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History of Jharkhand
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Since Stone age human inhabited in present Jharkhand state.[1] There have several copper tools discovered which are from Chalcolithic period.[2] This area enter in Iron Age during mid 2nd Millenium BCE.[3] Probably during Mauryan period some region of state were under Mauryan rule and other were autonomous.[4][5] During region of Akbar Chotanagpur region came within Influence of Moghal emperers, Nagvanshi king were paying tribute to Akbar. [6] In Palamu region, King Medini Ray (1662–1674), ruled for thirteen years from 1662 to 1674 from Medininagar in Palamau.[7] Following the death of Medini Ray there was rivalry within the royal family of the Chero dynasty which ultimately lead to its downfalls. [8] In 1765, the region came under the control of the British East India Company. the Palamu Forts was besieged by the British and finally occupied by the British in 1772.[9] [10] The Princly states in Chota Nagpur Plateau, came within the sphere of influence of the Maratha Empire, but they became tributary states of British India as a result of the Anglo-Maratha Wars known as Chota Nagpur Tributary States[11]. The subjugation and colonisation of Jharkhand region by the British East India Company resulted in spontaneous resistance from the local people. There were several revolt against British colonial authority and zamindari system such as Paharia revolt, revolt of Tilka Manjhi, Santhal rebellion, Birsa Munda revolt, Chero revolt, Kharwar revolt etc. After Indian independence in 1947, the rulers of the states all chose to accede to the Dominion of India. Changbhakar, Jashpur, Koriya, Surguja and Udaipur later became part of Madhya Pradesh state, but Gangpur and Bonai part of Orissa state, and Kharsawan and Saraikela part of Bihar state.[12] After the last Assembly election in the state resulted in a hung assembly, RJD's dependence on the Congress extended support on the precondition that RJD would not pose a hurdle to the passage of the Bihar reorganisation Bill (Jharkhand Bill). Finally, with the support from both RJD and Congress, the ruling coalition at the Centre led by the BJP which had made statehood its mail poll plank in the region in successive polls earlier, cleared the Jharkhand Bill in the monsoon session of the Parliament this year, thus paving the way for the creation of a separate Jharkhand state.[13] According to writers including Gautam Kumar Bera,[14] there was already a distinct geo-political, cultural entity called Jharkhand even before the Magadha Empire. Bera's book (page 33) also refers to the Hindu epic Bhavishya Purana.
Contents
1 Prehistoric era
2 Copper Hoard Culture
3 Iron age(c. 1800 – c. 200 BCE)
4 Classical to early medieval periods (c. 200 BCE – c. 1200 CE)
5 Early modern period (c. 1526 – 1858 CE)
6 British rule
6.1 Jharkhand revolts
7 Post-independence
8 See also
9 References
Prehistoric era[edit]
Stone tools and Microlith have discovered from Chota Nagpur plateau region which are from Mesolithic and Neolithic period.[15] There are ancient Cave Paintings in Isko, Hazaribagh district which are from Meso-chalcolithic period (9,000–5,000 BC).[16] There is a group of megaliths found close to Barkagaon that is about 25 km from Hazaribagh at Punkri Barwadih, which has been proven to date back to beyond 3000 BCE.[17]
Copper Hoard Culture[edit]
Main article: Copper Hoard Culture
Copper Hoards describe find-complexes which occur in the northern part of India. These occur mostly in hoards large and small and are believed to date to the later 2nd millennium BCE, although very few derive from controlled and dateable excavation contexts. Characteristic hoard finds from Chota Nagpur Plateau include finely worked pieces, and mostly look at first like axe-heads but are probably ingots.[18]
Iron age(c. 1800 – c. 200 BCE)[edit]
Main article: Iron Age in India
Barudih in the Singhbhum district of Jharkhand, yielded evidence of microlith, Neolithic Celts, Iron slags, Wheel made pottery, iron objects include a sickle. The earliest radio carbon dating give a range of 1401 – 837 BCE for this site.[19]
During the age of Mahajanpadas around 500 BC, India saw the emergence of 16 large states that controlled the entire Indian subcontinent. In those days the Jharkhand state was a part of Magadha, Anga, Banga, Kalinga, Kashi[citation needed] and Vajji. In mouryan period, this region was ruled by a number of states, which were collectively known as the Atavika (forest) states. These states accepted the suzerainty of the Maurya Empire during Ashoka's reign (c. 232 BCE). According to Indologist Johannes Bronkhorst, the culture of Magadha was in some ways different than the Vedic kingdoms of the Indo-Aryans.[20]
Classical to early medieval periods (c. 200 BCE – c. 1200 CE)[edit]
Samudragupta, while marching through the present-day Chotanagpur region, directed the first attack against the kingdom of Dakshina Kosala in the Mahanadi valley.[21]
Early modern period (c. 1526 – 1858 CE)[edit]
In Akbarnama the region of Chhotanagpur is described as Jharkhand (Jangal Pradesh). The Jharkhand region was famous by another name Khukhra during the Mughal period which was famous for its Diamonds. Akbar was informed of a rebel Afghan sardar, Junaid Kararani, was taking shelter in Chotanagpur. Besides, the emperor also got information of diamonds being found in this area. Consequently, Akbar ordered Shahbaz Khan Turbani to attack Kokhra (the then seat of Nagvanshi kings and capital of Chotanagpur). At that time Raja Madhu Singh, the 42nd Nagvanshi king was ruling at Kokhra. Consequently Kokhra was subdued by the armies of Akbar and a sum of rupees six thousand was fixed as its annual revenues payable to the Mughals. Till the reign of Akbar, Chotanagpur had not come under the suzerainty of the Mughals and the Nagvanshi rulers had been ruling over this region as independent rulers.
By the advent of the reign of Jahangir, Nagvanshi Raja Durjan Sal had come to power in Chotanagpur. He refused to pay the rent fixed by the Emperor Akbar. Jahangir ordered Ibrahim Khan (governor of Bihar) to attack Kokhra.
The details of this invasion are mentioned in Jahangir’s memoirs, Tuzk-e-Jahangiri. There was also another reason behind the invasion. This was the acquisition of the diamonds found in the bed of the Sankh River in the region. Due to its diamonds Chotanagpur was also known as Heera Nagpur and its Raja Durjan Sal, being an expert of diamonds, was known as Heera Raja among the people. Thus to subdue the Raja of Chotanagpur and to acquire valuable diamonds, Jahangir decided to invade chotanagpur. On getting orders from the emperor, Ibrahim Khan marched against Kokhra in 1615 AD.
He entered the Nagvanshi territories easily with the help of his guides. The Nagvanshi Raja Durjan Sal found himself beleaguered himself within the hills and vales. He fled and was at last found in a cave with some of his family members. He was arrested and all diamonds which were in the possession of Durjan Sal and his family were captured by Ibrahim Khan. Twenty four elephants also fell into the hands of Ibrahim Khan. After this, Kokhara was subdued and the diamonds found there were sent to the Imperial court. After his defeat and arrest, Durjan Sal offered as ransom jewels, gold and silver to the value of crores of rupees, but Ibrahim Khan did not release him and took him as a captive to Patna. From there he was sent to the Imperial court and subsequently imprisoned in the fort of Gwalior.
According to Nagvanshi traditions and Col. Dalton, Raja Durjan Sal’s confinement lasted twelve years. Ultimately, the very diamonds which had caused the misfortune of Durjan Sal secured him his release and former prosperity. It so happened that from some place, two very large diamonds were brought to Emperor Jahangir’s court. A doubt arose in the mind of the Emperor over the genuineness of one of them.
As no one in his court was able to confirm or relieve his suspicion, the Heera Raja was brought to the Imperial court from his incarceration. When the two diamonds were brought before him, he without any hesitation pointed out the fake one. To prove it to the court and the Emperor, he requested two rams to be brought to the court. He then tied the two diamonds on the horns of the two rams and made them fight each other. As a result of the fight, the fake diamond shattered but there was no scratch on the pure one.
The Emperor was so impressed and pleased with Durjan Sal that he not only released him but also restored the prosperity taken from him in addition to his kingdom. The generous Durjan Sal further begged the Emperor to release the other Rajas who had been his companions in prison and his prayer was granted. Being pleased with Durjan Sal, Jahangir conferred the title of ‘Shah’ on the Kokhra ruler.
On his return to Chotanagpur, Durjan Sal assumed the title of Maharaja and changed his surname. Most probably from that time ‘Shah’ was added with the names of the Nagvanshi kings. The reign of Durjan Sal lasted for about thirteen years. He died in 1639 or 1640 AD.[22]
Daud Khan, who launched his invasion starting from Patna on 3 April 1660, attacked south of Gaya district and finally arrived at the Palamu Forts on 9 December 1660. The terms of surrender and payment of tribute were not acceptable to the Cheros; Daud Khan wanted complete conversion of all Hindus under the Chero rule to Islam. Following this, Khan mounted a series of attacks on the forts. Cheros defended the forts but ultimately both forts were occupied by Daud Khan, and the Cheros fled to the jungles. Hindus were driven out, the temples were destroyed, and Islamic rule imposed.[23]
In Palamu district, the old fort in the plains, was built by the King of Raksel Rajput Dynasty. However, it was during the reign of King Medini Ray (1662–1674), who ruled for thirteen years from 1662 to 1674 from Medininagar in Palamau, the old fort was rebuilt into a defensive structure. Ray was a Chero king.[24] His rule extended to areas in South Gaya and Hazaribagh. He attacked Navratangarh (33 miles (53 km) from Ranchi) and defeated the Maharaja of Chhotanagpur. With war bounty he constructed the lower fort close to Satbarwa, and this fort became famous in the history of the district.[25]
Following the death of Medini Ray there was rivalry within the royal family of the Chero dynasty which ultimately lead to its downfall; this was engineered by the ministers and advisers in the court.[8] In 1765, the region came under the control of the British East India Company. Chitrajeet Rai's nephew Gopal Rai betrayed him and facilitated the Patna Council of the British East India Company to attack the fort. When the new fort was attacked by Captain Camac on 28 January 1771, the Chero soldiers fought valiantly but had to retreat to the old fort on account of water shortage. This facilitated the British army to occupy the new fort located on a hill without any struggle. This location was strategic and enabled the British to mount canon supported attacks on the old fort. The Cheros fought valiantly with their own canons but the old fort was besieged by the British on 19 March 1771.[9] The fort was finally occupied by the British in 1772.[26]
British rule[edit]
The Princly states in Chota Nagpur Plateau, came within the sphere of influence of the Maratha Empire, but they became tributary states of British India as a result of the Anglo-Maratha Wars known as Chota Nagpur Tributary States[27]. The Cheros and Kharwars again rebelled against the British in 1882 but the attack was repulsed.[28]
The subjugation and colonisation of Jharkhand region by the British East India Company resulted in spontaneous resistance from the local people. Almost one hundred years before India’s First War of Independence (1857), Adivasis of Jharkhand were already beginning what would become a series of repeated revolts against the British colonial rule.They continue to be one of the most dominant families of Ranchi and adjoining districts.
Jharkhand revolts[edit]
1772–1780 Paharia revolt
1780–1785 Tilka Manjhi led the tribal revolt and managed to injure the Collector of bhagalpur Augustus Cleveland , who Died in cape town later . In 1785, Tilka Manjhi was hanged to death in Bhagalpur
1795–1800 Tamar revolt
1795–1800 Munda revolt under the leadership of Vishnu Manaki
1800–1802 Munda revolt under the stewardship of Dukhan Manaki of Tamar
1819–1820 Munda revolt in Palamu under the leadership of Bhukan Singh
1832–1833 Khewar revolt under the leadership of Bhagirath, Dubai Gosai and Patel Singh
1831–1832 Kol revolt under the leadership of Buddhu Bhagat,Madara Bhagat and Joe Bhagat
1832–1833 Bhumij revolt under the leadership of Ganga Narain of Birbhum
1855 Santhals waged war against the permanent settlement of Lord Cornwallis
1855–1860 During the late 1850s Sidhu had accumulated about ten thousands Santhal to run parallel government against British rule. The basic purpose was to collect taxes by making his own laws. British Government had announced an award of Rs. 10,000 to arrest Sidhu and his brother Kanhu
1856–1857 Martyr Sahid Lal, Vishwanath Shahdeo, Sheikh Bhikhari,pandey Ganpat Roy and Budhu Veer led a movement against the British Government during India’s First War of Independence, 1857, also called Sepoy Mutiny
1874 Kherwar Movement shot into fame under the leadership of Bhagirathi Manjhi
1895–1900 Movement against the British raj led by Birsa Munda (born 15 November 1875). Birsa Munda was captured by British forces and declared dead on 9 June 1900 in Ranchi Jail, due to Cholera, according to records of the British colonial government.
All of these uprisings were quelled by the British through massive deployment of troops across the region.
In 1914 the Tana Bhagat resistance movement started, which gained the participation of more than 26,000 adivasis, and eventually merged with Mahatma Gandhi's Satyagraha and Civil Disobedience movement.
In October 1905, the exercise of British influence over the predominantly Hindi-speaking states of Chang Bhakar, Jashpur, Koriya, Surguja, and Udaipur was transferred from the Bengal government to that of the Central Provinces, while the two Oriya-speaking states of Gangpur and Bonai were attached to the Orissa Tributary States, leaving only Kharsawan and Saraikela answerable to the Bengal governor.[29]
In 1936, all nine states were transferred to the Eastern States Agency, the officials of which came under the direct authority of the Governor-General of India, rather than under that of any Provinces.
Post-independence[edit]
After Indian independence in 1947, the rulers of the states all chose to accede to the Dominion of India. Changbhakar, Jashpur, Koriya, Surguja and Udaipur later became part of Madhya Pradesh state, but Gangpur and Bonai part of Orissa state, and Kharsawan and Saraikela part of Bihar state.[30]
After the last Assembly election in the state resulted in a hung assembly, RJD's dependence on the Congress extended support on the precondition that RJD would not pose a hurdle to the passage of the Bihar reorganisation Bill (Jharkhand Bill). Finally, with the support from both RJD and Congress, the ruling coalition at the Centre led by the BJP which had made statehood its mail poll plank in the region in successive polls earlier, cleared the Jharkhand Bill in the monsoon session of the Parliament this year, thus paving the way for the creation of a separate Jharkhand state.[31]
See also[edit]
History of Ranchi district
Jharkhand
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References[edit]
Jump up ^ https://books.google.co.in/books?id=6PcADgAAQBAJ&pg=PT14&lpg=PT14&dq=microlith+in+chota+nagpur+plateau&source=bl&ots=93KP8UQ1u-&sig=LnV7SZDLf4CLU7X6fyxM_3rxigM&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjuhKaGxaXdAhXEZCsKHcXXAOw4ChDoATABegQICRAB#v=onepage&q=microlith%20in%20chota%20nagpur%20plateau&f=false
Jump up ^ http://crossasia-repository.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/510/
Jump up ^ https://books.google.co.in/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA220&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false
Jump up ^ Sri Lanka and the southernmost parts of India (modern Tamil Nadu and Kerala) remained independent, despite the diplomacy and cultural influence of their larger neighbor to the north (Schwartzberg 1992, p. 18; Kulke & Rothermund 2004, p. 68).
Jump up ^ The empire was once thought to have directly controlled most of the Indian subcontinent excepting the far south, but its core regions are now thought to have been separated by large tribal regions (especially in the Deccan peninsula) that were relatively autonomous. (Kulke & Rothermund 2004, p. 68-71, as well as Stein 1998, p. 74). "The major part of the Deccan was ruled by [Mauryan administration]. But in the belt of land on either side of the Nerbudda, the Godavari and the upper Mahanadi there were, in all probability, certain areas that were technically outside the limits of the empire proper. Ashoka evidently draws a distinction between the forests and the inhabiting tribes which are in the dominions (vijita) and peoples on the border (anta avijita) for whose benefit some of the special edicts were issued. Certain vassal tribes are specifically mentioned." (Raychaudhuri & Mukherjee pp. 275–6)
Jump up ^ https://www.indiamike.com/india/jharkhand-f144/the-lost-kingdom-of-navratangarh-t233144/
Jump up ^ http://palamu.nic.in/palamufort.html
^ Jump up to: a b Lahiry 2014, p. 29.
^ Jump up to: a b Lahiry 2014, p. 30.
Jump up ^ http://latehar.nic.in/history.htm
Jump up ^ http://www.southasiaarchive.com/Content/sarf.100009/231191
Jump up ^ Eastern States Agency. List of ruling chiefs & leading personages Delhi: Agent to Governor-General, Eastern States, 1936
Jump up ^ gigisoftsolutions. "History of Jharkhand, Jharkhand History". traveljharkhand.com. Retrieved 20 July 2015.
Jump up ^ Gautam Kumar Bera (2008). The unrest axle: ethno-social movements in Eastern India. Mittal Publications. pp. 32–35. ISBN 978-81-8324-145-8.
Jump up ^ https://books.google.co.in/books?id=6PcADgAAQBAJ&pg=PT14&lpg=PT14&dq=microlith+in+chota+nagpur+plateau&source=bl&ots=93KP8UQ1u-&sig=LnV7SZDLf4CLU7X6fyxM_3rxigM&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjuhKaGxaXdAhXEZCsKHcXXAOw4ChDoATABegQICRAB#v=onepage&q=microlith%20in%20chota%20nagpur%20plateau&f=false
Jump up ^ https://www.telegraphindia.com/1080313/jsp/jharkhand/story_9013558.jsp
Jump up ^ https://indroyc.com/2017/12/04/punkri-barwadih-megaliths/
Jump up ^ http://crossasia-repository.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/510/
Jump up ^ https://books.google.co.in/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA220&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false
Jump up ^ https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=31537
Jump up ^ https://books.google.co.in/books?id=WcnnB-Lx2MAC&pg=PA258&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false
Jump up ^ https://www.indiamike.com/india/jharkhand-f144/the-lost-kingdom-of-navratangarh-t233144/
Jump up ^ http://palamu.nic.in/palamufort.html
Jump up ^ Lahiry 2014, p. 24.
Jump up ^ http://palamu.nic.in/palamufort.html
Jump up ^ http://latehar.nic.in/history.htm
Jump up ^ http://www.southasiaarchive.com/Content/sarf.100009/231191
Jump up ^ http://latehar.nic.in/history.htm
Jump up ^ Hunter, William Wilson, Sir, et al. (1908). Imperial Gazetteer of India, Volume 12. 1908–1931; Clarendon Press, Oxford
Jump up ^ Eastern States Agency. List of ruling chiefs & leading personages Delhi: Agent to Governor-General, Eastern States, 1936
Jump up ^ gigisoftsolutions. "History of Jharkhand, Jharkhand History". traveljharkhand.com. Retrieved 20 July 2015.
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Dilbert principle
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The Dilbert principle refers to a 1990s theory by Dilbert cartoonist Scott Adams stating that companies tend to systematically promote their least-competent employees to management (generally middle management), in order to limit the amount of damage they are capable of doing.
Contents
[hide]
1 Definition
2 Comparative principles
3 See also
4 References
5 Further reading
Definition[edit]
In the Dilbert strip of February 5, 1995, Dogbert says that "leadership is nature's way of removing morons from the productive flow". Adams himself explained,[1]
I wrote The Dilbert Principle around the concept that in many cases the least competent, least smart people are promoted, simply because they’re the ones you don't want doing actual work. You want them ordering the doughnuts and yelling at people for not doing their assignments—you know, the easy work. Your heart surgeons and your computer programmers—your smart people—aren’t in management. That principle was literally happening everywhere.
Adams explained the principle in a 1995 Wall Street Journal article.[2] Adams then expanded his study of the Dilbert principle in a 1996 book of the same name, which is required or recommended reading at some management and business programs.[3][4][5][6] In the book, Adams writes that, in terms of effectiveness, use of the Dilbert principle is akin to a band of gorillas choosing an alpha-squirrel to lead them. The book has sold more than a million copies and was on the New York Times bestseller list for 43 weeks.
Adams' presentation of the principle is satirical—facetious but also addressing a real-world concern.
Comparative principles[edit]
The Dilbert principle is comparable to the Peter principle. As opposed to the Dilbert principle, the Peter principle assumes that people are promoted because they are competent, and that the tasks higher up in the hierarchy require skills or talents they do not possess. It concludes that due to this, a competent employee will eventually be promoted to, and then remain at, a position at which he or she is incompetent. In his book, The Peter Principle, Laurence J. Peter explains "percussive sublimation", the act of kicking a person upstairs (i.e., promoting him to management) to get him out of the way of productive employees.
The Dilbert principle, by contrast, assumes that hierarchy just serves as a means for removing the incompetent to "higher" positions where they will be unable to cause damage to the workflow, assuming that the upper echelons of an organization have little relevance to its actual production, and that the majority of real, productive work in a company is done by people lower in the power ladder. Unlike the Peter principle, the promoted individuals were not particularly good at any job they previously held, so placing them in a supervisory position is a way to quietly remove them from the workforce without actually firing them, rather than a reward for meritorious service. An earlier formulation of this effect was known as Putt's Law.
See also[edit]
Putt's Law
Negative selection (politics)
Peter principle
References[edit]
Listen to this article (info/dl)

This audio file was created from a revision of the article "Dilbert principle" dated 2005-06-26, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)
More spoken articles
Jump up ^ "Funny Business" (PDF). BizEd. November–December 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 6, 2009. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
Jump up ^ Adams, Scott. "Manager's journal: The Dilbert principle." Wall Street Journal [New York, N.Y.] 22 May 1995, Eastern edition: A12. Wall Street Journal.
Jump up ^ "Project Management Case Studies" (PDF). Haas School of Business. University of California, Berkeley. 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 13, 2012. Retrieved October 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Readings for CSCI 3308 - Software Engineering Methods and Tools". University of Colorado Boulder. March 16, 2001. Archived from the original on September 22, 2006. Retrieved October 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Syllabus - SW Project Mgt - CSE5315 - 1998". Archived from the original on February 20, 2003. Retrieved 2010-02-09.
Jump up ^ "EM 501 Management of Organizations". Washington State University. 2000. Archived from the original on February 9, 2010. Retrieved October 17, 2015.
Further reading[edit]
The Dilbert Principle by Scott Adams, HarperBusiness (1996) ISBN 0-88730-858-9.
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Chief financial officer
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"CFO" redirects here. For other uses, see CFO (disambiguation).
The chief financial officer (CFO) or chief financial and operating officer (CFOO) is a corporate officer primarily responsible for managing the financial risks of the corporation. This officer is also responsible for financial planning and record-keeping, as well as financial reporting to higher management. In some sectors the CFO is also responsible for analysis of data. The title is equivalent to finance director (FD), a common title in the United Kingdom. The CFO typically reports to the chief executive officer and to the board of directors, and may additionally sit on the board. The CFO supervises the finance unit and is the chief financial spokesperson for the organization. The CFO reports directly to the president/chief executive officer (CEO) and directly assists the chief operating officer (COO) on all strategic and tactical matters as they relate to budget management, cost–benefit analysis, forecasting needs and the securing of new funding.
Contents
[hide]
1 Qualification
2 Federal government of the United States
3 Changing role
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Qualification[edit]
Most CFOs of large companies have finance qualifications such as a Master of Business Administration, Master of Science, or come from an accounting background such as a Certified Public Accountant. A finance department would usually contain some accountants with Certified Public Accountant, Chartered Accountant, Certified Management Accountant, Chartered Certified Accountant, or equivalent status such as master of finance.
Federal government of the United States[edit]
The federal government of the United States has incorporated more elements of business-sector practices in its management approaches, including the use of the CFO position (alongside, for example, an increased use of the chief information officer post, within public agencies).
The Chief Financial Officers Act, enacted in 1990, created a chief financial officer in each of 23 federal agencies. This was intended to improve the government's financial management and develop standards of financial performance and disclosure. The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) holds primary responsibility for financial management standardization and improvement. Within OMB, the Deputy Director for Management, a position established by the CFO Act, is the chief official responsible for financial management.
The Office of Federal Financial Management (OFFM) is specifically charged with overseeing financial management matters, establishing financial management policies and requirements, and monitoring the establishment and operation of federal financial management systems. OFFM is led by a controller.
The CFO Act also established the CFO Council, chair by the OMB Deputy Director for Management and including the CFOs and Deputy CFOs of 23 federal agencies, the OFFM controller, and the Fiscal Assistant Secretary, the head of the Office of Fiscal Service of the Department of the Treasury. Its mandate is to work collaboratively to improve financial management in the U.S. government and "advise and coordinate the activities of the agencies of its members" in the areas of financial management and accountability.
OMB Circular A-123 (issued 21 December 2004) defines the management responsibilities for internal financial controls in federal agencies and addressed to all federal CFOs, CIOs and Program Managers. The circular is a re-examination of the existing internal control requirements for federal agencies and was initiated in light of the new internal control requirements for publicly traded companies contained in the Sarbanes–Oxley Act of 2002.
While significant progress in improving federal financial management has been made since the federal government began preparing consolidated financial statements, the Government Accountability Office (GAO) reported that "major impediments continue to prevent [GAO] from rendering an opinion."[1] In December 2006, the GAO announced that for the 10th consecutive year, the GAO was prevented from expressing an opinion on the consolidated financial statements of the government due to a number of material weaknesses related to financial systems, fundamental recordkeeping, and financial reporting.
At the same time, in calendar year 2007, the CFOC announced that for the second consecutive year, every major federal agency completed its Performance and Accountability Report just 45 days after the end of the fiscal year (2006).
Changing role[edit]
In recent years, the role of the CFO has evolved significantly. Traditionally being viewed as a financial gatekeeper, the role of the CFO has expanded and evolved to a strategic partner and advisor to the CEO. In fact, in a report released by McKinsey, 88 percent of 164 CFOs surveyed reported that CEOs expect them to be more active participants in shaping the strategy of their organizations. Half of them also indicated that CEOs counted on them to challenge the company’s strategy.[2] However a 2016 survey of CFOs suggests that their new role has been overhyped with 52% of CFOs still finding themselves bogged down in the basics of traditional accounting practices such as transaction reporting and unable to make time for business partnering.[3] The rise of digital technologies and a focus on data analytics to support decision making impacting almost every industry and organisation will only add more pressure for CFOs to address this tension on finding the time to make the time to meet the expectations of their C-Suite colleagues. Many organisations have embarked on the journey to help achieve this by creating a finance function based on four distinct pillars - An Accounting organisation structured as a shared service, an FP&A organisation responsible to drive financial planning processes as well as driving increased insight into financial and non financial KPIs that drive business performance, a Finance Business Partnering organisation that supports the leadership of divisions, regions, functions to drive performance improvement and, last but not least, expertise centres around the areas of Tax, Treasury, Internal Audit, M&A etc.
According to one source, "The CFO of tomorrow should be a big-picture thinker, rather than detail-oriented, outspoken rather than reserved, prefer to delegate rather than be hands-on, emphasize what gets done rather than how things are done, and make collaborative rather than unilateral decisions. The CFO must serve as the financial authority in the organization, ensuring the integrity of fiscal data and modeling transparency and accountability. The CFO is as much a part of governance and oversight as the Chief Executive Officer (CEO), playing a fundamental role in the development and critique of strategic choices. The CFO is now expected to be a key player in stockholder education[4] and communication and is clearly seen as a leader and team builder who sets the financial agenda for the organization, supports the CEO directly and provides timely advice to the board of directors."[5]
The uneven pace of recovery worldwide has made it more challenging for many companies. CFOs are increasingly playing a more critical role in shaping their company’s strategies today, especially in light of the highly uncertain macroeconomic environments, where managing financial volatilities is becoming a centerpiece for many companies' strategies, based on a survey held by Clariden Global.[6] CFOs are increasingly being relied upon as the owners of business information, reporting and financial data within organizations and assisting in decision support operations to enable the company to operate more effectively and efficiently.
The duties of a modern CFO now straddle the traditional areas of financial stewardship and the more progressive areas of strategic and business leadership with direct responsibility and oversight of operations (which often includes procurement) expanding exponentially.[7] This significant role-based transformation, which is well underway, is best-evidenced by the "CEO-in-Waiting" status that many CFOs now hold. Additionally, many CFOs have made the realization that an operating environment that values cash, profit margins, and risk mitigation is one that plays to the primary skills and capabilities of a procurement organization, and become increasingly involved (directly via oversight or indirectly through improved collaboration) with the procurement function according to a recent research report that looks at the CFO's relationship with procurement.[8] With time, the rising economic issues and complexities faced by the businesses, have warranted the need for full-time finance officers in companies. [9] However, because of the high costs associated with hiring a full time CFO, the concept of Virtual CFO has gradually increased in popularity. For this reason, many Companies like vcfo have started to offer virtual, affordable solutions that can help businesses making better strategic, financial and operational decisions.[10]
See also[edit]
Virtual CFO
Treasurer
Auditor general
Comptroller
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "GAO: U.S. Financial Statements Receive Disclaimer of Opinion For 10th Straight Year" (PDF). Gao.gov. Retrieved 21 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "McKinsey on Finance. No. 27, Spring 2008". McKinsey.com. Retrieved 1 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Future of the Finance Function Survey 2016". FSN Research. Retrieved 25 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Maureen O'Connell, Scholastic Inc. (28 October 2014). "How CFO's Can Turn Stakeholders Into Allies - By Maureen O'Connell". Slideshare.net. Retrieved 21 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "What Board expects from CFO". TopFinanceProfessionals.com. Retrieved 7 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Clariden Global". Claridenglobal.com. Retrieved 21 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Thomson, Jeff. "Why CFOs Need To Be Chief Future Officers". Forbes.com. Retrieved 21 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "The CFO and the CPO: One World, Two Worldviews Chief Financial Officer (CFO) and Chief Procurement Officer (CPO)". Ardentpartners.com. Retrieved 21 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Virtual CFOs gain popularity". People Matters.
Jump up ^ "Finance Solutions". vcfo. Retrieved 15 December 2017.
External links[edit]
5 KPIs that Every CFO, Controller and Finance Manager Should Know
Top 5 Challenges that CFOs are Facing Today
Essential Words for a CFO’s Dictionary
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List of modern conflicts in the Middle East
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about modern conflicts in the Middle East. For ancient conflicts, see List of conflicts in the Near East.
Middle East
Countries (2013)
Bahrain, Cyprus, Egypt, Iran, Iraq (Iraqi Kurdistan), Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, North Cyprus*, Oman, Palestine*, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria (Rojava), Turkey, United Arab Emirates, Yemen
This is a list of modern conflicts in the Middle East ensuing in the geographic and political region known as the Middle East. The "Middle East" is traditionally defined as the Fertile Crescent (Mesopotamia), Levant, and the Delta of the Nile and neighboring areas of Arabia, Anatolia and Iran. It currently encompasses the area from Egypt, Turkey and Cyprus in the west to Iran and the Persian Gulf in the east,[1] and from Turkey and Iran in the north, to Yemen and Oman in the south.
Conflicts are separate incidents with at least 100 casualties, and are listed by total deaths, including sub-conflicts.[2]
The term "modern" refers to the post-Ottoman period, in other words, since 1918.
Contents
[hide]
1 List of conflicts
2 Casualties breakdown
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
List of conflicts[edit]
Date
Conflict
Location
Casualties
1902–1932 Unification of Saudi Arabia [a] Emirate of Riyadh
Kingdom of Hejaz
Kuwaiti Emirate,
Sultanate of Nejd,
Emirate of Transjordan,
Mandatory Iraq
Kingdom of Nejd and Hejaz 8,000–9,000
1914–1918 Middle Eastern theatre of World War I Persia
Sultanate of Egypt
Emirate of Nejd and Hasa
Emirate of Jabal Shammar
Sheikhdom of Kuwait
Sultanate of Lahej
Ottoman Empire
Armenia
Azerbaijan 2,825,000[3][4][5]–5,000,000[6] (Ottoman Empire deaths including civilians). 1,000,000–1,500,000[citation needed] (Allied killed, wounded, captured or missing)
1918–1922 Simko Shikak revolt[7] Persia 1,000–5,500
1919 Egyptian Revolution of 1919[8] Sultanate of Egypt 3,000
1919–1923 Turkish War of Independence [b] Ottoman Empire
Greece
Armenia
Soviet Union 170,500–873,000
1919–2003 Iraqi-Kurdish conflict [c]

Iraq
Kingdom of Kurdistan 139,000–320,000 killed
1920 Franco-Syrian War Arab Kingdom of Syria
OETA 5,000
1920 Iraqi revolt against the British[9][10] Mandatory Iraq 2,050–9,000
1921–1948[l] Sectarian conflict in Mandatory Palestine Mandatory Palestine 7,813
1923 Adwan Rebellion Transjordan 100
1924–1927 Great Syrian Revolt (Druze War)[11] Greater Lebanon
State of Syria
Jabal Druze
Alawite State 8,000–12,000
1925 Sheikh Said rebellion.[12] Turkey 15,000–250,500
1930 Ararat rebellion[13][14][15][16][17] Turkey
Republic of Ararat 4,500–47,000
1933 Simele massacre[18] Kingdom of Iraq 3,000
1934 Saudi-Yemeni War[19] Saudi Arabia
Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen 2,100
1935 Imam Reza shrine rebellion[20] Iran 151
1935–1936 1935–36 Iraqi Shia revolts Iraq 500
1935 1935 Yazidi revolt[18] Iraq 200
1937 Dersim Rebellion[21][22] Turkey 40,000–70,000
1939–1945 World War II (including the Anglo-Iraqi War, the Syria–Lebanon Campaign, and the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran) Iraq
Iran
French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon
Mandatory Palestine ≈16,000
1946 Egyptian Student Riots[23][24] Egypt 100–300
1946 Iran crisis of 1946[2][12][e] Iran
Republic of Mahabad
Azerbaijan People's Government 2,000
1947– Arab–Israeli conflict[f] Egypt
All-Palestine Government
Egypt
United Arab Republic
Syrian Republic
Ba'athist Syria
Jordan
Lebanon
Israel
Palestinian Authority 73,000–84,000
1948 Alwaziri coup[2] Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen 4,000–5,000
1948 Al-Wathbah uprising Iraq 300–400
1952 Egyptian Revolution of 1952[2] Egypt 1,000
1953 1953 Iranian coup d'état[2][12][25] Iran 300–800
1954–1960 Jebel Akhdar War[12] Sultanate of Muscat and Oman 100–523
1955–1963 Cypriot intercommunal violence[26][27] Cyprus 400–600
1956–1960 Yemeni-Adenese clan violence[2] Aden 1,000
1958 1958 Lebanon Crisis[2][8][27] Lebanon 1,300–4,000
1958 1958 Iraqi Revolution[2] Arab Federation 100
1959 1959 Mosul uprising[2] Iraqi Republic 2,000–4,000
1962–1970 North Yemen Civil War[28][29][g] North Yemen
Saudi Arabia
Egypt 100,000–200,000
1962–1975 Dhofar Rebellion[12] Oman 10,000
1963 1963 Riots in Iran[12] Iran 100
1963 February 1963 Ba'athist Iraqi coup[30] Iraq 1,000
1963 8th of March Syrian Revolution[31] United Arab Republic
Syria 820
1963–1967 Aden Emergency[32] Federation of South Arabia
South Yemen 2,096
1963 November 1963 Iraqi coup [30] Iraq 250
1964 1964 Hama riot[33][34] Syria 70–100
1966 1966 neo-Ba'athist coup d'état in Syria[12] Syria 400
1970–1971 Black September[27] Jordan 2,000–25,000
1974 Turkish invasion of Cyprus[19][35] Cyprus 1,500–5,000
1975–1990 Lebanese Civil War[36][h] Lebanon 150,000
1976–1979 Political violence in Turkey, 1970s[37][38][39] Turkey 5,000–5,388
1978- Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978-present)[40] Turkey
Iraqi Kurdistan
Iraq 30,000–100,000
1979 Iranian Revolution[41][42] Iran 3,164–60,000
1979–1980 Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution [i] Iran 10,171
1979–1983 Saudi Eastern Province unrest[43] Saudi Arabia 182–219
1979 Grand Mosque Seizure[44] Saudi Arabia 307
1979-1982 Islamist uprising in Syria Syria 40,000+
1980 1980 Turkish coup d'état[45][46] Turkey 127–550
1980 Sadr uprising[47] Iraq 1,000–30,000
1980–1988 Iran–Iraq War[19][48][j] Iran
Iraq
Kuwait 1,000,000–1,250,000
1986 South Yemen Civil War[49] South Yemen 5,000–12,000
1986 1986 Egyptian Conscription Riot[50] Egypt 107
1986 1986 Damascus bombings[51] Syria 204
1987 Iranian pilgrim riot (Mecca massacre)[52] Saudi Arabia 402
1987–1988 ANO Executions Lebanon
Syria 170
1989–1996 KDPI insurgency (1989–96) Iran 168-503
1990–1991 Gulf War[36] Iraq
Kuwait
Saudi Arabia 40,000–57,000
1991 1991 uprisings in Iraq[47][53] Iraq 50,000–100,000
1994 1994 civil war in Yemen Yemen 7,000–10,000
1995– Islamic Insurgency in Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia 300
1998 Operation Desert Fox[26][27] (Iraqi no-fly zones) Iraq 2,000
1999 1999 Shia uprising in Iraq[12][54] Iraq 100–200
2003–2011 Iraq War[55][56][57][58][59][60][k] Ba'athist Iraq
Iraq 109,032–650,726
See also: Casualties of the Iraq War
2004 Qamishli massacre (2004)[61][62] Syria 30–100
2004–2014 Shia insurgency in Yemen[63][64][65] Saudi Arabia
Yemen 8,500–25,000
2004–2015 Iran–PJAK conflict[66] Iran
Iraqi Kurdistan 588–747
2006– Fatah–Hamas conflict[67][68] Palestinian Authority
Gaza Strip 600+
2006– Iran-Israel proxy conflict Lebanon
Israel ~2000
2007 Nahr al-Bared fighting Lebanon 480
2008 2008 Lebanon conflict Lebanon 105
2009–2015 South Yemen Insurgency[69] Yemen 2,100+
2009–2010 Iranian election protests[70] Iran 72–150
2010–2015 Yemeni al-Qaeda crackdown[71][72] Yemen 3,000+
2011 2011 Bahraini uprising Bahrain
Saudi Arabia 100+
2011-2014 Egyptian crisis (2011–14)[m] Egypt 5,540+
2011– Yemeni Crisis (2011–present) Yemen 9,000+
2011– Syrian Civil War[n] Syria 250,000-470,000+
2011– Syrian Civil War spillover in Lebanon Lebanon ~800
2011– Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict Saudi Arabia
Iran
2014- Iraq War[n] Iraq 73,361+
2015- Yemeni Civil War Yemen
Saudi Arabia 10,000+
2016– 2016 West Iran clashes Iran
Iraqi Kurdistan 74-156
15–16 July 2016 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt Turkey 270-350
2017- Third Iraqi-Kurdish War Iraq 31+
Casualties breakdown[edit]
[a].^ Unification of Saudi Arabia (combined casualties 7,989–8,989+)
Battle of Riyadh (1902) – 37 killed.
Battle of Dilam (1903) – 410 killed.
Saudi–Rashidi War (1903–1907) – 2,300+ killed.
Annexation of Al-Hasa and Qatif (1913) – unknown.
Battle of Jarrab (1915) – unknown.
Battle of Kanzaan (1915) – unknown.
First Nejd-Hejaz War 1918–1919 – 1,392 killed[12]
Kuwait-Najd Border War (1921) – 200[12]–800 killed.
1921 Ikhwan raid on Iraq – 700 killed.
Conquest of Ha'il – unknown.
Ikhwan raids on Transjordan 1922–1924 – 500[73]-1,500 killed.
Second Nejd-Hejaz War (1924–1925) – 450 killed.[12]
Ikhwan Revolt (1927–1930) – 2,000 killed.[12]
[b].^ Turkish War of Independence (combined figure 170,500–873,000+):
Greco-Turkish War – 70,000[citation needed]–400,000 casualties[36][verification needed]
Franco-Turkish War – 40,000 casualties.[citation needed]
Turkish–Armenian War – 60,000–432,500 casualties.[74]
Koçkiri Rebellion – 500 killed.[citation needed]
Revolt of Ahmet Anzavur – unknown.
Kuva-i Inzibatiye revolt – unknown.
[c].^ Iraqi–Kurdish conflict (combined casualty figure 138,800-320,100) of:
Mahmud Barzanji revolts – unknown.
Ahmad Barzanji revolt (1931) – unknown.
1943 Iraqi Kurdish revolt (1943) – unknown.
First Kurdish-Iraqi War (1961–1970) – 75,000–105,000 killed.[28][36]
Second Kurdish-Iraqi War (1974–1975) – 9,000 killed.[75]
PUK insurgency (1976–1978) – 800 killed.
Iraqi Kurdish uprising (1982–1988) – 50,000–198,000 killed.
1991 Uprising in As Sulaymaniyah – 700–2,000 killed.
Iraqi Kurdish Civil War (1994–1997) – 3,000[76]–5,000 killed.
2003 invasion of Iraq – several hundred killed (~300) on the Kurdish front, at least 24 Peshmerga killed.
[d].^ World War II (combined casualty figure 12,338-14,898+) of:
Anglo-Iraqi War – at least 560 killed.[77][78]
Farhud 175–780 killed.
Syria–Lebanon Campaign 10,404–12,964 killed.
Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 100[12] – 1,062 killed.
Bombing of Palestine in World War II 137 deaths.[79]
Bombing of Bahrain in World War II – unknown.
[e].^ Iran crisis of 1946 (combined casualty figure 1,921+):
Azerbaijan People's Republic crisis – 421 killed.[80]
Republic of Mahabad crisis – ~1,000 killed.[citation needed]
Civil interregnum – 500 killed.[81]
[f].^ Arab–Israeli conflict (combined casualty figure 76,338–87,338+):
Israeli–Palestinian conflict (1948–present) – 23,000 killed
Fedayeen insurgency and Retribution Operations (1950s) – 3,456 casualties
Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon - 2,600-20,000 killed
First Intifada – 2,000 killed
Second Intifada – 7,000 killed
Gaza–Israel conflict – 3,500+ killed
Arab–Israeli War (1948–1949) – 14,400 casualties.
Suez War (1956) – 3,203 killed.
Six-Day War (1967) – 13,976 killed.
War of Attrition (1967–1970) – 6,403 killed.
[Yom Kippur War (1973) 10,000–21,000.[82]
Second Lebanon War – 1,900 killed.
[g].^ North Yemen Civil War (combined 100,000–200,000 casualties):
1962 Coup d'état
Ramadan offensive
Haradh offensive
1965 Royalist offensive
Siege of Sana'a (1967)
[h].^ Lebanese Civil War (combined 39,132–43,970+ mortal casualties):
Bus massacre – 27 killed.
Hundred Days' War – 160 killed.
Karantina massacre – 1,000–1,500 killed.
Damour massacre – 684 killed.
Battle of the Hotels – 700 killed.
Black Saturday (Lebanon) – 200–600 killed.
Tel al-Zaatar massacre – 1,778–3,278 killed.
1982 Lebanon War – 28,280 killed.
Sabra and Shatila massacre – 762–3,500 killed.
War of the Camps (1986–1987) – 3,781 killed.
Mountain War – 1,600 killed.
War of Liberation (1989–1990) – unknown.
October 13 massacre – 500–700 killed, 260 civilians massacred.
[i].^ Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution (combined fatalities count 12,000):
1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran – 10,171+ killed and executed.[83][84]
1979 Khuzestan uprising – 112+ killed.
1979 Khorasan uprising – unknown.
1979 Azeri uprising – unknown.
1979 Baluchistan uprising – 50 killed.
Iran hostage crisis – 9 killed.
1979–1980 Tehran clashes – unknown.
[j].^ Iran–Iraq War (combined death count 645,000–823,000+):
Iraqi invasion 1980
Mujahedin al-Halq uprising 1981–1982
Liberation of Khorramshahr 1982 – 17,000 killed
Operation Undeniable Victory 1982 – 50,000 mortal casualties
Operation Ramadan 1982 – 80,000 killed
Kurdish Rebellion 1983–1988 (including the Al-Anfal Campaign) 50,000–198,000 killed
Operation Before the Dawn 1983 – 6,000+ killed
Operation Dawn 3 – 162,000 killed
Operation Dawn 5 1984 – 50,000 killed
Operation Dawn 6 1984 – unknown
Operation Khaibar 1984 – 49,000 killed
Tanker War 1984
Operation Badr (1985) – 30,000–32,000
War of the Cities 1985–1987
Operation Dawn-8 1986 – unknown
Operation Karbala-4 1986 – 15,000 killed
Operation Karbala-5 – 85,000 killed
Operation Nasr 4 – unknown
Operation Karbala-10 – unknown
Operation Mersad 1987 – 4,900 killed
1988 executions of Iranian political prisoners 2,000[85] – 30,000 executed
[k].^ Iraq War (combined casualty figure of 192,361–226,056+):
2003 invasion of Iraq – 35,000 killed
Iraqi insurgency (2003–06) – 15,000 killed
Civil war in Iraq 2006–2008 – 30,000–40,000 killed
Iraqi insurgency (2008–2011) – 5,000–10,000 killed
Withdrawal of U.S. troops from Iraq – ≈1,000 killed
Iraqi insurgency (post-U.S. withdrawal) - 54,000+ killed
Iraqi Civil War (2014–present) - 53,361-72,056 killed
[l].^ Sectarian conflict in Mandatory Palestine (combined casualties 7,813)
1921 Jaffa riots - 95 killed
1929 Palestine riots – 251 killed.[86][87]
1933 Palestine riots – 20 killed.[88]
Arab Revolt in Palestine – 5,000 killed.[26]
Jewish insurgency in Palestine (1944–47) – 338 British[89] and around 100 Palestinian Jews killed.
1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine – 2,009 killed by 1 April 1948.[90]
[m].^ Egyptian Crisis (combined casualties 5,000+)
Egyptian Revolution of 2011 - 846 killed
Sinai insurgency - 2,800+ killed
[n].^ Syrian Civil War (combined casualties 270-450,000)
Civil uprising phase of the Syrian Civil War -
Early insurgency phase of the Syrian Civil War -
Inter-rebel conflict during the Syrian Civil War - 5,641-6,991 killed
[o].^ Iran-Israel proxy conflict (combined casualties ~2,000)
2006 Lebanon War - 1641 killed
See also[edit]
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Ongoing military conflicts
Maps of ongoing conflicts
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ Maria T. O'Shea. Trapped Between the Map and Reality: Geography and Perceptions of Kurdistan. Routledge, 2004: p. 100 "Simultaneously, 1000 Christians were killed in Salmas, in a massacre instigated by Simko"
^ Jump up to: a b [1] "at least 3,000 Egyptians were killed ..."
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Jump up ^ The Formation of Modern Syria and Iraq, p. 208, at Google Books "... the British mentioned a proportion of 1 to 3, that is 2,050 killed and 6,150 wounded, while an Arab version speaks of 4,000 killed and 4,800 wounded."
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Jump up ^ Yusuf Mazhar, Cumhuriyet, 16 Temmuz 1930, … Zilan harekatında imha edilenlerin sayısı 15,000 kadardır. Zilan Deresi ağzına kadar ceset dolmuştur...
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^ Jump up to: a b "The purpose of this chapter is not to debate the extent of Assyrian civilian deaths at Summayl; the Assyrians claim 3000, while the British cite the figure as no greater than 300." [3]
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Jump up ^ Immortal: A Military History of Iran and Its Armed Forces, p. 140, at Google Books. 300 killed
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Jump up ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 2012-10-15. "Since 1965, the Libyan-backed Front for the Liberation of Occupied South Yemen and the National Liberation Front had unleashed brutal violence on British forces in the south. In the end, the conﬂict claimed some 200,000 lives."
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Jump up ^ Al-Jazeera http://english.aljazeera.net/news/europe/2010/09/2010913172313425174.html. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ John Pike. "Kurdistan – Kurdish Conflict". Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
Jump up ^ A Question of Numbers Web: IranianVoice.org 8 August 2003 Rouzegar-Now Cyrus Kadivar
Jump up ^ E. Baqi, `Figures for the Dead in the Revolution`, Emruz, 30 July 2003
Jump up ^ JAY PETERZELL (24 September 1990). "The Gulf: Shi'Ites: Poorer Cousins". Time. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
Jump up ^ Riyadh (10 January 1980). "63 Zealots beheaded for seizing Mosque". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved 12 November 2010.
Jump up ^ "Turkey tries to heal coup detat wounds". Today's Zaman. January 15, 2011. Retrieved December 9, 2015. During this coup 650,000 people were detained, prosecutors demanded the death penalty for 7,000 people, 517 were sentenced to death, and 50 were executed. A further 500 people died in prisons, some under suspicious circumstances, some during torture and others on hunger strikes. Sixteen prisoners were shot while attempting to escape. Official records say 74 others were killed during prison riots
Jump up ^ "Call to try Turkish coup leaders". Al Jazeera. Retrieved December 9, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Lawrence E. Cline. The Prospects of the Shia Insurgency Movement in Iraq. [5]
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Jump up ^ [6]
Jump up ^ K. McLachlan, Iran and the Continuing Crisis in the Persian Gulf. GeoJournal, Vol. 28, Issue 3, Nov. 1992, p. 359; "400 Die as Iranian Marchers Battle Saudi Police in Mecca; Embassies Smashed in Tehran". New York Times. August 2, 1987.
Jump up ^ [7] AlJazeera
Jump up ^ Matthew Duss and Peter Juul. The Fractured Shia of Iraq. Center for American Progress, January 2009. p.9.
Jump up ^ Gamel, Kim (14 April 2009). "AP Impact: Secret Tally Has 87,215 Iraqis Dead". Associated Press (via ABC News).
Jump up ^ Leigh, David (22 October 2010). "Iraq War Logs Reveal 15,000 Previously Unlisted Civilian Deaths — Leaked Pentagon Files Contain Records of More than 100,000 Fatalities Including 66,000 Civilians". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 November 2010.
Jump up ^ Rogers, Simon (23 October 2010). "Wikileaks Iraq: Data Journalism Maps Every Death — Data Journalism Allows Us To Really Interrogate the Wikileaks Iraq War Logs Release. Here Is the Statistical Breakdown — and Data for You To Download". Data Blog — Facts Are Sacred (blog on The Guardian). Retrieved 20 November 2010.
Jump up ^ "Iraq: The War Logs". The Guardian.
Jump up ^ Carlstrom, Gregg (22 October 2010; last modified 24 October 2010 (at 21 November 2010)). "WikiLeaks Releases Secret Iraq File — Al Jazeera Accesses 400,000 Secret US Military Documents, Which Reveal the Inside Story of the Iraq War". Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 21 November 2010.
Jump up ^ Staff writer (23 October 2010). "Iraq War Logs: What the Numbers Reveal". Iraq Body Count. Retrieved 20 November 2010.
Jump up ^ MidEastWeb. Kurdish agony – the forgotten massacre of Qamishlo. March 2004.[8] MidEastWeb
Jump up ^ "Kurdish unrest erupts in Syria". BBC News. 6 June 2005.
Jump up ^ "Bloody 2009". Yemen Post. 10 April 2010. Retrieved 1 February 2011. "The long ongoing war in Sa'ada that has killed over 8000 Yemenis in 2009 alone."
Jump up ^ Armed Conflicts Report – Yemen. Ploughshares.ca. [9] Archived 30 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine.. Retrieved 9 November 2009.
Jump up ^ [10] Huthi sources put the number of casualties at 25,000
Jump up ^ Mustafa Kibaroğlu,Ayșegül Kibaroğlu "Global Security Watch--Turkey: A Reference Handbook". Greenwood Publishing Group, 2009. ISBN 0-313-34560-0 p 161
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[12]
Jump up ^ "Chaos prevails as protesters, police clash in Iranian capital". CNN. 21 June 2009.
Jump up ^ Government casualties AlArabiya
Jump up ^ Al-Qaeda casualties: Fox News [13], New York Times [14], Washington Post [15], Ynet News [16]
Jump up ^ Noel Joseph Guckian. British Relations with Trans-Jordan, 1920–1930. University College of Wales, Aberystwyth. Ph.D Thesis: pp. 217–218. May 1985.
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Jump up ^ http://pards.org/2005/Iraq(Kurds)AtRisk).doc
Jump up ^ Jordi Tejel. Syria's Kurds: history, politics and society. 2009. p.156.
Jump up ^ "Habbaniya War Cemetery". Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Retrieved 12 August 2010.
Jump up ^ Wavell, p. 3438
Jump up ^ Maya Zamir, The Day of The bombing, Tel Aviv Magazine, 7 September 2007 (in Hebrew) Archived 12 January 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Nat. Arch. 891.00/1-1547, 15 January 1947. Touraj Atabaki, Azerbaijan: Ethnicity and the Struggle for Power in Iran. [Revised Edition of Azerbaijan, Ethnicity and Autonomy in the Twentieth-Century Iran] London: I.B.Tauris, 2000. pg 227. "A British source cited by the US Embassy in Tehran gives the number of killed Democrats as 421. The American Embass's report has been classified under wash."
Jump up ^ Tadeusz Swietochowski, Russia and Azerbaijan: A Borderland in Transition. New York: Columbia. University Press, 1995. p. 154. "Rossow conservatively estimated 500 killed during the lawless interregnum that preceded the coming of the Iranian troops. Hundreds of others were tried and jailed, and scores were hanged."
Jump up ^ "The Yom Kippur War". thenagain.info.
Jump up ^ "The History Guy". Retrieved 26 July 2010.
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Jump up ^ "Document – Iran: Violations of human rights 1987–1990 | Amnesty International". Amnesty.org. Retrieved 7 August 2014.
Jump up ^ Great Britain, 1930: Report of the Commission on the disturbances of August 1929, Command paper 3530 (Shaw Commission report), p. 65.
Jump up ^ NA 59/8/353/84/867n, 404 Wailing Wall/279 and 280, Archdale Diary and Palestinian Police records.
Jump up ^ "29 Oct 1933 – Riots in Palestine SEQUEL TO FORBIDDEN PROCESSIO". Trove.nla.gov.au. 29 October 1933. Retrieved 7 August 2014.
Jump up ^ Benjamin Grob-Fitzgibbon: Imperial Endgame: Britain's Dirty Wars and the End of Empire, p. 100
Jump up ^ Yoav Gelber (2006), p.85
External links[edit]
U.S. Involvement in Middle Eastern Conflicts from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives
Geopolitical perspective of a "new era" in the Middle East
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Gulf War (1990–1991)
1991 uprisings in Iraq
Terror campaign in Egypt (1990s)
Yemeni Civil War (1994)
Islamic insurgency in Saudi Arabia (2000–present)
Operation Desert Fox
al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen
1999 Shia uprising in Iraq
2000s
Iraq War
Balochi insurgency in Iran
2004 al-Qamishli riots
Houthi insurgency in Yemen
Iran–Israel proxy conflict
2006 Lebanon conflict
Fatah–Hamas conflict
Nahr al-Bared fighting
2008 conflict in Lebanon
South Yemen insurgency
2009–10 Iranian election protests
2010s
Bahraini uprising
Egyptian Crisis
Sinai insurgency
Insurgency in Egypt (2013–present)
Syrian Civil War
Syrian War spillover in Lebanon
Iraqi insurgency (2011–13)
Iraqi Civil War (2014–present)
Yemeni Crisis
This list includes post-Ottoman conflicts (after 1918) of at least 100 fatalities each
Prolonged conflicts are listed in the decade when initiated; ongoing conflicts are marked italic and conflict with +100,000 killed with bold.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_modern_conflicts_in_the_Middle_East&oldid=805961537"
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