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Scott Air Force Base
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Not to be confused with MidAmerica St. Louis Airport.
Scott Air Force Base
Part of Air Mobility Command (AMC)
Located near: Belleville, Illinois
C-9 Nightingale, C-21A and C-12F Huron of Air Mobility Command
Coordinates
38°32′N 89°52′W / 38.533°N 89.867°W / 38.533; -89.867 (Scott AFB)
Site information
Controlled by
United States Air Force
Site history
Built
1917
In use
1917–present
Battles/wars

World War I

World War II
Garrison information
Garrison
375th Airlift Wing
Airfield information
IATA: BLV
ICAO: KBLV
FAA LID: BLV
Summary
Airport type
Military
Elevation AMSL
459 ft / 140 m
Coordinates
38°32′N 89°52′W / 38.533°N 89.867°W / 38.533; -89.867Coordinates: 38°32′N 89°52′W / 38.533°N 89.867°W / 38.533; -89.867
Website
www.scott.af.mil
Map
KBLV
Location of Scott Air Force Base
Runways
Direction
Length
Surface
ft
m
14L/32R 10,000 3,048 Concrete
14R/32L 8,001 2,439 Asphalt/Concrete
Scott Air Force Base (IATA: BLV, ICAO: KBLV, FAA LID: BLV) is a United States Air Force base in St. Clair County, Illinois, near Belleville and O'Fallon, 25 miles East of downtown St. Louis. Scott Field was one of thirty-two Air Service training camps established after the United States entered World War I in April 1917.[1] It is part of the Air Mobility Command (AMC), and is also the headquarters of the U.S. Transportation Command, a Unified Combatant Command that coordinates transportation across all the services.
The base is operated by the 375th Air Mobility Wing (375 AMW) and is also home to the Air Force Reserve Command's 932d Airlift Wing (932 AW) and the Illinois Air National Guard's 126th Air Refueling Wing (126 ARW), the latter two units being operationally gained by AMC.
The base currently employs 13,000 people, 5,100 civilians with 5,500 active-duty Air Force, and an additional 2,400 Air National Guard and Reserve personnel. It was announced in June 2014 that two new cybersecurity squadrons will be added to the three currently on base.
Its airfield is also used by civilian aircraft, with civilian operations at the base referring to the facility as MidAmerica St. Louis Airport. MidAmerica has operated as a Joint Use Airport since beginning operations in November 1997. Allegiant Air, the only commercial airline with scheduled flights at the airport, pulled out of the airport on January 3, 2009,[2][3] but resumed direct flights to Orlando in 2012.
Contents
[hide]
1 Units
2 History
2.1 World War I
2.2 Inter-War period
2.3 World War II
2.4 United States Air Force
2.5 Major Commands to which assigned
2.6 Major units assigned
3 Geography
4 Demographics
5 Public transportation
5.1 Light rail
5.2 MetroBus
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
Units[edit]
Scott Air Force Base is home to the headquarters of many major military organizations, including:
United States Transportation Command (USTRANSCOM)
United States Army Surface Deployment and Distribution Command (SDDC)
Air Mobility Command (AMC)
Eighteenth Air Force (18 AF)
635th Supply Chain Operations Wing (635 SCOW)
Defense Information Technology Contracting Organization (DITCO)
Defense Information Systems Agency, Global Operations (DISA Global) - * formerly Continental United States (DISA CONUS)
Air Force Network Integration Center (AFNIC) - * formerly the Air Force Communications Agency (AFCA)
The 375th Air Mobility Wing is the host to more than 30 tenant units, including the Air Force Office of Special Investigations 3rd Field Investigations Region, the 932d Airlift Wing (Air Force Reserve Command), the 126th Air Refueling Wing (Illinois Air National Guard), and the 3rd Manpower Requirements Squadron (Air Force Manpower Agency).[4]
History[edit]
World War I[edit]
During World War I, Secretary of War Newton Baker advocated an expanded role for aviation. Business and political leaders on both sides of the Mississippi River wanted the Midwest to be chosen as a site for one of the new "flying fields." Aerial expert Albert Bond Lambert joined the St. Louis Chamber of Commerce and directors of the Greater Belleville Board of Trade to negotiate a lease agreement for nearly 624 acres of land.[4]
After inspecting several sites, the U.S. War Department agreed to the lease June 14, 1917. Congress appropriated $10 million for its construction, and 2,000 laborers and carpenters were immediately put to work. The layout of Scott Field was typical of aviation fields built during World War I. Construction began in June 1917. The government gave the Unit Construction Company 60 days to erect approximately 60 buildings, lay a mile-long railroad spur, and to level off an airfield with a 1,600 foot landing circle. Construction was underway when the government announced, on July 20, 1917, that it would name the new field after Corporal Frank S. Scott, the first enlisted service member killed in an aviation crash.[4][5] Scott had died after an unexpected engine failure had brought down the aircraft that Lieutenant Lewis Rockwell had been giving him an orientation flight in at College Park, Maryland, on September 28, 1912.
Scott Field began as an aviation-training field for World War I pilots in August 1917 when the 11th and 21st Aero Squadrons from Kelly Field, Texas, arrived. Construction was completed in August, and the first flight from Scott Field occurred 2 September 1917. Flying instruction began 11 September 1917. Later the 85th and 86th Aero Squadrons arrived, and more than 300 pilots and many ground units were trained for service by the war's end in 1918.[4][5]
Training units assigned to Scott Field were:[6]
Post Headquarters, Scott Field – October 1919
114th Aero Squadron, February 1918
Re-designated as Squadron "A", July–November 1918
221st Aero Squadron, December 1917
Re-designated as Squadron "B", July–November 1918
242d Aero Squadron (II), April 1918
Re-designated as Squadron "C", July–November 1918
Squadron "D", July–November 1918
Flying School Detachment (Consolidation of Squadrons A-D), November 1918-November 1919
By 2 September, William Couch, a civilian flying instructor, and Scott Field Commander, Major George E. A. Reinburg, made the first flight from Scott Field in a Standard J-1 two-seater biplane. At least seven J-1s were already on Scott; by the time the first Curtiss JN-4D "Jenny" arrived. Operable from the front or rear seat, the 8-cylinder, 90- horsepower, Jenny would become the primary trainer used on Scott Field.[4] Everything moved fast in a wartime environment, including the dangerous act of learning to fly airplanes. A judgment error or weather shift could produce severe accidents in the fragile aircraft of the day, so it soon became apparent that Scott Field needed a medical air evacuation capability.[4]
Scott Field Curtiss JN-4D configured as an air ambulance.
Determined to improve the recovery of Scott's downed pilots, Captains Charles Bayless (post surgeon), Early Hoag (officer-in-charge of flying) and A.J. Etheridge (post engineer), along with Second Lieutenant Seth Thomas, designed two air ambulances, or hospital planes—using a configuration likely modeled after one in use at Gerstner Field, Louisiana. By the summer of 1918, Scott Field's engineering department had completed the rear cockpit modifications needed to convert two Jennies. Not long thereafter, on 24 August 1918, as aviator with a broken leg became Scott's first air evacuated patient.[4]
Also reassuring was the support Scott Field enjoyed from the local community. Plenty of curious sightseers came just to watch the construction or catch a glimpse of airplane activity, but many from the local community also gave morale support to their "Sammies" (Uncle Sam's boys). They hosted dances and receptions, established a library branch on the field, and invited soldiers into their homes for Thanksgiving dinners. Likewise, Scott Field hosted sporting events with their community neighbors and, on 17 August 1918, they invited the public to attend a Field Meet and Flight Exhibition—Scott's first Air Show.[4]
Flying was discontinued at Scott Field after the war and the base population dropped. The War Department purchased Scott Field in 1919 for $119, 285.84[5]
Inter-War period[edit]
Scott Field - 1930. Still mostly in its World War I design, note the Eight World War I hangars in a straight line along the flightline. The addition of the large hydrogen plant with storage tank to support the airship mission.
Scott Field's future became uncertain after the 11 November 1918 armistice with Germany and the end of World War I. Large scale demobilization closed many U.S. airfields. Scott's remaining units were organized into a Flying School Detachment, and the field itself was designated as a storage site for demobilized equipment. Welcome news came early in 1919, with the War Department's announcement of its decision to purchase Scott Field, a decision influenced by Scott's central location and exceptional purchase price of $119,285.84. This gave Scott a promise of a future; however, it still lacked a mission.[5]
Scott was transformed into a lighter-than-air (LTA) station in 1921, with the transfer of the Army Balloon and Airship School from Brooks Field, Texas. Lighter-than-air ships were used at Scott Field to research the capabilities of aerial photography, meteorology and conduct altitude experiments. The most notable addition was the new airship hangar. Constructed between September 1921 and January 1923, it was three blocks long, nearly one block wide and 15 stories high. One report commented that 100,000 men—nearly the entire U.S. Army in 1923—could have stood in formation inside it. Scott's hangar was second in size only to the naval station hangar in Lakehurst, New Jersey, the largest one in the world at the time.[5]
TC-6 Airship over Scott Field airship hangar, 1925
A couple of highlights of Scott's LTA era (1921–1937) include the 74-mph speed record for dirigibles, set by Scott Field's TC-1 in 1923, and the American free balloon altitude record of 28,510 feet, set in 1927, by Captain Hawthorne C. Gray. Captain Gray would have set a 42,470-feet world record later that same year had he survived that flight.[5]
In the late 1920s, emphasis shifted from airships to balloons. In 1929, the 12th Airship Company was inactivated and replaced the next day by the 1st Balloon Company. Airplanes began to dominate activities at Scott Field by the mid-1930s, and a series of airship mishaps led the Chief of the Army Air Corps to recommend an end to LTA activities in May 1937, and the following month Scott's LTA-era came to an abrupt end.[4][5]
Scott Field's central location was advantageous when it was considered for the relocation site of the General Headquarters Air Force (GHQAF), which managed the combat arm of the U.S. Army. Scott Field grew from 628 acres in 1938 to 1,882 acres in 1939. Most of the frame World War I and lighter-than-air constructions were torn down—only a few, such as the 9th Airstrip Squadron headquarters/barracks building, a brick theater and nine sets of brick non-commissioned officers' quarters at the south end of the field were saved.[4][5]
New housing, industrial and administrative buildings were completed by May 1939. The expansion program continued into 1940 with the construction of 21 more buildings, including a 200-man barracks, a 300,000-gallon elevated water tank, a 43-bed hospital, Hangar No. 1 and a General Headquarters Air Force office.[4][5]
Scott Field, as it existed at the end of the 1940 expansion program, is listed as the Scott Field Historic District on the National Register of Historic Places.
World War II[edit]
Scott Field World War II Postcard
Scott Field, Illinois, World War II configuration, 1943. Note the four new concrete runways and the three large expansion areas. The original 1917 station being along the upper left area behind a small flightline area.
Scott Field World War II Radio School postcard.
With the outbreak of World War II, the GHQAF move to Scott was cancelled. Instead, Scott Field reverted to its former role as a training installation. On 1 June 1939, one of Scott's Balloon Groups was redesignated as a headquarters unit of the Scott Field Branch of the Army Air Corps Technical Schools. Subsequently, various technical schools moved to Scott. Its communications training era began in September 1940 with the opening of the Radio School.[4]
After September 1940, the primary wartime mission of Scott was to train skilled radio operator/maintainers; to produce, as the Radio School's slogan proclaimed, "the best damned radio operators in the world!" Scott's graduates flew in aircraft and operated command and control communications in every Theater of the War, and were often referred to as the "Eyes and Ears of the Army Air Forces." By the end of World War II, Scott's Radio School—becoming something of a "Communications University of the Army Air Forces", where it expanded during the war to fill about 46 large school buildings on base. It was from this course that many specialized radio and communications courses evolved, and had graduated 77,370 radio operator/mechanics. While all had been important to the nation's victory, two of the schools better known graduates were Medal of Honor recipient Technical Sergeant Forrest Lee Vosler, and the future first Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force, Paul Airey.[4]
Though the Radio School was the primary World War II-era mission, it was not intended to be Scott's only mission. The Air Corps had also planned for Scott to become a major air terminal due to its centralized location in the United States. In 1940, a $1 million project began to construct four mile-long concrete runways. Though not fully completed until November 1942, the portions that were complete provided a capability to give advanced flying school graduates instruction in instrument and night flying, navigation, photography, and administrative flights. By late 1943, the Radio School students were in the air as well, practicing code transmission under actual flight conditions. Unfortunately, airfield operations had to be sharply curtailed in May 1944, after an accidental tool-spark set fire to Hangar 1—Scott's only hangar. Repairs were not completed until May 1945.[4]
United States Air Force[edit]
The U.S. Air Force became a separate service on 17 September 1947, and on 13 January 1948, Scott Field was re-designated as Scott Air Force Base and the 3310th Technical Training Wing assumed host responsibility from the 3505th Army Air Forces Base Unit. In 1948, Scott's Radio School was re-organized, with the radio operator and control tower courses relocated to Keesler AFB, Mississippi. In addition, the fixed wire courses at Scott went to Francis E. Warren AFB, Wyoming, so that Scott had room to expand its radio mechanic school.[7]
In early 1949, Secretary of Defense Louis Johnson initiated a series of economic measures throughout the armed forces. His purpose was to effect greater utilization of the assets assigned to all services. As a result of these actions, a number of bases transferred between major commands, schools moved, and other bases closed. Because of these DOD-directed initiatives, Headquarters USAF decided to move Air Training Command (ATC) headquarters from Barksdale AFB, Louisiana to Scott AFB, effective 17 October 1949. The new ATC headquarters established in Building P-3, which was originally designed to be Headquarters, General Headquarters Air Force (GHQ Air Force). Air Training Command moved its headquarters into the building on 17 October 1949. At Scott, ATC absorbed the functions of its previous three subordinate headquarters—Flying, Technical, and Indoctrination Divisions.[7]
Throughout the USAF transition, Scott's primary mission remained technical training; however Scott's aeromedical evacuation mission continued to grow. By the end of 1950, Douglas C-54 Skymasters were bringing 200 patients a week to Scott.[4]
Sign at Belleville Gate entrance. Many buildings on the base are made with a similar style of brickwork.
In 1957, Military Air Transport Service (MATS) moved to Scott AFB to help facilitate management of its east and west coast units, and between July and October 1957, ATC transferred its headquarters to Randolph AFB, Texas. During the changeover some technical training continued, however, by February 1959, the few remaining technical courses left Scott for other bases. As part of the air mobility transition, ATC's 3310th Technical Training Wing was re-designated on 1 October 1957, as the 1405th Air Base Wing, a MATS organization. With the transition complete, Scott's new primary mission became air mobility.[4]
With the re-alignment to MATS, Aeromedical evacuation continued to grow and in 1964, Scott's host wing was re-designated as the 1405th Aeromedical Transport Wing. Increasing importance placed on airlift and the decision by the Navy to set up its own transport command led to the Military Air Transport Service being re-designated as Military Airlift Command (MAC) in 1966. Associated with this reorganization, the 1405th was discontinued and its mission and resources were absorbed by the newly activated AFCON 375th Aeromedical Airlift Wing. The addition of a fleet of C-9A Nightingales in 1968 further expanded the 375th's aeromedical mission. In 1973, Scott's Patient Airlift Center coordinated 61 aeromedical missions to bring 357 former Vietnam War Prisoners of War back to the United States. In June 1973, the 1400th Air Base Wing inactivated, the 375th Air Base Group (today the 375th Mission Support Group) reactivated, and host wing responsibilities reverted to the 375th Aeromedical Airlift Wing. By 1975, the 375th gained responsibility for the worldwide aeromedical evacuation system.[4]
The 375th gained another mission in 1978; Operational Support Airlift. Scott received its first T-39A Sabreliner in 1962. After 1978, the 375th was managing a dispersed continental fleet of 104 Sabreliners flying a combined 92,000 hours a year. The CT-39As were phased out in 1984, the same year the first Gates C-21A Learjets arrived at Scott.[4]
Former main gate. Now main entrance to the air field.
As the 375th reorganized, it transitioned to a Military Airlift Wing in 1990 and an Airlift Wing in 1991. In 1992, Military Airlift Command inactivated and its personnel and assets were combined with others to form Air Mobility Command (AMC). Later in the 1990s, two new partners joined Scott's team, MidAmerica Airport and the Illinois Air National Guard 126th Air Refueling Wing. A 1987 Federal Aviation Administration authorization, followed by a 1991 joint use agreement resulted in the 1998 opening of the new MidAmerica Airport. Similarly, the 1992 realignment of refueling units to AMC, plus the planned MidAmerica construction, led to a 1995 Base Realignment and Closure committee recommendation to relocate the 126th Air Refueling Wing to Scott AFB.[4]
AMC's 15th and 21st Air Forces became Expeditionary Mobility Task Forces in 2003. They, along with all AMC wings and independent groups realigned to a newly activated 18th Air Force. The new ready mobility operations capability would speed AMC's support for contingencies and humanitarian missions. In 2003, age, noise, maintenance and lack of demand led to the retirement of the C-9A Nightingale. In the years that followed, the C-21A fleet was reorganized and reduced. These events caused a flying mission restructuring that today has Scott using a diverse mix of assigned and non-assigned aircraft to support aeromedical airlift, operational support airlift and air refueling missions.[4]
The 375th Airlift Wing officially became the 375th Air Mobility Wing on 30 September 2009. The Total Force Integration effort called for the creation of an associate unit consisting of active duty KC-135 pilots, boom operators, and maintainers who worked side by side with their counterparts in the 126th Air Refueling Wing. The 375th Operation Group staff had administrative responsibilities for 135 aircrew members and maintainers under the 906th Air Refueling Squadron, a unit that moved from Grand Forks AFB, North Dakota. The 126th Air Refueling Wing maintained the operational direction and control of the mission execution responsibility of these Airmen. Scott AFB served as one of six locations in Air Mobility Command and one of 10 throughout the Air Force where TFI efforts unfolded.[4]
On June 25, 2014, the base was awarded two new cybersecurity squadrons that will add over 300 personnel, and an additional $16 million infrastructure improvements. The base presently has three cyber units.[8]
Scott Air Force Base, 2008
Major Commands to which assigned[edit]
Signal Corps, U.S. Army, 20 July 1917
Bureau of Military Aeronautics, 20 May 1918
United States Army Air Service, 24 May 1918
United States Army Air Corps, 2 July 1926
General Headquarters Air Force, 1 March
Air Corps Technical Service (exempted station), 1 July 1939
Air Corps Technical Training Command, 26 March 1941
AAF Training Command, 31 July 1943
Re-designated: Air Training Command, 1 July 1946
Military Air Transport Service, 1 October 1957
Military Airlift Command, 1 January 1966
Air Mobility Command, 1 June 1992 – Present[9]
Major units assigned[edit]
Post Headquarters, Camp Scott, 1 September 1917 – 1920
Army Balloon and Airship School, 26 June 1922 – 30 June 1937
Air Corps/AAF/USAF Technical School, 1 June 1939 – 1 April 1959
3505th Army Air Forces Base Unit, 1 May 1944 – 28 August 1948
3310th Technical Training Wing, 26 August 1948 – 1 April 1959
Headquarters, Air Training Command, 17 October 1949 – 17 July 1957
85th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, 1 November 1952 – 1 July 1959
1731st Air Transport Squadron, 1 June 1952 – 8 November 1956
11th Aeromedical Transport Squadron, 8 November 1956 – 30 September 2003
73d Troop Carrier/Military Airlift/Aeromedical Airlift Squadron, 16 November 1957 – Present
3310th Air Base Group
Later 1405th Air Base Group, 1 October 1957-12 January 1966
Headquarters, Air Weather Service, 23 June 1958 – 15 October 1997
Headquarters, Air Force Communications Service, 15 January 1968 – 16 July 1970
Headquarters, Military Air Transport Service, 15 January 1958 – 1 January 1966
Headquarters, Military Airlift Command, 1 January 1966
Re-designated: Air Mobility Command, 1 June 1992-Present
932d Troop Carrier/Military Airlift/Aeromedical Airlift Group/Wing (AFRC), 11 February 1963 – Present
375th Airlift Wing, 12 January 1966 – Present
126th Air Refueling Wing (ANG), 31 July 1999 – Present
Eighteenth Air Force, 1 October 2003 – Present [9]
Scott Composite Squadron Civil Air Patrol
Geography[edit]
Location of Scott AFB CDP in St. Clair County and the state of Illinois.
The residential part of the base is a census-designated place; the population was 3,612 at the 2010 census.[10]
According to the United States Census Bureau, the base has a total area of 9.7 km2 (3.7 sq mi), all land.
Demographics[edit]
As of the census[11] of 2000, there were 2,707 people, 682 households, and 662 families residing on the base. The population density was 721 inhabitants per square mile (278/km2). There were 715 housing units at an average density of 190.4 inhabitants per square mile (73.5/km2). The racial makeup of the base was 78.9% White, 13.5% Black or African American, 0.3% Native American, 3.0% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 1.8% from other races, and 2.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.1% of the population.
There were 682 households out of which 78.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 90.5% were married couples living together, 4.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 2.9% were non-families. Of all households, 2.8% were made up of individuals, and none had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.83, and the average family size was 3.90.
On the base the age distribution of the population shows 44.7% under the age of 18, 7.8% ages 18 to 24, 40.6% ages 25 to 44, 6.6% ages 45 to 64, and 0.3% were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 22 years. For every 100 females there were 100.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.2 males.
The median income for a household on the base was $51,290, and the median income for a family was $52,258. Males had a median income of $39,289 versus $24,674 for females. The per capita income for the base was $15,421. About 0.9% of families and 1.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.9% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.
Public transportation[edit]
Light rail[edit]
Shiloh–Scott (St. Louis MetroLink) rail station links Scott Air Force Base with direct trains to downtown St. Louis on MetroLink's Red Line. One-ride and all-day tickets can be purchased from vending machines on the platforms. MetroLink lines provide direct or indirect service to St. Louis, the Clayton area, and Illinois suburbs in St. Clair County.
MetroBus[edit]
Four MetroBus lines serve Scott Air Force Base via Shiloh–Scott (St. Louis MetroLink) station.
12 O'Fallon Fairview Heights
17X Lebanon – Mascoutah Express
21 Main & East Base Shuttles
512 Metrolink Station Shuttle
See also[edit]
United States Air Force portal
Military of the United States portal
World War I portal
World War II portal
Illinois portal
Illinois World War II Army Airfields
Central (later Eastern) Technical Training Command
Central Air Defense Force (Air Defense Command)
List of Training Section Air Service airfields
References[edit]
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website http://www.afhra.af.mil/.
Jump up ^ William R. Evinger: Directory of Military Bases in the U.S., Oryx Press, Phoenix, Ariz., 1991, p. 147.
Jump up ^ St. Louis Post-Dispatch. MidAmerica Wings it Without Allegiant Air. 1/7/2009. Retrieved 1/30/2009.
Jump up ^ Imbs, Christine (March 2006). "Gateway to the World". St. Louis Commerce Magazine. Retrieved 28 December 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u United States Air Force. Scott Air Force Base History Archived 2007-08-15 at the Wayback Machine.. Accessed December 10, 2006.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Scott AFB National Park Service factsheet
Jump up ^ Order of Battle of the United States Land Forces in the First World War, Volume 3, Part 3, Center of Military History, United States Army, 1949 (1988 Reprint)
^ Jump up to: a b Manning, Thomas A. (2005), History of Air Education and Training Command, 1942–2002. Office of History and Research, Headquarters, AETC, Randolph AFB, Texas ASIN: B000NYX3PC
Jump up ^ "Scott AFB lands two new cybersecurity squadrons". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. June 25, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Mueller, Robert, Air Force Bases Volume I, Active Air Force Bases Within the United States of America on 17 September 1982, Office of Air Force History, 1989
Jump up ^ "American FactFinder". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 17 March 2011.
Jump up ^ "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
Further reading[edit]
Kennedy, Betty R. An Illustrated History of Scott Air Force Base, 1917–1987. Scott AFB, Ill: Military Airlift Command, Historical Office, U.S. Air Force, 1987. OCLC 17277677
Scott Air Force Base. Baton Rouge, La: Army and Navy Pub. Co, 1950. OCLC 28481277
Scott Air Force Base. [S.l.]: Book On Demand Ltd, 2012. ISBN 5-511-31215-0 OCLC 855242959
Warner, Patricia K. A Brief History of Scott Air Force Base, 1917–1992. Scott AFB, Ill: Twenty-second Air Force, Military Airlift Command, U.S. Air Force, 1992. OCLC 31775818
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Scott Air Force Base.
Official website Scott AFB
FAA Airport Diagram (PDF), effective May 24, 2018
Resources for this U.S. military airport:
FAA airport information for BLV
AirNav airport information for KBLV
ASN accident history for KBLV
NOAA/NWS latest weather observations
SkyVector aeronautical chart for KBLV
Scott AFB Directory and PCS Guide
360 Degree Virtual Tour of Scott Heritage Air Park
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Public land
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page. (September 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
In all modern states, some land is held by central or local governments. This is called public land. The system of tenure of public land, and the terminology used, varies between countries. The following examples illustrate some of the range.
Contents
[hide]
1 Commonwealth countries
2 France
3 Portugal
4 Israel
4.1 West Bank
5 United States
5.1 History
5.2 Recreation on U.S. public lands
5.3 Grazing on U.S. public lands
6 See also
7 Footnotes
8 Further reading
9 External links
Commonwealth countries[edit]
In several Commonwealth countries such as Australia, New Zealand and Canada, public lands are referred to as Crown lands. Recent proposals to sell Crown lands have been highly controversial.
France[edit]
In France, (French: domaine public) may be held by communes, départements, or the central State.
Portugal[edit]
In Portugal the land owned by the State, by the two autonomous regions (Azores and Madeira) and by the local governments (municipalities (Portuguese: municípios) and freguesias) can be of two types: public domain (Portuguese: domínio público) and private domain (Portuguese: domínio privado). The latter is owned like any private entity (and may be sold), while public domain land cannot be sold and it is expected to be used by the public (although it can be leased to private entities for up to 75 years in certain cases). Examples of public domain land are the margins of the sea and of the rivers, roads, streets, railways, ports, military areas, monuments. The State's private domain is managed by Direção-Geral do Tesouro e Finanças and the State's public domain is managed by various entities (state companies and state institutes, like Agência Portuguesa do Ambiente, I.P., Estradas de Portugal, E.P.E., Refer - Rede Ferroviária Portuguesa, E.P.E., APL - Administração do Porto de Lisboa, S.A., etc.).
Israel[edit]
West Bank[edit]
Israel on the West Bank are based in the Ottoman Empire law specifying land not worked for over ten years becomes 'state lands'. This became the base for deciding cases brought up by Arabs when certain Israeli settlements were created on presumed barren land (see Halamish).[1]
United States[edit]
Map of all federally owned land in the United States.
Most of the public land managed by the US Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management is in the Western states. Public lands account for 25 to 75 percent of the total land area in these states.[2]
The US Forest Service alone manages 193 million acres (780,000 km²) nationwide, or roughly 8% of the total land area in the United States.[3]
In the United States governmental entities including cities, counties, states, and the federal government all manage land which are referred to as either public lands or the public domain.
The majority of public lands in the United States are held in trust for the American people by the federal government and managed by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM),. the United States National Park Service, Bureau of Reclamation, or the Fish and Wildlife Service under the Department of the Interior, or the United States Forest Service under the Department of Agriculture. Other federal agencies that manage public lands include the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the United States Department of Defense, which includes the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.[4]
In general, Congress must legislate the creation or acquisition of new public lands, such as national parks; however, under the 1906 Antiquities Act, also known as the National Monuments Act, the President may designate new national monuments without congressional authorization if the monument is on federally-owned land.
Each western state also received federal "public land" as trust lands designated for specific beneficiaries, which the States are to manage as a condition to acceptance into the union. Those trust lands cannot any longer be considered public lands as allowing any benefits to the "public" would be in breach of loyalty to the specific beneficiaries. The trust lands (two sections, or about 1,280 acres (5.2 km2) per township) are usually managed extractively (grazing or mining), to provide revenue for public schools. All states have some lands under state management, such as state parks, state wildlife management areas, and state forests.
Wilderness is a special designation for public lands which have been completely undeveloped. The concept of wilderness areas was legislatively defined by the 1964 Wilderness Act. Wilderness areas can be managed by any of the above Federal agencies, and some parks and refuges are almost entirely designated wilderness. A wilderness study area is a tract of land that has wilderness characteristics, and is managed as wilderness, but has not received a wilderness designation from Congress.
Typically each parcel is governed by its own set of laws and rules that explain the purpose for which the land was acquired, and how the land may be used.
History[edit]
The concept of a formal designation and conservation of public lands dates back to our first National Parks. While designating the parks as public, the conservation was another matter. Theodore Roosevelt and his conservation group, Boone and Crockett Club took matters into their own hands, by creating laws and regulations that protected these national treasures. Roosevelt and the Boone and Crockett Club continued on influencing the creation of scores of public lands including the National Refuge System, USFS and the United States National Forest system.[citation needed]
Recreation on U.S. public lands[edit]
Most state- and federally managed public lands are open for recreational use. Recreation opportunities depend on the managing agency, and run the gamut from the less restrictive, undeveloped wide open spaces of BLM lands to the highly developed and controlled national and state parks. Wildlife refuges and state wildlife management areas, managed primarily to improve habitat, are generally open to wildlife watching, hiking, and hunting, except for closures to protect mating and nesting, or to reduce stress on wintering animals. National forests generally have a mix of maintained trails and roads, wilderness and undeveloped portions, and developed picnic and camping areas.
Grazing on U.S. public lands[edit]
Historically in the western United States, much public land is leased for grazing by cattle or sheep (most National Park Service areas are closed to livestock grazing). This includes vast tracts of National Forest and BLM land, as well as land on some Wildlife Refuges. National Parks are the exception. This use became controversial in the late 20th century as it was examined by environmentalists and scientists concerned about the impact of these exotic animals on native plant populations and watersheds.[5]
See also[edit]
Acquired lands
Federal enclave
National Public Lands Day (in the US)
Public domain
State ownership
United States territorial acquisitions
Footnotes[edit]
Jump up ^ Hoberman, Haggai (2008). Keneged Kol HaSikuim [Against All Odds] (in Hebrew) (1st ed.). Sifriat Netzarim. p. 169.
Jump up ^ Western States Data Public Land Acreage
Jump up ^ http://www.fs.fed.us/land/staff/lar/2007/TABLE_4.htm
Jump up ^ Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data Congressional Research Service
Jump up ^ Pages 14-73, "The Public Lands Debate", Sharman Apt Russell, Kill the Cowboy: A Battle of Mythology in the New West, Addison-Wesley (May, 1993), hardcover, 218 pages, ISBN 0-201-58123-X
Further reading[edit]
Nancy Ferguson, Sacred Cows at the Public Trough, Maverick Publications (December, 1983), trade paperback, ISBN 0-89288-091-0
Impediments to Public Recreation on Public Lands: Oversight Hearing before the Subcommittee on Public Lands and Environmental Regulation of the Committee on Natural Resources, U.S. House of Representatives, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, First Session, Tuesday, May 7, 2013
External links[edit]
Public Lands Information Center: state and federal lands in the Western U.S.
Recreation on Federal Lands: United States/ nationwide
Public Land / Water Access Assoc.: Montana/ United States
Our Public Lands: Western States/ United States
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_land&oldid=814776353"
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Sons of Anarchy (season 7)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Sons of Anarchy (season 7)
Region 1 DVD cover
Country of origin
United States
No. of episodes
13
Release
Original network
FX
Original release
September 9 (2014-09-09) – December 9, 2014 (2014-12-09)
Season chronology
← Previous
Season 6
List of Sons of Anarchy episodes
The seventh and final season of the American television drama series Sons of Anarchy created by Kurt Sutter about the lives of a close-knit outlaw motorcycle club operating in Charming, a fictional town in California's Central Valley. The show centers on protagonist Jackson "Jax" Teller (Charlie Hunnam), the President of the club, who begins questioning the club and himself.
Season 7 premiered on September 9, 2014, and concluded on December 9, 2014.
Contents
[hide]
1 Cast and characters
1.1 Main cast
1.2 Special guest cast
1.3 Recurring cast
1.4 Guest stars
2 Production
3 Episodes
4 Reception
5 References
6 External links
Cast and characters[edit]
Main article: List of Sons of Anarchy characters
Sons of Anarchy is the story of the Teller-Morrow family of Charming, California, as well as the other members of Sons of Anarchy Motorcycle Club, Redwood Original (SAMCRO), their families, various Charming townspeople, allied and rival gangs, associates, and law agencies that undermine or support SAMCRO's legal and illegal enterprises.
Main cast[edit]
Charlie Hunnam as Jackson "Jax" Teller (13 episodes)
Katey Sagal as Gemma Teller Morrow (13 episodes)
Mark Boone Junior as Robert "Bobby Elvis" Munson (9 episodes)
Dayton Callie as Wayne Unser (12 episodes)
Kim Coates as Alex "Tig" Trager (13 episodes)
Drea de Matteo as Wendy Case (13 episodes)
Tommy Flanagan as Filip "Chibs" Telford (13 episodes)
David LaBrava as Happy Lowman (12 episodes)
Niko Nicotera as George "Rat Boy" Skogstorm (12 episodes)
Theo Rossi as Juan-Carlos "Juice" Ortiz (12 episodes)
Jimmy Smits as Nero Padilla (13 episodes)
Special guest cast[edit]
Annabeth Gish as Althea Jarry (10 episodes)
Kenneth Choi as Henry Lin (4 episodes)
Courtney Love as Ms. Harrison (4 episodes)
Peter Weller as Charles Barosky (4 episodes)
Walton Goggins as Venus Van Dam (3 episodes)
CCH Pounder as Tyne Patterson (2 episodes)
Michael Chiklis as Milo (2 episodes)
Robert Patrick as Les Packer ("Red Rose")
Recurring cast[edit]
Rusty Coones as Rane Quinn (13 episodes)
Hayley McFarland as Brooke Putner (9 episodes)
Mo McRae as Tyler Yost (9 episodes)
Michael Ornstein as Chuck Marstein (9 episodes)
Jacob Vargas as Allesandro Montez (9 episodes)
Marilyn Manson as Ron Tully (6 episodes)
Winter Ave Zoli as Lyla Winston (6 episodes)
Ivo Nandi as Oscar "El Oso" Ramos (6 episodes)
Emilio Rivera as Marcus Alvarez (6 episodes)
April Grace as Loutreesha Haddem (5 episodes)
Arjay Smith as Grant McQueen (5 episodes)
Michael Beach as T.O. Cross (5 episodes)
Marya Delver as Officer Candy Eglee (4 episodes + 2 as co-star)
Mathew St. Patrick as Moses Cartwright (4 episodes)
Brad Carter as Leland Gruen (4 episodes)
Ron Yuan as Ryu Tom (4 episodes)
Billy Brown as August Marks (4 episodes)
Michael Shamus Wiles as Jury White (3 episodes)
Malcolm-Jamal Warner as Sticky (3 episodes)
Tony Curran as Gaines (3 episodes)
Douglas Bennet as Orlin West (2 episodes)
Kim Dickens as Colette Jane (2 episodes)
Reynaldo Gallegos as Fiasco (2 episodes)
Bob McCracken as Brendan Roarke (2 episodes)
Guest stars[edit]
Inbar Lavi as Winsome (2 episodes)
Olivia Burnette as Homeless Woman (2 episodes)
Jenna Jameson as Porn Director ("Playing With Monsters")
Lea Michele as Gertie ("Smoke 'em if You Got 'em")
Alicia Coppola as Mildred Treal ("Faith and Despondency")
Hal Holbrook as Nate Madock ("Red Rose")
Charisma Carpenter as Carol ("Red Rose")
Production[edit]
Although Sons of Anarchy is set in Northern California's Central Valley, it is filmed primarily at Occidental Studios Stage 5A in North Hollywood. Main sets located there include the clubhouse, St. Thomas Hospital and Jax's house. The production rooms at the studio used by the writing staff also double as the Charming police station. External scenes are often filmed nearby in Sun Valley and Tujunga.[1]
Sons of Anarchy was renewed for a seventh and final season that began airing in September 2014. Ron Perlman and Maggie Siff will not return. Drea de Matteo, David LaBrava and Niko Nicotera have all been promoted to the regular cast. Robert Patrick, Emilio Rivera, and Billy Brown will be returning in their recurring guest roles, as will CCH Pounder, Peter Weller and Kim Dickens but only for limited appearances. Marilyn Manson will guest star as a drug addict who is a high-ranking member of a neo-Nazi prison sect.[2] Malcolm-Jamal Warner will be joining the cast for a recurring role.[3] Glee actress Lea Michele will also have a guest role as a truck stop waitress and single mother in the sixth episode of the season.[4] Former Buffy the Vampire Slayer/Angel actress Charisma Carpenter also has a guest role as an administrative director at a medical facility.[5]
Episodes[edit]
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)
80
1 "Black Widower" Paris Barclay Kurt Sutter September 9, 2014 (2014-09-09) 7WAB01 6.20[6]
In the wake of Tara's death, Jax makes vengeance a club priority. Meanwhile, Juice begins to hide from the club due to his actions.
81
2 "Toil and Till" Billy Gierhart Charles Murray & Kurt Sutter September 16, 2014 (2014-09-16) 7WAB02 4.83[7]
SAMCRO solicits help from another charter to get a messy job done. Also, Unser decides to investigate Tara's murder.
82
3 "Playing with Monsters" Craig Yahata Peter Elkoff & Kurt Sutter September 23, 2014 (2014-09-23) 7WAB03 4.13[8]
SAMCRO exploits an opportunity to secure an important alliance. Juice reaches out to Chibs, only to learn his actions are beyond redemption.
83
4 "Poor Little Lambs" Guy Ferland Kem Nunn & Kurt Sutter September 30, 2014 (2014-09-30) 7WAB04 4.04[9]
A past effort to help one ally lead to trouble with another. Also, retaliation from another club leads to deadly results.
84
5 "Some Strange Eruption" Peter Weller Roberto Patino & Kurt Sutter October 7, 2014 (2014-10-07) 7WAB05 4.32[10]
Looking for the source of a betrayal leads to violence at the Stockton Ports. Meanwhile, Gemma decides to take matters into her own hands.
85
6 "Smoke 'em if You Got 'em" Guy Ferland Mike Daniels & Kurt Sutter October 14, 2014 (2014-10-14) 7WAB06 4.42[11]
Jax takes advantage of shifting alliances to protect the MC and settle a score. Also, Juice seeks help from an old rival MC with an agenda of their own.
86
7 "Greensleeves" Paris Barclay Gladys Rodriguez & Josh Botana & Kurt Sutter October 21, 2014 (2014-10-21) 7WAB07 4.29[12]
In order to undermine a powerful club enemy, SAMCRO makes an uneasy alliance. Things take a turn for the worse when a core member of SAMCRO becomes the target of a new threat.
87
8 "The Separation of Crows" Charles Murray Peter Elkoff & John Barcheski & Kurt Sutter October 28, 2014 (2014-10-28) 7WAB08 3.94[13]
The club focuses on flushing out a rat with the search of a missing member at a standstill. Meanwhile, Jax has been hit with unexpected news regarding his father's death.
88
9 "What a Piece of Work Is Man" Peter Weller Mike Daniels & Roberto Patino & Kurt Sutter November 4, 2014 (2014-11-04) 7WAB09 3.88[14]
The club deals with heartache internally and conflict with the organization at large. Meanwhile, Unser and Jarry get closer to the truth about Tara's murder.
89
10 "Faith and Despondency" Paris Barclay Kem Nunn & Gladys Rodriguez & Kurt Sutter November 11, 2014 (2014-11-11) 7WAB10 4.38[15]
Love is in the air for SAMCRO members, but death wins the day. Abel causes circumstances that don't sit well with Jax and Gemma.
90
11 "Suits of Woe" Peter Weller Peter Elkoff & Mike Daniels & Kurt Sutter November 18, 2014 (2014-11-18) 7WAB11 4.62[16]
The SOA organization bears down on SAMCRO as Jax finally comes face to face with an ugly truth.
91
12 "Red Rose" Paris Barclay Kurt Sutter & Charles Murray December 2, 2014 (2014-12-02) 7WAB12 5.05[17]
With tensions mounting and truths finally revealed, Jax must make his ultimate decision. Meanwhile, Gemma pays a visit to an old family member, and Juice decides his own fate.
92
13 "Papa's Goods" Kurt Sutter Kurt Sutter December 9, 2014 (2014-12-09) 7WAB13 6.40[18]
Ghosts loom large as Jax makes the final moves to fulfill his father's legacy. Also, Jax makes it his mission to eliminate loose ends, as SAMCRO finally abolish their "unwritten bylaw".
Reception[edit]
Season 7 has received generally favorable reviews. At Metacritic, the season received a critic score of 68% (based on 6 critic reviews) and user score of 7.2 out of 10 (based on 52 viewer reviews).[19] At Rotten Tomatoes, it received an 83% critic score (based on 12 reviews: 10 Fresh, 2 Rotten) and an 86% audience score (based on 39 user ratings).[20]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Sons of Anarchy Filming Locations". Internet Movie Database.
Jump up ^ "'Sons of Anarchy' Season Premiere: Cast News, Spoilers, New Start". Latin Post. April 22, 2014.
Jump up ^ "'Sons of Anarchy': Malcolm-Jamal Warner Joins Final Season - Hollywood Reporter".
Jump up ^ "Lea Michele Trades 'Glee' For 'Sons Of Anarchy'". MTV. July 28, 2014.
Jump up ^ Matt Fowler (October 9, 2014). "BUFFY AND ANGEL'S CHARISMA CARPENTER TO SONS OF ANARCHY". IGN. Retrieved October 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (September 10, 2014). "Tuesday Cable Ratings: 'Sons of Anarchy' Tops Night + 'Anarchy Afterword', '19 Kids and Counting', 'Tosh.0' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved September 10, 2014.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (September 17, 2014). "Tuesday Cable Ratings: 'Sons of Anarchy' Wins Night, '19 Kids and Counting', 'Face Off', 'Dance Moms' & More". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on September 20, 2014. Retrieved September 17, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (September 24, 2014). "Tuesday Cable Ratings: 'Sons of Anarchy' Tops Night + '19 Kids and Counting', 'Little Peoplemnjnjnn, Big World', 'Ink Master' & More". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on September 25, 2014. Retrieved September 24, 2014.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (October 1, 2014). "Tuesday Cable Ratings: 'Sons of Anarchy' Wins Night, MLB Wildcard, '19 Cows and Contagious', 'Awkward', 'Dance Off', 'Hot Moms' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved October 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (October 8, 2014). "Tuesday Cable Ratings: 'Sons of Anarchy' Tops Night + 'Tosh.0', MLB Baseball, '19 Kids and Counting' & More". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on October 10, 2014. Retrieved October 8, 2014.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (October 15, 2014). "Tuesday Cable Ratings: 'Sons of Anarchy' Wins Night, 'BET Hip Hop Awards', 'Chrisley Knows Best', 'Awkward', 'Face Off' & More". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on October 17, 2014. Retrieved October 15, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (October 22, 2014). "Tuesday Cable Ratings: 'Sons of Anarchy' Tops Night + '19 Kids and Counting', 'Ink Master', 'Tosh.0' & More". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on October 24, 2014. Retrieved October 22, 2014.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (October 29, 2014). "Tuesday Cable Ratings:'Sons of Anarchy' Wins Night, '19 Kids & Counting', 'Ink Master', 'Face Off', 'Awkward' & More". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on October 31, 2014. Retrieved October 30, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (November 5, 2014). "Tuesday Cable Ratings: 'Sons of Anarchy' Tops Night + '19 Kids and Counting', Election Coverage & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ Bibel, Sara (November 12, 2014). "Tuesday Cable Ratings: 'Sons of Anarchy' Wins Night, '30 for 30', '19 Kids & Counting', 'Chrisley Knows Best', 'Awkward', 'Faking It' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (November 19, 2014). "Tuesday Cable Ratings: 'Sons of Anarchy' Tops Night + College Basketball, 'Anarchy Afterword', 'The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved November 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kondolojy, Amanda (December 3, 2014). "Tuesday Cable Ratings: 'Sons of Anarchy' Tops Night + 'Anarchy Afterword', 'Moonshiners', 'Real Housewives of Beverly Hills' & More". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved December 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ 'Sons of Anarchy' Series Finale Delivers Series-High 6.4 Million Viewers & 4.2 Million Adults 18-49
Jump up ^ "Sons of Anarchy: Season". Metacritic. Retrieved September 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Sons of Anarchy: Season 7 (2014)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved September 16, 2014.
External links[edit]
Official website
Sons of Anarchy on IMDb
Sons of Anarchy at TV.com
[hide]
v
t
e
Sons of Anarchy
Created by: Kurt Sutter
Episodes
"Pilot"
Seasons
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Characters
Clay Morrow
Jax Teller
Gemma Teller Morrow
Tara Knowles
Opie Winston
Bobby Munson
Tig Trager
Chibs Telford
Piney Winston
Juice Ortiz
Half-Sack Epps
Happy
Wayne Unser
David Hale
June Stahl
Josh Kohn
Ernest Darby
Marcus Álvarez
Ethan Zobelle
Universe
Sons of Anarchy MC
Charming, CA
List of gangs
Music
"This Life"
Songs of Anarchy
Songs of Anarchy Volume 2
Category
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sons_of_Anarchy_(season_7)&oldid=842728143"
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