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Tirupati
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For other uses, see Tirupati (disambiguation).
City in Andhra Pradesh, India
Tirupati
City
Sri Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala, Tirupati
Nickname(s): Spiritual Capital of Andhra Pradesh
Tirupati
Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
Coordinates: 13°39′N 79°25′E / 13.65°N 79.42°E / 13.65; 79.42Coordinates: 13°39′N 79°25′E / 13.65°N 79.42°E / 13.65; 79.42
Country
India
State
Andhra Pradesh
Region
Rayalaseema
District
Chittoor
Municipality
1 April 1886
Municipal corporation
2 March 2007
Boroughs
4 Suburbs: Tirumala, Tiruchanur, Renigunta, Chandragiri
Government
• Type
Municipal Corporation
• Body
Tirupati Municipal Corporation (MCT)
• MLA-Tirupati
M.Suguna (Telugu Desam Party)
• MP
Varaprasad Rao Velagapalli
• Municipal Commissioner
Chevvuru Hari Kiran[1]
Area[2]
• City
27.44 km2 (10.59 sq mi)
Population (2011)[3]
• City
374,260
• Rank
156th (India)
9th (Andhra Pradesh)
• Density
14,000/km2 (35,000/sq mi)
• Metro[4]
461,900
Languages
• Official
Telugu
Time zone
IST (UTC+5:30)
PIN
517501
Telephone code
+91–877
Vehicle registration
AP 03
UN/LOCODE
IN TIR[5]
Website
tirupati.cdma.ap.gov.in/en
Tirupati (/ˈtɪrʊpɒtɪ/ ( listen)) is a city in Chittoor district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is a municipal corporation and the headquarters of Tirupati (urban) mandal, and of the Tirupati revenue division.[6] As of 2011[update] census, it had a population of 374,260, making it the ninth most populous city in Andhra Pradesh.[7] It is the seventh most urban agglomerated city in the state, with a population of 459,985.[4] Tirupati is considered one of the holiest Hindu pilgrimage sites because of Tirumala Venkateswara Temple, besides other historical temples, and is referred to as the "Spiritual Capital of Andhra Pradesh".[8] Tirupati is also home to many educational institutions and universities. For the year 2012–13, India's Ministry of Tourism named Tirupati as the "Best Heritage City".[9] Tirupati has been selected as one of the hundred Indian cities to be developed as a smart city under Smart Cities Mission by Government of India.
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 Tirupati in Legends
3 History
3.1 Ancient History
3.2 Modern History
4 Environment
4.1 Geography
4.2 Geology
4.3 Flora and Fauna
4.4 Climate
5 Demographics
6 Culture
7 Governance
7.1 Civic administration
7.2 Law and order
7.3 Utility services
7.4 Healthcare
8 Economy
8.1 IT/ITES and electronics industry
8.2 Tourism sector
9 Cityscape
9.1 Landmarks
9.2 Neighbourhoods
10 Transport
10.1 Roadways
10.2 Public transport
11 Education
12 Media
13 See also
14 References
15 External links
Etymology[edit]
As per the book Symposium written by Dr. Jagannatha Rao, it was assumed that Tirupati might have been Tripathi and Tri might be a Sanskrit word referring to Lord of Tripathy of the sacred hill. In Dravidian translation, Tiru means the sacred or Goddess Lakshmi and pathi means husband.[10][11][12][13]
Tirupati in Legends[edit]
According to Varaha Purana, during Treta Yugam, Lord Sri Rama resided here along with Sita Devi and Lakshmana on his return from Lankapuri.[14]
History[edit]
Ancient History[edit]
Tirumala (Upper Tirupati) This town was an established centre of Vaishnavism around the 5th century A.D. during which it was praised by Alvars. The temple rites were formalised by the Vaishnavite saint Ramanujacharya in the 11th century AD.[15][16] Tirupati survived the Muslim and British invasions. During the early 1300s Muslim invasion of South India, the deity of Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam was brought to Tirupati for safekeeping. The temple town for most of the medieval era part of Vijayanagara Empire till 17th century and its rulers contributed considerable resources and wealth notable by Krishna Deva Raya and Achyuta Deva Raya, Sadasiva Raya and Tirumala Deva Raya.
The temple was built and upgraded in parts by various kingdoms. The inscriptions in the temple were found in Sanskrit, Telugu, Tamil and Kannada languages [17][18] which specify the contributions of the Pallava Kingdom around the 9th century AD, Chola Kingdom around the 10th century AD and the Vijayanagara Empire in the 14th century AD.[19] During the 15th century, Sri Tallapaka Annamacharya sung many songs in praise of the holy town in Telugu. He compared it to be divine, including the rocks, streams, trees, animals, and adds that it is heaven on the earth. One example of such a song is:[20]
kaTTedura vaikunTamu kANAchaina konDa
teTTalAya mahimalE tirumala konDa ||
vEdamulE Silalai velasinadi konDa
yEdesa puNya rAsulE yErulainadi konDa
gAdili brahmAdi lOkamula konalu konDa
Sree dEvuDunDETi SEshAdri konDa ||
“ Tirumala, in all its right, is heaven. Its powers are indescribable.The Vedas have taken the form of rocks and appeared on Tirumala. Holiness has taken the form of water and is flowing as streams on Tirumala. Its holy peaks are Brahmaloka and other lokas. Srinivasa lives on Seshadri. ”
Tirupati (Lower Tirupati)
Rajagopuram of Sri Govindarajaswamy Temple in Tirupati
There was no human settlement at Lower Tirupati until the year 1500. With the growing importance of Upper Tirupati, a village formed at the present day Kapilatheertham Road area and was named "kotturu" . It was later shifted to the vicinity of Govindarajaswamy Temple which was consecrated around the year 1130 CE. Later the village grew into its present-day form around Govindaraja Swamy Temple which is now the heart of the city. It has now gained a lot of popularity as a tourism place.[11]
Modern History[edit]
In 1932, Tirumala Venkateswara Temple was handed over to Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams by the TTD Act of 1932. In 2006, Tirupati Urban Development Authority(TUDA) and TTD together conducted "Tirupati Utsavam" which focused on the history of development of Tirupati town, kings who visited Tirumala and their contribution for development of the temple.[21] The fourth World Telugu Conference, a conference for furtherance of Telugu language, was conducted at Tirupati during December, 2012 for three days.[22] In January, 2017, the 104th Indian Science Congress(ISCA) meeting was held in Tirupati.[citation needed]
Environment[edit]
Geography[edit]
Tirupati is located at 13°39′N 79°25′E / 13.65°N 79.42°E / 13.65; 79.42 in the Chittoor District of South Indian State of Andhra Pradesh. It lies at the foot of Seshachalam Hills of Eastern Ghats which were formed during Precambrian era.[23] One of its suburbs Tirumala, which is the home to Sri Venkateswara Temple, is also located within the hills.[23] Tirupati Urban agglomeration includes Tirupati(City) and census towns Akkarampalle, Avilala, Cherlopalle, Mangalam, Perur, Settipalle, Thummala gunta(part), Timminaidupalle, Tiruchanur, Tirupati(NMA).[24] Tirupati is surrounded by Srikalahasti towards the East, Puttur towards the South, Poothalapattu towards the west and the Seshachalam hills towards the North.[citation needed] Swarnamukhi River originates in Chandragiri Hills and passes through the Tirupati City before reaching Srikalahasti in the East.[23]
A board in Tirumala hills briefing details of Eparchaean Unconformity
.
Geology[edit]
At 12 km point on the Tirupati – Tirumala ghat road, there is a major discontinuity of stratigraphic significance that represents a period of remarkable serenity in the geological history of the Earth. This is referred to as Eparchaean Unconformity. This Unconformity separates the Proterozoic Nagari Quartazite and Archean granite representing a time gap of 800 Ma.[25] In 2001, the Geological Survey of India(GSI) declared the Eparchaean Unconfirmity to be one of the 26 "Geological Monuments of India".
Silathoranam(Natural arch) at Tirumala Hills, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh
Silathoranam, a Natural arch and a distinctive geological wonder is located in the Tirumala Hills at a distance of 1 km from Tirumala Venkateswara Temple. The Arch measures 8 metres in width and 3 metres in height and is eroded from quartizite of Cuddapah Supergroup of Middle to Upper Proterozoic(1600 to 570 Ma) by weathering agents like water and wind.[26]
Flora and Fauna[edit]
Sri Venkateswara National Park[27]
Sri Venkateswara National Park is a national park and biosphere reserve which is part of Seshachalam Hills. The total area of the park is 353 km2. The park is home for about 1,500 vascular plant species belonging to 174 families. Some of the rare and endemic plant species like red sanders, Shorea talura, Shorea thumburggaia, Terminalia pallida, sandalwood, Syzygium alternifolium, Psilotum nudum occur in this region. Cycas beddomei is a species of cycad in the genus Cycas is found only in the Tirumala Hills.About 178 species of birds from this national park have been identified which includes the globally threatened yellow-throated bulbul, grey-fronted green pigeon, critically endangered Oriental white-backed vulture, large hawk-cuckoo, blue-faced malkoha, yellow-browed bulbul, Indian scimitar-babbler and Loten's sunbird. Among predators the leopard is quite common, along with the wild dog. Among reptiles, the most interesting species is the gliding lizard, found in some deep forested valleys. Another important reptile of this national park is the golden gecko.
Sri Venkateswara Zoological Park [28]
Established in 1987, Tirupati Zoo or Sri Venkateswara Zoological Park is a zoo located at Tirupati and is Asia's Second largest Zoo with an area of 5500 acres. It is built on the concept of Hindhu Mythology. It exhibits only animals that are mentioned in our ancient epics like Ramayana, Mahabharatha, Panchatantra. The enclosures are also named based on Indian Mythology. It hosts wide range of animals, Reptiles and Birds like Deers, Monkeys, Lions, Tigers, Bears, Elephants, Peafowl, Grey pelican, Marsh crocodile, Starred tortoise etc.
Sri Venkateswara Gosamrakshana shala
It is home for Cattle received as a donation(Godanam). It was established in the year 1956 by TTD and later renamed to S.V. Gosamrakshana Shala during 2004. It is located at Chandragiri Road, Tirupati. It is maintained by Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams based on the funds received under Sri Venkateswara Gosamrakshana Shala Trust. Activities of the Trust includes providing good environment, management, feeding to the Cattle. The milk and its products produced here are being used by TTD for daily rituals at Sri Venkateswara Temple and other TTD Temples.[29]
Climate[edit]
Tirupati has a tropical wet and Dry climate, designated Aw under the Köppen climate classification. In winter the minimum temperatures will be between 18 and 20 degrees Celsius. Usually summer lasts from March to June, with the advent of rainy season in July, followed by winter which lasts till the end of February.The city experiences heavy rainfall in November during northeast monsoon season. The highest rainfall in 24 hours was on 16 November 2015 with 219 mm. Cyclones commonly hit the Coast of Nellore, which brings heavy showers to the city.[30]
hideClimate data for Tirupati, India (1981–2010)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
35.6
(96.1) 39.5
(103.1) 43
(109) 44.2
(111.6) 45
(113) 45.2
(113.4) 40.5
(104.9) 40.5
(104.9) 40
(104) 43.1
(109.6) 34.8
(94.6) 34.3
(93.7) 45.2
(113.4)
Average high °C (°F)
30.0
(86) 33.1
(91.6) 36.8
(98.2) 39.2
(102.6) 40.3
(104.5) 37.9
(100.2) 35.9
(96.6) 35.0
(95) 34.9
(94.8) 32.8
(91) 30.2
(86.4) 29.0
(84.2) 34.6
(94.3)
Average low °C (°F)
18.8
(65.8) 19.9
(67.8) 22.8
(73) 26.2
(79.2) 28.0
(82.4) 27.3
(81.1) 26.1
(79) 25.7
(78.3) 25.2
(77.4) 23.7
(74.7) 21.8
(71.2) 19.9
(67.8) 23.8
(74.8)
Record low °C (°F)
12.9
(55.2) 14.5
(58.1) 14.8
(58.6) 20
(68) 20.4
(68.7) 21.5
(70.7) 20.7
(69.3) 21.8
(71.2) 21.8
(71.2) 16.5
(61.7) 15
(59) 13.5
(56.3) 12.9
(55.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
17.6
(0.693) 5.1
(0.201) 5.2
(0.205) 15.9
(0.626) 58.5
(2.303) 77.0
(3.031) 117.3
(4.618) 127.3
(5.012) 131.7
(5.185) 205.2
(8.079) 249.1
(9.807) 116.2
(4.575) 1,126.2
(44.339)
Average rainy days
1.1 0.6 0.5 1.1 2.8 5.0 7.9 7.7 7.0 9.0 9.4 4.8 57.0
Source: Indian Meteorological Department[31][32]
Demographics[edit]
As of 2011[update] Census of India, the city had a population of 374,260. The total population constitute, 187,931 males and 186,329 females — a sex ratio of 992 females per 1000 males, higher than the national average of 940 per 1000.[2] The Urban agglomeration had a population of 459,985, of which males constitute 231,456, females constitute 228,529 — a sex ratio of 987 females per 1000 males and 41,589 children are in the age group of 0–6 years. There are a total of 356,558 literates with an average literacy rate of 85.22%.[4]
Telugu is the official and widely spoken language. While Tamil, Kannada and Hindi are the other languages spoken due to the large number of visiting pilgrims.[33] Hinduism is the major religion and most of the temples in Tirupati are of Dravidian architecture.
Culture[edit]
Festivals
The city celebrates all major Hindu festivals which includes, Sankranti, Ugadi, Krishna Janmashtami, Maha Shivaratri, Ganesh Chaturthi, Diwali, Rama Navami, Kartik Poornima etc. Srivari Brahmotsavam is a nine-day event, celebrated during the months of September–October, the temple of Tirumala witness lakhs of devotees.[34] During this festival, the processional deity Malayappa of Venkateswara Temple, along with his consorts Sridevi and Bhudevi, is taken in a procession in four mada streets around the temple on different Vahanams. Tirupati also celebrates a carnival named as Tirupati Ganga Jatara, held during second week of May every year. This is a week long festival where Goddess Gangamma (Grama Devatha) is worshiped.[35] The tank behind the temple of Padmavathi Temple, Tiruchanur has Padma Pushkarini, where Chakra Snanam will be held on last day of Annual Padmavathi Brahmotsavams (Panchami Teertham). It will witness lakhs of Devotees taking a dip in the holy waters.[36] Vaikunta Ekadasi, the day on which it is believed that Vaikunta Dwarams will be opened and the most important Vasihnavite festival, is celebrated in Tirumala and Tirupati[37] with grandeur.[38] Rathasapthami is another festival, celebrated during February, when Lord Venkateswara's processional deity, (Malayappa) is taken in a procession around the temple on seven different vahanas from early morning to late night.[39] Sri Krishna janmastami also known as Gokulashtami is celebrated with great fervor at Tirupati. The Lotus Temple belonging to International Society for Krishna Consciousness(ISKCON) will be illuminated with lamps and paintings displaying themes from Srimad Bhagavatham. The celebrations include offering prayers to Sri Krishna, Utlotsavam, Annamayya Kirtana alapana, Geetha Parayanam etc. On this day 'Gokulashtami Asthanam' will be held at Tirumala Venkateswara Temple. TTD will also celebrate the janmastami at Sri Venkateswara Gosamrakshana Shala where prayers will be offered to cows, horses and elephants.[40][41] The Maha Shivaratri and Kartik Poornima are the most auspicious occasions celebrated in Kapila Theertham.[42]
Tirupati Laddu (Srivari Laddu) offered to Lord Venkateswara at Tirupati Temple
Cuisine
Tirupati is known for world-famous Tirupati Laddu. It is the prasadam at Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala. Tirupati Laddu had got Geographical indication tag which entitles only Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams to make or sell it.[43][44]
Arts, crafts and architecture
Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams established Sri Venkateswara Museum, one at Tirumala and the other at Tirupati. It has a wonderful collection of Tirupati temple architecture and historical artefacts, such as ancient weaponry, pooja items and idols. It has a comprehensive photo gallery that gives a unique insight into the Tirupati region's culture and traditions. It also boasts a meditation centre.[45] In 1988–89 Archaeological Survey of India had established an Archaeological Museum in the Chandragiri fort at Chandragiri. It exhibits rich collection of stone and metal sculptures of Hindu gods and other cultural vestiges retrieved from other historical places like Gudimallam, Gandikota and Yaganti. It also includes galleries for medieval weaponry swords and daggers, coins and paper documents.[46]
Governance[edit]
Tirupati Assembly constituency is one of the 175 assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India. Tirupati is part of Tirupati (Lok Sabha constituency). Varaprasad Rao Velagapalli of YSR Congress Party is the sitting Member of Parliament for Tirupati (Lok Sabha constituency) and M Suguna of Telugu Desam Party is the sitting Member of Legislative Assembly for Tirupati (Assembly constituency).[47]
Civic administration[edit]
Tirupati Municipal Corporation (TMC) oversees the administration of the city. Tirupati was constituted as a municipality on 1 April 1886; it was upgraded to a second grade municipality on 1 October 1962, to a first grade municipality on 12 December 1965, to special grade municipality on 13 February 1970, and to selection grade municipality on 7 October 1998. Tirupati Municipality was upgraded to a municipal corporation on 2 March 2007. The area of the municipal corporation at the time of formation was 16.59 square kilometres (6.41 sq mi).[48] While, at present the area of the city is 27.44 square kilometres (10.59 sq mi).[2]
Tirupati Urban Development Authority (TUDA) is the urban planning authority. It was constituted in the year 1981, with Tirupati town and 89 villages under its jurisdiction. In 2008, it included Srikalahasti, Puttur and 69 surrounding villages. At present TUDA covers an area of 1,211.51 km2 (467.77 sq mi).[49]
Law and order[edit]
Sapthagiri Security Zone at Alipiri-Tirupati
Tirupati has the status of Urban Police District; it has 25 police stations.[50] Tirupati temple was deployed with 100 Octopus (Organisation For Counter Terrorist Operations) commandos to look over its security. This was formed by Government of Andhra Pradesh in the year 2012. The elite commando force has been specially trained for in house intervention, hostage rescue and Israeli combat technique Krav Maga.[51]
At Alipiri, security zone was established to screen vehicles and pilgrims entering Tirumala, to safeguard the hills from terrorists and anti-social elements.[52] To assure more safety in Tirumala-Tirupati, the government of Andhra Pradesh started a project called "Safe City-Tirupati": the Tirupati temple and the city will be placed under 24*7 CCTV surveillance with 3000 CCTV cameras, monitored from acommand-and-control centre. Baggage scanners and Explosive detectors are installed at several places.[53]
Utility services[edit]
Electricity to the city is distributed by Andhra Pradesh Southern Power Distribution Limited (APSPDCL), headquartered at Tirupati.[54] The city mostly depends on groundwater for its needs,[55] though it also gets water from Telugu Ganga canal and Kalyani dam.[56] There are five dams in the vicinity: Kalyani Dam, Papavinasanam Dam, Gogurbham Dam, Pasupudara Dam, Kumaradara Dam, Akasa Ganga.[57] all in the Tirumala Hill ranges. Of these dams Papavinasanam, Gogurbham, Pasupudara, kumaradara, and Akasa Ganga completely cater the water needs of Tirumala and Venkateswara Temple while 49% of Kalyani Dam water is being supplied to Tirumala and remaining water will be supplied to Tirupati.[57][58]
Tirupati falls under the Tirupati Telecom District of the Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited.[59] BSNL is planning to establish 27 Wi-Fi hotspots in the city.[59] The city also had a Regional Passport Seva Kendra(PSK).[60] PSK-Tirupati will cover Prakasam, Nellore, Chittoor, Kadapa, Kurnool and Anantapur districts of Andhra Pradesh and will come under Visakhapatnam Passport Office.[61]
According to the National Urban Sanitation Policy, the city was ranked 117th in the country in 2009–10, with a total of 39.363 points.[62] As a part of 'Swachh Tirupati', Tirupati Municipal Corporation has started household waste segregation programme.[63] As of May 2015, 150 Tonnes of waste is being collected per day from households within the municipal limits.[63] The city is the 11th most cleanliest city with 66 points in the cleanliness scorecard published by Union Tourism Ministry of India.[64]
Healthcare[edit]
Tirupati is a medical hub with major hospitals situated in its vicinity. Many of these are either run under State government or run/funded by Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams (TTD).
Sri Venkateswara Ramnarain Ruia Government General Hospital is one of the largest in the state of Andhra Pradesh, and the main government hospital for the Rayalaseema region. It is started in the year 1962 with a donation of Rs.5 lakhs from Sri Radha Krishna N. Ruia and 15 lakhs from Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams. At present it has 750 beds.[65] Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences(SVIMS) is another major medical institute, founded in 1986.[66]
Balaji Institute of Surgery, Research and Rehabilitation(BIRRD) for the Disabled has 250 beds; it was established in 1985 by TTD to treat patients suffering from polio myelitis, cerebral palsy, congenital anomalies, spinal injuries, and the orthopaedically handicapped. A non-profit organisation, it is run with funds from Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams and donations from the public.[67] Government Maternity Hospital(GMH) in Tirupati is the largest maternity hospital in the state of Andhra pradesh in terms of number of deliveries.[68] Established 50 years ago, GMH is thronged by Pregnant woman from Chittoor, YSR kadapa, Nellore, Anantapur districts of Andhra Pradesh and few areas of Tamil Nadu.[68] GMH bagged "Best hospital award" under "sterilization and institutional deliveries category" from the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare for the year 2013.[68] Aswini Hospital in Tirumala is a general hospital in Tirumala maintained by TTD.
Economy[edit]
Dmart, Tirupati
Tourism is the major industry in Tirupati.[69][70][71] Entire economy is directly or indirectly depends on Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams(TTD). TTD is headquartered at Tirupati. Established in 1932, TTD is an independent Trust which manages Tirumala Venkateswara Temple and other temples in Tirupati and all over the world. It is also involved in several social activities. Being a major religious tourist destination, Hospitality Industry is also a major industry in Tirupati which includes many 3 star hotels and lodges.[70][71] Andhra Pradesh Southern Power Distribution Company Limited(APSPDCL) is also headquartered at Tirupati. Gandhi Road, Prakasam Road, V.V Mahal Road, AIR Bypass Road are highly commercial areas in the City. Major brands of Automobile, Textile, Mobile, Electrical and Electronic companies have their outlets in Tirupati.[72] APIIC Industrial Park is located at Gajulamandyam, Renigunta. Industries like Sri Venkateswara Cooperative Sugar Factory Limited, AshwiniBio Pharma Ltd and others are situated in this park. Amara Raja factory is located at Karakambadi, Renigunta. Lanco cement factory is located at Eerpedu mandal. The majority of the city residents are employed under TTD.
IT/ITES and electronics industry[edit]
Sri Venkateswara Mobile & Electronics Manufacturing Hub is planned to be established in Tirupati and a foundation stone had been laid by Prime Minister of India, Narendra Modi on 22 October 2015. The Hub is spread over 122 acres (49 ha) Acres out of which Celkon will be established in 20 acres (8.1 ha) acres, Micromax in 15 acres (6.1 ha) acres, Karbonn in 15.28 acres (6.18 ha) acres and Lava in 20 acres (8.1 ha) acres with a total investment of Rupees 2000 crores.[73][74]
Tourism sector[edit]
Tourism sector is of great importance to the city. It is because of the presence of Tirumala Venkateswara Temple and a number of other temples in and around the city. It attracts large number of tourists which helps the tourism department of the state in generating revenue.[75][76]
Cityscape[edit]
Landmarks[edit]
Main article: Hindu Temples in Tirupati
Kapila Theertham water falls from Seshachalam Hills and Kapileswara Temple (right)
Regional science centre, Tirupati
Tirumala Venkateswara Temple is the most notable temple for being the world's richest Vaishnavite temple of Lord Venkateswara.[77] Beside Venkateswara Temple, the city is known for many other ancient temples, such as Padmavathi Temple at Tiruchanur, Govindaraja Temple,[78] Kapileswara Temple at Kapila Theertham, Thathayyagunta Gangamma Temple of Goddess Gangamma is the Gramadevata of Tirupati[citation needed], Sri Kodandaramaswami Temple etc.
Besides historic temples there are other tourist destinations in and around the city. Chandragiri Fort is a historical fort, built in the 11th century located in Chandragiri. The fort also host an Archaeological Museum maintained by Archaeological Survey of India.[79] Established in 1987, Sri Venkateswara Zoological Park in Tirupati is the second largest zoo park in Asia, which covers an area of 5532 acres.[80][81] Tirupati also hosts a Regional Science centre. A Space Exposition Hall which has a digital Planetarium, first of its kind in Andhra Pradesh and an Innovation Space are added to this centre now.[82][83]
Neighbourhoods[edit]
Tiruchanur, Alipiri, Gandhi Road, Teertha katta veedi, NTR Circle, Tiruchanur Road, Tilak Road, Tirupati Central bus and railway station, SriKrishnadevaraya Circle(Leela Mahal) areas are the notable ones of the city.[84][85]
Transport[edit]
Tirupati Ghat Road
Sapthagiri Express bus of APSRTC
Roadways[edit]
The city is well connected to major cities through national and state highways. The National highways passing through Tirupati are, National Highway 71 which connects Madanapalle and Nayudupeta, National Highway 140 connecting Tirupati with Puthalapattu.[86]
Constructed one in 1944 and the other in 1974, there are two all-weather, asphalt Ghat Roads between Tirupati and Tirumala.[87] There is a total of 294.47 km of Roads within the Tirupati Municipal Corporation Limits.[88]
Public transport[edit]
APSRTC is the state owned transport service, which operates buses to various destinations from Tirupati bus station complex. The bus station comprises three mini bus stations to various destinations, such as Srinivasa bus station for west-bound destinations, Sri Hari bus station for east bound destinations and Yedukondalu bus station is utilised for bus services to Tirumala.[89] Balaji Link bus station at Alipiri is also used for bus services to Tirumala.[87] Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams runs free buses from railway station and Central bus stand to Alipiri for pilgrims. The buses to Tirumala are known as Sapthagiri Express.[90]
Tirupati is in close proximity with the states of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. Hence, buses from KSRTC, TNSTC and SETC also operates their services. There are also private transport which operate in the city.
Tirumala foot steps
There are two footpaths from Tirupati to Tirumala. These paths are called Sopanamargas and are mostly used by pilgrims. The first (and oldest) path starts from Alipiri and has 3550 steps, totalling 11 km. At Alipiri there is a temple dedicated to Lord Venkateswara called Padalamandapam. There are four Gopurams (temple towers) along the way. The other path, called Sri Vari Mettu starts from Srinivasa Mangapuram and is 6 km long. Both paths are completely roofed and pass through seven hills (part of Seshachalam Hills).[91]
Railways
Tirupati Main is classified as an A1 station in the Guntakal railway division of South Central Railway zone.[92] Tirupati West Halt and Tiruchanur are the satellite stations, used for decongesting rail traffic at the main station.[93]
Airways
Sri Venkateswara Airport is located 15 km from the city centre and has regular flights to Coimbatore, Hyderabad, Kolkata, Mumbai, New Delhi, Vijayawada and Visakhapatnam. The closest international airport is Chennai International Airport which is 130 km (81 mi) from Tirupati. Tirupati Airport is being upgraded to international airport. The new Terminal was inaugurated on 22 October 2015 by Prime Minister of India, Narendra Modi.[94]
Education[edit]
The primary and secondary school education is imparted by government, aided and private schools of the School Education Department of the state.[95][96] Majority of them are named after presiding deity of Tirupati temple, Lord Venkateswara and his concert Goddess Padmavati.
There are several universities and colleges including state government and Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanam sponsored such as, Sri Venkateswara University, established in 1954; Sri Padmavati Mahila Visvavidyalayam, a dedicated women's university; Medical colleges include Sri Venkateswara Medical College and Sri Padmavathi Medical College for Women.[97] Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences(SVIMS) is also a medical institute, Sri Venkateswara Vedic University to preserve, foster and promote oral traditions of Vedic, Agamic and Cognate Literature, with focus on right intonations.[98] Rashtriya Sanskrit Vidyapeetha, a University established for higher learning in Sanskrit studies, Traditional Sastras and Pedagogy.[99] Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University to strengthen education and services in the fields of Veterinary Science, Dairy Technology and Fishery Science in the State of Andhra Pradesh.[100] Sri Venkateswara Institute of Traditional Sculpture and Architecture (SVITSA) run by TTD is one of the two institutions in India offering courses in traditional sculpture and architecture to students. Seven different Diploma Courses are offered in subjects such as Temple Architecture, Stone Sculpture, Sudai Sculpture, Metal Sculpture, Wood Sculpture, Traditional Painting and Traditional Kalamkari Art.[101] Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati.[102]
The city is set to get an culinary institute sponsored by the Ministry of Tourism (India) and Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research(IISER) which were allotted by Government of India to the state of Andhra Pradesh.[103]
Research
Sri Venkateswara Medical College, Tirupati is selected for establishment of Multidisciplinary Research Units (MRUs), Model rural Health Research Units (MRHRU) by The Indian Council of Medical Research(ICMR).[104]
Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences(SVIMS), Tirupati is selected for establishment of college level Viral Diagnostic Research Labs[104]
A sub-centre for All India Coordinated Research Project(AICRP) on groundnut is established at the Regional Agricultural Research Station(RARS), Tirupati to conduct research activities on new high. The research will help to meet the needs of the country’s 100 arid districts which receive less than 500 mm rainfall. RARS has so far developed 12 groundnut varieties.[105]
A research centre for indigenous Cows had been established by TTD at its Diary form named Sri Venkateswara Gosamrakshanashala. The purpose of the Research centre is to protect the indigenous Cows and also to share the rare breeds among similar organisations. The Gosamrakshanashala already had distinctive high-worth breeds like Ongole breed of cows, while it is also trying to gather Sahiwal breed of cows from Punjab, Gir cows of Gujarat to the Centre, Tharparker and Kankrej cows from karnataka.[106]
Media[edit]
Sri Venkateswara Bhakti Channel(SVBC), the first 24-hour Telugu devotional channel dedicated to broadcast Hindu devotional programmes and live telecasts of poojas performed at Tirumala Venkateswara Temple, is being Telecasted from Tirupati. Started in 1949, Sapthagiri is a spiritual monthly magazine based at Tirupati and is published in Telugu, Sanskrit, Hindi, English, Tamil and Kannada languages.[107] Both SVBC channel and Sapthagiri Magazine are run by Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams.[108] Telugu newspapers – Andhra Bhoomi, Saakshi, Eenadu, Vaartha, Andhra Jyothi, Andhra Prabha, English newspapers – Deccan Chronicle, The Hindu, Indian Express, Times of India, The Hans India are available in the city. Tirupati has All India Radio station and is served by FM stations like 92.7 Big FM, 93.5 Red FM.
See also[edit]
List of cities in Andhra Pradesh by population
List of cities in Andhra Pradesh by area
List of municipal corporations in Andhra Pradesh
List of urban agglomerations in Andhra Pradesh
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External links[edit]
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text:
Bernard Hopkins vs. Oscar De La Hoya
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"History"
Date
September 18, 2004
Venue
MGM Grand Garden Arena in Paradise, Nevada
Title(s) on the line
WBA, WBC, WBO, IBF, The Ring and lineal middleweight titles
Tale of the tape
Boxer
Bernard Hopkins Oscar De La Hoya
Nickname
"The Executioner" "The Golden Boy"
Hometown
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania East Los Angeles, California
Pre-fight record
45–2–1 37–3
Height
6'1" 5'10"
Weight
156 lb 155 lb
Style
Orthodox Orthodox
Recognition
WBA/WBC/IBF/The Ring/Lineal
undisputed middleweight champion WBO
middleweight champion
Bernard Hopkins vs. Oscar De La Hoya, billed as "History", was a professional boxing match contested on September 18, 2004 for Hopkins' WBA, WBC, IBF, The Ring and lineal middleweight championships, and De La Hoya's WBO middleweight championship.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 The fight
3 Aftermath
4 Sales
5 Undercard
6 References
Background[edit]
After losing the WBA and WBC light middleweight titles to Shane Mosley in September 2003, five-division world champion Oscar De La Hoya decided to move up to the middleweight division to challenge undisputed middleweight champion Bernard Hopkins, who had been middleweight champion for nearly a decade and had not lost a fight in over 11 years. Before the two would fight each other, De La Hoya and Hopkins would first have to get past Felix Sturm and Robert Allen, respectively. In a doubleheader event broadcast by HBO pay-per-view, Hopkins easily defeated Allen by a lopsided unanimous decision to retain his undisputed title, but De La Hoya struggled in his match with Sturm and only narrowly escaped with a unanimous decision (115–113 on all three scorecards) to capture Sturm's WBO middleweight title (becoming the first six-division champion in boxing history) and officially put his anticipated match with Hopkins on.[1]
Many, including Sturm himself, felt that De La Hoya had clearly lost the fight and had been gifted the decision in order for the lucrative Hopkins–De La Hoya bout to continue forward. Sturm and his promoter filed a protest with the Nevada Athletic Commission in attempt to have decision overturned, but commission head Marc Ratner turned it down, stating there was no basis for a review.[2]
With Sturm's protest out of the way, De La Hoya and Hopkins would proceed with their fight and agreed to a catchweight – a rarity for championship fights – of 158 pounds, in order to level the playing fields for the smaller De La Hoya, who had only one middleweight bout to his credit. Because of Hopkins' size advantage and his vast experience in the middlweight division, De La Hoya, for the first time in his professional career, was considered the "underdog",[3] with the odds makers in Las Vegas favoring Hopkins at 2–1. De La Hoya, however, was scheduled to make a career high $30 million, while Hopkins would net $10 million, also a career high.[3]
The fight[edit]
Through the first eight rounds, the two boxers fought a largely tactical, defense-oriented match. Going into the deciding ninth round, Hopkins was well ahead on two of the judges' official scorecards with scores of 79–73 and 78–74, while De La Hoya held a narrow lead on the third with a score of 77–75. In the ninth, Hopkins began to aggressively attack De La Hoya, and with 1:34 left in the round, sent De La Hoya down with a well-executed left hook to De La Hoya's liver. De La Hoya crumpled to the mat in pain and made no effort to answer the referee's 10-count as he was counted out at 1:38 of the round, giving Hopkins the knockout victory.[4] For De La Hoya it was his first knockout loss in his professional career. It also remains the final knockout victory of Hopkins' career to date. The nine wins he has picked up since have all been by way of decision.
Aftermath[edit]
Prior to the fight, there had been talks of De La Hoya retiring after the Hopkins fight, but after his loss, he hinted that he would continue his career, stating, "I know I'm a better fighter than I [showed]".[5] Instead, De La Hoya took a 20-month hiatus, sitting out all of 2005, before announcing in January 2006 that he would return to fight Ricardo Mayorga for the WBC light-middleweight title in May of that year.[6] Despite his lengthy layoff, De La Hoya dominated Mayorga en route to a sixth-round knockout victory to recapture the WBC light-middleweight title.[7]
Hopkins, meanwhile, followed his victory over De La Hoya with a unanimous decision victory over the highly ranked British fighter Howard Eastman in February 2005. The victory was a historic one, as Hopkins tied Larry Holmes' record of 20 consecutive successful title defenses.[8] The victory over Eastman marked both the final successful defense of his middleweight title and his final win as a middleweight. He dropped the titles in his next fight to Jermain Taylor and, after an unsuccessful bid to regain the titles in a rematch with Taylor, moved up to the light-heavyweight division.
Sales[edit]
The fight drew approximately one million pay–per–view buys and grossed $56 million in revenue. For a time, this made the fight the second most lucrative non-heavyweight bout in boxing history, behind only De La Hoya's 1999 match with Félix Trinidad, which drew 1.4 million buys and $71 million in revenue. This gave De La Hoya the top four most lucrative non-heavyweight fights in boxing history, as his 2002 bout (935,000 buys) against Fernando Vargas and his 2003 rematch with Shane Mosley (950,000 buys) were also on the list.[9]
Undercard[edit]
WBA (Super)/IBF featherweight championship bout: Juan Manuel Márquez vs. Orlando Salido
Márquez defeats Salido by unanimous decision (118–110, 117–111, 117–111)
WBO light middleweight eliminator bout: Kofi Jantuah vs. Marco Antonio Rubio
Jantuah defeats Rubio by first-round knockout
Middleweight bout: Kelly Pavlik vs. Carlton Holland
Pavlik defeats Holland by second-round knockout
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Katz, Michael (7 June 2004). "BOXING; Hopkins vs. De La Hoya Is Set". The New York Times. Retrieved 27 February 2004.
Jump up ^ Associated Press (12 June 2004). "Sturm protests loss to De La Hoya". USA Today. Retrieved 27 February 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Tatum, Kevin (17 September 2004). "A Face-Off With Fists Underdog role is a Motivator for De La Hoya". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved 27 February 2014.
Jump up ^ Sandomir, Richard (19 September 2004). "Hopkins Is the First to Knock Out De La Hoya". The New York Times. Retrieved 27 February 2014.
Jump up ^ Hirsley, Michael (20 September 2004). "De La Hoya hints he won't quit on losing note". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 27 February 2014.
Jump up ^ Hirsley, Michael (25 January 2006). "De La Hoya plans to go out swinging". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 27 February 2014.
Jump up ^ Johnson, Chuck (7 May 2006). "De La Hoya wins WBC super welterweight belt over Mayorga by sixth-round TKO". USA Today. Retrieved 27 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Make it 20 defenses in row for Hopkins". The Baltimore Sun. 20 February 2005. Retrieved 27 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "De La Hoya's a Champ to Paying Viewers". The New York Times. 24 September 2004. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
[hide]
v
t
e
Oscar De La Hoya
Fights
De La Hoya vs. Ruelas
Chávez vs. De La Hoya
Whitaker vs. De La Hoya
De La Hoya vs. Camacho
De La Hoya vs. Chavez II
De La Hoya vs. Trinidad
De La Hoya vs. Mosley
De La Hoya vs. Vargas
De La Hoya vs. Mosley II
Sturm vs. De La Hoya
Hopkins vs. De La Hoya
Mayorga vs. De La Hoya
De La Hoya vs. Mayweather
De La Hoya vs. Pacquiao
Important figures
Bob Arum
Floyd Mayweather, Sr.
Emanuel Steward
Gil Clancy
Freddie Roach
Angelo Dundee
Golden Boy Promotions
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Hopkins_vs._Oscar_De_La_Hoya&oldid=807290399"
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High-rise (fashion)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Actress Sameera Reddy wearing black high-waisted trousers.
A high-rise or high-waisted garment is one designed to sit high on, or above, the wearer's hips, usually at least 8 centimetres (3 inches) higher than the navel. In western cultures, high-rise jeans were especially common in the 1970s, in competition with low-rise pants.
Contents
[hide]
1 Modern fashion
1.1 1960s to 1990s
1.2 Revival
2 Indian culture
3 Gallery
4 See also
5 References
Modern fashion[edit]
In western culture, high-waisted pants tend to have long zippers, ranging from about 7-10 inches long, and leave the navel either completely covered or barely shown. Zipper lengths are not to be confused with rises. High-waisted pants have rises typically 10 inches long or longer.[1]
In European menswear, pants sat level with the navel until the 1950s, and were held up by a pair of suspenders. During the 1940s, Zoot suiters[2] wore pants with a waistband so high that they often reached the chest.[3]
1960s to 1990s[edit]
Low-waisted drainpipe jeans and flared trousers were a counterculture statement among the Mods and hippies of the late 1960s and early 1970s, in contrast to the higher waisted Levi Strauss jeans teenagers had worn previously. During the late 1970s, however, there was a backlash against disco and hippie fashions, and members of Generation X opted for higher rise pants. These straight leg acid wash jeans remained popular throughout the 1980s and 1990s, until hip hop fashion went mainstream and it became fashionable for teenagers to sag their baggy pants.[4]
Revival[edit]
During the mid-2010s, high waisted pants underwent a revival among younger women, in reaction to the low-rise skinny jeans worn previously by scene kids and indie kids. These so-called "mom jeans" remained tight in the leg, but had a more relaxed fit in the waist. Female celebrities who were seen in high-rise clothing included Lady Gaga,[5] Rihanna, Pixie Lott,[6] Kim Kardashian, and Selena Gomez.[7]
During the 2000s and 2010s, male celebrities who wore high-rise jeans, including President Barack Obama, Simon Cowell,[8] and Top Gear presenter Jeremy Clarkson, were ridiculed by the press.[9][10]
Indian culture[edit]
In ancient India, some Indian philosophers opposed saris that expose the midriff. They considered it to be a symbol of adultery.[11]
The Dharmasastra writers stated that women should be dressed such that the navel would not become visible.[12] Still today, some corporate offices in India have strict dress codes for women, requiring high-rise saris to be worn to avoid navel exposure.[13]
Gallery[edit]
High-rise leggings
High-rise sari
High waisted flared trousers
See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to High rise clothing.
Empire silhouette
Hip-huggers
Low-rise pants
Mom jeans
Midriff
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Pants Rise Explained (and Why Low Rise Isn't Always Your Best Choice)". Retrieved 30 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Zoot suit
Jump up ^ Zoot suits and style warfare Archived 2014-08-13 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Keyes, Cheryl (2004). Rap Music and Street Consciousness (Music in American Life). University of Illinois Press. p. 152. ISBN 978-0-252-07201-7.
Jump up ^ Lady gaga
Jump up ^ Pixie Lott Archived 2014-08-31 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Selena gomez
Jump up ^ Simon Cowell jeans
Jump up ^ Obama jeans
Jump up ^ Jeremy Clarkson look
Jump up ^ Sarvajna: the omniscient poet of Karnataka - Basavaraj Naikar.
Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of Indian Women Through the Ages: Ancient India – Simmi Jain.
Jump up ^ Dr Saurabh Bhatia. Indian Corporate Etiquette. Saurabh Bhatia. ISBN 9788190696401. Retrieved 11 June 2011.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=High-rise_(fashion)&oldid=817983661"
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text:
Port and starboard
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Image from the Bayeux Tapestry showing a longship with a steering oar on the starboard side[1]
Diagram showing the schematic view of a ship's position lights.
Port and starboard are nautical and aeronautical terms for left and right, respectively. Port is the left-hand side of a vessel or aircraft, facing forward. Starboard is the right-hand side, facing forward. Since port and starboard never change, they are unambiguous references that are not relative to the observer.[2][3]
The term starboard derives from the Old English steorbord, meaning the side on which the ship is steered. Before ships had rudders on their centrelines, they were steered with a steering oar at the stern of the ship and, because more people are right-handed, on the right-hand side of it.[citation needed] The term is cognate with the Old Norse stýri (rudder) and borð (side of a ship).[citation needed] Since the steering oar was on the right side of the boat, it would tie up at wharf on the other side. Hence the left side was called port.[4]
Formerly, larboard was used instead of port. This is from Middle-English ladebord and the term lade is related to the modern load.[3] Larboard sounds similar to starboard and in 1844 the Royal Navy ordered that port be used instead.[5][non-primary source needed] The United States Navy followed suit in 1846.[6] Larboard continued to be used well into the 1850s by whalers.[citation needed] In Old English the word was bæcbord, of which cognates are used in other European languages, for example as the present Dutch bakboord, the German backbord and the French term bâbord (derived in turn from Middle Dutch).[citation needed]
The navigational treaty convention, the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea—for instance, as appears in the Merchant Shipping (Distress Signals and Prevention of Collisions) Regulations of 1996 (and comparable US documents from the US Coast Guard),[7]—sets forth the rights of way for maritime vessels, whether by sail or powered, and whether a vessel is overtaking, approaching head-on, or crossing.[7]:11-12 To set forth these navigational rules, the terms starboard and port are absolutely essential, and to aid in in situ decision-making, the two sides of each vessel are marked, dusk to dawn, by navigation lights, the vessel's starboard side by green and its port side by red.[7]:15 Aircraft are lit in the same way.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Grape, Wolfgang (1994). The Bayeux Tapestry: Monument to a Norman Triumph. Art and Design Series. Munich, DEU: Prestel. p. 95. ISBN 3791313657. Retrieved February 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ NOS Staff (December 8, 2014). "Why Do Ships use "Port" and "Starboard" Instead of "Left" and "Right?"". NOAA National Ocean Service (NOS) Ocean Facts. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Retrieved February 2, 2017 – via OceanService.NOAA.gov.
^ Jump up to: a b RMG Staff (February 2, 2017). "Port and Starboard: Why do Sailors say 'Port' and 'Starboard', for "Left" and "Right?"". Discover: Explore by Theme. Greenwich, ENG: Royal Museums Greenwich. Retrieved February 2, 2017 – via RMG.co.uk.
Jump up ^ Administration, US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric. "Unlike left and right, port and starboard refer to fixed locations on a vessel.". oceanservice.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2017-10-12.
Jump up ^ Norie, John William; Hobbs, J. S. (1847) [1840]. Sailing directions for the Bay of Biscay, including the coasts of France and Spain, from Ushant to Cape Finisterre ("A new ed., rev. and considerably improved" ed.). C. Wilson. p. 1. OCLC 41208722. Retrieved 7 February 2010. An order, recently issued by the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty, states, that in order to prevent mistakes, which frequently occur from the similarity of the words starboard and larboard, in future, the word port is to be substituted for larboard, in all Her Majesty's ships or vessels.
Jump up ^ George Bancroft (February 18, 1846). "Port and Starboard: General Order, 18 February 1846". General Orders. Washington, DC: US Navy, Naval History and Heritage Command (NHHC). Retrieved February 2, 2017 – via History.Navy.mil.
^ Jump up to: a b c MCA Staff (2004) [1996]. The Merchant Shipping (Distress Signals and Prevention of Collisions) Regulations 1996 (PDF). Southampton, ENG: Crown Department of Transport, Maritime and Coastguard Agency (MCA). Retrieved 2 February 2017.
[hide]
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