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History of the World Wide Web
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World Wide Web
The web's logo designed by Belgian Robert Cailliau
Type
Aspect of history
Inventor
Tim Berners-Lee[1][2]
Inception
1989/1990
Available
Worldwide
The World Wide Web ("WWW" or simply the "Web") is a global information medium which users can read and write via computers connected to the Internet. The term is often mistakenly used as a synonym for the Internet itself, but the Web is a service that operates over the Internet, just as e-mail also does. The history of the Internet dates back significantly further than that of the World Wide Web.
Contents
[hide]
1 Precursors
2 1980–1991: Invention and implementation of the Web
3 1992–1995: Growth of the Web
3.1 Early browsers
3.2 Web governance
4 1996–1998: Commercialization of the Web
5 1999–2001: "Dot-com" boom and bust
6 2002–present: The Web becomes ubiquitous
6.1 Web 2.0
6.2 The semantic web
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Precursors[edit]
The hypertext portion of the Web in particular has an intricate intellectual history; notable influences and precursors include Vannevar Bush's Memex,[3] IBM's Generalized Markup Language,[4] and Ted Nelson's Project Xanadu.[3]
Paul Otlet's Mundaneum project has also been named as an early 20th century precursor of the Web.[5]
The concept of a global information system connecting homes is prefigured in "A Logic Named Joe", a 1946 short story by Murray Leinster, in which computer terminals, called "logics," are present in every home. Although the computer system in the story is centralized, the story anticipates a ubiquitous information environment similar to the Web. The cultural impact of the web was imagined even further back in a short story by E. M. Forster, "The Machine Stops," first published in 1909.
1980–1991: Invention and implementation of the Web[edit]
The NeXTcube used by Tim Berners-Lee at CERN became the first Web server.
In 1980, Tim Berners-Lee, an English independent contractor at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) in Switzerland, built ENQUIRE, as a personal database of people and software models, but also as a way to play with hypertext; each new page of information in ENQUIRE had to be linked to an existing page.[3]
Berners-Lee's contract in 1980 was from June to December, but in 1984 he returned to CERN in a permanent role, and considered its problems of information management: physicists from around the world needed to share data, yet they lacked common machines and any shared presentation software.
Shortly after Berners-Lee's return to CERN, TCP/IP protocols were installed on some key non-Unix machines at the institution, turning it into the largest Internet site in Europe within a few years. As a result, CERN's infrastructure was ready for Berners-Lee to create the Web.[6]
Berners-Lee wrote a proposal in March 1989 for "a large hypertext database with typed links".[7] Although the proposal attracted little interest, Berners-Lee was encouraged by his boss, Mike Sendall, to begin implementing his system on a newly acquired NeXT workstation.[8] He considered several names, including Information Mesh,[7] The Information Mine or Mine of Information, but settled on World Wide Web.[9]
Robert Cailliau, Jean-François Abramatic and Tim Berners-Lee at the 10th anniversary of the WWW Consortium.
Berners-Lee found an enthusiastic supporter in Robert Cailliau. Berners-Lee and Cailliau pitched Berners-Lee's ideas to the European Conference on Hypertext Technology in September 1990, but found no vendors who could appreciate his vision of marrying hypertext with the Internet.[10]
By Christmas 1990, Berners-Lee had built all the tools necessary for a working Web: the HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) 0.9,[11] the HyperText Markup Language (HTML), the first Web browser (named WorldWideWeb, which was also a Web editor), the first HTTP server software (later known as CERN httpd), the first web server (http://info.cern.ch), and the first Web pages that described the project itself. The browser could access Usenet newsgroups and FTP files as well. However, it could run only on the NeXT; Nicola Pellow therefore created a simple text browser, called the Line Mode Browser, that could run on almost any computer.[12] To encourage use within CERN, Bernd Pollermann put the CERN telephone directory on the web — previously users had to log onto the mainframe in order to look up phone numbers.[12]
While inventing and working on setting up the Web, Berners-Lee spent most of his working hours in Building 31 (second floor) at CERN (46°13′57″N 6°02′42″E / 46.2325°N 6.0450°E / 46.2325; 6.0450 (CERN Building 31, Birthplace of the World Wide Web)), but also at his two homes, one in France, one in Switzerland.[13] In January 1991 the first Web servers outside CERN itself were switched on.[14]
The first web page may be lost, but Paul Jones of UNC-Chapel Hill in North Carolina revealed in May 2013 that he has a copy of a page sent to him in 1991 by Berners-Lee which is the oldest known web page. Jones stored the plain-text page, with hyperlinks, on a floppy disk and on his NeXT computer.[15] CERN put the oldest known web page back online in 2014, complete with hyperlinks that helped users get started and helped them navigate what was then a very small web.[16][17]
On August 6, 1991,[18] Berners-Lee posted a short summary of the World Wide Web project on the alt.hypertext newsgroup, inviting collaborators.[19] This date is sometimes confused with the public availability of the first web servers, which had occurred months earlier.
Paul Kunz from the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center visited CERN in September 1991, and was captivated by the Web. He brought the NeXT software back to SLAC, where librarian Louise Addis adapted it for the VM/CMS operating system on the IBM mainframe as a way to display SLAC’s catalog of online documents;[12] this was the first web server outside of Europe and the first in North America.[20] The www-talk mailing list was started in the same month.[14]
A widely unknown fact is that the Computing and Networking Department of CERN, headed in 1992 by David Williams, did not support Berners-Lee work. In 1992,in a 2 pager email sent by the head of the division, M. David Williams stated that the work of Berners-Lee, whose goal was to create a facility to exchange information such as results and comments from CERN experiments to the scientific community, was not the core activity of CERN and was a misallocation of CERN's IT resources. Following this decision, Tim Berners-Lee left CERN despite many of his peers in the IT center tried to advocate for his support (in Particular M. Ben Segal from the distributed computing SHIFT project). He left to MIT, where he continued to develop the HTTP protocol.
An early CERN-related contribution to the Web was the parody band Les Horribles Cernettes, whose promotional image is believed to be among the Web's first five pictures.[21]
1992–1995: Growth of the Web[edit]
In keeping with its birth at CERN and the first page opened, early adopters of the World Wide Web were primarily university-based scientific departments or physics laboratories such as Fermilab and SLAC. By January 1993 there were fifty Web servers across the world; by October 1993 there were over five hundred.[14] Two of the earliest webcomics started on the World Wide Web in 1993: Doctor Fun and NetBoy.[22][23]
Early websites intermingled links for both the HTTP web protocol and the then-popular Gopher protocol, which provided access to content through hypertext menus presented as a file system rather than through HTML files. Early Web users would navigate either by bookmarking popular directory pages, such as Berners-Lee's first site at http://info.cern.ch/, or by consulting updated lists such as the NCSA "What's New" page. Some sites were also indexed by WAIS, enabling users to submit full-text searches similar to the capability later provided by search engines.
By the end of 1994, the total number of websites was still minute compared to present figures, but quite a number of notable websites were already active, many of which are the precursors or inspiring examples of today's most popular services.
Early browsers[edit]
Initially, a web browser was available only for the NeXT operating system. This shortcoming was discussed in January 1992,[14] and alleviated in April 1992 by the release of Erwise, an application developed at the Helsinki University of Technology, and in May by ViolaWWW, created by Pei-Yuan Wei, which included advanced features such as embedded graphics, scripting, and animation.[12] ViolaWWW was originally an application for HyperCard. Both programs ran on the X Window System for Unix.[12]. In 1992, the first tests between browsers on different platforms were concluded successfully between buildings 513 and 31 in CERN, between browsers on the NexT station and the X11-ported Mosaic browser.
Students at the University of Kansas adapted an existing text-only hypertext browser, Lynx, to access the web. Lynx was available on Unix and DOS, and some web designers, unimpressed with glossy graphical websites, held that a website not accessible through Lynx wasn’t worth visiting.
The first Microsoft Windows browser was Cello, written by Thomas R. Bruce for the Legal Information Institute at Cornell Law School to provide legal information, since access to Windows was more widespread amongst lawyers than access to Unix. Cello was released in June 1993.[12]
The Web was first popularized by Mosaic,[24] a graphical browser launched in 1993 by Marc Andreessen's team at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC).[25] The origins of Mosaic date to 1992. In November 1992, the NCSA at the University of Illinois (UIUC) established a website. In December 1992, Andreessen and Eric Bina, students attending UIUC and working at the NCSA, began work on Mosaic with funding from the High-Performance Computing and Communications Initiative, a US-federal research and development program.[26] Andreessen and Bina released a Unix version of the browser in February 1993; Mac and Windows versions followed in August 1993.[14] The browser gained popularity due to its strong support of integrated multimedia, and the authors’ rapid response to user bug reports and recommendations for new features.
After graduation from UIUC, Andreessen and James H. Clark, former CEO of Silicon Graphics, met and formed Mosaic Communications Corporation in April 1994, to develop the Mosaic Netscape browser commercially. The company later changed its name to Netscape, and the browser was developed further as Netscape Navigator.
Web governance[edit]
In May 1994, the first International WWW Conference, organized by Robert Cailliau,[27][10] was held at CERN;[28] the conference has been held every year since. In April 1993, CERN had agreed that anyone could use the Web protocol and code royalty-free; this was in part a reaction to the perturbation caused by the University of Minnesota's announcement that it would begin charging license fees for its implementation of the Gopher protocol.
In September 1994, Berners-Lee founded the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology with support from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) and the European Commission. It comprised various companies that were willing to create standards and recommendations to improve the quality of the Web. Berners-Lee made the Web available freely, with no patent and no royalties due. The W3C decided that its standards must be based on royalty-free technology, so they can be easily adopted by anyone.
1996–1998: Commercialization of the Web[edit]
Main article: Web marketing
By 1996 it became obvious to most publicly traded companies that a public Web presence was no longer optional.[citation needed] Though at first people saw mainly[citation needed] the possibilities of free publishing and instant worldwide information, increasing familiarity with two-way communication over the "Web" led to the possibility of direct Web-based commerce (e-commerce) and instantaneous group communications worldwide. More dotcoms, displaying products on hypertext webpages, were added into the Web.
1999–2001: "Dot-com" boom and bust[edit]
Low interest rates in 1998–99 facilitated an increase in start-up companies. Although a number of these new entrepreneurs had realistic plans and administrative ability, most of them lacked these characteristics but were able to sell their ideas to investors because of the novelty of the dot-com concept.
Historically, the dot-com boom can be seen as similar to a number of other technology-inspired booms of the past including railroads in the 1840s, automobiles in the early 20th century, radio in the 1920s, television in the 1940s, transistor electronics in the 1950s, computer time-sharing in the 1960s, and home computers and biotechnology in the 1980s.
In 2001 the bubble burst, and many dot-com startups went out of business after burning through their venture capital and failing to become profitable. Many others, however, did survive and thrive in the early 21st century. Many companies which began as online retailers blossomed and became highly profitable. More conventional retailers found online merchandising to be a profitable additional source of revenue. While some online entertainment and news outlets failed when their seed capital ran out, others persisted and eventually became economically self-sufficient. Traditional media outlets (newspaper publishers, broadcasters and cablecasters in particular) also found the Web to be a useful and profitable additional channel for content distribution, and an additional means to generate advertising revenue. The sites that survived and eventually prospered after the bubble burst had two things in common; a sound business plan, and a niche in the marketplace that was, if not unique, particularly well-defined and well-served.
2002–present: The Web becomes ubiquitous[edit]
In the aftermath of the dot-com bubble, telecommunications companies had a great deal of overcapacity as many Internet business clients went bust. That, plus ongoing investment in local cell infrastructure kept connectivity charges low, helped to make high-speed Internet connectivity more affordable. During this time, a handful of companies found success developing business models that helped make the World Wide Web a more compelling experience. These include airline booking sites, Google's search engine and its profitable approach to keyword-based advertising, as well as eBay's auction site and Amazon.com's online department store.
This new era also begot social networking websites, such as MySpace and Facebook, which gained acceptance rapidly and became a central part of youth culture.
Web 2.0[edit]
Main article: Web 2.0
Beginning in 2002, new ideas for sharing and exchanging content ad hoc, such as Weblogs and RSS, rapidly gained acceptance on the Web. This new model for information exchange, primarily featuring user-generated and user-edited websites, was dubbed Web 2.0. The Web 2.0 boom saw many new service-oriented startups catering to a newly democratized Web.
As the Web became easier to query, it attained a greater ease of use overall and gained a sense of organization which ushered in a period of rapid popularization. Many new sites such as Wikipedia and its Wikimedia Foundation sister projects were based on the concept of user-edited content. In 2005, three former PayPal employees created a video viewing website called YouTube, which became popular quickly and introduced a new concept of user-submitted content in major events.
The popularity of YouTube, Facebook, etc., combined with the increasing availability and affordability of high-speed connections has made video content far more common on all kinds of websites. Many video-content hosting and creation sites provide an easy means for their videos to be embedded on third party websites without payment or permission.
This combination of more user-created or edited content, and easy means of sharing content, such as via RSS widgets and video embedding, has led to many sites with a typical "Web 2.0" feel. They have articles with embedded video, user-submitted comments below the article, and RSS boxes to the side, listing some of the latest articles from other sites.
Continued extension of the Web has focused on connecting devices to the Internet, coined Intelligent Device Management. As Internet connectivity becomes ubiquitous, manufacturers have started to leverage the expanded computing power of their devices to enhance their usability and capability. Through Internet connectivity, manufacturers are now able to interact with the devices they have sold and shipped to their customers, and customers are able to interact with the manufacturer (and other providers) to access new content.
"Web 2.0" has found a place in the English lexicon.[29]
The semantic web[edit]
Main article: Semantic Web
Popularized by Berners-Lee's book Weaving the Web[30] and a Scientific American article by Berners-Lee, James Hendler, and Ora Lassila,[31] the term Semantic Web describes an evolution of the existing Web in which the network of hyperlinked human-readable web pages is extended by machine-readable metadata about documents and how they are related to each other, enabling automated agents to access the Web more intelligently and perform tasks on behalf of users. This has yet to happen. In 2006, Berners-Lee and colleagues stated that the idea "remains largely unrealized".[32]
See also[edit]
History of computing
Hardware
Hardware before 1960
Hardware 1960s to present
Software
Software
Unix
Free software and open-source software
Computer science
Artificial intelligence
Compiler construction
Computer science
Operating systems
Programming languages
Prominent pioneers
Software engineering
Modern concepts
General-purpose CPUs
Graphical user interface
Internet
Laptops
Personal computers
Video games
World Wide Web
By country
Bulgaria
Poland
Romania
Soviet Bloc
Soviet Union
Yugoslavia
Timeline of computing
before 1950
1950–1979
1980–1989
1990–1999
2000–2009
2010–2019
more timelines ...
Category
v
t
e
Hypermedia
Linked Data
Computer Lib / Dream Machines
History of hypertext
History of the Internet
History of the web browser
History of web syndication technology
List of websites founded before 1995
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Quittner, Joshua (March 29, 1999). "Network designer". Time. Archived from the original on August 15, 2007.
Jump up ^ Tim Berners-Lee. "Frequently asked questions". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 22 July 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c Berners-Lee, Tim. "Frequently asked questions - Start of the web: Influences". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 22 July 2010.
Jump up ^ Berners-Lee, Tim. "Frequently asked questions - Why the //, #, etc?". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 22 July 2010.
Jump up ^ Wright, Alex (2014-07-10). Cataloging the World: Paul Otlet and the Birth of the Information Age. Oxford ; New York: OUP USA. pp. 8–15. ISBN 9780199931415.
Jump up ^ Segal, Ben (1995). "A Short History of Internet Protocols at CERN". W3C.org.
^ Jump up to: a b Berners-Lee, Tim (March 1989). "Information Management: A Proposal". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
Jump up ^ Gromov, Gregory (2011). "The Next Crossroad of Web History". Net Valley.
Jump up ^ Berners-Lee, Tim (2000-11-07). Weaving the Web: The Original Design and Ultimate Destiny of the World Wide Web. San Francisco: Harper. p. 23. ISBN 9780062515872.
^ Jump up to: a b Tim Berners-Lee. "Frequently asked questions - Robert Cailliau's role". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 22 July 2010.
Jump up ^ Berners-Lee, Tim. "The Original HTTP as defined in 1991". W3C.org.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Berners-Lee, Tim (c. 1993). "A Brief History of the Web". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 17 August 2010.
Jump up ^ Galbraith, David (July 8, 2010). "Tim Berners-Lee: Confirming the exact location of the invention of the web". DavidGalbraith.org.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Raggett, Dave; Jenny Lam; Ian Alexander (April 1996). HTML 3: Electronic Publishing on the World Wide Web. Harlow, England ; Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley. p. 21. ISBN 9780201876932.
Jump up ^ Murawski, John (24 May 2013). "Hunt for world's oldest WWW page leads to UNC Chapel Hill". News & Observer.
Jump up ^ Shubber, Khadim (April 13, 2013). "First ever web page put back online by CERN". Wired.
Jump up ^ Brodkin, John (April 30, 2013). "First website ever goes back online on the open Web's 20th birthday". Ars Technica.
Jump up ^ Ward, Mark (3 August 2006). "How the web went world wide". BBC News. Retrieved 24 January 2011.
Jump up ^ Berners-Lee, Tim. "Qualifiers on Hypertext links.." alt.hypertext. Retrieved 11 July 2012.
Jump up ^ Berners-Lee, Tim (2000-11-07). Weaving the Web: The Original Design and Ultimate Destiny of the World Wide Web. San Francisco: Harper. p. 46. ISBN 9780062515872.
Jump up ^ Heather McCabe (1999-02-09). "Grrl Geeks Rock Out". Wired magazine.
Jump up ^ Campbell, T. (2006-06-08). The History of Webcomics. Antarctic Press. ISBN 0976804395.
Jump up ^ Atchison, Lee (2008-01-07). "A Brief History of Webcomics — The Third Age of Webcomics". Sequential Tart.
Jump up ^ Stewart, William. "Mosaic: The First Global Web Browser". The Living Internet.
Jump up ^ "NCSA Mosaic -- September 10, 1993 Demo".
Jump up ^ Gore, Al (February 14, 1996). "The Technology Challenge: How Can America Spark Private Innovation?".
Jump up ^ Robert Cailliau (November 2, 1995). "A Short History of the Web: Text of a speech delivered at the launching of the European branch of the W3 Consortium". Net Valley. Retrieved 21 July 2010.
Jump up ^ "IW3C2 - Past and Future Conferences". International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee. 2010-05-02. Retrieved 16 May 2010.
Jump up ^ "'Millionth English Word' declared". BBC News. June 19, 2009.
Jump up ^ Berners-Lee, Tim (2000-11-07). Weaving the Web: The Original Design and Ultimate Destiny of the World Wide Web. San Francisco: Harper. pp. 177–198. ISBN 9780062515872.
Jump up ^ Berners-Lee, Tim; James Hendler; Ora Lassila (May 1, 2001). "The Semantic Web". Scientific American. Retrieved March 13, 2008.
Jump up ^ Shadbolt, Nigel; Wendy Hall; Tim Berners-Lee (2006). "The Semantic Web Revisited" (PDF). IEEE Intelligent Systems. Retrieved April 13, 2007.
External links[edit]
Wikinews has related news: Wikinews interviews World Wide Web co-inventor Robert Cailliau
The first website
Bemer, Bob, "A History of Source Concepts for the Internet/Web"
The World Wide Web History Project
Important Events in the History of the World Wide Web
"Principal Figures in the Development of the Internet and the World Wide Web". University of North Carolina. Archived from the original on May 7, 2006. Retrieved July 3, 2006.
"How It All Started" (slides), Tim Berners-Lee, W3C, December 2004
"A Little History of the World Wide Web: from 1945 to 1995", Dan Connolly, W3C, 2000
"The World Wide Web: Past, Present and Future", Tim Berners-Lee, August 1996
Internet History, Computer History Museum
25 Years of the Internet
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_World_Wide_Web&oldid=815369206"
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Lean On
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Lean On"
Single by Major Lazer and DJ Snake featuring MØ
from the album Peace Is the Mission
Released
March 2, 2015 (2015-03-02)
Format
Digital download
Recorded
2014
Genre
Dance[1][2]
bounce[3]
moombahton
Length
2:56
Label
Mad Decent
Because
Warner
Songwriter(s)
MØ
Diplo
DJ Snake
Philip Meckseper
Producer(s)
Major Lazer
DJ Snake
Major Lazer singles chronology
"Come On to Me"
(2014) "Lean On"
(2015) "Powerful"
(2015)
"Come On to Me"
(2014) "Lean On"
(2015) "Powerful"
(2015)
DJ Snake singles chronology
"You Know You Like It"
(2014) You Know You Like It2014 "Lean On"
(2015) Lean On2015 "Middle"
(2015) Middle2015
MØ singles chronology
"Beg for It"
(2014) Beg for It2014 "Lean On"
(2015) Lean On2015 "Lost"
(2015) Lost2015
Lean On (Remixes) Cover
Music video
"Lean On" on YouTube
"Lean On" is a song recorded by American electronic music group Major Lazer and French producer DJ Snake featuring vocals from Danish singer MØ, released as the lead single from Major Lazer's third studio album, Peace Is the Mission, on March 2, 2015.[4] It was produced by Major Lazer and DJ Snake, and written by MØ, Major Lazer member Diplo, and DJ Snake.[5] It is a dance[1][2] and electronic song[3] being also described as a house ballad.[6]
"Lean On" was a critical and commercial success, peaking at number four on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart and at number two on the UK Singles Chart. It reached number one in several other countries including Australia, Ireland, the Netherlands, Mexico, New Zealand, Finland, Denmark and Switzerland. In November 2015, "Lean On" was named by Spotify as the most streamed song of all time,[7] and has over 1 billion streams globally as of June 2017; however, it has since been overtaken by Drake's "One Dance" (2016).[8]
The accompanying music video for "Lean On" was filmed in ND Studios, Karjat (India), Kaul Heritage City, Vasai in Maharashtra (India). The video premiered on March 23, 2015 and has over 2.2 billion views on YouTube as of October 2017. According to IFPI, "Lean On" was the fifth best selling song of 2015 worldwide, and one of the best-selling singles of all time,[9] with global sales of 13.1 million.[10]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Composition
3 Critical reception
4 Commercial performance
5 Music video
6 Remixes
6.1 Ty Dolla Sign remix
7 Track listing
8 In popular culture
9 Charts
9.1 Weekly charts
9.2 Year-end charts
10 Certifications
11 Release history
12 See also
13 References
14 External links
Background[edit]
Regarding the creative process behind "Lean On", producer Major Lazer said, "We wrote this song with MØ very early from an instrumental Jr. Blender created in some sessions in Trinidad. It was a strong hook. Very big to me but the production was lacking an attitude we needed. A year later I remixed the song at a completely different tempo and asked DJ Snake for a signature post chorus. After he did his thing, me, MØ and Blender rewrote the song at the new tempo in Las Vegas and made something very unique that became our album's lead-off single. We're super proud of this song."[11] Diplo offered a slower reggae arrangement of the song to Rihanna, who rejected it. He also offered said arrangement of the song to Nicki Minaj, who turned it down as well. Diplo called this turn of events "a blessing in disguise. MØ sounds better than anybody was going to sound on that record."[12]
Composition[edit]
According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com, the song is composed in the key of G minor with a tempo of 100 beats per minute.[13]
Critical reception[edit]
The song has received critical acclaim. Brennan Carley of Spin wrote, "It's as if No Doubt met the C+C Music Factory".[14] Consequence of Sound's Michelle Geslani called the song a 'bouncy banger' and complimented MØ's "siren-like" vocals.[15] David Jeffries from AllMusic praised MØ and DJ Snake for helping the track "deliver the sentimental lyrics and sensual house music at an intoxicating half-speed tempo."[16] Billboard's Matt Medved called the song and the recent Diplo's collaboration with Skrillex on Jack Ü's "Where Are Ü Now" "both innovates and finds crossover appeal", with the first being called "a pop gloss."[17]
Rolling Stone ranked "Lean On" at number 48 on its year-end list to find the 50 best songs of 2015,[18] while Billboard listed it number one on its Top 10 Dance/Electronic songs of 2015.[19] The latter magazine also ranked "Lean On" at number 3 on its year-end critics' poll for 2015: "The Grammys got it wrong. It's rare that a dance record of this quality reaches this level of ubiquity—after all, this is Spotify's most streamed song of all-time as of Nov. 2015. Despite being independently released, the infectious three-minute single became the poster child for dance crossover, dominating both radio and festival play and hitting No. 4 on the Hot 100. By Billboard's measure, "Lean On" was the dance/electronic song of the year." [20] The prestigious Village Voice ranked "Lean On" at number 25 on their annual year-end critic's poll.[21] On January 26, 2016, "Lean On" reached #3 on Triple J's Hottest 100 of 2015.
Commercial performance[edit]
"Lean On" was a global commercial success. In the United States, "Lean On" debuted at the bottom of the Billboard Hot 100 on the issue dated April 25, 2015.[22] The song later reached number four on August 29, 2015, spending 10 consecutive weeks in the top-10. This entry makes it Major Lazer and MØ's highest-charting hit in the country at the time making Major Lazer's first top 10 and top 40, also making MØ's first top 10 and second top 40 ("Cold Water", a collaboration with Justin Bieber, reached number two in 2016); "Lean On" also ties with DJ Snake's "Turn Down for What", which also reached number four in June 2014.
In the United Kingdom, "Lean On" debuted at number 38 on the UK Singles Chart on the week ending April 11, 2015. The song entered the top-10 three weeks later, before reaching number two on June 27, 2015. The song spent 12 non-consecutive weeks in the top-10, becoming one of the few songs during 2015 to spend more than 10 weeks in the top 10 (even above several number-one singles). Elsewhere, in Australia, Denmark, Finland, Hungary, Ireland, New Zealand, and Norway, "Lean On" reached number one. Additionally, the single reached number 3 on the Canadian Hot 100.
In November 2015, "Lean On" was announced to have overtaken "Thinking Out Loud" by Ed Sheeran as the most streamed song of all time on Spotify, with 526 million streams globally.[7] It currently has over 1 billion streams on the site, making it the fourth most streamed song.
Music video[edit]
The accompanying music video for "Lean On" was directed by Tim Erem,[23] produced by Mikhail Mehra, Akshay Multani & Per Welen, director of photography Jacob Møller. It was shot at ND Studios, Karjat and Kaul Heritage City, Vasai in Maharashtra, India. Some scenes of the video are filmed in the Gold Room of Stockholm's town hall.[24][25] It follows a premise of Major Lazer, MØ and DJ Snake engaging in dance sequences. It was inspired by a previous tour Major Lazer embarked on in the country.[26] Speaking about the music video, Major Lazer member Diplo said:
"When we toured there [in India] as Major Lazer, it was mind-blowing to see our fan-base and we wanted to incorporate the attitude and positive vibes into our video and just do something that embodies the essence of Major Lazer. Major Lazer has always been a culture mashup and to us, India feels like some kind of special creature with one foot in history and one firmly in the future."[26]
The video premiered on April 30, 2015 and has over 2.2 billion views on YouTube, making it the twelfth most viewed video on the site.[27]
Remixes[edit]
On July 10, 2015, the official EP of remixes was released for digital download.[28] The EP consists of seven remixes.
Ty Dolla Sign remix[edit]
The official remix of "Lean On" features a guest appearance by American rapper Ty Dolla Sign. It was premiered through Major Lazer's SoundCloud on June 17, 2015.[29] Ty Dolla Sign starts the remix with his new verse while the rest of the song is the same as in the original version.
The remix was well received by music critics. Zach Frydenlund of Complex wrote; "While the song was already catchy as hell, Ty Dolla adds another element to the single".[30] Rap-Up also gave a positive review to the remix with writing that Ty Dolla Sign starts the song with "electrifying verse that is guaranteed to get you lit".[31] Elias Leight of The Fader wrote that Ty Dolla Sign added "some extra juice" to the song with his verse.[32]
Track listing[edit]
Digital download[4][33]
No.
Title
Length
1. "Lean On" (featuring MØ and DJ Snake) 2:56
Digital download (Remixes – EP)[34]
No.
Title
Length
1. "Lean On" (Dillon Francis and Jauz Remix) (featuring MØ and DJ Snake) 4:38
2. "Lean On" (CRNKN Remix) (featuring MØ and DJ Snake) 3:24
3. "Lean On" (Ephwurd and ETC!ETC! Remix) (featuring MØ and DJ Snake) (US non-enter) 3:18
4. "Lean On" (Fono Remix) (featuring MØ and DJ Snake) 5:09
5. "Lean On" (Malaa Remix) (featuring MØ and DJ Snake) 6:17
6. "Lean On" (Moska Remix) (featuring MØ and DJ Snake) 4:07
Digital download (Remixes Vol. 2)[35]
No.
Title
Length
1. "Lean On" (J Balvin and Farruko Remix) 3:51
2. "Lean On" (Tiësto and MOTi Remix) (featuring MØ and DJ Snake) 4:56
In popular culture[edit]
The song is used in the teaser for the Nexus 5X.[36] "Lean On" appeared in the 2016 dance video game Just Dance 2017. It is also featured in 2K Sports's video game NBA 2K16 and the film How to be Single. It appeared in YouTube Rewind 2015 and Daniel Kim's Pop Danthology 2015.
The song was also covered by American musical duo R. City, alongside American acapella group Pentatonix which later was released on their self-titled deluxe album "Pentatonix".
The song is heard playing in the car before Evie and the girls disappear in The Leftovers season 2 finale "I Live Here Now".
Charts[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (2015–16)
Peak
position
Argentina (Monitor Latino)[37]
1
Australia (ARIA)[38]
1
Australia Dance (ARIA)[39]
1
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[40]
3
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[41]
2
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[42]
3
Brazil (ABPD)[43]
2
Brazil (Billboard Brasil Hot 100)[44]
57
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[45]
3
Colombia (National-Report)[46]
9
Czech Republic (Rádio Top 100)[47]
3
Czech Republic (Singles Digitál Top 100)[48]
1
Denmark (Tracklisten)[49]
1
Europe (Euro Digital Songs)[50]
3
Finland (Suomen virallinen lista)[51]
1
France (SNEP)[52]
1
Germany (Official German Charts)[53]
4
Greece Digital Songs (Billboard)[54]
1
Hungary (Dance Top 40)[55]
1
Hungary (Rádiós Top 40)[56]
1
Hungary (Single Top 40)[57]
2
Iceland (RÚV)[58]
1
Ireland (IRMA)[59]
1
Israel (Media Forest)[60]
6
Italy (FIMI)[61]
3
Lebanon (Lebanese Top 20)[62]
1
Luxembourg Digital Songs (Billboard)[63]
1
Mexico Ingles Airplay (Billboard)[64]
1
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[65]
1
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[66]
1
Netherlands Dance (Dance Top 30)[67]
1
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)
1
Norway (VG-lista)[68]
3
Poland (Polish Airplay Top 100)[69]
2
Poland (Polish Airplay New)[70]
1
Russia Airplay (Tophit)[71]
1
Scotland (Official Charts Company)[72]
7
Slovakia (Rádio Top 100)[73]
1
Slovakia (Singles Digitál Top 100)[74]
1
South Africa (EMA)[75]
5
Spain (PROMUSICAE)[76]
2
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[77]
2
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[78]
1
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[79]
2
UK Dance (Official Charts Company)[80]
1
UK Indie (Official Charts Company)[81]
1
US Billboard Hot 100[82]
4
US Adult Top 40 (Billboard)[83]
19
US Dance Club Songs (Billboard)[84]
18
US Hot Dance/Electronic Songs (Billboard)[85]
1
US Latin Pop Songs (Billboard)[86]
19
US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[87]
1
US Rhythmic (Billboard)[88]
2
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (2015)
Position
Australia (ARIA)[89]
6
Australia Dance (ARIA)[90]
2
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[91]
4
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[92]
7
Belgium Dance (Ultratop Flanders)[93]
2
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[94]
6
Belgium Dance (Ultratop Wallonia)[95]
2
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[96]
9
Colombia (National-Report)[97]
31
Denmark (Tracklisten)[98]
1
Germany (Official German Charts)[99]
5
Ireland (IRMA)[100]
3
Israel (Media Forest)[101]
8
Italy (FIMI)[102]
5
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[103]
1
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[104]
2
Netherlands Dance (Dance Top 30)[67]
1
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[105]
2
Poland (ZPAV)[106]
8
Russia (Tophit)[107]
8
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[108]
1
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[109]
3
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[110]
7
US Billboard Hot 100[111]
16
US Hot Dance/Electronic Songs (Billboard)[112]
1
US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[113]
8
US Rhythmic (Billboard)[114]
23
Chart (2016)
Position
Argentina (Monitor Latino)[115]
49
Australia (ARIA)[116]
86
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[117]
86
Brazil (Brasil Hot 100)[118]
12
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[119]
52
Denmark (Tracklisten)[120]
72
Italy (FIMI)[121]
60
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[122]
73
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[123]
46
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[124]
92
US Billboard Hot 100[125]
85
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Australia (ARIA)[126]
6× Platinum 420,000^
Austria (IFPI Austria)[127]
Gold 15,000*
Belgium (BEA)[128]
2× Platinum 60,000*
Denmark (IFPI Denmark)[129]
Platinum 60,000^
Germany (BVMI)[130]
2× Platinum 800,000^
Italy (FIMI)[131]
7× Platinum 350,000
New Zealand (RMNZ)[132]
4× Platinum 60,000*
Poland (ZPAV)[133]
Platinum 20,000*
Spain (PROMUSICAE)[134]
4× Platinum 160,000^
Sweden (GLF)[135]
6× Platinum 240,000^
Switzerland (IFPI Switzerland)[136]
2× Platinum 60,000^
United Kingdom (BPI)[137]
2× Platinum 1,200,000
United States (RIAA)[138]
4× Platinum 4,000,000
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
sales+streaming figures based on certification alone
Release history[edit]
Country
Date
Format
Label
Worldwide
March 2, 2015 Digital download
Mad Decent
Because
Warner
See also[edit]
List of most viewed YouTube videos
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ "Airplay – podsumowanie 2015 roku" (in Polish). Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry. Retrieved December 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Airplay Detection Tophit 200 Yearly" (in Russian). Tophit. Retrieved June 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Årslista Singlar – År 2015" (in Swedish). Sverigetopplistan. Swedish Recording Industry Association. Retrieved January 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Jahreshitparade 2015" Archived March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. (German). Swiss Charts Portal. Hung Medien. Retrieved March 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Official Top 40 Biggest Songs of 2015 revealed". Official Charts Company. January 4, 2016. Retrieved January 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Hot 100 Songs Year End 2015". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved December 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Hot Dance/Electronic Songs : Year End 2015". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved March 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Pop Songs : Year End 2015". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved March 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Rhythmic Songs : Year End 2015". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved March 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Anual 2016". Monitor Latino. Archived from the original on August 22, 2017. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ "ARIA Top 100 Singles 2016". Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved January 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Rapports Annuels 2016". Hung Medien. Retrieved December 29, 2016.
Jump up ^ "As 100 Mais Tocadas nas Rádios Jovens em 2016". Billboard Brasil (in Portuguese). January 4, 2017. Retrieved September 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Canadian Hot 100 – Year End 2016". Billboard. Retrieved December 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Track Top-100, 2016". Hitlisten.NU. Retrieved December 31, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Classifiche "Top of the Music" 2016 FIMI-GfK: La musica italiana in vetta negli album e nei singoli digitali" (Click on Scarica allegato to download the zipped file containing the year-end chart PDF documents) (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved February 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Jaaroverzichten - Single 2016". Hung Medien. Retrieved December 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2016 – hitparade.ch". Hung Medien. Archived from the original on January 6, 2017. Retrieved January 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ "End of Year Singles Chart Top 100 – 2016". Official Charts Company. Retrieved December 31, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Hot 100 Songs – Year-End 2016". Billboard. Retrieved December 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2016 Singles". Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved September 24, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Austrian single certifications – Major Lazer feat. DJ Snake & MO – Lean On" (in German). IFPI Austria. Retrieved November 5, 2015. Enter Major Lazer feat. DJ Snake & MO in the field Interpret. Enter Lean On in the field Titel. Select single in the field Format. Click Suchen
Jump up ^ "Ultratop − Goud en Platina – 2016". Ultratop. Hung Medien. Retrieved March 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Major Lazer & DJ Snake Feat. MØ "Lean On"" (in Danish). IFPI Denmark. April 29, 2015. Retrieved May 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Major Lazer feat. DJ Snake & MO; 'Lean On')" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Retrieved June 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Italian single certifications – Major Lazer feat. DJ Snake & MØ – Lean On" (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana. Retrieved May 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ "New Zealand single certifications – Major Lazer and DJ Snake featuring MØ – Lean On". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved January 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Polish single certifications – Major Lazer feat. DJ Snake & MØ – Lean On" (in Polish). Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry. Retrieved May 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Spanish single certifications – Major Lazer – Lean On" (PDF) (in Spanish). Productores de Música de España. Select single under "Chart", enter 2015 in the field "Year". Select '' in the field "Semana". Click on "Search Charts"
Jump up ^ "Guld- och Platinacertifikat" (in Swedish). IFPI Sweden. Retrieved July 5, 2015. Type Major Lazer featuring MØ and DJ Snake in the top right search bar. Click on "Sok" and select Lean On and see certification.
Jump up ^ "The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community: Awards (Major Lazer; 'Lean On')". IFPI Switzerland. Hung Medien.
Jump up ^ "British single certifications – Major Lazer featuring MØ and DJ Snake – Lean On". British Phonographic Industry. Enter Lean On in the search field and then press Enter.
Jump up ^ "American single certifications – Major Lazer – Lean On". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved July 26, 2016. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
External links[edit]
"Lean On" on YouTube
[show]
v
t
e
Major Lazer
Diplo
Walshy Fire
Jillionaire
Switch
Skerrit Bwoy
Studio albums
Guns Don't Kill People... Lazers Do
Free the Universe
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Singles
"Pon de Floor"
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"Lean On"
"Powerful"
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"Light It Up (Remix)"
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Discography
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[show]
v
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DJ Snake
Discography
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"Turn Down for What"
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[show]
v
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MØ
Discography
Studio albums
No Mythologies to Follow
EPs
Bikini Daze
When I Was Young
Singles
"Pilgrim"
"XXX 88"
"Don't Wanna Dance"
"Say You'll Be There"
"Walk This Way"
"Kamikaze"
"Final Song"
"Drum"
"Don't Leave"
"Nights with You"
Featured singles
"One More"
"Beg for It"
"Lean On"
"Lost"
"Cold Water"
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lean_On&oldid=818004381"
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Paul, Apostle of Christ
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Paul, Apostle of Christ
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Andrew Hyatt
Produced by
David Zelon
T.J. Berden
Screenplay by
Andrew Hyatt
Story by
Andrew Hyatt
T.J. Berden
Starring
Jim Caviezel
Olivier Martinez
James Faulkner
Joanne Whalley
John Lynch
Music by
Jan A.P. Kaczmarek
Cinematography
Geraldo Madrazo
Edited by
Scott Richter
Production
companies
Affirm Films[1]
ODB Films[1]
Distributed by
Sony Pictures
Release date
March 23, 2018 (2018-03-23)
Running time
106 minutes[2]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$5 million[3]
Box office
$22.4 million[3]
Paul, Apostle of Christ is a 2018 American biblical drama film written and directed by Andrew Hyatt. It stars James Faulkner as Saint Paul and Jim Caviezel (who portrayed Jesus in the 2004 film The Passion of the Christ) as Saint Luke.
The film tells the story of Paul, who was known as a ruthless persecutor of Christians prior to his conversion to Christianity. The plot focuses on his becoming a pivotal figure in the formation of the early church before being executed by Emperor Nero in Rome.
Principal photography began in September 2017 in Malta. The film was released on March 23, 2018 by Sony Pictures.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Synopsis
2 Cast
3 Themes
4 Production
4.1 Development
4.2 Writing
4.3 Casting
4.4 Filming
5 Release
6 Reception
6.1 Box office
6.2 Critical response
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Synopsis[edit]
This article needs an improved plot summary. (March 2018)
The setting is Mamertine Prison in Rome where Paul has been imprisoned because he has been deemed a threat to the Roman Empire. Emperor Nero has sentenced him to death. Paul's long journey to this place has been eventful. At one time—as Saul—he persecuted Christians relentlessly. And then he converted to Christianity. That is when Paul became the persecuted. His path has involved degradation, torture and shipwreck.
At Mamertine, he interacts with his jailer Mauritius and Luke the evangelist. Mauritius is curious about Paul and seeks to learn how this one man can have such a profound effect on the empire. Luke, his dutiful caretaker, takes this opportunity to write the Acts of the Apostles, a history of the early church. Meanwhile, the infamous persecution of the Christians under Nero is in full effect. As the time draws near to the date of his execution, Paul struggles with God's forgiveness for his sins. He must remember God's grace and near the end says, "where sin is prevalent, grace abounds more."
Cast[edit]
James Faulkner as Saint Paul[5]
Jim Caviezel as Saint Luke[5]
Olivier Martinez as Mauritius, prefect of Mamertine Prison[5]
Antonia Campbell-Hughes as Irenica, wife of Mauritius
Joanne Whalley as Priscilla, companion of Paul and Aquilla's wife[6]
John Lynch as Aquilla, companion of Paul and Priscilla's husband[6]
Noah Huntley as Publius
Yorgos Karamihos as Saul of Tarsus, i.e. Paul before his conversion to Christianity[7]
Alessandro Sperduti as Cassius
Themes[edit]
In an interview with Variety, Berden said that one of the main themes of the film is forgiveness: "Paul changed from murdering Christians to becoming their unlikely leader. His life personifies ‘forgiveness,’ a concept that seems almost impossible today — but desperately needed."[5]
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
Producer T.J. Berden, recognizing the emergence of new platforms for movie distribution which allows the viewer access anytime, anywhere, partnered with Hyatt to produce a series of film projects to capitalize on the new technologies. The first film resulting from the collaboration was Full of Grace which was released in 2016. Paul, Apostle of Christ is the second film of the series.[8]
Writing[edit]
In a featurette released about the film, writer/director Andrew Hyatt explains his approach in developing a bible-based screenplay:[9]
Always the first step...is study Scripture. We just stay with Scripture as the only source material. And then when we start to bring the humanity side of it, it just comes very naturally because we've done all the research and we’ve gotten all the experts to sign off.
In Paul, Luke presents an important plot element in the script:[9]
Well, in 2 Timothy when Paul is writing from the Mamertine prison, there's this tiny little bit right at the top of the letter that says ‘Only Luke is here with me.’ And so it just starts to build this beautiful palette that is 100% scripturally accurate. You are filling in the details, but it’s all there.
Casting[edit]
Jim Caviezel was cast as Luke. It is his first biblical role since he portrayed Jesus in The Passion of the Christ in 2004.[10] Caviezel's performance in the blockbuster film was met with critical acclaim. In an interview, Caviezel said that Mel Gibson told him that the role would ruin his career; and he "has no regrets about playing the most iconic role of all time". Caviezel explains how he prepared for the role of Luke:[10][11]
I read the Acts of the Apostles and started lifting little clues here and there, and I went to Mass and prayed on them. And then we see how he wrote, how Paul sees [Luke], and I started cross-examining him — and there is a lot of cross-examining and asking him about it — and slowly it starts to all come together.
James Faulkner, who portrays Paul, starred as Randyll Tarly in HBO's Game of Thrones and in 2013 he played Pope Sixtus IV in BBC’s Da Vinci’s Demons.[5] Joanne Whalley, in the role of Priscilla, had biblical roles previously as Pilate’s wife Claudia in A.D. The Bible Continues (2015) and Noah's wife Emmie in The Ark (2015). Priscilla's husband, Aquila is played by John Lynch. Lynch is known for The Secret Garden, as well as roles from the Bible as Sagan in The Passion (2008), Gabriel in The Nativity (2010) and Nicodemus in Killing Jesus (2015).[6]
Filming[edit]
According to Yorgos Karamihos, the director and producers urged the actors to be "as authentic and visceral as possible in order to be real" rather than take into consideration sensibilities of various religious groups.[7]
The filming was done on location on Malta. St. Paul's Island in Malta is known as the location where Paul and Luke were shipwrecked on their way to Rome. Many of the crew who worked on the film were culled from HBO's Game of Thrones, another production filmed in Malta. Karamihos said they were "some of the best people [in the local film industry]."[7] Karamihos found Malta to be "one of the strangest places I've ever seen in my life – it is so built up for such a small place." He described it as "a strange combination of Africa, Asia, and Europe, bringing together all three continents both in the language and the culture and aesthetic."[7]
Release[edit]
Paul, Apostle of Christ was originally scheduled to be released on the Wednesday before Easter, March 28, 2018, by Affirm Films.[1] However, in February 2018, the film's release date was moved up to March 23, 2018.[4] The film will be released on DVD, Blu-ray and available at iTunes Store and Google Play Store, June 12, 2018.
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
Paul, Apostle of Christ grossed $17.6 million in the United States and Canada, and $4.8 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $22.4 million, against a production budget of $5 million.[3]
In the United States and Canada, the film released alongside Pacific Rim Uprising, Midnight Sun, Unsane and Sherlock Gnomes, and it grossed $5 million, finishing 8th at the box office.and was projected to gross $2–7 million from 1,473 theaters in its opening weekend.[12] It ended up debuting to $5.2 million, finishing 8th at the box office.[13]
Critical response[edit]
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 46% based on 35 reviews, and an average rating of 5.6/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Paul, Apostle of Christ proves a well-intentioned yet disappointingly diffuse interpretation of a Bible story whose flashes of potential never come close to living up to the source material."[14] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 49 out of 100, based on 10 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[15] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale.[13]
Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film 3 out of 4 stars, saying: "It's an impressively-staged, well-acted, thoughtful and faithful telling of the last days of the Apostle Paul — and how Luke risked his life again and again to visit his great mentor in prison and make a written record of Paul's life experiences and teachings."[16]
Ann Hornaday of The Washington Post gave the film 3 out of 4 stars, applauding Faulkner's and Caviezel's performances and calling the film a "relevant — and inspiring — portrayal of principled steadfastness and spiritual integrity in the face of a petty, corrupt and tyrannical leader."[17] Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter wrote the film was "missing passion" and wrote: "The life of the crucial evangelist Paul has everything needed for a powerful film, but the filmmakers picked the wrong part of his life to dramatize in Paul, Apostle of Christ, a soupy, conjectural take on how the widely-traveled proselytizer came to produce his account of spreading Jesus' word throughout the Mediterranean world."[18]
See also[edit]
Christianity portal
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "Paul, Apostle of Christ". ODB Films. Retrieved June 14, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Paul, Apostle Of Christ". AMC Theatres. Retrieved February 21, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Paul, Apostle of Christ (2018)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved June 4, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Busch, Jenna (February 13, 2018). "Sony Release Dates for The Equalizer 2, Paul, Apostle of Christ". ComingSoon.net. CraveOnline Media. Retrieved February 14, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e McNary, Dave (September 8, 2017). "James Faulkner, Jim Caviezel, Olivier Martinez to Star in 'Paul, Apostle of Christ'". Variety. Penske Business Media. Retrieved January 14, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c Chattaway, Peter T. (September 8, 2017). "Jim Caviezel returns to the Bible-movie genre in Paul, Apostle of Christ". Filmchat. Patheos. Retrieved January 14, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Kalafatis, Joanna (October 19, 2017). "Yorgos Karamihos on His New Film 'Paul, Apostle of Christ'". Greek Reporter. Retrieved January 14, 2018.
Jump up ^ "T.J. Berden". New York Encounter. Retrieved January 14, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b McLean, Dorothy Cummings (January 4, 2018). "Scripture is 'the only source material' for new film about St. Paul". LifeSiteNews. Retrieved January 15, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Greydanus, Steven D (December 21, 2017). "Interview: Jim Caviezel Goes Back to the Bible in 'Paul, Apostle of Christ'". National Catholic Register. EWTN News. Retrieved January 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ Law, Jeannie (December 26, 2017). "Jim Caviezel Explains What It Takes to Be Great in God's Eyes on Set of 'Paul, Apostle of Christ'". The Christian Post. Retrieved January 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ Rubin, Rebecca (March 21, 2018). "Box Office Preview: 'Pacific Rim Uprising' Set to Break 'Black Panther's' Five-Week Streak". Variety. Retrieved March 21, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b D'Alessandro, Anthony (March 25, 2018). "Does 'Pacific Rim: Uprising' Break Even At The Global B.O.?; 'Black Panther' Sets Marvel Record – Sunday Postmortem". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved March 25, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Paul, Apostle of Christ (2018)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango. Retrieved June 14, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Paul, Apostle of Christ Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved April 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ Roeper, Richard (March 22, 2018). "'Paul, Apostle of Christ' thoughtfully depicts a disciple's final days". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ Hornaday, Ann (March 21, 2018). "'Paul, Apostle of Christ' portrays the early Christian community at its most fragile". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ McCarthy, Todd (March 21, 2018). "'Paul, Apostle of Christ': Film Review". The Hollywood Reporter. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Paul, Apostle of Christ
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