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2018 College Football Playoff National Championship
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2018 College Football Playoff National Championship
Alabama Crimson Tide Georgia Bulldogs
(12–1) (13–1)
SEC SEC
26 23
Head coach:
Nick Saban Head coach:
Kirby Smart
AP Coaches CFP
4 4 4
AP Coaches CFP
3 3 3
1
2
3
4
OT
Total
Alabama 0 0 10 10 6 26
Georgia 0 13 7 0 3 23
Date
January 8, 2018
Season
2017
Stadium
Mercedes-Benz Stadium
Location
Atlanta, Georgia
MVP
Offensive: #13 QB Tua Tagovailoa, Fr. Alabama
Defensive: #94 DT Da'Ron Payne, Jr. Alabama
Favorite
Alabama by 3.5
National anthem
Zac Brown Band
Referee
Dan Capron (Big Ten)[1]
Halftime show
Georgia Redcoat Marching Band
Million Dollar Band
Attendance
77,430
United States TV coverage
Network
ESPN/ESPN Radio/ESPN Deportes
Announcers
Chris Fowler, Kirk Herbstreit, Maria Taylor and Tom Rinaldi (ESPN)
Sean McDonough, Todd Blackledge, Holly Rowe and Ian Fitzsimmons (ESPN Radio)
College Football Playoff National Championship
< 2017 2019 >
The 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship was a college football bowl game that determined the national champion in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision for the 2017 season. The Alabama Crimson Tide defeated the Georgia Bulldogs 26–23 in overtime. Alabama’s spectacular effort to come back from a 13–0 deficit at halftime and secure the win in double OT was, upon the Tide’s team visit to the White House, dubbed by President Donald Trump “one of the greatest victories of all time.” True Freshman QB Tua Tagovailoa and DL Da'Ron Payne were respectively named the offensive and defensive players of the game.
The College Football Playoff selection committee chose the semifinalists following the conclusion of the 2017 regular season. Alabama and Georgia advanced to the national championship after winning the semifinal games hosted by the Sugar Bowl and the Rose Bowl, respectively, on January 1, 2018. The championship game was played at Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta, Georgia on January 8, 2018.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 2018 College Football Playoff
3 Teams
3.1 Alabama
3.2 Georgia
4 Game summary
4.1 Scoring summary
4.2 Statistics
5 Broadcasting
6 Dispute
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Background[edit]
The 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship took place at Mercedes-Benz Stadium
The Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta, Georgia was announced as the host site for the fourth College Football National Championship on November 4, 2015.[2]
2018 College Football Playoff[edit]
Semifinals Championship
January 1 – Sugar Bowl
Mercedes-Benz Superdome, New Orleans
1 Clemson 6
4 Alabama 24 January 8 – National Championship
Mercedes-Benz Stadium, Atlanta
4 Alabama (OT) 26
January 1 – Rose Bowl
Rose Bowl, Pasadena 3 Georgia 23
2 Oklahoma 48
3 Georgia (2OT) 54
This bracket:
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The College Football Playoff (CFP) selected four teams to advance to the playoff: the Clemson Tigers, Oklahoma Sooners, Georgia Bulldogs, and Alabama Crimson Tide.[3]
Teams[edit]
Alabama[edit]
See also: 2017 Alabama Crimson Tide football team
The Alabama Crimson Tide defeated the Clemson Tigers in the 2018 Sugar Bowl by a score of 24–6 to reach the championship game. The Tide had a 12–1 season, becoming the SEC West Division co-champions with the Auburn Tigers. The Crimson Tide were coached by Nick Saban.[4]
Georgia[edit]
See also: 2017 Georgia Bulldogs football team
The Georgia Bulldogs defeated the Oklahoma Sooners in the 2018 Rose Bowl by a score of 54–48 in double overtime to reach the championship game. The Bulldogs had a 13–1 season claiming their 13th Southeastern Conference (SEC) championship with a win over Auburn Tigers, 28–7. The Bulldogs were coached by Kirby Smart.[5]
Game summary[edit]
After winning the coin toss, Alabama deferred to the second half and Georgia received the ball to begin the game. After two plays, quarterback Jake Fromm attempted a pass downfield and was intercepted by Tony Brown. Alabama began their first drive of the game, and, after eleven plays, that drive ended with kicker Andy Pappanastos missing a 40-yard field goal. The teams each had three-and-outs for the game's first two punts. During Georgia's ensuing drive, the quarter ended, with no score.[6]
After a failed third down conversion, on the second play of the second quarter, Georgia kicker Rodrigo Blankenship hit a 41-yard field goal to open the scoring and put Georgia in the lead by three. Alabama's ensuing drive went nowhere, as they gained four yards on three plays and punted. Georgia took the ball and drove down the field, and found themselves with a first and goal at the Alabama 10-yard-line; the Tide defense held, however, and the Bulldogs settled for a second field goal and took a 6–0 lead with just over seven and a half minutes until half. On Alabama's next drive, the Georgia defense held yet again and Alabama's JK Scott punted for the third time. Just prior to the punt, Georgia wide receiver Javon Wims was shown walking to the locker room, reportedly with a left shoulder injury. Both defenses then forced punts, and Georgia took back over with 1:19 remaining in the half on their own 31-yard-line. Nine plays later, on Alabama's 1-yard-line, Mecole Hardman took a direct snap, faked a handoff, and ran into the end zone for the game's first touchdown, putting Georgia up 13–0 going into halftime.[6]
Because they deferred the coin toss, Alabama received the ball first in the second half. They started their drive on their own 22-yard-line. Tua Tagovailoa, Alabama's backup quarterback, started the second half for the Tide; that drive quickly resulted in a three-and-out. The initial punt was blocked, but an offside call gave the Tide another chance to punt. Georgia started their drive on their own 36-yard-line, but punted on 4th & 17. Alabama took over on their own 44-yard-line.[6] The teams then traded touchdowns on consecutive drives; Alabama scored their first points of the game on a 6-yard pass from Tagovailoa to Ruggs, but Georgia immediately responded with an 80-yard touchdown connection from Fromm to Mecole Hardman, putting Georgia up 20–7. On the second play of Alabama's ensuing drive, Tagovailoa, while scrambling to the left, threw into traffic and was intercepted by Georgia's Deandre Baker. Up 13, the Bulldogs took over possession of the ball on Alabama's 39-yard-line. The Tide defense responded immediately, however, as Raekwon Davis intercepted a Jake Fromm pass on the first play of Georgia's drive, returning the pick to the UGA 40-yard-line. The Tide gained fifteen yards on six plays and kicker Andy Pappanastos avenged his earlier miss with a 43-yard field goal that put Bama within ten. The teams then traded punts. Just prior to Alabama's punt, it was announced that an Alabama defensive back, Kyriq McDonald, had collapsed on the sideline; the situation was described as a "serious medical emergency". He was loaded onto a medical stretcher awake and conscious. Georgia could not muster anything on offense that drive, and punted. The fourth quarter saw Tagovailoa lead the Tide to come back and tie the game at 20 with 3:49. With three seconds remaining in the game, Andy Pappanastos missed a potential game-winning 36-yard field goal to the left, sending the game to overtime.[6]
In overtime, Georgia scored on a 51-yard field goal. On Alabama's first offensive play in overtime, Tagovailoa was sacked for a 16-yard loss, but immediately followed that with a game-winning 41-yard touchdown pass to DeVonta Smith.[6] Tagovailoa was named the offensive player of the game, and Da'Ron Payne was named the defensive player of the game.[7]
Scoring summary[edit]
[hide]Scoring summary
Quarter
Time
Drive
Team
Scoring information
Score
Plays
Yards
TOP
Alabama
Georgia
2 14:14 14 55 7:40 Georgia 41-yard field goal by Rodrigo Blankenship 0 3
2 7:33 13 70 5:19 Georgia 27-yard field goal by Rodrigo Blankenship 0 6
2 0:07 9 69 1:12 Georgia Mecole Hardman 1-yard touchdown run, Rodrigo Blankenship kick good 0 13
3 8:52 7 56 1:59 Alabama Henry Ruggs III 6-yard touchdown reception from Tua Tagovailoa, Andy Pappanastos kick good 7 13
3 6:52 4 93 1:55 Georgia Mecole Hardman 80-yard touchdown reception from Jake Fromm, Rodrigo Blankenship kick good 7 20
3 5:20 6 15 1:06 Alabama 43-yard field goal by Andy Pappanastos 10 20
4 9:24 8 71 2:15 Alabama 30-yard field goal by Andy Pappanastos 13 20
4 3:49 8 66 3:21 Alabama Calvin Ridley 7-yard touchdown reception from Tua Tagovailoa, Andy Pappanastos kick good 20 20
OT 4 -9 Georgia 51-yard field goal by Rodrigo Blankenship 20 23
OT 2 25 Alabama DeVonta Smith 41-yard touchdown reception from Tua Tagovailoa 26 23
"TOP" = time of possession. For other American football terms, see Glossary of American football.
26
23
Statistics[edit]
1
2
3
4
OT
Total
No. 4 Crimson Tide 0 0 10 10 6 26
No. 3 Bulldogs 0 13 7 0 3 23
Statistics
Alabama
Georgia
First downs 20 22
Plays–yards 71–371 77–365
Rushes–yards 39–184 45–133
Passing yards 187 232
Passing: Comp–Att–Int 17–32–1 16–32–2
Time of possession 26:17 33:43
Sources: ESPN, StatBroadcast
Team
Category
Player
Statistics
Alabama Passing Tua Tagovailoa 14/24, 166 yds, 3 TD, 1 INT
Rushing Najee Harris 6 car, 64 yds
Receiving Calvin Ridley 4 rec, 32 yds, 1 TD
Georgia Passing Jake Fromm 16/32, 232 yds, 1 TD, 2 INT
Rushing Sony Michel 14 car, 98 yds
Receiving Riley Ridley 6 rec, 82 yds
Sources: ESPN, StatBroadcast
Broadcasting[edit]
The game was televised nationally by ESPN. On January 8, 2018, the network announced that its broadcast would feature a live performance by Kendrick Lamar during halftime. This performance was separate from the event proper at Mercedes-Benz Stadium (which featured a traditional halftime show with the marching bands of the participating teams), and originated from Centennial Olympic Park.[8]
Dispute[edit]
Following an undefeated season in the American Athletic Conference and their victory over the Auburn Tigers in the 2018 Peach Bowl, the UCF Knights claimed the national championship by virtue of being the only undefeated team in the FBS level of college football.[9] [3] UCF held a victory parade at Disney World[10] and hung a national championship banner at their stadium to celebrate this achievement.[11] The school also paid national championship bonuses to all of its assistant coaches, many of whom left UCF after the Peach Bowl to follow head coach Scott Frost to his new head coaching job at Nebraska; Frost himself (who coached UCF in the game) did not receive such a bonus because he had already been paid all of the bonuses allowed by his UCF contract.[12]
The selection committee controversially ranked undefeated UCF 12th at the end of the regular season, below a number of two-loss teams from the Power Five conferences, which left them out of the CFP. The AP Poll ranked Alabama No. 1 in its final poll, receiving 57 first-place votes, while UCF was ranked No. 6 and received four first-place votes — the first time in the CFP era that the AP poll did not have a unanimous No. 1 team.[13] Additionally, the Knights finished the 2017 football season as the No. 1 team in the Colley Bias Free Matrix Rankings. The Colley Matrix is recognized by the NCAA in its list of “national champion major selections.” [14]
See also[edit]
College football national championships in NCAA Division I FBS
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Kirshner, Alex (January 8, 2018). "A Big Ten officiating crew is working the all-SEC National Championship". sbnation.com. SB Nation. Retrieved January 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ Alex Scarbrough (November 4, 2015). "Atlanta, Santa Clara and New Orleans land CFP title games for 2018–20". ESPN.com. Retrieved November 4, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Selection Committee Rankings: Final Top 25 Rankings" (PDF). College Football Playoff. December 3, 2017. Retrieved December 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Alabama's Sugar Bowl win against Clemson sets up all-SEC final: Final score, stats, analysis". nola.com. January 1, 2018. Retrieved January 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ Emerson, Seth (January 1, 2018). "Georgia to play for national championship after Rose Bowl win in 2 OT". ajc.com. Retrieved January 2, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Hoffman, Benjamin; Drape, Joe; Tracy, Marc (January 8, 2018). "National Championship Game: Georgia vs. Alabama Live Score". The New York Times. Retrieved January 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ Perez, A.J. (January 9, 2018). "CFP players of the game: Alabama's Tua Tagovailoa and Da'Ron Payne". USA Today. Retrieved January 9, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Kendrick Lamar to Perform at College Football Playoff Title Game". Billboard. Retrieved December 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ Baker, Matt (January 3, 2018). "UCF is really claiming a national championship". tampabay.com. Retrieved January 7, 2018.
Jump up ^ Rollins, Khadrice (January 2, 2018). "UCF Is Having a Parade at Disney World for National Championship Caliber Season". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved January 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ Gartland, Dan (January 3, 2018). "UCF Is Hanging a National Championship Banner at Its Stadium". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved January 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ Chavez, Chris (January 3, 2018). "UCF AD Says Coaches Will Be Paid National Championship Bonuses". SI.com. Retrieved January 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ September 1, 2018 (January 9, 2018). "Alabama is No. 1 in final AP poll for 11th time; UCF 6th". Msn.com. Retrieved January 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ Roger Simmons (January 9, 2018). "National champions: UCF Knights finish season ranked No. 1 in Colley Matrix". orlandosentinel.com. Retrieved February 14, 2018.
External links[edit]
Media related to 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship at Wikimedia Commons
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values: 1997 NCAA Division I-AA Football National Championship Game (page does not exist)

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values: 2005 NCAA Division I-AA Football National Championship Game (page does not exist)

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values: 2018 NCAA Division II Football National Championship Game (page does not exist)

values: 1973 NCAA Division III Football National Championship Game (page does not exist)

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text:
List of statues
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This is a list of the most famous statues worldwide, past and present that already have articles about them in Wikipedia or are referred to or pictured in other articles.
Contents
[hide]
1 Australia
2 Austria
3 Belgium
4 Bolivia
5 Brazil
6 Cambodia
7 Canada
7.1 Manitoba
7.2 Newfoundland and Labrador
7.3 Ontario
7.4 Saskatchewan
8 China
9 Colombia
10 Denmark
11 Ecuador
12 Egypt
13 France
14 Georgia
15 Germany
16 Greece
17 Hong Kong
18 Hungary
19 India
20 Italy
21 Lebanon
22 Mexico
23 Mongolia
24 Nicaragua
25 Norway
26 Puerto Rico
27 Russia
28 Serbia
29 Sri Lanka
30 Singapore
31 South Africa
32 Sweden
33 Turkey
34 United Kingdom
35 United States, including territories
35.1 Alabama
35.2 Arkansas
35.3 California
35.4 Florida
35.5 Illinois
35.6 Indiana
35.7 Massachusetts
35.8 Maryland
35.9 Michigan
35.10 Minnesota
35.11 Missouri
35.12 Montana
35.13 Nevada
35.14 New Mexico
35.15 New York
35.16 North Dakota
35.17 Ohio
35.18 Oklahoma
35.19 Oregon
35.20 Pennsylvania
35.21 Puerto Rico
35.22 South Carolina
35.23 South Dakota
35.24 Texas
35.25 Utah
35.26 Virginia
35.27 Washington
35.28 Washington, D.C.
36 Vietnam
37 By distinction
37.1 Oldest
37.2 Tallest
37.3 Tallest and largest equestrian statue
37.4 Largest stone sculptures
37.5 Metal sculptures
38 References
39 Other organizational lists
Australia[edit]
See also: List of public art in Western Australia
Dog on the Tuckerbox, five miles (8 km) from Gundagai
Burke and Wills statue, Melbourne
South African War Memorial, Adelaide
Map the Miner, Kapunda, South Australia
Austria[edit]
Statues in facades of the Kunsthistorisches Museum - the Art History Museum and Naturhistorisches Museum - Museum of Natural History of Vienna, Maria-Theresien-Platz,Vienna.
Statue of Nicholas, Count of Salm, Vienna.
Statue of Otto Ferdinand von Abensberg und Traun.
Statues of Schönbrunn Palace, Gloriette Garden, Vienna.
Gerard van Swieten statue on the memorial to Maria Theresa, Vienna.
Field marshal von Laudon, Field marshal von Daun, Field marshal von Traun, and Field marshal von Khevenhüller as a parts of the Maria Theresa memorial at the Maria-Theresien-Platz between the Kunsthistorisches Museum and the Naturhistorisches Museum. Sculpted by Kaspar von Zumbusch and unveiled in 1888.
Archduke Karl by Anton Dominik Fernkorn at the Heldenplatz, 1859. The equestrian sculpture is insofar a miracle which stands for Fernkorn's craftsmanship as a sculptor, as only the two back legs of the horse have a connection with the pedestal, it is only the second oldest in the world of this kind, after the Monument to Nicholas I in Saint Petersburg, outdoing the achievement of Tacca's equestrian sculpture of Philip IV in Madrid.
Prince Eugen by Anton Dominik Fernkorn at the Heldenplatz, 1865.
Archduke Albrecht by Kaspar von Zumbusch in front of the Albertina, 1899.
General Radetzky by Kaspar von Zumbusch in the Ringstraße, 1891.
Belgium[edit]
Ambiorix, in Tongres
Manneken Pis, in Brussels
Butte du Lion ("Hillock of the Lion", "Lion's Mound") in Waterloo
Godfrey of Bouillon, Royal Square, in Brussels.
Baldwin I of Constantinople, Flanders Square, in Brussels.
Léopold II, in Brussels.
Albert I at Kunstberg.
Charlemagne, in Liège.
Bolivia[edit]
Cristo de la Concordia in Cochabamba
Brazil[edit]
Christ the Redeemer
Cambodia[edit]
Norodom Sihanouk Memorial
Canada[edit]
Manitoba[edit]
Louis-Riel by Miguel Joyal
Newfoundland and Labrador[edit]
The Dead Christ
The Veiled Virgin
Ontario[edit]
Timothy Eaton statue - Royal Ontario Museum
Henry Moore sculptures in front of Toronto City Hall and Art Gallery of Ontario
statue of Winston Churchill near Nathan Phillips Square, Toronto
statue of Sir Adam Beck on University Avenue in Toronto
Queen's Park, Toronto
George Brown, one of the Fathers of Confederation
King George V moved from Delhi, India in 1969
Sir John A. Macdonald, first Prime Minister of Canada
William Lyon Mackenzie, leader of the Upper Canada Rebellion
Sir Oliver Mowat, third Premier of Ontario
John Graves Simcoe, first Lieutenant-Governor of Ontario
Queen Victoria
Sir James Pliny Whitney, sixth Premier of Ontario
Ontario Veterans Memorial
Queen Elizabeth II Rose Gardens in honour of Her Majesty's Silver Jubilee in 1977 and Golden Jubilee in 2002
Parliament Hill, Ottawa
Queen Victoria - located north of the West Block; sculpted by Louis-Philippe Hébert (1900)
Alexander Mackenzie - located west of the Centre Block; sculpted by Louis-Philippe Hébert (1901)
Henry Albert Harper / Galahad - located outside the Queen's Gates, facing Centre Block; sculpted by Ernest Wise Keyser (1905)
George Brown - located west of the Centre Block; sculpted by George William Hill (1913)
Robert Baldwin and Sir Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine - located east of the Centre Block; sculpted by Walter Seymour Allward (1914)
Sir Wilfrid Laurier - located south of the East Block; sculpted by Joseph-Émile Brunet (1922)
Sir Robert Laird Borden - located west of the West Block; sculpted by Frances Loring (1957)
Queen Elizabeth II - located east of the Centre Block; sculpted by Jack Harman (1977)
John George Diefenbaker - located north of the West Block; sculpted by Leo Mol (1985)
Lester Bowles Pearson - located north of the West Block; sculpted by Danek Mozdzenski (1989)
Sir George-Étienne Cartier - located west of the Centre Block; sculpted by Louis-Philippe Hébert
The Famous Five - depicts the women's suffrage movement (Nellie McClung, Irene Parlby, Emily Murphy, Louise McKinney and Henrietta Muir Edwards); sculpted by Barbara Paterson; the monument is featured on the reverse of the current $50 banknote by various sculptors
Sir John A. Macdonald - located east of the Centre Block; sculpted by Louis-Philippe Hébert
William Lyon Mackenzie King - located north of the East Block; sculpted by Raoul Hunter
Thomas D'Arcy McGee - located north of the Centre Block; sculpted by George William Hill
Saskatchewan[edit]
Sir John A. Macdonald statue
China[edit]
Spring Temple Buddha in Henan (world's tallest)
Terracotta army in Xi'an
Colombia[edit]
Vargas Swamp Lancers
India Catalina
Monument to Effort
Denmark[edit]
Frederik V on Horseback by Jacques Saly
The Little Mermaid by Edvard Eriksen
Christus at Church of Our Lady, Copenhagen by Bertel Thorvaldsen
Ecuador[edit]
The Madonna of El Panecillo, Quito
Egypt[edit]
Great Sphinx of Giza
Abu Simbel
France[edit]
The Vimy Memorial, honouring Canada's role there in the First World War
The Burghers of Calais by Auguste Rodin in Calais
The Thinker by Auguste Rodin in Paris
The Lion of Belfort by Frédéric Bartholdi in Belfort
Venus de Milo, ancient Greek statue in the Louvre
Winged Victory of Samothrace, ancient Greek statue also in the Louvre
Statue of Liberty (Jardin du Luxembourg) by Frédéric Bartholdi on the Île aux Cygnes in Paris
Jeanne d'Arc in the Rue de Rivoli by Emmanuel Frémiet.
Jeanne d'Arc in front of the Basilique du Sacré-Cœur by Hippolyte Lefèbvre, 1927.
King Louis IX in front of the Basilique du Sacré-Cœur by Hippolyte Lefèbvre, 1927.
Ferdinand Foch near the Trocadéro.
Joseph Joffre in front of École Militaire.
Charlemagne (Charlemagne et ses Leudes) by Charles and Louis Rochet in front of the Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Paris, 1882.
Albert I of Belgium near the Place de la Concorde.
King Henri IV by François-Frédéric Lemot on the Pont Neuf.
Étienne Marcel by Antonin Idrac near the Hôtel de Ville.
Marble equestrian statue of King Louis XIII at Place des Vosges. Begun in 1816 by Louis Dupaty, completed in 1821 by Jean-Pierre Cortot.
General Lafayette at Cours la Reine by Paul Wayland Bartlett.
King Louis XIV in front of Louvre Pyramid.
King Louis XIV by François Joseph Bosio at the Place des Victoires, 1822.
José de San Martín in the Parc Montsouris.
King Edward VII by Paul Landowski at Place Edouard VII.
Napoléon Bonaparte at Champs-Élysées.
Simón Bolívar at Pont Alexandre-III.
Georgia[edit]
Kartlis Deda by Elguja Amashukeli
Germany[edit]
Bavaria, a statue as symbol of the South German kingdom of Bavaria in Munich
Victory Column, a statue of Victoria, the goddess of victory, in Berlin
Bismarck Monument, a statue of Otto von Bismarck, in Hamburg
Hermannsdenkmal, a statue of Arminius, victor of the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest
Niederwalddenkmal, a statue of Germania, as symbol of Germany, close to Rüdesheim
King Friedrich II by Christian Daniel Rauch in the Unter den Linden.
King Friedrich Wilhelm IV by Alexander Calandrelli in front of the Alte Nationalgalerie.
National Monument (Emperor Wilhelm I Monument) by Reinhold Begas in front of the Berlin City Palace, 1897, destroyed.
Emperor Wilhelm I by Albert Moritz Wolff at the Hohenzollernplatz in Rixdorf, 1902, destroyed in 1944.
Emperor Wilhelm I by Franz Dorrenbach in the Neuendorfer Straße in Spandau.
Emperor Friedrich III by Rudolf Maison, in front of Bode Museum, 1904, destroyed in 1950s.
Saint George defeats the Dragon
Statue of Sleeping Beauty in Wuppertal, Germany
Greece[edit]
Statue of Zeus at Olympia, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World sculpted by Pheidias. (Relocated to Constantinople in 393, later destroyed by fire in 462)
Colossus of Rhodes, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. (destroyed by earthquake in 224 BC, and the remains sold for scrap in 656)
Athena Promachos, was a colossal bronze statue of the Greek goddess Athena which stood between the Propylaea and the Parthenon on the Acropolis of Athens, sculpted by Pheidias.
Athena Parthenos, was a massive chryselephantine sculpture of the Greek goddess Athena which stood inside the Parthenon on the Acropolis of Athens, sculpted by Pheidias.
Poseidon of Cape Artemision
Antikythera Ephebe
Marathon Boy
Charioteer of Delphi
Hermes of Praxiteles
Kroisos Kouros
Kleobis and Biton
Moscophoros
Peplos Kore
Statue of King Leonidas - Thermopylae
Statue of liberty (Mytilene)
Hong Kong[edit]
Statue File:Statue of Victoria in Victoria Park, Hong Kong 1.jpg of Queen Victoria at the entrance of Victoria Park
Statue of Sir Thomas Jackson at Statue Square
Statue of King George VI at Hong Kong Zoological and Botanical Gardens
Lost statues in Hong Kong include:
Statue of Edward VII - formerly at Statue Square
Statue of Prince Albert - formerly at Statue Square
Hungary[edit]
Heroes' Square, Heroes' Square (Hősök tere in Hungarian) is one of the major squares of Budapest, Hungary.
Anonymus, The statue of Anonymus, created by Miklós Ligeti in 1903, sits in front of Vajdahunyad Castle in Budapest's Városliget (City Park)
Statue Park, Szoborpark or Statue Park is a park in Budapest's XXII. district, with a gathering of monumental Soviet-era statues.
Liberty Statue, The Szabadság Szobor or Liberty Statue (sometimes Freedom Statue) in Budapest, Hungary, was first erected in 1947 in remembrance of the Soviet liberation of Hungary from Nazi forces during World War II.
India[edit]
Thiruvalluvar Statue, Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu
Shiva, Murudeshwara
Gommateshwara statue, Shravanabelagola, Karnataka
Statue of Ahimsa, Maharashtra
Shri Bhaktha Anjaneyar, Vedasandur, Dindigul, Tamil Nadu
Buddha Statue of Hyderabad, Husain Sagar, Hyderabad, Telangana
Abhaya Buddha Statue in Eluru, Andhra Pradesh
Dhyana Buddha Statue in Amaravathi
Italy[edit]
Colossus of Barletta, statue of a Byzantine emperor
Colossus of Nero
Apollo Belvedere
Laocoön and His Sons
David (Donatello)
Bacchus (Michelangelo)
David (Michelangelo)
The Deposition (Michelangelo)
Cristo della Minerva
Moses (Michelangelo)
Pietà (Michelangelo)
Rondanini Pietà
David (Bernini)
Aeneas, Anchises, and Ascanius
Ecstasy of St Theresa
Leonardo's horse, statue of a Horse in Milan based upon a design by Leonardo da Vinci from 500 years before.
Statue File:ColaDiRienzo.jpg of Cola di Rienzi by Girolamo Masini, erected in 1877 near the Campidoglio in Rome
Lebanon[edit]
Statue of Notre Dame du Liban File:Ladylebanon.JPG at Harissa
Mexico[edit]
El Ángel de la Independencia, Mexico City
Mongolia[edit]
Genghis Khan Equestrian Statue, Tuv aimag
Nicaragua[edit]
Jesús de la Misericordia, San Juan del Sur
Norway[edit]
Frogner Park including the Vigeland installation, Oslo
Puerto Rico[edit]
There is a statue of Sixto Escobar in Barceloneta, thought to be the first made for a professional boxer.
Russia[edit]
Mother Motherland Is Calling
Bronze Horseman and other equestrian monuments to Russian tsars
Monument to Minin and Pozharsky on Red Square in Moscow
Worker and Kolkhoz Woman in Moscow
List of statues of Lenin
List of Mother Motherland statues
Serbia[edit]
See also: Category:Monuments and memorials in Serbia.
Pobednik in Kalemegdan
St. Sava by the Church of St. Sava
Emperor Dušan outside Palata pravde
Prince Mihailo Monument on the Republic Square
Sri Lanka[edit]
Statue of Bhuddha in Kurunegala - 88-foot (27 m) high.
Singapore[edit]
The Merlion statues at the Singapore River mouth and on Sentosa
The Sir Stamford Raffles statue, based on the original by Thomas Woolner, located at the Victoria Concert Hall and at the Raffles Landing Site along Singapore River
South Africa[edit]
Horse Memorial, Port Elizabeth
Sweden[edit]
The Branting Monument in Stockholm.
Turkey[edit]
Aphrodite of Cnidus, famous Hellenistic statue.
Aviation Martyrs' Monument in Istanbul
Monument of the Republic is located in Taksim Square, İstanbul
Statue of Humanity unfinished as of 2010[1]
United Kingdom[edit]
England
See also: List of statues of British royalty in London and List of equestrian statues in the United Kingdom
Angel of the North
Aspire
B of the Bang
Dream
Duke of York Column
Maiwand Lion
Nelson's Column
Statue of St Christopher (Norton Priory)
Statue of Horatio Nelson, Birmingham
Wellington Statue
The Lincoln Imp
United States, including territories[edit]
Madonna of the Trail
National Monument to the U.S. Constitution
History of fountains in the United States
Alabama[edit]
Vulcan statue, Birmingham, Alabama World's tallest cast iron statue
Arkansas[edit]
Christ of the Ozarks statue, Eureka Springs
California[edit]
Further information: List of public art in Los Angeles
Partners Statue, Disneyland
Florida[edit]
Partners Statue, Magic Kingdom
Illinois[edit]
Black Hawk Statue, Oregon
The Bowman and The Spearman, Chicago
Chicago Picasso, Chicago
Cloud Gate, Chicago
Flamingo, Chicago
Abraham Lincoln: The Head of State, Chicago
Miró's Chicago, Chicago
Nuclear Energy, Chicago
Standing Lincoln, Chicago
Forever Marilyn, Chicago
Indiana[edit]
Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument, Indianapolis
George Rogers Clark Memorial and statues of George Rogers Clark and Francis Vigo, Vincennes, Indiana
Massachusetts[edit]
The Hiker, Fall River
National Monument to the Forefathers, Plymouth
Prince Henry the Navigator (statue), Fall River
Maryland[edit]
Washington Monument, Baltimore
Washington Monument, Boonsboro
Michigan[edit]
Cross in the Woods, Indian River
Fist of Joe Louis, Detroit
General George Armstrong Custer, Monroe
George Washington, Detroit
Sparty, East Lansing
The Spirit of Detroit, Detroit
Minnesota[edit]
Iron Man is 81 ft (25 m) tall including the 36-foot-tall (11 m) figure, out of iron ore. Chisholm
Peanuts statues (Charlie Brown and Snoopy, Linus and Sally, Lucy and Schroeder, Peppermint Patty, and Marcy), St. Paul
Vision of Peace (Indian God of Peace), Saint Paul City Hall and Ramsey County Courthouse
Missouri[edit]
Liberty Memorial, Kansas City, several sculptors, including Robert Aitken and Edmond Amateis were involved.
Missouri State Capitol, Jefferson City, includes sculpture by Robert Aitken, James Earle Fraser, Karl Bitter, A.A. Weinman, Hermon Atkins MacNeil, Alexander Stirling Calder and Sherry Fry.
Montana[edit]
James J. Hill statue, Havre, Montana
Our Lady of the Rockies statue, Butte, Montana
Nevada[edit]
Burning Man effigy
New Mexico[edit]
New York[edit]
Statue of Liberty, New York City
Main article: Statues and sculptures in New York City
North Dakota[edit]
Enchanted Highway, a collection of the world's largest scrap metal sculptures
Tommy Turtle in Bottineau, North Dakota, the world's largest turtle
Ohio[edit]
Statues at Great American Ball Park by Tom Tsuchiya, Cincinnati
King of Kings (destroyed by lightning strike and fire in 2010), near Monroe, Ohio
Tyler Davidson Fountain, Cincinnati
Oklahoma[edit]
Pioneer Woman, Ponca City
Oregon[edit]
Oregon Pioneer, Salem
Portlandia, Portland
Pennsylvania[edit]
Joe Paterno statue, Beaver Stadium, State College (2001-2011)
Rocky statue, Philadelphia
Swann Memorial Fountain, Philadelphia, Alexander Stirling Calder
Puerto Rico[edit]
Columbus statue, Mayagüez
Monument to the Puerto Rican Countryman, Salinas
South Carolina[edit]
Statue of Strom Thurmond on the City Square, of his hometown, Edgefield, South Carolina
South Dakota[edit]
Crazy Horse Memorial - massive stone sculpture in the Black Hills, depicting the Lakota warrior
Dignity - 50 foot statue of a Lakota woman in a star quilt, on a bluff above Chamberlain
Mount Rushmore - faces of several US presidents carved into the granite face of the mountain
Texas[edit]
Statue of Sam Houston in Huntsville, Texas - At 66 feet (20 m) tall, it is the tallest statue of any American political figure.
Big Tex - 52 feet (16 m) tall temporary statue erected annually for the Texas State Fair.
Dallas Zoo's giraffe statue
Statue of Don Juan de Oñate called The Equestrian in El Paso, Texas - At 36 feet (11 m) tall, it is purported by the sculptor to be the largest bronze equestrian statue in the world.
Utah[edit]
This is the Place Monument at Heritage Park in Salt Lake City
Brigham Young Monument
Virginia[edit]
Marine Corps War Memorial, Rosslyn, Virginia
Washington[edit]
Fremont Troll, Seattle
Hammering Man, Seattle
The Lone Sailor, Bremerton
Statue of Lenin, Seattle
Waiting for the Interurban, Seattle
The Burghers of Calais and The Thinker by Rodin, at Maryhill Museum of Art near Goldendale, Washington
Washington, D.C.[edit]
Main article: Outdoor sculpture in Washington, D.C.
Statue of Abraham Lincoln, inside the Lincoln Memorial
Statue of Thomas Jefferson, inside the Jefferson Memorial
Vietnam[edit]
Christ of Vung Tau, Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu
Notre-Dame de Tà Pao (Our Lady Tapao statue), Bình Thuận
Buddha on Nirvana of Ta Cu, Bình Thuận
By distinction[edit]
Oldest[edit]
Löwenmensch figurine
Tallest[edit]
Lushan Dafo (depicts Vairocana Buddha); Lushan, Henan, China. 108 m (354 ft) Buddha statue standing on a 20 m (66 ft) lotus throne placed on a 25 m (82 ft) pedestal/building. Completed 2002.
Ushiku Daibutsu (depicts Amitabha Buddha); Ushiku, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan. 100 m (330 ft) Buddha statue standing on a 10 m (33 ft) lotus throne placed on a 10 m (33 ft) pedestal/building. Completed 1995.[2]
Guanyin statue of Hainan (depicts Avalokitesvara); Sanya, Hainan, China. 108 m (354 ft). Completed in 2005.
Emperors Yan and Huang; Zhengzhou, China. 106 m (348 ft). Completed 2007.[3]
Daikannon of Sendai (depicts Avalokitesvara); Sendai, Japan. 100 m (330 ft).
Tallest and largest equestrian statue[edit]
Statue of Genghis Khan on a horse back near Ulan Bator, Mongolia, completed in 2006 has a height of 40 metres (130 feet) on a 10 metres (33 feet) high base.
Monument To Gral. José Gervasio Artigas In Minas, Uruguay - 18 meters tall, 9 meters long, weight 150,000 kilos 1974
Largest stone sculptures[edit]
Great Sphinx of Giza
Metal sculptures[edit]
At 54 m wide, the Angel of the North has the largest single dimension.
The Statue of Liberty is the tallest at 46 m, atop a 47 m pedestal.
The Enchanted Highway is a collection of the world's largest scrap metal sculptures.
Vulcan statue, (17m) in Birmingham, Alabama, USA, is the largest cast iron statue.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/monument-to-humanity-kars
Jump up ^ Usiku Daibutsu || Usiku Jyoen | Archived 2008-10-12 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ 106-Meter High Statue of Emperors Yan and Huang Built_life_English_SINA.com
Other organizational lists[edit]
List of equestrian statues
List of statues by height
List of the tallest statues in the United States
List of Roman domes
New Seven Wonders of the World
List of archaeological sites by country
List of colossal sculpture in situ
List of megalithic sites
List of archaeoastronomical sites by country
List of Egyptian pyramids
List of Mesoamerican pyramids
List of equestrian statues in Italy
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_statues&oldid=832951015"
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English billiards
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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A late nineteenth century match between John Roberts, Jr and Edward Diggle.
English billiards,[1] called simply billiards[2] in the United Kingdom, where it originated, and in many former British colonies such as Australia, is a cue sport for two players or teams. Two cue balls (originally both white, with one marked e.g. with a black dot, but more recently one white, one yellow) and a red object ball are used. Each player or team uses a different cue ball. It is played on a billiards table with the same dimensions as a snooker table and points are scored for cannons and pocketing the balls. English billiards has also, but less frequently, been referred to as "the English game", "the all-in game" and (formerly) "the common game".[3]
Contents
1 History
1.1 Origins
1.2 As a sport
2 Rules
2.1 Balls and table
2.2 Beginning the game
2.3 Scoring
2.4 Other rules
2.5 Fouls
3 See also
4 Notes
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
English billiards was originally called the winning and losing carambole game, folding in the names of three predecessor games, the winning game, the losing game and the carambole game (an early form of straight rail), that combined to form it.[3]
Origins[edit]
The winning game was played with two white balls, and was a 12-point contest. To start, the player who could strike a ball at one end of the table and get the ball to come to rest nearest the opposite cushion without lying against it earned the right to shoot for points first. This is the origin of the modern custom of "stringing" (or "lagging"). A player who pocketed the opponent's ball scored two points,[3] as is still the case in modern billiards.
Fouls (or faults): A player missing the opponent's ball added one point to his opponent's total; the shooter conceded two points if that player's own ball (then acting as the cue ball) went into a pocket after striking the opponent's ball; and the player conceded three points if the cue ball was pocketed without even hitting the opponent's ball. These rules continued to exist in English billiards until 1983, when a standard two points for all fouls was introduced.
By contrast, in the losing game a player could only score (2 points) by pocketing the cue ball through a carom off the opponent's ball.[3] "Winning hazard" and "losing hazard" are terms still mentioned in the official rules for these two fundamental shot types, although "pot" and "in-off" have become the usual terms for them in British English.
The final element was the cannon (or carom) shot, which came from carom or carambole billiards, a three-ball game popular in various countries of western Continental Europe, especially popularized by France[4] (and today also popular in many parts of Asia and South America). In the 1700s, the carambole game added a red object ball to the two white cue balls, and dispensed with the pockets.[5] This ball was adopted into the English game, which retained the pockets,[5] and the goal was to cannon off both the red and the opponent's ball on a single shot, earning 2 points. This influence on the English game appears to have come about through the popularity of French tables in English coffee houses; London alone had over two thousand such establishments in the early 18th century.[6] One period advertisement read: "A very good French Billiard Table, little the worse for wearing, full size, with all the materials fit for French or English play".[6]
The three ancestral games had their British heyday in the 1770s, but had combined into English billiards, with a 16-point score total, by approximately 1800.[3] The skill required in playing these games helped retire the billiard mace in favour of the cue.
There are a number of pocket billiard games directly descended from English billiards, including bull dog, scratch pool, thirty-one pool and thirty-eight. The last of these gave rise to the more well-known game cowboy pool.[7][8] English Billiards was virtually unknown in the United States until 1913, when Melbourn Inman visited the US and played the game against Willie Hoppe. By 1915 the game had become rather popular, prompting American billiard hall proprietors of the period to increase the number of English-style tables in their establishments.[9] It also became favored in British colonies; the game's longest-running champion was an Australian, Walter Lindrum, who held the World Professional Billiards Championship from 1933 until his retirement in 1950. The game remains popular in the UK, although it has been eclipsed by snooker.
As a sport[edit]
The first governing body of the game, the English Billiards Association, was formed in the UK in 1885, a period that saw a number of sporting bodies founded across the British sporting world.[10] By the mid-20th century, the principal sanctioning body was the Billiards Association and Control Council (later the Billiards and Snooker Control Council).
In the 19th century and up through the mid-1950s, a common way for championship titles to change hands was by a challenge match. A challenge was issued to a championship title holder accompanied by stake money ("acclamation") held by a third party.[11] Up until the first organised professional tournament in 1870, all English billiards champions were decided by challenge.
The first champion was Jonathan Kentfield, who held the title from 1820–1849, losing it to John Roberts, Sr. after Kentfield refused his challenge. Roberts's 21-year reign lasted until he lost to William Cook in 1870. That year was also the first in which an English billiards challenge match was held in the United States.[3]
From 1870 to 1983 the champions were: John Roberts, Jr., (1870, 1871, 1875–77, 1885); Joseph Bennett, (1870, 1880–81); Charles Dawson, (1899–1900, 1901, 1903); H.W. Stevenson, (1901, 1909–11); Melbourne Inman, (1908–09, 1912–19); Willie Smith, (1920, 1923); Tom Newman, (1921–22, 1924–27); Joe Davis, (1928–32); Walter Lindrum, (1933–50); Clark McConachy, (1951-68); Rex Williams, (1968–76, 1982–83); and Fred Davis, (1980).[3]
Over the course of the 20th century, English billiards has been increasingly superseded as the favoured competitive spectator cue sport in the United Kingdom by the game of snooker played on the same table. However, because of the "in-off" scoring option, ball control (including for snooker) can be enhanced after much solo practice. A common exercise is to hit the object ball from the "D", go in-off into the centre pocket while the object ball hits the top cushion and returns to the same position halfway down the table. A highly skilled player can repeat the shot over and over, except in competition where the sequence run is limited, because it constitutes a nurse shot.
Rules[edit]
Balls and table[edit]
There are three balls. They are the same size as snooker balls (52.5 mm or 2 1⁄16 in with a tolerance of 0.05 mm) and they must weigh the same to a tolerance of 0.5 g within a set.[12]
The balls are designated as:
Red, an object ball;
White, the cue ball for player 1, and an object ball for player 2;
White with a spot, or yellow, cue ball for player 2, and an object ball for player 1.[13]
The billiard table used has the same dimensions as a snooker table,[12] (and in many venues, both games are played on the same equipment). The playing area of a standard tournament table measures 11 feet 8 inches by 5 ft 10 in (3.569 m by 1.778 m) with a tolerance of 1⁄2 inch (1.26 cm) in both directions, though smaller ones, down to half size, are often found in snooker halls, pubs and home billiard rooms.
Beginning the game[edit]
A game in progress, red ball about to be potted.
To see who will be the starting player, both players simultaneously hit a cue ball up the table, bouncing it off the top cushion so that it returns to baulk (the first quarter-length of the table). The player who gets his ball closer to the baulk cushion can now choose which cue ball he wants to use during the game and to break or let the opponent break.
The red ball is placed on the spot at the top of the table (same as the black spot in snooker) and the first player begins by playing in-hand from the "D" behind the baulk line. The other cue ball remains off the table until the opponent's first turn, when he plays in hand from the "D".
The idea is to leave the balls safe by creating either a double baulk (both object balls in baulk), or the red in baulk with the cue-ball tight (frozen) to the top-side cushion.
Scoring[edit]
Points are awarded as follows:
Cannon – striking the cue ball so that it hits, in any order, the other cue ball and the red ball on the same shot: 2 points.
Winning hazard (or potting, in snooker terms) – striking the red ball with one's cue ball so that the red enters a pocket: 3 points; or striking the other cue ball with one's cue ball so that the other cue ball enters a pocket: 2 points.
Losing hazard (in-off in snooker terms) – striking one's cue ball so that it hits another ball and then enters a pocket: 3 points if the red ball was hit first; 2 points if the other cue ball was hit first; 2 points if the red and the other cue ball are hit simultaneously.
Combinations of the above may all be scored on the same shot. The most that can be scored in a single shot is therefore 10 – the red and the other cue ball are both potted via a cannon (the red must be struck first), and the cue ball is also potted, making a losing hazard off the red.
Winning is achieved by a player reaching a fixed number of points, determined at the start of the game, e.g. first to 300 points or by a timed game.
Other rules[edit]
If the red is potted it is respotted on the spot at the top of the table (the black spot). After the red has been potted twice off the spot in a row (i.e. without a cannon or losing hazard), it is respotted on the middle spot. If the middle spot is occupied, it goes on the pyramid spot (the pink spot in snooker). If both the middle and pyramid spots are occupied, it goes back on the spot. When potted from the middle or pyramid spot, it returns to the spot at the top of the table.
After a losing hazard, play continues in-hand from the "D". When playing from in-hand, a striker must touch a ball or cushion out of baulk before striking a ball in baulk.
If playing in-hand and all balls on the table are in baulk, and contact is not made with any ball, this is a miss; 2 points are awarded to the opponent, who must play from where the balls have come to rest.
If an opponent's cue ball is potted, it remains off the table until it is that opponent's turn to play, when it is returned to that player, who may play it in-hand from the "D". There is one exception to this rule: only 15 hazards in a row may be played, after which a cannon is needed to continue the break. If only the red ball is on the table at the start of the break (meaning a cannon cannot be made), then after 15 hazards the opponent's ball must be placed on the "brown spot". It becomes a "line ball" and may not be played directly from baulk.
If the cue ball is touching an object ball, then the balls must be respotted: red on its spot and opponent's ball in the centre spot, with the striker to play from in-hand.
Matches held under professional regulations include a rule forcing the player to execute a shot in a way to have his cue ball cross the baulk line, heading towards the baulk cushion, once between 80 and 99 points in every 100 in a running break.
Fouls[edit]
If a foul occurs, two points are awarded to the opposing player who has the choice of playing from where the balls lie or they can be respotted.
There are a few different ways a foul can occur by:
Playing/Striking the opponent's cue ball or Red object ball
Making any ball jump off the table
Failing to make contact between one's cue ball and at least one object ball (Unless double baulked)
A double-hit or push shot
Jumping one's cue ball over an object ball
Playing a 16th consecutive hazard or 76th consecutive cannon
When in-hand, not hitting an object ball or cushion out of baulk before hitting a ball in baulk.
See also[edit]
World Billiards
World Billiards Championship (English billiards)
International Billiards and Snooker Federation
IBSF World Billiards Championship
World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association
English Amateur Billiards Championship
Notes[edit]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Jump up ^ "Welcome to englishBilliards.org!". Retrieved 2 February 2017.
Jump up ^ Everton 1986 Serves as a good example; the book refers to English billiards simply as "billiards", from cover to cover.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Shamos 1999, p. 89.
Jump up ^ Shamos 1999, p. 243.
^ Jump up to: a b Stein & Rubino 2008, p. 81
^ Jump up to: a b Stein & Rubino 2008, p. 80
Jump up ^ Shamos 1999, pp. 61–62.
Jump up ^ NYT staff 1885
Jump up ^ NYT staff 1915
Jump up ^ Midwinter 2007, p. 59
Jump up ^ Shamos 1999, p. 46.
^ Jump up to: a b Kumar 2000, p. 101
Jump up ^ Kumar 2000, pp. 101–104.
References[edit]
Everton, Clive (1986). The History of Snooker and Billiards (rev. ver. of The Story of Billiards and Snooker, 1979 ed.). Haywards Heath, UK: Partridge Pr. ISBN 1-85225-013-5.
Kumar, Ashok (2000). International encyclopaedia of sports and games. 1. Mittal Publications. ISBN 81-7099-747-X. This tertiary source reuses information from other sources but does not name them.
Midwinter, Eric (2007). "The Football Association". Parish to Planet: How Football Came to Rule the World. Studley, UK: Know the Score Books. p. 59. ISBN 978-1-905449-30-9.
NYT staff (21 January 1885). "The Thirty-eight Game". New York Times. Retrieved 13 December 2006. Copied from the Rochester Democrat, which published the article on 18 January 1885.
NYT staff (21 November 1915). "English Billiards Grows. Recently Imported Game Now Quite Popular Here". The New York Times. Retrieved 2 February 2017.
Shamos, Mike (1999). The New Illustrated Encyclopedia of Billiards. New York City: Lyons Press. ISBN 1-55821-797-5.
Stein, Victor; Rubino, Paul (2008) [1994]. The Billiard Encyclopedia (3rd ed.). New York City: Balkline Press. ISBN 978-0-615-17092-3.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to English billiards.
World Billiards (World Billiards Official website)
Event results and Rankings
International Billiards and Snooker Federation
EnglishBilliards.org – Coaching website, general information, tutorials, etc.
English Billiards Statistics Project – player stats and Elo rating list
Official Rules of English Billiards Published by WPBSA November 2014
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