text:
Hick's law
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Hick's law, or the Hick–Hyman law, named after British and American psychologists William Edmund Hick and Ray Hyman, describes the time it takes for a person to make a decision as a result of the possible choices he or she has: increasing the number of choices will increase the decision time logarithmically. The Hick–Hyman law assesses cognitive information capacity in choice reaction experiments. The amount of time taken to process a certain amount of bits in the Hick–Hyman law is known as the rate of gain of information.
Hick's law is sometimes cited to justify menu design decisions. For example, to find a given word (e.g. the name of a command) in a randomly ordered word list (e.g. a menu), scanning of each word in the list is required, consuming linear time, so Hick's law does not apply. However, if the list is alphabetical and the user knows the name of the command, he or she may be able to use a subdividing strategy that works in logarithmic time.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Law
2.1 Relation to IQ
3 Stimulus–response compatibility
4 Exceptions
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
8 External links
Background[edit]
In 1868, Franciscus Donders reported the relationship between having multiple stimuli and choice reaction time. In 1885, J. Merkel discovered the response time is longer when a stimulus belongs to a larger set of stimuli. Psychologists began to see similarities between this phenomenon and information theory.[who?]
Hick first began experimenting with this theory in 1951. His first experiment involved 10 lamps with corresponding Morse code keys. The lamps would light at random every five seconds. The choice reaction time was recorded with the number of choices ranging from 2–10 lamps.[further explanation needed]
Hick performed a second experiment using the same task, while keeping the number of alternatives at 10. The participant performed the task the first two times with the instruction to perform the task as accurately as possible. For the last task, the participant was asked to perform the task as quickly as possible.
While Hick was stating that the relationship between reaction time and the number of choices was logarithmic, Hyman wanted to better understand the relationship between the reaction time and the mean number of choices. In Hyman’s experiment, he had eight different lights arranged in a 6x6 matrix.[2] Each of these different lights was given a name, so the participant was timed in the time it took to say the name of the light after it was lit. Further experiments changed the number of each different type of light. Hyman was responsible for determining a linear relation between reaction time and the information transmitted.
Law[edit]
Given n equally probable choices, the average reaction time T required to choose among the choices is approximately:
T = b ⋅ log 2  ( n + 1 ) {\displaystyle T=b\cdot \log _{2}(n+1)}
where b is a constant that can be determined empirically by fitting a line to measured data. The logarithm expresses depth of "choice tree" hierarchy – log2 indicates binary search was performed. Addition of 1 to n takes into account the "uncertainty about whether to respond or not, as well as about which response to make."[3]
In the case of choices with unequal probabilities, the law can be generalized as:
T = b H {\displaystyle T=bH}
where H is strongly related to the information-theoretic entropy of the decision, defined as:
H = ∑ i n p i log 2  ( 1 / p i + 1 ) {\displaystyle H=\sum _{i}^{n}p_{i}\log _{2}(1/p_{i}+1)}
where pi refers to the probability of the ith alternative yielding the information-theoretic entropy.
Hick's law is similar in form to Fitts's law. Hick's law has a logarithmic form because people subdivide the total collection of choices into categories, eliminating about half of the remaining choices at each step, rather than considering each and every choice one-by-one, which would require linear time.
Relation to IQ[edit]
Roth's application of Hick's law
"Bit" is the unit of log2(n)
E. Roth (1964) demonstrated a correlation between IQ and information processing speed, which is the reciprocal of the slope of the function:[4]
Reaction Time = Movement Time + log 2  ( n ) Processing Speed {\displaystyle {\text{Reaction Time}}={\text{Movement Time}}+{\frac {\log _{2}(n)}{\text{Processing Speed}}}}
where n is the number of choices. The time it takes to come to a decision is:
Processing Speed ⋅ log 2  ( n ) {\displaystyle {\text{Processing Speed}}\cdot \log _{2}(n)}
Stimulus–response compatibility[edit]
The stimulus–response compatibility is known to also affect the choice reaction time for the Hick–Hyman law. This means that the response should be similar to the stimulus itself (such as turning a steering wheel to turn the wheels of the car). The action the user performs is similar to the response the driver receives from the car.
Exceptions[edit]
The sigmoid function remains a better representation than the linear function of the relationship between predictability and reaction time..
Studies suggest that the search for a word within a randomly ordered list—in which the reaction time increases linearly according to the number of items—does not allow for the generalization of the scientific law, considering that, in other conditions, the reaction time may not be linearly associated to the logarithm of the number of elements or even show other variations of the basic plane.
Exceptions to Hick's law have been identified in studies of verbal response to familiar stimuli, where there is no relationship or only a subtle increase in the reaction time associated with an increased number of elements,[5] and saccade responses, where it was shown that there is either no relationship,[6] or a decrease in the saccadic time with the increase of the number of elements, thus an antagonistic effect to that postulated by Hick's law.[7]
The generalization of Hick's law was also tested in studies on the predictability of transitions associated with the reaction time of elements that appeared in a structured sequence.[8][9] This process was first described as being in accordance to Hick's law,[10] but more recently it was shown that the relationship between predictability and reaction time is sigmoid, not linear associated with different modes of action.[11]
See also[edit]
Power law of practice
The Paradox of Choice
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Landauer, T. K.; Nachbar, D. W. (1985). "Selection from alphabetic and numeric menu trees using a touch screen". Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems - CHI '85. p. 73. doi:10.1145/317456.317470. ISBN 0897911490.
Jump up ^ Hyman, R (March 1953). "Stimulus information as a determinant of reaction time". Journal of Experimental Psychology. 45 (3): 188–96. doi:10.1037/h0056940. PMID 13052851.
Jump up ^ Card, Stuart K.; Moran, Thomas P.; Newell, A. (1983). The Psychology of Human–Computer Interaction. Hilldale, London: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Jump up ^ Roth, Erwin (1964). "Die Geschwindigkeit der Verarbeitung von Information und ihr Zusammenhang mit Intelligenz" [The speed of processing information and its connection with intelligence]. Zeitschrift für experimentelle und angewandte Psychologie (in German). 11: 616–622.
Jump up ^ Longstreth, L. E.; El-Zahhar, N.; Alcorn, M. B. (1985). "Exceptions to Hick's Law: Explorations With a Response Duration Measure". Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. 114 (4): 417–434. doi:10.1037/0096-3445.114.4.417.
Jump up ^ Kveraga, K.; Boucher, L.; Hughes, H. C. (2002). "Saccades operate in Violation of Hick's law". Experimental Brain Research. 146 (3): 307–314. doi:10.1007/s00221-002-1168-8.
Jump up ^ Lawrence, B. M.; St. John, A.; Abrams, R. A.; Snyder, L. H. (2008). "An anti-Hick's effect in monkey and human saccade reaction times". Journal of Vision. 8 (26): 26. doi:10.1167/8.3.26.
Jump up ^ Stadler, M. A. (1992). "Statistical Structure and Implicit Learning Serial". Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning. Memory, and Cognition. 18 (2): 318–327. doi:10.103/0278-7393.18.2.318.
Jump up ^ Remillard, G.; Clark (2001). "Implicit Learning of First-, second-, and Third-Order Transition Probabilities". Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 27 (2): 483–498. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.27.2.483.
Jump up ^ Jamieson, R. K.; Mewhort (2009). "Applying an exemplary model to the serial reaction-time task: Anticipating from experience". The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. 62 (9): 1757–1783. doi:10.1080/17470210802557637.
Jump up ^ Pavão, R.; Savietto, J.P.; Sato, J.R.; Xavier, G. F.; Helene, A. F. (2016). "On Sequence Learning Models: Open-loop Control Not Strictly Guided by Hick's Law". Scientific Reports. 6: 23018. doi:10.1038/srep23018.
References[edit]
Cockburn, Andy; Gutwin, Carl; Greenberg, Saul (April 28 – May 3, 2007). "A predictive model of menu performance" (PDF). Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems. San Jose, California.
Hick, W. E. (1 March 1952). "On the rate of gain of information" (PDF). Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. 4 (1): 11–26. doi:10.1080/17470215208416600.
Hyman, R (March 1953). "Stimulus information as a determinant of reaction time". Journal of Experimental Psychology. 45 (3): 188–96. doi:10.1037/h0056940. PMID 13052851.
Rosati, L. (October 24–25, 2013). "How to design interfaces for choice: Hick-Hyman law and classification for information architecture". In Slavic, A.; Salah, A.; Davies, C. Classification and visualization: interfaces to knowledge: proceedings of the International UDC Seminar. The Hague, The Netherlands. pp. 125–138. ISBN 978-3-95650-007-7.
Roy, Q.; Malacria, S.; Lecolinet, E.; Guiard, Y.; Eagan, J. (April 27 – May 2, 2013). "Augmented Letters: Mnemonic Gesture-Based Shortcuts". Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems. Paris, France. doi:10.1145/2470654.2481321.
Seow, Steven C. (2005). "Information Theoretic Models of HCI: A Comparison of the Hick–Hyman Law and Fitts' Law". Human–Computer Interaction'. 20 (3): 315–352. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.86.4509  . doi:10.1207/s15327051hci2003_3.
Welford, Alan T. (1968). Fundamentals of Skill. Methuen, Massachusetts. pp. 61–65.
External links[edit]
Usability Glossary: Hick's Law
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Alice Liddell
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Alice Liddell
Liddell, aged 7, photographed by Charles Dodgson (Lewis Carroll) in 1860
Born
Alice Pleasance Liddell
(1852-05-04)4 May 1852
Westminster, London
Died
16 November 1934(1934-11-16) (aged 82)
Westerham, Kent, England
Other names
Alice Hargreaves
Spouse(s)
Reginald Hargreaves
Signature
Alice Pleasance Hargreaves (née Liddell (/ˈlɪdəl/[1]); 4 May 1852 – 16 November 1934) was, in her childhood, an acquaintance and photography subject of Lewis Carroll (Charles Lutwidge Dodgson). One of the stories he told her during a boating trip became the children's classic Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. Although she shared her name with the heroine of the story, scholars disagree about the extent to which the character was based upon her. She married cricketer Reginald Hargreaves, and they had three sons.
Contents
[hide]
1 Biography
2 Gallery
3 Origin of Alice in Wonderland
4 Relationship with Lewis Carroll
4.1 "Cut pages in diary"
5 Comparison with fictional Alice
6 Alice Liddell in other works
7 References
8 Literature
Biography[edit]
Alice Liddell was the fourth of the ten children of Henry Liddell, Dean of Christ Church, Oxford, one of the editors of A Greek-English Lexicon, and his wife Lorina Hanna Liddell (née Reeve). She had two older brothers, Harry (born 1847) and Arthur (1850-53), an older sister Lorina (born 1849), and six younger siblings, including her sister Edith (born 1854) to whom she was very close and her brother Frederick (born 1865), who became a lawyer and senior civil servant.
At the time of her birth, Liddell's father was the Headmaster of Westminster School but was soon after appointed to the deanery of Christ Church, Oxford. The Liddell family moved to Oxford in 1856. Soon after this move, Alice met Charles Lutwidge Dodgson, who encountered the family while he was photographing the cathedral on 25 April 1856. He became a close friend of the Liddell family in subsequent years.
Alice Liddell (right) with sisters c. 1859 (photo by Lewis Carroll)
Alice was three years younger than Lorina and two years older than Edith, and the three sisters were constant childhood companions. She and her family regularly spent holidays at their holiday home Penmorfa, which later became the Gogarth Abbey Hotel, on the West Shore of Llandudno in North Wales.
When Alice Liddell was a young woman, she set out on a grand tour of Europe with Lorina and Edith. One story has it that she became a romantic interest of Prince Leopold, the youngest son of Queen Victoria, during the four years he spent at Christ Church, but the evidence for this is sparse. It is true that years later, Leopold named his first child Alice, and acted as godfather to Alice's second son Leopold. However, it is possible Alice was named in honour of Leopold’s deceased elder sister instead, the Grand Duchess of Hesse. A recent biographer of Leopold suggests it is far more likely that Alice's sister Edith was the true recipient of Leopold's attention.[2] Edith died on 26 June 1876,[3] possibly of measles or peritonitis (accounts differ), shortly before she was to be married to Aubrey Harcourt, a cricket player.[4] At her funeral on 30 June 1876, Prince Leopold served as a pall-bearer.[5]
Alice Liddell married Reginald Hargreaves, also a cricketer, on 15 September 1880, at the age of 28 in Westminster Abbey. They had three sons: Alan Knyveton Hargreaves and Leopold Reginald "Rex" Hargreaves (both were killed in action in World War I); and Caryl Liddell Hargreaves, who survived to have a daughter of his own. Liddell denied that the name 'Caryl' was in any way associated with Charles Dodgson's pseudonym. Reginald Hargreaves inherited a considerable fortune, and was a local magistrate; he also played cricket for Hampshire. Alice became a noted society hostess and was the first president of Emery Down Women's Institute.[6] She took to referring to herself as "Lady Hargreaves", but there was no basis for such a title.[7]
After her husband's death in 1926, the cost of maintaining their home, Cuffnells, was such that she deemed it necessary to sell her copy of Alice's Adventures Under Ground (Lewis Carroll's earlier title for Alice's Adventures in Wonderland). The manuscript fetched £15,400, nearly four times the reserve price given it by Sotheby's auction house. It later became the possession of Eldridge R. Johnson and was displayed at Columbia University on the centennial of Carroll's birth. Alice was present, aged 80, and it was on this visit to the United States that she met Peter Llewelyn Davies, one of the brothers who inspired J. M. Barrie's Peter Pan. Upon Johnson's death, the book was purchased by a consortium of American bibliophiles and presented to the British people "in recognition of Britain's courage in facing Hitler before America came into the war". The manuscript resides in the British Library.
For most of her life, Alice lived in and around Lyndhurst in the New Forest.[8] After her death in 1934, she was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium and her ashes were buried in the graveyard of the church of St Michael and All Angels Lyndhurst. A memorial plaque, naming her "Mrs. Reginald Hargreaves" can be seen in the picture in the monograph.
Gallery[edit]
Alice Liddell at the age of 20, photographed by Julia Margaret Cameron
Alice Hargreaves in 1932, at the age of 80
The grave of Alice Hargreaves in the graveyard of the church of St Michael and All Angels, Lyndhurst
Origin of Alice in Wonderland[edit]
Edith Liddell (William Blake Richmond, c. 1864)
On 4 July 1862, in a rowing boat travelling on the Isis from Folly Bridge, Oxford, to Godstow for a picnic outing, 10-year-old Alice asked Charles Dodgson (who wrote under the pen name Lewis Carroll) to entertain her and her sisters, Edith (aged 8) and Lorina (13), with a story. As the Reverend Robinson Duckworth rowed the boat, Dodgson regaled the girls with fantastic stories of a girl, named Alice, and her adventures after she fell into a rabbit-hole. The story was not unlike those Dodgson had spun for the sisters before, but this time Liddell asked Mr. Dodgson to write it down for her. He promised to do so but did not get around to the task for some months. He eventually presented her with the manuscript of Alice's Adventures Under Ground in November 1864.
In the meantime, Dodgson had decided to rewrite the story as a possible commercial venture. Probably with a view to canvassing his opinion, Dodgson sent the manuscript of Under Ground to a friend, the author George MacDonald, in the spring of 1863.[9] The MacDonald children read the story and loved it, and this response probably persuaded Dodgson to seek a publisher. Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, with illustrations by John Tenniel, was published in 1865, under the name Lewis Carroll. A second book about the character Alice, Through the Looking-Glass and What Alice Found There, followed in 1871. In 1886, a facsimile of Alice's Adventures Under Ground, the original manuscript that Dodgson had given Liddell, was published.
Relationship with Lewis Carroll[edit]
Liddell dressed up as a beggar-maid. Photo by Lewis Carroll (1858).
See also: Speculation on the sexuality of Charles Lutwidge Dodgson
The relationship between Liddell and Dodgson has been the source of much controversy.[10] Dodgson met the Liddell family in 1855; he first befriended Harry, the older brother, and later took both Harry and Ina on several boating trips and picnics to the scenic areas around Oxford.[11] Later, when Harry went to school, Alice and her younger sister Edith joined the party. Dodgson entertained the children by telling them fantastic stories to while away the time. He also used them as subjects for his hobby, photography.[12] It has often been stated that Alice was clearly his favourite subject in these years, but there is very little evidence to suggest that this is so; Dodgson's diaries from 18 April 1858 to 8 May 1862 are missing.[13]
"Cut pages in diary"[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The relationship between the Liddells and Dodgson suffered a sudden break in June 1863. There was no record of why the rift occurred, since the Liddells never openly spoke of it, and the single page in Dodgson's diary recording 27–29 June 1863 (which seems to cover the period in which it began) was missing;[14] it has been speculated by biographers such as Morton N. Cohen that Dodgson may have wanted to marry the 11-year-old Alice Liddell, and that this was the cause of the unexplained break with the family in June 1863.[15] Alice Liddell's biographer, Anne Clark, writes that Alice's descendants were under the impression that Dodgson wanted to marry her, but that "Alice's parents expected a much better match for her." Clark argues that in Victorian England such arrangements were not as improbable as they might seem; John Ruskin, for example, fell in love with a 12-year-old girl while Dodgson's younger brother sought to marry a 14-year-old, but postponed the wedding for six years.[16]
In 1996, Karoline Leach found what became known as the "Cut pages in diary" document[17]—a note allegedly written by Charles Dodgson's niece, Violet Dodgson, summarising the missing page from 27–29 June 1863, apparently written before she (or her sister Menella) removed the page. The note reads:
"L.C. learns from Mrs. Liddell that he is supposed to be using the children as a means of paying court to the governess—he is also supposed by some to be courting Ina"[18]
This might imply that the break between Dodgson and the Liddell family was caused by concern over alleged gossip linking Dodgson to the family governess and to "Ina" (Alice's older sister, Lorina).[citation needed] In her biography, The Mystery of Lewis Carroll, Jenny Woolf suggests that the problem was caused by Lorina becoming too attached to Dodgson and not the other way around. Woolf then uses this theory to explain why "Menella [would] remove the page itself, yet keep a note of what was on it."[18] The note, she submits, is a "censored version" of what really happened, intended to prevent Lorina from being offended or humiliated at having her feelings for Dodgson made public.[18]
It is uncertain who wrote the note. Leach has said that the handwriting on the front of the document most closely resembles that of either Menella or Violet Dodgson, Dodgson's nieces.[citation needed] However, Morton N. Cohen says in an article published in the Times Literary Supplement in 2003[19] that in the 1960s, Dodgson's great-nephew Philip Dodgson Jacques told him that Jacques had written the note himself based on conversations he remembered with Dodgson's nieces.[citation needed] Cohen's article offered no evidence to support this, however, and known samples of Jacques' handwriting do not seem to resemble the writing of the note.[20][better source needed]
After this incident, Dodgson avoided the Liddell home for six months but eventually returned for a visit in December 1863. However, the former closeness does not seem to have been re-established, and the friendship gradually faded away, possibly because Dodgson was in opposition to Dean Liddell over college politics.[21][full citation needed]
Comparison with fictional Alice[edit]
Alice from Alice's Adventures in Wonderland
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Through the Looking-Glass
The extent to which Dodgson's Alice may be or could be identified with Liddell is controversial. The two Alices are clearly not identical, and though it was long assumed that the fictional Alice was based very heavily on Liddell, recent research has contradicted this assumption. Dodgson himself claimed in later years that his Alice was entirely imaginary and not based upon any real child at all.
There was a rumour that Dodgson sent Tenniel a photo of one of his other child-friends, Mary Hilton Badcock, suggesting that he used her as a model,[22] but attempts to find documentary support for this theory have proved fruitless. Dodgson's own drawings of the character in the original manuscript of Alice's Adventures under Ground show little resemblance to Liddell. Biographer Anne Clark suggests that Dodgson might have used Edith Liddell as a model for his drawings.[23]
There are at least three direct links to Liddell in the two books. First, he set them on 4 May (Liddell's birthday) and 4 November (her "half-birthday"), and in Through the Looking-Glass the fictional Alice declares that her age is "seven and a half exactly", the same as Liddell on that date. Second, he dedicated them "to Alice Pleasance Liddell". Third, there is an acrostic poem at the end of Through the Looking-Glass. Reading downward, taking the first letter of each line, spells out Liddell's full name. The poem has no title in Through the Looking-Glass, but is usually referred to by its first line, "A Boat Beneath a Sunny Sky".
A boat beneath a sunny sky,
Lingering onward dreamily
In an evening of July—

Children three that nestle near,
Eager eye and willing ear,
Pleased a simple tale to hear—

Long has paled that sunny sky:
Echoes fade and memories die.
Autumn frosts have slain July.

Still she haunts me, phantomwise,
Alice moving under skies
Never seen by waking eyes.

Children yet, the tale to hear,
Eager eye and willing ear,
Lovingly shall nestle near.

In a Wonderland they lie,
Dreaming as the days go by,
Dreaming as the summers die:

Ever drifting down the stream—
Lingering in the golden gleam—
Life, what is it but a dream?
In addition, all of those who participated in the Thames boating expedition where the story was originally told (Carroll, the Reverend Duckworth and the three Liddell sisters) appear in the chapter "A Caucus-Race and a Long Tale" – but only if Alice Liddell is represented by Alice herself.
Alice Liddell in other works[edit]
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Several later writers have written fictional accounts of Liddell:
Liddell is the main character of Melanie Benjamin's novel Alice I Have Been, a fictional account of Alice's life from childhood through old age, focusing on her relationship with Lewis Carroll and the impact that Alice's Adventures Under Ground had on her.[24]
She is one of the main characters of the Riverworld series of books by Philip José Farmer.
She plays a small but critical role in Lewis Padgett's short story "Mimsy Were The Borogoves".
Katie Roiphe has written a fictional (claimed to be based on fact) account of the relationship between Alice and Carroll, titled Still She Haunts Me.
The 1985 movie Dreamchild deals with her trip to America for the Columbia University presentation described above; through a series of flashbacks, it promotes the popular assumption that Dodgson was romantically attracted to Alice.
Frank Beddor wrote The Looking Glass Wars, which reimagines the Alice in Wonderland story and includes real-life characters such as the Liddells and Prince Leopold.
The 1863 incident features in Marshall N Klimasewiski's 2006 novel, The Cottagers, in which two characters are engaged in varying degrees on biographical projects about Dodgson.
Liddell and Dodgson are used as protagonists in Bryan Talbot's 2007 graphic novel Alice in Sunderland to relay the history and myths of the area.[25]
The 2008 opera by Alan John and Andrew Upton Through the Looking Glass covers both the fictional Alice and Liddell.
Peter and Alice, John Logan's play in 2013, features the encounter of Alice Liddell Hargreaves and Peter Llewelyn Davies, one of the boys who inspired the Peter Pan character.
In Colin Greenland's science fiction novel Take Back Plenty, a central role in played by spaceship called Alice Liddell. The spaceship has a sentient persona which is the best friend of the protagonist, space pilot Tabitha Jute. Alice the ship always asks Tabitha to tell her stories.
The Looking Glass House (2015), a novel written by Liddell's great-granddaughter Vanessa Tait, tells the story of her relationship with Dodgson through the eyes of her governess Miss Prickett.[26]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ This phonetic version of her name, with emphasis on first, rather than second syllable as sometimes mispronounced, is confirmed by the rhyme current in Oxford at the time (attributed by some to Dodgson himself but called by others a piece of "undergraduate doggerel"): "I am the Dean and this is Mrs Liddell. She plays the first, and I the second fiddle." Quoted in Naiditch, P. G. (1993). "On Pronouncing the Names of Certain British Classical Scholars". The Classical Journal. 89 (1): 55–59.
Jump up ^ cited in Leach, Karoline In the Shadow of the Dreamchild, p.201
Jump up ^ The Cathedral Church of Oxford, a Description of Its Fabric and a Brief History of the Episcopal See, p.101
Jump up ^ Will Brooker, Alice's adventures: Lewis Carroll in popular culture, p.338
Jump up ^ "Nelson Evening Mail, Volume XI, Issue 233, 22 September 1876, P.4, quoting Home News, 1876". Retrieved 5 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "lyndchur". Southernlife.org.uk. Archived from the original on 17 May 2011. Retrieved 22 March 2014.
Jump up ^ A. S. Byatt, " The Story of Alice: innocence through the looking-glass", The Spectator, republished in The Weekend Australian, 11-12 April 2015, Review, p. 16. Retrieved 19 December 2017
Jump up ^ "Call to celebrate life of the 'real Alice' (From This is Hampshire)". Thisishampshire.net. 2010-03-08. Retrieved 2014-03-22.
Jump up ^ Dodgson's MS diaries, vol.8, p. 89, British Library
Jump up ^ Douglas-Fairhurst, Robert (2015). The Story of Alice: Lewis Carroll and the Secret History of Wonderland. Harvill Secker. ISBN 1846558611.
Jump up ^ Cohen, Morton Norton (1996). Lewis Carrol: A Biography. Vintage. ISBN 0679745629.
Jump up ^ "Lewis Carroll (Charles Lutwidge Dodgson) Photography Collection". Harry Ransom Center. Retrieved April 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Lewis Carroll Society Website - Charles Dodgson's Diaries". The Lewis Carroll Society Website. The Lewis Carroll Society. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Lewis Carroll Society Website - Charles Dodgson's Diaries". The Lewis Carroll Society Website. The Lewis Carroll Society. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Cohen, Morton (1996). Lewis Carroll: A Biography. Vintage Books. pp. 30–35. ISBN 978-0-679-74562-4. pp. 100–4
Jump up ^ Clark, Anne (1981). The Real Alice. Michael Joseph Ltd. pp.86-87. ISBN 0-7181-2064-7
Jump up ^ "Cut pages in diary". 4 March 2004. Archived from the original on 14 June 2006. Retrieved 9 July 2006.
^ Jump up to: a b c Woolf, Jenny (2010). The Mystery of Lewis Carroll: Discovering the Whimsical, Thoughtful, and Sometimes Lonely Man Who Created Alice in Wonderland. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-61298-6
Jump up ^ Cohen, Morton N., "When Love was Young", Times Literary Supplement, October 2003
Jump up ^ See discussion on the Lewis Carroll e-list, Autumn 2003
Jump up ^ Christ Church & Reform[full citation needed]
Jump up ^ Gardner, Martin, The Annotated Alice 1970, chap. 1
Jump up ^ Clark, Anne, Lewis Carroll 1982, p. 91
Jump up ^ www.xuni.com (2010-01-12). "Author Melanie Benjamin". Melaniebenjamin.com. Retrieved 2014-03-22.
Jump up ^ Robertson, Ross (27 March 2007). "News focus: Alice in Pictureland". Sunderland Echo. Archived from the original on 2 April 2007. Retrieved 29 March 2007.
Jump up ^ Hoyes, Rachel (2015-07-01). "The Looking Glass House by Vanessa Tait, review: 'extensively researched'". ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 2017-12-09.
Literature[edit]
Björk, Christina & Eriksson, Inga-Karin (1993). The Other Alice. R & S Books. ISBN 91-29-62242-5.
Clark, Anne (1982). The Real Alice. Stein And Day. ISBN 0-8128-2870-4.
Gardner, Martin (1965). Introduction to Alice's Adventures under Ground by Lewis Carroll. Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-21482-6.
Gardner, Martin (ed.) (2000). The Annotated Alice (The Definitive Edition). Allen Lane The Penguin Press. ISBN 0-7139-9417-7.
Gordon, Colin (1982). Beyond The Looking Glass. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers. ISBN 0-15-112022-6.
Gray, Donald J. The Norton Critical Edition of Alice in Wonderland. Donald J. Gray.
Leach, Karoline (1999). In the Shadow of the Dreamchild. Peter Owens. ISBN 0-7206-1044-3. Official website
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alice Liddell.
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