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Barbara Hershey
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Not to be confused with Judge Barbara Hershey, a fictional character in the Judge Dredd series.
Barbara Hershey
Hershey in 2016
Born
Barbara Lynn Herzstein
(1948-02-05) February 5, 1948 (age 69)
Hollywood, California, U.S.
Occupation
Actress
Years active
1965–present
Spouse(s)
Stephen Douglas
(m. 1992; div. 1993)
Partner(s)
David Carradine
(1969–1975)
Naveen Andrews
(1998–2009)
Children
1
Barbara Hershey (born Barbara Lynn Herzstein; February 5, 1948),[1] once known as Barbara Seagull,[2] is an American actress. In a career spanning over 50 years, she has played a variety of roles on television and in cinema in several genres, including Westerns and comedies. She began acting at age 17 in 1965, but did not achieve much critical acclaim until the latter half of the 1980s. By that time, the Chicago Tribune referred to her as "one of America's finest actresses."[3]
Hershey won an Emmy and a Golden Globe for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries/TV Film for her role in A Killing in a Small Town (1990). She has also received Golden Globe nominations for Best Supporting Actress for her role as Mary Magdalene in Martin Scorsese's The Last Temptation of Christ (1988) and for her role in Jane Campion's Portrait of a Lady (1996). For the latter film, she was also nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress and won the Los Angeles Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actress. In addition, she has won two Best Actress awards at the Cannes Film Festival for her roles in Shy People (1987) and A World Apart (1988). She was also featured in Woody Allen's critically acclaimed Hannah and Her Sisters (1986), for which she was nominated for the British Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress and Garry Marshall's melodrama Beaches (1988), and she earned a second British Academy Award nomination for Darren Aronofsky's Black Swan (2010).
Establishing a reputation early in her career as a "hippie", Hershey experienced conflict between her personal life and her acting goals. Her career suffered a decline during a six-year relationship with actor David Carradine, with whom she had a child. She experimented with a change in stage name that she later regretted. During this time, her personal life was highly publicized and ridiculed.[4] Her acting career was not well established until she separated from Carradine and changed her stage name back to Hershey.[5][6] Later in her career, she began to keep her personal life private.[4][7]
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
2.1 1960s
2.2 1970s
2.3 1980s
2.4 1990s
2.5 2000s
2.6 2010s
3 Personal life
4 Filmography
4.1 Film
4.2 Television films
4.3 Television series
5 Awards and nominations
6 References
7 External links
Early life[edit]
Barbara Herzstein was born in Hollywood, the daughter of Arnold Nathan Herzstein (1906–1981), a horse-racing columnist, and Melrose Herzstein (née Moore; 1917–2008).[8] Her father's parents were Jewish emigrants from Hungary and Russia respectively,[9] while her mother, a native of Arkansas, was a Presbyterian of Irish descent.[10][11]
The youngest of three children, Barbara always wanted to be an actress, and her family nicknamed her "Sarah Bernhardt." She was shy in school and so quiet that people thought she was deaf. By the age of 10, she proved herself to be an "A" student. Her high-school drama coach helped her find an agent, and in 1965, at age 17, she landed a role on Sally Field's television series Gidget. Barbara said that she found Field to be very supportive of her in her first acting role.[12] According to The New York Times All Movie Guide, Barbara graduated from Hollywood High School in 1966,[13] but David Carradine, in his autobiography, said she dropped out of high school after she began acting.[8]
Career[edit]
1960s[edit]
Hershey and Mark Slade in TV western The High Chaparral, 1968)
Hershey's acting debut, three episodes of Gidget, was followed by the short-lived television series The Monroes (1966), which also featured Michael Anderson, Jr. By this point, she had adopted the stage name "Barbara Hershey".[14] Although Hershey said the series helped her career, she expressed some frustration with her role, saying: "One week I was strong, the next, weak".[15] While on the series, Hershey garnered several other roles, including one in Doris Day's final feature film, With Six You Get Eggroll.[15]
In 1969, Hershey co-starred in the Glenn Ford Western Heaven with a Gun. On the set, she met and began a romantic relationship with actor David Carradine,[8] who later starred in the television series Kung Fu (see Personal life). In the same year, she acted in the controversial drama Last Summer, which was based on Evan Hunter's eponymous novel. In this film, Hershey played Sandy, the "heavy" who influences two young men (played by Bruce Davison and Richard Thomas) to rape another girl, Rhoda (played by Catherine Burns). Though the film, directed by Frank Perry, received an X rating for the graphic rape scene, Burns earned a Best Supporting Actress Oscar nomination for her performance.[16]
During the filming of Last Summer, a seagull was killed. "In one scene," Hershey explained, "I had to throw the bird in the air to make her fly. We had to reshoot the scene over and over again. I could tell the bird was tired. Finally, when the scene was finished, the director, Frank Perry, told me the bird had broken her neck on the last throw."[2] Hershey felt responsible for the bird's death and changed her stage name to "Seagull" as a tribute to the creature. "I felt her spirit enter me," she later explained. "It was the only moral thing to do."[12] The name change was not positively received. When she was offered a part opposite Timothy Bottoms in The Crazy World of Julius Vrooder (1974) (or Vrooder's Hooch), Hershey had to forfeit half her salary, $25,000, to be billed under the name "Seagull" because the producers were not in favor of the billing.[2][17]
1970s[edit]
In 1970, Hershey played Tish Grey in The Baby Maker, a film that explored surrogate motherhood. Criticizing the directing and writing of James Bridges, critic Shirley Rigby said of the "bizarre" film, "Only the performances in the film save it from being a total travesty." Rigby went on to say, "Barbara Hershey is a great little actress, much, much more than just another pretty face."[18]
Hershey once said that starring in Boxcar Bertha (1972) "was the most fun I ever had on a movie."[19] The film, co-starring Hershey's domestic partner, David Carradine, and produced by Roger Corman, was Martin Scorsese's first Hollywood picture. Shot in six weeks on a budget of $600,000, Boxcar Bertha was intended to be a period crime drama similar to Corman's Bloody Mama (1970) or Bonnie and Clyde (1967). Although Corman publicized it as an exploitation piece with plenty of sex and violence, Scorsese's influence made it "something much more."[19] Roger Ebert, of the Chicago Sun-Times, wrote of the film's direction, "Martin Scorsese has gone for mood and atmosphere more than for action, and his violence is always blunt and unpleasant—never liberating and exhilarating, as the New Violence is supposed to be."[19] A spread recreating sexually explicit scenes from the movie appeared in Playboy magazine in 1972.[19][20]
Hershey's experience with Scorsese was extended to another major role for her 16 years later in The Last Temptation of Christ (1988) as Mary Magdalene. During the filming of Boxcar Bertha, Hershey had introduced Scorsese to the Nikos Kazantzakis novel on which the latter film was based.[18][19] That collaboration resulted in an Academy Award nomination for the director[21] and a Golden Globe nod for Hershey.
By the mid 1970s, Hershey concluded, "I've been so tied up with David [Carradine] that people have forgotten that I am me. I spend 50 percent of my time working with David."[5] She had, in 1974, guest-starred in a two-part episode of Carradine's television series Kung Fu. She played, under the direction of Carradine, a love interest to his character, Kwai Chang Caine, during his time at the Shaolin temple. She also appeared in two of Carradine's independent directorial projects, You and Me (1975) and Americana (1983), both of which had been filmed in 1973.[6] Her father, Arnold Herzstein, also appeared in Americana.
She publicly acknowledged the desire to be recognized in her own right. Later, in 1974, she did just that, winning a Gold Medal at the Atlanta Film Festival for her role in the Dutch-produced film Love Comes Quietly.[5]
Later in the decade, Hershey starred with Charlton Heston in The Last Hard Men (1976). She hoped the film would revive her career after the damage she felt it had suffered while she was with Carradine, believing that the hippie label she had been given was a career impediment. By this time, she had shed Carradine and her "Seagull" pseudonym.[22] Throughout the rest of the 1970s, however, she was appearing in made-for-TV movies that were described as "forgettable,"[23] like Flood! (1976), Sunshine Christmas (1977), and The Glitter Palace (1977), in which she played a lesbian.[24]
1980s[edit]
Barbara Hershey in a publicity still from 1981
Hershey landed a role in Richard Rush's The Stunt Man (1980), marking a return to the big screen after four years[12] and earning her critical praise.[25] Hershey felt that she would be forever in debt to Rush for fighting with financiers to allow her a part in that film.[23] She also felt The Stunt Man was an important transition for her, from playing girls to playing women.[23]
Some of the "women roles" that followed The Stunt Man included the horror movie The Entity (1982); Philip Kaufman's The Right Stuff (1983), in which she played Glennis Yeager, wife of test pilot Chuck Yeager; and The Natural (1984), in which she shot Robert Redford's character, inspired by a real-life incident where Ruth Ann Steinhagen shot ballplayer Eddie Waitkus.[26] For the role of Harriet Bird, Hershey had chosen a particular hat as her "anchor".[23] Director Barry Levinson disagreed with her choice, but she insisted on wearing it. Levinson later cast Hershey as the wife of Danny DeVito's character in the comedy Tin Men (1987).[23]
In 1986, Hershey left her native California and moved with her son to Manhattan. Three days later, she met briefly with Woody Allen, who offered her the role of Lee in Hannah and Her Sisters (1986). In addition to a Manhattan apartment, Hershey bought an antique home in rural Connecticut.[27] The Allen picture won three Academy Awards and a Golden Globe. The film also earned Hershey a BAFTA nomination for Best Actress in a Supporting Role. She described her part as "a wonderful gift."[23]
Hershey followed Hannah and Her Sisters with back-to-back wins for Best Actress at the Cannes Film Festival for Shy People[4][28] and for her appearance as anti-apartheid activist Diana Roth in A World Apart (1988).[4] Her character in the latter film was based on Ruth First.[29] Also in the 1980s, she portrayed Errol Flynn's first wife, actress Lili Damita, in the TV movie My Wicked, Wicked Ways: The Legend of Errol Flynn (1985), which was based on Flynn's autobiography. She also played the love interest to Gene Hackman's character in the basketball film Hoosiers (1986).
Barbara Cloud of the Pittsburgh Press gave attribution to Hershey for starting a trend when she had collagen injected into her lips for her role in Beaches (1988).[30] Humorist Erma Bombeck said of the movie, which also starred Bette Midler, "I have no idea what Beaches was all about. All I could focus on was Barbara Hershey's lips. She looked like she stopped off at a gas station and someone said, 'Your lips are down 30 pounds. Better let me hit 'em with some air.'"[31]
1990s[edit]
In 1990, Hershey won an Emmy and a Golden Globe for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or Special for her role as Candy Morrison in A Killing in a Small Town, which was based on Candy Montgomery's acquittal for the death of Betty Gore. Montgomery had killed Gore on Friday, June 13, 1980, in Gore's Wylie, Texas, home, by hitting her 41 times with an ax. The jury determined that she did so in self-defense.[32] In preparation for the part, Hershey had a phone conversation with Montgomery.[33] Many of the names of the real-life principals in the case were changed for the movie. The film's alternative title was Evidence of Love, the name of a 1984 book about the case.
Also in 1990, Hershey drew upon what Woody Allen once described as her "erotic overtones,"[34] portraying a woman who falls in love with her much younger nephew, by marriage, played by Keanu Reeves, in the comedic Tune in Tomorrow.[34]
In 1991, Hershey played Hanna Trout, the wife of the title character in Paris Trout (1991), a made-for-cable television movie. In this Showtime production, Hershey collaborated again with A Killing in a Small Town director Stephen Gyllenhaal to play a woman who has an affair with her husband's lawyer. Her husband, an abusive bigot (played by Dennis Hopper), is on trial for murdering a young African American girl.[35] The film, which was based on Pete Dexter's 1988 National Book Award-winning novel, featured Hopper and Hershey enacting a graphic rape scene that the actress found difficult to view. The picture was described as a "dramatic reach deep into the dark hollows of racism, abuse and murder."[36] Paris Trout was nominated for five Prime Time Emmy Awards, including nods for both Hershey and Hopper.
Later in the year, Hershey played an attorney defending her college roommate for the murder of her husband in the suspenseful whodunit Defenseless (1991).[37]
Because of her frequent television appearances, by the end of 1991, Hershey was accused of "selling out to the small screen."[37] In 1992, Hershey appeared with Jane Alexander in the ABC miniseries Stay the Night (1992), prompting Associated Press writer Jerry Buck to write, "Barbara Hershey is a person who jumps back and forth between features and television very easily."[38] She starred in another TV miniseries in 1993, succeeding Anjelica Huston as Clara Allen in the sequel series Return to Lonesome Dove.[39] She was nominated for a Golden Satellite Award for another TV appearance, The Staircase (1998). Between 1999 and 2000, she played Dr. Francesca Alberghetti in 22 season-six episodes of the medical TV drama Chicago Hope.[40]
Hershey co-starred with Joe Pesci as a nightclub owner in the film drama The Public Eye (1992) and as the estranged wife of homicidal Michael Douglas in the thriller Falling Down (1993). Among the other feature films in which she appeared during the 1990s was Jane Campion's adaptation of the Henry James novel The Portrait of a Lady (1996). Hershey earned an Oscar nomination[41] and won the Best Supporting Actress award from the National Society of Film Critics for her role as Madame Serena Merle in that picture.[42] In 1995, Last of the Dogmen, co-starring Tom Berenger, was released through Savoy Pictures. In 1999, Hershey starred in an independent film called Drowning on Dry Land; during production she met co-star Naveen Andrews, with whom she began a romantic relationship that lasted until 2010.[43]
2000s[edit]
In 2001, Hershey appeared in the psychological thriller Lantana. She was the only American in a mostly Australian cast, which included Kerry Armstrong, Anthony LaPaglia, and Geoffrey Rush.[44] Film writer Sheila Johnson said the film was "one of the best to emerge from Australia in years."[45] Another thriller followed: 11:14 (2003) also featured Rachael Leigh Cook, Patrick Swayze, Hilary Swank, and Colin Hanks.[46]
Hershey continued to appear on television during the 2000s, including a season on the series The Mountain. She also starred as Anne Shirley as an adult in Anne of Green Gables: A New Beginning (2008), the fourth in a series of made-for-TV films based on the character, taking over the role from Megan Follows.
2010s[edit]
Hershey appeared as an American actress, Mrs. Hubbard, in an adaptation of Agatha Christie's Murder on the Orient Express for the British television series Poirot (starring David Suchet), which aired in the United States on Public Broadcast Service in July 2010.[47] Also in 2010, Hershey co-starred in Darren Aronofsky's acclaimed psychological thriller Black Swan (2010) opposite Natalie Portman and Mila Kunis. The following year, she co-starred in the James Wan horror film Insidious (2011).[48] From 2012 to 2013, she had a recurring role in the first two seasons of ABC's hit drama Once Upon a Time as Cora, the Queen of Hearts and mother of the Evil Queen.[49] In 2014, she reprised the role in one episode of the show's spin-off Once Upon a Time in Wonderland. In 2015, she once more reprised the role when she returned to the show for an episode of its fourth season, and in 2016, she appeared again for two episodes of the show's fifth season, most notably its landmark 100th episode. In A&E's new series Damien, Hershey portrayed series regular Ann Rutledge, the world's most powerful woman, who has been given the task to make sure Damien fulfills his destiny as the Antichrist. The role marks Hershey's latest TV gig following Once Upon a Time, The Mountain, Chicago Hope, and Lifetime's Left to Die TV movie.[50]
Personal life[edit]
Hershey at the Toronto International Film Festival, September 13, 2010
In 1969, Hershey met David Carradine while they were working on Heaven With a Gun.[8] The pair began a domestic relationship that lasted until 1975.[51] Carradine said that during the rape scene in that movie, he cracked one of Barbara's ribs.[52] They appeared in other films together including Martin Scorsese's Boxcar Bertha. In 1972, the couple posed together in a nude Playboy spread, recreating some sex scenes from Boxcar Bertha.[20] Later in 1972, Hershey gave birth to their son, Free, who changed his name to Tom when he was nine years old.[53] The relationship fell apart around the time of Carradine's 1974 burglary arrest,[54] after he had begun an affair with Season Hubley, who had guest-starred in Kung Fu.[55]
During this period, Hershey changed her stage name to "Seagull". In 1979, a blunt newspaper article from the Knight News Service referenced this period of her life, saying of her acting career that "it looked as if she blew it."[56] The article referred to Hershey as a "kook" and stated that she was frequently "high on something."[56] In addition to that criticism, she had been ostracized for breast-feeding her son during an appearance on The Dick Cavett Show,[2][12][57] and for breast-feeding him beyond the age of two years.[58] She said that this period of her life hurt her career; "Producers wouldn't see me because I had a reputation for using drugs and being undependable. I never used drugs at all and I have always been serious about my acting career."[6] After splitting up with Carradine, she changed her stage name back to "Hershey", explaining that she had told the story of why she adopted the name "Seagull" so many times that it had lost its meaning.[6]
By the time Hershey was 42, she was described by columnist Luaina Lee as a "private person who was mired in some heavy publicity when she first became a professional actress."[7] Yardena Arar, writing for the Los Angeles Daily News, confirmed that Hershey had become a private person by 1990.[4]
On August 8, 1992, Hershey married artist Stephen Douglas. The ceremony took place at her home in Oxford, Connecticut, where the only guests were their two mothers and Hershey's then 19-year-old son, Tom (né Free) Carradine.[59] The couple separated and divorced one year after the wedding.[60]
Hershey began dating actor Naveen Andrews in 1999.[43] During a brief separation in 2005, Andrews fathered a child with another woman.[61] In May 2010, after Andrews won sole custody of his son, the couple announced that they had ended their 10-year relationship six months earlier.[62]
Hershey has residences in Los Angeles, Hawaii, New York, and Connecticut.[citation needed]
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1968 With Six You Get Eggroll Stacey Iverson
1969 Heaven with a Gun Leloopa
1969 Last Summer Sandy
1970 Liberation of L.B. Jones, TheThe Liberation of L.B. Jones Nella Mundine
1970 Baby Maker, TheThe Baby Maker Tish Gray
1971 Pursuit of Happiness, TheThe Pursuit of Happiness Jane Kauffman
1972 Dealing: Or the Berkeley-to-Boston Forty-Brick Lost-Bag Blues Susan
1972 Boxcar Bertha Boxcar Bertha
1973 Love Comes Quietly Angela
1974 Crazy World of Julius Vrooder, TheThe Crazy World of Julius Vrooder Zanni
1975 Diamonds Sally
1976 Last Hard Men, TheThe Last Hard Men Susan Burgade
1976 Trial by Combat Marion Evans
1980 Stunt Man, TheThe Stunt Man Nina Franklin
1981 Take This Job and Shove It J.M. Halstead
1982 Entity, TheThe Entity Carla Moran
1983 Right Stuff, TheThe Right Stuff Glennis Yeager
1983 Americana Jess´s daughter
1984 Natural, TheThe Natural Harriet Bird
1986 Hannah and Her Sisters Lee Nominated—BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role
Nominated—National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actress
1986 Hoosiers Myra Fleener
1987 Tin Men Nora Tilley
1987 Shy People Ruth Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actress
Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress
1988 World Apart, AA World Apart Diana Roth Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actress
Nominated—National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actress
1988 Last Temptation of Christ, TheThe Last Temptation of Christ Mary Magdalene Nominated—Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture
1988 Beaches Hillary Whitney Essex
1990 Tune in Tomorrow Aunt Julia
1991 Paris Trout Hanna Trout Nominated—Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie
1991 Defenseless Thelma "T.K." Knudsen Katwuller
1992 Public Eye, TheThe Public Eye Kay Levitz
1993 Falling Down Elizabeth "Beth" Travino
1993 Swing Kids Frau Müller
1993 Splitting Heirs Duchess Lucinda
1993 Dangerous Woman, AA Dangerous Woman Frances
1995 Last of the Dogmen Prof. Lillian Diane Sloan
1996 Pallbearer, TheThe Pallbearer Ruth Abernathy
1996 Portrait of a Lady, TheThe Portrait of a Lady Madame Serena Merle Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actress
National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actress
Nominated—Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress
Nominated—Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actress
Nominated—Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture
Nominated—New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actress
1998 Frogs for Snakes Eva Santana
1998 Soldier's Daughter Never Cries, AA Soldier's Daughter Never Cries Marcella Willis
1999 Breakfast of Champions Celia Hoover
1999 Passion Rose Grainger
1999 Drowning on Dry Land Kate
2001 Lantana Dr. Valerie Somers
2003 11:14 Norma
2004 Riding the Bullet Jean Parker
2007 Bird Can't Fly, TheThe Bird Can't Fly Melody
2007 Love Comes Lately Rosalie
2008 Uncross the Stars Hilda
2008 Childless Natalie
2009 Albert Schweitzer Helene Schweitzer
2010 Black Swan Erica Sayers / The Queen Nominated—BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role
Nominated—Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture
2010 Insidious Lorraine Lambert
2011 Answers to Nothing Marilyn
2013 Insidious: Chapter 2 Lorraine Lambert
2014 Sister Susan Presser
2016 The 9th Life of Louis Drax Violet
Television films[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1976 Flood! Mary Cutler
1977 In the Glitter Palace Ellen Lange
1977 Just a Little Inconvenience Nikki Klausing
1977 Sunshine Christmas Cody Blanks
1979 A Man Called Intrepid Madelaine
1980 Angel on My Shoulder Julie
1982 Twilight Theatre Various
1985 My Wicked, Wicked Ways:
The Legend of Errol Flynn Lili Damita
1986 Passion Flower Julia Gaitland
1990 A Killing in a Small Town Cindy Morrison Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Miniseries or Television Film
Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie
1992 Stay the Night Jimmie Sue Finger
1993 Abraham Sarah
1998 The Staircase Mother Madalyn Nominated—Satellite Award for Best Actress – Miniseries or Television Film
2003 Hunger Point Marsha Hunger
2003 The Stranger Beside Me Ann Rule
2004 Paradise Elizabeth Paradise
2008 Anne of Green Gables: A New Beginning Older Anne Shirley
2012 Left to Die Sandra Chase
Television series[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1965–1966 Gidget Ellen 2 episodes
1966 Gidget Karen Episode: "Love and the Single Gidget"
1966 Farmer's Daughter, TheThe Farmer's Daughter Lucy 2 episodes
1966 Bob Hope Presents the Chrysler Theatre Casey Holloway Episode: "Holloway's Daughters"
1966–1967 Monroes, TheThe Monroes Kathy Monroe 26 episodes
1967 Daniel Boone Dinah Hubbard Episode: "The King's Shilling"
1968 Run for Your Life Saro-Jane Episode: "Saro-Jane, You Never Whispered Again"
1968 Invaders, TheThe Invaders Beth Ferguson Episode: "The Miracle"
1968 High Chaparral, TheThe High Chaparral Moonfire Episode: "The Peacemaker"
1970 Insight Judy Episode: "The Whole Damn Human Race and One More"
1973 Love Story Farrell Edwards Episode: "The Roller Coaster Stops Here"
1974 Kung Fu Nan Chi 2 episodes
1980 From Here to Eternity Karen Holmes Episode: "Pearl Harbor"
1982 American Playhouse Lenore Episode: "Weekend"
1983 Faerie Tale Theatre The Maid Episode: "The Nightingale"
1985 Alfred Hitchcock Presents Jessie Dean Episode: "Wake Me When I'm Dead"
1993 Return to Lonesome Dove Clara Allen 3 episodes
1999–2000 Chicago Hope Dr. Francesca Alberghetti 22 episodes
2002 Daniel Deronda Contessa Maria Alcharisi Episode: "1.3"
2004–2005 Mountain, TheThe Mountain Gennie Carver 13 episodes
2010 Agatha Christie's Poirot Caroline Hubbard Episode: "Murder on the Orient Express"
2012–2016 Once Upon a Time Cora Mills
Queen of Hearts 17 episodes
2014 Once Upon a Time in Wonderland Episode: "Heart of the Matter"
2016 Damien Ann Rutledge 10 episodes
2018 The X-Files Erika Price 2 episodes
Awards and nominations[edit]
Main article: List of awards and nominations received by Barbara Hershey
References[edit]
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^ Jump up to: a b c d Walker, Connecticut. "Barbara Seagull: The New Hollywood." Parade magazine. Dec 16,1973
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^ Jump up to: a b c d e Arar, Yardena.Actress Barbara "Hershey Continues Hectic Screen Pace". Lawrence Journal-World. October 31, 1990.
^ Jump up to: a b c Wright, Fred. David Carradine is Human-Honest!" The Evening Independent.August 29, 1974, Pg. 3-B
^ Jump up to: a b c d Scott, Vernon. Hollywood: "Welcome Home, Barbara Hershey". The Telegraph Gazette. November 5, 1975.
^ Jump up to: a b Lee, Luaina. "For Hershey, Acting Was Childhood Outlet". Reading Eagle. May 16, 1990. Pg. 40
^ Jump up to: a b c d Carradine, David. Endless Highway. (1995) Journey Publishing. pg. 299
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^ Jump up to: a b c d Jachovich, Karen G. "Barbara Hershey Drops Her Hippie Past and a Name, Seagull, and Her Career Finds Wings". People magazine. May 28, 1979, Vol.11, Number 21.
Jump up ^ Ankeny, Jason. All Movie Guide. New York Times. Retrieved June 6, 2010.
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^ Jump up to: a b Blake, John. "No Bars for this Hershey" Pittsburgh Press May 4, 1968.Pg.6
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Jump up ^ O'Brian, Jack. Entertainment. Sarasota Journal. March 4, 1974 Pg. 5-B
^ Jump up to: a b Rigby, Shirley. The Baby Maker-A Bizarre Tale. The Miami News. December 16, 1970 Pg. 19 A
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Turner Classic Movie Programming Article: Boxcar Bertha. Retrieved on June 6, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Playboy August 1972, Vol. 19, Iss. 8, pg. 82-85, by: Ron Thal, "Boxcar Bertha"
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Jump up ^ Bacon, James. Barbara "Hershey is Facing a Whole New Life. Sarasota Journal. December 1975.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Forsberg, Myra. "Film; Barbara Hershey: In Demand" New York Times. March 29, 1987
Jump up ^ "No Qualms for Barbara" Eugene Register. February 27, 1977
Jump up ^ Bobbin, Jay. "'Weekend' Based on Beattie Tale" The Telegraph. April 17, 1982
Jump up ^ Weber, Bruce (23 March 2013). "Ruth Ann Steinhagen, 83, Troubled Shooter of the Phillies' Eddie Waitkus" – via NYTimes.com.
Jump up ^ Robbins, Fred. "Barbara Hershey; Looking to the Future" The Spokesman-Review.March 26, 1987.
Jump up ^ "Festival de Cannes: Shy People". festival-cannes.com. Retrieved 2009-07-19.
Jump up ^ "Festival de Cannes: A World Apart". festival-cannes.com. Retrieved 2009-07-26.
Jump up ^ Cloud, Barbara. "Full Lips are in Demand Among Models, Actresses. January 12, 1991. Pg. C4
Jump up ^ Bombeck, Erma. "Read My (big) Lips". Ellensburg Daily Record. October 23, 1990.
Jump up ^ Weiss, Jeffery. "Some in Wylie Don't Know of 1980 Ax Slaying; Others Can't Forget" Archived 2010-06-15 at the Wayback Machine. June 11, 2010. Denton Record Chronicle
Jump up ^ "What is Human Breaking Point?" on YouTube Prescott Courier.May 18, 1990. Pg. 2C
^ Jump up to: a b "Barbara Hershey Heats up 'Tune' with 'Overtones.'" New York Daily News. Printed in Reading Eagle. November 8, 1990.Pg. 42
Jump up ^ Brady, James. "In Step With Barbara Hershey". Herald-Journal. April 7, 1991
Jump up ^ Cerone, Daniel. "'Paris Trout' Tested Hershey Versatility".Daily Gazette. April 13, 1991
^ Jump up to: a b Vincent, Mal. "Defenseless Scores as Suspenseful Whodunit." The Virginia Pilot: Daily Break Section. August 29, 1991, Pg B4
Jump up ^ Buck, Jerry."It's a Woman's World in the Land of TV Movies" Pittsburgh Press. November 24, 1991
Jump up ^ Burlingame, Jon. "Lonesome Dove Won't Rule Roost". Ocala Star-Banner. November 13, 1993.
Jump up ^ "Celebrity Profiles: Barbara Hershey". SuperiorPics.com. Retrieved 2011-12-20.
Jump up ^ "Oscar History". The Academy Awards. Retrieved 2/7/2012. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
Jump up ^ "Past Awards:National Society of Film Critics Awards". National Society of Film Critics. Archived from the original on March 23, 2015. Retrieved 2/8/2012. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b "Lost's Naveen Andrews" January 24, 2005, People
Jump up ^ Fischer, Paul. Barbara Hershey, Lantana. Femail.com. Retrieved June 30, 2010
Jump up ^ Johnson, Sheila. "Pretty Flower with Thorny Undergrowth" August 4, 2002. Retrieved on June 30, 2010
Jump up ^ LaSalle, Mick (August 12, 2005). "Stars pop up in clever,dark, little known indie". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2/7/2012. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
Jump up ^ "Masterpiece: Hercule Poirot". WGBH.org Retrieved June 30, 2010
Jump up ^ Yamato, Jen. "Barbara Hershey Talks Insidious, Muses on Craft, and Spills Black Swan Secrets". Movieline. Retrieved 2/7/2012. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
Jump up ^ Gonzalez, Sandra (February 1, 2012). "'Once Upon a Time' casting scoop: Barbara Hershey in as the Evil Queen's [SPOILER]". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved February 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Barbara Hershey to Co-Star in Lifetime's 'Damien' (Exclusive)".
Jump up ^ Weber, Bruce (June 4, 2009). "David Carradine, Actor, Is Dead at 72". The New York Times. Retrieved June 6, 2009.
Jump up ^ Carradine, Pg. 300
Jump up ^ "Unusual Names Chosen". Victoria Advocate. May 13, 1990. Pg 3
Jump up ^ Lewis, Barbara. "David Carradine Feels Typecast As Guthrie"(November 20, 1975) Lakeland Ledger
Jump up ^ Carradine, Pg.392
^ Jump up to: a b Knight News Service. "Barbara Hershey is Back on Earth". Lakeland Ledger, August 31, 1979. Pg 3C.
Jump up ^ Smith, Tracy Jenel. "Dick Cavett: Talk Shows Then and Now". The Spokesman-Review. March 19, 1991
Jump up ^ Bacon, Doris Klein. Kung Fu Lives Like a Hippie. Anchorage Daily News. September 29, 1974, Pg. D-6
Jump up ^ Kahn, Tom. "Passages". People magazine. August 24, 1992.
Jump up ^ "Public Eye". San Diego Union Tribune. November 24, 1993
Jump up ^ "Sayid Ain't So: Naveen Andrews Knocks Up Another One". Archived from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-04.
Jump up ^ "Lost's Naveen Andrews Found in Splitsville" May. 30, 2010, E Online. Retrieved 2/7/2012
External links[edit]
Barbara Hershey on Charlie Rose
Barbara Hershey on IMDb
Barbara Hershey at the TCM Movie Database
Barbara Hershey at Virtual History
[show]
Awards for Barbara Hershey
[show]
v
t
e
Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actress
1946–1975
Michèle Morgan (1946)
Isa Miranda (1949)
Bette Davis (1951)
Lee Grant (1952)
Shirley Booth (1953)
cast of Bolshaya Semya (1955)
Susan Hayward (1956)
Giulietta Masina (1957)
Bibi Andersson / Eva Dahlbeck / Barbro Hiort af Ornäs / Ingrid Thulin (1958)
Simone Signoret (1959)
Melina Mercouri / Jeanne Moreau (1960)
Sophia Loren (1961)
Katharine Hepburn / Rita Tushingham (1962)
Marina Vlady (1963)
Anne Bancroft / Barbara Barrie (1964)
Samantha Eggar (1965)
Vanessa Redgrave (1966)
Pia Degermark (1967)
Vanessa Redgrave (1969)
Ottavia Piccolo (1970)
Kitty Winn (1971)
Susannah York (1972)
Joanne Woodward (1973)
Marie-José Nat (1974)
Valerie Perrine (1975)
1976–2000
Dominique Sanda / Mari Törőcsik (1976)
Shelley Duvall / Monique Mercure (1977)
Jill Clayburgh / Isabelle Huppert (1978)
Sally Field (1979)
Anouk Aimée (1980)
Isabelle Adjani (1981)
Jadwiga Jankowska-Cieślak (1982)
Hanna Schygulla (1983)
Helen Mirren (1984)
Norma Aleandro / Cher (1985)
Barbara Sukowa / Fernanda Torres (1986)
Barbara Hershey (1987)
Barbara Hershey / Jodhi May / Linda Mvusi (1988)
Meryl Streep (1989)
Krystyna Janda (1990)
Irène Jacob (1991)
Pernilla August (1992)
Holly Hunter (1993)
Virna Lisi (1994)
Helen Mirren (1995)
Brenda Blethyn (1996)
Kathy Burke (1997)
Élodie Bouchez / Natacha Régnier (1998)
Séverine Caneele / Émilie Dequenne (1999)
Björk (2000)
2001–present
Isabelle Huppert (2001)
Kati Outinen (2002)
Marie-Josée Croze (2003)
Maggie Cheung (2004)
Hana Laszlo (2005)
Penélope Cruz / Carmen Maura / Lola Dueñas / Chus Lampreave / Blanca Portillo / Yohana Cobo (2006)
Jeon Do-yeon (2007)
Sandra Corveloni (2008)
Charlotte Gainsbourg (2009)
Juliette Binoche (2010)
Kirsten Dunst (2011)
Cristina Flutur / Cosmina Stratan (2012)
Bérénice Bejo (2013)
Julianne Moore (2014)
Emmanuelle Bercot / Rooney Mara (2015)
Jaclyn Jose (2016)
Diane Kruger (2017)
[show]
v
t
e
Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited Series or Movie
Judith Anderson (1954)
Mary Martin (1955)
Claire Trevor (1956)
Polly Bergen (1957)
Julie Harris (1959)
Ingrid Bergman (1960)
Judith Anderson (1961)
Julie Harris (1962)
Kim Stanley (1963)
Shelley Winters (1964)
Lynn Fontanne (1965)
Simone Signoret (1966)
Geraldine Page (1967)
Maureen Stapleton (1968)
Geraldine Page (1969)
Patty Duke (1970)
Lee Grant (1971)
Glenda Jackson (1972)
Susan Hampshire / Cloris Leachman (1973)
Cicely Tyson / Mildred Natwick (1974)
Katharine Hepburn / Jessica Walter (1975)
Susan Clark / Rosemary Harris (1976)
Sally Field / Patty Duke (1977)
Joanne Woodward / Meryl Streep (1978)
Bette Davis (1979)
Patty Duke (1980)
Vanessa Redgrave (1981)
Ingrid Bergman (1982)
Barbara Stanwyck (1983)
Jane Fonda (1984)
Joanne Woodward (1985)
Marlo Thomas (1986)
Gena Rowlands (1987)
Jessica Tandy (1988)
Holly Hunter (1989)
Barbara Hershey (1990)
Lynn Whitfield (1991)
Gena Rowlands (1992)
Holly Hunter (1993)
Kirstie Alley (1994)
Glenn Close (1995)
Helen Mirren (1996)
Alfre Woodard (1997)
Ellen Barkin (1998)
Helen Mirren (1999)
Halle Berry (2000)
Judy Davis (2001)
Laura Linney (2002)
Maggie Smith (2003)
Meryl Streep (2004)
S. Epatha Merkerson (2005)
Helen Mirren (2006)
Helen Mirren (2007)
Laura Linney (2008)
Jessica Lange (2009)
Claire Danes (2010)
Kate Winslet (2011)
Julianne Moore (2012)
Laura Linney (2013)
Jessica Lange (2014)
Frances McDormand (2015)
Sarah Paulson (2016)
Nicole Kidman (2017)
[show]
v
t
e
Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Miniseries or Television Film
Jane Seymour (1981)
Ingrid Bergman (1982)
Ann-Margret (1983)
Ann-Margret (1984)
Liza Minnelli (1985)
Loretta Young (1986)
Gena Rowlands (1987)
Ann Jillian (1988)
Christine Lahti (1989)
Barbara Hershey (1990)
Judy Davis (1991)
Laura Dern (1992)
Bette Midler (1993)
Joanne Woodward (1994)
Jessica Lange (1995)
Helen Mirren (1996)
Alfre Woodard (1997)
Angelina Jolie (1998)
Halle Berry (1999)
Judi Dench (2000)
Judy Davis (2001)
Uma Thurman (2002)
Meryl Streep (2003)
Glenn Close (2004)
S. Epatha Merkerson (2005)
Helen Mirren (2006)
Queen Latifah (2007)
Laura Linney (2008)
Drew Barrymore (2009)
Claire Danes (2010)
Kate Winslet (2011)
Julianne Moore (2012)
Elisabeth Moss (2013)
Maggie Gyllenhaal (2014)
Lady Gaga (2015)
Sarah Paulson (2016)
Nicole Kidman (2017)
[show]
v
t
e
Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actress
Vanessa Redgrave (1977)
Maureen Stapleton / Mona Washbourne (1978)
Meryl Streep (1979)
Mary Steenburgen (1980)
Maureen Stapleton (1981)
Glenn Close (1982)
Linda Hunt (1983)
Peggy Ashcroft (1984)
Anjelica Huston (1985)
Cathy Tyson / Dianne Wiest (1986)
Olympia Dukakis (1987)
Geneviève Bujold (1988)
Brenda Fricker (1989)
Lorraine Bracco (1990)
Jane Horrocks (1991)
Judy Davis (1992)
Anna Paquin / Rosie Perez (1993)
Dianne Wiest (1994)
Joan Allen (1995)
Barbara Hershey (1996)
Julianne Moore (1997)
Joan Allen (1998)
Chloë Sevigny (1999)
Frances McDormand (2000)
Kate Winslet (2001)
Edie Falco (2002)
Shohreh Aghdashloo (2003)
Virginia Madsen (2004)
Catherine Keener (2005)
Luminița Gheorghiu (2006)
Amy Ryan (2007)
Penélope Cruz (2008)
Mo'Nique (2009)
Jacki Weaver (2010)
Jessica Chastain (2011)
Amy Adams (2012)
Lupita Nyong'o (2013)
Agata Kulesza (2014)
Alicia Vikander (2015)
Lily Gladstone (2016)
Laurie Metcalf (2017)
[show]
v
t
e
National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actress
1967–1979
Marjorie Rhodes (1967)
Billie Whitelaw (1968)
Siân Phillips / Delphine Seyrig (1969)
Lois Smith (1970)
Ellen Burstyn (1971)
Jeannie Berlin (1972)
Valentina Cortese (1973)
Bibi Andersson (1974)
Lily Tomlin (1975)
Jodie Foster (1976)
Ann Wedgeworth (1977)
Meryl Streep (1978)
Meryl Streep (1979)
1980–1999
Mary Steenburgen (1980)
Maureen Stapleton (1981)
Jessica Lange (1982)
Sandra Bernhard (1983)
Melanie Griffith (1984)
Anjelica Huston (1985)
Dianne Wiest (1986)
Kathy Baker (1987)
Mercedes Ruehl (1988)
Anjelica Huston (1989)
Annette Bening (1990)
Jane Horrocks (1991)
Judy Davis (1992)
Madeleine Stowe (1993)
Dianne Wiest (1994)
Joan Allen (1995)
Barbara Hershey (1996)
Julianne Moore (1997)
Judi Dench (1998)
Chloë Sevigny (1999)
2000–present
Elaine May (2000)
Helen Mirren (2001)
Patricia Clarkson (2002)
Patricia Clarkson (2003)
Virginia Madsen (2004)
Amy Adams (2005)
Meryl Streep (2006)
Cate Blanchett (2007)
Hanna Schygulla (2008)
Mo'Nique (2009)
Olivia Williams (2010)
Jessica Chastain (2011)
Amy Adams (2012)
Jennifer Lawrence (2013)
Patricia Arquette (2014)
Kristen Stewart (2015)
Michelle Williams (2016)
Laurie Metcalf (2017)
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 85098037
LCCN: no92023001
ISNI: 0000 0003 6855 8310
GND: 130619604
SUDOC: 074482629
BNF: cb13954488g (data)
BNE: XX1105637
IATH: w6r33v22
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barbara_Hershey&oldid=820635856"
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Lumbar vertebrae
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Lumbar vertebrae
Position of human lumbar vertebrae (shown in red). It consists of 5 bones, from top to down, L1, L2, L3, L4 and L5.
A typical lumbar vertebra
Details
Identifiers
Latin
vertebrae lumbales
TA
A02.2.04.001
FMA
72065
Anatomical terms of bone
[edit on Wikidata]
The lumbar vertebrae are, in human anatomy, the five vertebrae between the rib cage and the pelvis. They are the largest segments of the vertebral column and are characterized by the absence of the foramen transversarium within the transverse process (since it is only found in the cervical region) and by the absence of facets on the sides of the body (as found only in the thoracic region). They are designated L1 to L5, starting at the top. The lumbar vertebrae help support the weight of the body, and permit movement.
Contents
[hide]
1 Human anatomy
1.1 General characteristics
1.1.1 Body
1.1.2 Arch
1.1.3 Processes
1.2 First and fifth lumbar vertebrae
1.3 Segmental movements
1.4 Congenital anomalies
2 Other animals
3 Additional images
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Human anatomy[edit]
General characteristics[edit]
Lumbar vertebrae
The figure on the left depicts the general characteristics of the first through fourth lumbar vertebrae. The fifth vertebra contains certain peculiarities, which are detailed below.
As with other vertebrae, each lumbar vertebra consists of a vertebral body and a vertebral arch. The vertebral arch, consisting of a pair of pedicles and a pair of laminae, encloses the vertebral foramen (opening) and supports seven processes.
Body[edit]
The vertebral body of each lumbar vertebra is large, wider from side to side than from front to back, and a little thicker in front than in back. It is flattened or slightly concave above and below, concave behind, and deeply constricted in front and at the sides.[1]
Arch[edit]
The pedicles are very strong, directed backward from the upper part of the vertebral body; consequently, the inferior vertebral notches are of considerable depth.[1] The pedicles change in morphology from the upper lumbar to the lower lumbar. They increase in sagittal width from 9 mm to up to 18 mm at L5. They increase in angulation in the axial plane from 10 degrees to 20 degrees by L5. The pedicle is sometimes used as a portal of entrance into the vertebral body for fixation with pedicle screws or for placement of bone cement as with kyphoplasty or vertebroplasty.
The laminae are broad, short, and strong.[1] They form the posterior portion of the vertebral arch. In the upper lumbar region the lamina are taller than wide but in the lower lumbar vertebra the lamina are wider than tall. The lamina connects the spinous process to the pedicles.
The vertebral foramen within the arch is triangular, larger than the thoracic vertebrae, but smaller than in the cervical vertebrae.[1]
Processes[edit]
The spinous process is thick, broad, and somewhat quadrilateral; it projects backward and ends in a rough, uneven border, thickest below where it is occasionally notched.[1]
The superior and inferior articular processes are well-defined, projecting respectively upward and downward from the junctions of pedicles and laminae. The facets on the superior processes are concave, and look backward and medialward; those on the inferior are convex, and are directed forward and lateralward. The former are wider apart than the latter since in the articulated column, the inferior articular processes are embraced by the superior processes of the subjacent vertebra.[1]
The transverse processes are long and slender. They are horizontal in the upper three lumbar vertebrae and incline a little upward in the lower two. In the upper three vertebrae they arise from the junctions of the pedicles and laminae, but in the lower two they are set farther forward and spring from the pedicles and posterior parts of the vertebral bodies. They are situated in front of the articular processes instead of behind them as in the thoracic vertebrae, and are homologous with the ribs.[1]
Three portions or tubercles can be noticed in a transverse process of a lower lumbar vertebrae: the lateral or costiform process, the mammillary process, and the accessory process.[2] The costiform is lateral, the mammillary is superior (cranial), and the accessory is inferior (caudal). The mammillary is connected in the lumbar region with the back part of the superior articular process.[clarification needed] The accessory process is situated at the back part of the base of the transverse process. The tallest and thickest costiform process is usually that of L5.[2]
First and fifth lumbar vertebrae[edit]
The fifth lumbar vertebra from above
The first lumbar vertebra is level with the anterior end of the ninth rib. This level is also called the important transpyloric plane, since the pylorus of the stomach is at this level. Other important structures are also located at this level, they include; fundus of the gall bladder, celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, termination of spinal cord, beginning of filum terminalis, renal vessels, middle suprarenal arteries, and hila of kidneys.
The fifth lumbar vertebra is characterized by its body being much deeper in front than behind, which accords with the prominence of the sacrovertebral articulation; by the smaller size of its spinous process; by the wide interval between the inferior articular processes, and by the thickness of its transverse processes, which spring from the body as well as from the pedicles.[1] The fifth lumbar vertebra is by far the most common site of spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis.[3]
Most individuals have five lumbar vertebrae, while some have four or six. Lumbar disorders that normally affect L5 will affect L4 or L6 in these latter individuals.
Segmental movements[edit]
The range of segmental movements in a single segment is difficult to measure clinically, not only because of variations between individuals, but also because it is age and gender dependent. Furthermore, flexion and extension in the lumbal spine is the product of a combination of rotation and translation in the sagittal plane between each vertebra.[4]
Ranges of segmental movements in the lumbal spine (White and Panjabi, 1990) are (in degrees): [5]
L1-L2
L2-L3
L3-L4
L4-L5
L5-S1
Flexion/
Extension 6999209439510239320♠12° 14° 15° 16° 17°
Lateral
flexion 6° 6° 8° 6° 3°
Axial
rotation 2° 2° 2° 2° 1°
Congenital anomalies[edit]
Main article: Congenital vertebral anomaly
Congenital vertebral anomalies can cause compression of the spinal cord by deforming the vertebral canal or causing instability.
Lumbarization of sacral vertebra 1, seen as 6 vertebrae that do not connect to ribs.
Sacralization of the L5 vertebra is seen at the lower right of the image.
Congenital block vertebra of the lumbar spine. CT volume rendering.
Other animals[edit]
African apes have three and four lumbar vertebrae, (bonobos have longer spines with an additional vertebra) and humans normally five. This difference, and because the lumbar spines of the extinct Nacholapithecus (a Miocene hominoid with six lumbar vertebrae and no tail) are similar to those of early Australopithecus and early Homo, it is assumed that the Chimpanzee-human last common ancestor also had a long vertebral column with a long lumbar region and that the reduction in the number of lumbar vertebrae evolved independently in each ape clade. [6] The limited number of lumbar vertebrae in chimpanzees and gorillas result in an inability to lordose (curve) their lumbar spines, in contrast to the spines of Old World monkeys and Nacholapithecus and Proconsul, which suggests that the last common ancestor was not "short-backed" as previously believed. [7]
Additional images[edit]
Position of lumbar vertebrae (shown in red). Animation.
Same as the left. Bones around the lumbar vertebrae are shown as semi-transparent.
Shape of lumbar vertebrae (shown in blue and yellow). Animation.
Vertebral column.
Muscles of the iliac and anterior femoral regions. First lumbar vertebra second highest vertebra seen.
Orientation of vertebral column on surface. T3 is at level of medial part of spine of scapula. T7 is at inferior angle of the scapula. L4 is at highest point of iliac crest. S2 is at the level of posterior superior iliac spine. Furthermore, C7 is easily localized as a prominence at the lower part of the neck.[8]
Vertebral column
Illustration highlighting lumbar spine.
A lumbar vertebra seen from the side
Ossification of lumbar vertebrae
See also[edit]
Bertolotti's syndrome
Spinal disc herniation
Lumbar spinal stenosis
References[edit]
This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Gray's Anatomy (1918), see infobox
^ Jump up to: a b Postacchini, Franco (1999) Lumbar Disc Herniation p.19
Jump up ^ Eizenberg, N. et al. (2008). General Anatomy: Principles and Applications, p. 17.
Jump up ^ Hansen; et al. (2006). "Anatomy and Biomechanics of the Back Muscles in the Lumbar Spine With Reference to Biomechanical Modeling". Medscape. Archived from the original on November 14, 2010.
Jump up ^ Hansen; et al. (2006). "Ranges of Segmental Motion for the Lumbar Spine". Medscape. Archived from the original on July 5, 2015.
Jump up ^ McCollum, MA; Rosenman, BA; Suwa, G; Meindl, RS; Lovejoy, CO (March 15, 2010). "The vertebral formula of the last common ancestor of African apes and humans". J Exp Zool B Mol Dev Evol. 314 (2): 123–34. PMID 19688850. doi:10.1002/jez.b.21316. (Abstract)
Jump up ^ Lovejoy, C. Owen; McCollum, Melanie A. (October 27, 2010). "Spinopelvic pathways to bipedality: why no hominids ever relied on a bent-hip-bent-knee gait". Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 365 (1556): 3289–99. PMC 2981964  . PMID 20855303. doi:10.1098/rstb.2010.0112. (Introduction)
Jump up ^ Anatomy Compendium (Godfried Roomans and Anca Dragomir)
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lumbar vertebrae.
"Lower Back Pain Condition, Treatment and Exercise". SpineUniverse. Retrieved 2017-02-15.
"Virtual Spine — Online Learning Resource". Toronto Western Hospital Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management. Retrieved 2017-02-15.
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ATP hydrolysis
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Structure of ATP
Structure of ADP
Four possible resonance structures for orthophosphate
ATP hydrolysis is the reaction by which chemical energy that has been stored in the high-energy phosphoanhydride bonds in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is released, for example in muscles, by producing work in the form of mechanical energy. The product is adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and an inorganic phosphate, orthophosphate (Pi). ADP can be further hydrolyzed to give energy, adenosine monophosphate (AMP), and another orthophosphate (Pi).[1] ATP hydrolysis is the final link between the energy derived from food or sunlight and useful work such as muscle contraction, the establishment of electrochemical gradients across membranes, and biosynthetic processes necessary to maintain life.
The description and typical textbook labeling anhydridic bonds as "high energy . . bonds" can be very misleading to students. These bonds are in fact relatively weak. They do involve high energy electrons but the bonds themselves are quite easy to break. As noted below, energy is released by the hydrolysis of ATP when these weak bonds are broken – requiring a small input of energy, followed by the formation of new bonds and the release of a larger amount of energy as the total energy of the system is lowered and becomes more stable.[1]
Hydrolysis of the phosphate groups in ATP is especially exergonic, because the resulting orthophosphate group is greatly stabilized by multiple resonance structures, making the products (ADP and Pi) much lower in energy than the reactant (ATP). The high negative charge density associated with the three adjacent phosphate units of ATP also destabilizes the molecule, making it higher in energy. Hydrolysis relieves some of these electrostatic repulsions, liberating useful energy in the process by causing conformational changes in enzyme structure.
In humans, approximately 60 percent of the energy released from the hydrolysis of one mole of ATP produces metabolic heat rather than fuel the actual reactions taking place.[2] Due to the acid-base properties of ATP, ADP, and inorganic phosphate, the hydrolysis of ATP has the effect of lowering the pH of the reaction medium. Under certain conditions, high levels of ATP hydrolysis can contribute to lactic acidosis.
How much energy ATP hydrolysis produces[edit]
Hydrolysis of the terminal phosphoanhydridic bond is a highly exergonic process. The amount of released energy depends on the conditions in a particular cell. Specifically, the energy released is dependent on concentrations of ATP, ADP and Pi. The further the concentrations are from equilibrium the greater the absolute value of Gibbs free energy change (ΔG) will be. In standard conditions ( ATP, ADP and Pi concentrations are equal to 1M, water concentration is equal to 55M) the value of ΔG is between -28 to -34 kJ/mol.[3][4]
The variability of the ΔG value exists, because this reaction is also dependent on the concentration of Mg2+ cations. The cation Mg2+ plays a role in stabilizing the ATP molecule. But the conditions in a cell are far from the standard state. In fact the ΔG in standard conditions would mean that the concentrations are close to equilibrium. And if cells were actually at equilibrium the change in Gibbs free energy would be zero. That would mean, that no energy is acquired by ATP hydrolysis, and that would have fatal consequences for the organism.[4] Because this reaction is often coupled with thermodynamically unfavorable reactions, to give an overall negative (spontaneous) change in Gibbs free energy (ΔG) for the reaction sequence.[1]
The outcome of ATP hydrolysis is dependent not only on the studied organism, but also on the tissue or even the compartment within the cell. The current demand for energy must be taken into account as well. Variability in the ΔG are therefore to be expected. It is important to realize how far away are the actual concentrations from the standard condition concentrations. They are lower by three orders of magnitude (standard condition values are in M and in reality they are in mM). Because these concentrations are so low, the reaction will be energetically more favorable.[4]
To find out the ΔG in vivo in humans, the concentration of ATP, ADP and Pi are measured by using nuclear magnetic resonance.[4] In a human body, in muscle, while in resting state the concentration of ATP is around 4 mM and the concentration of ADP is around 9 μmol/l. And thus the ATP hydrolysis yields the ΔG value of -64 kJ/mol. After ischemia, when the muscle is recovering from exercise, the concentration of ATP is as low as 1 mM and the concentration of ADP is around 7 μmol/l. Therefore the absolute ΔG would be as high as -69 kJ/mol.[5]
By comparing the standard value of ΔG and the real life value of ΔG, we can see that the worth of ATP, as measured in humans, is almost twice as much as the worth of ATP in standard conditions.[4]
See also[edit]
Dephosphorylation
References[edit]
Syberg, F. Suveyzdis, Y., Kotting, C., Gerwert K., & Hofmann, E. Time-Resolved Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy of the Nucleotide-binding Domain from the ATP-binding Cassette Transporter MsbA: ATP HYDROLYSIS ID THE RATE-LIMITING STEP IN THE CATALYTIC CYCLE. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 278(28), 23923-23931 doi:10.1074/jbc.M112.359208
Zharova, T.V, & Vinogradov, Proton-Translocating ATP-synthase of Paracoccus denitrificans: ATP- Hydrolytic Activity. Biochemistry (00062979:, 68(10), A.D. (2003). 1101-1108
Kamerlin, S. C., & Warshel, A. (2009). On the energetics of ATP hydrolysis in solution. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 113(47), 15692-15698.
Bergman, C., Kashiwaya, Y., & Veech, R. L. (2010) The effect of pH and Free Mg2+ on ATP Linked Enzymes and the Calculation of Gibbs Free Energy of ATP Hydrolysis. Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 114 (49), 16137-16146.
Berg, J. M., Tymoczko, J. L., Stryer, L., Biochemistry, international edition. W. H. Freeman.; New York, New York, 2011; p 287
Specific
^ Jump up to: a b c Lodish, Harvey (2013). Molecular cell biology (7th ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman and Co. pp. 52, 53. ISBN 9781464109812. OCLC 171110915.
Jump up ^ Berne & Levy physiology. Berne, Robert M., 1918-2001., Koeppen, Bruce M., Stanton, Bruce A. (6th, updated ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Mosby/Elsevier. 2010. ISBN 9780323073622. OCLC 435728438.
Jump up ^ "Standard Gibbs free energy of ATP hydrolysis - Generic - BNID 101989". bionumbers.hms.harvard.edu. Retrieved 2018-01-25.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Philips, Ron Milo & Ron. "» How much energy is released in ATP hydrolysis?". book.bionumbers.org. Retrieved 2018-01-25.
Jump up ^ Wackerhage, H.; Hoffmann, U.; Essfeld, D.; Leyk, D.; Mueller, K.; Zange, J. (December 1998). "Recovery of free ADP, Pi, and free energy of ATP hydrolysis in human skeletal muscle". Journal of Applied Physiology. 85 (6): 2140–2145. doi:10.1152/jappl.1998.85.6.2140. ISSN 8750-7587. PMID 9843537.
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