick Up The Tempo"
1975
"Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain" / "Bandera"
1976
"Remember Me (When the Candle Lights Are Gleaming)" / "Time of the Preacher"
"I'd Have to Be Crazy" (mono) / "Amazing Grace"
"If You've Got the Money I've Got the Time" / "The Sound in Your Mind"
1977
"Uncloudy Day" / "Precious Memories"
"I Love You A Thousand Ways" / "Mom and Dad's Waltz"
1978
"Georgia on My Mind" / "On The Sunny Side Of The Street"
"Blue Skies" / "Moonlight in Vermont"
"All of Me" / "Unchained Melody"
1979
"Whiskey River" / "Under the Double Eagle"
"September Song" / "Don't Get Around Much Anymore"
"White Christmas" / "Blue Christmas"
1980s
1980
"Help Me Make It Through the Night" / "The Pilgrim, Chapter 33"
"My Heroes Have Always Been Cowboys" / "Rising Stars"
"Midnight Rider" / "So You Think You're A Cowboy"
"On the Road Again"/ "Jumpin' Cotton Eyed Joe" (performed by Johnny Gimble)
1981
"Angel Flying Too Close to the Ground" / "I Guess I've Come to Live Here in Your Eyes"
"Mona Lisa" / "Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star"
"I'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Write Myself a Letter" / "Over the Rainbow"
"Heartaches of a Fool" / "Uncloudy Day"
1982
"Always on My Mind" / "The Party's Over"
"Let It Be Me" / "Permanently Lonely"
"Last Thing I Needed First Thing This Morning" / "Old Fords and a Natural Stone"
1983
"Little Old Fashioned Karma" / "Beer Barrel Polka"
"Why Do I Have to Choose" / "Would You Lay with Me (In a Field of Stone)"
"Take It to the Limit" / "Till I Gain Control Again"
"Without a Song"
1984
"City of New Orleans (Unedited version)" / "Why Are You Pickin' On Me"
1985
"Forgiving You Was Easy" / "You Wouldn't Cross the Street"
"Me and Paul" / "I Let My Mind Wander"
1986
"Living in the Promiseland" / "Bach Minuet in G"
"I'm Not Trying to Forget You" / "I've Got the Craziest Feeling"
1987
"Partners After All" / "Home Away From Home"
"Heart of Gold" / "So Much Like My Dad"
"Island in the Sea" / "There Is No Easy Way"
1988
"Nobody There But Me" / "Wake Me When It's Over"
"Spanish Eyes" (with Julio Iglesias) / "Ole Buttermilk Sky"
"Twilight Time" / "Ac-Cent-Tchu-Ate the Positive"
1989
"Nothing I Can Do About It Now" / "If I Were a Painting"
"There You Are" / "Spirit"
"Is The Better Part Over" / "Mr. Record Man"
1990s
1990
"The Highway" / "Spirit"
"Ain't Necessarily So" / "I Never Cared For You" ("Ain't Necessarily So" also on CD Single)
1991
"The Piper Came Today" / "(I Don't Have a Reason) To Go To California Anymore" ("The Piper Came Today" also on CD Single)
"Ten With a Two" / "You Decide"
1993
"Graceland"
"Still is Still Moving to Me" / "Valentine"
1995
"Turn Me Loose and Let Me Swing"
1998
"I Never Cared for You"
2000s
and
2010s
2002
"Mendocino County Line" (with Lee Ann Womack) / "Maria (Shut Up and Kiss Me)" (Both single tracks released on CD and 7" record)
2003
"Wurlitzer Prize" (with Norah Jones)
"Beer for My Horses" (with Toby Keith)
2005
"I'm a Worried Man" (with Toots Hibbert)
"The Harder They Come"
2006
"You Don't Know Me"
"Cowboys Are Frequently, Secretly Fond of Each Other"
2008
"Gravedigger"
"You Don't Think I'm Funny Anymore"
2011
"The Scientist"
2012
"Roll Me Up and Smoke Me When I Die"
"Just Breathe"
"Come On Back Jesus"
2013
"From Here to the Moon and Back" (with Dolly Parton)
"Grandma's Hands" (with Mavis Staples)
"It Won't Be Long" (with The Secret Sisters)
"Somewhere Between" (with Loretta Lynn)
2014
"The Wall"
"Bring It On"
"Laws of Nature"
"Who'll Buy My Memories"
"Summer of Roses" / "December Day"
2015
"It's All Going to Pot"
"Alice in Hulaland"
2016
"Lay Me Down"
2017
"Still Not Dead"
2018
"Last Man Standing"
Book:Willie Nelson
Category:Willie Nelson
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Pet Shop Boys
Chris Lowe
Neil Tennant
Studio albums
Please
Actually
Introspective
Behaviour
Very
Bilingual
Nightlife
Release
Fundamental
Yes
Elysium
Electric
Super
Compilation albums
Discography: The Complete Singles Collection
Alternative
Essential
PopArt: The Hits
Story: 25 Years of Hits
Party
Ultimate
Format
Remix albums
Disco
Disco 2
Disco 3
Disco 4
Live albums
Concrete
Pandemonium
Extended plays
Christmas
Soundtracks and scores
It Couldn't Happen Here
Closer to Heaven
Battleship Potemkin
The Most Incredible Thing
Other songs
"King's Cross"
"The Loving Kind"
"The Night I Fell in Love"
"I'm Not Scared"
"In Private"
"Nothing Has Been Proved"
"So Sorry, I Said"
"Don't Drop Bombs"
Film, stage and television
It Couldn't Happen Here
Closer to Heaven
Pet Shop Boys: A Life In Pop
The Most Incredible Thing
Notable tours and concerts
MCMLXXXIX
Performance
Discovery
Somewhere
Nightlife
Release
Fundamental
Pandemonium
Progress (as special guests)
Electric
Super
Related articles
Discography
Songs
x2
Reputation
Results
Electronic
Back to Mine: Pet Shop Boys
West End Girls
Book
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Pet Shop Boys singles
Please (1984–86)
"West End Girls"
"Opportunities (Let's Make Lots of Money)"
"Love Comes Quickly"
"Suburbia"
Disco (1986)
"Paninaro"
Actually (1987–88)
"It's a Sin"
"What Have I Done to Deserve This?"
"Rent"
"Heart"
Introspective (1988–89)
"Always on My Mind"
"Domino Dancing"
"Left to My Own Devices"
"It's Alright"
Behaviour (1990–91)
"So Hard"
"Being Boring"
"How Can You Expect to Be Taken Seriously?"/"Where the Streets Have No Name (I Can't Take My Eyes off You)"
"Jealousy"
Discography (1991)
"DJ Culture"
"Was It Worth It?"
Very (1993–94)
"Can You Forgive Her?"
"Go West"
"I Wouldn't Normally Do This Kind of Thing"
"Liberation"
"Yesterday, When I Was Mad"
Alternative (1995)
"Paninaro '95"
Bilingual (1996–97)
"Before"
"Se a vida é (That's the Way Life Is)"/"To Step Aside"
"Single-Bilingual"
"A Red Letter Day"
Nightlife (1999–2000)
"I Don't Know What You Want But I Can't Give It Any More"
"New York City Boy"
"You Only Tell Me You Love Me When You're Drunk"
Release (2002–03)
"Home and Dry"
"I Get Along"
"London"
PopArt (2003–04)
"Miracles"
"Flamboyant"
Fundamental (2006)
"I'm with Stupid"
"Minimal"
"Numb"
Disco 4 (2007)
"Integral"
Yes (2009)
"Love Etc."
"Did You See Me Coming?"
"Beautiful People"
Ultimate (2010)
"Together"
Elysium (2012)
"Winner"
"Leaving"
"Memory of the Future"
Electric (2013–14)
"Axis"
"Vocal"
"Love Is a Bourgeois Construct"
"Thursday"
"Fluorescent"
Super (2016)
"The Pop Kids"
"Twenty-something"
"Inner Sanctum"
"Say It to Me"
"Undertow"
Non-album singles
"One More Chance"
"Absolutely Fabulous"
"Hallo Spaceboy"
"Somewhere"
"Break 4 Love"
"She's Madonna"
"Love Life"
show
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Grammy Award for Song of the Year
1959−1980
"Volare" – Domenico Modugno (songwriter) (1959)
"The Battle of New Orleans" – Jimmy Driftwood (songwriter) (1960)
"Theme from Exodus" – Ernest Gold (songwriter) (1961)
"Moon River" – Johnny Mercer & Henry Mancini (songwriters) (1962)
"What Kind of Fool Am I?" – Leslie Bricusse & Anthony Newley (songwriters) (1963)
"Days of Wine and Roses" – Johnny Mercer & Henry Mancini (songwriters) (1964)
"Hello, Dolly!" – Jerry Herman (songwriter) (1965)
"The Shadow of Your Smile" – Paul Francis Webster & Johnny Mandel (songwriters) (1966)
"Michelle" – John Lennon & Paul McCartney (songwriters) (1967)
"Up, Up, and Away" – Jimmy Webb (songwriter) (1968)
"Little Green Apples" – Bobby Russell (songwriter) (1969)
"Games People Play" – Joe South (songwriter) (1970)
"Bridge over Troubled Water" – Paul Simon (songwriter) (1971)
"You've Got a Friend" – Carole King (songwriter) (1972)
"The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face" – Ewan MacColl (songwriter) (1973)
"Killing Me Softly with His Song" – Norman Gimbel & Charles Fox (songwriters) (1974)
"The Way We Were" – Alan and Marilyn Bergman & Marvin Hamlisch (songwriters) (1975)
"Send In the Clowns" – Stephen Sondheim (songwriter) (1976)
"I Write the Songs" – Bruce Johnston (songwriter) (1977)
"Evergreen (Love Theme from A Star Is Born)" – Barbra Streisand & Paul Williams (songwriters) / "You Light Up My Life" – Joe Brooks (songwriter) (1978)
"Just the Way You Are" – Billy Joel (songwriter) (1979)
"What a Fool Believes" – Kenny Loggins & Michael McDonald (songwriters) (1980)
1981−2000
"Sailing" – Christopher Cross (songwriter) (1981)
"Bette Davis Eyes" – Donna Weiss & Jackie DeShannon (songwriters) (1982)
"Always on My Mind" – Johnny Christopher, Mark James & Wayne Carson (songwriters) (1983)
"Every Breath You Take" – Sting (songwriter) (1984)
"What's Love Got to Do with It" – Graham Lyle & Terry Britten (songwriters) (1985)
"We Are the World" – Michael Jackson & Lionel Richie (songwriters) (1986)
"That's What Friends Are For" – Burt Bacharach & Carole Bayer Sager (songwriters) (1987)
"Somewhere Out There" – James Horner, Barry Mann & Cynthia Weil (songwriters) (1988)
"Don't Worry, Be Happy" – Bobby McFerrin (songwriter) (1989)
"Wind Beneath My Wings" – Larry Henley & Jeff Silbar (songwriters) (1990)
"From a Distance" – Julie Gold (songwriter) (1991)
"Unforgettable" – Irving Gordon (songwriter) (1992)
"Tears in Heaven" – Eric Clapton & Will Jennings (songwriters) (1993)
"A Whole New World" – Alan Menken & Tim Rice (songwriters) (1994)
"Streets of Philadelphia" – Bruce Springsteen (songwriter) (1995)
"Kiss from a Rose" – Seal (songwriter) (1996)
"Change the World" – Gordon Kennedy, Wayne Kirkpatrick & Tommy Sims (songwriters) (1997)
"Sunny Came Home" – Shawn Colvin & John Leventhal (songwriters) (1998)
"My Heart Will Go On" – James Horner & Will Jennings (songwriters) (1999)
"Smooth" – Itaal Shur & Rob Thomas (songwriters) (2000)
2001−present
"Beautiful Day" – Adam Clayton, David Evans, Laurence Mullen & Paul Hewson (songwriters) (2001)
"Fallin'" – Alicia Keys (songwriter) (2002)
"Don't Know Why" – Jesse Harris (songwriter) (2003)
"Dance with My Father" – Richard Marx & Luther Vandross (songwriters) (2004)
"Daughters" – John Mayer (songwriter) (2005)
"Sometimes You Can't Make It on Your Own" – Adam Clayton, David Evans, Laurence Mullen & Paul Hewson (songwriters) (2006)
"Not Ready to Make Nice" – Emily Burns Erwin, Martha Maguire, Natalie Maines Pasdar & Dan Wilson (songwriters) (2007)
"Rehab" – Amy Winehouse (songwriter) (2008)
"Viva la Vida" – Guy Berryman, Jonathan Buckland, William Champion & Christopher Martin (songwriters) (2009)
"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)" – Thaddis "Kuk" Harrell, Beyoncé Knowles, Terius Nash & Christopher Stewart (songwriters) (2010)
"Need You Now" – Dave Haywood, Josh Kear, Charles Kelley & Hillary Scott (songwriters) (2011)
"Rolling in the Deep" – Adele Adkins & Paul Epworth (songwriters) (2012)
"We Are Young" – Jack Antonoff, Jeff Bhasker, Andrew Dost & Nate Ruess (songwriters) (2013)
"Royals" – Joel Little & Ella Yelich O'Connor (songwriters) (2014)
"Stay with Me" (Darkchild version) – James Napier, William Phillips & Sam Smith (songwriters) (2015)
"Thinking Out Loud" – Ed Sheeran & Amy Wadge (songwriters) (2016)
"Hello" – Adele Adkins & Greg Kurstin (songwriters) (2017)
"That's What I Like" – Christopher Brody Brown, James Fauntleroy, Philip Lawrence, Bruno Mars, Ray Charles McCullough II, Jeremy Reeves, Ray Romulus & Jonathan Yip (songwriters) (2018)
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Billboard Year-End Hot Country Songs number one single of the year
1980–1989
1980: "My Heart" – Ronnie Milsap
1981: "Fire and Smoke" – Earl Thomas Conley
1982: "Always on My Mind" – Willie Nelson
1983: "José Cuervo" – Shelly West
1984: "To All the Girls I've Loved Before" – Julio Iglesias and Willie Nelson
1985: "Lost in the Fifties Tonight (In the Still of the Night)" – Ronnie Milsap
1986: "Never Be You" – Rosanne Cash
1987: "Give Me Wings" – Michael Johnson
1988: "Don't Close Your Eyes" – Keith Whitley
1989: "A Better Man" – Clint Black
1990–1999
1990: "Nobody's Home" – Clint Black
1991: "Don't Rock the Jukebox" – Alan Jackson
1992: "I Saw the Light" – Wynonna Judd
1993: "Chattahoochee" – Alan Jackson
1994: "I Swear" – John Michael Montgomery
1995: "Sold (The Grundy County Auction Incident)" – John Michael Montgomery
1996: "My Maria" – Brooks & Dunn
1997: "It's Your Love" – Tim McGraw and Faith Hill
1998: "Just to See You Smile" – Tim McGraw
1999: "Amazed" – Lonestar
2000–2009
2000: "How Do You Like Me Now?!" – Toby Keith
2001: "Ain't Nothing 'bout You" – Brooks & Dunn
2002: "The Good Stuff" – Kenny Chesney
2003: "My Front Porch Looking In" – Lonestar
2004: "Live Like You Were Dying" – Tim McGraw
2005: "That's What I Love About Sunday" – Craig Morgan
2006: "If You're Going Through Hell (Before the Devil Even Knows)" – Rodney Atkins
2007: "Watching You" – Rodney Atkins
2008: "Just Got Started Lovin' You" – James Otto
2009: "I Run to You" – Lady Antebellum
2010–2019
2010: "Love Like Crazy" – Lee Brice
2011: "Crazy Girl" – Eli Young Band
2012: "Time Is Love" – Josh Turner
2013: "Cruise" – Florida Georgia Line
2014: "This Is How We Roll" – Florida Georgia Line featuring Luke Bryan
2015: "Take Your Time" – Sam Hunt
2016: "H.O.L.Y." – Florida Georgia Line
2017: "Body Like a Back Road – Sam Hunt
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Always_on_My_Mind&oldid=853671240"
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Sticky bit
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the filesystem concept. For the technique in floating-point arithmetic, see Floating point § Addition and subtraction.
This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (September 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
In computing, the sticky bit is a user ownership access right flag that can be assigned to files and directories on Unix-like systems.
When a directory's sticky bit is set, the filesystem treats the files in such directories in a special way so only the file's owner, the directory's owner, or root user can rename or delete the file. Without the sticky bit set, any user with write and execute permissions for the directory can rename or delete contained files, regardless of the file's owner. Typically this is set on the /tmp directory to prevent ordinary users from deleting or moving other users' files.
The modern function of the sticky bit was introduced in 4.3BSD[discuss] in 1986, and is found in most modern Unix-like systems.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Usage
3 Examples
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
The sticky bit was introduced in the Fifth Edition of Unix (in 1974) for use with pure executable files. When set, it instructed the operating system to retain the text segment of the program in swap space after the process exited. This speeds up subsequent executions by allowing the kernel to make a single operation of moving the program from swap to real memory. Thus, frequently-used programs like editors would load noticeably faster. One notable problem with "stickied" programs was replacing the executable (for instance, during patching); to do so required removing the sticky bit from the executable, executing the program and exiting to flush the cache, replacing the binary executable, and then restoring the sticky bit.
Currently, this behavior is only operative in HP-UX and UnixWare. Solaris appears to have abandoned this in 2005.[citation needed] The 4.4-Lite release of BSD retained the old sticky bit behavior, but it has been subsequently dropped from OpenBSD (as of release 3.7) and FreeBSD (as of release 2.2.1). No version of Linux has ever supported this traditional behavior.
Usage[edit]
The most common use of the sticky bit is on directories residing within filesystems for Unix-like operating systems. When a directory's sticky bit is set, the filesystem treats the files in such directories in a special way so only the file's owner, the directory's owner, or root can rename or delete the file. Without the sticky bit set, any user with write and execute permissions for the directory can rename or delete contained files, regardless of the file's owner. Typically, this is set on the /tmp directory to prevent ordinary users from deleting or moving other users' files. This feature was introduced in 4.3BSD in 1986, and today it is found in most modern Unix-like systems.
In addition, Solaris (as of Solaris 2.5) defines special behavior when the sticky bit is set on non-executable files: those files, when accessed, will not be cached by the kernel. This is usually set on swap files to prevent access on the file from flushing more important data from the system cache. It is also used occasionally for benchmarking tests.[citation needed]
The sticky bit is also set by the automounter to indicate that a file has not been mounted yet. This allows programs like ls to ignore unmounted remote files.
Operating System
Excerpt from man pages regarding the sticky bit's effect on files
AIX 5.2 For directories, indicates that only file owners can link or unlink files in the specified directory. For files, sets the save-text attribute.[1]
Solaris 11 If a regular file is not executable and has S_ISVTX set, the file is assumed to be a swap file. In this case, the system's page cache will not be used to hold the file's data. If the S_ISVTX bit is set on any other file, the results are unspecified. If a directory is writable and has S_ISVTX (the sticky bit) set, files within that directory can be removed or renamed only if one or more of the following is true (see unlink(2) and rename(2)): the user owns the file, the user owns the directory, the file is writable by the user, the user is a privileged user.[2]
HP-UX [...] prevents the system from abandoning the swap-space image of the program-text portion of the file when its last user terminates. Then, when the next user of the file executes it, the text need not be read from the file system but can simply be swapped in, thus saving time.[3]
Linux [...] the Linux kernel ignores the sticky bit on files. [...] When the sticky bit is set on a directory, files in that directory may only be unlinked or renamed by root or the directory owner or the file owner.[4]
FreeBSD The FreeBSD VM system totally ignores the sticky bit (ISVTX) for executables. If mode ISVTX (the `sticky bit') is set on a directory, an unprivileged user may not delete or rename files of other users in that directory.[5]
IRIX If the sticky bit, S_ISVTX, is set on a file that is a dynamic loader for an ELF executable, then when the executable is execed the old process's read only address spaces will be made available to the dynamic loader in the new process. This can improve program start up time considerably. The setting of the sticky bit on any other file has no effect.[6]
Mac OS X (Leopard) The ISVTX (the sticky bit) has no effect on executable files. All optimization on whether text images remain resident in memory is handled by the kernel's virtual memory system. A directory whose 'sticky bit' is set becomes an append-only directory, or, more accurately, a directory in which the deletion of files is restricted. A file in a sticky directory may only be removed or renamed by a user if the user has write permission for the directory and the user is the owner of the file, the owner of the directory, or the super-user. This feature is usefully applied to directories such as /tmp which must be publicly writable but should deny users the license to arbitrarily delete or rename each other's files. Any user may create a sticky directory.[7]
NetBSD The sticky bit can be set on files, but without any effect. It is reserved for future use.[8]
OpenBSD STICKY FILES
Historically, an executable shareable file which had the sticky bit set was not immediately discarded from swap space after execution. The kernel hoarded the text segment of the file for future reuse, thus avoiding having to reload the program. This is no longer true on modern systems; the current virtual memory system keeps track of recently used executables, making the sticky bit for files redundant. The sticky bit can still be set on files, but without any effect.
Only the superuser can set the sticky bit on a file, though the owner of the file may clear the sticky bit.
STICKY DIRECTORIES
A directory with the `sticky bit' set places restrictions on file deletion: a file in a sticky directory may only be removed or renamed by a user if the user has write permission for the directory and the user is the owner of the file, the owner of the directory, or the superuser. This feature is usefully applied to directories such as /tmp which must be publicly writable but should deny users the license to arbitrarily delete or rename each other's files.
Any user may create a sticky directory. See chmod(1) for details about modifying file modes.[9]
SCO UnixWare If a 0410 a.out executable file has the sticky bit (mode bit 01000) set, the operating system will not delete the program text from the swap area when the last user process terminates. If a 0413 a.out or ELF executable file has the sticky bit set, the operating system will not delete the program text from memory when the last user process terminates. In either case, if the sticky bit is set the text will already be available (either in a swap area or in memory) when the next user of the file executes it, thus making execution faster.[10]
Examples[edit]
The sticky bit can be set using the chmod command and can be set using its octal mode 1000 or by its symbol t (s is already used by the setuid bit). For example, to add the bit on the directory /usr/local/tmp, one would type chmod +t /usr/local/tmp. Or, to make sure that directory has standard tmp permissions, one could also type chmod 1777 /usr/local/tmp.
To clear it, use chmod -t /usr/local/tmp or chmod 0777 /usr/local/tmp (the latter will also reset the tmp directory to standard permissions).
In Unix symbolic file system permission notation, the sticky bit is represented by the letter t in the final character-place. For instance, on Solaris 8, the /tmp directory, which by default has the sticky-bit set, shows up as:
$ ls -ld /tmp drwxrwxrwt 4 root sys 485 Nov 10 06:01 /tmp
If the sticky-bit is set on a file or directory without the execution bit set for the others category (non-user-owner and non-group-owner), it is indicated with a capital T:
# ls -l test -rw-r--r-- 1 root other 0 Nov 10 12:57 test # chmod +t test; ls -l test -rw-r--r-T 1 root other 0 Nov 10 12:57 test
See also[edit]
chmod
setuid
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://moka.ccr.jussieu.fr/doc_link/en_US/a_doc_lib/cmds/aixcmds1/chmod.htm
Jump up ^ "Synopsis - man pages section 2: System Calls". Docs.oracle.com. 2011-11-01. Retrieved 2014-04-10.
Jump up ^ [1] Archived November 20, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "chmod(1) - Linux manual page". Man7.org. Retrieved 2014-04-10.
Jump up ^ "chmod - FreeBSD". Nixdoc.net. 1993-06-04. Retrieved 2014-04-10.
Jump up ^ "chmod - IRIX/standard/". Nixdoc.net. Retrieved 2014-04-10.
Jump up ^ "Mac Developer Library". Developer.apple.com. Retrieved 2014-04-10.
Jump up ^ "sticky - NetBSD Manual Pages". Netbsd.gw.com. 2011-05-10. Retrieved 2014-04-10.
Jump up ^ "Manual Pages: sticky". Openbsd.org. 2014-02-14. Retrieved 2014-04-10.
Jump up ^ "chmod(2)". Uw714doc.sco.com. 2004-04-25. Retrieved 2014-04-10.
External links[edit]
Unix File and Directory Permissions, 2010, by Wayne Pollock, archived from the original on February 3, 2012
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sticky_bit&oldid=775561029"
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Running of the Bulls
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Running of the Bulls (encierro)
The bull run in Pamplona
Dates
6–14 July
Location(s)
Pamplona and other
Monument in Pamplona
Runners surround the bulls on Estafeta Street
The Running of the Bulls (in Spanish: encierro, from the verb encerrar, "to corral, to enclose") is a practice that involves running in front of a small group of cattle, typically six, of the toro bravo breed that have been let loose on a course of a sectioned-off subset of a town's streets.[1]
The most famous running of the bulls is held during the nine-day festival of Sanfermines in honor of Saint Fermin in Pamplona,[2] although they are also sometimes held in other places such as towns and villages across Spain, Portugal, in some cities in Mexico,[3] and southern France during the summer.
The origin of this event comes from the need to transport the bulls from the fields outside the city, where they were bred, to the bullring, where they would be killed in the evening.[4] During this 'run', youngsters would jump among them to show off their bravado. In Pamplona and other places, the six bulls in the event are still those that will feature in the afternoon bullfight of the same day.
Spanish tradition says the true origin of the run began in northeastern Spain during the early 14th century. While transporting cattle in order to sell them at the market, men would try to speed the process by hurrying their cattle using tactics of fear and excitement. After years of this practice, the transportation and hurrying began to turn into a competition, as young adults would attempt to race in front of the bulls and make it safely to their pens without being overtaken. When the popularity of this practice increased and was noticed more and more by the expanding population of Spanish cities, a tradition was created and stands to this day.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Pamplona bull run
1.1 Fence
1.2 Preliminaries
1.3 The running
1.4 Injuries, fatalities and medical attention
1.5 Dress code
1.6 Media
2 Other examples
2.1 Bous al carrer
2.2 Occitan area of France
2.3 Stamford Bull Run
2.4 Mock bull runs
3 Opposition
4 Further reading
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Pamplona bull run[edit]
Saint Fermin, honored in Pamplona
Pamplona, 7 July 2005. People climb to the fences as the bulls run by and cross the Town Hall Plaza.
The Pamplona[2] encierro is the most popular in Spain and has been broadcast live by RTVE, the public Spanish national television channel, for over 30 years.[6] It is the highest profile event of the San Fermin festival, which is held every year from 6–14 July.[2] The first bull running is on 7 July, followed by one on each of the following mornings of the festival, beginning every day at 8 am. Among the rules to take part in the event are that participants must be at least 18 years old, run in the same direction as the bulls, not incite the bulls, and not be under the influence of alcohol.[7][8]
Fence[edit]
In Pamplona a set of wooden fences are erected to direct the bulls along the route and to block off side streets. A double wooden fence is used in those areas where there is enough space, while in other parts the buildings of the street act as barriers. The gaps in the barricades are wide enough for a human to slip through, but narrow enough to block a bull. The fence is composed of approximately three thousand separate pieces of wood. Some parts of the fence remain in place for the duration of the fiesta, while others are placed and removed each morning.[9] Spectators can only stand behind the second fence, whereas the space between the two fences is reserved for security and medical personnel and also to participants who need cover during the event.[8]
Preliminaries[edit]
Police barrier at the beginning of the running stops people until the first rocket is fired.
The encierro begins with runners singing a benediction. It is sung three times, each time being sung both in Spanish and Basque. The benediction is a prayer given at a statue of Saint Fermin, patron of the festival and the city, to ask the saint's protection and can be translated into English as "We ask Saint Fermin, as our Patron, to guide us through the encierro and give us his blessing". The singers finish by shouting "Viva San Fermín!, Gora San Fermin!" ("Long live Saint Fermin", in Spanish and Basque).[7] Most runners dress in the traditional clothing of the festival which consists of a white shirt and trousers with a red waistband ("faja") and neckerchief ("pañuelo"). Also some of them hold the day's newspaper rolled to draw the bulls' attention from them if necessary.[7]
The running[edit]
Pamplona, 2007. Bulls following some runners enter the bull ring from the callejón, where the event ends. The bulls can be seen in the foreground and background of the picture.
A first rocket is set off at 8 a.m. to alert the runners that the corral gate is open. A second rocket signals that all six bulls have been released. The third and fourth rockets are signals that all of the herd has entered the bullring and its corral respectively, marking the end of the event.[7] The average duration between the first rocket and the end of the encierro is two minutes, 30 seconds.[7]
The encierro is usually composed of the six bulls to be fought in the afternoon, six steers that run in herd with the bulls, and three more steers that follow the herd to encourage any reluctant bulls to continue along the route. The function of the steers, who run the route daily, is to guide the bulls to the bullring.[7] The average speed of the herd is 24 km/h (15 mph).[7]
The length of the run is 875 meters (957 yards). It goes through four streets of the old part of the city (Santo Domingo, Ayuntamiento, Mercaderes and Estafeta) via the Town Hall Square and the short section "Telefónica" (named for the location of the old telephone office at end of Calle Estafeta) just before entering into the bullring through its callejón (tunnel).[2] The fastest part of the route is up Santo Domingo and across the Town Hall Square, but the bulls often became separated at the entrance to Estafeta Street as they slowed down. One or more would slip going into the turn at Estafeta ("la curva"), resulting in the installation of anti-slip surfacing, and now most of the bulls negotiate the turn onto Estafeta and are often ahead of the steers. This has resulted in a quicker run. Runners are not permitted in the first 50 meters of the encierro, which is an uphill grade where the bulls are much faster.[citation needed]
Injuries, fatalities and medical attention[edit]
Two injured runners are treated by medical services.
Every year, between 50 and 100 people are injured during the run.[7] Not all of the injuries require taking the patients to the hospital: in 2013, 50 people were taken by ambulance to Pamplona's hospital, with this number nearly doubling that of 2012.[10]
Goring is much less common but potentially life threatening. In 2013, for example, six participants were gored along the festival, in 2012, only four runners were injured by the horns of the bulls with exactly the same number of gored people in 2011, nine in 2010 and 10 in 2009; with one of the latter killed.[10][11] As most of the runners are male, only 5 women have been gored since 1974. Before that date, running was prohibited for women.[12]
Another major risk is runners falling and piling up (a "montón") at the entrance of the bullring, which acts as a funnel as it is much narrower than the previous street. In such cases injuries come both from asphyxia and contusions to those in the pile and from goring if the bulls crush into the pile. This kind of blocking of the entrance has occurred at least ten times in the history of the run, the last occurring in 2013 and the first dating back to 1878. A runner died of suffocation in one such pile up in 1977.[13]
Overall, since record-keeping began in 1910, 15 people have been killed in the bull running of Pamplona, most of them due to being gored.[7] To minimize the impact of injuries every day 200 people collaborate in the medical attention. They are deployed in 16 sanitary posts (every 50 metres on average), each one with at least a physician and a nurse among their personnel. Most of these 200 people are volunteers, mainly from the Red Cross. In addition to the medical posts, there are around 20 ambulances. This organization makes it possible to have a gored person stabilized and taken to a hospital in less than 10 minutes.[14]
15 Deaths since 1910 in the bull run of Pamplona[7]
Year
Name
Age
Origin
Location
Cause of death
1924 Esteban Domeño 22 Navarre, Spain Telefónica Goring[15]
1927 Santiago Zufía 34 Navarre, Spain Bullring Goring[15]
1935 Gonzalo Bustinduy 29 San Luis Potosí, Mexico Bullring Goring[15]
1947 Casimiro Heredia 37 Navarre, Spain Estafeta Goring[15]
1947 Julián Zabalza 23 Navarre, Spain Bullring Goring[15]
1961 Vicente Urrizola 32 Navarre, Spain Santo Domingo Goring[15]
1969 Hilario Pardo 45 Navarre, Spain Santo Domingo Goring[15]
1974 Juan Ignacio Eraso 18 Navarre, Spain Telefónica Goring[15]
1975 Gregorio Gorriz 41 Navarre, Spain Bullring Goring[15]
1977 José Joaquín Esparza 17 Navarre, Spain Bullring Suffocated in a pile-up.[7]
1980 José Antonio Sánchez 26 Navarre, Spain Town Hall Square Goring[15]
1980 Vicente Risco 29 Badajoz, Spain Bullring hit[15]
1995 Matthew Peter Tassio 22 Glen Ellyn, Illinois, USA Town Hall Square Goring[16]
2003 Fermín Etxeberria 62 Navarre, Spain Mercaderes Hit by a horn[17]
2009 Daniel Jimeno Romero 27 Alcalá de Henares, Spain Telefónica Goring[18][19]
Dress code[edit]
Runners at the Pamplona bull run in typical attire
Though there is no formal dress code, the very common and traditional attire is white pants, white shirt with a red scarf around the waist and a red handkerchief around the neck. Another common dress practice, seen as a risk by some but as a daring depiction of courage by others is dressing in a conspicuous manner. Many runners that want to be perceived as daring wear colors other than white, a common alternate color choice is blue. Blue is thought by some to draw the bulls' attention.[citation needed] Others include large logos on their shirt to capture the attention of the bulls. In the age of social media explosion, this is also thought to be a way to highlight someone in a photo.[20]
Media[edit]
The encierro of Pamplona has been depicted many times in literature, television or advertising, but became known worldwide partly because of the descriptions of Ernest Hemingway in books The Sun Also Rises and Death in the Afternoon. The cinema pioneer Louis Lumière filmed the run in 1899.[21]
The event is the basis for a chapter in James Michener's 1971 novel The Drifters.
The run is depicted in the 1991 Billy Crystal film City Slickers, where the character "Mitch" (Crystal) is gored (non-fatally) from behind by a bull during a vacation with the other main characters.
The run appears in the 2011 Bollywood movie Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara, directed by Zoya Akhtar, as the final dare in the bucket list of the three bachelors who have to overcome their ultimate fear; death. At first, the trio run part of the route. They stop at the square, but then recover their nerve, and continue to the end. The completion of the run depicts their freedom as they learn that surviving a mortal danger can bring joy.
Running with Bulls, a 2012 documentary of the festival filmed by Construct Creatives and presented by Jason Farrel, depicts the pros and cons of the controversial tradition.[22]
Since 2014, the Esquire Channel has broadcast the running of the bulls as a show in the US,[23] with both live commentary and then a recorded 'round up' later in the day by NBCSN commentators the Men in Blazers, including interviews with noted participants such as Madrid-born runner David Ubeda,[24] former US Special Forces soldier turned filmmaker Dennis Clancey,[25] the historic New York-born runner Joe Distler[26] and former British bullfighter and author Alexander Fiske-Harrison.[27]
In 2014, the eBook guide, Fiesta: How To Survive The Bulls Of Pamplona, caused headlines around the world when one of the contributors was gored by a bull soon after its publication.[28] (See Further Reading section below.)
Other examples[edit]
Fire bull and children running from it (Tudela, Navara)
Although the most famous running of the bulls is that of San Fermín,[2] they are held in towns and villages across Spain, Portugal, and in some cities in southern France during the summer. Examples are the bull run of San Sebastián de los Reyes, near Madrid, at the end of August which is the most popular of Spain after Pamplona, the bull run of Cuéllar, considered as the oldest of Spain since there are documents of its existence dating back to 1215, the Highland Capeias of the Raia in Sabugal, Portugal, with horses leading the herd crossing old border passes out of Spain and using the medieval 'Forcåo', or the bull run of Navalcarnero held at night.
Other encierros have also caused fatalities.[29]
Bous al carrer[edit]
Bous al carrer at Albocàsser
Bous al carrer, correbou or correbous (meaning in Catalan, bulls in the street) is a typical festivity in many villages in the Valencian region, Terres de l'Ebre, Catalonia and Fornalutx, Mallorca. Another similar tradition is soltes de vaques, where cows are used instead of bulls. Even though they can take place all along the year, they are most usual during local festivals (normally in August). Compared to encierros, animals are not directed to any bullring.
These festivities are normally organized by the youngsters of the village, as a way for showing their courage and ability with the bull. Some sources consider this tradition a masculine initiation rite to adulthood.[30]
Occitan area of France[edit]
An abrivado at Calvisson. The guardians are demonstrating their skill in turn a group of at least four bulls through a 360 degree turn
A bandido at Calvisson. Contact has been made with the bull: but it has not yet been stopped.
Numerous bull running event happen in France in the region around Sommières, according to the Camargues tradition, where no bull gets hurt. For instance in Calvisson, the annual event takes place around 20 July over a period of five days. There are four events, the Abrivado where over ten bulls are run together through the street guided by a group of twelve 'gardians' mounted on white Camargues horses, an Encierro where one bull is released outside the foyer and finds his own way back to the pen, the Bandido where one bull is run accompanied through the streets, and the Bandido de nuit which is the same thing but after dark. Boys and men run with the bulls and try and separate them from the horses, stop them, and physically turn them away from the horses. [31]
Stamford Bull Run[edit]
Main article: Stamford Bull Run
The English town of Stamford, Lincolnshire was host to the Stamford Bull Run for almost 700 years until it was abandoned in 1837.[32] According to local tradition, the custom dated from the time of King John when William de Warenne, 5th Earl of Surrey, saw two bulls fighting in the meadow beneath. Some butchers came to part the combatants and one of the bulls ran into the town, causing a great uproar. The earl, mounting his horse, rode after the animal, and enjoyed the sport so much, that he gave the meadow in which the fight began, to the butchers of Stamford, on condition that they should provide a bull, to be run in the town every 13 November, for ever after. As of 2013 the bull run had been revived as a ceremonial, festival-style community event.
Mock bull runs[edit]
A variation is the nightly "fire bull" where balls of flammable material are placed on the horns. Currently the bull is often replaced by a runner carrying a frame on which fireworks are placed and dodgers, usually children, run to avoid the sparks.
In 2008, Red Bull Racing driver David Coulthard and Scuderia Toro Rosso driver Sébastien Bourdais performed a version of a 'bull running' event in Pamplona, Spain, with the Formula One cars chasing 500 runners through the actual Pamplona route.[33]
"Running of the Bulls" in the French Quarter of New Orleans
The Big Easy Rollergirls roller derby team has performed a version of annual bull run in New Orleans, Louisiana since 2007. The team, dressed as bulls, skates after runners through the French Quarter. In 2012, there were 14,000 runners and over 400 "bulls" from all over the country, with huge before- and after-parties.[34][35][36]
In Ballyjamesduff, Ireland, an annual "Pig Run" is held with small pigs. It looks just like mini-encierro but with pigs instead of bulls.
In Dewey Beach, Delaware, the Starboard bar[37] sponsors an annual Running of the Bull [sic], in which hundreds of red and white-clad beachgoers are chased down the shore by a single "bull" (two people in a costume).
In Rangiora, New Zealand, an annual "Running of the Sheep" is held, in which 1000–2000 sheep are released down the main street of the small farming town.
The Running of the Bulls UK is a pub crawl event that takes place on London's Hampstead Heath and uses fast runners in place of bulls.
In 2014, Pamplona inaugurated a series of running events in June, the San Fermin Marathon, of a full marathon (42.195 km), half marathon (21.097 km), or 10 km road race that concludes with the final 900m of each race using the encierro route, runners crossing the finish line inside the bullring.[38]
Opposition[edit]
Many opponents argue that bulls are mentally injured by the harassment and voicing of both participants and spectators, and some of animals may also die because of the stress, especially if they are roped or bring flares in their horns (bou embolat version).[39] Despite all this, the festivities seem to have wide popular support in their villages[40]
Many animal rights activists oppose the event. PETA activists created the "running of the nudes", a demonstration done two days before the beginning of San Fermín in Pamplona. By marching naked, they protested the festival and the following bullfight, arguing the bulls are tortured for entertainment.[41]
The city of San Miguel de Allende, Mexico, cancelled its Sanmiguelada running of the bulls after 2006, citing public disorder associated with the event.[42] After the event was cancelled in San Miguel, the city of Salvatierra, also in the state of Guanajuato, picked up the event. It is now called La Marquesada and the three-day event is held during the last weekend of the month of September or first weekend of October.
Further reading[edit]
Alexander Fiske-Harrison, ed. (2016). Fiesta: How To Survive The Bulls Of Pamplona (3 ed.). Mephisto Press.
Bill Hillmann (2015). Mozos: A Decade Running with the Bulls of Spain. Chicago, Illinois: Curbside Splendor Publishing. ISBN 978-1-9404-3053-9.
See also[edit]
Bou embolat – version with bulls bringing flares in their horns
Bullfighting
Bull-leaping
Correbous
Jallikattu – a similar tradition in Tamil Nadu, India
Spanish-style bullfighting
References[edit]
Some links may contain graphic content where marked.
Jump up ^ Fiske-Harrison, Alexander (Editor) Fiesta: How To Survive The Bulls Of Pamplona, Mephisto Press, 2014
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Sanfermin guide. Running of the bulls". Kukuxumusu. 2007. Retrieved 21 July 2008.
Jump up ^ "Bull-run hits liquor-fueled town", 2 February 2009. "The tradition, enacted in a handful of Mexican towns, traces its roots back to the centuries-old Pamplona bull-run in Mexico's former colonial power." Retrieved 4 March 2009.
Jump up ^ According to the Mayor of Pamplona in his foreword to the book Fiesta: How To Survive The Bulls Of Pamplona
Jump up ^ Running of the Bulls 2011 Live Stream (Event Information)
Jump up ^ "27 añllj ghjzest in a penises en TVE". RTVE. 2008. Retrieved 21 July 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k "The Bull Run". Ayuntamiento de Pamplona (Council of Pamplona). Archived from the original on 29 May 2008. Retrieved 21 July 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b "Sección quinta". Bando San Fermin 2014. Ayuntamiento de Pamplona. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "Encierro bullrun San Fermin festival Sanfermines tourist information on Navarre". Government of Navarre. Retrieved 8 March 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Gorka Alonso (15 July 2013). "Los encierros se saldan con 50 heridos trasladados y 6 corneados" (in Spanish). Noticias de Navarra. Retrieved 15 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Los encierros de 2012 dejan cuatro heridos por asta, los mismos que en 2011" (in Spanish). Diario de Noticias. 14 July 2012. Retrieved 13 July 2013.
Jump up ^ E.F.E Pamplona (14 July 2013). "Quinta mujer corneada en los encierros de San Fermín" (in Spanish). Diario de Navarra. Retrieved 15 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Javier Doria (13 July 2013). "Montón en el encierro de Sanfermines, un peligro con historia" (in Spanish). El País. Retrieved 14 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Especialistas destacan que el dispositivo sanitario de los encierros "no se puede mejorar" porque es "espectacular"" (in Spanish). Diario de Navarra. 18 June 2009. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Terra Noticias. "La muerte de hoy es la número quince en la historia del encierro" (in Spanish). Noticias.terra.es. Retrieved 6 July 2012.
Jump up ^ "The last person killed at Pamplona". BBC. 14 July 2005. Retrieved 10 July 2009. ...Matthew Tassio...22 years old and came from Chicago...The...bull...hit him in the abdomen, severed a main artery, sliced through his kidney and punctured his liver
Jump up ^ "Muere el pamplonés Fermín Etxeberria, de 63 años, herido en el encierro del 8 de julio" (in Spanish). DiarioDeNavarra.es. 25 September 2003. Retrieved 10 July 2009.
Jump up ^ "Bull gores man to death in Spain". BBC. 10 July 2009. Retrieved 10 July 2009. The 27-year-old was gored in the neck on Friday, during the fourth bull run of the week-long San Fermin festival. Daniel Jimeno Romero, from Madrid, had emergency surgery in hospital but died of his injuries. Earlier reports had described the dead man as British....a veteran Spanish bull-runner died after a fall in 2003
Jump up ^ "One dead in the running of the bull's in Pamplona". EncierroSanFermin.com. 10 July 2009. Retrieved 10 July 2009. A runner died in today's running of the bulls in the northern spanish city of Pamplona, the bull running held during the famous San Fermin festivities. The man died after being gored in the neck and lung by a bull of the Jandilla ranch, named "Capuchino".The runner, Daniel Jimeno Romero from Alcalá de Henares (Madrid) was at the end of the street run
Jump up ^ http://gospain.about.com/od/spanishfestivals/qt/pamplonasurvive.htm
Jump up ^ Encierro de toros in the Spanish-language Auñamendi Encyclopedia.
Jump up ^ Running with Bulls on IMDb
Jump up ^ 'Running Of The Bulls', Esquire TV
Jump up ^ Vadillo, Jose Luis. 'Así son los corredores de elite en San Fermín', El Mundo. 6 July 2015
Jump up ^ Editorial Staff. 'Pamplona, bull running, bull gorings, Esquire TV and poetry from New York', The Pamplona Post. 10 July 2015
Jump up ^ Joe Distler website
Jump up ^ 'Running Of The Bulls 2015: A Democratic Sport, Esquire TV
Jump up ^ 'San Fermín So Far – 2014' The Pamplona Post, 12 July 2014
Jump up ^ Mari Carmen López del Burgo, aged 48, from Madrid, Spain. "Muere una mujer embestida por un toro en los encierros de Arganda del Rey" (in Spanish). elpais.com. 9 September 2010. Retrieved 9 September 2010.
Jump up ^ Touristic leaflet. Festes de la Costa Blanca, Diputació Provincial d'Alacant, 2006, Alacant.
Jump up ^ "Taurine traditions". ot-sommieres.com. Office de Tourisme du Pays de Sommières. Retrieved 22 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Chambers Book of Days (1864),. W. & R. Chambers ltd. 1832. 13 November entry
Jump up ^ "Red Bull to visit Pamplona for Bull running". GPUpdate.net. GPUpdate. 11 June 2008. Retrieved 30 January 2011.
Jump up ^ Keith I. Marszalek, NOLA.com (24 June 2007). "Big Easy Rollergirls to reinact [sic] famed bull run". Blog.nola.com. Retrieved 2 July 2011.
Jump up ^ "San Fermín in Nueva Orleans, The Running of the Roller Girls". Laughingsquid.com. 20 July 2008. Retrieved 2 July 2011.
Jump up ^ Coviello, Will. "Running of the Bulls 2012". Gambit Weekly. Retrieved 18 July 2012.
Jump up ^ "Dewey Beach, DE". The Starboard. Retrieved 2 July 2011.
Jump up ^ San Fermin marathon
Jump up ^ Article sobre la crueltat dels bous al carrer. (in Catalan)
Jump up ^ Article sobre la popularitat dels bous al carrer a les terres de l'Ebre. (in Catalan)
Jump up ^ Running of the Nudes. PETA official site.
Jump up ^ "No More Bull (Running, That Is) in San Miguel de Allende," Austin American-Statesman, 24 May 2007. Retrieved 4 March 2009
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Running of the Bulls.
A blog about Pamplona's annual bull-running festival
How to attend or view the Pamplona festival
Student Travel and Party at Running of the Bulls
Google Maps Route Map
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