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Redwall
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This article is about the Redwall series. For the first book in the series, see Redwall (novel).
Redwall
Redwall was the first book in the series by Brian Jacques.
See list of books in series
Author
Brian Jacques
Translator
Various
Illustrator
Various
Cover artist
Various
Country
United Kingdom
Language
English
Genre
Children's, Fantasy novel
Media type
Print (Hardback & Paperback)
Redwall is a series of children's fantasy novels by Brian Jacques. It is also the title of the first book of the series, published in 1986, as well as the name of the Abbey featured in the book and the name of an animated TV series based on three of the novels (Redwall, Mattimeo, and Martin the Warrior), which first aired in 1999. The books are primarily aimed at older children. There have been twenty-two novels and two picture books published. The twenty-second, and final, novel, The Rogue Crew, was posthumously released on May 3, 2011.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 Books
3 Characters
4 Locations
5 Literary significance and reception
6 Illustrators
7 Adaptations
7.1 International editions
7.2 Television series
7.3 Movie
7.4 Audiobooks
7.5 Opera
8 Other Redwall-related books
9 Notes
10 External links
Overview[edit]
The Redwall series was written by author Brian Jacques.
The book series does not chronicle any one particular timeframe. Rather, it covers many periods in the history of Redwall, a world which entails Mossflower woods, surrounding islands, and a land called Southsward. Some of the books focus on characters who, in other volumes, are historical figures (e.g., Martin the Warrior's father, Luke, in The Legend of Luke). Typically, those books are set before the founding of Redwall Abbey. There is a timeline in the Redwall series, but it generally places the books in a completely different order than the order in which they were written. However, there were two phases when the novels were published in chronological order.
The characters in the books are all anthropomorphic animals of some sort, almost all of whom are capable of speech (with a few exceptions like the horse in Redwall).
Redwall contains little practice of magic. Elements of the supernatural or paranormal appear mainly in two forms: First, the ghost of Martin the Warrior or another long-dead hero will often appear in hallucinations, dreams, or visions to one of the woodland creatures (usually, but not always, an Abbey-dweller) and impart information. The information is always accurate (though often in the form of a riddle) and is of a nature such that it must have come from the ghost of Martin the Warrior and could not be the result of a creature "solving" a mystery in its sleep and dreaming about Martin the Warrior on its own. Also, some creatures in the books are called "seers" and claim to be able to see the future. While some of these "seers" turn out to be frauds; others such as the seers of Outcast of Redwall, Loamhedge, The Taggerung and Lord Brocktree are quite real and play a key part in the turning of events in these books. Virtually all of the seers, both real and fraudulent, are vermin, who are generally considered more primitive and superstitious than woodlanders and other goodly creatures and are almost always the "bad guys." However, in the booklet Tribes of Redwall Mice, both Martin the Warrior and Abbess Germaine can foresee the future. Also present is the sword of Martin the Warrior, which is believed by many creatures (especially vermin, who in some instances try to steal it) to be magical. This sword was forged from the fragment of a meteorite at Salamandastron by Badger Lord Boar the Fighter in the book Mossflower.
Though the primary location is an abbey, and a church of St. Ninian's makes appearances, there has been only little mention of a creator or godlike deity. This occurs throughout the series, such as in the book Redwall where Basil Stag Hare comments saying, "Good Lord," once throughout the story. In The Legend of Luke, it is said that "St. Ninian's" is a misnomer from a sign that originally read "This ain't Ninian's!," after a mouse named Ninian refused to help his wife build a house; some of the lettering later wore off, leaving ironically the words "s ain't Ninian's", although the church is mentioned as having a lady chapel. There is occasional reference to a 'Spirit of the Seasons', but whether this is a personal being or an abstract poetic device is not elaborated. However, there have been at least three mentions of the devil, Hell and other demons. Cluny the Scourge, after sending one of his minions to death, roars "Tell the devil Cluny sent you!" On another occasion, Constance the Badger makes a reference to "Hell's whiskers." According to the ferret Killconey, the snake Asmodeus is named for "the devil himself" (the name itself, Asmodeus, is a reference to Asmodai). There are also numerous references to "Hellgates" throughout the series.
While these references from Redwall, the first book, were made before the series had truly realized itself, The Taggerung makes references to an underworld again when a devilish character called "Vulpuz" is mentioned by one seer as the ruler of Hellgates and the ancestor of foxes. In several of the later novels, whenever a creature dies, characters make references to "Dark Forest" or "Hellgates" as places where creatures go after death. Dark Forest, however, has not been explained further.
Books in the series often contain one or more "monsters," but these are not mythical creatures, rather being some type of ferocious predator. Monsters have included snakes, and adders (from Redwall, Doomwyte, and Triss), large carnivorous fish such as pike, and sharks (from Marlfox, The Bellmaker, Triss, Lord Brocktree, and Mossflower), a plesiosaur-type creature (from High Rhulain), a wolverine (from Rakkety Tam), a scorpion (from Mariel of Redwall) and a giant sea serpent (from Salamandastron and High Rhulain though mentioned very very briefly in the latter), along with an eel (from Mossflower, The Taggerung, The Long Patrol, Outcast of Redwall, and The Sable Quean), a giant lobster (Mariel of Redwall) and crabs (from Mossflower, The Legend of Luke and Lord Brocktree).
A typical book in the Redwall series details a particular period in the history of Redwall Abbey. In all but a few cases, the book is about the inhabitants of Redwall Abbey and the surrounding Mossflower Woods. Usually, there are at least two different stories going on. For example, a typical book may relate the story of a small expedition by a group of woodlanders, as well as the story of a large group of Redwallers at home fending off a vermin horde. Because of the widely spaced storylines (chronologically speaking), very few creatures are mentioned in more than one or two novels, except in a passing historical sense. One notable exception is Martin the Warrior, who appears in all books, even if, most of the time, only in spirit form or no more than as a passing historical mention. (Additionally, Martin's sword is present in almost all of the novels.) Though he is not mentioned by name in Lord Brocktree, Martin is referred to in Brocktree's dream as "a young mouse bearing a beautiful sword." A second exception is the badger Cregga Rose Eyes, who appears in three books: The Long Patrol, Marlfox, and Taggerung. One other exception is Bella of Brockhall, who features first in "Mossflower", second (chronologically speaking) in The Legend of Luke, and one final time in The Outcast of Redwall.
Other recurring elements and characters in the Redwall series include Badger Lords and Badger Mothers, "Dibbuns" (the Redwall name for infant woodlanders), a Skipper of Otters, Foremoles, hares, helpful birds, hedgehogs (Waterhogs), one or more Log-a-Logs (a shrew tribe leader), and mouth-wateringly detailed descriptions of (almost entirely vegetarian) food.
Books[edit]
At the time of Jacques' death, twenty-one novels had been released, with The Sable Quean having been released in February 2010. The twenty-second and, due to the passing of Jacques, final book, The Rogue Crew, was released on May 3, 2011.[1]
The prequels to Redwall are not released in any chronological order; however, all of the sequels, including Mattimeo, were released in the order in which they occur. The books are listed below in their chronological order within the fictional world of Redwall, with publication dates noted.
Title
Publication
Chronological order
Lord Brocktree 2000-xx !2000 1
(The Legend of Luke - Book 2 substory) 1999-xx !1999 1.5
Martin the Warrior[2] 1993-xx !1993 2
Mossflower 1988-xx !1988 3
The Legend of Luke 1999-xx !1999 4
Outcast of Redwall 1995-xx !1995 5
Mariel of Redwall 1991-xx !1991 6
The Bellmaker 1994-xx !1994 7
Salamandastron 1992-xx !1992 8
Redwall[2] 1986-xx !1986 9
Mattimeo[2] 1989-xx !1989 10
The Pearls of Lutra 1996-xx !1996 11
The Long Patrol 1997-xx !1997 12
Marlfox 1998-xx !1998 13
The Taggerung 2001-xx !2001 14
Triss 2002-xx !2002 15
Loamhedge 2003-xx !2003 16
Rakkety Tam 2004-xx !2004 17
High Rhulain 2005-xx !2005 18
Eulalia! 2007-xx !2007 19
Doomwyte 2008-xx !2008 20
The Sable Quean 2010-xx !2010 21
The Rogue Crew[1] 2011-xx !2011 22
1 Books from which an audiobook has not been made
2 Books on which a TV series has been based
The first three chronologically ordered books (Lord Brocktree, Martin the Warrior, and Mossflower) take place before the construction of Redwall Abbey, while the fourth, The Legend of Luke, takes place during the construction of the abbey. Many or most of the books that take place before Redwall was constructed are written in the format of a story told by a visitor—for example, Martin the Warrior is told as a story by a descendant of Brome, who was visiting Redwall. In the list above, these books are organized according to the period of the main narrative, rather than by the period of the framing story (which is almost always after the construction of Redwall).
Most books that are adjacent to each other in chronological order take place within a generation or so of each other (as evidenced by mentions of past characters in the later books), and, in the cases of Redwall and Mattimeo, and of Mariel of Redwall and The Bellmaker, feature the same cast with a short span of time between them.[2]
Characters[edit]
Main article: List of Redwall characters
In the Redwall universe, species almost invariably (with very few exceptions, including change of character mid-story) determines a creature's nature, whether good or evil. Some common noble species in Redwall include mice, otters, moles, hares, squirrels, hedgehogs, shrews, birds, voles, and badgers, while common vermin include rats, foxes, weasels, ferrets, ravens, snakes, stoats, ermine, sables, wildcats, magpies, rooks, and crows. However, many other varieties of species also make appearances throughout the novels as well. Dormice also appear sometimes but are rarely major characters. On numerous occasions it mentions seals, whose language makes little sense to other creatures; also bank voles on numerous occasions, usually as a "good" character but once as an evil character. Twice, in Mattimeo and Loamhedge, there is a creature, apparently half weasel and half ferret, called a Wearet, while the book The Rogue Crew features a (purportedly) half weasel and half rat Wearat as its principal villain. Pine martens have been featured in three books, once as the main villain and twice in the service of a wildcat. Several reptiles are also mentioned, such as adders, other snakes, and lizards. Amphibians like toads and frogs have been featured also, and are depicted as lower creatures that live in more basic tribal systems and usually serve not as the primary villains but as secondary distractions to heroes. There are also some creatures that have only been mentioned once or twice (e.g., wolf, beaver, turtle, whale, wolverine, sable, tortoise, golden hamster, bats, monitor lizards, polecats, and in the first book horses, pigs, dogs and cows). Crows and other corvus birds also appear on numerous occasions, usually being vicious and territorial. Other birds such as owls, herons, red-tailed hawks, and eagles are mentioned, some having major parts in books, including in Mattimeo when a raven named General Ironbeak manages to invade and almost conquers Redwall Abbey. In "Martin the Warrior," a group of squirrels called the Gawtrybe are presented as villains, though squirrels are usually considered "good."
Locations[edit]
The Redwall universe is centered around Redwall Abbey, a red sandstone abbey. Built after the events of Mossflower, it is the home to many of the good animals of Mossflower Woods. Another important location is the mountain fortress called Salamandastron, home to the Badger Lords and the famed hares of the Long Patrol, the mountain's army. There are many other places, such as the fortress Riftgard, Loamhedge, and Green Isle. Also, a main waterway is the River Moss. In some stories, such as The Bellmaker and The Legend of Luke, most of the story takes place onboard sailing ships and many dangers are only those involving the weather and damage resulting from such.
There are also the far northern lands; much of the wildlife in the books from those lands are primarily native to Scotland specifically, such as pine martens and golden eagles.
As well as the northern lands, there are numerous islands featured in the series; usually, each island is featured in one book only.
Literary significance and reception[edit]
From the beginning, Brian Jacques was praised for his Redwall series, being described as one of “the best children's authors in the world.”[3] The books of the Redwall series have drawn comparisons to everything from J. R. R. Tolkien’s The Lord of the Rings[4] to Kenneth Grahame’s The Wind in the Willows to Erin Hunter's Warriors and Richard Adams’s Watership Down.[5] Jacques combines “action, poetry, songs, courage, and vivid descriptions” to create a unique style that spans the seemingly endless series.[6]
The Redwall series has also received praise for its “equal-opportunity adventuring, in which female creatures can be just as courageous (or as diabolical) as their male counterparts.”[7] Novels such as Mariel of Redwall, Pearls of Lutra, High Rhulain and Triss all feature strong female leading characters. Jacques has also received acclaim for his development of unique language[8] intrinsic to certain species, giving the novels an "endearing dialectal dialogue."[9]
Some reviews have been critical of the Redwall novels for providing too simplistic a view of good and evil.[10] The characteristics of the animals in the novels are fixed by their species, making them quite “predictable,"[11] though there have been a few books, such as in The Outcast of Redwall and Pearls of Lutra, in which vermin have acted selflessly, in one taking a spear through the chest and back meant for his former nursemaid, and in the other saving the Abbot of Redwall from lizards. Another exception is in The Bellmaker, where a searat strove to start being good instead of evil, abandoning his life of pirating to live by himself. In some cases, different members of the same species possess different moral compasses. For example, the wildcats in the book Mossflower each exhibit different characteristics: although Lady Tsarmina is cruel and vicious, her father Lord Verdauga is seen as hard but fair, and her brother Gingivere is kind and eventually joins the side of the woodlanders. As a general rule though, characters tend to "epitomize their class origins," rarely rising above them.[12]
Many reviewers have also criticized the Redwall series for repetition and predictability, citing "recycled" plot lines[13] and Jacques’ tendency to follow a “pattern to the dot.”[14] Other reviewers note that such predictable “ingredients” may be what “makes the Redwall recipe so consistently popular.”[11] Although the series did not continue to break new ground, it does provide satisfying adventures with “comforting, predictable conclusions for its fans.”[15]
Illustrators[edit]
The last interior artist was Sean Rubin. Prior to Rubin taking over in 2009, David Elliot illustrated six books in the Redwall series, including Eulalia!, published in 2007. Elliot also illustrated the anniversary edition of Mossflower, with full page illustrations. Other previous interior illustrators include Gary Chalk (Redwall, Mariel of Redwall, and Martin the Warrior), Allan Curless (The Bellmaker to The Long Patrol), Chris Baker (Marlfox to Lord Brocktree) and Peter Standley (The Taggerung). The cover artist of the US editions of the novels is Troy Howell. Pete Lyon and Douglas Hall provided cover art for different UK editions of the first four books. Later, Chris Baker became the UK cover artist up until the release of Triss, when David Wyatt took over.
Adaptations[edit]
International editions[edit]
Books in the Redwall series have been translated into Arabic, Bulgarian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hebrew, Hungarian, Italian, Japanese, Latvian, Norwegian, Polish, Russian, Serbian, Spanish, and Swedish.
Television series[edit]
The first season of the Redwall television series, released in 1999, was based upon the novel Redwall. It was later followed by two more seasons, based on the books Mattimeo and Martin the Warrior. Production for the series is assumed to be finished. Each season contained 13 episodes. Each episode was opened with Brian Jacques himself giving a synopsis of the story so far. These scenes were later cut from subsequent reairings and DVD releases.
Movie[edit]
Redwall The Movie was released in 2000.
Audiobooks[edit]
There have been full-length audiobooks published of most of the Redwall books, the exceptions being The Pearls of Lutra, Marlfox, Lord Brocktree (on cassette), The Legend of Luke, and The Rogue Crew. Instead of being read by a single actor, the novels are narrated by a large cast. Brian Jacques served as the narrator for almost all of the audiobooks (with Salamandastron being the sole exception), sometimes reading select parts, and his son Marc Jacques appeared as the characters Matthias, Martin and others.
Some abridged audiobooks have also been released. They include Redwall, Mossflower, Pearls of Lutra, The Long Patrol, Marlfox, The Legend of Luke and Lord Brocktree. Each is three hours in length and read solely by Brian Jacques or another narrator.
Opera[edit]
In 1996, Evelyn Swenson composed an opera based on the first book in the Redwall series. It was produced by OperaDelaware in Wilmington, Delaware and later toured Europe.[16]
Other Redwall-related books[edit]
The Great Redwall Feast (1996) (picture book)
Redwall Map & Riddler (1998)
Redwall Friend & Foe (2000)
A Redwall Winter's Tale (2001) (picture book)
Tribes of Redwall Badgers (2001)
Tribes of Redwall Otters (2002)
Tribes of Redwall Mice (2003)
The Redwall Cookbook (2005)
The Redwall Graphic Novel (2007)
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Evan Rindler (3 May 2011). "The Rogue Crew: A Tale of Redwall by Brian Jacques". Figment. Retrieved 28 May 2012.
Jump up ^ The correct chronological order for the series can be found.
Jump up ^ Harrison, Susan, Amazon.com reviews (1992). Editorial review of Salamandastron.
Jump up ^ Publisher’s Weekly (1987). Editorial review of Redwall.
Jump up ^ Chang, Margaret, School Library Journal (1990). Editorial review of Mattimeo.
Jump up ^ Saecker, Tasha, School Library Journal (2005). Editorial review of High Rhulain.
Jump up ^ Publisher’s Weekly (1995). Editorial review of The Bellmaker.
Jump up ^ Kirkus Reviews (1998). Editorial review of The Long Patrol.
Jump up ^ Estes, Sally, Booklist (1995). Editorial review of The Bellmaker.
Jump up ^ Estes, Sally, Booklist (1995). Editorial review of The Bellmaker.
^ Jump up to: a b Publisher’s Weekly (1996). Editorial review of Outcast of Redwall.
Jump up ^ Kirkus Reviews (1992). Editorial review of Mariel of Redwall.
Jump up ^ Publisher’s Weekly (1996) Editorial review of The Pearls of Lutra.
Jump up ^ Kirkus Reviews (1994). Editorial review of Martin the Warrior.
Jump up ^ Shook, Bruce, School Library Journal (1998). Editorial review of The Long Patrol.
Jump up ^ Brian Jacques: The Redwall Opera Archived November 8, 2006, at the Wayback Machine.
External links[edit]
Official website
[show]
v
t
e
Works by Brian Jacques
Redwall
Redwall (1986)
Mossflower (1988)
Mattimeo (1989)
Mariel of Redwall (1991)
Salamandastron (1992)
Martin the Warrior (1993)
The Bellmaker (1994)
Outcast of Redwall (1995)
The Pearls of Lutra (1996)
The Long Patrol (1997)
Marlfox (1998)
The Legend of Luke (1999)
Lord Brocktree (2000)
The Taggerung (2001)
Triss (2002)
Loamhedge (2003)
Rakkety Tam (2004)
High Rhulain (2005)
Eulalia! (2007)
Doomwyte (2008)
The Sable Quean (2010)
The Rogue Crew (2011)
Castaways of the
Flying Dutchman
Castaways of the Flying Dutchman (2001)
The Angel's Command (2003)
Voyage of Slaves (2006)
Tribes of Redwall
Tribes of Redwall Badgers (2001)
Tribes of Redwall Otters (2001)
Tribes of Redwall Mice (2003)
Tribes of Redwall Squirrels (2003)
Tribes of Redwall Hares (2006)
Miscellaneous
Redwall books
The Great Redwall Feast (1996)
Redwall Map & Riddler (1997)
Redwall Friend & Foe (2000)
A Redwall Winter's Tale (2003)
The Redwall Cookbook (2005)
Urso Brunov
Urso Brunov, Little Father of All Bears (2003)
Urso Brunov and the White Emperor (2008)
Other works
Seven Strange and Ghostly Tales (1991)
The Ribbajack & Other Curious Yarns (2004)
[show]
v
t
e
Redwall by Brian Jacques
Main novel series
Redwall (1986)
Mossflower (1988)
Mattimeo (1989)
Mariel of Redwall (1991)
Salamandastron (1992)
Martin the Warrior (1993)
The Bellmaker (1994)
Outcast of Redwall (1995)
The Pearls of Lutra (1996)
The Long Patrol (1997)
Marlfox (1998)
The Legend of Luke (1999)
Lord Brocktree (2000)
The Taggerung (2001)
Triss (2002)
Loamhedge (2003)
Rakkety Tam (2004)
High Rhulain (2005)
Eulalia! (2007)
Doomwyte (2008)
The Sable Quean (2010)
The Rogue Crew (2011)
Other books
Tribes of Redwall
Tribes of Redwall Badgers (2001)
Tribes of Redwall Otters (2001)
Tribes of Redwall Mice (2003)
Tribes of Redwall Squirrels (2003)
Tribes of Redwall Hares (2006)
Miscellaneous
The Great Redwall Feast (1996)
Redwall Map & Riddler (1997)
Redwall Friend & Foe (2000)
A Redwall Winter's Tale (2003)
The Redwall Cookbook (2005)
Related
Characters
TV series (episodes)
The Lost Legends of Redwall
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Lorraine Crosby
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Lorraine Crosby
Also known as
Mrs. Loud
Born
(1960-11-27) 27 November 1960 (age 56)
Origin
Walker, North East England
Genres
Rock and roll
Occupation(s)
Singer
Instruments
Vocals
Associated acts
Meat Loaf
Patti Russo
Bonnie Tyler
Website
lorrainecrosby.co.uk
Lorraine Crosby (born November 27, 1960), better known as "Mrs. Loud", is an English singer-songwriter. Her most famous work, especially in the United States, is as the female vocalist in Meat Loaf's 1993 hit single "I'd Do Anything for Love (But I Won't Do That)".
Her debut album Mrs Loud was released on November 10, 2008.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Work with Meat Loaf and Jim Steinman
3 Solo work
4 Other work
5 Discography
5.1 Studio albums
5.2 Singles
5.3 Other recordings
6 References
7 External links
Early life[edit]
Crosby was born in Walker, Newcastle upon Tyne in 1960. Her father died in a road accident when his car collided with a bus when she was two years old, leaving her mother to raise Lorraine, her two sisters and brother. She attended Walker Comprehensive, and sang in school and church choirs and played the violin in the orchestra but did not start singing professionally until she was 20.[1]
Work with Meat Loaf and Jim Steinman[edit]
Inspired by Tina Turner, Crosby searched the noticeboard for bands wanting singers at the guitar shop Rock City in Newcastle. After joining several bands she set up a five-piece cabaret band which toured extensively, playing to British and American servicemen throughout the early 1980s.
Back in Newcastle, she met Stuart Emerson, who was looking for a backing singer for his band. They began writing together, and also became a couple. In the early 1990s, Crosby sent songwriter and producer Jim Steinman some demos of songs she had written with Emerson. Steinman asked to meet them so they decided to move to New York. They then followed Steinman after he moved to Los Angeles. Steinman became their manager and secured them a contract with Meat Loaf's recording label MCA. While visiting the label's recording studios on Sunset Boulevard, Crosby was asked to provide guide vocals for Meat Loaf, who was recording the song "I'd Do Anything for Love (But I Won't Do That)". Cher, Melissa Etheridge and Bonnie Tyler were considered for the role. The song was a commercial success, becoming number one in 28 countries.[2] However, as Crosby had recorded her part as guide vocals, she did not receive any royalties from the song,[3] nor was she actually credited on the album; the credit "Mrs. Loud" was used instead. Also, Crosby did not appear in the Michael Bay-directed music video, where model Dana Patrick mimed her vocals.[4] Meat Loaf promoted the single with American vocalist Patti Russo performing the live female vocals of this song at his promotional appearances and concerts. Lorraine also sang additional and backing vocals on the songs "Life Is a Lemon and I Want My Money Back", "Objects in the Rear View Mirror May Appear Closer than They Are", and "Everything Louder Than Everything Else" from the album Bat Out of Hell II: Back into Hell. On these three selections, she was credited under her real name rather than the alias of Mrs. Loud.[5]
Solo work[edit]
Crosby regularly performed at holiday camps and social clubs in England until April 2005 when she took a break from live work.
In 2005, she sang a duet with Bonnie Tyler for the track "I'll Stand by You" from the album Wings. The song was written and composed by Stuart Emerson about Crosby's and Tyler's relationship.[6]
In 2005, Crosby appeared as a contestant on ITV's The X Factor. She performed "You've Got a Friend" and progressed to the second round after impressing judges Louis Walsh and Sharon Osbourne but Simon Cowell expressed doubt saying she "lacked star quality."[7]
She returned to live performances in April 2007.
In November 2007, Crosby appeared on the BBC Three television show "Most Annoying Pop Songs We Hate To Love"[8] discussing the Meat Loaf track "I'd Do Anything for Love (But I Won't Do That)" which featured at No. 76.
In November 2008, she appeared at Newcastle City Hall with special guest Bonnie Tyler to launch her self-produced album entitled "Mrs Loud"[9] The concert was later repeated in March 2011. In April 2009 she was also featured on The Justin Lee Collins Show and performed a duet with Justin, singing the Meat Loaf song "Dead Ringer for Love". She also performed "I'd Do Anything for Love" with Tim Healy for Sunday for Sammy in 2012.[10]
She performs in cabaret shows with her band[11] along with her partner Stuart Emerson.
Crosby appeared in the first round of BBC's second series of The Voice on April 6, 2013.[12] She failed to progress when she was rejected by all four coaches.[13]
Crosby and her band reached No. 4 on the Reverbnation rock charts on April 9, 2013.
Other work[edit]
In the mid-1990s, Lorraine appeared as an extra in several television series episodes.[citation needed]
Discography[edit]
Crosby has provided backing vocals on Bonnie Tyler's albums "Free Spirit" (1995) and "Wings" (2005).
Studio albums[edit]
Mrs Loud (2008)
Singles[edit]
"I'd Do Anything for Love (But I Won't Do That)" (with Meat Loaf) (1993)
Other recordings[edit]
"I'll Stand by You" (with Bonnie Tyler) (2005)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Biography - Lorraine Crosby". Lorraine Crosby. Retrieved 2016-01-04.
Jump up ^ Chart Success for Meat Loaf, Official Charts Company, retrieved 7 April 2012
Jump up ^ video interview with her, Youtube, retrieved 3 November 2013
Jump up ^ "I'd Do Anything For Love (But I Won't Do That)". songfacts.com. Retrieved 29 August 2006.
Jump up ^ Credits in the booklet of the album Bat Out of Hell II: Back into Hell.
Jump up ^ I'll Stand By You, a video of Tyler and Crosby performing the song in 2011.
Jump up ^ "Entertainment Zone Forums > The X Factor > sat 27/08 Meat Loaf Lady". DigitalSpy. Retrieved 29 September 2006.
Jump up ^ Most Annoying Pop Songs We Hate To Love, BBC Three
Jump up ^ Mrs Loud on Spotify
Jump up ^ Sunday for Sammy 2012, MWMDVD106, Dir. Geoff Wonfor, Prod. Ray Laidlaw
Jump up ^ Lorraine Crosby Band, the Lorraine Crosby Band
Jump up ^ The Voice 2013: Meat Loaf singer Lorraine Crosby & Emma Jade Garbutt in tomorrow’s Blind Auditions, Unreality TV, Lisa McGarry, 5 April 2013. Retrieved 5 April 2013
Jump up ^ Lorraine Crosby: 'I would do anything for fame, but I won’t do The Voice again', "Evening Chronicle", Gordon Barr, 6 April 2013. Retrieved 6 April 2013
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lorraine Crosby.
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List of counties in North Dakota
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
See also: List of United States counties and county-equivalents
Counties of North Dakota
RD
SG
RM
DK
LM
MI
LO
EM
SX
GR
HE
AD
BO
SL
GV
BI
ST
MO
OL
BH
KI
SM
BA
CS
TL
SE
GS
FO
ED
WE
SH
ML
ME
DN
MK
MT
WL
DV
BU
WD
RE
MH
BO
PC
RL
TN
BE
RA
NE
GF
WS
CV
PE
Location
State of North Dakota
Number
53
Populations
727 (Slope) – 149,778 (Cass)
Areas
632 square miles (1,640 km2) (Eddy) – 2,742 square miles (7,100 km2) (McKenzie)
Government
County government
Subdivisions
cities, towns, townships, unincorporated communities, indian reservations, census designated place
This is a list of counties in North Dakota. There are 53 counties in the U.S. state of North Dakota.
The Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) code, which is used by the United States government to uniquely identify states and counties, is provided with each entry.[1] North Dakota's code is 38, which when combined with any county code would be written as 38XXX. The FIPS code for each county links to census data for that county.[2]
List[edit]
County
FIPS code[2]
County seat[3]
Established[3]
Etymology[4]
Population[3][5]
Area[3][5]
Map
Adams County 001 Hettinger 1885 John Quincy Adams, a railroad agent and cousin of the former president who was instrumental in having the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railway built through North Dakota 7003234300000000000♠2,343 7002988000000000000♠988 sq mi
(7003255900000000000♠2,559 km2)

Barnes County 003 Valley City 1875 Dakota Territory judge Alanson H. Barnes 7004110660000000000♠11,066 7003149200000000000♠1,492 sq mi
(7003386400000000000♠3,864 km2)

Benson County 005 Minnewaukan 1883 Dakota territorial legislator Bertil W. Benson 7003666000000000000♠6,660 7003138900000000000♠1,389 sq mi
(7003359700000000000♠3,597 km2)

Billings County 007 Medora 1879 Frederick H. Billings (1823–1890), who was president of the Northern Pacific Railroad 7002783000000000000♠783 7003115200000000000♠1,152 sq mi
(7003298400000000000♠2,984 km2)

Bottineau County 009 Bottineau 1873 Named for frontiersman Pierre Bottineau 7003642900000000000♠6,429 7003166900000000000♠1,669 sq mi
(7003432300000000000♠4,323 km2)

Bowman County 011 Bowman 1883 Dakota territorial legislator Edward M. Bowman 7003315100000000000♠3,151 7003116200000000000♠1,162 sq mi
(7003301000000000000♠3,010 km2)

Burke County 013 Bowbells 1910 John Burke, tenth Governor of North Dakota 7003196800000000000♠1,968 7003110400000000000♠1,104 sq mi
(7003285900000000000♠2,859 km2)

Burleigh County 015 Bismarck 1873 Walter A. Burleigh (1820–1896), territorial delegate to Congress 7004813080000000000♠81,308 7003163300000000000♠1,633 sq mi
(7003422900000000000♠4,229 km2)

Cass County 017 Fargo 1873 George Washington Cass (1810–1888), who was the president of the Northern Pacific Railroad 7005149778000000000♠149,778 7003176600000000000♠1,766 sq mi
(7003457400000000000♠4,574 km2)

Cavalier County 019 Langdon 1873 Charles Cavalier, French fur trapper and one of the area's original settlers 7003399300000000000♠3,993 7003148900000000000♠1,489 sq mi
(7003385600000000000♠3,856 km2)

Dickey County 021 Ellendale 1881 Dakota territorial legislator George H. Dickey 7003528900000000000♠5,289 7003113100000000000♠1,131 sq mi
(7003292900000000000♠2,929 km2)

Divide County 023 Crosby 1910 Named because it was created upon the division of Williams County 7003207100000000000♠2,071 7003125900000000000♠1,259 sq mi
(7003326100000000000♠3,261 km2)

Dunn County 025 Manning 1883 John P. Dunn, an early civic leader of Bismarck, who opened the first drugstore in North Dakota 7003353600000000000♠3,536 7003201000000000000♠2,010 sq mi
(7003520600000000000♠5,206 km2)

Eddy County 027 New Rockford 1885 Ezra B. Eddy, a Fargo banker and one of the territory's wealthiest citizens 7003238500000000000♠2,385 7002632000000000000♠632 sq mi
(7003163700000000000♠1,637 km2)

Emmons County 029 Linton 1879 James Emmons, an early entrepreneur and businessman who operated the first steamboat across the Missouri River in Bismarck 7003355000000000000♠3,550 7003151000000000000♠1,510 sq mi
(7003391100000000000♠3,911 km2)

Foster County 031 Carrington 1873 Either James S. Foster and George I. Foster, brother, and prominent farmers during the territorial days 7003334300000000000♠3,343 7002635000000000000♠635 sq mi
(7003164500000000000♠1,645 km2)

Golden Valley County 033 Beach 1912 Named for either promotional reasons or for the Golden Valley Land and Cattle Company 7003168000000000000♠1,680 7003100200000000000♠1,002 sq mi
(7003259500000000000♠2,595 km2)

Grand Forks County 035 Grand Forks 1873 Named for Grand Forks, North Dakota, which in turn was named for its location at the intersection of the Red Lake River and the Red River of the North 7004668610000000000♠66,861 7003143800000000000♠1,438 sq mi
(7003372400000000000♠3,724 km2)

Grant County 037 Carson 1916 Ulysses S. Grant (1822–1885), eighteenth U.S. President 7003239400000000000♠2,394 7003166000000000000♠1,660 sq mi
(7003429900000000000♠4,299 km2)

Griggs County 039 Cooperstown 1881 Alexander Griggs, a steamboat captain and founder of Grand Forks, North Dakota 7003242000000000000♠2,420 7002708000000000000♠708 sq mi
(7003183400000000000♠1,834 km2)

Hettinger County 041 Mott 1883 Mathias K. Hettinger, the father-in-law of Erastus A. Williams, the North Dakota Speaker of the House during that session 7003247700000000000♠2,477 7003113200000000000♠1,132 sq mi
(7003293200000000000♠2,932 km2)

Kidder County 043 Steele 1873 Jefferson Parrish Kidder, territorial delegate to the 44th Congress and 45th Congresses 7003243500000000000♠2,435 7003135200000000000♠1,352 sq mi
(7003350200000000000♠3,502 km2)

LaMoure County 045 LaMoure 1873 Dakota territorial legislator and North Dakota state legislator Judson LaMoure 7003413900000000000♠4,139 7003114700000000000♠1,147 sq mi
(7003297100000000000♠2,971 km2)

Logan County 047 Napoleon 1873 Illinois U.S. Senator John A. Logan (1826–1886) 7003199000000000000♠1,990 7002993000000000000♠993 sq mi
(7003257200000000000♠2,572 km2)

McHenry County 049 Towner 1873 James McHenry, one of the area's original settlers 7003539500000000000♠5,395 7003187400000000000♠1,874 sq mi
(7003485400000000000♠4,854 km2)

McIntosh County 051 Ashley 1883 Edward H. McIntosh, a member of the Territorial Legislature 7003280900000000000♠2,809 7002975000000000000♠975 sq mi
(7003252500000000000♠2,525 km2)

McKenzie County 053 Watford City 1905 Alexander McKenzie, party boss known in the state as "the senator-maker" 7003636000000000000♠6,360 7003274200000000000♠2,742 sq mi
(7003710200000000000♠7,102 km2)

McLean County 055 Washburn 1883 John A. McLean, first mayor of Bismarck, North Dakota 7003896200000000000♠8,962 7003211000000000000♠2,110 sq mi
(7003546500000000000♠5,465 km2)

Mercer County 057 Stanton 1875 William Henry Harrison Mercer, an early settler 7003842400000000000♠8,424 7003104500000000000♠1,045 sq mi
(7003270700000000000♠2,707 km2)

Morton County 059 Mandan 1873 Governor of Indiana Oliver Hazard Perry Throck Morton 7004274710000000000♠27,471 7003192600000000000♠1,926 sq mi
(7003498800000000000♠4,988 km2)

Mountrail County 061 Stanley 1873 Joseph Mountraille, Metis voyageur and early explorer 7003767300000000000♠7,673 7003182400000000000♠1,824 sq mi
(7003472400000000000♠4,724 km2)

Nelson County 063 Lakota 1883 Dakota territorial legislator Nelson E. Nelson 7003312600000000000♠3,126 7002982000000000000♠982 sq mi
(7003254300000000000♠2,543 km2)

Oliver County 065 Center 1885 Dakota territorial legislator Harry S. Oliver 7003184600000000000♠1,846 7002724000000000000♠724 sq mi
(7003187500000000000♠1,875 km2)

Pembina County 067 Cavalier 1867 Named for the high-bush cranberries which grew wild in the area. Pembina may be from an Ojibwa phrase, anepeminan sipi, referring to the berries, as they grew in abundance around the Redberry River; it may also be from an Ojibwa word meaning meeting place. The name originally applied to the old Pembina Territory 7003741300000000000♠7,413 7003111900000000000♠1,119 sq mi
(7003289800000000000♠2,898 km2)

Pierce County 069 Rugby 1887 Gilbert Ashville Pierce, a Governor of Dakota Territory and later a U.S. Senator from North Dakota 7003435700000000000♠4,357 7003101800000000000♠1,018 sq mi
(7003263700000000000♠2,637 km2)

Ramsey County 071 Devils Lake 1873 Minnesota U.S. Senator Alexander Ramsey 7004114510000000000♠11,451 7003118600000000000♠1,186 sq mi
(7003307200000000000♠3,072 km2)

Ransom County 073 Lisbon 1873 Named for locally situated Fort Ransom 7003545700000000000♠5,457 7002863000000000000♠863 sq mi
(7003223500000000000♠2,235 km2)

Renville County 075 Mohall 1873 Joseph Renville, missionary and interpreter for Dakota Native Americans 7003247000000000000♠2,470 7002875000000000000♠875 sq mi
(7003226600000000000♠2,266 km2)

Richland County 077 Wahpeton 1873 Morgan T. Rich, early settler 7004163210000000000♠16,321 7003143700000000000♠1,437 sq mi
(7003372200000000000♠3,722 km2)

Rolette County 079 Rolla 1873 Joseph Rolette, Jr. (1820–1871), a prominent fur trapper and local political organizer 7004139370000000000♠13,937 7002902000000000000♠902 sq mi
(7003233600000000000♠2,336 km2)

Sargent County 081 Forman 1883 Homer E. Sargent, a general manager of the Northern Pacific Railroad 7003382900000000000♠3,829 7002859000000000000♠859 sq mi
(7003222500000000000♠2,225 km2)

Sheridan County 083 McClusky 1873 American Civil War officer Philip Henry Sheridan (1831–1888) 7003132100000000000♠1,321 7002972000000000000♠972 sq mi
(7003251700000000000♠2,517 km2)

Sioux County 085 Fort Yates 1915 The Native American Sioux people 7003415300000000000♠4,153 7003109400000000000♠1,094 sq mi
(7003283300000000000♠2,833 km2)

Slope County 087 Amidon 1915 Topographical feature within the county known as the Missouri Slope 7002727000000000000♠727 7003121800000000000♠1,218 sq mi
(7003315500000000000♠3,155 km2)

Stark County 089 Dickinson 1879 George Stark, a vice president of the Northern Pacific Railroad 7004241990000000000♠24,199 7003133800000000000♠1,338 sq mi
(7003346500000000000♠3,465 km2)

Steele County 091 Finley 1883 Edward H. Steele, secretary-treasurer of the Red River Land Company 7003197500000000000♠1,975 7002712000000000000♠712 sq mi
(7003184400000000000♠1,844 km2)

Stutsman County 093 Jamestown 1873 Dakota Territorial Legislator Enos Stutsman 7004211000000000000♠21,100 7003222200000000000♠2,222 sq mi
(7003575500000000000♠5,755 km2)

Towner County 095 Cando 1883 Dakota territorial legislator Oscar M. Towner 7003224600000000000♠2,246 7003102500000000000♠1,025 sq mi
(7003265500000000000♠2,655 km2)

Traill County 097 Hillsboro 1875 Walter John Strickland Traill, early settler 7003812100000000000♠8,121 7002862000000000000♠862 sq mi
(7003223300000000000♠2,233 km2)

Walsh County 099 Grafton 1881 George H. Walsh, early settler and one of the founders of the University of North Dakota 7004111190000000000♠11,119 7003128200000000000♠1,282 sq mi
(7003332000000000000♠3,320 km2)

Ward County 101 Minot 1888 Dakota territorial legislator Mark Ward (1844–1902) 7004616750000000000♠61,675 7003201300000000000♠2,013 sq mi
(7003521400000000000♠5,214 km2)

Wells County 103 Fessenden 1873 Dakota territorial legislator Edward Payson Wells 7003420700000000000♠4,207 7003127100000000000♠1,271 sq mi
(7003329200000000000♠3,292 km2)

Williams County 105 Williston 1890 Dakota territorial legislator Erastus Appelman Williams 7004223980000000000♠22,398 7003207100000000000♠2,071 sq mi
(7003536400000000000♠5,364 km2)
ND counties, shaded by population
See also[edit]
North Dakota Association of Counties
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "FIPS Publish 6-4". National Institute of Standards and Technology. Retrieved 2008-02-03.
^ Jump up to: a b "EPA County FIPS Code Listing". US Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved 2008-02-03.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "NACo – Find a county". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on 25 October 2007. Retrieved 24 February 2012.
Jump up ^ "County History". Official Portal for North Dakota State Government. Retrieved 24 February 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "North Dakota QuickFacts". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 22 February 2012. Retrieved 24 February 2012. (2010 Census)
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Upper motor neuron
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Upper motor neuron
The motor tract
Dorlands
/Elsevier
motoneuron
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
Upper motor neurons (UMNs) are motor neurons that originate either in the motor region of the cerebral cortex or in the brain stem and carry motor information down to the lower motor neurons. The main effector or motor neurons (efferent neurons) for voluntary movement lie within layer V of the primary motor cortex, and are a type of giant pyramidal cell called Betz cells. The cell bodies of these neurons are the largest in the brain, approaching nearly 0.1mm in diameter.
The primary motor cortex or precentral gyrus, is one of the most important areas in the frontal lobe. The precentral gyrus is the most posterior gyrus of the frontal lobe and it lies anterior to the central sulcus. The pyramidal cells of the precentral gyrus are also called upper motor neurons. The fibers of the upper motor neurons project out of the precentral gyrus ending in the brainstem, where they will decussate (intersect) within the lower medulla oblongata to form the lateral corticospinal tract on each side of the spinal cord. The fibers that do not decussate will pass through the medulla and continue on to form the anterior corticospinal tracts. The upper motor neuron descends in the spinal cord to the level of the appropriate spinal nerve root. At this point, the upper motor neuron synapses with the lower motor neuron, each of whose axons innervate a fiber of skeletal muscle.[1][2]
These neurons connect the brain to the appropriate level in the spinal cord, from which point nerve signals continue to the muscles by means of the lower motor neurons. The neurotransmitter glutamate transmits the nerve impulses from upper to lower motor neurons, where it is detected by glutamatergic receptors.
Contents
[hide]
1 Pathways
2 Lesions
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Pathways[edit]
Upper motor neurons travel in several neural pathways through the central nervous system (CNS):
Tract Pathway Function
corticospinal tract from the motor cortex to lower motor neurons in the ventral horn of the spinal cord The major function of this pathway is fine voluntary motor control of the limbs. The pathway also controls voluntary body posture adjustments.
corticobulbar tract from the motor cortex to several nuclei in the pons and medulla oblongata Involved in control of facial and jaw musculature, swallowing and tongue movements.
colliculospinal tract (tectospinal tract) from the superior colliculus to lower motor neurons Involved in involuntary adjustment of head position in response to visual information.
rubrospinal tract from red nucleus to lower motor neurons Involved in involuntary adjustment of arm position in response to balance information; support of the body.
vestibulospinal tract from vestibular nuclei, which processes stimuli from semicircular canals It is responsible for adjusting posture to maintain balance.
reticulospinal tract from reticular formation Regulates various involuntary motor activities and assists in balance.
Lesions[edit]
Any upper motor neuron lesion, also known as pyramidal insufficiency, occurs in the neural pathway above the anterior horn of the spinal cord. Such lesions can arise as a result of stroke, multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury or other acquired brain injury. The resulting changes in muscle performance that can be wide and varied are described overall as upper motor neuron syndrome. Symptoms can include muscle weakness, decreased motor control including a loss of the ability to perform fine movements, increased vigor (and decreased threshold) of spinal reflexes including spasticity, clonus (involuntary, successive cycles of contraction/relaxation of a muscle), and an extensor plantar response known as the Babinski sign.[3]
See also[edit]
Lower motor neuron
Upper motor neuron lesion
Lower motor neuron lesion
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Saladin, Kenneth S. Anatomy & Physiology: the Unity of Form and Function. Dubuque: McGraw-Hill, 2010. Print.1
Jump up ^ "Frontal Lobe." Rice University Web Calendar. 26 June 2000. Web. 06 Dec. 2010. <http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~lngbrain/cglidden/frontal.html>.
Jump up ^ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=neurosci&part=A1191
External links[edit]
"motoneuron" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary

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v
t
e
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