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The Little Princess (1939 film)
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The Little Princess
theatrical release poster
Directed by
Walter Lang
Produced by
Darryl F. Zanuck
Gene Markey
Screenplay by
Ethel Hill
Walter Ferris
Based on
A Little Princess
1905 novel
by Frances Hodgson Burnett
Starring
Shirley Temple
Richard Greene
Anita Louise
Ian Hunter
Arthur Treacher
Cesar Romero
Music by
Charles Maxwell
Cyril J. Mockridge
Herbert W. Spencer
Samuel Pokrass
Cinematography
Arthur C. Miller
William Skall
Edited by
Louis Loeffler
Distributed by
20th Century Fox
Release date
March 10, 1939 (1939-03-10)
Running time
93 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
over $1 million[1]
The Little Princess is a 1939 American drama film directed by Walter Lang. The screenplay by Ethel Hill and Walter Ferris is loosely based on the novel A Little Princess by Frances Hodgson Burnett. The film was the first Shirley Temple movie to be filmed completely in Technicolor.[2] It was also her last major success as a child star.[3]
Although it maintained the novel's Victorian London setting, the film introduced several new characters and storylines and used the Second Boer War and the Siege of Mafeking as a backdrop to the action. Temple and Arthur Treacher had a musical number together, performing the song "Knocked 'Em in the Old Kent Road". Temple also appeared in an extended ballet sequence. The film's ending was drastically different from the book.
In 1968, the film entered the public domain in the United States because the claimants did not renew its copyright registration in the 28th year after publication.[4]
Contents
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Reception
5 References
6 External links
Plot[edit]
Play media
The Little Princess (full film)
Captain Crewe (played by Ian Hunter), called to fight in the Second Boer War, has to leave his daughter Sara (Shirley Temple) with her pony at Miss Minchin's School for Girls. With all the money Captain Crewe can offer, Miss Minchin gives Sara a fancy, private room.
Although worried about her father, Sara is distracted by riding lessons. It is during these riding lessons that Sara helps contrive meetings between Miss Rose, her teacher, and Mr. Georffrey, the riding instructor, who is also the grandson of the mean-spirited next door neighbor, Lord Wickham. Sara hears news that Mafeking is free and expects her father will soon come home. Miss Minchin throws Sara a lavish birthday party. During the party, Captain Crewe's solicitor (E. E. Clive) arrives with the sad news that Captain Crewe has died and his real estate, the basis for his wealth, has been confiscated. Miss Minchin ends Sara's party abruptly. Without her father's financial support, Sara becomes a servant, now working at the school she used to attend. Sara gains new solace in a friendship with Ram Dass (Cesar Romero) who lives next door. She also receives support from Miss Minchin's brother, Hubert, who does not agree with her treatment. Miss Rose and Mr. Geoffrey are found out and fired. Geoffrey joins the military.
In her new role Sara gets hungrier and more tired from her arduous duties and sneaks off to Veterans Hospitals, convinced her father is not dead. After a string of episodes including a performance of the film's most well-known song "Knocked 'em in the Old Kent Road", Sara is at her wits end. Things start to worse, however, when Sara gets into an argument with Miss Minchin, who cannot tolerate her faith in believing her father is still alive and tries forcing her to face reality. She later receives taunting from Lavinia (Marcia Mae Jones) the next day, eventually causing her to lose her temper and dump ashes on her. Miss Minchin arrives in the attic to punish Sara for "hurting" Lavinia. She discovers blankets that Ram Dass left Sara, assumes they are stolen, and locks her in the attic, calling the police. Sara escapes and runs to the hospital with Minchin in hot pursuit.
Meanwhile, the hospital is preparing to transfer a newly arrived patient, who is unable to communicate except to repeatedly say, "Sara, Sara"; it is Captain Crewe, but "his papers have been lost" and no one knows who he is. Sara is initially barred from entering the hospital but sneaks in, only to burst in upon a visit by Queen Victoria, who grants her permission to search for her father. During her search, she is reunited with a wounded Mr. Geoffrey and Miss Rose. Sara searches the wards unsuccessfully, but happens upon her father as she hides from Miss Minchin and the police.
Miss Minchin, who pursued Sara to the hospital, is appalled that her brother thinks Sara is innocent. A staff member announces Sara has found her father, Miss Minchin exclaims: "Captain Crewe is alive?!" to which her brother retorts, "Of course he's alive! How could she find him if he wasn't alive?" The film ends with Sara helping her father stand as the Queen departs.
Cast[edit]
Shirley Temple as Sara Crewe
Richard Greene as Geoffrey Hamilton
Anita Louise as Rose
Ian Hunter as Captain Crewe
Cesar Romero as Ram Dass
Arthur Treacher as Hubert 'Bertie' Minchin
Mary Nash as Amanda Minchin
Sybil Jason as Becky
Miles Mander as Lord Wickham
Marcia Mae Jones as Lavinia
Deidre Gale as Jessie
Ira Stevens as Ermengarde
E. E. Clive as Mr. Barrows
Beryl Mercer as Queen Victoria
Eily Malyon as Cook
Clyde Cook as Attendant
Keith Kenneth as Bobbie
Will Stanton as a Groom
Harry Allen as a Groom
Holmes Herbert as a Doctor
Evan Thomas as a Doctor
Guy Bellis as a Doctor
Kenneth Hunter as General
Lionel Braham as Colonel
Source:[5]
Production[edit]
Birthday party scene.
Shirley Temple and Arthur Treacher
After filming was completed, Daryl Zanuck of Fox requested additional scenes shot totalling $300,000 pushing the cost over $1 million. This made the movie the most expensive Shirley Temple film to date.[1]
As part of the preparation for the movie, great pains were taken to make sure every aspect of it was true to 1899 and England, the time period and setting of the story. Props such as the doll had to be to the exact specifications of a doll made at that time. Clothing also had to be precise. Production was held up after it was discovered that one of the costumes Temple wore used snap fasteners that were not invented until 1908.[6]
During the scene where Temple dumps ashes on Marcia Mae Jones' character, the original plan was to do it in one take. Temple, however, who was angry about the attention received by Sybil Jason in a previous scene, wanted to repeat it after the first take, likely just to "let off steam," but when she asked Director Lang for a second ash-dump take, he said it was not necessary.[7]
For the ballet dance scene, Temple was trained by ballet dance instructor Ernest Belcher. Temple rented her pony Spunky to the studio to simply lie down in the stall. The artificial green coloration of the straw (which was green so it would show better In Technicolor) however caused the pony to become restless and resulted in him being removed and Temple losing his appearance fee.[8]
As a way of fitting in with the rest of the crew, Temple wanted to have her own punch card for punching in and out of work for the day and was initially rebuffed. The director Lang eventually relented and gave her a card to use. IBM caught word of Temple's enthusiasm and provided a special custom made punch card recorder embossed with her name along with punch cards with her photo on them. The machine sat unused while Temple continued using the regular machine. Her time cards were likewise ignored by the studio payroll person.[9]
Reception[edit]
According to Variety, "Transposition of the Frances Hodgson Burnett several-generation favorite, Sara Crewe, is accomplished most successfully. The fairy-tale story is still saccharine to the nth degree, but once the basic premise is established, it rolls along acceptably. And, while the story has been changed for screen purposes, the general line is close enough."[2]
Benjamin R. Crisler, who reviewed the film when it opened in New York City at Roxy Theatre, said
"With any other child on earth, it is amazing to reflect, The Little Princess would stand out as one of the most glaring exhibits of pure hokum in screen history; with Mistress Temple, it may very well be, as Mr. Zanuck unflinchingly proclaims, the greatest picture with which Mr. Zanuck has ever been associated."
Janet Maslin, writing for The New York Times 44 years later, on the occasion of its VHS release by Media Home Entertainment, called it "antiquated enough to seem charming" and concludes "[t]he movie's music, its corny but likable histrionics and its rousing patriotism (it was made in 1939) culminate in a happy ending sure to make even grown-up viewers cry."[10]
References[edit]
Notes
^ Jump up to: a b Up Budgets In Quality Film Drive, The Washington Post (1923-1954) [Washington, D.C] 03 Jan 1939: 14
^ Jump up to: a b "The Little Princess". Variety. 1939. Retrieved 2012-07-30.
Jump up ^ Landazuri, Margarita. "The Little Princess". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved 2012-07-30.
Jump up ^ Pierce, David (June 2007). "Forgotten Faces: Why Some of Our Cinema Heritage Is Part of the Public Domain". Film History: An International Journal. 19 (2): 125–43. doi:10.2979/FIL.2007.19.2.125. ISSN 0892-2160. JSTOR 25165419. OCLC 15122313.
Jump up ^ Crisler, Benjamin R. (March 11, 1939). "James Cagney Rides the Plains in Oklahoma Kid at the Strand — Shirley Temple Film at the Roxy". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-07-30.
Jump up ^ Shirley Temple Black, "Child Star: An Autobiography" (New York: McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, 1988), 252-253.
Jump up ^ Shirley Temple Black, "Child Star: An Autobiography" (New York: McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, 1988), 255.
Jump up ^ Shirley Temple Black, "Child Star: An Autobiography" (New York: McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, 1988), 257-258,260. Note — Black also states that in filming a scene where she was to pick up a small monkey belonging to Cesar Romero's character, the monkey was startled and bit her, causing her to get a tetanus shot. Black's recollection is mistaken: the monkey scene was in her earlier film, Heidi. Romero's character in Little Princess had a colorful pet bird, a macaw, not a monkey. Both films had some of the same actors, likely explaining the mistaken memory.
Jump up ^ Shirley Temple Black, "Child Star: An Autobiography" (New York: McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, 1988), 254.
Jump up ^ Maslin, Janet (November 13, 1983). "The Little Princess". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-07-30.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Little Princess (1939 film).
The Little Princess on IMDb
The Little Princess is available for free download at the Internet Archive
The Little Princess at AllMovie
The Little Princess at the TCM Movie Database
The Little Princess at the American Film Institute Catalog
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List of Open Era tennis records
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This is a list of tennis records that were obtained during the Open Era from 1968 onwards. Records are included from both male (ATP, Grand Prix and WCT) and female (WTA) professional tennis tours.
To keep the list at a reasonable length, it includes only players who have been ranked World No. 1, have won a Grand Slam title and/or hold records (overall or consecutive) with regards to most titles, weeks at No. 1, matches (played, won or lost), winning percentage, tournament appearances, aces and records by court type at a Grand Slam, Year-End Championship or Masters 1000 tournament.
Contents
[hide]
1 Most titles at a single tournament
1.1 Men
1.2 Women
2 Longest match winning streaks during the open era (all surfaces)
2.1 Men
2.2 Women
3 Most Year-End Championships (combined)
3.1 Men
3.2 Women
4 Open era records
4.1 Men
4.1.1 Summary
4.1.2 By player
4.1.2.1 Roger Federer
4.1.2.2 Rafael Nadal
4.1.2.3 Pete Sampras
4.1.2.4 Björn Borg
4.1.2.5 Rod Laver
4.1.2.6 Andre Agassi
4.1.2.7 Ivan Lendl
4.1.2.8 Novak Djokovic
4.1.2.9 John McEnroe
4.1.2.10 Jimmy Connors
4.1.2.11 Mats Wilander
4.1.2.12 Stefan Edberg
4.1.2.13 Boris Becker
4.1.2.14 Jim Courier
4.1.2.15 Guillermo Vilas
4.1.2.16 Lleyton Hewitt
4.1.2.17 Andy Murray
4.1.2.18 Andy Roddick
4.1.2.19 Goran Ivanišević
4.1.2.20 Michael Chang
4.1.2.21 Ken Rosewall
4.1.2.22 Ilie Năstase
4.1.2.23 Bob and Mike Bryan
4.2 Women
4.2.1 Summary
4.2.2 By player
4.2.2.1 Margaret Court
4.2.2.2 Steffi Graf
4.2.2.3 Serena Williams
4.2.2.4 Chris Evert
4.2.2.5 Martina Navratilova
4.2.2.6 Monica Seles
4.2.2.7 Venus Williams
4.2.2.8 Justine Henin
4.2.2.9 Martina Hingis
4.2.2.10 Billie Jean King
4.2.2.11 Evonne Goolagong Cawley
5 References
Most titles at a single tournament[edit]
The following are lists of tennis players who have won a particular tournament at least five times during the open era. Rafael Nadal has won a record ten times at Monte Carlo, Barcelona, and the French Open, and seven times at Rome. Roger Federer has won a record nine tournaments at least five times each (seven on hard courts and two on grass).
Men[edit]
Wins
Player
Tournament
Years
10 Rafael Nadal Monte-Carlo Masters 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2016, 2017
Barcelona Open 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2016, 2017
French Open 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2017
9 Roger Federer Halle Open 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2017
8 Guillermo Vilas Buenos Aires 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1977(2), 1979, 1982
Roger Federer Wimbledon 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012, 2017
7 Roger Federer Dubai Tennis Championships 2003, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2012, 2014, 2015
Cincinnati Masters 2005, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2012, 2014, 2015
Swiss Indoors 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2014, 2015
Pete Sampras Wimbledon 1993, 1994, 1995, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000
Rafael Nadal Italian Open 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2012, 2013
6 Novak Djokovic Australian Open 2008, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2015, 2016
China Open 2009, 2010, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015
Miami Open 2007, 2011, 2012, 2014, 2015, 2016
Björn Borg French Open 1974, 1975, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981
Jimmy Connors Grand Prix Birmingham 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1979, 1980
Balázs Taróczy Dutch Open 1976, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982
/ Ivan Lendl Canadian Open 1980, 1981, 1983, 1987, 1988, 1989
Andre Agassi Miami Masters 1990, 1995, 1996, 2001, 2002, 2003
Roger Federer ATP World Tour Finals 2003, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2010, 2011
5 John McEnroe Wembley Championship 1978, 1979, 1980, 1982, 1983
Pacific Coast Championships 1978, 1979, 1982, 1984, 1986
WCT Finals 1979, 1981, 1983, 1984, 1989
Roger Federer US Open 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008
Australian Open 2004, 2006, 2007, 2010, 2017
Indian Wells Masters 2004, 2005, 2006, 2012, 2017
Pete Sampras US Open 1990, 1993, 1995, 1996, 2002
ATP Tour World Championship 1991, 1994, 1996, 1997, 1999
Novak Djokovic ATP World Tour Finals 2008, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015
Indian Wells Masters 2008, 2011, 2014, 2015, 2016
/ Ivan Lendl Masters 1981, 1982, 1985, 1986, 1987
Tokyo Indoor 1983, 1985, 1990, 1992, 1993
Andre Agassi Washington Open (tennis) 1990, 1991, 1995, 1998, 1999
Pacific Coast Championships 1990, 1993, 1995, 1998, 2003
Björn Borg Wimbledon 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980
Jimmy Connors US Open 1974, 1976, 1978, 1982, 1983
Yevgeny Kafelnikov Kremlin Cup 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001
Carlos Moyá Croatia Open 1996, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2007
Andy Murray Queens Club Championships 2009, 2011, 2013, 2015, 2016
Rafael Nadal Madrid Open 2005, 2010, 2013, 2014, 2017
Women[edit]
Wins
Player
Tournament
Years
12 Martina Navratilova Chicago 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1990, 1991, 1992
11 Martina Navratilova Eastbourne 1978, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1993
9 Martina Navratilova Wimbledon 1978, 1979, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1990
Washington, D.C. 1975, 1977, 1978, 1982, 1983, 1985, 1986, 1988, 1990
Dallas 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1985, 1986, 1988, 1989
Steffi Graf German Open, Berlin 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1996
8 Martina Navratilova WTA Tour Championships 1978, 1979, 1981, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986 (March), 1986 (November)
Los Angeles 1978, 1980, 1981, 1983, 1986, 1989, 1992, 1993
Chris Evert Hilton Head & Charleston 1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1981, 1984, 1985
Serena Williams Key Biscayne 2002, 2003, 2004, 2007, 2008, 2013, 2014, 2015
7 Serena Williams Wimbledon 2002, 2003, 2009, 2010, 2012, 2015, 2016
Australian Open 2003, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2015, 2017
Steffi Graf Wimbledon 1988, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1995, 1996
Chris Evert French Open 1974, 1975, 1979, 1980, 1983, 1985, 1986
Martina Navratilova Orlando 1974, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985
6 Steffi Graf French Open 1987, 1988, 1993, 1995, 1996, 1999
Brighton 1986, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992
Zurich 1986, 1987, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992
Boca Raton and other sites in Florida 1987, 1989, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995
Hamburg 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992
Chris Evert US Open 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1980, 1982
Virginia Slims Palm Harbour Tampa St. Petersburg 1971, 1973, 1974, 1982, 1987, 1988
U.S. Women's Clay Court Championships 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1979, 1980
Martina Navratilova Houston 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1983, 1985
Filderstadt & Stuttgart 1982, 1983, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1992
Serena Williams US Open 1999, 2002, 2008, 2012, 2013, 2014
Arantxa Sánchez Vicario Spanish Open 1989, 1990, 1993, 1994, 1995, 2001[1]
5 Steffi Graf US Open 1988, 1989, 1993, 1995, 1996
Key Biscayne 1987, 1988, 1994, 1995, 1996
WTA Tour Championships 1987, 1989, 1993, 1995, 1996
Leipzig 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1998
Martina Navratilova U.S. Indoor Championships 1975, 1977, 1981, 1984, 1986
Boston 1975, 1986 (January), 1986 (November), 1988, 1989
Sydney 1976, 1982, 1984, 1985, 1989
Stanford & Oakland, California 1979, 1980, 1988, 1991, 1993
Chris Evert Italian Open 1974, 1975, 1980, 1981, 1982
Houston 1974, 1975, 1986, 1987, 1988
Venus Williams Wimbledon 2000, 2001, 2005, 2007, 2008
Serena Williams WTA Tour Championships 2001, 2009, 2012, 2013, 2014
Virginia Wade Dewar Cup London 1971, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1976
/ / Monica Seles Toyota Princess Cup 1991, 1992, 1996, 1997, 1998
Martina Hingis Tokyo Pan Pacific Open 1997, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2007
Kim Clijsters Luxembourg City 1999, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005
Anabel Medina Garrigues Palermo 2001, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2011
Longest match winning streaks during the open era (all surfaces)[edit]
Men[edit]
The following table is based on information maintained on the website of the Association of Tennis Professionals.
#
Player
Matches
Year
1. Björn Borg
49* 1978[2]
2. Björn Borg 48* 1979–1980
3. Guillermo Vilas 46 1977
4. Ivan Lendl 44 1981–1982
5. Novak Djokovic 43 2010–2011
6. John McEnroe 42 1984
7. Roger Federer 41 2006–2007
8. Jimmy Connors 35 1974
Thomas Muster 1995
Roger Federer 2005
Women[edit]
The following table is from page 255 of the 2009 Official Guide to Professional Tennis, compiled by the Sony Ericsson WTA Tour.
#
Player
Matches
Year
1 Martina Navratilova 74 1984
2 Steffi Graf 66 1989–90
3 Martina Navratilova 58 1986–87
4 Margaret Court 57 1972–73
5 Chris Evert 56 1974
6 Martina Navratilova 54 1983–84
7 Steffi Graf 46 1988
8 Steffi Graf 45 1987
9 Chris Evert 42 1975-76
10 Martina Navratilova 41 1982-83
* Note: Sources are not in agreement as to the length of Borg's winning streaks. News articles of the time in question clearly tell of the Borg streaks as does counting the ITF results, yet more sources use the Vilas streak as the record.
Most Year-End Championships (combined)[edit]
World Tour Finals (1970–present)
The best players of all participants on the world tour, within a season, would qualify for the year-end tournament.
The world tour event began in 1970 and was originally known as the Masters Grand Prix as part of the Grand Prix tennis circuit. It was organised by the International Lawn Tennis Federation (ILTF).
In 1990, the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) took over the running of the men's tour and replaced the Masters with the ATP Tour World Championship. Between 2000 and 2008, the event was called the Tennis Masters Cup and was endorsed by ITF, ATP and the Grand Slam tournaments (as a result of merging the ATP Tour World Championship with the Grand Slam Cup). In 2009 the Championship was renamed the ATP World Tour Finals.
Currently, the tournament is organized at the O2 Arena in London, under efficient lighting conditions of play, on blue, medium fast, low bouncing, hard courts.
WCT Finals (1971–1989)
The best players of the season, from a reduced pool of professionals under contract for the WCT circuit, would qualify for the circuit finals.
The WCT Finals, as the season-ending championship for the World Championship Tennis circuit, was held annually in Dallas, Texas, and played on indoor carpet courts. The 1971 quarterfinals and semifinals were played in Houston, and final played at Moody Coliseum in Dallas. The 1972–1979 editions were played at Moody Coliseum, and the 1980–1989 tournaments at Reunion Arena in Dallas. The WCT, in 1974, was the first tennis tournament to experiment with electronic line calling.
Grand Slam Cup (1990–1999)
The Grand Slam Cup was the ITF season end finals in the 1990s. Points were allocated to a player based on his Grand Slam performances, and after all four Grand Slam events had concluded the 16 players with the most points – 12 in 1998 and 1999 – qualified for the Cup. Grand Slam champions were not assured of a berth in the event. All of the events were played in Munich, Germany.
The only man to have won all three of these season end championships was Boris Becker (he won the WCT Finals in 1988, the World Tour Finals in 1988, 1992 and 1995 and the Grand Slam Cup in 1996)
Key
GP/ATP
ATP World Tour Finals
WCT
WCT Finals
ITF
Grand Slam Cup
Men[edit]
Player
GP/ATP
WCT
ITF
Total
1. John McEnroe 3 5 -
8
2. Ivan Lendl 5 2 -
7
Pete Sampras 5 — 2
7
4. Roger Federer 6 — -
6
5. Boris Becker 3 1 1
5
Novak Djokovic 5 — -
5
7. Ilie Năstase 4 — -
4
8. Björn Borg 2 1 -
3
Jimmy Connors 1 2 -
3
Women[edit]
Name
Total
1. Martina Navratilova 8
2. Steffi Graf 5
Serena Williams 5
4. Chris Evert 4
5. / Monica Seles 3
Kim Clijsters 3
7. Evonne Goolagong Cawley 2
Gabriela Sabatini 2
Martina Hingis 2
Justine Henin 2
Open era records[edit]
Men[edit]
Summary[edit]
The following six male players have won at least five singles titles in one Grand Slam tournament during the open era:
Player
Grand Slam tournament
# of titles
Rafael Nadal French Open 10
Roger Federer Wimbledon 8
US Open 5
Australian Open 5
Pete Sampras Wimbledon 7
US Open 5
Björn Borg French Open 6
Wimbledon 5
Novak Djokovic Australian Open 6
Jimmy Connors US Open 5
By player[edit]
The records and achievements of various players who have competed during the open era are listed in this section. This section is based on information maintained on the website of the Association of Tennis Professionals.
Roger Federer[edit]
Main articles: List of career achievements by Roger Federer and Roger Federer § Records
Rafael Nadal[edit]
Main articles: List of career achievements by Rafael Nadal and Rafael Nadal § Records
Pete Sampras[edit]
Main article: Pete Sampras § Records
Björn Borg[edit]
Main article: Björn Borg § Records
Rod Laver[edit]
Main article: Rod Laver § Records
Andre Agassi[edit]
Main article: Andre Agassi § Records
Ivan Lendl[edit]
Main article: Ivan Lendl § Records
Novak Djokovic[edit]
Main articles: List of career achievements by Novak Djokovic and Novak Djokovic § Records
John McEnroe[edit]
Main article: John McEnroe § Records
Jimmy Connors[edit]
Main article: Jimmy Connors § Records
Mats Wilander[edit]
Main article: Mats Wilander § Records
Stefan Edberg[edit]
Main article: Stefan Edberg § Records
Boris Becker[edit]
Main article: Boris Becker § Records
Jim Courier[edit]
Main article: Jim Courier § Records
Guillermo Vilas[edit]
Main article: Guillermo Vilas § Records
Lleyton Hewitt[edit]
Youngest qualifier at the Australian Open at 15 years, 11 months old (1997).[3]
Won the singles title in Adelaide in 1998 to become the youngest tour winner (16 years, 10 months old) since Michael Chang in 1988 and the lowest-ranked (550) winner in the history of the ATP tour.[3]
Youngest male to win a Grand Slam tournament doubles title at 19 years, 6 months old (2000 US Open).[3]
Youngest ever male player to be ranked World No. 1[4]
Youngest male player to be the year-end World No. 1 at 20 years, 8 months old (2001).[3][5]
Best career match winning percentage in finals on grass: 87.5% (7–1)[6]
Andy Murray[edit]
Main articles: List of career achievements by Andy Murray and Andy Murray § Records
Andy Roddick[edit]
Main article: Andy Roddick § Records
Goran Ivanišević[edit]
The only male player to win a Grand Slam title as a wildcard. He achieved this at Wimbledon in 2001.
Most aces by any player in a single season (1,477 in 1996).
Michael Chang[edit]
Main article: Michael Chang § Records
Ken Rosewall[edit]
Main article: Ken Rosewall § Records
Ilie Năstase[edit]
Main article: Ilie Năstase § Records
Bob and Mike Bryan[edit]
Main article: The Bryan brothers § Doubles records
Women[edit]
Summary[edit]
The following five players have won at least five singles titles in one Grand Slam tournament during the open era:
Player
Grand Slam tournament
# of titles
Martina Navratilova Wimbledon 9
Serena Williams Australian Open 7
Wimbledon 7
US Open 6
Steffi Graf Wimbledon 7
French Open 6
US Open 5
Chris Evert French Open 7
US Open 6
Venus Williams Wimbledon 5
By player[edit]
Margaret Court[edit]
Highest Open Era singles career winning percentage: 91.37% (593–56)
First to win the Grand Slam in (1970) in the open era: (later achieved by Steffi Graf).
Most WTA singles titles won in a year: 21 (1970) this was her most notable season she played 24 tournaments winning 21 of them. Out of 110 matches she won 104 giving her (94.54%) winning percentage.
Most consecutive Major singles titles (1969–71): 6 (later achieved by Martina Navratilova).
First player of either sex to complete a "boxed set" of Grand Slam titles (singles, same-sex doubles, mixed doubles at all four championships) in the Open Era, and one of only three (all women) to have done so in history (later achieved by Martina Navratilova).
Only mother to win three grand slams in one season (1973)
Three career grand slams titles as a mother (shared with Kim Clijsters)
Only mother to win the French Open (1973)
Steffi Graf[edit]
Most consecutive Major Finals in a row: 13 (1987 French Open through 1990 French Open: Record: 9–4)
Only player who has won four singles titles at each Major tournament.
Most year-end World No. 1 rankings by the Women's Tennis Association (WTA): 8 (1987–1990, 1993–1996)[7]
Most years ranked year-end No.1 officially: 7 (1987-1990, 1993, 1995 & 1996) tied with Chris Evert.
Ranked World No. 1 or World No. 2 by the WTA longer than any other player (10 years and three months, from March 1987 to June 1997). Ranked World No. 1 by the WTA for more weeks than any other player (377).[7]
Only player to have been ranked World No. 1 by the WTA at some point during 10 different years: 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, and 1997 (tied with Serena Williams).
Tied with Serena Williams for most consecutive weeks ranked world No. 1 by WTA (186, August 17, 1987, through March 10, 1991).[8]
Won her first 45 singles matches in 1987.[9]
Only player to have won the "Golden Grand Slam" - winning all four Grand Slam singles titles and the Olympic singles gold medal in the same calendar year.
Second woman to win a non-calendar year Grand Slam in singles with her win at the 1994 Australian Open.
During the 1999 French Open, became the first player since the WTA rankings began on November 3, 1975, to defeat the first, second, and third ranked players at the same tournament (#1 Hingis, #2 Davenport, #3 Seles).[7]
Only player to have four times won three of the four Major singles titles in a calendar year: 1989, 1993, 1995, 1996.
Lost only 20 games while winning the 1988 French Open, the third least number of games lost by the winner of a Grand Slam singles tournament during the open era. (Martina Navratilova lost 19 games while winning the 1983 US Open. Chris Evert lost only 12 games while winning the 1976 US Open. )[9]
Most singles match wins at the French Open: 84.
Only player (man or woman) in history to have defended all the 4 Major Singles at least once in her career.
Highest Hard court winning percentage: 90.30% (335–36).
Does not have a losing record against any Grand Slam tournament champion.
Longest winning streak against No 1 player (years): 4 (shared with Davenport, Serena and Venus Williams).
Serena Williams[edit]
Main article: List of career achievements by Serena Williams
Most Major singles titles in the open era: 23
At 1997 Ameritech Cup in Chicago, became the lowest ranked player (No.304) to defeat two Top 10 players in one tournament (Monica Seles and Mary Pierce)
At the 1998 Lipton Championships in Miami became the fastest woman to record 5 Top 10 wins by defeating Irina Spîrlea
At the 1999 Lipton Championships in Miami became the first pair of sisters in the Open era to meet in a tournament final (with Venus Williams)
By winning the 2001 Australian Open Doubles with Venus Williams, became the only pair to win a Career Doubles Golden Slam and thus Serena's the only player, male or female, to accomplish a Career Golden Slam (each of the four grand slams & Olympic gold) in singles AND doubles.
At the 2001 US Open, marked the first time in the Open era, and second time in 117 years that sisters met in a Grand Slam final (with Venus Williams)
In 2001 became the first player in history to win the Season-Ending Championships on her debut
At the 2002 French Open, she became the first younger sister to defeat her older sister in a Grand Slam singles tournament.
In 2002 became the first ever siblings to rank Top 2 at same time with sister Venus Williams
By winning the 2003 Australian Open, became the first African-American to win the championship
By winning the 2005 Australian Open by defeating Mauresmo and Davenport, became the only player to win three Grand Slam singles titles (1999 US Open, 2002 French Open) by beating the top two ranked players.[citation needed]
At 2007 Sony Ericsson Open in Miami became lowest ranked player (Number 18) to defeat the Top 2 players in the world in the same tournament by defeating Number 1 Henin & 2 Sharapova
In 2008 winning her fifth Miami tournament title, tying Steffi Graf for the most singles titles at this tournament
By winning 2008 US Open she makes the longest-ever gap between stints at No.1 (five years, one month)
Only player to have won three Grand Slam singles titles after saving match points (2003 Australian Open versus Kim Clijsters, 2005 Australian Open versus Maria Sharapova, and 2009 Wimbledon versus Elena Dementieva).[citation needed]
Against Elena Dementieva, she played the longest recorded Wimbledon women's semifinal in the open era: 2 hours, 45 minutes.[citation needed]
In 2010, she became the first woman in the open era to win the Australian Open singles title five times.
Longest winning streak against No 1 player (years): 4 (shared with Davenport, Graf and Venus Williams).
Most Key Biscayne (Miami) titles: 8
Oldest player to hold No. 1 ranking (35 years, 126 days) as of 28 January 2017.
First woman to win more than US$12 million in prize money in a single year: 2013.
First woman to win over US$60 million in career prize money (2014)
Most WTA premier series titles: 21
Most hardcourt Grand slam titles: 13
Most Australian Open Singles titles in the Open Era: 7
Most US Open singles titles in the Open Era: 6 (tied with Chris Evert)
Most match wins at the Australian Open in the Open Era: 81
Longest-ever span between first and last Grand Slam titles: 1999 US Open - 2017 Australian Open.
With Graf, the only 2 players (male or female), to hold all Grand Slam titles in singles and the Olympic Gold simultaneously (US Open 2014-Wimbledon 2015, 2012 Olympics).
First woman to win 50+ career matches in all four Grand Slams in the Open Era.
Oldest singles Grand Slam winner: 2017 Australian Open (35 years, 124 days)
Only player to win at least 6 singles titles in at least 3 out of 4 Grand Slams.
Only player to win at least 10 Grand Slam singles titles in two different decades.
Tied with Steffi Graf for most consecutive weeks ranked World No. 1 by WTA (186; February 18, 2013 to September 05, 2016).
Holds an all-time record for the most singles matches won at the Grand Slams with 316 matches (through the 2017 Australian Open).
Has been ranked World No. 1 by the WTA at some point during 10 different years: 2002, 2003, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, and 2017 (tied with S. Graf).
Chris Evert[edit]
Most Major finals: 34
Most Years Ranked year-end #1: 7 (1974 - 1978, 1980, 1981)
Most consecutive Major singles semi-finals:34.
Most Major semi-finals:52.
Most Major quarter-finals:54.
Most losses in Major finals :16.
Won at least one Major singles title the most consecutive years: 13
Most consecutive years ended at No1,(singles), (1974–78): 5 (later tied by Navratilova)
First female player to win over 1 million dollars in prize money.
First Player of the Open Era to win 100 tournament titles.
First Player of the Open Era to attain 1,000 match wins (accomplished at the 1984 Australian Open, she finished the tournament with the title and a win/loss record of 1,003-97)
Won the most French Open's: 7
Won the most US Open's: 6 ( later tied by Serena Williams)
Won the most consecutive US Open's (1975–78): 4
Most US Open singles matches wins: 101
Only female player to win US Open on two different surfaces: Clay 75-77 & Hard 78, 80, 82
Only female player to win US Open on Clay: 75-77
Most consecutive women's singles finals at the US Open: 6
Most US Open finals amongst men and women: 9
Best Career win-loss record singles matches 1972-89 of 1309-145 (.900%) of any player man or woman.
Best Clay court winning percentage: 94.05% (316–20).
Best record on clay of any player male or female for any single surface with a 125 match winning streak with the loss of only 7 sets from August 1973 to May 1979 when she was defeated by Tracy Austin in the semi finals of the 1979 Italian Open
Best Career semi-final record, she made 273 semi-finals of 303 tournaments played: 90.10%
Most consecutive years inside the top 3 rankings: 17 (1972–1988)
Most career outdoor titles: 112
Most career clay court titles: 66
Most career singles titles on hard courts :53.
Most career match wins overall on clay courts: 316
Most matches between the same players: 80 (against Martina Navratilova 43-37).
Most singles finals between the same players: 61 (against Martina Navratilova, 36-25).
Fewest games lost while winning a major: 12, when Evert won the 1976 US Open.
Youngest player to beat a world number one, when Evert (15 years 8 months), beat Margaret Court in September 1970 in the year that Court won the Grand Slam.
Longest years undefeated on one surface in one state: Florida, Evert did not lose a professional match on clay courts in Florida from 1971 until 1984.
2nd Most singles titles won (men or women):157
Martina Navratilova[edit]
Won most Major titles overall (men or women)in the open era: 59
Won the Wimbledon singles title 6 consecutive times, which is an open era record among both men and women.
Most consecutive years ended at No1 (singles),(1982–86): 5 (tied with Chris Evert)
Most weeks at No.1 (doubles ranking): 237.
Most consecutive weeks at No.1 (doubles): 191.
Won the Wimbledon singles title 9 times, which is a record for both men and women.
Won most single titles (men or women): 167
Won most doubles titles (men or women): 177
Won most titles overall (men or women): 359
Won most single matches (men or women): 1,442
Won most single titles at a single tournament (Wimbledon): 9
Won a career boxed set of Grand Slam (tennis) titles winning singles, same gender doubles and mixed doubles at all four Grand Slam tournaments a record shared with Margaret Court.
Won most Majors combined doubles (same gender and mixed) titles: 41 (an all-time record).
Won most same gender Majors doubles titles: 31 (20 partnered with Pam Shriver)
Best single-season win-loss record of all time (man or woman): 86–1 (98.9%) in (1983).
Longest winning streak on grass courts: 69
Won singles and doubles at same tournament a record 84 times.
Won the most WTA Tour Championships titles (1978–86): 8
Most WTA Tour Championship Finals (1975–92): 14
Won the most WTA Tour Championships doubles titles (1980–91): 11.
Most consecutive tour titles in a single season: 13 (1984).
Most consecutive years winning at least one tour title: 21 (1975–1995)
Most titles at any single WTA tournament overall Ameritech Cup Chicago: 12 (6 wins consecutive 1978–1993).
Most career indoor titles: 93
Most Majors match wins: 306
Most WTA tour finals match wins: 60
Most career match wins overall on grass courts: 305
Most career match wins overall on carpet courts: 516
Most match wins against No 1 ranked player: 18
Most consecutive sets won in a season (1984): 74.
Most matches between the same players:80 (against Chris Evert 43-37).
Most singles finals between the same players: 61 (against Chris Evert, 36-25).
Most consecutive singles finals played: 23 (1983-1984).
Most different tournaments played in a career: 390.
Longest consecutive winning streak (open era):74 matches (1984).
Best Grass court winning percentage: 86.66% (305–39).
Best Carpet court winning percentage:89.99% (576–58).
In 2006, Navratilova became the oldest-ever Grand Slam tournament champion when she won the United States Open (U.S. Open) mixed doubles title. At that time she was just over a month away from her 50th birthday (October 18). Her partner, Bob Bryan, was born in 1978, four years after she won her first Slam title.
The only man or woman to win 8 different tournaments at least 7 times.
Monica Seles[edit]
By winning the 1990 French Open, became the youngest woman ever to win the tournament.
Seles has the longest unbeaten streak in a grand slam tournament with 33–0 victories at the Australian Open (winner in 1991, 1992, 1993, 1996 and semi finalist in 1999).
Seles is the only player to win the first 6 Major finals she entered without a loss.
Seles is the only teen to hold 8 Major titles (man or woman) before turning 20.
By beating Gabriela Sabatini in the 1990 YEC final, Seles became the first woman of the Open Era to win a 5-set match.[10]
Seles won the French Open 3 times in a row, an open era record shared with Justine Henin (and all-time record shared with Hilde Sperling).
Seles is the only player, man or woman of the open era to win 8 of the first 14 slams she played. In comparison, after 14 slams, Evert had won 5, Graf 1, Hingis 4, Navratilova 0, Serena Williams 1, Venus Williams 2.
Seles is the only player who beat Graf 3 times in Major finals.
Seles is the only #1 player with a leading record against Martina Navratilova.
Up to the day of her stabbing, Seles had compiled 253 victories for only 29 losses, an 89.7% winning percentage.
Until her stabbing, Seles had a winning record against all active players, except for Steffi Graf.
Venus Williams[edit]
US Open (1997) first unseeded finalist.
In 1999, Venus won the IGA Classic in Oklahoma City during the same week that her sister Serena Williams won the tournament in Paris. This was the first time in tennis history that sisters won singles titles in the same week.[citation needed]
At the 1999 Lipton International Players Championships in Miami, she and her sister Serena became the first pair of sisters in the open era to meet in a tournament final.
Won a Career Doubles Grand Slam (2001) at the Australian Open with Serena Williams.
Only woman to win a Career Doubles (Serena Williams) Golden Slam (1999 French Open to 2001 Australian Open).
Became the first sisters (Serena Williams) in the open era to contest a Grand Slam singles tournament final at the US Open (2001).
Became the first ever siblings (Serena Williams) to rank Top 2 at same time (2002).
Lowest seeded (27th) and lowest ranked (31st) to win Wimbledon (2007).[11]
Holds fastest serve recorded by a woman at the French Open: 128 mph in 2007 second round against Ashley Harkleroad.[12]
Holds fastest serve recorded by a woman at the US Open: 129 mph in 2007 first round against Kira Nagy.[13]
Holds fastest serve recorded by a woman at the Wimbledon: 129 mph in 2008 final against Serena Williams.[14]
Four Olympic Gold Medals (shared with Serena Williams)
Longest winning streak against No 1 player (years): 4 (shared with Davenport, Graf and Serena Williams).
Most Olympic medals won in tennis (shared with Kathleen McKane Godfree)
Most Grand slam appearances surpassing Amy Frazier's record in the 2016 US Open
Oldest player to defeat a reigning world number one in the open era, (Angelique Kerber). This feat was achieved at the Miami Masters tournament. (2017)
Justine Henin[edit]
Shares with Monica Seles the open era record for most consecutive French Open singles titles: 3.
Holds the open era record (and tied with Helen Wills Moody all time) for most consecutive sets won at the French Open: 40 (2005–2010).
First woman to win $5 million in prize money in a single year: 2007.
In 2005, she became the first reigning French Open champion to lose in the first round at Wimbledon.[citation needed]
In 2008, she became the only woman in the open era to retire from professional tennis while being ranked World No. 1.[15]
Only player in open era to win the French Open twice without dropping a set (2006 and 2007)
One of only 7 players in open era to reach the final of all 4 grand slams in a calendar year (2006) [others are Graf, Seles, Hingis, Evert, Navratilova, and Court]
One of only 6 players in open era to win 2 grand slams in a calendar year (2007) without dropping a set [others include King, Navratilova, Graf, Hingis, and S. Williams]
Shares with Evonne Goolagong the women's open era record for player with lowest ranking to reach the final of a grand slam. Each was unranked. Henin fell to S. Williams at the Australian Open in 2010; Goolagong won the same event in 1977.
Martina Hingis[edit]
On March 31, 1997, Hingis became the youngest player ever to be ranked World No. 1 by the Women's Tennis Association (age 7003602600000000000♠16 years, 182 days).[16]
In 1997, Hingis became the first Swiss woman ever to win Wimbledon.
In 1998, Hingis won all four Major women's doubles titles in the same calendar year, only the fourth woman in tennis history to do so (after Maria Bueno, Martina Navratilova, and Pam Shriver).
In 2000, Hingis became the only woman player to earn more than US$3 million in prize money for four consecutive years.[17]
On June 8, 1998, Hingis became the third woman since the Women's Tennis Association rankings began on November 3, 1975, to hold the World No. 1 ranking in singles and doubles simultaneously (after Navratilova and Arantxa Sánchez Vicario).[18] Lindsay Davenport, Kim Clijsters, and Serena Williams have since duplicated that feat.[18]
Won all WTA Tier I titles.
Most WTA Tier I finals: 27
Billie Jean King[edit]
Most singles matches played in a season (1971):125.
Most singles matches won in a season (1971):112.
Most doubles titles won in a season (1971):21.
Most singles and doubles titles won in a season (1971): 38.
Most singles and doubles matches won in a season (1971):192.
Most doubles matches won in a season (1971):80.
Oldest singles title winner on the WTA Tour (Birmingham 1983):39 years, 7 months.
Evonne Goolagong Cawley[edit]
Most consecutive Australian Open finals (1971–76):6 (shared with Martina Hingis).
Most Australian Open finals overall:7.
Most Australian Open wins in straight sets in consecutive years(1975–77):3. (shared with Steffi Graf).
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Six time champion". Retrieved April 3, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Vilas snaps Borg's 49 match win streak at Nations Cup" (PDF). Retrieved 7 November 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Lleyton Hewitt – Career Highlights". ATP World Tour. Retrieved July 21, 2012.
Jump up ^ Baynes, Dan (October 10, 2006). "Lleyton Hewitt Plans to Regain No. 1 Tennis Ranking After Slide". Bloomberg. Retrieved August 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ Clarey, Christopher (January 16, 2002). "Tennis; Add Grosjean to List Of Surprising Losers". The New York Times. Retrieved August 20, 2012. Hewitt...rode a late-season surge in 2001 to become the youngest year-end No. 1 player in the world.
Jump up ^ "Isner Stops Hewitt To Retain Newport Title". ATP World Tour. July 15, 2012. Retrieved July 16, 2012. Hewitt, 31, lost for the first time in a grass-court final (7–1).
^ Jump up to: a b c 2009 Official Guide to Professional Tennis, page 237, compiled by the Sony Ericsson WTA Tour
Jump up ^ 2009 Official Guide to Professional Tennis, page 230, compiled by the Sony Ericsson WTA Tour
^ Jump up to: a b 2009 Official Guide to Professional Tennis, page 254, compiled by the Sony Ericsson WTA Tour
Jump up ^ "Seles beats Sabatini - 1990". Retrieved 22 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Venus becomes first Aussie semifinalist
Jump up ^ Venus sets record with 128 mph serve
Jump up ^ Venus sets record with 129-mph serve
Jump up ^ Venus Williams is queen of Wimbledon again
Jump up ^ "Henin Retires From Sony Ericsson WTA Tour". WTA. Archived from the original on 2008-05-19.
Jump up ^ 2009 Official Guide to Professional Tennis, page 237, compiled by the Sony Ericsson WTA Tour
Jump up ^ 2009 Official Guide to Professional Tennis, page 243, compiled by the Sony Ericsson WTA Tour
^ Jump up to: a b 2009 Official Guide to Professional Tennis, page 238, compiled by the Sony Ericsson WTA Tour
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Concentration
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Concentration (disambiguation).
In chemistry, concentration is the abundance of a constituent divided by the total volume of a mixture. Several types of mathematical description can be distinguished: mass concentration, molar concentration, number concentration, and volume concentration.[1] The term concentration can be applied to any kind of chemical mixture, but most frequently it refers to solutes and solvents in solutions. The molar (amount) concentration has variants such as normal concentration and osmotic concentration.
Contents
[hide]
1 Qualitative description
2 Quantitative notation
2.1 Mass concentration
2.2 Molar concentration
2.3 Number concentration
2.4 Volume concentration
3 Related quantities
3.1 Normality
3.2 Molality
3.3 Mole fraction
3.4 Mole ratio
3.5 Mass fraction
3.6 Mass ratio
4 Dependence on volume
5 Table of concentrations and related quantities
6 See also
7 References
Qualitative description[edit]
These glasses containing red dye demonstrate qualitative changes in concentration. The solutions on the left are more dilute, compared to the more concentrated solutions on the right.
Often in informal, non-technical language, concentration is described in a qualitative way, through the use of adjectives such as "dilute" for solutions of relatively low concentration and "concentrated" for solutions of relatively high concentration. To concentrate a solution, one must add more solute (for example, alcohol), or reduce the amount of solvent (for example, water). By contrast, to dilute a solution, one must add more solvent, or reduce the amount of solute. Unless two substances are fully miscible there exists a concentration at which no further solute will dissolve in a solution. At this point, the solution is said to be saturated. If additional solute is added to a saturated solution, it will not dissolve, except in certain circumstances, when supersaturation may occur. Instead, phase separation will occur, leading to coexisting phases, either completely separated or mixed as a suspension. The point of saturation depends on many variables such as ambient temperature and the precise chemical nature of the solvent and solute.
Concentrations are often called levels, reflecting the mental schema of levels on the vertical axis of a graph, which can be high or low (for example, "high serum levels of bilirubin" are concentrations of bilirubin in the blood serum that are greater than normal).
Quantitative notation[edit]
There are four quantities that describe concentration:
Mass concentration[edit]
Main article: Mass concentration (chemistry)
The mass concentration ρ i {\displaystyle \rho _{i}} is defined as the mass of a constituent m i {\displaystyle m_{i}} divided by the volume of the mixture V {\displaystyle V} :
ρ i = m i V . {\displaystyle \rho _{i}={\frac {m_{i}}{V}}.}
The SI unit is kg/m3 (equal to g/L).
Molar concentration[edit]
Main article: Molar concentration
The molar concentration c i {\displaystyle c_{i}} is defined as the amount of a constituent n i {\displaystyle n_{i}} (in moles) divided by the volume of the mixture V {\displaystyle V} :
c i = n i V . {\displaystyle c_{i}={\frac {n_{i}}{V}}.}
The SI unit is mol/m3. However, more commonly the unit mol/L (= mol/dm3) is used.
Number concentration[edit]
Main article: Number concentration
The number concentration C i {\displaystyle C_{i}} is defined as the number of entities of a constituent N i {\displaystyle N_{i}} in a mixture divided by the volume of the mixture V {\displaystyle V} :
C i = N i V . {\displaystyle C_{i}={\frac {N_{i}}{V}}.}
The SI unit is 1/m3.
Volume concentration[edit]
The volume concentration ϕ i {\displaystyle \phi _{i}} (do not confuse with volume fraction[2]) is defined as the volume of a constituent V i {\displaystyle V_{i}} divided by the volume of the mixture V {\displaystyle V} :
ϕ i = V i V . {\displaystyle \phi _{i}={\frac {V_{i}}{V}}.}
Being dimensionless, it is expressed as a number, e.g., 0.18 or 18%; its unit is 1.
Related quantities[edit]
Several other quantities can be used to describe the composition of a mixture. Note that these should not be called concentrations.[1]
Normality[edit]
Main article: Normality (chemistry)
Normality is defined as the molar concentration c i {\displaystyle c_{i}} divided by an equivalence factor f e q {\displaystyle f_{\mathrm {eq} }} . Since the definition of the equivalence factor depends on context (which reaction is being studied), IUPAC and NIST discourage the use of normality.
Molality[edit]
Main article: Molality
(Not to be confused with Molarity)
The molality of a solution b i {\displaystyle b_{i}} is defined as the amount of a constituent n i {\displaystyle n_{i}} (in moles) divided by the mass of the solvent m s o l v e n t {\displaystyle m_{\mathrm {solvent} }} (not the mass of the solution):
b i = n i m s o l v e n t . {\displaystyle b_{i}={\frac {n_{i}}{m_{\mathrm {solvent} }}}.}
The SI unit for molality is mol/kg.
Mole fraction[edit]
Main article: Mole fraction
The mole fraction x i {\displaystyle x_{i}} is defined as the amount of a constituent n i {\displaystyle n_{i}} (in moles) divided by the total amount of all constituents in a mixture n t o t {\displaystyle n_{\mathrm {tot} }} :
x i = n i n t o t . {\displaystyle x_{i}={\frac {n_{i}}{n_{\mathrm {tot} }}}.}
The SI unit is mol/mol. However, the deprecated parts-per notation is often used to describe small mole fractions.
Mole ratio[edit]
Main article: Mixing ratio
The mole ratio r i {\displaystyle r_{i}} is defined as the amount of a constituent n i {\displaystyle n_{i}} divided by the total amount of all other constituents in a mixture:
r i = n i n t o t − n i . {\displaystyle r_{i}={\frac {n_{i}}{n_{\mathrm {tot} }-n_{i}}}.}
If n i {\displaystyle n_{i}} is much smaller than n t o t {\displaystyle n_{\mathrm {tot} }} , the mole ratio is almost identical to the mole fraction.
The SI unit is mol/mol. However, the deprecated parts-per notation is often used to describe small mole ratios.
Mass fraction[edit]
Main article: Mass fraction (chemistry)
The mass fraction w i {\displaystyle w_{i}} is the fraction of one substance with mass m i {\displaystyle m_{i}} to the mass of the total mixture m t o t {\displaystyle m_{\mathrm {tot} }} , defined as:
w i = m i m t o t . {\displaystyle w_{i}={\frac {m_{i}}{m_{\mathrm {tot} }}}.}
The SI unit is kg/kg. However, the deprecated parts-per notation is often used to describe small mass fractions.
Mass ratio[edit]
Main article: Mixing ratio
The mass ratio ζ i {\displaystyle \zeta _{i}} is defined as the mass of a constituent m i {\displaystyle m_{i}} divided by the total mass of all other constituents in a mixture:
ζ i = m i m t o t − m i . {\displaystyle \zeta _{i}={\frac {m_{i}}{m_{\mathrm {tot} }-m_{i}}}.}
If m i {\displaystyle m_{i}} is much smaller than m t o t {\displaystyle m_{\mathrm {tot} }} , the mass ratio is almost identical to the mass fraction.
The SI unit is kg/kg. However, the deprecated parts-per notation is often used to describe small mass ratios.
Dependence on volume[edit]
Concentration depends on the variation of the volume of the solution due mainly to thermal expansion.
Table of concentrations and related quantities[edit]
Concentration type
Symbol
Definition
SI unit
other unit(s)
mass concentration ρ i {\displaystyle \rho _{i}} or γ i {\displaystyle \gamma _{i}} m i / V {\displaystyle m_{i}/V} kg/m3 g/100mL (= g/dL)
molar concentration c i {\displaystyle c_{i}} n i / V {\displaystyle n_{i}/V} mol/m3 M (= mol/L)
number concentration C i {\displaystyle C_{i}} N i / V {\displaystyle N_{i}/V} 1/m3 1/cm3
volume concentration ϕ i {\displaystyle \phi _{i}} V i / V {\displaystyle V_{i}/V} m3/m3
Related quantities
Symbol
Definition
SI unit
other unit(s)
normality c i / f e q {\displaystyle c_{i}/f_{\mathrm {eq} }} mol/m3 N (= mol/L)
molality b i {\displaystyle b_{i}} n i / m s o l v e n t {\displaystyle n_{i}/m_{\mathrm {solvent} }} mol/kg
mole fraction x i {\displaystyle x_{i}} n i / n t o t {\displaystyle n_{i}/n_{\mathrm {tot} }} mol/mol ppm, ppb, ppt
mole ratio r i {\displaystyle r_{i}} n i / ( n t o t − n i ) {\displaystyle n_{i}/(n_{\mathrm {tot} }-n_{i})} mol/mol ppm, ppb, ppt
mass fraction w i {\displaystyle w_{i}} m i / m t o t {\displaystyle m_{i}/m_{\mathrm {tot} }} kg/kg ppm, ppb, ppt
mass ratio ζ i {\displaystyle \zeta _{i}} m i / ( m t o t − m i ) {\displaystyle m_{i}/(m_{\mathrm {tot} }-m_{i})} kg/kg ppm, ppb, ppt
See also[edit]
Dilution ratio
Dose concentration
Serial dilution
Wine/water mixing problem
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "concentration".
Jump up ^ IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "volume fraction".
[hide]
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Solution
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Aqueous solution
Solid solution
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Supersaturation
Serial dilution
Dilution (equation)
Apparent molar property
Miscibility gap
Concentration
and related quantities
Molar concentration
Mass concentration
Number concentration
Volume concentration
Normality
Percentage solution
Molality
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Mass fraction
Isotopic abundance
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Solubility
Solubility equilibrium
Total dissolved solids
Solvation
Solvation shell
Enthalpy of solution
Lattice energy
Raoult's law
Henry's law
Solubility table (data)
Solubility chart
Solvent
(Category)
Acid dissociation constant
Protic solvent
Inorganic nonaqueous solvent
Solvation
List of boiling and freezing information of solvents
Partition coefficient
Polarity
Hydrophobe
Hydrophile
Lipophilic
Amphiphile
Lyonium ion
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