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Love You like a Love Song
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"Love You like a Love Song"
Single by Selena Gomez & the Scene
from the album When the Sun Goes Down
Released
June 17, 2011
Format
CD single
digital download
Recorded
2011
Genre
Electropop
Length
3:08
Label
Hollywood
Songwriter(s)
Antonina Armato
Tim James
Adam Schmalholz
Producer(s)
Rock Mafia
Devrim Karaoglu
Selena Gomez & the Scene singles chronology
"Who Says"
(2011) "Love You like a Love Song"
(2011) "Hit the Lights"
(2011)
"Who Says"
(2011) "Love You like a Love Song"
(2012) "Hit the Lights"
(2011)
Music video
"Love You Like A Love Song" on YouTube
"Love You like a Love Song" is a song by American band Selena Gomez & the Scene recorded for their third studio album When the Sun Goes Down (2011). It was released as the second single from the album internationally. The song was released for digital download on June 17, 2011 and serviced to mainstream radios on August 17, 2011 in the United States, through Hollywood Records.
It was written by Antonina Armato and Tim James while both receive production credits under the stage-name Rock Mafia. Additional songwriting comes from Adam Schmalholz, also known as "IN-Q", while Devrim Karaoglu co-produced the track. The song, according to Gomez, was meant to sound different from her previous material, achieving a "high fashion" sound. "Love You like a Love Song" is a midtempo electropop song with a Euro disco rhythm. The lyrics deal with a love relationship in its primary stage.
"Love You like a Love Song" was a success in North America, peaking at number twenty-two on the Billboard Hot 100 and number ten on the Canadian Hot 100. It stands as the band's most successful single in the United States, lasting the longest on the chart, selling more than two million copies and earning a quadraple-platinum certification by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). The song peaked at number one in Russia, inside the top ten in Hungary, Mexico and Slovakia, and earned gold certifications in Australia and Sweden, and a platinum one in Norway.
The music video for "Love You like a Love Song" was directed by Geremy Jasper and Georgie Greville. It features Gomez performing the song at a Japanese karaoke bar while scenes of the band performing in different settings are intercut through the video. The video received controversy for the use of paint, later proven to be non-toxic, on the horse, pointed out by American singer Pink. Despite the use of non-toxic paint and supervision by the Humane Society, the scenes with the horses were removed in the final edit.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background and release
2 Composition
3 Critical reception
4 Chart performance
5 Music video
5.1 Background and synopsis
5.2 PETA controversy and reception
6 Live performances
7 Credits and Personnel
8 In popular culture
9 Awards and nominations
10 Charts and certifications
10.1 Weekly charts
10.2 Year-end charts
10.3 Certifications
11 Radio and release history
12 See also
13 References
Background and release[edit]
"Love You like a Love Song" was written and produced by Antonina Armato and Tim James, while they are credited under the stage-name Rock Mafia for the production. Armato and James have collaborated on The Scene's previous songs including "Naturally" and "Tell Me Something I Don't Know" (Kiss & Tell, 2009). A month after the release of "Who Says", there was already talk of a release of a new single, to be called "Love You like a Song", a rumor that arose when the provisional name of the third studio album was still Otherside. On April 30, 2011, the production/songwriting duo, through Twitter, 'confirmed' that "Love You like a Song" was not correct and that the correct name of the song is "Love You like a Love Song" or "Lovesong".[1] In May, the official name of the song, "Love You like a Love Song", was confirmed.[2] Armato and James collaborated with Paul Palmer on the song's mix, which was orchestrated at Rock Mafia Studios in Santa Monica, California, while Steve Hammons serves as the mix engineer. Hammons and Ross Hogarth were signed as the song's engineers, while Adam Comstock serves as the second engineer. Brooke Adams performed background vocals with Armato and James. Tim Pierce contributed guitars. The song was then digitally edited by James and Nigel Lundemo.
In an interview with Billboard, Gomez described as a "one of those tracks that's addictive because it's kind of repetitive in the best way. It's one of those songs that you can't get out of your head."[3] In an interview with another publication, Gomez explained what she expected from the record: "This song is fun and I wanted it to be really high fashion and different and I think we have accomplished that. It's basically talking about how crazy you are about someone whenever it's the beginning. It's the honeymoon stage if you will."[4] "Love You like a Love Song" was released as the second single from When the Sun Goes Down (2011), after the international success of "Who Says", on June 17, 2011 through digital distribution.[5] The song was serviced to contemporary hit radio airplay on August 16, 2011 in the United States.[6]
Composition[edit]
"Love You like a Love Song"
A sample of "Love You like a Love Song, a mid tempo electropop song that utilizes a Euro disco rhythm.
Problems playing this file? See media help.
"Love You like a Love Song" is a mid tempo electropop song that incorporates an Euro disco rhythm and pulsing beats,[7] According to the digital music sheet published at Musicnotes.com by Universal Music Publishing Group, the song is written in the key of C ♯ minor. The song is set in common time and moves through a moderate tempo, having a time signature of 117 beats per minute. Gomez's vocals range from a low register of E3 to a high register of C#5. It has a basic descending fifths sequence of C#m-F#m-B-E-A-D#dim-G# with the eighth chord being G# in the verses and C#m in the chorus as its chord progression. It changes to A-E-B-C#m-A-E-G#-G# in the bridge. Lyrically, "Love You like a Love Song" is about a relationship in its honeymoon phase. Kitty Empire of The Guardian commented that the song "combines a lyrical weariness beyond her years with some acrylic pump action".[8] Amy Sciaretto of PopCrush noted that the song uses an "'80s-inspired looped beat."[9]
Critical reception[edit]
The song received generally mixed reviews from music critics, who criticized its lyrics and Gomez's monotone vocals. John Bergstrom of PopMatters expressed a mixed opinion about the song, writing that it "benefits from a great title, and the squishy Eurodisco rhythm is credible, catchy and even sultry. But it's all undone by a stuttering, Max Headroom non-chorus."[10] Amy Sciaretto of PopCrush wrote in favor of the song, commenting that "Her voice isn't nearly as thin as many of her peers and the album opener allows her to cycle through a few ranges."[9]
Victoria Meng of TheCelebrityCafe, in her review of the single, found faults with the lyrics and the production.[11] Calling the production "sub-par", Meng criticized it for sounding "mechanical" due to the electronic nature, writing that "a love song shouldn’t sound mechanical unless it’s deliberately meant to be subversive and to highlight dark, pathological obsessions like in many of Lady Gaga's songs."[11] Meng also criticized it for the use of monotone vocals and Auto-Tune, in regards to a love song which she claims should be "passionate".[11] Meng found the lyrics to be "mediocre", writing that "to surround them with a beautiful tune" would help them stand out.[11] Blair Kelly of musicOMH expressed similar feelings towards the song; she deemed it "forgettable" and stated that it and "Bang Bang Bang" were both "wannabe electro-pop songs which lack both lyrical merit and a really catchy hook to make up for it."[12]
Chart performance[edit]
"Love You like a Love Song" was released as the follow up single to "Who Says", which was achieving moderate chart success during the time of the single's release. In the United States, it debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 on the week ending July 9, 2011 at number 71.[13] In the two weeks following the release of When the Sun Goes Down, the song rose to number 66 and number 35.[13] It continued to descend the chart for months, falling outside the top fifty.[13] "Love You like a Love Song" got its second wind after November 26, 2011, as it continued rising from the fiftieth position up until March 3, 2012, when it reached a peak of number 22, surpassing the peak made in July 2011.[13] At the end of that month, the song surpassed sales of two million units, becoming her first single to achieve this sales and her highest selling single in the United States. The song also earned the band their second highest charting single, behind "Who Says", and their longest running single on the Hot 100 at 38 weeks.[14] The song also earned the band the first album to spawn two top thirty hits. On April 20, 2012, the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) certified the single double platinum.[5] It has sold 2.7 million copies in the US as of May 2017 and is Gomez's best-selling song in her career.[15][16]
In Canada, "Love You like a Love Song" entered the Canadian Hot 100 at number 64 on July 9, 2011.[17] The song rose to number 21 in the following week.[18] It ascended and descended inside the top 30 for eighteen weeks until it peaked at number 10 on November 19, 2011.[14][19] The song lasted another fifteen weeks inside the top 30 and exited the charts after forty-two weeks.[14]
"Love You like a Love Song" did not replicate its North American success in Western Europe, though in Belgium, the song was a success, peaking at number 15 and charted for thirteen weeks.[20] In New Zealand, the song entered the singles chart at number 34 and peaked at number 21 two weeks later.[21] In Australia, it peaked at number 48 and, despite lasting two weeks on the chart, was certified gold for shipments of 35,000 units by Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA).[22] In Sweden, the song peaked at number 41 on the singles chart and earned a gold certification by the Swedish Recording Industry Association (GLF) for shipments of 10,000 units.[23] The song showed similar success across Europe, peaking in the lower end of the top fifty in several other countries, though it went to #1 in Russia and top 3 in several other Eastern European countries. It also made #1 in both Taiwan and the People's Republic of China.
Music video[edit]
Background and synopsis[edit]
Gomez in the music video, singing at a Japanese karaoke bar, while the karaoke machine projects her as Max Headroom.
The music video was directed by Geremy Jasper and Georgie Greville, who previously worked with Goldfrapp and Florence & The Machine.[24] Gomez considered the video as "the craziest video I've ever done", and commented, "[s]ometimes when you're in love, there are things you can't really explain and it doesn't make sense. That's how I feel when I'm in love."[24] The video was released on June 23, 2011 on VEVO.[25]
It begins with the singer at a Japanese karaoke bar,[24] watching a man sing the band's previous single "Naturally" off-key before he wanders off stage, a scene criticized for being similar to the opening scene of Maroon 5's video for their 2004 single "Sunday Morning". Gomez, who wears a golden disco-style dress,[24] is called to the stage, where she starts to sing the song. As the first line begins, the karaoke machine begins projecting various images of the band in different settings. The first set features Gomez wearing a long black dress with poker-straight hair on a violet-sanded beach. She walks the beach with a long-haired blond male hippie (actor/model Oliver Seitz), and lays in the sand while he plays sitar and time-lapsed clouds speed away overhead. In the chorus, many TV screens show images of Gomez in drag looking similar to 1980s icon Max Headroom.
During the second verse of the song, Gomez and the pianist are in a heavenly cloud-scape, both dressed in a style inspired by the 1984 film Amadeus.[24] She sings atop the triangular piano while he plays. She then glances at a TV screen displaying the next scene. Donning 1950s dress, Gomez rides in the passenger seat of a convertible car driven by a greaser, played by actor Charan Andreas on a Tron-esque computer grid in outer space. The song's breakdown takes place in a large field of fuchsia wheat. Gomez sports a bejeweled bustier, black tutu, and black thigh-high boots while playing piñata with a pink lightsaber. She is surrounded by a Mariachi band consisting of The Scene and others playing Roland AX-7 synth keytars and a Yamaha WX5 wind controller. In the video's conclusion, The Scene comes into the bar to watch their lead singer finish her song, as the men from the fantasy sequences are shown to be in the audience as well. Gomez then bows to applause from the small audience. The beach was filmed in Malibu, California.
PETA controversy and reception[edit]
Before the official release of the music video, a leaked photo from the set of Gomez, the hippie, and two pink-colored horses drew controversy during production. Although the horses were actually colored using a nontoxic water-soluble vegetable powder, when singer and PETA supporter Pink saw the photo, she assumed the horses had been colored traditionally using toxic paints or dyes.[26] Pink criticized the video, which had not even been released, as "stupid". On her arrival to the video's set, Gomez was reportedly surprised to see that the horses were physically colorized, having assumed their color would be added in post-production.[26] According to Gomez, she "was not so comfortable with the whole concept" of having horses in the video,[24] and it was later announced that the animals would not appear in the final cut of the video, despite on-set supervision from an official of the Humane Society and the horses not having been harmed or endangered in any way.[27] James Dihn of MTV Newsroom commented that Gomez was not the first celebrity to be criticized by PETA, naming Britney Spears and her music video for "Circus" (2008), as well as 50 Cent and Lady Gaga, as examples.[28] Following the release on VEVO, Becky Bain of Idolator noted "most of these scenes have absolutely nothing to do with one another", but considered it "pretty entertaining even without pink horses", joking about the PETA controversy.[25] Jocelyn Vena of MTV summarized her review of the music video saying, "Selena Gomez may have been born in 1992, but that doesn't mean that the teen queen can't get a little nostalgic for the '80s."[24]
Live performances[edit]
Gomez performed the song on Good Morning America on June 17, 2011. The song has also been performed on the UK program Daybreak on July 8, 2011.[citation needed] She also performed it at the Teen Choice Awards on Sunday, August 7, 2011. Gomez performed the song on "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno" on September 19, 2011.[29] The song was also performed on The Ellen DeGeneres Show on November 17, 2011. Gomez and her band performed the song at their first headlining tour We Own the Night Tour.[citation needed]
Gomez and her band won a Teen Choice Award for Best Love Song and also won Teen Choice Award for Best Group after they performed their song at the show.[citation needed]
Credits and Personnel[edit]
Selena Gomez – lead vocals, background vocals
Antonina Armato, Tim James, Adam Schmalholz – songwriters
Rock Mafia, Devrim Karaoglu – producer
In popular culture[edit]
In 2012, Naya Rivera performed the song as her character Santana Lopez in the third-season episode "Prom-asaurus" of the television series Glee.
American drag queen and RuPaul's Drag Race contestant Willam Belli parodied the song on his album The Wreckoning, entitled "Love You Like a Big Schlong".[30]
The song was featured in the episode "No, You Can’t Sit With Us" of Suburgatory.[31]
The song was covered by Marshall Williams and Kelli Berglund in the Disney Channel Original Movie How to Build a Better Boy, as their characters Albert Banks and Mae Hartley respectively.
The song was featured in the 2012 dance video game, Just Dance 4.
In 2014, Cats on Trees released a cover version of the song. It charted on the SNEP, the official French Singles Chart peaking number 44 and 43 at Wallonia.[32][33]
Awards and nominations[edit]
Year
Award
Category
Work
Result
2011 Teen Choice Awards Choice Music: Love Song Love You like a Love Song Won
2012 MTV Video Music Awards Best Female Video Nominated
2012 Hollywood Teen TV Awards Song Of The Year Nominated
2012 MuchMusic Video Awards Best International Video: Group Nominated
Charts and certifications[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (2011–12)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[22] 48
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[20] 15
Belgium (Ultratip Wallonia)[34] 14
Brazil (Billboard Hot 100)[35] 15
Brazil (ABPD)[36] 15
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[37] 10
Czech Republic (Rádio Top 100)[38] 13
Denmark (Tracklisten)[39] 31
France (SNEP)[40] 17
Hungary (Dance Top 40)[41] 11
Hungary (Rádiós Top 40)[42] 2
Ireland (IRMA)[43] 49
Mexico (Billboard Mexican Airplay)[44] 16
Mexico Ingles Airplay (Billboard)[45] 1
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[21] 21
Norway (VG-lista)[46] 14
Romania (UPFR)[47] 70
Russia (2M)[48] 1
Slovakia (Rádio Top 100)[49] 3
Spain (PROMUSICAE)[50] 41
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[23] 41
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[51] 58
Ukraine Airplay (Tophit)[52] 4
US Billboard Hot 100[53] 22
US Adult Top 40 (Billboard)[54] 13
US Dance Club Songs (Billboard)[55] 1
US Latin Pop Songs (Billboard)[56] 21
US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[57] 6
US Rhythmic (Billboard)[58] 37
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (2011)
Position
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[59] 48
Chart (2012)
Position
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[60] 46
Hungary (Rádiós Top 40)[61] 29
US Billboard Hot 100[62] 83
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Australia (ARIA)[63]
Gold 35,000^
Norway (IFPI Norway)[64]
Platinum 10,000*
Sweden (GLF)[65]
Gold 20,000^
United States (RIAA)[66]
4× Platinum 2,700,000[15]
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
Since May 9, 2013, RIAA certifications for digital singles include on-demand audio and/or video song streams in addition to downloads.[67]
Radio and release history[edit]
List of release dates with formats and record labels
Country
Date
Format
Label
United States[5] June 17, 2011 Digital download Hollywood Records
Worldwide[68]
Australia[69] June 20, 2011 Contemporary hit radio
Taiwan June 22, 2011 Digital download Universal Music Taiwan
United States[70] August 16, 2011 Contemporary hit radio Hollywood Records
Worldwide[71] August 19, 2011 Digital remixes EP
See also[edit]
List of number-one dance singles of 2011 (U.S.)
References[edit]
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[hide]
v
t
e
Selena Gomez & the Scene
Selena Gomez
Greg Garman
Joey Clement
Dane Forrest
Drew Taubenfield
Ethan Roberts
Nick Foxer
Studio albums
Kiss & Tell
A Year Without Rain
When the Sun Goes Down
Compilation albums
The Club Remixes
Singles
"Falling Down"
"Naturally"
"Round & Round"
"A Year Without Rain"
"Who Says"
"Love You like a Love Song"
"Hit the Lights"
Promotional singles
"Bang Bang Bang"
Other songs
"Whiplash"
Concert tours
Live in Concert
A Year Without Rain Tour
We Own the Night Tour
Related articles
Discography
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Islam in Spain
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Islam portal
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Islam was a widespread religion in what is now Spain and Portugal for nine centuries, beginning with the Umayyad conquest of Hispania and ending (at least overtly) with its prohibition by the modern Spanish state in the mid-16th century and the expulsion of the Moriscos in the early 17th century. Although a significant proportion of Moriscos returned to Spain or avoided expulsion through various means, and the decree never affected the country's large enslaved Muslim population, the indigenous practice of Islam had faded into obscurity by the 19th century.[1]
Nevertheless, throughout modern history there has always been a constant presence of Muslims in Spain, many of which were former slaves (known as 'moros cortados') freed in the early 18th century. Furthermore, Spain's proximity to North Africa and its small land border with the Kingdom of Morocco (as well as a colonial presence in North Africa lasting between 1912 and 1975) made Muslim presence in Spain possible. Moroccan Muslims played a significant role in Spain's Civil War (1936-1939), fighting on the National side, including a Lieutenant General Mohamed Meziane, a close friend of General Francisco Franco, who later became Captain General of Ceuta, Galicia and the Canary Islands during his post-war career.
Moroccans did not require a visa to enter Spain until 1985. This however changed with Spain's growing economic development and its entry into the European Union, after which stricter immigration controls were imposed. Immigration to Spain exploded in the 90s, with Moroccans of both sexes arriving in large numbers and becoming Spain's first important economic immigrant community. In the 2000s, migrants started arriving in some numbers from other Muslim-majority countries (as well as from Latin America and Eastern Europe). Moroccans are currently Spain's oldest and most integrated Muslim immigrant community and second-largest foreign population after Romanians.
As of 2016, Spain officially had 1,919,141 Muslims out of a total population of 46,438,422, or slightly above 4%, of the total population. Out of these, 1,115,124, or 58.7%, were immigrants without Spanish citizenship. Spain's Muslim community includes 804,017 Spanish citizens (42% of total) and 753,425 Moroccan citizens (39.2% of the Muslim community and over 67.5% of Muslim foreigners). Other smaller communities include Pakistanis, Bangladeshis, Algerians, Senegalese and Nigerians. As for Muslims with Spanish citizenship, in 2016 these included 277,409 naturalized citizens (mainly from Morocco), 430,990 descendants of naturalized citizens, 64,334 Ceuta/Melilla Muslims (naturalized by decree in the early 80s) and 23,624 were Spaniards of Catholic Christian background who had converted to Islam for marriage or out of personal religious conviction.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Conquest
1.2 Rule
1.3 Reconquista
1.4 After reconquista
2 Spain's Muslim community today
2.1 Population by year
3 See also
4 Footnotes
5 Further reading
History[edit]
The Great Mosque of Córdoba turned church after the Reconquista.
Conquest[edit]
Main article: Umayyad conquest of Hispania
Hispania was the Latin name given to the whole Iberian Peninsula (covering the territories of present-day Spain and Portugal), and after the fall of the Western Roman Empire (476) the Teutonic tribe of Visigoths ended up ruling the whole peninsula until the Islamic conquest (during that time they pushed another Teutonic tribe out—the Vandals – and conquered another one—the Suevi). It is frequently stated in historical sources that Spain was one of the former Roman provinces where the Latin language and culture grew deep roots. After the fall of the Empire, the Visigoths continued the tradition by becoming probably the most Romanized of all Teutonic tribes.
On April 30, 711, Muslim General Tariq ibn-Ziyad landed at Gibraltar and by the end of the campaign most of the Iberian Peninsula (except for small areas in the north-west such as Asturias and the Basque territory) were brought under Islamic rule.[3] This campaign's turning point was the battle of Guadalete, where the last Visigothic king, Roderick, was defeated and killed on the battlefield. After this eight-year campaign, Muslim forces attempted to move north-east across the Pyrenees Mountains toward France, but were defeated by the Frankish Christian Charles Martel at the Battle of Tours in 732.
It is commonly held that the relative ease that the Great Muslim armies conquered the Iberian Peninsula with was due to the centralized nature of government under the rule of the Visigoths. After the defeat of Roderick, the Visigoth dominion over the Iberian peninsula folded and fell apart from the Northern coast of Spain, and the province of Septimania (an area of France going from the Pyrenees to Provence), all areas previously under the rule of the Visigoths were under Islamic rule.
Several historical sources state that the Islamic caliphate had not actually targeted Spain for conquest, but that political divisions within the Visigothic kingdom created an opportunity that General Tariq and his army exploited successfully. For example, King Roderick was not considered a legitimate ruler by all the inhabitants of the Kingdom, and some Visigothic nobles actually aided the Islamic conquest. One name frequently mentioned is Count Julian of Ceuta in North Africa (this version calls him a Gothic noble), who according to some stories invited Tariq to invade because his daughter had been raped by King Roderick. Other sources instead consider Count Julian to be the last representative of the Eastern Roman Empire in North Africa.
Islamic rule in the Iberian peninsula lasted for varying periods ranging from only 28 years in the extreme northwest (Galicia) to 781 years in the area surrounding the city of Granada in the southeast. While the three major monotheistic religious traditions certainly did borrow from one another in Muslim-ruled Spain, benefiting especially by the blooming of philosophy and the medieval sciences in the Muslim Middle East, recent scholarship has brought into question the notion that the peaceful coexistence of Muslims, Jews, and Christians — known as the convivencia — could be defined as "pluralistic."[4] Moreover, the appearance of Sufism on the Iberian peninsula is especially important because Sufism's "greatest shaykh," Ibn 'Arabi, was himself from Murcia.
Rule[edit]
History of Al-Andalus
Muslim conquest
(711–732)
Battle of Guadalete
Battle of Toulouse
Battle of Tours
Umayyads of Córdoba
(756–1031)
Emirate of Córdoba
Caliphate of Córdoba
Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir
First Taifa period
(1009–1110)
Almoravid rule
(1085–1145)
Conquest
Battle of Sagrajas
Second Taifa period
(1140–1203)
Almohad rule
(1147–1238)
Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa
Third Taifa period
(1232–1287)
Emirate of Granada
(1238–1492)
Nasrid dynasty
Granada War
Related articles
Iberia
Reconquista
v
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Main article: Al-Andalus
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
In time Islamic migrants from places as diverse as North Africa to Yemen and Syria and Iran invaded territories in the Iberian peninsula. The Islamic rulers called the Iberian peninsula "Al-Andalus". That was the root for the name of the present-day region of Andalusia, the southernmost region of Spain.
For a time, the area that is today Spain and Portugal was one of the great Muslim civilizations, reaching its summit with the Umayyad Caliphate in the 10th century. Muslim Spain[3] had the following chronological phases:
The Al-Andalus province of the Umayyad Caliphate in Damascus (711–756)
The Independent Umayyad Emirate of Cordoba (756–929)
The Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba (929–1031)
The first Taifas (1031–c. 1091)
The Almoravid rule (c. 1091–c. 1145)
The second Taifas (c. 1145–c. 1151)
The Almohad rule (c. 1151–1212)
The Kingdom of Granada (1212–1492)
The late Alpujarras revolt (1568–1571), with two monarchs appointed successively by the Morisco rebels
(Note: the dates when the different taifa kingdoms were annexed by Almoravids and Almohads vary)
The Madrasah of Granada was founded by the Nasrid dynasty monarch Yusuf I, Sultan of Granada in 1349 and housed many of the most greatest prominent scholars of the period.[5]
Reconquista[edit]
Main article: Reconquista
Moorish and Christian Reconquista battle, taken from The Cantigas de Santa María
After the disintegration of the Caliphate, Islamic control of Spain was gradually eroded by the Christian Reconquista. The Reconquista (Reconquest) was the process by which the Catholic Kingdoms of northern Spain eventually managed to succeed in defeating and conquering the Muslim states of the Iberian Peninsula. The first major city to fall to Catholic powers was Toledo in 1085,[6] which prompted the intervention of Almoravids. After the battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212, most of Al-Andalus fell under control of the Catholic kingdoms, the only exception being the Nasrid dynasty Emirate of Granada. The Granada War (Guerra de Granada) of the Reconquista began in 1482 against the Emirate of Granada. It was not until 1492 that the Emirate of Granada with city of Granada and the Alhambra and Generalife Palaces, the last remaining Muslim territory in al-Andalus, fell in the Battle of Granada to forces of the Catholic Monarchs (los Reyes Catolicos), Queen Isabella I of Castile and her husband King Ferdinand II of Aragon.[7]
After reconquista[edit]
Further information: Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain, Mudejar, and Morisco
The conquest was accompanied by the Treaty of Granada signed by Emir Muhammad XII of Granada, allowing the Spanish crown's new Muslim subjects a large measure of religious toleration. They were also allowed the continuing use of their own language, schools, laws and customs. But the interpretation of the royal edict was largely left to the local Catholic authorities. Hernando de Talavera, the first Archbishop of Granada after its Catholic conquest, took a fairly tolerant view.
However 1492 started the monarchy's reversal of freedoms beginning with the Alhambra Decree. This continued when Archbishop Talavera was replaced by the intolerant Cardinal Cisneros, who immediately organised a drive for mass forced conversions and burned publicly thousands of Arabic books (manuscripts).[8] Outraged by this breach of faith, in 1499 the Mudéjars rose in the First Rebellion of the Alpujarras, which was unsuccessful and only had the effect of giving Ferdinand and Isabella a pretext to revoke the promise of toleration. That same year, the Muslim leaders of Granada were ordered to hand over almost all of the remaining books in Arabic, most of which were burned. (Only medical manuscripts were spared; those manuscripts are in the Escorial library.) Beginning in Valencia in 1502, Muslims were offered the choice of baptism or exile. The option of exile was often not feasible in practice because of the difficulty in uprooting one's family and making the journey to Muslim lands in North Africa, the inability to pay the fee required by the authorities for safe passage, and the general tendency by the authorities to discourage and hinder such exodus.[9]
The Moors request permission from James I of Aragon
The majority therefore are forced to accept conversion, becoming known as "New Christians". Many of the New Christians (also called "Moriscos"), though outwardly Catholic, continued to adhere to their old beliefs in private as crypto-Muslims.[10] Responding to a plea from his co-religionists in Spain, in 1504 Ahmad ibn Abi Jum'ah, an Islamic scholar in North Africa, issued a fatwa, commonly named the "Oran fatwa", saying that Muslims may outwardly practice Christianity, as well as drink wine, eat pork and other forbidden things, if they were under compulsion to conform or persecution.[11] There were good reasons for this, for abstinence from wine or pork could, and did, cause people to be denounced to the Spanish Inquisition.
Coat of arms of Vélez-Málaga, Andalusia
The clandestine practice of Islam continued well into the 16th century. In 1567, King Philip II finally made the use of the Arabic language illegal, and forbade the Islamic religion, dress, and customs, a step which led to the Second Rebellion of Alpujarras, involving acts of brutality. In one incident, troops commanded by Don John of Austria destroyed the town of Galera east of Granada, after slaughtering the entire population. The Moriscos of Granada were rounded up and dispersed across Spain. 'Edicts of Expulsion' for the expulsion of the Moriscos were finally issued by Philip III in 1609 against the remaining Muslims in Spain. The expulsion was particularly efficient in the eastern region of Valencia where they made up 33% of the population and ethnic tensions between Muslim and non-Muslim populations were high. The corresponding expulsion of Muslims from the Kingdom of Castille and Andalusia was officially completed in 1614 although its success has been questioned by modern scholars. Unlike the Kingdom of Aragon and Valencia, Moriscos were highly integrated in the rest of Spain significant number of them avoided expulsion or returned en masse, with the protection of non-morisco neighbours and local authorities.
The decline in revenue, and loss of technical skills, from the expulsion of Muslims from Aragon precipitated the downfall of Aragon, and the prominence of Castille. Further, the loss of revenue and skills from Valencia led to a shift of Catalan power from Valencia to regions around Barcelona which had far fewer Muslims and were thus less-affected.
The last mass prosecution against Moriscos for crypto-Islamic practices occurred in Granada in 1727, with most of those convicted receiving relatively light sentences. By this stage, the indigenous Islam is considered to have been effectively extinguished in Spain.[1]
Nevertheless, communities of Morish freed slaves known as "moros cortados" continued to be present throughout various parts of Spain, many of which had been freed as a result of a reciprocal deal with Morocco in 1767. Such former slaves, although baptised continued to discreetly practice their religion. As a result of a second Treaty with Morocco in 1799, the King of Spain formally guaranteed the right of Moroccans in Spain to practice their religion in exchange for Spanish Catholics being granted the same rights in Morocco.[12]
Spain's Muslim community today[edit]
Mosque of Madrid, inaugurated in 1992.
In recent decades, immigration has resulted in a resurgence in the presence of Islam, with nearly two million Muslims currently residing in Spain,[13] a significant portion of whom have obtained Spanish citizenship; of those who don't have it, the majority are from Morocco; other sizeable Muslim communities include Pakistanis, Algerians, Senegalese and Nigerians.[13] The Autonomous Communities with a higher Muslim population are Catalonia, Andalusia, Madrid and the Valencian Community.[13]
Muslims in Spain make up over 4% of the population. A good example of its integration in the country are attitudes towards mixed marriages, to which only 14% of Spaniards were opposed as of 2010.[citation needed] 59% of Muslims claimed that there is no particular hostility to their community within the country.[14]
There are a number of converts to Islam, estimated at between 20,000[15] and 50,000,[16] from a total number of almost 2,000,000 Muslims. A majority are Spanish Christian men and women who have married North Africans, and many are simply nominal converts complying with family convention.
Others convert out of religious conviction. Conversion to Islam was also linked to a marginal current in Andalusian nationalism known as "Islamizing Andalusianism" which never gained much support but has existed since the country's transition to democracy. Many converts to Islam have a tendency to converge in the southern Andalusia region, notably Granada, due to its long historic ties to this religion. Some have opened Muslim learning centers drawing visitors from across Europe, Canada and the United States.[17] The majority of Muslims in Spain are Sunni, with a minority of Shiites.
According to the Spanish intelligence agency CNI, Islamic countries such as Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, United Arab Emirates and Morocco provide funding and aid to Islamic associations and congregations in Spain. Kuwait has, through its subsidiary RIHS funded mosques in Reus and Torredembarra who spread an ideology contrary to the integration of Muslims into Spanish society and fostering hatred of non-Muslims.[18]
Population by year[edit]
Year
Muslim population (x 1000)
Total population (x 1000)
% of total population
2007[19] 1 000 44 784 2.23
2012[20] 1 671 46 818 3.57
2013[21] 1 732 46 728 3.71
2014[22] 1 858 46 508 4.00
2015[23] 1 887 46 449 4.06
2016[24] 1 919 46 440 4.13
2017[25] 1 946 46 528 4.18
See also[edit]
Spain portal
Islam portal
Ahmadiyya in Spain
Islamic Federation of the Canary Islands
Footnotes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Mesa, Enrique Soria (1 January 2012). "Los moriscos que se quedaron. La permanencia de la población de origen islámico en la España Moderna: Reino de Granada, siglos XVII-XVIII" [The Moriscos who remained. The permanence of Islamic origin population in Early Modern Spain: Kingdom of Granada, XVII-XVIII centuries] (1). Vínculos de Historia: 205–230 – via Dialnet.
Jump up ^ http://observatorio.hispanomuslim.es/estademograf.pdf
^ Jump up to: a b Bouchard, Constance Brittain, Chief Consultant. (Distinguished Professor of Medieval History, University of Akron) "Knights in History and Legend" Firefly Books Ltd.. 2009. ISBN 978-1-55407-480-8 . Page 202
Jump up ^ O'Shea, Stephen (2006). Sea of Faith: Islam and Christianity in the Medieval Mediterranean World. New York: Walker & Company.
Jump up ^ Robinson, Cynthia; Pinet, Simone (10 December 2008). Courting the Alhambra: Cross-Disciplinary Approaches to the Hall of Justice Ceilings. BRILL. p. 52. ISBN 978-90-474-2688-2.
Jump up ^ "BBC - Religion & Ethics - Muslim Spain (711-1492): Decline and fall". Retrieved 2008-08-13.
Jump up ^ "The City of Granada, Andalusia, Southern Spain". Retrieved 2008-08-13.
Jump up ^ Eisenberg, Daniel (1992)' "Cisneros y la quema de los manuscritos granadinos", Journal of Hispanic Philology, 16, 1992, 107-124, "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-10-15. Retrieved 2014-08-07. .
Jump up ^ Harvey 2005, p. 48.
Jump up ^ Harvey 2005, p. 270.
Jump up ^ Harvey 2005, p. 60.
Jump up ^ http://www.glossae.eu/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Martinez-Almira-Comunidad-moros-en-Cartagena-PUB.pdf
^ Jump up to: a b c País, Ediciones El (10 April 2016). "Los musulmanes aumentan en España en 300.000 en cinco años".
Jump up ^ http://www.interior.gob.es/documents/642317/1201485/Valores,%20actitudes+y+opiniones+de+los+inmigrantes+de+religi%C3%B3n+musulmana+(NIPO+126-11-022-1).pdf/0bf98a9b-bd97-490f-8e53-0e6885a34e0a
Jump up ^ Geoff Pingree; Lisa Abend (7 November 2006). "In Spain, dismay at Muslim converts holding sway" – via Christian Science Monitor.
Jump up ^ "Islam returns to a tolerant Andalucia". Archived from the original on 2014-04-16.
Jump up ^ "Inside Muslim summer camp in southern Spain".
Jump up ^ Cembrero, Ignacio (2011-07-31). "El CNI alerta de que seis países musulmanes financian al islamismo". EL PAÍS (in Spanish). Retrieved 2017-08-16.
Jump up ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4385768.stm#spain
Jump up ^ http://ucide.org/sites/default/files/revistas/estademograf12.pdf
Jump up ^ http://ucide.org/sites/default/files/revistas/estademograf13.pdf
Jump up ^ http://ucide.org/sites/default/files/revistas/estademograf14.pdf
Jump up ^ http://ucide.org/sites/default/files/revistas/estademograf15.pdf
Jump up ^ http://ucide.org/sites/default/files/revistas/estademograf16.pdf
Jump up ^ http://ucide.org/sites/default/files/revistas/27_estademograf17.pdf
Further reading[edit]
Harvey, L. P. (16 May 2005). Muslims in Spain, 1500 to 1614. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-31963-6.
W. Montgomery Watt and Pierre Cachia, A History of Islamic Spain. Piscataway, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2007.
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