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Jason Everman
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Jason Everman
Everman serving with the U.S. Army Special Forces in Afghanistan
Background information
Birth name
Jason Mark Everman
Born
(1967-10-16) October 16, 1967 (age 50)
Ouzinkie (then-part of Kodiak), Alaska, United States
Origin
Poulsbo, Washington, United States
Genres
Alternative metal, grunge, heavy metal, grindcore, hardcore punk
Occupation(s)
Musician, Army Ranger, Green Beret
Instruments
Guitar, bass guitar, drums
Years active
1989–1994
Labels
Sub Pop
Associated acts
Nirvana, Soundgarden, OLD, Mind Funk, Stonecrow
Military career
Allegiance
United States of America
Service/branch
United States Army
Years of service
1994–2006
Rank
Sergeant First Class
Unit
2nd Ranger Battalion
Special Forces
3rd Special Forces Group Airborne
Battles/wars
War in Afghanistan
Iraq War
Awards
Combat Infantryman Badge
Jason Mark Everman (born October 16, 1967) is an American musician, who played with Nirvana, Soundgarden and OLD. He later served in the U.S. Army as an Army Ranger and Green Beret.
Contents
1 Early life
2 Nirvana
3 Soundgarden and other bands
4 Later life
5 Discography
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Early life[edit]
In a 2013 interview in The New York Times Magazine, Everman said when asked about his birth, "My birth certificate says Kodiak, but I'm pretty sure it was Ouzinkie, where my parents lived in a two-room cabin with a pet ocelot named Kia." His parents had moved to the remote Spruce Island to, as guitarist and writer Clay Tarver put it, "get back to nature", but their marriage did not survive the isolation. His mother left with Jason when he was a toddler, moved to Washington, and remarried to a former Navy serviceman; the family eventually settled in Poulsbo, across Puget Sound from Seattle.[1]
According to Everman's half-sister, with whom he grew up, "My mother was extremely depressed, an artistic genius who was also a pill-popping alcoholic. Jason and I learned to walk on eggshells and really learned to take care of ourselves." After an incident in which he and a friend blew up a toilet with an M-80 firecracker, his grandmother put him in therapy sessions to deal with his emotional issues. Everman began playing guitar during the therapy sessions; he initially picked up one of the guitars the therapist kept around his office, and the therapist then decided to play with him, hoping it would help him open up. He went on to play in several bands during his high school years. Also, he reestablished contact with his biological father, who by that time owned a fishing boat in Alaska, and worked several seasons on the boat.[1] Prior to joining with Nirvana, he played guitar in a local band called Stonecrow with future Nirvana drummer Chad Channing.
Nirvana[edit]
Everman joined Nirvana in February 1989 as a second guitarist. He is listed as being second guitarist on Nirvana's Bleach and appears on the cover, but did not actually play on any of the tracks. Nirvana founder Kurt Cobain said the credit was a token of thanks to Everman for paying a fee of $606.17 to record the album. On the 2009 remastered edition of Bleach, Everman is no longer credited but can still be seen on the front cover and he is given special thanks in the booklet.
Everman toured with Nirvana the summer of 1989 in support of Bleach. He can be heard playing guitar on Trust No-One, an unofficial release of a live performance in Boston. Cobain had broken his guitar the previous night and only provided vocals, leaving the guitar playing to Everman. Everman can also be seen in the bootleg video of Nirvana playing an "in store" performance at Rhino Records in Los Angeles on June 23, 1989. During his time with Nirvana, he could sometimes be seen using Fender guitars, generally the Fender Telecaster. Nirvana ejected Everman from the band after a short time.[1]
A two-song Nirvana session featuring Everman on guitar is available, albeit in separate releases. A Kiss cover called "Do You Love Me?" was released on a tribute album[2] and "Dive" was released on 2004's With the Lights Out.[3] Both tracks were recorded at The Evergreen State College's 24-track studio in June 1989.
Soundgarden and other bands[edit]
Everman left Nirvana in July 1989 and joined Soundgarden the following year as Hiro Yamamoto's temporary successor on bass. In April 1990, he played on the band's cover of The Beatles' "Come Together", which appeared on an EP called Loudest Love. Everman appeared in Soundgarden's Louder Than Live home video. Everman left immediately after Soundgarden completed its promotional tour for Louder Than Love in mid-1990 to play bass for the band OLD (Old Lady Drivers) and Soundgarden found Yamamoto's ultimate successor, bassist Ben Shepherd. Later, in 1993, he played guitar in Mind Funk.
Later life[edit]
In September 1994, influenced by Renaissance icon Benvenuto Cellini (who stated that a well-rounded man is an artist, warrior and philosopher), he left Mind Funk to join the United States Army, subsequently serving with the Army's 2nd Ranger Battalion and later with the Special Forces, serving tours in Afghanistan and Iraq.[4] After completing his tour of duty with the Rangers, he took a break from the service and lived in New York City where he briefly worked as a bike messenger. He then traveled to Tibet and worked and studied in a Buddhist monastery before returning to the U.S. He reentered the Army when offered the chance to join Special Forces.
After receiving an honorable discharge in 2006, Everman went on to earn a Bachelor of Arts in philosophy from Columbia University School of General Studies on May 20, 2013.[4] General Stanley A. McChrystal wrote a letter of recommendation for his application.[1] In September 2010, Everman conducted an interview with Music Life Radio detailing his life.[5] He also briefly appears in a 2010 documentary on Motörhead frontman Lemmy where he described Motorhead as "Good go-to-war music."
In July 2013, The New York Times published a portrait on Everman, written by guitarist and writer Clay Tarver.[1] The article features interviews with Everman, his family members, former band colleagues, music industry people, and soldiers. A 2014 The Daily Beast interview mentions that Everman was invited to and attended Nirvana's Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction, that he lives in New York, has participated in writing workshops and "still goes overseas regularly, working as a consultant for the military."[6]
According to his biography on the homepage for The Pat Tillman Foundation, of which he is a member, Everman is currently pursuing a Masters in Military History from Norwich University.[7]
Discography[edit]
With Mind Funk
Dropped (1993)
With Nirvana
Bleach (1989) (Credited but does not play)
Hard to Believe: Kiss Covers Compilation (1990)
With the Lights Out (2004)
With OLD
Lo Flux Tube (1991)
Masters of Misery – Black Sabbath: An Earache Tribute (1992)
With Soundgarden
Hands All Over (1990)
Loudest Love (1990)
Louder Than Live (1990)
See also[edit]
List of artists who left right before their bands became famous
Terry Reid
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Tarver, Clay (July 2, 2013). "The Rock 'n' Roll Casualty Who Became a War Hero". The New York Times. Retrieved 2013-07-02.
Jump up ^ Bradley Torreano. "Hard to Believe: Kiss Covers Compilation - Various Artists | Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved 2016-12-08.
Jump up ^ Roberts, Alex (August 28, 2011). "LIVE NIRVANA SESSIONS HISTORY: Spring, 1989 – Chorus Rehearsal & Audio Studio, The Evergreen State College, Olympia, WA, US". livenirvana.com. Live Nirvana!. Retrieved July 4, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Rebecca Mead (November 10, 2008). "Theatre of War". The New Yorker. Retrieved 2009-03-26.
Jump up ^ Sauter, Dan (2010-09-14). "An Interesting Life: Jason Everman - MLR Podcast 022". Music Life Radio. Retrieved 2016-12-08.
Jump up ^ Jacob Siegel (2014-04-13). "He Left Nirvana Because He Had Cooler Things to Do. Like Going to Iraq". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 2016-12-08.
Jump up ^ "Pat Tillman Foundation Scholars | Jason Everman". Pat Tillman Foundation. Retrieved 2017-07-31.
External links[edit]
Jason Everman on IMDb
Jason Everman at AllMusic
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WorldCat Identities
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jason_Everman&oldid=853790677"
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Proxima Centauri
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the star in the Alpha Centauri system. For other uses, see Proxima Centauri (disambiguation).
Coordinates: 14h 29m 42.9487s, −62° 40′ 46.141″
Proxima Centauri

Proxima Centauri as seen by Hubble
Observation data
Epoch J2000.0 Equinox J2000.0 (ICRS)
Constellation
Centaurus
Pronunciation
/ˌprɒksɪmə sɛnˈtɔːraɪ/[1] or US: /ˌprɒksɪmə sɛnˈtɔːr.ɪ/[2]
Right ascension
14h 29m 42.94853s[3]
Declination
−62° 40′ 46.1631″[3]
Apparent magnitude (V)
11.13[4]
Characteristics
Evolutionary stage
Main sequence red dwarf
Spectral type
M6Ve[5]
Apparent magnitude (U)
14.21[4]
Apparent magnitude (B)
12.95[4]
Apparent magnitude (V)
11.13[4]
Apparent magnitude (R)
9.45[4]
Apparent magnitude (I)
7.41[4]
Apparent magnitude (J)
7000535700000000000♠5.357±0.023[6]
Apparent magnitude (H)
7000483500000000000♠4.835±0.057[6]
Apparent magnitude (K)
7000438400000000000♠4.384±0.033[6]
U−B color index
1.26
B−V color index
1.82
V−R color index
1.68
R−I color index
2.04
J−H color index
0.522
J−K color index
0.973
Variable type
UV Ceti ("flare star")[7]
Astrometry
Radial velocity (Rv) 2998777959999999999♠−22.204±0.032[8] km/s
Proper motion (μ) RA: −3775.75[3] mas/yr
Dec.: 765.54[3] mas/yr
Parallax (π) 768.13 ± 1.04[9] mas
Distance 4.246 ± 0.006 ly
(1.302 ± 0.002 pc)
Absolute magnitude (MV) 15.60[10]
Orbit[8]
Primary Alpha Centauri AB
Companion Proxima Centauri
Period (P) 7005547000000000000♠547000+6600
−4000 yr
Semi-major axis (a) 7015130150147509000♠8700+700
−400 AU
Eccentricity (e) 6999500000000000000♠0.50+0.08
−0.09
Inclination (i) 7002107600000000000♠107.6+1.8
−2.0°
Longitude of the node (Ω) 7002126000000000000♠126±5°
Periastron epoch (T) 7002283000000000000♠+283+59
−41
Argument of periastron (ω)
(secondary) 7001723000000000000♠72.3+8.7
−6.6°
Details
Mass 6999122100000000000♠0.1221±0.0022[8] M☉
Radius 6999154200000000000♠0.1542±0.0045[8] R☉
Luminosity (bolometric) 0.0017[11] L☉
Luminosity (visual, LV) 0.00005[nb 1] L☉
Surface gravity (log g) 7000520000000000000♠5.20±0.23[12] cgs
Temperature 7003304200000000000♠3042±117[12] K
Metallicity [Fe/H] 0.21[13] dex
Rotation 7001826000000000000♠82.6±0.1[14] days
Rotational velocity (v sin i) < 0.1[14] km/s
Age 4.85[15] Gyr
Other designations
Alpha Centauri C, CCDM J14396-6050C, GCTP 3278.00, GJ 551, HIP 70890, LFT 1110, LHS 49, LPM 526, LTT 5721, NLTT 37460, V645 Centauri[16]
Database references
SIMBAD data
ARICNS data
Proxima Centauri (from Latin, meaning "nearest [star] of Centaurus"[1]), or Alpha Centauri C, is a red dwarf, a small low-mass star, about 4.25 light-years (1.30 pc)[9] from the Sun in the constellation of Centaurus.[17][18] It was discovered in 1915 by the Scottish astronomer Robert Innes, the Director of the Union Observatory in South Africa, and is the nearest-known star to the Sun.[15] With an apparent magnitude of 11.05, it is too faint to be seen with the naked eye. Proxima Centauri forms a third component of the Alpha Centauri binary star system, currently with a separation of about 12,950 AU (1.94 trillion km) and an orbital period of 550,000 years.[8]
Because of Proxima Centauri's proximity to Earth, its angular diameter can be measured directly. The star is about one-seventh the actual diameter of the Sun.[15] It has a mass about an eighth of the Sun's mass (M☉), and its average density is about 40 times that of the Sun.[nb 2] Although it has a very low average luminosity, Proxima is a flare star that undergoes random dramatic increases in brightness because of magnetic activity.[19] The star's magnetic field is created by convection throughout the stellar body, and the resulting flare activity generates a total X-ray emission similar to that produced by the Sun.[20] The mixing of the fuel at Proxima Centauri's core through convection and its relatively low energy-production rate mean that it will be a main-sequence star for another four trillion years,[21] or nearly 300 times the current age of the universe.[22]
In 2016, the European Southern Observatory announced the discovery of Proxima b,[23][24][25] a planet orbiting the star at a distance of roughly 0.05 AU (7.5 million km) with an orbital period of approximately 11.2 Earth days. Its estimated mass is at least 1.3 times that of the Earth. The equilibrium temperature of Proxima b is estimated to be within the range of where water could exist as liquid on its surface, thus placing it within the habitable zone of Proxima Centauri,[23][26][27] although because Proxima Centauri is a red dwarf and a flare star, whether it could support life is disputed.[28][29] Previous searches for orbiting companions had ruled out the presence of brown dwarfs and supermassive planets.[30][31]
Contents
[hide]
1 Observation
2 Characteristics
2.1 Distance and motion
3 Planetary system
3.1 Habitable zone
4 Interstellar travel
5 See also
6 References
6.1 Explanatory notes
6.2 Citations
7 External links
Observation[edit]
In 1915, the Scottish astronomer Robert Innes, Director of the Union Observatory in Johannesburg, South Africa, discovered a star that had the same proper motion as Alpha Centauri.[32][33][34][35] He suggested that it be named Proxima Centauri[36] (actually Proxima Centaurus).[37] In 1917, at the Royal Observatory at the Cape of Good Hope, the Dutch astronomer Joan Voûte measured the star's trigonometric parallax at 6994366034329237700♠0.755″±0.028″ and determined that Proxima Centauri was approximately the same distance from the Sun as Alpha Centauri. It was also found to be the lowest-luminosity star known at the time.[38] An equally accurate parallax determination of Proxima Centauri was made by American astronomer Harold L. Alden in 1928, who confirmed Innes's view that it is closer, with a parallax of 6994379609112308767♠0.783″±0.005″.[33][36]
Stars closest to the Sun, including Proxima Centauri[39]
In 1951, American astronomer Harlow Shapley announced that Proxima Centauri is a flare star. Examination of past photographic records showed that the star displayed a measurable increase in magnitude on about 8% of the images, making it the most active flare star then known.[40][41] The proximity of the star allows for detailed observation of its flare activity. In 1980, the Einstein Observatory produced a detailed X-ray energy curve of a stellar flare on Proxima Centauri. Further observations of flare activity were made with the EXOSAT and ROSAT satellites, and the X-ray emissions of smaller, solar-like flares were observed by the Japanese ASCA satellite in 1995.[42] Proxima Centauri has since been the subject of study by most X-ray observatories, including XMM-Newton and Chandra.[43]
In 2016, the International Astronomical Union organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalogue and standardize proper names for stars.[44] The WGSN approved the name Proxima Centauri for this star on August 21, 2016 and it is so entered in the IAU Catalog of Star Names.[45]
Because of Proxima Centauri's southern declination, it can only be viewed south of latitude 27° N.[nb 3] Red dwarfs such as Proxima Centauri are far too faint to be seen with the naked eye. Even from Alpha Centauri A or B, Proxima would only be seen as a fifth magnitude star.[46][47] It has an apparent visual magnitude of 11, so a telescope with an aperture of at least 8 cm (3.1 in) is needed to observe it, even under ideal viewing conditions—under clear, dark skies with Proxima Centauri well above the horizon.[48]
Characteristics[edit]
Proxima Centauri is a red dwarf, because it belongs to the main sequence on the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram and is of spectral class M6. M6 means that it falls in the low-mass end of M-type stars.[15] Its absolute visual magnitude, or its visual magnitude as viewed from a distance of 10 parsecs (33 ly), is 15.5.[49] Its total luminosity over all wavelengths is 0.17% that of the Sun,[11] although when observed in the wavelengths of visible light the eye is most sensitive to, it is only 0.0056% as luminous as the Sun.[50] More than 85% of its radiated power is at infrared wavelengths.[51] It has a regular activity cycle of starspots.[52]
This illustration shows the comparative sizes of (from left to right) the Sun, α Centauri A, α Centauri B, and Proxima Centauri.
The two bright points are the Alpha Centauri system (left) and Beta Centauri (right). The faint red star in the centre of the red circle is Proxima Centauri.
In 2002, optical interferometry with the Very Large Telescope (VLTI) found that the angular diameter of Proxima Centauri was 6991494509954731727♠1.02±0.08 mas. Because its distance is known, the actual diameter of Proxima Centauri can be calculated to be about 1/7 that of the Sun, or 1.5 times that of Jupiter. The star's estimated mass is 12.3% M☉, or 129 Jupiter masses (MJ).[53] The mean density of a main-sequence star increases with decreasing mass,[54] and Proxima Centauri is no exception: it has a mean density of 56.8×103 kg/m3 (56.8 g/cm3), compared with the Sun's mean density of 1.411×103 kg/m3 (1.411 g/cm3).[nb 2]
A 1998 study of photometric variations indicates that Proxima Centauri rotates once every 83.5 days.[55] A subsequent time series analysis of chromospheric indicators in 2002 suggests a longer rotation period of 7002116600000000000♠116.6±0.7 days.[56] This was subsequently ruled out in favor of a rotation period of 7001826000000000000♠82.6±0.1 days.[14]
Because of its low mass, the interior of the star is completely convective, causing energy to be transferred to the exterior by the physical movement of plasma rather than through radiative processes. This convection means that the helium ash left over from the thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen does not accumulate at the core, but is instead circulated throughout the star. Unlike the Sun, which will only burn through about 10% of its total hydrogen supply before leaving the main sequence, Proxima Centauri will consume nearly all of its fuel before the fusion of hydrogen comes to an end.[21]
Convection is associated with the generation and persistence of a magnetic field. The magnetic energy from this field is released at the surface through stellar flares that briefly increase the overall luminosity of the star. These flares can grow as large as the star and reach temperatures measured as high as 27 million K[43]—hot enough to radiate X-rays.[57] Proxima Centauri's quiescent X-ray luminosity, approximately (4–16) × 1026 erg/s ((4–16) × 1019 W), is roughly equal to that of the much larger Sun. The peak X-ray luminosity of the largest flares can reach 1028 erg/s (1021 W).[43]
Proxima Centauri's chromosphere is active, and its spectrum displays a strong emission line of singly ionized magnesium at a wavelength of 280 nm.[58] About 88% of the surface of Proxima Centauri may be active, a percentage that is much higher than that of the Sun even at the peak of the solar cycle. Even during quiescent periods with few or no flares, this activity increases the corona temperature of Proxima Centauri to 3.5 million K, compared to the 2 million K of the Sun's corona.[59] Proxima Centauri's overall activity level is considered low compared to other red dwarfs,[20] which is consistent with the star's estimated age of 4.85 × 109 years,[15] since the activity level of a red dwarf is expected to steadily wane over billions of years as its stellar rotation rate decreases.[60] The activity level also appears to vary with a period of roughly 442 days, which is shorter than the solar cycle of 11 years.[61]
Proxima Centauri has a relatively weak stellar wind, no more than 20% of the mass loss rate of the solar wind. Because the star is much smaller than the Sun, the mass loss per unit surface area from Proxima Centauri may be eight times that from the solar surface.[62]
A red dwarf with the mass of Proxima Centauri will remain on the main sequence for about four trillion years. As the proportion of helium increases because of hydrogen fusion, the star will become smaller and hotter, gradually transforming from red to blue. Near the end of this period it will become significantly more luminous, reaching 2.5% of the Sun's luminosity (L☉) and warming up any orbiting bodies for a period of several billion years. When the hydrogen fuel is exhausted, Proxima Centauri will then evolve into a white dwarf (without passing through the red giant phase) and steadily lose any remaining heat energy.[21]
Distance and motion[edit]
Based on a parallax of 6994372399932870668♠768.13±1.04 mas, published in 2014 by the Research Consortium On Nearby Stars, Proxima Centauri is about 4.246 light-years (1.302 pc; 268,500 AU) from the Sun.[9] Previously published parallaxes include 6994374436150331328♠772.33±2.42 mas in the Hipparcos Catalogue (1997)[63] and 6994372710213626578♠768.77±0.37 mas using the Hubble Space Telescope's Fine Guidance Sensors (1999).[10] From Earth's vantage point, Proxima is separated from Alpha Centauri by 2.18 degrees,[64] or four times the angular diameter of the full Moon.[65] Proxima also has a relatively large proper motion—moving 3.85 arcseconds per year across the sky.[66] It has a radial velocity toward the Sun of 22.4 km/s.
Distances of the nearest stars from 20,000 years ago through 80,000 years in the future. Proxima Centauri is in yellow.
Among the known stars, Proxima Centauri has been the closest star to the Sun for about 32,000 years and will be so for about another 25,000 years, after which the closest star to the Sun will be Alpha Centauri. In 2001, J. García-Sánchez et al. predicted that Proxima will make its closest approach to the Sun in approximately 26,700 years, coming within 3.11 ly (0.95 pc).[67] A 2010 study by V. V. Bobylev predicted a closest approach distance of 2.90 ly (0.89 pc) in about 27,400 years,[68] followed by a 2014 study by C. A. L. Bailer-Jones predicting a perihelion approach of 3.07 ly (0.94 pc) in roughly 26,710 years.[69] Proxima Centauri is orbiting through the Milky Way at a distance from the Galactic Centre that varies from 27 to 31 kly (8.3 to 9.5 kpc), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.07.[70]
Orbital plot of Proxima Centauri.[71]
Ever since the discovery of Proxima, it has been suspected to be a true companion of the Alpha Centauri binary star system. Data from the Hipparcos satellite, combined with ground-based observations, were consistent with the hypothesis that the three stars are a bound system. For this reason, Proxima is sometimes referred to as Alpha Centauri C. Kervella et al. (2017) used high-precision radial velocity measurements to determine with a high degree of confidence that Proxima and Alpha Centauri are gravitationally bound.[8] Proxima's orbital period around the Alpha Centauri AB barycenter is 7005547000000000000♠547000+6600
−4000 years with an eccentricity of 6999500000000000000♠0.5±0.08; it approaches Alpha Centauri to 7014643270844010000♠4300+1100
−900 AU at periastron and retreats to 7015194477231910000♠13000+300
−100 AU at apastron.[8] At present, Proxima is 12,947 ± 260 AU (1.94 ± 0.04 trillion km) from the Alpha Centauri AB barycenter, nearly to the farthest point in its orbit.[8]
Such a triple system can form naturally through a low-mass star being dynamically captured by a more massive binary of 1.5–2 M☉ within their embedded star cluster before the cluster disperses.[72] However, more accurate measurements of the radial velocity is needed to confirm this hypothesis.[73] If Proxima was bound to the Alpha Centauri system during its formation, the stars are likely to share the same elemental composition. The gravitational influence of Proxima might also have stirred up the Alpha Centauri protoplanetary disks. This would have increased the delivery of volatiles such as water to the dry inner regions, so possibly enriching any terrestrial planets in the system with this material.[73]
Six single stars, two binary star systems, and a triple star share a common motion through space with Proxima Centauri and the Alpha Centauri system. The space velocities of these stars are all within 10 km/s of Alpha Centauri's peculiar motion. Thus, they may form a moving group of stars, which would indicate a common point of origin,[74] such as in a star cluster.
Though Proxima Centauri is the nearest bona fide star, it is still possible that one or more as-yet undetected sub-stellar brown dwarfs may lie closer.[75]
Planetary system[edit]
The Proxima Centauri planetary system[23][76]
Companion
(in order from star)
Mass
Semimajor axis
(AU)
Orbital period
(days)
Eccentricity
Inclination
Radius
b ≥7000127000000000000♠1.27+0.19
−0.17 M⊕ 6998485000000000000♠0.0485+0.0041
−0.0051 11.186 <0.35 — —
warm dust (unconfirmed) ~0.4 AU — —
(unconfirmed) ~0.31 MJ ~1.6 — — — —
cold dust ~1–4 AU — —
cold dust (unconfirmed) ~30 AU 45° —
The first indications of the exoplanet were found in 2013 by Mikko Tuomi of the University of Hertfordshire from archival observation data.[77][78] To confirm the possible discovery, the European Southern Observatory launched the Pale Red Dot[nb 4] project in January 2016.[79] On August 24, 2016, the team of 31 scientists from all around the world,[80] led by Guillem Anglada-Escudé of Queen Mary University of London, confirmed the existence of Proxima Centauri b[81] through a peer-reviewed article published by Nature.[23][82] The measurements were performed using two spectrographs: HARPS on the ESO 3.6 m Telescope at La Silla Observatory and UVES on the 8 m Very Large Telescope at Paranal Observatory.[23]
RV-derived upper mass limits of potential companions[83]
Orbital
period
(days)
Separation
(AU)
Maximum
mass[nb 5]
(M⊕)
3.6–13.8 0.022–0.054 2–3
<100 <0.21 8.5
<1000 <1 16
Artist's impression of the dust belts around Proxima Centauri.[84]
Proxima Centauri b is a planet orbiting the star at a distance of roughly 0.05 AU (7.5 million km) with an orbital period of approximately 11.2 Earth days. Its estimated mass is at least 1.3 times that of the Earth. Moreover, the equilibrium temperature of Proxima b is estimated to be within the range where water could exist as liquid on its surface; thus, placing it within the habitable zone of Proxima Centauri.[23][26][27]
A second signal in the range of 60 to 500 days was also detected, but its nature is still unclear due to stellar activity.[23]
Prior to this discovery, multiple measurements of the star's radial velocity constrained the maximum mass that a detectable companion to Proxima Centauri could possess.[10][30] The activity level of the star adds noise to the radial velocity measurements, complicating detection of a companion using this method.[85] In 1998, an examination of Proxima Centauri using the Faint Object Spectrograph on board the Hubble Space Telescope appeared to show evidence of a companion orbiting at a distance of about 0.5 AU.[86] A subsequent search using the Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 failed to locate any companions.[31] Astrometric measurements at the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory appear to rule out a Jovian companion with an orbital period of 2−12 years.[87]
Proxima Centauri, along with Alpha Centauri A and B, was among the "Tier 1" target stars for NASA's now-canceled Space Interferometry Mission (SIM), which would theoretically have been able to detect planets as small as three Earth masses (M⊕) within two AU of a "Tier 1" target star.[88]
Habitable zone[edit]
See also: Habitability of red dwarf systems
Pale Red Dot is an international search for an Earth-like exoplanet around the closest star Proxima Centauri.[89]
Prior to the discovery of Proxima Centauri b, the TV documentary Alien Worlds hypothesized that a life-sustaining planet could exist in orbit around Proxima Centauri or other red dwarfs. Such a planet would lie within the habitable zone of Proxima Centauri, about 0.023–0.054 AU (3.4–8.1 million km) from the star, and would have an orbital period of 3.6–14 days.[90] A planet orbiting within this zone may experience tidal locking to the star. If the orbital eccentricity of this hypothetical planet is low, Proxima Centauri would move little in the planet's sky, and most of the surface would experience either day or night perpetually. The presence of an atmosphere could serve to redistribute the energy from the star-lit side to the far side of the planet.[28]
Proxima Centauri's flare outbursts could erode the atmosphere of any planet in its habitable zone, but the documentary's scientists thought that this obstacle could be overcome. Gibor Basri of the University of California, Berkeley, mentioned that "no one [has] found any showstoppers to habitability". For example, one concern was that the torrents of charged particles from the star's flares could strip the atmosphere off any nearby planet. If the planet had a strong magnetic field, the field would deflect the particles from the atmosphere; even the slow rotation of a tidally locked planet that spins once for every time it orbits its star would be enough to generate a magnetic field, as long as part of the planet's interior remained molten.[91]
Other scientists, especially proponents of the rare-Earth hypothesis,[92] disagree that red dwarfs can sustain life. Any exoplanet in this star's habitable zone would likely be tidally locked, resulting in a relatively weak planetary magnetic moment, leading to strong atmospheric erosion by coronal mass ejections from Proxima Centauri.[29]
Interstellar travel[edit]
The Sun as seen from the Alpha Centauri system, using Celestia.
Because of the star's proximity to Earth, Proxima Centauri has been proposed as a flyby destination for interstellar travel.[93] Proxima currently moves toward Earth at a rate of 22.4 km/s. After 26,700 years, when it will come within 3.11 light-years, it will begin to move farther away.[67]
If non-nuclear, conventional propulsion technologies are used, the flight of a spacecraft to a planet orbiting Proxima Centauri would probably require thousands of years.[94] For example, Voyager 1, which is now travelling 17 km/s (38,000 mph)[95] relative to the Sun, would reach Proxima in 73,775 years, were the spacecraft travelling in the direction of that star. A slow-moving probe would have only several tens of thousands of years to catch Proxima Centauri near its closest approach, and could end up watching it recede into the distance.[96]
Nuclear pulse propulsion might enable such interstellar travel with a trip timescale of a century, inspiring several studies such as Project Orion, Project Daedalus, and Project Longshot.[96]
Project Breakthrough Starshot aims to reach the Alpha Centauri system within the first half of the 21st century, with microprobes travelling at twenty percent of the speed of light propelled by around 100 gigawatts of Earth-based lasers.[97] The probes will perform a fly-by of Proxima Centauri to take photos and collect data of the planet's atmospheric composition. It will take 4.22 years for the information collected to be sent back to Earth.[98]
From Proxima Centauri, the Sun would appear as a bright 0.4-magnitude star in the constellation Cassiopeia.[nb 6]
See also[edit]
Star portal
Proxima Centauri in fiction
References[edit]
Explanatory notes[edit]
Jump up ^ From knowing the absolute visual magnitude of Proxima Centauri, M V ∗ = 15.6 {\displaystyle \scriptstyle M_{V_{\ast }}=15.6} , and the absolute visual magnitude of the Sun, M V ⊙ = 4.83 {\displaystyle \scriptstyle M_{V_{\odot }}=4.83} , the visual luminosity of Proxima Centauri can therefore be calculated: L V ∗ L V ⊙ = 10 0.4 ( M V ⊙ − M V ∗ ) {\displaystyle \scriptstyle {\frac {L_{V_{\ast }}}{L_{V_{\odot }}}}=10^{0.4\left(M_{V_{\odot }}-M_{V_{\ast }}\right)}} = 4.92×10−5
^ Jump up to: a b The density (ρ) is given by the mass divided by the volume. Relative to the Sun, therefore, the density is:
ρ {\displaystyle \rho } = M M ⊙ ⋅ ( R R ⊙ ) − 3 ⋅ ρ ⊙ {\displaystyle {\begin{smallmatrix}{\frac {M}{M_{\odot }}}\cdot \left({\frac {R}{R_{\odot }}}\right)^{-3}\cdot \rho _{\odot }\end{smallmatrix}}}
= 0.123 · 0.145−3 · (1.41 × 103 kg/m3)
= 40.3 · (1.41 × 103 kg/m3)
= 5.68 × 104 kg/m3
where ρ ⊙ {\displaystyle {\begin{smallmatrix}\rho _{\odot }\end{smallmatrix}}} is the average solar density. See:
Munsell, Kirk; Smith, Harman; Davis, Phil; Harvey, Samantha (June 11, 2008). "Sun: facts & figures". Solar system exploration. NASA. Archived from the original on January 2, 2008. Retrieved July 12, 2008.
Bergman, Marcel W.; Clark, T. Alan; Wilson, William J. F. (2007). Observing projects using Starry Night Enthusiast (8th ed.). Macmillan. pp. 220–221. ISBN 1-4292-0074-X.
Jump up ^ For a star south of the zenith, the angle to the zenith is equal to the Latitude minus the Declination. The star is hidden from sight when the zenith angle is 90° or more, i.e. below the horizon. Thus, for Proxima Centauri:
Highest latitude = 90° + −62.68° = 27.32°.
See: Campbell, William Wallace (1899). The elements of practical astronomy. London: Macmillan. pp. 109–110. Retrieved August 12, 2008.
Jump up ^ Pale Red Dot is a reference to Pale Blue Dot, a distant photo of Earth taken by Voyager 1.
Jump up ^ This is actually an upper limit on the quantity m sin i, where i is the angle between the orbit normal and the line of sight, in a circular orbit. If the planetary orbits are close to face-on as observed from Earth, or in an eccentric orbit, more massive planets could have evaded detection by the radial velocity method.
Jump up ^ The coordinates of the Sun would be diametrically opposite Proxima, at α=02h 29m 42.9487s, δ=+62° 40′ 46.141″. The absolute magnitude Mv of the Sun is 4.83, so at a parallax π of 0.77199 the apparent magnitude m is given by 4.83 − 5(log10(0.77199) + 1) = 0.40. See: Tayler, Roger John (1994). The Stars: Their Structure and Evolution. Cambridge University Press. p. 16. ISBN 0-521-45885-4.
Citations[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Stevenson, Angus, ed. (2010), Oxford Dictionary of English, OUP Oxford, p. 1431, ISBN 0199571120.
Jump up ^ Compare to the pronunciation for Centauri in the Alpha Centauri entry:
Jones, Daniel (2011). Roach, Peter; Setter, Jane; Esling, John, eds. "Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary". Cambridge University Press. p. 16. ISBN 0521152550.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Van Leeuwen, F. (2007). "Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 474 (2): 653–664. arXiv:0708.1752  . Bibcode:2007A&A...474..653V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078357.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Jao, Wei-Chun; Henry, Todd J.; Subasavage, John P.; Winters, Jennifer G.; Gies, Douglas R.; Riedel, Adric R.; Ianna, Philip A. (2014). "The Solar neighborhood. XXXI. Discovery of an unusual red+white dwarf binary at ~25 pc via astrometry and UV imaging". The Astronomical Journal. 147 (1): 21. arXiv:1310.4746  . Bibcode:2014AJ....147...21J. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/147/1/21. ISSN 0004-6256.
Jump up ^ Torres, C. A. O.; Quast, G. R.; Da Silva, L.; De La Reza, R.; Melo, C. H. F.; Sterzik, M. (December 2006). "Search for associations containing young stars (SACY). I. Sample and searching method". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 460 (3): 695–708. arXiv:astro-ph/0609258  . Bibcode:2006A&A...460..695T. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20065602.
^ Jump up to: a b c Cutri, R. M.; Skrutskie, M. F.; Van Dyk, S.; Beichman, C. A.; Carpenter, J. M.; Chester, T.; Cambresy, L.; Evans, T.; Fowler, J.; Gizis, J.; Howard, E.; Huchra, J.; Jarrett, T.; Kopan, E. L.; Kirkpatrick, J. D.; Light, R. M.; Marsh, K. A.; McCallon, H.; Schneider, S.; Stiening, R.; Sykes, M.; Weinberg, M.; Wheaton, W. A.; Wheelock, S.; Zacarias, N. (2003). "VizieR online data catalog: 2MASS all-sky catalog of point sources (Cutri+ 2003)". VizieR on-line data catalog: II/246. Originally published in: 2003yCat.2246....0C. 2246: 0. Bibcode:2003yCat.2246....0C.
Jump up ^ Samus, N. N.; Durlevich, O. V.; et al. (2009). "VizieR online data catalog: General catalogue of variable stars (Samus+ 2007–2013)". VizieR On-line Data Catalog: B/gcvs. Originally published in: 2009yCat....102025S. 1. Bibcode:2009yCat....102025S.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Kervella, P.; Thévenin, F.; Lovis, C. (2017). "Proxima's orbit around α Centauri". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 598: L7. arXiv:1611.03495  . Bibcode:2017A&A...598L...7K. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201629930. ISSN 0004-6361. Separation: 3.1, left column of page 3; Orbital period and epoch of periastron: Table 3, right column of page 3.
^ Jump up to: a b c Lurie, John C.; Henry, Todd J.; Jao, Wei-Chun; Quinn, Samuel N.; Winters, Jennifer G.; Ianna, Philip A.; Koerner, David W.; Riedel, Adric R.; Subasavage, John P. (2014). "The Solar neighborhood. XXXIV. A search for planets orbiting nearby M dwarfs using astrometry". The Astronomical Journal. 148 (5): 91. arXiv:1407.4820  . Bibcode:2014AJ....148...91L. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/148/5/91.
^ Jump up to: a b c Benedict, G. Fritz, Chappell DW, Nelan E, Jefferys WH, Van Altena W, Lee J, Cornell D, Shelus PJ (1999). "Interferometric astrometry of Proxima Centauri and Barnard's Star using Hubble Space Telescope fine guidance sensor 3: detection limits for substellar companions". The Astronomical Journal. 118 (2): 1086–1100. arXiv:astro-ph/9905318  . Bibcode:1999astro.ph..5318B. doi:10.1086/300975.
^ Jump up to: a b See Table 1, Doyle, J. G.; Butler, C. J. (1990). "Optical and infrared photometry of dwarf M and K stars". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 235: 335–339. Bibcode:1990A&A...235..335D. and p. 57, Peebles, P. J. E. (1993). Principles of physical cosmology. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-01933-9.
^ Jump up to: a b Ségransan, D.; Kervella, P.; Forveille, T.; Queloz, D. (2003), "First radius measurements of very low mass stars with the VLTI", Astronomy and Astrophysics, 397 (3): L5–L8, arXiv:astro-ph/0211647  , Bibcode:2003A&A...397L...5S, doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20021714
Jump up ^ Schlaufman, K. C.; Laughlin, G. (September 2010), "A physically-motivated photometric calibration of M dwarf metallicity", Astronomy and Astrophysics, 519: A105, arXiv:1006.2850  , Bibcode:2010A&A...519A.105S, doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201015016
^ Jump up to: a b c Collins, John M.; Jones, Hugh R. A.; Barnes, John R. (June 2017). "Calculations of periodicity from Hα profiles of Proxima Centauri". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 602. A48. arXiv:1608.07834  . Bibcode:2017A&A...602A..48C. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201628827. See section 4: "the vsini is probably less than 0.1 km/s for Proxima Centauri".
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Kervella, Pierre; Thevenin, Frederic (March 15, 2003). "A family portrait of the Alpha Centauri system: VLT interferometer studies the nearest stars". ESO. Retrieved May 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ "SIMBAD query result: V* V645 Cen – Flare Star". SIMBAD. Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved August 11, 2008. —some of the data is located under "Measurements".
Jump up ^ Liewer, Paulett (February 8, 2000). "Our local galactic neighborhood". Interstellar Probe. NASA. Retrieved March 22, 2013.
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External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Proxima Centauri.
Nemiroff, R.; Bonnell, J., eds. (July 15, 2002). "Proxima Centauri: the closest star". Astronomy Picture of the Day. NASA. Retrieved June 25, 2008.
"Proxima Centauri: the nearest star to the Sun". Chandra X-ray Observatory. Astronomy Picture of the Day. July 1, 2008. Retrieved July 1, 2008.
James, Andrew (March 11, 2008). "A voyage to Alpha Centauri". The imperial star – Alpha Centauri. Southern Astronomical Delights. Retrieved August 5, 2008.
"Alpha Centauri 3". SolStation. Retrieved August 5, 2008.
"O Sistema Alpha Centauri". Astronomia & Astrofísica (in Portuguese). Retrieved June 25, 2008.
"Wikisky image of Proxima Centauri". Retrieved 2017-07-01.
"Proxima Centauri". Constellation guide. Retrieved 25 August 2016.
[show]
v
t
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The Alpha Centauri system
Stars
Alpha Centauri A
Alpha Centauri B
Proxima Centauri
Planets
Alpha Centauri Bb†
Alpha Centauri Bc
Proxima Centauri b
Proposed missions concepts
2069 Alpha Centauri mission
AIMStar
Breakthrough Starshot
Project Longshot
Starlight
† = This planet's existence was disproven
[show]
v
t
e
Celestial objects within 0–5 light-years →
Primary member type
Celestial objects by systems. Secondary members are listed in small print.
Main-sequence
stars
G-type
Sun (0 ly)
rest of Solar System
α Cen (4.366±0.007 ly)
K-type main-sequence star B
red dwarf C (Proxima Centauri) (4.2430 ± 0.0017 ly)
planet b
Italic are systems without known trigonometric parallax.
[show]
v
t
e
Centaurus constellation
Stars (list)
Bayer
α (Rigil Kentaurus)
β (Hadar)
γ
δ
ε
ζ
η
θ (Menkent)
ι (Alkhaim)
κ
λ
μ
ν
ξ1
ξ2
ο1
ο2
π
ρ
σ
τ
υ1
υ2
φ
χ
ψ
Flamsteed
1 (i)
2 (g)
3 (k)
4 (h)
Variable
R
T
V
Y
RR
RU
RV
SV
SX
SZ
UW
UY
XX
AZ
BB
BH
BK
BV
DY
KK
V346
V436
V442
V485
V553
V636
V716
V743
V744
V752
V757
V761 (a)
V763 (C1)
V765
V766
V767
V768
V788
V789
V790
V795
V801
V803
V808
V809
V810
V815
V816 (Przybylski's Star)
V817
V821
V823
V824
V827
V828
V831
V834
V836
V838
V841
V842
V854
V857
V863
V869
V871
V883
V885
V914
V918
V928
V945 (H)
V947
V961
V964
V992
V1019
V1025
V1051
V1052
V1154
HR
4318
4321
4350
4353
4354
4360
4364
4370
4372
4393
4396
4398
4403
4409
4411
4413
4415
4417
4423
4447
4453
4460 (A)
4462
4466 (C2)
4470
4472
4475
4476 (C3)
4487
4499
4502
4508
4513
4516
4519
4522
4523
4524
4537 (j)
4541
4546 (B)
4551
4556
4557
4563
4568
4570
4582
4600
4620 (E)
4631
4637
4648
4652 (D)
4658
4675
4682 (F)
4712 (x1)
4713
4714
4718
4721
4724 (x2)
4732 (G)
4734
4748 (u)
4782
4788
4794
4796
4817 (l)
4818
4831 (w)
4836
4838
4850
4871
4872
4874 (p)
4879
4880
4882
4885
4888 (e)
4889 (n)
4903
4906
4922
4940 (f)
4941
4944
4947
4951
4970
4972
4973
4979
4980
4982
4985
4988
4989
4991
4996
4999
5006 (r)
5008
5016
5024
5027
5029
5035 (J)
5036
5038
5039
5041 (m)
5043
5046
5048
5058
5060
5061
5063
5065
5071 (K)
5089 (d)
5092
5103
5104
5113
5117
5118
5121
5122
5124
5130
5136
5140
5141 (Q)
5151
5152
5155
5157
5172 (M)
5174 (z)
5175
5176
5198
5206
5207 (N)
5208
5212
5217
5222 (y)
5224
5230
5234
5236
5239
5241
5251
5252
5259
5266
5268
5281
5286
5289
5294
5297
5308
5318
5319
5325
5349
5357
5358 (v)
5371
5376
5398
5400
5403
5417
5419
5428
5432
5439
5446
5449
5456
5461
5466
5471 (b)
5474
5485 (c1)
5489 (c2)
5508
5542
5549
5558
5561
5562
5572
5579
5585
5587
HD
96660
97413
98176
99145
100826
101545
101930
102117
103197
104080
104747
104839
107914
109675
109749
113538
113766
114386
114729
117207
117618
119727
121504
123227
123247
124314
125072
125595
131399
Other
1A 1118-61
2M1207
BPM 37093
Centaurus X-3 (Krzeminski's Star)
Centaurus X-4
Hen 3-600
NGC 5408 X-1
Nova Centauri 2013
Proxima Centauri
PSR J1210-5226
4U 1145-619
4U 1323-62
WASP-41
WR 50
WR 55
Star clusters
Open
IC 2944
NGC 3680
NGC 3766
NGC 3909
NGC 3960
NGC 4852
NGC 5043
NGC 5045
NGC 5138
NGC 5168
NGC 5281
NGC 5284
NGC 5316
NGC 5381
NGC 5460
NGC 5606
NGC 5617
NGC 5662
Stock 16
Globular
NGC 5286
Omega Centauri
Ruprecht 106
Nebulae
HII
IC 2944
Reflection
NGC 5367
Planetary
Fleming 1
He 2-108
He 2-111
Hen 2-90
NGC 3699
NGC 3918
NGC 5307
PB 8
Southern Crab Nebula
SNR
G292.0+1.8
G296.5+10.0
RCW 86
Galaxies
NGC
3533
3557
3557B
3564
3568
3573
3706
3742
3749
3778
3783
3882
3903
4112
4219
4219A
4373
4373A
4373B
4444
4499
4507
4553
4573
4574
4575
4601
4603
4603A
4603B
4603C
4603D
4616
4622
4622A
4622B
4645
4645A
4645B
4650
4650A
4661
4672
4677
4679
4681
4683
4696
4696A
4696B
4696C
4696D
4696E
4706
4709
4729
4730
4743
4744
4751
4767
4767A
4767B
4785
4811
4812
4832
4835
4835A
4903
4905
4909
4930
4936
4940
4945
4945A
4946
4947
4947A
4950
4953
4976
4988
5011
5011A
5011B
5011C
5026
5062
5063
5064
5082
5090
5090A
5090B
5091
5102
5108
5114
5121
5121A
5124
5126
5140
5156
5161
5188
5193
5193A
5206
5215A
5215B
5220
5234
5237
5244
5253
5266
5266A
5291
5292
5298
5302
5304
5333
5357
5365
5365A
5365B
5397
5398
5408
5419
5483
5488
5489
5494
5516
5786
Other
Centaurus A
ESO 323-G077
2GFL J1311.7-3429
IC 3370
IC 3639
IC 4296
IC 4329
IC 4329A
IRAS 13244-3809
MCG-6-30-15
PKS 1144-379
PKS 1424-41
QSO B0241+622
Galaxy
clusters
Abell 3532
Abell 3556
Abell 3558
Abell 3562
Abell 3571
Abell 3574
Abell S740
Centaurus A Group
Centaurus Cluster
Other
GRB 020405
Shapeley Supercluster
SN 185
SN 1895B
SN 1972E
SN 1986G
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