text:
Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School
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Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School
Address
Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School
Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School
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5901 Pine Island Road
Parkland, Broward County, Florida 33076
United States
Coordinates
26°18′16″N 80°16′04″W / 26.3044468°N 80.2678302°W / 26.3044468; -80.2678302[1]Coordinates: 26°18′16″N 80°16′04″W / 26.3044468°N 80.2678302°W / 26.3044468; -80.2678302[1]
Information
School type
Public secondary school
Motto
"Be Positive, Be Passionate, Be Proud to be an Eagle!"
Established
1990; 28 years ago (1990)
School district
Broward County Public Schools
CEEB code
101348
NCES School ID
120018002721[2]
Principal
Ty Thompson
Teaching staff
129 (on a FTE basis)
Grades
9–12
Enrollment
3158 (2015–2016)
Student to teacher ratio
24.48
School color(s)
Burgundy and silver
Nickname
Eagles
Website
www.browardschools1.com/stonemandouglas

Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in June 2008
Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School is located in Parkland, Florida, in the Miami metropolitan area. It is a part of the Broward County Public School district, and it is the only public high school in Parkland.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Shooting
2 Academics
3 Demographics
4 Notable alumni
5 References
6 External links
History
Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School was named after the Everglades environmentalist Marjory Stoneman Douglas. The school opened in 1990[3] with students in grade 9 through grade 11, most of whom transferred from nearby schools Coral Springs High School and J. P. Taravella High School. The first senior class graduated in 1992.
Shooting
Main article: Stoneman Douglas High School shooting
On February 14, 2018, a shooting occurred at the campus leaving 17 dead and many wounded. The shooter was apprehended.[4][5]
Academics
Newsweek magazine's 2009 national ranking of high schools rated Douglas as No. 208 in the U.S., and No. 38 in Florida, which was the highest ranking of any school in Broward County.[6]
Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School had a Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test (FCAT) school grade of "A" for the 2011–2012 academic year.[7]
The school has an Army Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps (AJROTC) unit.[8]
Demographics
As of 2015 and 2016, the total student enrollment was 3,158. The ethnic makeup of the school was 59% white, 12% black, 20% hispanic, 7% asian and 2% multiracial. 23% of the students were eligible for free or reduced cost lunch.[2]
Notable alumni
Dave Aizer, news anchor of Southflorida.com on The CW, former Slime Time Live host on Nickelodeon[9]
Nick Bilton, journalist and author[citation needed]
Karamo Brown, TV personality[10]
Mike Caruso, Major League Baseball player[11]
Matt Fox, Major League Baseball player[12]
Shayne Gostisbehere, ice hockey player[13]
Ian Grushka, bassist[14]
Cameron Kasky, activist
Steve Klein, guitarist[14]
Jordan Pundik, singer[14]
Anthony Rizzo, Major League Baseball player[15]
Cassie Scerbo, actress, singer, and model[16]
Nicholas Thompson, pro golfer[17]
References
Jump up ^ "Stoneman Douglas High School". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. November 8, 2005. Retrieved February 16, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Search for Public Schools - School Detail for Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School". National Center for Education Statistics. Institute of Education Sciences. Retrieved February 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ Jack E. Davis (2009). An Everglades Providence: Marjory Stoneman Douglas and the American Environmental Century. University of Georgia Press. pp. 552–. ISBN 978-0-8203-3071-6.
Jump up ^ Grinberg, Emanuella; Levenson, Eric (February 14, 2018). "At least 17 dead in Florida school shooting, law enforcement says". CNN. Retrieved February 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ Shapiro, Emily (February 14, 2018). "Police respond to shooting at Florida high school, suspect at large". Yahoo! News. Retrieved February 14, 2018.
Jump up ^ "SUBJECT: 10 District High Schools, One Charter Named Among Newsweek's Top High Schools". Broward County Public Schools. June 10, 2009. Archived from the original on June 11, 2009. Retrieved February 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ "FCAT School Grades – High". Broward County Public Schools. 2012. Archived from the original on September 17, 2012. Retrieved February 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ "JROTC Department". Stoneman Douglas High School. Broward County Public Schools. Retrieved 28 February 2018.
Jump up ^ Diaz, Johnny (February 14, 2018). "Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in Parkland – Facts about the site of mass shooting". South Florida Sun-Sentinel. Retrieved February 15, 2018. Famous alumni include Dave Aizer, a news anchor for Fort Lauderdale-Miami The CW affiliate WSFL-Ch. 39.
Jump up ^ "Human Rights Campaign on Twitter". Twitter. Retrieved 2018-03-25.
Jump up ^ Greenstein, Teddy (April 8, 1998). "Caruso Just Wants To Play". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved December 31, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Matt Fox Stats". Baseball-Reference.com. 2018. Retrieved February 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Flyers' Shayne Gostisbehere reacts to shooting at old high school". February 15, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bowker, Tom (March 15, 2001). "Real World Punk". Miami New Times. Retrieved February 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Florida shooting: Cubs' Anthony Rizzo sends support to his high school". USA Today. February 14, 2018. Retrieved February 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ Marr, Madeline (February 14, 2018). "It was the scene of unspeakable violence. Hours before, it was just another high school". Miami Herald. Retrieved February 15, 2018. Notable alumni include ...“Sharknado” actress Cassie Scerbo...
Jump up ^ Davis, Craig (February 26, 2015). "McIlroy saves up-and-down day with late birdies". Sun-Sentinel. Retrieved February 16, 2018.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School.
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Aftermath
Never Again MSD†
2018 NRA boycott†
2018 United States gun violence protests†
March for Our Lives†
locations
Portland
Boycott of The Ingraham Angle†
Activists
Alfonso CalderonΔ†
Sarah ChadwickΔ†
Jaclyn CorinΔ†
Emma GonzálezΔ†
Fred Guttenberg§†
David HoggΔ†
Kyle KashuvΔ‡
Cameron KaskyΔ†
Andrew Pollack§‡
Alex WindΔ†
§ parent, Δ student survivor, † supportive of gun control, ‡ critical of gun control
Authority control
ISNI: 0000 0004 0519 0843
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Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Hawaiian-Emperor seamount chain
Hawaiian Islands
Mauna Kea, the range's highest point
Highest point
Peak
Mauna Kea (Hawaii, United States)
Elevation
4,207 m (13,802 ft)
Coordinates
19°49′14″N 155°28′05″W / 19.82056°N 155.46806°W / 19.82056; -155.46806Coordinates: 19°49′14″N 155°28′05″W / 19.82056°N 155.46806°W / 19.82056; -155.46806
Dimensions
Length
5,800 km (3,600 mi) NE-SW
Geography
Elevation of the Pacific seafloor, showing the Hawaiian-Emperor seamount chain stretching northwest from the Hawaiian Islands
Country
United States
State
Hawaii
Geology
Orogeny
Hawaii hotspot
The Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain is a mostly undersea mountain range in the Pacific Ocean that reaches above sea level in Hawaii. It is composed of the Hawaiian ridge, consisting of the islands of the Hawaiian chain northwest to Kure Atoll, and the Emperor Seamounts: together they form a vast underwater mountain region of islands and intervening seamounts, atolls, shallows, banks and reefs along a line trending southeast to northwest beneath the northern Pacific Ocean. The seamount chain, containing over 80 identified undersea volcanoes, stretches over 5,800 kilometres (3,600 mi) from the Aleutian Trench in the far northwest Pacific to the Loʻihi seamount, the youngest volcano in the chain, which lies about 35 kilometres (22 mi) southeast of the Island of Hawaiʻi.
Contents
[hide]
1 Regions
2 Formation
3 Aging
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
7 Further reading
Regions[edit]
For more details on this topic, see List of volcanoes in the Hawaiian – Emperor seamount chain.
The chain can be divided into three subsections. The first, the Hawaiian archipelago (also known as the Windward isles), consists of the islands comprising the U.S. state of Hawaii. As it is the closest to the hotspot, this volcanically active region is the youngest part of the chain, with ages ranging from 400,000 years[1] to 5.1 million years.[2] The island of Hawaiʻi is composed of five volcanoes, of which three (Kilauea, Mauna Loa, and Hualalai) are still active. Lōʻihi Seamount continues to grow offshore, and is the only known volcano in the chain in the submarine pre-shield stage.[3]
The second part of the chain is composed of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, collectively referred to as the Leeward isles, the constituents of which are between 7.2 and 27.7 million years in age.[2] Erosion has long since overtaken volcanic activity at these islands, and most of them are atolls, atoll islands, and extinct islands. They contain many of the most northerly atolls in the world; one of them, Kure Atoll, is the northernmost atoll in the world.[4] On June 15, 2006, U.S. President George W. Bush issued a proclamation creating Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument under the Antiquities Act of 1906. The national monument, meant to protect the biodiversity of the Hawaiian isles,[n 1] encompasses all of the northern isles, and is one of the largest such protected areas in the world. The proclamation limits tourism to the area, and calls for a phase-out of fishing by 2011.[5]
The oldest and most heavily eroded part of the chain are the Emperor seamounts, which are 39[6] to 85 million years in age.[7] The Emperor and Hawaiian chains form an angle of about 120°. This bend was long attributed to a relatively sudden change of 60° in the direction of plate motion, but research conducted in 2003 suggests that it was the movement of the hotspot itself that caused the bend.[8] The issue is still currently under debate.[9] All of the volcanoes in this part of the chain have long since subsided below sea level, becoming seamounts and guyots (see also the seamount and guyot stages of Hawaiian volcanism). Many of the volcanoes are named after former emperors of Japan. The seamount chain extends to the West Pacific, and terminates at the Kuril–Kamchatka Trench, a subduction zone at the border of Russia.[10]
Formation[edit]
The Hawaiian-Emperor seamount chain, zoomed in on the current habitable islands
Main article: Evolution of Hawaiian volcanoes
The oldest age for the Emperor Seamounts is 81 million years, and comes from Detroit Seamount. However, Meiji Guyot, located to the north of Detroit Seamount, is likely somewhat older.
In 1963, geologist John Tuzo Wilson hypothesized the origins of the Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain, explaining that they were created by a hotspot of volcanic activity that was essentially stationary as the Pacific tectonic plate drifted in a northwesterly direction, leaving a trail of increasingly eroded volcanic islands and seamounts in its wake. An otherwise inexplicable kink in the chain marks a shift in the movement of the Pacific plate some 47 million years ago, from a northward to a more northwesterly direction, and the kink has been presented in geology texts as an example of how a tectonic plate can shift direction comparatively suddenly. A look at the USGS map on the origin of the Hawaiian Islands[11] clearly shows this "spearpoint".
In a more recent study, Sharp and Clague (2006) interpret the bend as starting at about 50 million years ago. They also conclude that the bend formed from a "traditional" cause—a change in the direction of motion of the Pacific plate.
However, recent research shows that the hotspot itself may have moved with time. Some evidence comes from analysis of the orientation of the ancient magnetic field preserved by magnetite in ancient lava flows sampled at four seamounts (Tarduno et al., 2003): this evidence from paleomagnetism shows a more complex history than the commonly accepted view of a stationary hotspot. If the hotspot had remained above a fixed mantle plume during the past 80 million years, the latitude as recorded by the orientation of the ancient magnetic field preserved by magnetite (paleolatitude) should be constant for each sample; this should also signify original cooling at the same latitude as the current location of the Hawaiian hotspot. Instead of remaining constant, the paleolatitudes of the Emperor Seamounts show a change from north to south, with decreasing age. The paleomagnetic data from the seamounts of the Emperor chain suggest motion of the Hawaiian hotspot in Earth's mantle. Tarduno et al. (2009) have summarized evidence that the bend in the seamount chain may be caused by circulation patterns in the flowing solid mantle (mantle "wind") rather than a change in plate motion.
Aging[edit]
The chain has been produced by the movement of the ocean crust over the Hawaiʻi hotspot, an upwelling of hot rock from the Earth's mantle. As the oceanic crust moves the volcanoes farther away from their source of magma, their eruptions become less frequent and less powerful until they eventually cease to erupt altogether. At that point erosion of the volcano and subsidence of the seafloor cause the volcano to gradually diminish. As the volcano sinks and erodes, it first becomes an atoll island and then an atoll. Further subsidence causes the volcano to sink below the sea surface, becoming a seamount and/or a guyot.[3]
See also[edit]
Detroit Seamount
Evolution of Hawaiian volcanoes
Isostasy
Kodiak–Bowie Seamount chain
List of volcanoes in the Hawaiian – Emperor seamount chain
Meiji Seamount
New England Seamounts
Oceanic trench
Pacific-Kula Ridge
Plate tectonics
Timeline of the far future
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ All of the islands in this part of the chain are administrated by Hawaii state, save for Midway Atoll, which is administrated by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Michael O. Garcia, Jackie Caplan-Auerbanch, Eric H. De Carlo, M.D. Kurz, N. Becker (September 20, 2005). "Geology, geochemistry and earthquake history of Lōʻihi Seamount, Hawaiʻi" (PDF). Chemie der Erde - Geochemistry. This is the pre-press version of a paper that was published on 2006-05-16 as "Geochemistry, and Earthquake History of Lōʻihi Seamount, Hawaiʻi's youngest volcano", in Chemie der Erde – Geochemistry (66) 2:81–108. University of Hawaii – School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology. 66: 81–108. Bibcode:2006ChEG...66...81G. doi:10.1016/j.chemer.2005.09.002. Retrieved March 20, 2009. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link) Pre-press version
^ Jump up to: a b Rubin, Ken. "The Formation of the Hawaiian Islands". Hawaii Center for Vulcanology. Retrieved May 18, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "Evolution of Hawaiian Volcanoes". Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (USGS). September 8, 1995. Retrieved March 7, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Kure Atoll". Public Broadcasting System – KQED. March 22, 2006. Retrieved June 13, 2009.
Jump up ^ Staff authors (June 15, 2006). "Bush creates new marine sanctuary". BBC News. Retrieved December 14, 2009.
Jump up ^ Sharp, W. D.; Clague, DA (2006). "50-Ma Initiation of Hawaiian-Emperor Bend Records Major Change in Pacific Plate Motion". Science. 313 (5791): 1281–84. Bibcode:2006Sci...313.1281S. PMID 16946069. doi:10.1126/science.1128489.
Jump up ^ Regelous, M.; Hofmann, A.W.; Abouchami, W.; Galer, S.J.G. (2003). "Geochemistry of Lavas from the Emperor Seamounts, and the Geochemical Evolution of Hawaiian Magmatism from 85 to 42 Ma" (PDF). Journal of Petrology. 44 (1): 113–140. doi:10.1093/petrology/44.1.113. Retrieved July 23, 2010.
Jump up ^ John Roach (August 14, 2003). "Hot Spot That Spawned Hawaii Was on the Move, Study Finds". National Geographic News. Retrieved March 9, 2009.
Jump up ^ Sharp et al., 2006, Initiation of the bend near Kimmei seamount about 50 million years ago (MA) was coincident with realignment of Pacific spreading centers and early magmatism in western Pacific arcs, consistent with formation of the bend by changed Pacific plate motion.
Jump up ^ G. R. Foulger; Don L. Anderson. "The Emperor and Hawaiian Volcanic Chains: How well do they fit the plume hypothesis?". MantlePlumes.org. Retrieved April 1, 2009.
Jump up ^ "origin of the Hawaiian Islands". Pubs.usgs.gov. 2013-01-04. Retrieved 2013-01-12.
Further reading[edit]
Tarduno, John A.; et al. (2003). "The Emperor Seamounts: Southward Motion of the Hawaiian Hotspot Plume in Earth's Mantle". Science. 301 (5636): 1064–1069. Bibcode:2003Sci...301.1064T. PMID 12881572. doi:10.1126/science.1086442.
Tarduno, John A.; et al. (2009). "The Bent Hawaiian-Emperor Hotspot Track: Inheriting the Mantle Wind". Science. 324: 50–53. Bibcode:2009Sci...324...50T. PMID 19342579. doi:10.1126/science.1161256.
Sharp, Warren D.; Clague, David A. (2006). "50-Ma initiation of Hawaiian-Emperor bend records major change in Pacific Plate motion". Science. 313 (5791): 1281–1284. Bibcode:2006Sci...313.1281S. PMID 16946069. doi:10.1126/science.1128489.
Wilson, J. Tuzo (1963). "A possible origin of the Hawaiian Islands" (PDF). Canadian Journal of Physics. 41: 863–870. Bibcode:1963CaJPh..41..863W. doi:10.1139/p63-094.
Ken Rubin, "The Formation of the Hawaiian Islands"
USGS, "The long trail of the Hawaiian hotspot"
National Geographic News: John Roach, "Hot Spot That Spawned Hawaii Was on the Move, Study Finds": August 14, 2003
Evolution of Hawaiian Volcanoes from the USGS.
The Formation of the Hawaiian Islands with tables and diagrams illustrating the progressive age of the volcanoes.
Hot Spots and Mantle Plumes
[hide]
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Hawaiian volcanism topics (list)
Windward
Isles
Lōʻihi
Māhukona
Hawaiʻi
Kīlauea (Kīlauea Iki, Puʻu ʻŌʻō)
Mauna Loa
Hualālai
Mauna Kea
Kohala
Kahoʻolawe
Kauaʻi
Kaʻula
Lānaʻi
Maui
Haleakalā
West Maui
Molokaʻi
Penguin Bank
West Molokai Volcano
East Molokai Volcano
Niʻihau
Oʻahu
Kaʻena
Koʻolau
Waiʻanae
Leeward
Isles
French Frigate Shoals
Gardner Pinnacles
Kure Atoll
Laysan
Lisianski Island
Maro Reef
Midway Atoll
Necker Island
Nihoa
Pearl and Hermes Atoll
Emperor
Seamounts
Abbott
Colahan
Daikakuji
Detroit
Hancock
Jingu
Kammu
Kimmei
Koko
Meiji
Nintoku
Ojin
Suiko
Yomei
Yuryaku
Topics
1955 Hawaiian submarine eruption
ʻAʻā (lava)
Evolution of Hawaiian volcanoes
Haleakalā National Park
Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park
Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain
Hawaiian eruption
Hawaiian Volcano Observatory
Lava fountain
Limu o Pele
Pāhoehoe (lava)
Pele's hair
Pele's tears
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hawaiian–Emperor_seamount_chain&oldid=808014479"
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Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain
Seamount chains
Seamounts of the Pacific Ocean
Volcanism of Oceania
Volcanism of the Pacific Ocean
Volcanism of Hawaii
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Landforms of Hawaii
Physical oceanography
Volcanoes of Hawaii
Hotspot tracks
Cretaceous volcanism
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Saint Catherine Street
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the street in Montreal. For other streets of this name, see Rue Sainte-Catherine (disambiguation).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Saint Catherine Street
French: rue Sainte-Catherine
Sainte-Catherine Street, Downtown Montreal
Length
11.5 km (7.1 mi)
Location
Between Notre-Dame Street and Claremont Avenue
Construction
Construction start
1801
A general view of Sainte-Catherine.
Saint Catherine Street (officially in French: rue Sainte-Catherine) (11.5 km or 7.1 mi) is the primary commercial artery of Downtown Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It crosses the central business district from west to east, beginning at the corner of Claremont Avenue and de Maisonneuve Boulevard in the city of Westmount, traversing the borough of Ville-Marie, and ending on Notre-Dame Street just east of Viau Street in the borough of Mercier–Hochelaga-Maisonneuve.
The street runs parallel to the largest segments of Montreal's underground city. The series of interconnected office tower basements and shopping complexes that make up this main thoroughfare lie immediately north of the street.
Educational institutions located on or near the street include Concordia University, McGill University, Université du Québec à Montréal, Dawson College and LaSalle College.
Contents
[hide]
1 Retailers
2 Street closures
3 Transit
4 Culture
5 Places of worship
6 Gay Village
7 Night life
8 Gallery
9 References
Retailers[edit]
Morgan's on Sainte-Catherine St., 1890.
La Baie/The Bay on Montreal's Saint Catherine Street as seen today, with Tour KPMG in the background
The entrance to the Eaton Centre on Saint Catherine St., Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Former Eaton's store now Complexe Les Ailes
Saint Catherine Street has been home to many of Montreal's prominent department stores, including such former retailers as Eaton's, Morgan's, Simpson's and Dupuis Freres. Today, the Henry Morgan Building is home to Hudson's Bay Company, which acquired Morgan's in 1960. The Simpson's building is now shared by the La Maison Simons department store and a multiplex cinema, while Eaton's was converted to the Complexe Les Ailes. Dupuis Frères, located further east at Saint Catherine and Saint Hubert, is now a shopping mall and office complex.
The Ogilvy's department store remains a fixture on Saint Catherine Street, although it is now a collection of boutiques rather than a single store.
Other major retailers along the street including an Apple Store, AVEDA Experience Centre, Indigo Books and Music, Chapters, HMV Group, Archambault, La Senza, Best Buy, Roots, Adidas, Puma, Guess, Parasuco, Zara, Mango and an H&M flagship store at the corner of Peel and Saint Catherine. Additionally, many of Montreal's most prominent shopping complexes, including the Eaton Centre, Complexe Les Ailes, Place Montreal Trust, Promenades Cathédrale, les Cours Mont-Royal (a high fashion shopping mall), the Complexe Desjardins, Place Dupuis, Place Alexis Nihon, the Faubourg Sainte-Catherine and Westmount Square are all located along the street.
The Montreal Forum, once home to the Montreal Canadiens, is also located on Saint Catherine Street at Atwater Street. It has since been turned into a shopping and movie theatre complex called the Pepsi Forum. Due to the Forum's presence on this street, Saint Catherine was used as the parade route whenever the Canadiens won the Stanley Cup. This was once referred to as the usual route by Mayor Jean Drapeau, during the Canadiens' dynasties of the mid-century, when a win would occur quite frequently.
The segment in the district of Hochelaga-Maisonneuve is also an important commercial area in that neighbourhood.
Banana Republic store at the corner of McGill College Avenue.
Place Montréal Trust shopping centre.
H&M store at the corner of Peel Street.
Ogilvy's department store in Montreal
Montreal's Apple Store.
Street closures[edit]
For one weekend in July every year, Saint Catherine Street hosts Canada's largest open-air sidewalk sale. 2 km (1 mi) of the street between Jeanne-Mance Street and St. Mark is closed to traffic, and vendors from nearby shopping centers bring out their sale merchandise. There is also live entertainment along the street. It is estimated that over 300,000 people visit the downtown during this event.[1]
Transit[edit]
The Green line of the Montreal Metro was built to serve Sainte-Catherine Street; however, to avoid disrupting traffic on the street, it was built one block to the north, under parts of Burnside Place, which once joined together, later became de Maisonneuve Boulevard. Bus service is provided by the STM's 15 Sainte-Catherine and 34 Sainte-Catherine which both operate 7 days a week.
Culture[edit]
Saint Catherine Street at Phillips Square, 1937
Former Capitol Theatre, 1925
Montreal's Place des Arts, the city's primary concert venue, is located on Saint Catherine Jeanne-Mance and Saint-Urbain streets, in the city's Quartier des Spectacles entertainment district. The street was once home to many now-abandoned cinemas such as the Loews, Palace, Capitol, Cinéma de Paris, York, Ouimetoscope and the Seville Theatre as well as the demolished Montreal Spectrum music venue.
Places of worship[edit]
The street is also home to Christ Church Cathedral, the only church in Canada that sits atop a shopping mall, Promenades Cathédrale; another important church, Saint James United Church, has recently had its concealing façade of commercial buildings removed. Other churches on the street include St. James the Apostle Anglican Church.
Gay Village[edit]
Main article: Gay Village, Montreal
A partial view of Montréal's Gay Village, with Métro Beaudry (subway) station at left long St. Catherine East
A Gay Village extends along Sainte-Catherine Street in the east end of downtown, between Saint-Hubert and Papineau. Beaudry Metro station, on the Green Line, provides the most convenient access to the Village and sports a permanent rainbow decoration on its façade.
For most of the summer, from mid-May till mid-September, Sainte-Catherine Street is completely closed to traffic through the Gay Village, making it one large pedestrian area, allowing all the stores to sell outside and all the restaurants and bars to serve on large, open-air terrasses.
Summer is also punctuated with special events and festivals such as the art festival FIMA, Festival International Montréal en arts, Pride Celebrations and Divers/Cité.
Night life[edit]
The strip clubs which made their home on Saint Catherine have now declined in number, though a few prominent clubs, such as Supersexe and Super Contact, remain.
Gallery[edit]
Sainte-Catherine in 1893
In 1930
In 1943 at Montagne
Until October 2014, a Chapters bookstore was located inside the Castle Building on the corner of Stanley St.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ La grande braderie estivale (in French)
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Saint Catherine Street, Montreal.
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Coordinates: 45°30′36″N 73°33′49″W / 45.510129°N 73.56353°W / 45.510129; -73.56353
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Catherine_Street&oldid=795988531"
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Keep Calm and Carry On
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
"Keep Calm" redirects here. For the novel, see Keep Calm (novel).
This article is about the poster. For the Stereophonics album, see Keep Calm and Carry On (album). For the TV series episode, see Keep Calm and Carry On (Supernatural).
The original 1939 Keep Calm and Carry On poster
Keep Calm and Carry On is a motivational poster produced by the British government in 1939 in preparation for World War II. The poster was intended to raise the morale of the British public, threatened with widely predicted mass air attacks on major cities.[1][2] Although 2.45 million copies were printed, and although the Blitz did in fact take place, the poster was hardly ever publicly displayed and was little known until a copy was rediscovered in 2000 at Barter Books, a bookshop in Alnwick. It has since been re-issued by a number of private companies, and has been used as the decorative theme for a range of products.[3]
Evocative of the Victorian belief in British stoicism – the "stiff upper lip", self-discipline, fortitude, and remaining calm in adversity – the poster has become recognised around the world.[4] It was thought that only two original copies survived until a collection of approximately 15 was brought in to the Antiques Roadshow in 2012 by the daughter of an ex-Royal Observer Corps member.[5]
Contents
1 History
1.1 Design and production
1.2 Later developments
1.3 Rediscovery and commercialisation
1.4 Trademark claims
2 Imitations
3 See also
4 References
5 Further reading
6 External links
History[edit]
Design and production[edit]
"Freedom Is in Peril" (reconstruction)
"Your Courage" (reconstruction)
The Keep Calm and Carry On poster was designed by the Ministry of Information during the period of 27 June to 6 July 1939.[6] It was produced as part of a series of three "Home Publicity" posters (the others read "Your Courage, Your Cheerfulness, Your Resolution Will Bring Us Victory" and "Freedom Is in Peril / Defend It With All Your Might"). Each poster showed the slogan under a representation of a "Tudor Crown" (a symbol of the state). They were intended to be distributed to strengthen morale in the event of a wartime disaster, such as mass bombing of major cities using high explosives and poison gas, which was widely expected within hours of an outbreak of war.[2]
A career civil servant named A. P. Waterfield came up with "Your Courage" as "a rallying war-cry that will bring out the best in everyone of us and put us in an offensive mood at once".[2] Others involved in the planning of the early posters included: John Hilton, Professor of Industrial Relations at Cambridge University, responsible overall as Director of Home Publicity; William Surrey Dane, managing director at Odhams Press; Gervas Huxley, former head of publicity for the Empire Marketing Board; William Codling, controller of HMSO; Harold Nicolson, MP (often misspelled as "Nicholson" in paperwork); W. G. V. Vaughan, who became Director of the General Production Division (GPD); H. V. Rhodes, who later wrote an occasional paper on setting up a new government department; Ivison Macadam; "Mr Cruthley"; and "Mr Francis". Ernest Wallcousins was the artist tasked with creating the poster designs.[7]
Detailed planning for the posters had started in April 1939 and the eventual designs were prepared after meetings between officials from the Ministry of Information and HM Treasury on 26 June 1939 and between officials from the Ministry of Information and HMSO on 27 June 1939.[6] Roughs of the poster were completed on 6 July 1939, and the final designs were agreed by the Home Secretary Samuel Hoare, 1st Viscount Templewood on 4 August 1939. Printing began on 23 August 1939, the day that Nazi Germany and the USSR signed the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, and the posters were ready to be placed up within 24 hours of the outbreak of war.[6]
Almost 2,500,000 copies of Keep Calm and Carry On were printed between 23 August 1939 and 3 September 1939 but the poster was not sanctioned for immediate public display. It was instead decided that copies of the poster should remain in "cold storage" for use after serious air raids (with resources transferred to Your Courage and Freedom is in Peril). Copies of Keep Calm and Carry On were retained until April 1940, but stocks were then pulped as part of the wider Paper Salvage campaign.[6] An October 1940 edition of the Yorkshire Post records the poster being hung in a shop in Leeds.[8]
The remainder of the Ministry of Information publicity campaign was cancelled in October 1939 following criticism of its cost and impact. Many people claimed not to have seen the posters; while those who did see them regarded them as patronising and divisive.[9] Design historian Susannah Walker regards the campaign as "a resounding failure" and reflective of a misjudgement by upper-class civil servants of the mood of the people.[10]
The typeface is often assumed to be Gill Sans,[11] which is very close though not exact (see the terminals of the 'C', for example). The lettering was probably hand-drawn by an unidentified designer.[12]
Later developments[edit]
In late May and early June 1941, 14,000,000 copies of a leaflet entitled "Beating the Invader" were distributed with a message from Prime Minister Winston Churchill. The leaflet begins "If invasion comes..." and exhorts the populace to "Stand Firm" and "Carry On". The two phrases do not appear in one sentence, as they applied to different segments of the population depending on their circumstances, with those civilians finding themselves in areas of fighting ordered to stand firm (i.e., stay put) and those not in areas of fighting ordered to carry on (i.e., continue vital war work). Each mandate is identified as a "great order and duty" should invasion come. The leaflet then lists 14 questions and answers on practical measures to be taken.[13]
Rediscovery and commercialisation[edit]
The poster discovered at Barter Books
2013 shop display of "Keep Calm" merchandise, including the original slogan and variants such as "Keep Calm and Drink Tea".
In 2000, Stuart Manley, co-owner with his wife Mary of Barter Books Ltd. in Alnwick, Northumberland, was sorting through a box of used books bought at auction when he uncovered one of the original "Keep Calm and Carry On" posters. The couple framed it and hung it up by the cash register; it attracted so much interest that Manley began to produce and sell copies.[14][15] Other companies followed suit, and the design rapidly began to be used as the theme for a wide range of products.[16] Mary Manley later commented, "I didn't want it trivialised; but of course now it's been trivialised beyond belief."[16]
In early 2012, Barter Books debuted an informational short film, The Story of Keep Calm and Carry On, providing visual insight into the modernisation and commercialisation of the design and the phrase.[17]
The poster has become an evocation of British stoicism: the "stiff upper lip", self-discipline, fortitude and remaining calm in adversity. Susannah Walker comments that it is now seen "not only as a distillation of a crucial moment in Britishness, but also as an inspiring message from the past to the present in a time of crisis".[18] She goes on to point out, however, that such an interpretation overlooks the circumstances of its production, and the relative failure of the campaign of which it formed a part.[18]
Trademark claims[edit]
This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (March 2015)
In August 2011, it was reported that a UK-based company called Keep Calm and Carry On Ltd[19] had registered the slogan as a community trade mark in the EU, CTM No: 009455619 and also in the United States No: 4066622.[20][21] after failing to obtain registration of the slogan as a trademark in the United Kingdom.[22] They issued a take-down request against a seller of Keep Calm and Carry On products.[23][24] Questions have been raised[by whom?] as to whether the registration could be challenged, as the slogan had been widely used before registration and is not recognisable as indicating trade origin.[21] An application has been submitted by British intellectual property advisor and UK trademarking service Trade Mark Direct, to cancel the registration on the grounds that the words are too widely used for one person to own the exclusive rights,[25] but the request for cancellation was rejected and the trade mark is still protected in all EU countries.[citation needed] The company subsequently tried to register the slogan as its trademark in both the United States[26] and Canada.[22][27]
A 2009 parody of the poster
"Keep Calm and Candy On" painted on boards covering smashed windows of a sweet shop in Birmingham during the 2011 England riots
Imitations[edit]
As the popularity of the poster in various media has grown, innumerable parodies, imitations and co-optations have also appeared, making it a notable meme. Messages range from the cute to the overtly political, typically with references to other aspects of popular culture. Examples have included "Now Panic and Freak Out" (with an upside-down crown), "Get Excited and Make Things" (with a crown incorporating spanners), "Keep Calm and Have a Cupcake" (with a cupcake icon), "Don't Panic and Fake a British Accent", "Keep Spending and Carry On Shopping",[28] "Keep Calm and Call Batman" (with the Batman logo),[29] and "Keep Calm and Switch to Linux" (with Tux).[30] In March–April 2012, the British pop-rock band McFly undertook a theatre tour entitled "The Keep Calm and Play Louder Tour", promoted with a poster closely based on that of 1939. In late 2012 and early 2013, the "Save Lewisham Hospital" campaign (a protest against proposed cuts in services at University Hospital Lewisham) made widespread use of a poster with the slogan "Don't Keep Calm Get Angry and Save Lewisham A&E".[31][32] The efforts of Naheed Nenshi, mayor of Calgary, Alberta, Canada, to encourage and motivate his citizens in the wake of the 2013 Alberta floods made him the subject of parody "Keep Calm and Nenshi On" fundraising T-shirts.[33]
See also[edit]
British propaganda during World War II
We Can Do It!, an American World War II poster which also became popular decades later
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Richard Slocombe, British Posters of the Second World War (London: Imperial War Museum, 2012), p. 6
^ Jump up to: a b c Lewis, Rebecca, PhD (5 April 2009). "1939: The Three Posters (PhD Extract)". Keep Calm and Carry on and other Second World War Posters: British Home Front Propaganda Posters of the Second World War.
Jump up ^ Hughes, Stuart (4 February 2009). "The Greatest Motivational Poster Ever?". BBC News.
Jump up ^ "Keep calm and carry on … bidding for rare poster". The Guardian. 2 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Slack, Chris (23 February 2012). "Keep Calm and Carry On... to the bank: Original wartime poster shows up on Antiques Roadshow". Daily Mail. London. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Irving, Henry (27 June 2014). "Keep Calm and Carry On – The Compromise Behind the Slogan". History of Government Blog. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
Jump up ^ Lewis 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ban on Silk Stockings: Should They Have Been Rationed?". Yorkshire Post and Leeds Mercury. 22 October 1940. p. 4. Retrieved 17 November 2014.
Jump up ^ Rees, Nigel (20 July 2011). "Cheer up, the worst is yet to come". Today programme. BBC Radio 4.
Jump up ^ Walker 2012, pp.6–7.
Jump up ^ "Keep Calm and Carry On: Fonts". K-Type. Retrieved 28 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Kominek, Lex. "Keep Calm and Carry On – WWII Posters". Typophile. Retrieved 28 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "If Invasion Comes. Mr. Churchill's Orders. "Stand Firm and Carry On."". The West Australian. Perth, WA, Australia. 26 May 1941. p. 6.
Jump up ^ "About Keep Calm and Carry On".
Jump up ^ Manley, Stuart (25 April 2009). "First person: 'I am the Keep Calm and Carry On man'". The Independent. Retrieved 20 August 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Keep Calm and carry on ... into a feud". The Sydney Morning Herald. 4 May 2013. Retrieved 4 May 2013.
Jump up ^ "The Story of Keep Calm and Carry On" on YouTube
^ Jump up to: a b Walker 2012, p. 45.
Jump up ^ "Keep Calm and Carry On Ltd". Keepcalmandcarryon.com. Retrieved 24 February 2014.
Jump up ^ Bustillos, Maria (5 October 2011). "The Vicious Trademark Battle Over 'Keep Calm and Carry On'". The Awl. Archived from the original on 1 March 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Phillips, Jeremy (22 August 2011). "Monday miscellany". IPKitten blog.
^ Jump up to: a b Rayner, Gordon (24 September 2011). "Battle rages over 'Keep Calm and Carry On' souvenirs". The Daily Telegraph. London.
Jump up ^ "Battle over trademark of 'keep calm' phrase". BBC News Online. 22 September 2010. Retrieved 22 September 2011.
Jump up ^ "Keep calm and carry on items removed from my ebay account". justanswer.com. August 2011.
Jump up ^ "IP group aims to reclaim 'Keep Calm & Carry On'". freelanceuk.com.
Jump up ^ "Serial Number: 85297485 Keep Calm and Carry On USA Trademark". Official Gazette. USPTO. 20 September 2011.
Jump up ^ "Canadian Trade-mark Data". IC.GC.CA. 13 October 2011.
Jump up ^ Walker, Rob (5 July 2009). "Remixed Messages". The New York Times Magazine. Retrieved 21 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Chris Begley (July 9, 2013). "New Batman Easter egg from 'Man of Steel' revealed". batman-news.com. Retrieved February 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Keep calm and switch to Linux".
Jump up ^ Little, Mandy (21 December 2012). "Protestors show unity". South London Press. London. Retrieved 27 January 2013. [dead link]
Jump up ^ "Save Lewisham Hospital!". Save Lewisham Hospital campaign. 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
Jump up ^ Dean Bennett (28 June 2013). "Mayor Nenshi has captured Calgary's heart, but the worst, at least politically, is yet to come". Toronto: The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 24 February 2014.
Further reading[edit]
Clampin, David (2009). ""To Guide, Help and Hearten Millions": the place of commercial advertising in wartime Britain, 1939–1945". Journal of Macromarketing. 29 (1): 58–73. doi:10.1177/0276146708328054.
Inkster, Nigel; Nicoll, Alexander (2010). "Keep Calm and Carry On". Survival: Global Politics and Strategy. 52: 249–256. doi:10.1080/00396331003764777.
Lewis, Bex (2012). "The Renaissance of 'Keep Calm and Carry On'". The Poster. 2: 7–23. doi:10.1386/post.2.1.7_1.
Lewis, Bex (2017). Keep Calm and Carry on The Truth Behind the Poster. London: Imperial War Museum. ISBN 1904897347. OCLC 979568000.
Walker, Susannah (2012). Home Front Posters of the Second World War. Oxford: Shire. ISBN 9780747811428.
External links[edit]
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