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Emperor Meiji
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Meiji
Emperor of Japan
Reign
February 3, 1867 –
July 30, 1912
Enthronement
September 12, 1868
Predecessor
Kōmei
Successor
Taishō
Shogun
Tokugawa Yoshinobu
Prime Ministers
See list[show]
Hirobumi Itō
Kiyotaka Kuroda
Sanetomi Sanjō
Aritomo Yamagata
Masayoshi Matsukata
Shigenobu Ōkuma
Tarō Katsura
Kinmochi Saionji
Born
Mutsuhito (睦仁)
(1852-11-03)November 3, 1852
Kyoto Gyoen National Garden, Kyoto, Feudal Japan
Died
July 30, 1912(1912-07-30) (aged 59)
Meiji Palace, Tokyo, Empire of Japan
Burial
September 13, 1912
Fushimi Momoyama no Misasagi (伏見桃山陵), Kyoto
Spouse
Masako Ichijō
Issue
Among others...
Yoshihito, Emperor Taishō
Masako, Princess Takeda
Fusako, Princess Kitashirakawa
Nobuko, Princess Asaka
Toshiko, Princess Higashikuni
House
Imperial House of Japan
Father
Emperor Kōmei
Mother
Nakayama Yoshiko
Religion
Shinto
Signature
Emperor Meiji (明治天皇, Meiji-tennō, November 3, 1852 – July 30, 1912), or Meiji the Great (明治大帝, Meiji-taitei), was the 122nd Emperor of Japan according to the traditional order of succession, reigning from February 3, 1867 until his death on July 30, 1912. He presided over a time of rapid change in the Empire of Japan, as the nation quickly changed from an isolationist feudal state to a capitalist and imperial world power, characterized by the Japanese industrial revolution.
At the time of Meiji's birth in 1852, Japan was an isolated, pre-industrial, feudal country dominated by the Tokugawa shogunate and the daimyo, who ruled over the country's more than 250 decentralized domains. By the time of his death in 1912, Japan had undergone a political, social, and industrial revolution at home (See Meiji Restoration) and emerged as one of the great powers on the world stage. The New York Times summed up this transformation at his funeral in 1912, with the words: "the contrast between that which preceded the funeral car and that which followed it was striking indeed. Before it went old Japan; after it came new Japan."[1]
In Japan, the reigning Emperor is always referred to as "The Emperor"; since the modern era, a deceased Emperor is referred to by a posthumous name, which is the name of the era coinciding with the Emperor's reign. Having ruled during the Meiji period, the Emperor is thus posthumously known as "the Meiji Emperor" or simply "Emperor Meiji". His personal name, which is not used in any formal or official context, except for his signature, was Mutsuhito (睦仁).
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Boyhood
3 Unrest and accession
4 Meiji era
4.1 Consolidation of power
4.2 Political reform
5 Death
6 Concubines and children
7 Titles and styles
8 Honours
8.1 National honours
8.2 Foreign honours
9 Timeline
10 On film
11 References
11.1 Notes
11.2 Bibliography
12 External links
Background[edit]
The Tokugawa shogunate had established itself in the early 17th century.[2] Under its rule, the shogun governed Japan. About 180 lords, known as daimyō, ruled autonomous realms under the shogun, who occasionally called upon the daimyō for gifts, but did not tax them. The shogun controlled the daimyō in other ways; only the shogun could approve their marriages, and the shogun could divest a daimyō of his lands.[3]
In 1615, the first Tokugawa shogun, Tokugawa Ieyasu, who had officially retired from his position, and his son Tokugawa Hidetada, the titular shogun, issued a code of behavior for the nobility. Under it, the Emperor was required to devote his time to scholarship and the arts.[4] The Emperors under the shogunate appear to have closely adhered to this code, studying Confucian classics and devoting time to poetry and calligraphy.[5] They were only taught the rudiments of Japanese and Chinese history and geography.[5] The shogun did not seek the consent or advice of the Emperor for his actions.[6]
Emperors almost never left their palace compound, or Gosho in Kyoto, except after an Emperor retired or to take shelter in a temple if the palace caught on fire.[7] Few Emperors lived long enough to retire; of the Meiji Emperor's five predecessors, only his grandfather lived into his forties, dying aged forty-six.[6] The Imperial Family suffered very high rates of infant mortality; all five of the Emperor's brothers and sisters died as infants, and only five of his own fifteen children reached adulthood.[6]
Soon after taking control in the early seventeenth century, shogunate officials (known generically as bakufu) ended much Western trade with Japan, and barred missionaries from the islands. In addition to the substantial Chinese trade, only the Dutch continued trade with Japan, maintaining a post on the island of Dejima by Nagasaki.[8] However, by the early 19th century, European and American vessels appeared in the waters around Japan with increasing frequency.[9]
Boyhood[edit]
Prince Mutsuhito was born on November 3, 1852 in a small house on his maternal grandfather's property at the north end of the Gosho. At the time, a birth was believed to be polluting, so imperial princes were not born in the Palace, but usually in a structure, often temporary, near the pregnant woman's father's house. The boy's mother, Nakayama Yoshiko, was a concubine (gon no tenji) to his father Emperor Kōmei, and was the daughter of the acting major counselor, Nakayama Tadayasu.[10] The young prince was given the name Sachinomiya, or Prince Sachi.[11]
Teenager Meiji Emperor with foreign representatives at the end of the Boshin War, 1868–1870
The young prince was born at a time of change for Japan. This change was symbolized dramatically when Commodore Matthew Perry and his squadron of what the Japanese dubbed "the Black Ships", sailed into the harbor at Edo (known since 1868 as Tokyo) in July 1853. Perry sought to open Japan to trade, and warned the Japanese of military consequences if they did not agree.[12] During the crisis brought on by Perry's arrival, the Shogunate took, for the first time in at least 250 years, the highly unusual step of consulting with the Imperial Court, and Emperor Kōmei's officials advised that they felt the Americans should be allowed to trade and asked that they be informed in advance of any steps to be taken upon Perry's return.[13] Feeling that it could not win a war, the Japanese government allowed trade and submitted to what it dubbed the "Unequal Treaties", giving up tariff authority and the right to try foreigners in its own courts.[12] The Shogunate's willingness to consult with the Court was short-lived: in 1858, word of a treaty arrived with a letter stating that due to shortness of time, it had not been possible to consult. Emperor Kōmei was so incensed that he threatened to abdicate—though even this action would have required the consent of the shogun.[14]
Much of the emperor's boyhood is known only through later accounts, which his biographer Donald Keene points out are often contradictory. One contemporary described Mutsuhito as healthy and strong, somewhat of a bully, and exceptionally talented at sumo. Another states that the prince was delicate and often ill. Some biographers state that he fainted when he first heard gunfire, while others deny this account.[15] On August 16, 1860, Sachinomiya was proclaimed prince of the blood and heir to the throne, and was formally adopted by his father's consort. Later that year on November 11, he was proclaimed as the crown prince and given an adult name, Mutsuhito.[16] The prince began his education at the age of seven.[17] He proved an indifferent student, and later in life wrote poems regretting that he had not applied himself more in writing practice.[18]
Unrest and accession[edit]
Main articles: Meiji period, Meiji Restoration, Government of Meiji Japan, and Meiji Constitution
The young Meiji emperor, 1872, albumen silver print by Uchida Kuichi
The young Meiji emperor in military dress, by Uchida Kuichi in 1873
By the early 1860s, the shogunate was under several threats. Representatives of foreign powers sought to increase their influence in Japan. Many daimyo were increasingly dissatisfied with bakufu handling foreign affairs. Large numbers of young samurai, known as shishi or "men of high purpose", began to meet and speak against the shogunate. The shishi revered the Emperor Kōmei and favored direct violent action to cure societal ills. While they initially desired the death or expulsion of all foreigners, the shishi would later begin to advocate the modernization of the country.[19] The bakufu enacted several measures to appease the various groups, and hoped to drive a wedge between the shishi and daimyo.[20]
Kyoto was a major center for the shishi, who had influence over the Emperor Kōmei. In 1863, they persuaded him to issue an "Order to expel barbarians". The Order placed the shogunate in a difficult position, since it knew it lacked the power to carry it out. Several attacks were made on foreigners or their ships, and foreign forces retaliated. Bakufu forces were able to drive most of the shishi out of Kyoto, and an attempt by them to return in 1864 was driven back. Nevertheless, unrest continued throughout Japan.[20]
The last shogun, Tokugawa Yoshinobu, in 1867
The prince's awareness of the political turmoil is uncertain.[21] During this time, he studied waka poetry, first with his father, then with the court poets.[22] As the prince continued his classical education in 1866, a new shogun took office: Tokugawa Yoshinobu, a reformer who desired to transform Japan into a Western-style state. Yoshinobu, who would prove to be the final shogun, met with resistance from among the bakufu, even as unrest and military actions continued. In mid-1866, a bakufu army set forth to punish rebels in southern Japan. The army was defeated.[23]
The Emperor Kōmei had always enjoyed excellent health, and was only 36 years old in January 1867. In that month, however, he fell seriously ill. Though he appeared to make some recovery, he suddenly worsened and died on January 30. British diplomat Sir Ernest Satow wrote, "it is impossible to deny that [the Emperor Kōmei's] disappearance from the political scene, leaving as his successor a boy of fifteen or sixteen [actually fourteen], was most opportune".[24]
The crown prince formally ascended to the throne on February 3, 1867, in a brief ceremony in Kyoto.[25] The new Emperor continued his classical education, which did not include matters of politics. In the meantime, the shogun, Yoshinobu, struggled to maintain power. He repeatedly asked for the Emperor's confirmation of his actions, which he eventually received, but there is no indication that the young Emperor was himself involved in the decisions. The shishi and other rebels continued to shape their vision of the new Japan, and while they revered the Emperor, they had no thought of having him play an active part in the political process.[26]
The political struggle reached its climax in late 1867. An agreement was reached by which Yoshinobu would maintain his title and some of his power, but the lawmaking power would be vested in a bicameral legislature based on the British model. However, the agreement fell apart and on November 9, 1867, Yoshinobu officially tendered his resignation to the Emperor, formally stepping down ten days later.[27] The following month, the rebels marched on Kyoto, taking control of the Imperial Palace.[28] On January 4, 1868, the Emperor ceremoniously read out a document before the court proclaiming the "restoration" of Imperial rule,[29] and the following month, documents were sent to foreign powers:[28]
The Emperor of Japan announces to the sovereigns of all foreign countries and to their subjects that permission has been granted to the Shogun Tokugawa Yoshinobu to return the governing power in accordance with his own request. We shall henceforward exercise supreme authority in all the internal and external affairs of the country. Consequently, the title of Emperor must be substituted for that of Tycoon, in which the treaties have been made. Officers are being appointed by us to the conduct of foreign affairs. It is desirable that the representatives of the treaty powers recognize this announcement.
Mutsuhito[30]
Yoshinobu resisted only briefly, but it was not until late 1869 that the final bakufu holdouts were finally defeated.[28] In the ninth month of the following year, the era was changed to Meiji, or "enlightened rule", which was later used for the emperor's posthumous name. This marked the beginning of the custom of an era coinciding with an emperor's reign, and posthumously naming the emperor after the era during which he ruled.
Soon after his accession, the Emperor's officials presented Ichijō Haruko to him as a possible bride. The future Empress was the daughter of an Imperial official, and was three years older than the groom, who would have to wait to wed until after his gembuku (manhood ceremony). The two married on January 11, 1869.[31] Known posthumously as Empress Shōken, she was the first Imperial Consort to receive the title of kōgō (literally, the Emperor's wife, translated as Empress Consort), in several hundred years. Although she was the first Japanese Empress Consort to play a public role, she bore no children. However, the Meiji Emperor had fifteen children by five official ladies-in-waiting. Only five of his children, a prince born to Lady Naruko (1855–1943), the daughter of Yanagiwara Mitsunaru, and four princesses born to Lady Sachiko (1867–1947), the eldest daughter of Count Sono Motosachi, lived to adulthood. They were:
Wedding of Crown Prince Yoshihito and Princess Kujō Sadako
Crown Prince Yoshihito (Haru-no-miya Yoshihito Shinnō), 3rd son, (August 31, 1879 – December 25, 1926) (see Emperor Taishō).
Princess Masako (Tsune-no-miya Masako Naishinnō), 6th daughter, (September 30, 1888 – March 8, 1940) (see Princess Masako Takeda).
Princess Fusako (Kane-no-miya Fusako Naishinnō), 7th daughter, (January 28, 1890 – August 11, 1974) (see Fusako Kitashirakawa).
Princess Nobuko (Fumi-no-miya Nobuko Naishinnō), 8th daughter, (August 7, 1891 – November 3, 1933) (see Princess Nobuko Asaka).
Princess Toshiko (Yasu-no-miya Toshiko Naishinnō), 9th daughter, (May 11, 1896 – March 5, 1978) (see Toshiko Higashikuni).
Meiji era[edit]
Main article: Meiji Restoration
Meiji, Emperor of Japan and the Imperial Family (1900). From left to right: Princess Kane, the Crown Princess, Princess Fumi, the Emperor, Princess Yasu, the Empress, the Crown Prince and Princess Tsune.
Consolidation of power[edit]
Sixteen-year-old emperor, traveling from Kyoto to Tokyo at the end of 1868
Emperor Meiji by Takahashi Yuichi, Imperial Collection
Despite the ouster of the bakufu, no effective central government had been put in place by the rebels. On March 23, foreign envoys were first permitted to visit Kyoto and pay formal calls on the Emperor.[32] On April 7, 1868, the Emperor was presented with the Charter Oath, a five-point statement of the nature of the new government, designed to win over those who had not yet committed themselves to the new regime. This document, which the Emperor then formally promulgated, abolished feudalism and proclaimed a modern democratic government for Japan. The Charter Oath would later be cited by Emperor Hirohito in the Humanity Declaration as support for the imposed changes in Japanese government following World War II.[33] In mid-May, he left the Imperial precincts in Kyoto for the first time since early childhood to take command of the forces pursuing the remnants of the bakufu armies. Traveling in slow stages, he took three days to travel from Kyoto to Osaka, through roads lined with crowds.[34] There was no conflict in Osaka; the new leaders wanted the Emperor to be more visible to his people and to foreign envoys. At the end of May, after two weeks in Osaka (in a much less formal atmosphere than in Kyoto), the Emperor returned to his home.[35] Shortly after his return, it was announced that the Emperor would begin to preside over all state business, reserving further literary study for his leisure time.[36] Only from 1871 did the Emperor's studies include materials on contemporary affairs.[37]
Emperor Meiji in his younger years (illustration, not a photograph)
On September 19, 1868, the Emperor announced that the name of the city of Edo was being changed to Tokyo, or "eastern capital". He was formally crowned in Kyoto on October 15 (a ceremony which had been postponed from the previous year due to the unrest). Shortly before the coronation, he announced that the new era, or nengō, would be called Meiji or "enlightened rule". Heretofore the nengō had often been changed multiple times in an emperor's reign; from now on, it was announced, there would only be one nengō per reign.[38]
Soon after his coronation, the Emperor journeyed to Tokyo by road, visiting it for the first time. He arrived in late November, and began an extended stay by distributing sake among the population. The population of Tokyo was eager for an Imperial visit; it had been the site of the Shogun's court and the population feared that with the abolition of the shogunate, the city might fall into decline.[39] It would not be until 1889 that a final decision was made to move the capital to Tokyo.[40] While in Tokyo, the Emperor boarded a Japanese naval vessel for the first time, and the following day gave instructions for studies to see how Japan's navy could be strengthened.[41] Soon after his return to Kyoto, a rescript was issued in the Emperor's name (but most likely written by court officials). It indicated his intent to be involved in government affairs, and indeed he attended cabinet meetings and innumerable other government functions, though rarely speaking, almost until the day of his death.[42]
Political reform[edit]
The successful revolutionaries organized themselves into a Council of State, and subsequently into a system where three main ministers led the government. This structure would last until the establishment of a prime minister, who would lead a cabinet in the western fashion, in 1885.[43] Initially, not even the retention of the Emperor was certain; revolutionary leader Gotō Shōjirō later stated that some officials "were afraid the extremists might go further and abolish the Mikado".[44]
Japan's new leaders sought to reform the patchwork system of domains governed by the daimyo. In 1869, several of the daimyo who had supported the revolution gave their lands to the Emperor and were reappointed as governors, with considerable salaries. By the following year, all other daimyo had followed suit.
The Emperor in a formal session of the Diet. Ukiyo-e woodblock print by Yōshū Chikanobu, 1890
The Emperor in a formal session of the House of Peers. Woodblock print by Chikanobu, 1890
In 1871, the Emperor announced that domains were entirely abolished, as Japan was organized into 72 prefectures. The daimyo were compensated with annual salaries equal to ten percent of their former revenues (from which they did not now have to deduct the cost of governing), but were required to move to the new capital, Tokyo. Most retired from politics.[45]
The new administration gradually abolished most privileges of the samurai, including their right to a stipend from the government. However, unlike the daimyo, many samurai suffered financially from this change. Most other class-based distinctions were abolished. Legalized discrimination against the burakumin ended. However, these classes continue to suffer discrimination in Japan to the present time.[46]
Although a parliament was formed, it had no real power, and neither did the emperor. Power had passed from the Tokugawa into the hands of those Daimyo and other samurai who had led the Restoration. Japan was thus controlled by the Genro, an oligarchy, which comprised the most powerful men of the military, political, and economic spheres. The emperor, if nothing else, showed greater political longevity than his recent predecessors, as he was the first Japanese monarch to remain on the throne past the age of 50 since the abdication of Emperor Ōgimachi in 1586.
The Japanese take pride in the Meiji Restoration, as it and the accompanying industrialization allowed Japan to become the preeminent power in the Pacific and a major player in the world within a generation. Yet, Emperor Meiji's role in the Restoration remains debatable. He certainly did not control Japan, but how much influence he wielded is unknown. It is unlikely it will ever be clear whether he supported the Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895) or the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905). One of the few windows we have into the Emperor's own feelings is his poetry, which seems to indicate a pacifist streak, or at least a man who wished war could be avoided. He composed the following pacifist poem in waka form:
よもの海
みなはらからと思ふ世に
など波風のたちさわぐらむ[47]
Yomo no umi
mina harakara to omofu yo ni
nado namikaze no tachi sawaguramu[47]
The seas of the four directions—
all are born of one womb:
why, then, do the wind and waves rise in discord?[47]
This poem was later recited by his grandson, Emperor Shōwa (Hirohito), in an Imperial Conference in September 1941, indirectly showing his own anti-war sentiment.
Near the end of his life several anarchists, including Kotoku Shusui, were executed (1911) on charges of having conspired to murder the sovereign. This conspiracy was known as the High Treason Incident (1910).[citation needed]
Death[edit]
Emperor Meiji, suffering from diabetes, nephritis, and gastroenteritis, died of uremia. Although the official announcement said he died at 00:42 on July 30, 1912, the actual death was at 22:40 on July 29.[48][49] After the emperor's death in 1912, the Japanese Diet passed a resolution to commemorate his role in the Meiji Restoration. An iris garden in an area of Tokyo where Emperor Meiji and the Empress had been known to visit was chosen as the building's location for the Shinto shrine Meiji jingu. The shrine does not contain the Emperor's grave, which is located at Fushimi-momoyama south of Kyoto.[citation needed]
Concubines and children[edit]
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Concubines
Lady Mitsuko (1853 – 1873). Not much is known about Lady Mitsuko. However, she gave birth to the Emperor's first son. She died in childbirth.
Lady Natsuko (1856 – November 14, 1873). She gave birth to the Emperor's first daughter and also died in childbirth.
Yanagihara Naruko (June 26, 1859 – October 16, 1943). Mother of the Emperor Taishō.
Chigusa Kotoko (1855 – 1944).
Sono Sachiko (December 23, 1867 – July 7, 1947). Mother of Princess Masako, Princess Fusako, Princess Nobuko and Princess Toshiko.
Children
Image
Name
Birth
Death
Mother
Marriage
Issue
Wakamitsuteru-hiko no Mikoto
稚瑞照彦尊 (stillborn son) September 18, 1873 September 18, 1873 Lady Mitsuko
葉室光子
Wakatakayori-hime no Mikoto
稚高依姫尊 (stillborn daughter) November 13, 1873 November 13, 1873 Lady Natsuko
橋本夏子
Shigeko, Princess Ume
梅宮薫子内親王 January 25, 1875 June 8, 1876 Lady Naruko
柳原愛子
Yukihito, Prince Take
建宮敬仁親王 September 23, 1877 July 26, 1878 Lady Naruko
柳原愛子
Yoshihito, Prince Haru (Emperor Taishō)
明宮嘉仁親王(大正天皇) August 31, 1879 December 25, 1926(1926-12-25) (aged 47) Lady Naruko
柳原愛子 Empress Teimei
九条節子
May 25, 1900 Hirohito, Emperor Shōwa
Yasuhito, Prince Chichibu
Nobuhito, Prince Takamatsu
Takahito, Prince Mikasa
Akiko, Princess Shige
滋宮韶子内親王 August 3, 1881 September 6, 1883 Lady Kotoko
千種任子
Fumiko, Princess Masu
増宮章子内親王 January 26, 1883 September 8, 1883 Lady Kotoko
千種任子
Shizuko, Princess Hisa
久宮静子内親王 February 10, 1886 April 4, 1887 Lady Sachiko
園祥子
Michihito, Prince Aki
昭宮猷仁親王 August 22, 1887 November 12, 1888 Lady Sachiko
Masako, Princess Tsune (Princess Masako Takeda)
常宮昌子内親王 September 30, 1888 March 8, 1940(1940-03-08) (aged 51) Lady Sachiko Tsunehisa, Prince Takeda
竹田宮恒久王
April 30, 1908 Prince Tsuneyoshi Takeda
Princess Ayako Takeda
Fusako, Princess Kane (Fusako Kitashirakawa)
周宮房子内親王 January 28, 1890 August 11, 1974(1974-08-11) (aged 84) Lady Sachiko Naruhisa, Prince Kitashirakawa
北白川宮成久王
April 29, 1909 Prince Nagahisa Kitashirakawa
Princess Mineko Kitashirakawa
Princess Sawako Kitashirakawa
Princess Taeko Kitashirakawa
Nobuko, Princess Fumi (Princess Nobuko Asaka)
富美宮允子内親王 August 7, 1891 November 3, 1933(1933-11-03) (aged 42) Lady Sachiko Yasuhiko, Prince Asaka
朝香宮鳩彦王
May 6, 1909 Princess Kikuko Asaka
Princess Takahiko Asaka
Prince Tadahito Asaka
Princess Kiyoko Asaka
Teruhito, Prince Mitsu
満宮輝仁親王 November 30, 1893 August 17, 1894 Lady Sachiko
Toshiko, Princess Yasu (Toshiko Higashikuni)
泰宮聡子内親王 May 11, 1896 March 5, 1978(1978-03-05) (aged 81) Lady Sachiko Naruhiko, Prince Higashikuni
東久邇宮稔彦王
May 18, 1915 Prince Morihiro Higashikuni
Prince Moromasa Higashikuni
Prince Akitsune Higashikuni
Prince Toshihiko Higashikuni
Takiko, Princess Sada
貞宮多喜子内親王 September 24, 1897 January 11, 1899 Lady Sachiko
Titles and styles[edit]
Styles of
The Emperor
Reference style
His Majesty
Spoken style
Your Majesty
Alternative style
Sir
November 3, 1852 – November 11, 1860: His Imperial Highness The Prince Sachi
November 11, 1860 – February 3, 1867: His Imperial Highness The Crown Prince
February 3, 1867 – July 30, 1912: His Majesty The Emperor
Posthumous title: His Majesty Emperor Meiji
Honours[edit]
National honours[edit]
Grand Cordon and Collar of the Order of the Chrysanthemum
Recipient of the Order of the Rising Sun with Paulownia Flowers
Foreign honours[edit]
United Kingdom : Knight of the Garter
Spain : Knight of the Golden Fleece
Sweden : Knight of the Royal Order of the Seraphim
Greece : Grand Cross of the Order of the Redeemer
Kingdom of Italy : Knight of the Order of the Most Holy Annunciation
Kingdom of Hawaii : Recipient of the Royal Order of Kamehameha I
Prussia : Recipient of the Order of the Black Eagle
Kingdom of Italy : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus
Kingdom of Italy : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown of Italy
Thailand : Order of the Royal House of Chakri
Timeline[edit]
The Meiji emperor receiving the Order of the Garter from Prince Arthur of Connaught in 1906, as a consequence of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance.[50]
The Meiji era ushered in many far-reaching changes to the ancient feudal society of Japan. A timeline of major events might include:
November 3, 1852: Emperor Meiji (then known as Sachinomiya) is born to the imperial concubine Nakayama Yoshiko and Emperor Kōmei.
1853: A fleet of ships headed by Commodore Matthew Perry arrives in Japan on July 8.[51] Death of the Shogun Tokugawa Ieyoshi; appointment of Tokugawa Iesada as Shogun.
1854–55: Treaties are signed with the United States by the shogunate.
Late 1850s–1860s: The "Sonnō jōi" movement is in full force.
1858: The shogunate signs treaties with the Netherlands, Imperial Russia, and Great Britain. Death of the Shogun Tokugawa Iesada; appointment of Tokugawa Iemochi as Shogun.
March 1860: The Tairō, Ii Naosuke, is assassinated in the Sakuradamon incident.
November 11: Sachinomiya is formally proclaimed Crown Prince and given the personal name Mutsuhito.
1862: Namamugi Incident.
1864–65: Bombardment of Shimonoseki by British, American, French, and Dutch ships; fighting ensues between the shogunate and Chōshū.
1866: Death of the Shogun Tokugawa Iemochi; appointment of Tokugawa Yoshinobu as Shogun.
January 31, 1867: Death of Emperor Kōmei from hemorrhagic smallpox, unofficial accession of Mutsuhito to the throne.
January 4, 1868: Formal restoration of imperial rule; end of 265 years of rule by the Tokugawa Shogunate.
September 12: Formal enthronement of the Emperor.
October 23: The era name is changed to Meiji.
November 6: The capital is moved from Kyoto to Edo, renamed Tokyo.
November 5, 1872: The Emperor receives the Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich of Russia.
Late 1860s–1881: Period of rebellion and assassination in Japan.
January 11, 1869: Marriage of the Emperor to Ichijo Haruko, thenceforth the Empress Shoken.
September 4: The Emperor receives The Duke of Edinburgh.
1871: The abolition of the han system is proclaimed.
1873: Edo castle is destroyed in a conflagration; the Emperor moves to the Akasaka Palace. His first children are born, but die at birth.
1877: The Satsuma Rebellion.
1878: Assassination of Okubo Toshimichi.
August 31, 1879: Prince Yoshihito, the future Emperor Taishō and the Emperor's only surviving son, is born.
1881: Receives the first state visit of a foreign monarch, King Kalakaua of Hawaii.
1889: Meiji Constitution promulgated; Ito Hirobumi becomes first Prime Minister of Japan.
1894: Sino-Japanese War; Japanese victory establishes Japan as a regional power.
1901: Became grandfather when Emperor Taishō's son, the future Emperor Shōwa was born.
1904–1905: Russo-Japanese War; Japanese victory earns Japan the status of a great power.
1910: The Annexation of Korea by the Empire of Japan.
1912: The Emperor dies.[1]
On film[edit]
Emperor Meiji is portrayed by Toshirō Mifune in the 1980 Japanese war drama film The Battle of Port Arthur (sometimes referred as 203 Kochi).[52] Directed by Toshio Masuda the film depicted the Siege of Port Arthur during the Russo-Japanese War and starred Tatsuya Nakadai (as General Nogi Maresuke), Tetsurō Tamba (as General Kodama Gentarō) and Toshirō Mifune (as Emperor Meiji).
Emperor Meiji is also portrayed by Nakamura Shichinosuke II in The Last Samurai.
References[edit]
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b https://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9D05E3DB1F3CE633A25750C1A9669D946396D6CF "The Funeral Ceremonies of Meiji Tenno" reprinted from the Japan Advertiser Article 8—No Title], New York Times. October 13, 1912.
Jump up ^ Jansen 1995, p. vii.
Jump up ^ Gordon 2009, pp. 14–15.
Jump up ^ Keene 2002, p. 3.
^ Jump up to: a b Gordon 2009, pp. 3–4.
^ Jump up to: a b c Gordon 2009, p. 2.
Jump up ^ Gordon 2009, pp. 4–5.
Jump up ^ Gordon 2009, p. 19.
Jump up ^ Gordon 2009, p. 47.
Jump up ^ Keene 2002, p. 10.
Jump up ^ Keene 2002, p. 14.
^ Jump up to: a b Gordon 2009, pp. 50–51.
Jump up ^ Keene 2002, p. 18.
Jump up ^ Keene 2002, pp. 39–41.
Jump up ^ Keene 2002, p. xii.
Jump up ^ Keene 2002, pp. 51–52.
Jump up ^ Keene 2002, p. 46.
Jump up ^ Keene 2002, p. 48.
Jump up ^ Gordon 2009, pp. 53–55.
^ Jump up to: a b Gordon 2009, pp. 55–56.
Jump up ^ Keene 2002, p. 73.
Jump up ^ Keene 2002, p. 78.
Jump up ^ Gordon 2009, pp. 57–58.
Jump up ^ Keene 2002, pp. 94–96.
Jump up ^ Keene 2002, p. 98.
Jump up ^ Keene 2002, pp. 102–104.
Jump up ^ Takano, p. 256.
^ Jump up to: a b c Gordon 2009, p. 59.
Jump up ^ Keene 2002, p. 121.
Jump up ^ Keene 2002, p. 117.
Jump up ^ Keene 2002, pp. 105–107.
Jump up ^ Keene 2002, p. 133.
Jump up ^ Jansen 1995, p. 195.
Jump up ^ Keene 2002, p. 143.
Jump up ^ Keene 2002, pp. 145–146.
Jump up ^ Keene 2002, p. 147.
Jump up ^ Keene 2002, p. 171.
Jump up ^ Keene 2002, pp. 157–159.
Jump up ^ Keene 2002, pp. 160–163.
Jump up ^ Gordon 2009, p. 68.
Jump up ^ Keene 2002, pp. 163–165.
Jump up ^ Keene 2002, p. 168.
Jump up ^ Gordon 2009, p. 64.
Jump up ^ Jansen 1994, p. 342.
Jump up ^ Gordon 2009, p. 63.
Jump up ^ Gordon 2009, p. 65.
^ Jump up to: a b c http://this-is-japan.com/en/blognews/item/215.html "Historical Events Today: 1867 - Prince Mutsuhito, 14, becomes Emperor Meiji of Japan (1867-1912).
Jump up ^ Takashi, Fujitani (1998). Splendid monarchy: power and pageantry in modern Japan. University of California Press. p. 145. ISBN 978-0-520-21371-5.
Jump up ^ "広報 No.589 明治の終幕" (PDF) (in Japanese). Sannohe town hall. Retrieved May 18, 2011.
Jump up ^ "The Mikado's Garter," New York Times. July 28, 1906.
Jump up ^ Considered by German Japanologist Johannes Justus Rein and described by Francis L. Hawks and Commodore Matthew Perry in their 1856 work, Narrative of the Expedition of an American Squadron to the China Seas and Japan Performed in the Years 1852, 1853 and 1854 under the Command of Commodore M.C. Perry, United States Navy., as the "Opening" of Japan.
Jump up ^ The Battle of Port Arthur (203 Koshi) in the Internet Movie Database
Bibliography[edit]
Gordon, Andrew (2003), A Modern History of Japan: from Tokugawa Times to the Present, Oxford University Press ISBN 0195110609/ISBN 9780195110609; ISBN 0195110617/ISBN 9780195110616; OCLC 49704795
Jansen, Marius (1961), Sakamoto Ryoma and the Meiji Restoration, Princeton University Press OCLC 413111
____________ (1995), The Emergence of Meiji Japan, Cambridge University Press ISBN 0521482380/ISBN 9780521482387; ISBN 0521484057/ISBN 9780521484053; OCLC 31515308
Keene, Donald (2002), Emperor of Japan: Meiji and His World, 1852–1912, Columbia University Press ISBN 023112340X/ISBN 9780231123402; OCLC 46731178
Wilson, George M. (1992), Patriots and Redeemers: Motives in the Meiji Restoration, University of Chicago Press ISBN 0226900916/ISBN 9780226900919; ISBN 0226900924/ISBN 9780226900926; OCLC 23869701
External links[edit]
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"Mutsu Hito". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
"Mutsuhito, Emperor of Japan". The New Student's Reference Work. 1914.
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Rhinestone Cowboy
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Rhinestone Cowboy (disambiguation).
"Rhinestone Cowboy"
Single by Glen Campbell
from the album Rhinestone Cowboy
B-side
"Lovelight"
Released
May 26, 1975
Format
7-inch single
Recorded
February–March 1975
Genre
Country, pop
Length
3:15
Label
Capitol
Songwriter(s)
Larry Weiss
Producer(s)
Dennis Lambert, Brian Potter
Glen Campbell singles chronology
"It's a Sin When You Love Somebody"
(1975) "Rhinestone Cowboy"
(1975) "Country Boy (You Got Your Feet in L.A.)"
(1975)
"It's a Sin When You Love Somebody"
(1975) "Rhinestone Cowboy"
(1975) "Country Boy (You Got Your Feet in L.A.)"
(1975)
"Rhinestone Cowboy" is a song written by Larry Weiss and most famously recorded by American country music singer Glen Campbell. The song enjoyed huge popularity with both country and pop audiences when it was released in 1975.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background and writing
2 Chart performance
3 Charts
3.1 Weekly charts
3.2 Year-end charts
4 Re-recorded version
5 Awards
6 Use in films
6.1 Films
7 Notable cover versions
8 Succession
9 References
10 External links
Background and writing[edit]
Weiss wrote and recorded "Rhinestone Cowboy" in 1974, and it appeared on his 20th Century Records album Black and Blue Suite. It did not, however, have much of a commercial impact as a single. In late 1974, Campbell heard the song on the radio, and during a tour of Australia, decided to learn the song. Soon after his return to the United States, Campbell went to Al Coury's office at Capitol Records, where he was approached about "a great new song" — "Rhinestone Cowboy".[1]
Several music writers noted that Campbell identified with the subject matter of "Rhinestone Cowboy" — survival and making it, particularly when the chips are down — very strongly. As Steven Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic put it, the song is about a veteran artist "who's aware that he's more than paid his dues during his career ... but is still surviving, and someday, he'll shine just like a rhinestone cowboy."[2]
Chart performance[edit]
Released in May 1975, "Rhinestone Cowboy" immediately caught on with both country and pop audiences. The song spent that summer climbing both the Billboard Hot Country Singles and Billboard Hot 100 charts before peaking at number one by season's end - three nonconsecutive weeks on the country chart, two weeks on the Hot 100. Billboard ranked it as the number-two for 1975. It also went topped the charts in Canada and several other countries.
During the week of September 13 — the week the song returned to number one on the Billboard country chart, after having been nudged out for a week by "Feelins'" by Conway Twitty and Loretta Lynn — "Rhinestone Cowboy" topped both the country and Hot 100 charts simultaneously. This was the first time a song had accomplished the feat since November 1961, when "Big Bad John" by Jimmy Dean did so.
"Rhinestone Cowboy" was one of six songs released in 1975 that topped both the Billboard Hot 100 and Hot Country Singles charts. The other songs were "Before the Next Teardrop Falls" by Freddy Fender, "(Hey Won't You Play) Another Somebody Done Somebody Wrong Song" by B. J. Thomas, "Thank God I'm a Country Boy" and "I'm Sorry"/"Calypso," both by John Denver, and "Convoy" by C. W. McCall.
The song was also the sole Glen Campbell track in a promotional-only compilation album issued by Capitol records titled The Greatest Music Ever Sold (Capitol SPRO-8511/8512), that was distributed to record stores during the 1976 holiday season as part of Capitol's "Greatest Music Ever Sold" campaign, which promoted 15 "Best Of" albums released by the record label.
After Glen Campbell died in August 2017, "Rhinestone Cowboy" charted in Country Digital Song chart at No. 12. The song has sold a total of 368,000 downloads in the digital era in the United States as of August 2017.[3]
Charts[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1975)
Peak
position
Australia (Kent Music Report)[4] 5
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[5] 4
Canada Country Tracks (RPM) 1
Canada Top Singles (RPM) 1
Canadian Adult Contemporary Tracks (RPM) 7
Germany (Official German Charts)[6] 31
Ireland (IRMA) 1
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[7] 3
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[8] 2
South African Singles Chart 2
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[9] 17
UK Singles Chart 4
US Billboard Hot Country Singles[10] 1
US Billboard Hot 100[11] 1
US Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks[12] 1
Yugoslavian Singles Chart 1
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1975)
Peak
position
Irish Singles Chart 1
US Billboard Hot 100 2
US Cashbox Top 100 2
Canadian RPM Top Singles 4
UK Singles Chart 21
Belgian VRT Top 30 43
Australian Kent Music Report 50
Dutch Top 40 81
Re-recorded version[edit]
Glen Campbell recorded a new version of the song in 2013 on his final studio album titled, See You There.
Awards[edit]
"Rhinestone Cowboy" was certified gold for sales of 1 million units by the Recording Industry Association of America.[13]
The song became one of Glen Campbell's signature songs and won numerous awards from the Country Music Association, Academy of Country Music, and American Music Awards. It also obtained nominations for a Grammy Award for Best Country Song as well as for Record of the Year, but did not win.
Use in films[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Films[edit]
"Rhinestone Cowboy" served as the basis for the film Rhinestone (1984), starring Sylvester Stallone and Dolly Parton
The song also made the soundtracks of:
High School High
Daddy Day Care
Along with several other Glen Campbell tracks, "Rhinestone Cowboy" plays in War on Everyone (2016)
Notable cover versions[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
"Rhinestone Cowboy" has been covered by artists including Thom Yorke and Radiohead, Soul Asylum, Belle and Sebastian, Lloyd Green, Charley Pride, Loretta Lynn and White Town.
Belgian singer Claire recorded the song in 1975 as "Vreemde Vogels" ("Strange Birds") and had a substantial hit with her version in Flanders.[citation needed]
Slim Whitman covered the song in 1976 on his Red River Valley album.
Johnny Carson performed a comedic cover version to open the March 4, 1976 broadcast of The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson. The episode was released on DVD in 2016 along with other episodes from that particular week, with Carson referencing his preparations for the performance and Doc Severinsen and the NBC Orchestra performing instrumental versions of the song each night. After his performance, Carson announced that songwriter Larry Weiss was in the audience, a fact he claimed to be unaware of when he sang it a few minutes earlier.[14]
South African singer Ray Dylan covered it on his album Goeie Ou Country - Vol. 3.[15]
Succession[edit]
Preceded by
"Please Mr. Please" by Olivia Newton-John Billboard Easy Listening Singles number-one single by Glen Campbell
August 2, 1975 (one week) Succeeded by
"At Seventeen" by Janis Ian
Preceded by
"Wasted Days and Wasted Nights" by Freddy Fender Billboard Hot Country Singles number one single
August 23, 1975- August 30, 1975 (two weeks) Succeeded by
"Feelins'" by Conway Twitty and Loretta Lynn
Preceded by
"Feelins'" by Conway Twitty and Loretta Lynn Billboard Hot Country Singles
number one single
September 13, 1975 (one week) Succeeded by
"Daydreams About Night Things" by Ronnie Milsap
Preceded by
"The Seeker" by Dolly Parton RPM Country Tracks number-one single
August 30, 1975 (one week) Succeeded by
"Please Mr. Please" by Olivia Newton-John
Preceded by
"Get Down Tonight" by KC and the Sunshine Band Billboard Hot 100 number-one single
September 6, 1975 - September 13, 1975 (two weeks) Succeeded by
"Fame" by David Bowie
Preceded by
"There Won't Be Anymore" by Charlie Rich Billboard Hot Country Singles number-one single of the year
1975 Succeeded by
"Convoy" by C. W. McCall
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Gilbert, Bob and Gary Theroux, "The Top Ten: 1956-Present," Pop Record Research, Fireside Books, Simon & Schuster, New York. 1982 (ISBN 0-671-43215-X)
Jump up ^ Song Review by Ed Hogan. "Rhinestone Cowboy - Glen Campbell | Song Info". AllMusic. Retrieved 2016-10-10.
Jump up ^ Bjorke, Matt (August 21, 2017). "Top 30 Digital Country Singles Sales Chart: August 21, 2017". Roughstock.
Jump up ^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992. Australian Chart Book. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Glen Campbell – Rhinestone Cowboy" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50.
Jump up ^ "Musicline.de – Glen Campbell Single-Chartverfolgung" (in German). Media Control Charts. PhonoNet GmbH.
Jump up ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – Glen Campbell search results" (in Dutch) Dutch Top 40.
Jump up ^ "Charts.org.nz – Glen Campbell – Rhinestone Cowboy". Top 40 Singles.
Jump up ^ "Swedishcharts.com – Glen Campbell – Rhinestone Cowboy". Singles Top 100.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). The Billboard Book Of Top 40 Country Hits: 1944-2006, Second edition. Record Research. p. 66.
Jump up ^ "Glen Campbell Chart History (Hot 100)" Billboard.
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2002). Top Adult Contemporary: 1961-2001. Record Research. p. 44.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2007-05-19. Retrieved 2007-06-14.
Jump up ^ The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson, March 4, 1976; released on DVD as part of The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson: The Vault Series (Time-Life, 2016)
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-01-10. Retrieved 2014-01-10.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
[hide]
v
t
e
Glen Campbell
Studio albums
Big Bluegrass Special
Too Late to Worry - Too Blue to Cry
The Astounding 12-String Guitar of Glen Campbell
The Big Bad Rock Guitar of Glen Campbell
Burning Bridges
Gentle on My Mind
By the Time I Get to Phoenix
Hey Little One
A New Place in the Sun
Bobbie Gentry and Glen Campbell
That Christmas Feeling
Wichita Lineman
Galveston
True Grit
Try a Little Kindness
Oh Happy Day
Norwood
The Glen Campbell Goodtime Album
The Last Time I Saw Her
Anne Murray / Glen Campbell
The Artistry of Glen Campbell
Glen Travis Campbell
I Knew Jesus (Before He Was a Star)
I Remember Hank Williams
Houston (I'm Comin' to See You)
Reunion: The Songs of Jimmy Webb
Ernie Sings & Glen Picks
Rhinestone Cowboy
Bloodline
Southern Nights
Basic
Highwayman
Somethin' 'Bout You Baby I Like
It's the World Gone Crazy
Old Home Town
Letter to Home
No More Night
It's Just a Matter of Time
Still Within the Sound of My Voice
Light Years
Favorite Hymns
Walkin' in the Sun
Unconditional Love
Show Me Your Way
Rock-A-Doodle
Wings of Victory
Somebody Like That
Home for the Holidays
The Boy in Me
Christmas with Glen Campbell
A Glen Campbell Christmas
My Hits and Love Songs
Love Is the Answer: 24 Songs of Faith, Hope and Love
Meet Glen Campbell
Ghost on the Canvas
See You There
I'll Be Me soundtrack
Adiós
Live albums
Glen Campbell Live
Live in Japan
Live at the Royal Festival Hall
Glen Campbell Live
Glen Campbell Live! His Greatest Hits
Glen Campbell in Concert with the South Dakota Symphony
Through the Years Live - Ultimate Collection
Glen Campbell and Jimmy Webb: In Session
Compilations
Country Shindig
The 12 String Guitar of Glen Campbell
Glen Campbell Plays 12 String Guitar
Portrait
Country Soul
Country Music Star No. 1
The Glen Campbell Album
Limited Collector's Edition
A Satisfied Mind
Glen Campbell's Greatest Hits
Gentle on My Mind
The Good Time Songs of Glen Campbell
I'll Paint You a Song
Arkansas
The Best of Glen Campbell
Glen Campbell's Twenty Golden Greats
The Great Hits of Glen Campbell
The Glen Campbell Collection
All I Have to Do Is Dream
The Very Best of Glen Campbell
Presents His Hits in Concert
Classics Collection
Greatest Country Hits
Best of the Early Years
Merry Christmas
All-Time Greatest Hits
The Essential Glen Campbell Volume One
The Essential Glen Campbell Volume Two
The Essential Glen Campbell Volume Three
Jesus and Me: The Collection
Home at Last
The Glen Campbell Collection (1962–1989) Gentle on My Mind
The Capitol Years 65/77
Reunited with Jimmy Webb 1974–1988
Love Songs
Glen Campbell Christmas
Super Hits
20 Greatest Hits
Rhinestone Cowboy/Bloodline The Lambert & Potter Sessions 1975–1976
Southern Nights/Basic
All the Best
The Legacy (1961–2002)
Rhinestone Cowboy (New Studio Recordings)
Glen Campbell Collection
Rhinestone Cowboy Live, on the Air & in the Studio
Sings the Best of Jimmy Webb 1967–1992
The Platinum Collection
Classic Campbell
Words and Music
Greatest Hits
Singles
"Turn Around, Look at Me"
"Too Late to Worry - Too Blue to Cry"
"Long Black Limousine"
"Guess I'm Dumb"
"Universal Soldier"
"Gentle on My Mind"
"By the Time I Get to Phoenix"
"Hey Little One"
"I Wanna Live"
"Dreams of the Everyday Housewife"
"Wichita Lineman"
"Let It Be Me" (with Bobbie Gentry)
"Galveston"
"Where's the Playground Susie"
"True Grit"
"Try a Little Kindness"
"Honey Come Back"
"All I Have to Do Is Dream" (with Bobbie Gentry)
"Oh Happy Day"
"Everything a Man Could Ever Need"
"It's Only Make Believe"
"Dream Baby (How Long Must I Dream)"
"The Last Time I Saw Her"
"I Say a Little Prayer"
"Oklahoma Sunday Morning"
"Manhattan, Kansas"
"Bonaparte's Retreat"
"Rhinestone Cowboy"
"Country Boy (You Got Your Feet in L.A.)"
"Don't Pull Your Love/Then You Can Tell Me Goodbye"
"Southern Nights"
"Sunflower"
"I Love How You Love Me"
"Faithless Love"
"A Lady Like You"
"It's Just a Matter of Time"
"The Hand That Rocks the Cradle" (with Steve Wariner)
"Still Within the Sound of My Voice"
"I Remember You"
"I Have You"
"She's Gone, Gone, Gone"
"I'm Not Gonna Miss You"
Related articles
Discography
Collaborative discography
Videos
The Beach Boys
Glen Campbell: I'll Be Me
The Glen Campbell Goodtime Hour
Ashley Campbell
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhinestone_Cowboy&oldid=799929826"
Categories:
1975 singles
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1975 songs
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