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Interview with the Vampire (film)
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This article is about the film. For the novel, see Interview with the Vampire.
Interview with the Vampire
Theatrical poster
Directed by
Neil Jordan
Produced by
David Geffen
Stephen Woolley
Screenplay by
Anne Rice
Based on
Interview with the Vampire
by Anne Rice
Starring
Tom Cruise
Brad Pitt
Stephen Rea
Antonio Banderas
Christian Slater
Kirsten Dunst
Music by
Elliot Goldenthal
Cinematography
Philippe Rousselot
Edited by
Mick Audsley
Production
company
Geffen Pictures
Distributed by
Warner Bros. Pictures
Release date
November 11, 1994 (1994-11-11)
Running time
122 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$60 million[2]
Box office
$223.7 million[2]
Interview with the Vampire is a 1994 American drama horror film directed by Neil Jordan, based on the 1976 novel Interview with the Vampire by Anne Rice, and starring Tom Cruise and Brad Pitt. The film focuses on Lestat (Cruise) and Louis (Pitt), beginning with Louis's transformation into a vampire by Lestat in 1791. The film chronicles their time together, and their turning of a ten-year-old girl, Claudia, into a vampire. The narrative is framed by a present-day interview, in which Louis tells his story to a San Francisco reporter. The supporting cast features Christian Slater, Kirsten Dunst, Antonio Banderas and Stephen Rea.
The film was released in November 1994 to generally positive reviews,[3] and received Oscar nominations for Best Art Direction and Best Original Score.[4] Kirsten Dunst was also nominated for a Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actress for her role in the film.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Release
4.1 Box office
4.2 Critical reception
5 Awards
6 Home media
7 Soundtrack
8 Sequel
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
Plot[edit]
In modern-day San Francisco, reporter Daniel Molloy interviews Louis de Pointe du Lac, who claims to be a vampire. Louis describes his human life as a wealthy plantation owner in 1791 Louisiana. He had lost the will to live following the death of his wife and infant child; one night he is attacked by the vampire Lestat de Lioncourt while drunkenly wandering the waterfront of New Orleans. Lestat senses Louis' dissatisfaction with life and offers to turn him into a vampire, which Louis accepts prior to being transformed. But while Lestat revels in the hunt and killing of humans, Louis resists killing them, drinking animal blood to sustain himself. He is disgusted by Lestat's pleasure in killing and comes to suffer tremendously as a vampire.
Wandering the streets of New Orleans, amid an outbreak of plague, Louis can resist his hunger no more and feeds on a little girl whose mother has died in the plague. To entice Louis to stay with him, Lestat makes the girl into their vampire daughter, naming her Claudia. Louis has a pure love for Claudia, but to Lestat, she is a pupil, and she soon proves to be as fierce a killer as he. As thirty years pass, Claudia matures psychologically but still remains a little girl in appearance, and she's treated as such by Lestat. When she finally realizes that she will never grow old, she is furious with Lestat and tells Louis that they should leave him. She tricks Lestat into drinking the "dead blood" of twin boys that she killed by overdosing them with laudanum and she slits his throat. With Louis's help, she dumps Lestat's body in a swamp and the two plan a voyage to Europe. However, Lestat returns on the night of their departure, having drunk the blood of swamp creatures to survive. Lestat attacks them, but Louis sets him on fire and, in the ensuing chaos, they are able to escape, safely boarding the ship.
After traveling around Europe and the Mediterranean (but finding no other vampires), Louis and Claudia settle harmoniously in Paris. Louis encounters vampires Santiago and Armand by chance. Armand invites Louis and Claudia to his coven, the Théâtre des Vampires, where the vampires stage theatrical horror shows for humans, similar to the real Grand Guignol which existed in Paris from 1897–1962. On their way out of the theater, Santiago reads Louis' mind and suspects that Louis and Claudia murdered Lestat. Louis is tempted to remain with Armand and learn from him in a way he could never have done with Lestat. Claudia demands that Louis turn a human woman, Madeleine, to be her new protector and companion, and he reluctantly complies. The Parisian vampires abduct all three and punish them for Lestat's murder: imprisoning Louis in a metal coffin, and trapping Claudia and Madeleine in a room where sunlight burns them to ash. Armand does nothing to prevent this, but the next day he frees Louis. Louis returns to the Theater, killing the vampires including Santiago as vengeance. Armand arrives in time to help Louis escape the sunrise and once again offers him a place by his side. Louis, however, refuses Armand and leaves for good.
As decades pass, Louis explores the world dejectedly alone and eventually returns to the United States and New Orleans. One day he comes across Lestat, a shadow of his former self who hasn't adapted to the modern world. Lestat asks Louis to rejoin him, but Louis rejects him and leaves. Louis concludes the interview, prompting Molloy to offer to be his new vampire companion. Louis is outraged that Molloy hasn't understood the tale of suffering he has related and attacks him. When Louis vanishes, Molloy runs to his car and, while driving away, listens to his interview tapes. Just then, Lestat appears and attacks him, taking control of the car. Revived by Molloy's blood, Lestat offers him the option that he "never had" to become a vampire, as they drive over the Golden Gate Bridge.
Cast[edit]
Tom Cruise as Lestat de Lioncourt
Brad Pitt as Louis de Pointe du Lac
Christian Slater as Daniel Molloy
Kirsten Dunst as Claudia
Antonio Banderas as Armand
Stephen Rea as Santiago
Domiziana Giordano as Madeleine
Thandie Newton as Yvette
George Kelly as Dollmaker
Marcel Iureş as Paris Vampire [5]
Sara Stockbridge as Estelle
Production[edit]
Author Anne Rice adapted her 1976 novel Interview with the Vampire into a screenplay with French actor Alain Delon in mind for the role of Louis.[6] Later on, when the film was made, British actor Julian Sands was considered to play the role of Lestat by Rice,[citation needed] but because Sands was not a well-known name at the time (being only famed for his performance in A Room with a View), he was rejected and the role was given to Tom Cruise. This was initially criticized by Anne Rice, who said that Cruise was "no more my vampire Lestat than Edward G. Robinson is Rhett Butler",[6] and the casting was "so bizarre; it's almost impossible to imagine how it's going to work". Nevertheless, she was satisfied with Cruise's performance after seeing the completed film, saying that "from the moment he appeared, Tom was Lestat for me" and "that Tom did make Lestat work was something I could not see in a crystal ball".
Due to Rice's perception of Hollywood's homophobia, at one point she rewrote the part of Louis, changing his sex to female, in order to specifically heterosexualize the character's relationship with Lestat.[7] At the time, Rice felt it was the only way to get the film made, and singer-actress Cher was considered for the part.[7] A song titled "Lovers Forever", which Cher wrote along with Shirley Eikhard for the film's soundtrack, got rejected as Pitt was ultimately cast for the role, though a dance-pop version of the song was released on Cher's 2013 album, Closer to the Truth.[8]
Originally, River Phoenix was cast for the role of Daniel Molloy (as Anne Rice liked the idea), but he died four weeks before he was due to begin filming. When Christian Slater was cast in his place as Molloy, he donated his entire salary to Phoenix's favorite charitable organizations.[9] The film has a dedication to Phoenix after the end credits. Eleven-year-old actress Kirsten Dunst was spotted by talent scouts and was the first girl tested for the role of woman/child Claudia.[6]
Release[edit]
Box office[edit]
Interview with the Vampire: The Vampire Chronicles opened on November 11, 1994. Opening weekend grosses amounted to $36.4m, placing it in the number one position at the US box office.[10] In subsequent weeks it struggled against Star Trek Generations and The Santa Clause. Total gross in the United States was $105 million, while the total including international gross was $224 million, with an estimated budget of $60 million.[11]
Critical reception[edit]
The film received mixed to positive reviews among film critics. Review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes reports the film as holding an overall 61% approval rating based on 51 reviews, with a rating average of 5.9 out of 10. The site's consensus reads: "Despite lacking some of the book's subtler shadings, and suffering from some clumsy casting, Interview with the Vampire benefits from Neil Jordan's atmospheric direction and a surfeit of gothic thrills."[12] The film holds a 59/100 on Metacritic.[13] Praise from The New York Times's Elvis Mitchell and the Chicago Sun-Times's Roger Ebert was tempered by poor reviews in The Washington Post and Time magazine.[14][15][16][17]
Awards[edit]
The film was nominated for two Academy Awards—for Best Art Direction/Set Decoration (Dante Ferretti, Francesca Lo Schiavo) and for Best Original Score, but lost to The Madness of King George and The Lion King, respectively.[4] This film won a Razzie Award for Worst Screen Couple for Pitt and Cruise, tied with Sylvester Stallone and Sharon Stone in The Specialist.
Home media[edit]
The film was released on VHS on November 21, 1995 and LaserDisc on June 6, 1996[18] DVD on June 6, 2000[19] and on Blu-ray Disc on October 7, 2008.[20]
Soundtrack[edit]
Main article: Interview with the Vampire (soundtrack)
The film's musical score was written by Elliot Goldenthal and received an Oscar nomination for Best Original Score. "Sympathy for the Devil" was performed by Guns N' Roses.
Sequel[edit]
Almost a decade after this film, an adaptation for the third book in the series, The Queen of the Damned, was produced and distributed once again by Warner Bros. Tom Cruise and Brad Pitt did not reprise their roles as Lestat and Louis. Many characters and important plotlines were written out of the film, which actually combined elements of The Vampire Lestat with The Queen of the Damned. The film was negatively received by critics, and Rice dismissed it completely as she felt the filmmakers had "mutilated" her work. During pre-production, Rice had pleaded with the studio not to produce a film of the book just yet as she believed her readers wanted a film based on the second book in the series, The Vampire Lestat. Rice was refused the cooperation of the studio.[citation needed]
In February 2012, a film adaptation of The Tale of the Body Thief, the fourth book in the series, entered development with Brian Grazer and Ron Howard's film production company, Imagine Entertainment. It was reported that screenwriter Lee Patterson was going to pen the screenplay. However, Rice's son, Christopher, apparently had drafted a screenplay based on the novel that was met with praise from those involved in the developmental stage. Rice later confirmed that creative differences that were beyond those involved resulted in the dismissal of the project in April 2013.[21]
In August 2014 Universal Pictures acquired the rights to the entire Vampire Chronicles. Alex Kurtzman and Roberto Orci have been named as producers and the deal includes the aforementioned screenplay for The Tale of the Body Thief, written by Christopher.[22][23]
A new film adaptation of the book has been written by Josh Boone and was announced in May 2016, with Boone suggesting actor Jared Leto play the role of Lestat.[24] In November 2016, all plans for a theatrical reboot were scrapped as Rice announced she had regained the rights to her novels and intends to create a television series starting with The Vampire Lestat.
See also[edit]
Vampire film
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "INTERVIEW WITH THE VAMPIRE (18)". British Board of Film Classification. November 16, 1994. Retrieved May 30, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Interview with the Vampire (1994) at Box Office Mojo Retrieved May 30, 2013
Jump up ^ "Interview with the Vampire". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved May 25, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "The 67th Academy Awards (1995) Nominees and Winners". oscars.org. Retrieved August 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Marcel Iures - Biography - Movies & TV". NYTimes.com. August 2, 1951. Retrieved March 3, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Katherine Ramsland (December 22, 2010). Anne Rice Reader. Random House Publishing Group. pp. 170–. ISBN 978-0-307-77563-4.
^ Jump up to: a b Benshoff, Harry M. (1997). "Monsters in the closet: homosexuality and the horror film". Manchester University Press. ISBN 0-7190-4473-1.
Jump up ^ Cher On 'Closer to the Truth': I Took Some Chances on This Album. Billboard.com, June 19, 2013. By Phil Gallo.
Jump up ^ Alan W. Petrucelli (September 29, 2009). Morbid Curiosity: The Disturbing Demises of the Famous and Infamous. Penguin Publishing Group. pp. 41–. ISBN 978-1-101-14049-9.
Jump up ^ Natale, Richard (November 14, 1994). "Love at First Bite: 'Vampire' Tears Into Box Office : Movies: Warners film looks to be the fourth largest debut ever. 'Santa Clause' sleighs into the No. 2 spot with a solid take". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Interview with the Vampire (1994)". Box Office Mojo.
Jump up ^ "Interview with the Vampire (1994)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved January 15, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Interview with the Vampire: The Vampire Chronicles Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved January 16, 2017.
Jump up ^ Maslin, Janet (November 11, 1994). "FILM REVIEW: INTERVIEW WITH THE VAMPIRE; Rapture and Terror, Bound by Blood". The New York Times. Retrieved April 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ Corliss, Richard (November 21, 1994). "CINEMA: Toothless: Interview with the Vampire falls flat, despite Tom Cruise". Time. Retrieved December 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Interview with the Vampire". Washington Post. November 14, 1994. Retrieved December 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Interview with the Vampire". Chicago Sun Times. Retrieved December 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ http://www.lddb.com/laserdisc/09154/13176/Interview-with-the-Vampire-%281994%29. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ "Interview with the Vampire: The Vampire Chronicles (1994)". Retrieved April 15, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Interview with the Vampire [Blu-ray]". Retrieved April 15, 2012.
Jump up ^ Kit, Borys. "Anne Rice's 'Tale of the Body Thief' In Development With Imagine, Kurtzman/Orci". The Hollywood Reporter.
Jump up ^ McNary, Dave (August 7, 2014). "Anne Rice's Vampire Chronicles Takes Flight at Universal". Variety. Retrieved August 10, 2014.
Jump up ^ Iman Amrani. "Universal buys rights to Anne Rice's Vampire Chronicles book series". The Guardian.
Jump up ^ "Interview with the Vampire remake: Jared Leto is screenwriters pick to play Lestat". news.com.au. May 7, 2016. Retrieved October 10, 2016.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Interview with the Vampire (film)
Interview with the Vampire: The Vampire Chronicles on IMDb
Interview with the Vampire at Box Office Mojo
Interview with the Vampire at Rotten Tomatoes
Interview with the Vampire at Metacritic
[show]
v
t
e
The Vampire Chronicles by Anne Rice
Novels
Interview with the Vampire (1976)
The Vampire Lestat (1985)
The Queen of the Damned (1988)
The Tale of the Body Thief (1992)
Memnoch the Devil (1995)
The Vampire Armand (1998)
Merrick (2000)
Blood and Gold (2001)
Blackwood Farm (2002)
Blood Canticle (2003)
Prince Lestat (2014)
Prince Lestat and the Realms of Atlantis (2016)
New Tales of the Vampires
Pandora (1998)
Vittorio the Vampire (1999)
Film adaptations
Interview with the Vampire (1994)
Queen of the Damned (2002)
Musical adaptations
Lestat (2006)
Characters
Lestat de Lioncourt
Aaron Lightner
Armand
Claudia
Daniel Molloy
Jesse Reeves
Khayman
Louis de Pointe du Lac
Maharet and Mekare
Marius de Romanus
Nicolas de Lenfent
Santiago
Talamasca Caste
List of characters
Related works
Lives of the Mayfair Witches (1990–1994)
[show]
v
t
e
Films directed by Neil Jordan
Angel (1982)
The Company of Wolves (1984)
Mona Lisa (1986)
High Spirits (1988)
We're No Angels (1989)
The Miracle (1991)
The Crying Game (1992)
Interview with the Vampire (1994)
Michael Collins (1996)
The Butcher Boy (1997)
In Dreams (1999)
The End of the Affair (1999)
Not I (2002)
The Good Thief (2002)
Breakfast on Pluto (2005)
The Brave One (2007)
Ondine (2009)
Byzantium (2012)
The Widow (2018)
[show]
v
t
e
Saturn Award for Best Horror Film
Blacula (1972)
The Exorcist (1973)
Young Frankenstein (1974/75)
Burnt Offerings (1976)
The Little Girl Who Lives Down the Lane (1977)
The Wicker Man (1978)
Dracula (1979)
The Howling (1980)
An American Werewolf in London (1981)
Poltergeist (1982)
The Dead Zone (1983)
Gremlins (1984)
Fright Night (1985)
The Fly (1986)
The Lost Boys (1987)
Beetlejuice (1988)
Arachnophobia (1989/90)
The Silence of the Lambs (1991)
Bram Stoker's Dracula (1992)
Army of Darkness (1993)
Interview with the Vampire (1994)
From Dusk till Dawn (1995)
Scream (1996)
The Devil's Advocate (1997)
Apt Pupil (1998)
The Sixth Sense (1999)
Final Destination (2000)
The Others (2001)
The Ring (2002)
28 Days Later (2003)
Shaun of the Dead (2004)
The Exorcism of Emily Rose (2005)
The Descent (2006)
Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007)
Hellboy II: The Golden Army (2008)
Drag Me to Hell (2009)
Let Me In (2010)
The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011)
The Cabin in the Woods (2012)
The Conjuring (2013)
Dracula Untold (2014)
Crimson Peak (2015)
Don't Breathe (2016)
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Categories:
1994 films
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Films directed by Neil Jordan
Films set in 1988
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values: مقابلة مع مصاص الدماء (فيلم) – Arabic

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values: Интервю с вампир (филм) – Bulgarian

values: Intervista col vampiro – Emiliano-Romagnolo

values: Entrevista con el vampiro (película) – Spanish

values: Interview with the Vampire: The Vampire Chronicles – Basque

values: مصاحبه با خون‌آشام (فیلم) – Persian

values: Entretien avec un vampire (film) – French

values: Interview with the Vampire: The Vampire Chronicles – Galician

values: 뱀파이어와의 인터뷰 (영화) – Korean

values: Հարցազրույց վամպիրի հետ – Armenian

values: Interview with the Vampire: The Vampire Chronicles – Indonesian

values: ראיון עם הערפד (סרט) – Hebrew

values: Interviu su vampyru: vampyrų kronikos – Lithuanian

values: Interview with the Vampire: The Vampire Chronicles – Dutch

values: インタビュー・ウィズ・ヴァンパイア – Japanese

values: Entrevista com o Vampiro (filme) – Portuguese

values: Интервью с вампиром (фильм) – Russian

values: Interview with the Vampire: The Vampire Chronicles – Albanian

values: Interview with the Vampire: The Vampire Chronicles – Simple English

values: Интервју са вампиром – Serbian

values: Interview with the Vampire: The Vampire Chronicles – Serbo-Croatian

values: Інтерв'ю з вампіром: хроніка життя вампіра – Ukrainian

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bpl.org
Looking down at the entrance stairway to the McKim Building (2014)
The Boston Public Library is a municipal public library system in Boston, Massachusetts, United States, founded in 1848.[4] The Boston Public Library is also the Library for the Commonwealth[5] (formerly library of last recourse)[6] of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts; all adult residents of the commonwealth are entitled to borrowing and research privileges, and the library receives state funding. The Boston Public Library contains approximately 23 million items encompassing all formats including books, DVDs, CDs, maps, music scores, microfilm, manuscripts, prints and other visual materials,[7] and electronic resources, making it the third-largest public library in the United States behind only the Library of Congress (with 160 million items) and the New York Public Library (with 53 million items), according to the American Library Association.[8] In fiscal year 2014, the library held over 10,000 programs, all free to the public, and lent 3.7 million materials.[9]
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 History
2.1 Founding and expansion
2.2 Recent history
3 Central Library
3.1 The McKim building
3.2 The Johnson building
4 Current services
4.1 Public Programs
4.2 Computers and Internet access
4.3 Digital services
4.4 List of databases
4.5 Digital partners
5 Branch library system
6 Gallery
7 See also
8 Notes
9 Further reading
10 External links
Overview[edit]
According to its website, the Boston Public Library has a collection of over 23.7 million items, which makes it one of the largest municipal public library systems in the United States. The vast majority of the collection – over 22.7 million volumes — is held in the Central Branch research stacks.[10] Between July 2012 and June 2013, the annual circulation of the BPL was 3.69 million.[11] Because of the strength and importance of its research collection, the Boston Public Library is a member of the Association of Research Libraries (ARL), a not-for-profit organization comprising the research libraries of North America. The New York Public Library is the only other public library that is a member of the ARL. The library has established collections of distinction, based on the collection's depth and breadth, including subjects such as Boston history, the Civil War, Irish History, etc. In addition, the library is both a federal and state depository of government documents.
Included in the BPL's research collection are more than 1.7 million rare books and manuscripts. It possesses wide-ranging and important holdings, including medieval manuscripts and incunabula, early editions of William Shakespeare (among which are a number of Shakespeare quartos and the First Folio), the George Ticknor collection of Spanish literature, a major collection of Daniel Defoe, records of colonial Boston, the personal 3,800 volume library of John Adams, the mathematical and astronomical library of Nathaniel Bowditch, important manuscript archives on abolitionism, including the papers of William Lloyd Garrison, and a major collection of materials on the Sacco and Vanzetti case. There are large collections of prints, photographs, postcards, and maps. The library, for example, holds one of the major collections of watercolors and drawings by Thomas Rowlandson. The library has a special strength in music, and holds the archives of the Handel and Haydn Society, scores from the estate of Serge Koussevitzky, and the papers of and grand piano belonging to the important American composer Walter Piston.
For all these reasons, the historian David McCullough has described the Boston Public Library as one of the five most important libraries in America, the others being the Library of Congress, the New York Public Library, and the university libraries of Harvard and Yale.
History[edit]
Founding and expansion[edit]
In the mid-19th century, several people were instrumental in the establishment of the Boston Public Library. George Ticknor, a Harvard professor and trustee of the Boston Athenaeum, raised the possibility of establishing a public library in Boston beginning as early as 1826. At the time, Ticknor could not generate enough interest.
Bust of George Ticknor
In 1839, Alexandre Vattemare, a Frenchman, suggested that all of Boston's libraries combine themselves into one institution for the benefit of the public.[12] The idea was presented to many Boston libraries, however, most were uninterested in the idea. At Vattemare's urging, Paris sent gifts of books in 1843 and 1847 to assist in establishing a unified public library. Vattemare made yet another gift of books in 1849.
Josiah Quincy, Jr. anonymously donated $5,000 to begin the funding of a new library. Quincy made the donation while he was mayor of Boston. Indirectly, John Jacob Astor also influenced the establishment of a public library in Boston. At the time of his death, Astor bequeathed $400,000 to New York to establish a public library there. Because of the cultural and economic rivalry between Boston and New York, this bequest prompted more discussion of establishing a public library in Boston.[13] In 1848, a statute of the Great and General Court of Massachusetts enabled the creation of the library. The library was officially established in Boston by a city ordinance in 1852.[14] Mayor Benjamin Seaver recommended to the city council that a librarian be appointed. In May 1852 the city council adopted the recommendations of the mayor and Edward Capen was chosen to become Boston Public Library's first librarian.[15]
Eager to support the library, Edward Everett collected documents from both houses of Congress, bound them at his own expense, and offered this collection to help establish the new library. At the time of Everett's donation, George Ticknor became involved in the active planning for the new library.[16] In 1852, financier Joshua Bates gave a gift of $50,000 to establish a library in Boston. After Bates' gift was received, Ticknor made lists of what books to purchase. He traveled extensively to purchase books for the library, visit other libraries, and set up book agencies.[16]
Public Library, Boylston Street, 1858–1895 (demolished 1899).
To house the collection, a former schoolhouse located on Mason Street was selected as the library's first home. On March 20, 1854, the Reading Room of the Boston Public Library officially opened to the public. The circulation department opened on May 2, 1854.
Reading Room in 1871 at the first Boylston Street building, the library's location between 1858 and 1895.
The opening day collection of 16,000 volumes fit in the Mason Street building, but it quickly became obvious that its quarters were inadequate. So in December 1854, the library's commissioners authorized the library to move to a new building on Boylston Street. Designed by Charles Kirk Kirby to hold 240,000 volumes, the imposing Italianate edifice opened in 1858. But eventually the library outgrew that building as well; in 1878, an examining committee recommended replacing it with a new one at another location.
By 1880, the Massachusetts legislature authorized construction of an even grander library building. A site selected was in Back Bay on Copley Square – the prominent corner of Boylston Street and Dartmouth Street, opposite Richardson's Trinity Church and near the first Boston Museum of Fine Arts. After several years of debate over the selection of the architects and architectural style for the new library, in 1887 the prestigious New York firm of McKim, Mead, and White was chosen to design the new library. In 1888, Charles Follen McKim proposed a design based on the Bibliotheque Nationale in Paris, in a Renaissance style which met approval from the trustees of the library, and construction commenced. The vast new reading room was called Bates Hall.
In 1870, the library opened the East Boston branch, the first branch library in America. With the aim of increasing its reach throughout the city, the library opened 21 more branches in Boston neighborhoods between 1872 and 1900.[17]
In 1972, the Johnson building opened at the central Copley Square location, adjacent to the McKim building. The addition was designed by Philip Johnson. In 1986, the National Park Service named the McKim building a National Historic Landmark.[17]
Recent history[edit]
As of 2006[update], the Library has had staffing and funding levels for conservation below that of its peers: the BPL's staff of two full-time conservators is significantly less than the New York Public Library's thirty-five. Many colonial records and John Adams manuscripts are brittle, decaying, and so in need of attention that the Library's acting Keeper of Rare Books and Manuscripts said that "they are falling apart."[18]
In 2011, the library completed a strategic plan, the BPL Compass, which featured eight community-identified Principles for Excellence. The principles in the plan and all of the related outcomes came as the result of a two-year community engagement process for which Boston Public Library received national recognition.[19]
In fiscal year 2012, the city of Boston spent 1.26% ($27,836,648) of its budget on the library, or $43.74 per person.[20]
In 2013, the library unveiled its Collections of Distinction, an initial group of 18 collections that represent the most outstanding, expansive, and renowned of its holdings, Boston Public Library gives priority to Collections of Distinction with respect to public access, acquisition, digitization, preservation, and staff development.[21]
In fall 2013, the library began a renovation of the Central Library's Johnson building.[22] In February 2015, the first phase of renovation opened on the Johnson building's second floor, including the new Children's Library, Teen Central, a community reading area, and the Adult Reference area. The renovated second floor cost a total of $18 million. The second phase of the Johnson building renovations will open in summer 2016 and included the first floor, mezzanine, and exterior.[23]
Central Library[edit]
The Boston Central Library is located in Copley Square in Boston's Back Bay neighborhood. The central library consists of McKim Building and Johnson Building, and the two buildings are attached and interconnected with interior passageways. The central library as a whole with the two buildings combined contains 930,000 square feet (86,000 m2) of space and houses 21,000,000 items in its collections as of 2015.[24]
The McKim building[edit]
McKim Building, Copley Square, Boston, 2005
Reading Room at McKim Building in 2013
Boston Public Library, 2016
Main article: Boston Public Library, McKim Building
The McKim building houses the BPL's research collection.[24]
The Johnson building[edit]
Johnson Building, Boylston St. near Copley Square, Boston, 2008
Designed by Philip Johnson, a late modernist addition (which somewhat anticipated postmodernist architecture) was built in 1967–1971 and opened in 1972. The Johnson building reflects similar proportions, and is built of the same pink Milford granite as the McKim building. Critics have likened it to a mausoleum, citing the small percentage of windows relieving the massive walls in its exterior façade.
Upon opening, the Johnson building became the home for the BPL's main circulating collection, which includes works in many languages. It also serves as headquarters for the Boston Public Library's 24 branch libraries.[17]
In 2013, the library began a major renovation project on the Johnson building. The first phase of the renovation opened in February 2015 on the Johnson building's second floor and features a new Children's Library, Teen Central, a community reading area, and Adult Reference area. The second phase includes renovations to the buildings first floor, mezzanine, and exterior and opened in the summer 2016.[23] The $78 million renovation includes a new business innovation center and business library, an radio broadcasting studio for WGBH (FM), a 3D printer, and a café.[25]
Current services[edit]
Public Programs[edit]
The Boston Public Library hosts thousands of free public programs each year, including Author Talks, Local and Family History lectures, the Lowell Lecture Series, Concerts in the Courtyard, and art and history exhibitions.[26][27] The Boston Public Library also offers many daily events for children, teens, adults, and seniors, including story times, book discussions, film showings, ESL conversation groups, and research and technology classes.[28][29][30]
Computers and Internet access[edit]
The Boston Public Library offers desktop computers with pay-for-print services for public use and free wireless internet at the Central Library all 24 branches for anyone who has a wireless-enabled mobile device and a library card. Plug-in Ethernet access is also available in the McKim building's Bates Hall and the Honan-Allston Branch's Adult Reading Room. Library-card holders can also borrow laptops for in-library use for 2 hours at any location.[29][31][32]
Digital services[edit]
The library offers a variety of digital services and collections. The online catalog, also available for mobile devices, allows users to browse and place holds on materials including books, audiobooks, DVDs, and CDs. Users can also download ebooks, e-audiobooks, music, and video through BPL's OverDrive site and check out Zinio magazines for the computer, tablet, or smartphone. Library card holders and e-card holders can also stream movies, television shows, music, and audiobooks through Hoopla Streaming Media.[33]
Many of the Boston Public Library's collections are available to the public online, including rare books and manuscripts, the anti-slavery manuscript collection, historical children's books, the John Adams Library, historic maps from the Norman B. Leventhal Map Center, historical images, prints, and photographs, sound archives, and silent films.[29][34] Many of the library's digitized works can be found either through the Boston Public Library Flickr page[35] or through their collections on the Digital Commonwealth.[36]
List of databases[edit]
As of August 2017, the library arranges for its patrons access to digital content from several providers:
List of databases[37] [show]
Title
Parent company
Subsidiary
17th & 18th Century Burney Collection Newspapers Cengage Learning, Inc. Gale
18th Century Collections Online Cengage Learning, Inc. Gale
19th Century Collections Online Cengage Learning, Inc. Gale
19th Century US Newspapers Cengage Learning, Inc. Gale
Academic OneFile Cengage Learning, Inc. Gale
American Doctoral Dissertations EBSCO Industries
American Music Alexander Street Press
AP Images EBSCO Industries
Archive Finder Cambridge Information Group ProQuest
Archives Unbound Cengage Learning, Inc. Gale
Art Full Text EBSCO Industries
Art Index Retrospective EBSCO Industries
Art Museum Image Gallery EBSCO Industries
Arts:Search Cambridge Information Group ProQuest
Asian American Drama Alexander Street Press
AtoZdatabases DatabaseUSA.com[38]
Audio Drama: The L.A. Theatre Works Collection Alexander Street Press
Avery Index to Architectural Periodicals EBSCO Industries
Biography and Genealogy Master Index Cengage Learning, Inc. Gale
Biography in Context Cengage Learning, Inc. Gale
Black Drama, Second Edition Alexander Street Press
Boston Globe Cambridge Information Group ProQuest
Boston Herald, 2004-2011 Cengage Learning, Inc. Gale
Britannica Learning Zone Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Britannica Library Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Britannica School Edition Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Britannica Spanish Reference Center Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
British Library Newspapers Cengage Learning, Inc. Gale
British Literary Manuscripts Online Cengage Learning, Inc. Gale
Business & Industry Cengage Learning, Inc. Gale
Business and Management Practices Cengage Learning, Inc. Gale
Business Collection Cengage Learning, Inc. Gale
Career Transitions Cengage Learning, Inc. Gale
Children's Reference Cengage Learning, Inc. Gale
Classical Music Library Alexander Street Press
Classical Scores Library Alexander Street Press
Congressional Cambridge Information Group ProQuest
Contemporary World Music Alexander Street Press
Credo Reference Credo Reference Ltd.
Criminal Justice Collection Cengage Learning, Inc. Gale
Culinary Arts Collection Cengage Learning, Inc. Gale
Dance in Video Alexander Street Press
DemographicsNow: Business and People Cengage Learning, Inc. Gale
Economist Historical Archive Cengage Learning, Inc. Gale
Educator's Reference Complete Cengage Learning, Inc. Gale
Environmental Studies and Policy Collection Cengage Learning, Inc. Gale
Expanded Academic ASAP Cengage Learning, Inc. Gale
Financial Times Historical Archive Cengage Learning, Inc. Gale
Gale Courses Cengage Learning, Inc. Gale
Gale Directory Library Cengage Learning, Inc. Gale
Gale Newsvault Cengage Learning, Inc. Gale
Gale Virtual Reference Library Cengage Learning, Inc. Gale
Gardening, Landscape, and Horticulture Collection Cengage Learning, Inc. Gale
Garland Encyclopedia of World Music Online Alexander Street Press
General OneFile Cengage Learning, Inc. Gale
Global Issues In Context Cengage Learning, Inc. Gale
Health & Wellness Resource Center Cengage Learning, Inc. Gale
Health Reference Center Academic Cengage Learning, Inc. Gale
HeritageQuest Online Cambridge Information Group ProQuest
Hoopla Streaming Media Midwest Tape, LLC[39]
Hospitality, Tourism, and Leisure Collection Cengage Learning, Inc. Gale
Index to Early American Periodicals Computer Indexed Systems[40]
Index to English Literary Periodicals Computer Indexed Systems
Infotrac Junior Edition Cengage Learning, Inc. Gale
Infotrac Newsstand Cengage Learning, Inc. Gale
Infotrac Student Edition Cengage Learning, Inc. Gale
Irish Times Cambridge Information Group ProQuest
Jazz Music Library Alexander Street Press
Jewish Advocate Cambridge Information Group ProQuest
JSTOR Ithaka Harbors
Kids InfoBits Cengage Learning, Inc. Gale
Latino Literature Alexander Street Press
LearningExpress Library EBSCO Industries
Library, Information Science & Technology Abstracts EBSCO Industries
Listener History Archive Cengage Learning, Inc. Gale
Literature Criticism Online Cengage Learning, Inc. Gale
Literature Resource Center Cengage Learning, Inc. Gale
Little Pim Creative Empire, LLC Mango Languages
Lynda.com Microsoft Corporation
Making of the Modern World Cengage Learning, Inc. Gale
Mango Languages Creative Empire, LLC
Massachusetts Driving Permit Practice Tests Elegant E-Learning, Inc Driving-Tests.org
Mergent Archives - Historical Annual Report Collection London Stock Exchange Group Mergent, Inc.
Mergent EventsData London Stock Exchange Group Mergent, Inc.
Mergent Intellect London Stock Exchange Group Mergent, Inc.
Mergent Online London Stock Exchange Group Mergent, Inc.
Modern Language Association (MLA) International Bibliography Cengage Learning, Inc. Gale
Morningstar Investment Research Center Morningstar, Inc.
Music & Performing Arts Alexander Street Press
National Geographic Virtual Library Cengage Learning, Inc. Gale
New York Times (1851-2013) Cambridge Information Group ProQuest
New York Times (1985 - Present) Cengage Learning, Inc. Gale
Newspaper Archive Heritage Microfilm, Inc.
North American Indian Drama Alexander Street Press
North American Women's Drama Alexander Street Press
NoveList K-8 Plus EBSCO Industries
NoveList Plus EBSCO Industries
Nursing & Allied Health Collection Cengage Learning, Inc. Gale
OmniFile Full Text Select EBSCO Industries
Opera in Video Alexander Street Press
OverDrive eBooks, Audio Books, and Music Rakuten, Inc. OverDrive, Inc.[39]
Oxford Art Online University of Oxford Oxford University Press
Oxford English Dictionary University of Oxford Oxford University Press
Oxford Music Online University of Oxford Oxford University Press
Physical Therapy and Sports Medicine Collection Cengage Learning, Inc. Gale
Popular Music Library Alexander Street Press
PressReader NewspaperDirect Inc.
Primary Sources Cengage Learning, Inc. Gale
Readers' Guide Retrospective EBSCO Industries
RISM International Inventory of Musical Sources EBSCO Industries
Sabin Americana, 1500–1926 Cengage Learning, Inc. Gale
Science in Context Cengage Learning, Inc. Gale
Slavery and Anti-Slavery Cengage Learning, Inc. Gale
Slavery in America and the World William S. Hein & Co., Inc. HeinOnline
Small Business Collection Cengage Learning, Inc. Gale
Smithsonian Collections Online Cengage Learning, Inc. Gale
Smithsonian Global Sound Alexander Street Press
Statistical Abstract of the U.S. Cambridge Information Group ProQuest
Statistical Insight Cambridge Information Group ProQuest
Sunday Times (London) Digital Archive Cengage Learning, Inc. Gale
Tablebase Cengage Learning, Inc. Gale
Theatre in Video Alexander Street Press
Times (London) Digital Archive Cengage Learning, Inc. Gale
Twentieth Century North American Drama Alexander Street Press
US History in Context Cengage Learning, Inc. Gale
Value Line Value Line, Inc.
Vocations and Careers Collection Cengage Learning, Inc. Gale
World History in Context Cengage Learning, Inc. Gale
Zinio Digital Magazines Zinio LLC
Digital partners[edit]
Boston Public Library has two digital partners-in-residence at the Central Library in Copley Square. The first is Internet Archive, a nonprofit digital library that offers permanent access to historical collections in digital format for researchers, historians, and the general public. The Digital Public Library of America provides access to digital content from American libraries, archives, museums, and historical societies.[41]
Branch library system[edit]
In the latter half of the 19th century, the library worked vigorously to develop and expand its branch library system. Viewed as a means to extend its presence throughout the city, the branch system evolved from an idea in 1867 to a reality in 1870, when the first branch library in the United States was opened in East Boston. The library currently has 24 branches serving diverse populations in the city's neighborhoods.[42]
North End, Boston
North End Branch, 25 Parmenter Street. A delivery station was first opened in 1882.[43] In 1913 the branch was located at 3A North Bennett Street. In 1965 it moved to its current building, designed by Carl Koch and Associates.[44]
South End, Boston
South End Branch, 685 Tremont Street. "Library service was established in the South End in 1877. The Branch was located in the Mercantile Library Association until 1879 when it was moved to the English High School. In 1904 the Branch relocated to 397 Shawmut Avenue and then again in 1923 to the John J. Williams Municipal Building at Shawmut Avenue and West Brookline Street.[45] On June 7, 1971 the South End Branch Library moved to a new building at its present location, which was on the site of the original Mercantile building."[43][46]
West End, Boston
West End Branch, 151 Cambridge Street. "Library service in the West End was initiated in 1894 with the conversion of the Old West Church on the corner of Cambridge and Lynde Streets to library use. The West End Branch opened in February 1896. The West End Redevelopment Project necessitated closing the Branch in 1960. As part of the project a new building designed by Maginnis, Walsh and Kennedy opened in January 1968."[47]
Faneuil Branch, Brighton, 2010
Brighton
Brighton Branch, 40 Academy Hill Road, Brighton. "When the town was annexed to Boston in 1874, the Brighton Social Library became a branch of the Boston Public Library. The same year the collection was moved from the Town Hall to a ornate library building named for Brighton notable, James Holton. In 1969 a new Brighton Branch building was opened. The building was designed by Norman C. Fletcher of the Architects Collaborative of Cambridge."[43][48]
Faneuil Branch, 419 Faneuil Street, Brighton. "Built in 1931 to replace a temporary location on Brooks Street."[49]
Honan-Allston Branch, 2009
Allston
Honan-Allston Branch, 300 North Harvard Street, Allston. "Allston's library service began in 1889 in a delivery station in Frank Howe's drugstore at 26 Franklin Street. ... In 1905, the Allston Reading Room at 354 Cambridge Street replaced the 16-year-old delivery station. A BPL librarian staffed the reading room. It became a full-service branch of the Boston Public Library in 1924. The branch moved to rented space at 161 Harvard Avenue in 1929. ... In 1981, amid statewide budget cuts, the Allston branch was closed. ... On January 19, 2000 ground was broken for the Allston Branch Library. Designed by Machado and Silvetti Associates ... the branch officially opened for business on Saturday, June 16, 2001. On March 13, 2003 the branch was renamed the Honan-Allston branch in honor of City Councilor Brian Honan."[50]
Charlestown
Charlestown Branch, 179 Main Street, Charlestown. "On January 7, 1862 the Charlestown Public Library was opened in the Warren Institution for Savings building. In planning for a year and a half the library opened with a catalog of 6,000 volumes. In 1869 the library moved to more spacious quarters in the new City Hall in City Square where it remained until 1913. The branch was then moved to the corner of Monument Square and Monument Avenue. ... In 1970 the Branch was moved to its current location."[43][51]
Dorchester
Adams Street Branch, 690 Adams Street, Dorchester. "Service to the Adams Street neighborhood was first provided in 1875 through a delivery station on Walnut Street. A reading room was opened at 362 Neponset Avenue in 1947. The present branch library building was opened in 1951."[52]
Codman Square Branch, 690 Washington Street, Dorchester. "Opened in 1905 the branch was named for John Codman a local preacher and patriot. Originally housed at 6 Norfolk Street, the branch moved to its present location in 1978. The building was designed by Eco-Texture, Inc."[53][54]
Fields Corner Branch, 1520 Dorchester Avenue, Dorchester. "The Fields Corner Branch opened in 1969. It was the successor to the old Dorchester Branch which was also located in Fields Corner."[55]
Grove Hall Branch, 41 Geneva Avenue, Dorchester. "The first library in this section of Roxbury opened May 1, 1898 in the rear of Mr. Mowry's Drug Store at the corner of Warren Street and Haynes Park with one table, eight chairs, two shelves and 200 books. ... In 1919 the building on the corner of Warren and Savin Streets officially became the Warren Street Branch Library. In 1926, this branch moved into its new quarters in the New Roxbury Memorial High School and thus became the Memorial Branch Library. The Memorial Branch was replaced in December 1970 by the Grove Hall Branch Library located at the corner of Warren and Crawford Streets. On April 4, 2009 the new branch library at 41 Geneva Avenue ... opened. Located in the newly-renovated Jeremiah E. Burke High School, the new library was designed by Schwartz/Silver Architects."[56]
Lower Mills Branch, 27 Richmond Street, Dorchester. "Library service in Lower Mills was first offered through a branch delivery post in 1875; it was open three hours each day to take requests for books and to deliver books requested from the Central Library and the Dorchester Branch Library. Full branch services began in 1876 with a dedicated collection and expanded hours. In 1883, branch service was moved into the vacated Blue Hills Bank building. In 1931, space owned by the American Legion was purchased and in 1936 a small addition was completed. Eventually the collection outgrew that building and the present Lower Mills Branch Library building was opened in 1981."[57] The branch is scheduled to close in autumn 2010.[58]
Uphams Corner Branch, 500 Columbia Road, Dorchester. "In 1904 the Uphams Corner Branch Library moved from a temporary store-front location on Dudley Street to the two-year-old municipal building on Columbia Road."[59]
East Boston Branch, 2008
Orient Heights Branch, 2011
East Boston
East Boston Branch, 365 Bremen Street Street, East Boston. "Established in 1869, the East Boston Branch Library was the first municipally supported branch library in the United States. It opened in the old Lyman School with the collections of the East Boston Library Association and the Sumner Library."[43][60] The current East Boston Branch, designed by William Rawn Associates, Architects, Inc., opened in November 2013.[61]
Hyde Park
Hyde Park Branch, 35 Harvard Avenue, Hyde Park. "The town of Hyde Park opened its first library in the Cobb's block of Everett Square in 1873. In 1884 it moved to larger quarters in the Masonic Block at the corner of Harvard Avenue and River Street. Ground was broken for the Town Library in December 1898 and the ... building was opened in September, 1899. The Library became a branch of the Boston Public Library when the town joined the City of Boston in 1912. ... In 1997 ground was broken for a new addition and a renovation of the existing building," completed in 2000.[62] It is now the third-largest branch in Boston Public Library, after the Central Library and the West Roxbury branch, with area of 23,000 square feet (2,100 m2).[24]
Jamaica Plain
Connolly Branch, 433 Centre Street, Jamaica Plain. "Library service to the Hyde Square area of Jamaica Plain began in 1897 with a small book deposit in the rear of a neighborhood pharmacy at the corner of Lamartine and Paul Gore Streets. Eventually, in 1905 the Boylston Branch, named for the Boylston Railroad Station, opened its doors. Responding to the need for larger space, a beautiful white limestone building was built and opened in 1932. Designed by Maginnis and Walsh in the Jacobean style, the large arched entrance leads to a large interior space with wood and glass partitions dividing the adult and children's area. The ceilings, decorated with plaster moldings, are reputedly inspired by the Rufford Abbey Library in England. On December 12, 1940 , the name of the branch was officially changed to the Monsignor Arthur T. Connolly Branch, as a tribute to Monsignor Connolly, a long-time member of the Boston Public Library Board of Trustees and pastor of the neighboring Blessed Sacrament Church."[63]
Jamaica Plain Branch, 12 Sedgwick Street, Jamaica Plain. "The Jamaica Plain Branch began in June, 1876, as a small Reading Room in Curtis Hall, with books supplied by the Roxbury Branch of the BPL. In September, 1877, it expanded and became the first BPL branch to purchase books from public funds. After a fire in 1908, the present building was constructed. The architecturally distinctive building features large schoolhouse windows and two fireplaces. It opened on July 24, 1911. An addition was built in 1936 and the interior was remodeled in 1963."[43][64][65] In June 2015, it was closed for renovation. It reopened in May 2017.
Mattapan
Mattapan Branch, 1350 Blue Hill Avenue, Mattapan. A "small reading room was granted Branch status in 1923. ... On June 22, 1931 the Mattapan Library Branch at 10 Hazelton Street opened its doors. ... On February 28, 2009 the ... new Mattapan Branch at 1350 Blue Hill Avenue" opened, designed by William Rawn Associates Architects, Inc.[66]
Roslindale Branch, 2008
Roslindale
Roslindale Branch, 4238 Washington St., Roslindale. "Library service has been provided to Roslindale since 1898. At that time, a book delivery station was located in a drugstore at the corner of Washington and Ashland Streets. ... In 1900 the library was moved to the Old Taft's Tavern building. In 1918, having outgrown its quarters, the library moved to the Municipal Building at the Corner of Washington Street and Cummins Highway. When the municipal facility became outmoded plans were made to move the library again. At the corner of Washington and Poplar Streets was a fire house which was torn down for the new library site. In 1961, a semi-circular building with huge glass windows, topped with a low blue dome, was designed by Isidor Richmond and Carny Goldberg."[43][67]
Egleston Square, 2011
Roxbury
Dudley Branch, 65 Warren Street, Roxbury. "The Dudley Branch Library opened its doors in its current location at 65 Warren Street, in April of 1978, replacing both the Mount Pleasant Branch and the privately endowed Fellowes Athenaeum."[68]
Egleston Square, 2044 Columbus Avenue, Roxbury. "Opened on July 8, 1953 the building was designed by the firm of Isidor Richmond and Carney Goldberg."[69]
Parker Hill Branch, 1497 Tremont Street, Roxbury. "The Branch first opened in a rented space at 1518 Tremont Street in July 1907." In 1929 Ralph Adams Cram designed the current building, opened in 1931.[70]
South Boston
South Boston Branch, 646 East Broadway, South Boston. "The South Boston Branch first opened in April 1872 in the Masonic building at 372 West Broadway. It was the second branch library established in the United States. When the Masonic building was sold in 1948 the South Boston Branch was closed. ... The branch was reopened in June 1950 in a storefront at 385–8 West Broadway were it remained until destroyed by fire in May 1957. The present building ... consolidated the City Point Branch with the South Boston Branch."[43][71]
West Roxbury
West Roxbury Branch, 1961 Centre Street, West Roxbury. "In 1876 the Boston Public Library created a delivery station when it took over the collection of the West Roxbury Free Library. In 1896 it became a full branch of the Boston Public Library. In 1921–22, a new library building was built at the present site. In 1977 a devastating fire destroyed the neighboring West Roxbury Congregational Church and the land was deeded to the Trustees of the Boston Public Library for the purpose of an addition to the Branch building. On September 24, 1989 the new addition was opened to the public with community rooms, a gallery and a reading garden. The branch is home to the West Roxbury Historical Society."[43][72] It is now the second-largest branch in Boston Public Library, after the Central Library, with area of 24,200 square feet (2,250 m2).[24]
Gallery[edit]
Old building, Mason Street, 1850s
Old building, Boylston St., 1858–1895
Old building, Boylston St., 1858–1895
Old building, Boylston St., 1858–1895
Old building, Boylston St., 1858–1895
Old building, Boylston St., 1858–1895
Old building, Boylston St., 1858–1895
Old building, Boylston St., 1850s
McKim Building Construction 1889
Courtyard completed during the McKim Building Construction
Dartmouth Street entrance during the holiday season, December 2015
See also[edit]
Boston portal
Boston Public Library, McKim Building
Library system
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "Summary Budget" (PDF). City of Boston. 2012. Retrieved 2013-11-16.
Jump up ^ "BPL - Management Staff". Bpl.org. Retrieved 2013-01-02.
Jump up ^ "BPL - Trustees". Bpl.org. Retrieved 2015-02-11.
Jump up ^ Wayne A. Wiegand; Donald G. Davis (1994). Encyclopedia of Library History. Taylor & Francis. pp. 85–. ISBN 978-0-8240-5787-9.
Jump up ^ "Massachusetts Board of Library Commissioners Legislative Agenda". Massachusetts Board of Library Commissioners. Archived from the original on 14 September 2013. Retrieved 3 January 2014.
Jump up ^ Declared in 1970 by law. Massachusetts General Laws, Chapter 78, Section 19C, paragraph 4
Jump up ^ "BPL By the Numbers: FY2014" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-04-12. Retrieved 2014-10-15.
Jump up ^ American Library Association, "ALA Library Fact Sheet 22 – The Nation's Largest Libraries: A Listing by Volumes Held". July 2010.
Jump up ^ "BPL - BP by the Numbers". Bpl.org. Archived from the original on 2014-12-02. Retrieved 2014-10-15.
Jump up ^ "The Boston Public Library Fact Sheet" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-09-02. Retrieved 2014-06-24.
Jump up ^ "The Boston Public Library". Archived from the original on 2014-12-02. Retrieved 2014-01-01.
Jump up ^ McCrann, Grace-Ellen (2005): "Contemporary Forces That Supported the Founding of the Boston Public Library." Public Libraries, Vol. 44, no. 4, July/August 2005.
Jump up ^ McCrann, Grace-Ellen (2005): "Contemporary Forces That Supported the Founding of the Boston Public Library." Public Libraries, Vol. 44, no. 4, July/August 2005.
Jump up ^ For context, see: List of libraries in 19th-century Boston, Massachusetts
Jump up ^ International Dictionary of Library Histories, Volume 1
^ Jump up to: a b McCrann 2005.
^ Jump up to: a b c "BPL - History and Description". Archived from the original on 2014-06-26. Retrieved 2014-06-24.
Jump up ^ MacQuarrie, Brian (2006-10-06). "Library lacks means to repair old tomes". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on March 22, 2007. Retrieved 2006-10-06.
Jump up ^ "Compass Strategic Plan". BPL. Retrieved 2 January 2014.
Jump up ^ July 1, 2012 through June 30, 2013; cf. Commonwealth of Massachusetts Board of Library Commissioners (2014). "FY2012 Municipal Pie Report" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-06-24.
Jump up ^ "Collections of Distinction". BPL. Retrieved 2 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "BPL - Central Library Renovation Fact Sheet" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-06-24.
^ Jump up to: a b Cook, Greg. "Research: First Look Inside The Boston Library's Astonishing, Colorful Renovation". Retrieved 26 June 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Boston Public Library : Fact Sheet" (PDF). Boston Public Library. Boston Public Library. 17 June 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 October 2015. Retrieved 6 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Goodwin, Jeremy D. (2016-07-08). "With $78M Renovation, Boston Public Library Aims For Friendlier Vibe". WBUR-FM. Retrieved 2016-07-11.
Jump up ^ "May Author Talks and Lectures at Boston Public Library Locations" (Press release). Press Room: BPL.org. Boston Public Library. April 23, 2014. Retrieved 2014-07-10.
Jump up ^ "Boston Public Library Celebrates 210 Years of Haitian Independence" (Press release). Press Room: BPL.org. Boston Public Library. May 20, 2014. Retrieved 2014-07-10.
Jump up ^ "Lifelong Learning Happens at Boston Public Library" (Press release). Press Room: BPL.org. Boston Public Library. 2013-08-30. Retrieved 2014-07-10.
^ Jump up to: a b c Perille, Gina (2013-12-27). "A New Year of Free Opportunities at Boston Public Library" (Press release). Press Room: BPL.org. Boston Public Library. Retrieved 2014-07-10.
Jump up ^ "School Vacation Week Programs Await Families at Boston Public Library Locations" (Press release). News & Press Releases: CityofBoston.gov. City of Boston. 2014-02-11. Retrieved 2014-07-10.
Jump up ^ "Boston Public Library - Computers and Technology". Bpl.org. Retrieved 2014-07-07.
Jump up ^ "Dimension Data Brings Historic Boston Public Library Into The Wireless World" (PDF) (Press release). Newsroom.cisco.com: Cisco.com. Cisco. 2003-08-22. Retrieved 2014-07-10.
Jump up ^ "Boston Public Library Expands Digital Offerings through Free Streaming Media Service" (Press release). Press Room: BPL.org. Boston Public Library. 2014-03-25. Retrieved 2014-07-10.
Jump up ^ "Boston Public Library - Online Collections". Bpl.org. Retrieved 2014-07-08.
Jump up ^ "Boston Public Library". Flickr.
Jump up ^ "Boston Public Library". Digital Commonwealth.
Jump up ^ Boston Public Library. "Electronic Resources: A-Z List". Archived from the original on August 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ "DatabaseUSA.com". Omaha, Nebraska. Retrieved August 20, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Data Boston. "MiscSup Gen Library Books: Library Department: BPL Technical Services Office". Open Expenditures. City of Boston. Retrieved August 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Comp-index.com". Indiana: Computer Indexed Systems. Retrieved August 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Boston Public Library Accomplishments - FY14" (PDF). Bpl.org. Retrieved 2014-10-16.
Jump up ^ "BPL - Neighborhood Branch Libraries". Bpl.org. Retrieved 2014-06-30.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i First Report of the Free Public Library Commission of Massachusetts. 1891; p.29.
Jump up ^ "Retrieved 2010-06-08". Bpl.org. 1967-06-01. Retrieved 2013-01-02.
Jump up ^ Sammarco, Anthony Mitchell, Boston's South End, Arcadia Publishing, 2006. Cf. p.32
Jump up ^ "Retrieved 2010-06-08". Bpl.org. 1971-06-07. Archived from the original on 2013-01-05. Retrieved 2013-01-02.
Jump up ^ "West End Branch". BPL. Retrieved 2013-01-02.
Jump up ^ "Brighton Branch". BPL. Retrieved 2013-01-02.
Jump up ^ "Faneuil Branch". BPL. Retrieved 2013-01-02.
Jump up ^ "Honan-Allston Branch". BPL. Archived from the original on 2013-07-09. Retrieved 2013-01-02.
Jump up ^ "Charlestown Branch". BPL. Archived from the original on 2013-01-05. Retrieved 2013-01-02.
Jump up ^ "Adams Street Branch". BPL. Retrieved 2013-01-02.
Jump up ^ "Codman Branch". BPL. Archived from the original on 2013-01-05. Retrieved 2013-01-02.
Jump up ^ Report of the Free Public Library Commission of Massachusetts, 1906
Jump up ^ "Fields Corner Branch". BPL. Retrieved 2013-01-02.
Jump up ^ "Grove Hall Branch". BPL. 2009-04-04. Retrieved 2013-01-02.
Jump up ^ "Lower Mills Branch". BPL. Retrieved 2013-01-02.
Jump up ^ Trustees vote yes on library closings. Boston Globe. Apr 10, 2010
Jump up ^ "Uphams Corner Branch". BPL. Retrieved 2013-01-02.
Jump up ^ "East Boston Branch". BPL. Archived from the original on 2013-01-05. Retrieved 2013-01-02.
Jump up ^ "East Boston Branch". Boston Public Library. Archived from the original on 15 March 2014. Retrieved 2 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Hyde Park Branch". BPL. Archived from the original on 2013-10-15. Retrieved 2013-10-15.
Jump up ^ "Connolly Branch". BPL. 1940-12-12. Retrieved 2013-01-02.
Jump up ^ "Jamaica Plain Branch". BPL. 1911-07-24. Retrieved 2013-01-02.
Jump up ^ Libraries spared from closure, Jamaica Plain Gazette, Apr 16, 2010
Jump up ^ "Mattapan Branch". BPL. Archived from the original on 2013-01-05. Retrieved 2013-01-02.
Jump up ^ "Roslindale Branch". BPL. Retrieved 2013-01-02.
Jump up ^ "Dudley Branch". BPL. Retrieved 2013-01-02.
Jump up ^ "Egleston Square Branch". BPL. 1953-07-08. Retrieved 2013-01-02.
Jump up ^ "Parker Hill Branch". BPL. Retrieved 2013-01-02.
Jump up ^ "South Boston Branch". BPL. Retrieved 2013-01-02.
Jump up ^ "West Roxbury Branch". BPL. 1989-09-24. Retrieved 2013-01-02.
Further reading[edit]
Boston City Council. Proceedings at the dedication of the building for the Public library of the city of Boston: January 1, 1858.
Boston Public Library. Annual report. v.19–23 (1871–1875); v.25 (1877); v.36–42 (1887–1893). Also available via BPL website: reports for 1852-1995
Boston. First Report of the Free Public Library Commission of Massachusetts. 1891; p. 28+
Whitehill, Walter Muir. "Boston Public Library: A Centennial History. Harvard University Press, 1956.
Willis, Catherine J. "Boston Public Library" (Images of America series). Arcadia Pub, 2011.
New library branch opens in East Boston. Boston.com. November 4, 2013.
Boston Public Library’s Copley branch getting a makeover. Boston Globe. December 3, 2013.
"Breaking Out of the Library Mold, in Boston and Beyond", New York Times, March 7, 2014
More Books: Being the Bulletin of the Boston Public Library. Boston Public Library. The Trustees. 1940. p. 22. Retrieved May 17, 2014.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Boston Public Library.
A Tribute to the Boston Public Library
City of Boston, Landmarks Commission. Boston Public Library Study Report, 2000
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text:
Finger snapping
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the percussionist technique, see Fingersnapping.
"Thumb snapping" redirects here. For other uses, see Thumb snap.
Play media
A video of finger snapping
Play media
Alternative snapping technique
Snapping (or clicking) one's fingers is the act of creating a snapping or clicking sound with one's fingers. Primarily this is done by building tension between the thumb and another (middle, index, or ring) finger and then moving the other finger forcefully downward so it hits the palm of the same hand at a high speed.
Contents
[hide]
1 In culture
2 In music
3 Beshkan, Persian variant
3.1 Technique
4 References
In culture[edit]
Pan, god of nature and the wild, and a Maenad dancing. Ancient Greek red-figured olpe from Apulia, ca. 320–310 BCE. Pan's right hand fingers are in a snapping position.
In Ancient Greece snapping of fingers was used by musicians and dancers as a way to keep the rhythm[1] and it was known with the words "ἀποληκέω" (apolekeo),[2] "ἀποκρότημα" (apokrotema)[3] (from the verb "ἀποκροτέω" - apokroteo, "to snap the fingers")[4] and "ἐπίπταισμα" (epiptaisma).[5] Finger snapping is still common in modern Greece.
Finger snapping may be used as a substitute for hand clapping. The University of Michigan Men's Glee Club has a long tradition of doing this. The club's history states, "The reason behind this (as legend goes) is you can't clap and hold a beer [at the same time]! Another possible reason is that snapping is less disruptive than clapping during speeches and announcements."[6] Finger snapping at poetry readings has become traditional.[7]
Snapping one's fingers abruptly and repetitively, often in conjunction with one or more spoken exclamations, is commonly employed in getting someone else's attention.
In music[edit]
In many cultures, finger snapping is a form of body percussion.
In Sumatran culture, finger snapping, along with chest slapping, is a common form of music.[8]
Sounds of a fingersnap also are sampled and used in many disparate genres of music, used mostly as percussion; the works of Angelo Badalamenti exhibit this in the soundtracks to, e.g., Twin Peaks, Lost Highway, as does the theme song from the television series The Addams Family & "The Andy Griffith Show Theme Song".
Beshkan, Persian variant[edit]
Beshkan (Persian: بشكن), also known as the "Persian snap", is a traditional Iranian finger snap requiring both hands. The snapper creates a crackling/clicking noise similar in mechanism to the normal snap but louder in practice.
Technique[edit]
There are two variations of the Persian snap. The most common of the two for a right handed individual is as follows:[9]
Place hands together and rotate until the three right hand fingers are at the junction of the hand and fingers.
Rest the right middle finger on the left hand securely.
Then using the tension provided by the left thumb, snap the right index finger onto the gap between the junction and right middle finger.
The Persian hand snap found its way to the UK through the dexterous hands of British soldier Samuel Taylor, of Leeds, who had learnt the snap whilst stationed abroad and brought it back to England, where it eventually became a craze amongst school children[10]. Consequently, in some parts of Yorkshire it is often referred to as a Taylor Snap[10].

References[edit]
Jump up ^ Martin Litchfield West, Ancient Greek music, Oxford University Press, 199
Jump up ^ ἀποληκέω, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus Digital Library
Jump up ^ ἀποκρότημα, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus Digital Library
Jump up ^ ἀποκροτέω, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus Digital Library
Jump up ^ ἐπίπταισμα, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus Digital Library
Jump up ^ "University of Michigan Men's Glee Club || About | History_html_5". Ummgc.org. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
Jump up ^ http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3323166/Some-college-students-Yale-Brown-prefer-finger-snapping-applause.html
Jump up ^ Putnam, Margaret (1991-03-06). "Dancing sound effects Sumatrans perform with chest-slapping and finger-snapping". The Dallas Morning News. Nl.newsbank.com. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
Jump up ^ "How To Beshkan, when you feel you beshkant.". YouTube. 2009-04-15. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
^ Jump up to: a b Hand Gestures. Amazon. 2017-02-12. ASIN 0674018370.
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