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2026 FIFA World Cup
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2026 FIFA World Cup
FIFA World Cup United 2026
Copa Mundial de la FIFA Unidos 2026
Coupe du Monde de la FIFA - Unis 2026
Bid logo
Tournament details
Host countries
United States
Canada
Mexico
Dates
June–July
Teams
48 (from 6 confederations)
Venue(s)
16 (in 16 host cities)
← 2022
2030 →
The 2026 FIFA World Cup (Spanish: Copa mundial de la FIFA de 2026; French: Coupe du monde de la FIFA de 2026) will be the 23rd FIFA World Cup, the quadrennial international men's football championship contested by the national teams of the member associations of FIFA. The tournament will be jointly hosted by 16 cities in three North American countries; 60 matches, including the quarterfinals, semi-finals, and the final, will be hosted by the United States while neighboring Canada and Mexico will each host 10 matches. The tournament will be the first hosted by three nations.[1][2]
The United 2026 bid beat a rival bid by Morocco during a final vote at the 68th FIFA Congress in Moscow. It will be the first World Cup since South Korea/Japan in 2002 that will be hosted by more than one nation. With its past hosting of the 1970 and 1986 tournaments, Mexico will also become the first country to host all or part of three men's World Cups.
The 2026 World Cup will also see the tournament expanded from 32 to 48 teams.[3]
Contents
1 Format
1.1 Slot allocation
1.1.1 Playoff tournament
1.2 Host selection
1.2.1 Voting
2 Qualification
3 Candidate cities and venues
3.1 Canada
3.2 Mexico
3.3 United States
4 Controversies
5 Broadcasting rights
6 References
Format[edit]
Michel Platini, who was then the UEFA president, had suggested in October 2013 an expansion of the tournament to 40 teams,[4][5] an idea that FIFA president Gianni Infantino also suggested in March 2016.[6] A desire to increase the number of participants in the tournament from the previous 32 team format was announced on October 4, 2016. Four expansion options were considered:[7][8][9][10]
Expand to 40 teams (8 groups of 5 teams) – 88 matches
Expand to 40 teams (10 groups of 4 teams) – 76 matches
Expand to 48 teams (opening 32-team playoff round) – 80 matches
Expand to 48 teams (16 groups of 3 teams) – 80 matches
On January 10, 2017, the FIFA Council voted unanimously to expand to a 48-team tournament.[3]
The tournament will open with a group stage consisting of 16 groups of three teams, with the top two teams progressing from each group to a knockout tournament starting with a round of 32 teams.[11] The number of games played overall will increase from 64 to 80, but the number of games played by finalists remains at seven, the same as with 32 teams, but one group match will be replaced by a knockout match. The tournament will also be completed within 32 days, the same as previous 32-team tournaments.[12]
The European Club Association and its member clubs opposed the proposal for expansion, saying that the number of games was already at an "unacceptable" level and they urged the governing body to reconsider its idea of increasing the number of teams that qualify.[13] They contended that it was a decision taken for political reasons because Infantino would thus satisfy his electorate, rather than for sporting reasons.[14] Liga de Fútbol Profesional president Javier Tebas agreed, affirming the unacceptability of the new format. He told Marca that the football industry is maintained thanks to clubs and leagues, not FIFA, and that Infantino did politics because to be elected he promised more countries in the World Cup; he wanted to keep the electoral promises.[15] German national team coach Joachim Löw warned that expansion, as had occurred for Euro 2016, would dilute the value of the world tournament because players have already reached their physical and mental limit.[16] Another criticism of the new format is that with three-team groups, the risk of collusion between the two teams playing in the last round of the group stage will increase compared with four-team groups (where simultaneous kick-offs have been employed). One suggestion by president Infantino is that group matches that end in draws will be decided by penalty shootouts.[17]
Slot allocation[edit]
On March 30, 2017, the Bureau of the FIFA Council (composed of the FIFA president and the presidents of each of the six confederations) proposed a slot allocation for the 2026 FIFA World Cup. The recommendation was submitted for the ratification by the FIFA Council.[18][19]
On May 9, 2017, two days before the 67th FIFA Congress, the FIFA Council approved the slot allocation in a meeting in Manama, Bahrain. It includes an intercontinental playoff tournament involving six teams to decide the last two FIFA World Cup berths.[20]
Confederation
FIFA eligible members
Places in finals
(including hosts)
Percentage of members
with places in finals
Places before 2026
(excluding hosts,
including half-places)
AFC 46 8 17% 4.5
CAF 54 9 17% 5
CONCACAF 35 6 17% 3.5
CONMEBOL 10 6 60% 4.5
OFC 11 1 9% 0.5
UEFA 55 16 29% 13
Playoff – 2 33% –
Total
211
48
23%
31 (+ hosts)
The issue of how to allocate automatic host country qualification given that there are multiple host countries has not yet been resolved and will be decided by the FIFA council.[18][20][21] The United bid anticipated all three host countries being awarded automatic places.[22]
The ratification of slot allocation gives OFC a guaranteed berth in the final tournament for the first time in FIFA World Cup history. The 2026 FIFA World Cup will be the first tournament in which all six confederations have guaranteed berths.
Playoff tournament[edit]
A playoff tournament involving six teams will be held to decide the last two FIFA World Cup berths,[18] consisting of one team per confederation (except for UEFA) and one additional team from the confederation of the host country (i.e. CONCACAF).
Two of the teams will be seeded based on the FIFA World Rankings, and the seeded teams will play for a FIFA World Cup berth against the winners of the first two knockout games involving the four unseeded teams.
The tournament is to be played in the host country(ies) and to be used as a test event for the FIFA World Cup. The existing playoff window of November 2025 has been suggested as a tentative date for the 2026 edition.
Host selection[edit]
Main articles: Morocco 2026 FIFA World Cup bid and United 2026 FIFA World Cup bid
Map of the World with the six confederations
The FIFA Council went back and forth between 2013 and 2017 on limitations within hosting rotation based on the continental confederations. Originally, it was set that bids to be host would not be allowed from countries belonging to confederations that hosted the two preceding tournaments. It was temporarily changed to only prohibit countries belonging to the confederation that hosted the previous World Cup from bidding to host the following tournament,[23] before the rule was changed back to its prior state of two World Cups. However, the FIFA Council did make an exception to potentially grant eligibility to member associations of the confederation of the second-to-last host of the FIFA World Cup in the event that none of the received bids fulfill the strict technical and financial requirements.[24][25] In March 2017, FIFA president Gianni Infantino confirmed that "Europe (UEFA) and Asia (AFC) are excluded from the bidding following the selection of Russia and Qatar in 2018 and 2022 respectively."[26] Therefore, the 2026 World Cup could be hosted by one of the remaining four confederations: CONCACAF (North America; last hosted in 1994), CAF (Africa; last hosted in 2010), CONMEBOL (South America; last hosted in 2014), or OFC (Oceania, never hosted before), or potentially by UEFA in case no bid from those four met the requirements.
After the selection, the map of world cup hosts stayed like this. Remember that some city locations may be wrong
Co-hosting the FIFA World Cup—which had been banned by FIFA after the 2002 World Cup—was approved for the 2026 World Cup, though not limited to a specific number but instead evaluated on a case-by-case basis. Also by 2026, the FIFA general secretariat, after consultation with the Competitions Committee, will have the power to exclude bidders who do not meet the minimum technical requirements to host the competition.[24]
Canada, Mexico and the United States had all publicly considered bidding for the tournament separately, but the United joint bid was announced on April 10, 2017. The United bid contacted 48 venues in 43 cities (3 venues in 3 cities in Mexico, 8 venues in 6 cities in Canada and 37 venues in 34 cities in the United States). This bid was ultimately cut down to 23 venues in 23 cities (3 in Canada, 3 in Mexico and 17 in the United States; the American venues will be cut down to 10 for a total of 16 venues for the tournament). Morocco announced its bid in August 2017, and had 14 proposed venues in 12 cities.
Voting results:
Allowed to vote
Banned from voting
Voted for United bid
Canada/Mexico/United States
Voted for Moroccan bid
Morocco
Voted for neither
Sanctioned by FIFA
Abstained from voting
Not a FIFA member
Voting[edit]
Main article: 2026 FIFA World Cup bids
The voting took place on June 13, 2018, during FIFA's annual congress in Moscow, and it was reopened to all eligible members.[27] The United bid won receiving 134 valid ballots, while the Morocco bid received 65 valid ballots. Upon the selection, Canada becomes the fifth country to host both men's and women's World Cup—the latter was in 2015, Mexico becomes the first country to host three men's World Cups—previously in 1970 and 1986, and the United States becomes the first country to host both men's and women's World Cup twice each—having hosted the 1994 men's and the 1999 and 2003 women's World Cups.
Qualification[edit]
The 2026 World Cup's qualification process has yet to be decided. The FIFA Council is expected to decide which hosts, if any, will receive automatic qualifications to the tournament.[18][20][21] The United Bid personnel anticipated that all three host countries would be awarded automatic places.[22]
CAF (Africa): 9 slots
AFC (Asia): 8 slots
UEFA (Europe): 16 slots
CONCACAF (North and Central America and Caribbean): 3 slots
OFC (Oceania): 1 slot
CONMEBOL (South America): 6 slots
Playoff: 2 slots
Candidate cities and venues[edit]
During the bidding process, there were 49 venues in 43 cities contacted to be part of the bid. 41 cities with 45 venues responded and submitted to be part of the bid (3 venues in 3 cities in Mexico, 8 venues in 6 cities in Canada and 38 venues in 34 cities in the United States). A first round elimination cut 9 venues and 9 cities, then a second round elimination cut 9 venues in 6 cities, reducing the total number to 23 venues, each in their own city or metropolitan area. The 23 candidate cities and venues will be narrowed down to 16 in 2020 or 2021 (3 in Canada, 3 in Mexico, and 10 in the United States):
A denotes a stadium used for previous men's World Cup tournaments (United States and Mexico only)
A denotes an indoor stadium with a fixed or retractable roof.
Canada[edit]
Montreal[28]
Edmonton[28]
Toronto[28]
Olympic Stadium Commonwealth Stadium BMO Field
Capacity: 61,004
(Bid book capacity: 55,822)
(Expandable to 73,000) Capacity: 56,302
(Bid book capacity: 56,418) Capacity: 30,000
(Expanding to 45,500 for tournament)
Edmonton
Montreal
Toronto
Canadian candidate cities
Mexico[edit]
Mexico City[28]
Monterrey[28]
Guadalajara[28]
Estadio Azteca Estadio BBVA Bancomer Estadio Akron
Capacity: 87,523 Capacity: 53,500
(Bid book capacity: 53,460) Capacity: 46,232
(Bid book capacity: 48,071)
Mexico City
Monterrey
Guadalajara
Mexican candidate cities
United States[edit]
Los Angeles[28]
New York City[28]
Washington, D.C.[28]
Dallas[28]
Rose Bowl
(Pasadena, California) MetLife Stadium
(East Rutherford, New Jersey) FedExField
(Landover, Maryland) AT&T Stadium
(Arlington, Texas)
Capacity: 92,000
(Bid book capacity: 88,432) Capacity: 82,500
(Bid book capacity: 87,157) Capacity: 82,000
(Bid book capacity: 70,249) Capacity: 80,000
(Bid book capacity: 92,967)
(expandable to 100,000)
Kansas City[28]
Denver[28]
Houston[28]
Baltimore[28]
Arrowhead Stadium Broncos Stadium at Mile High NRG Stadium M&T Bank Stadium
Capacity: 76,416
(Bid book capacity: 76,640) Capacity: 76,125
(Bid book capacity: 77,595) Capacity: 71,795
(Bid book capacity: 72,220) Capacity: 71,006
(Bid book capacity: 70,976)
Atlanta[28]
Atlanta
Baltimore
Boston
Cincinnati
Dallas
Denver
Houston
Kansas City
Los Angeles
Miami
Nashville
New York City
Orlando
Philadelphia
San Francisco Bay Area
Seattle
Washington, D.C.
United States candidate cities
Mercedes-Benz Stadium
Capacity: 71,000
(Bid book capacity: 75,000)
(expandable to 83,000)
Philadelphia[28]
Nashville[28]
Seattle[28]
San Francisco Bay Area[28]
Lincoln Financial Field Nissan Stadium CenturyLink Field Levi's Stadium
(Santa Clara, California)
Capacity: 69,176
(Bid book capacity: 69,328) Capacity: 69,143
(Bid book capacity: 69,722)
(expandable to 75,000) Capacity: 69,000
(expandable to 72,000) Capacity: 68,500
(Bid book capacity: 70,909)
(expandable to 75,000)
Boston[28]
Cincinnati[28]
Miami[28]
Orlando[28]
Gillette Stadium
(Foxborough, Massachusetts) Paul Brown Stadium Hard Rock Stadium
(Miami Gardens, Florida) Camping World Stadium
Capacity: 65,878
(Bid book capacity: 70,000) Capacity: 65,515
(Bid book capacity: 67,402) Capacity: 64,767
(Bid book capacity: 67,518) Capacity: 60,219
(Bid book capacity: 65,000)
Controversies[edit]
FIFA president Gianni Infantino criticized the U.S. travel ban on several Muslim-majority nations. Infantino said, "When it comes to FIFA competitions, any team, including the supporters and officials of that team, who qualify for a World Cup need to have access to the country, otherwise there is no World Cup. That is obvious."[29]
However, assurances were later given by the government that there would be no such discrimination.[30][31]
U.S. President Donald Trump threatened the countries that intended to support the Morocco bid to host the 2026 World Cup, tweeting: "The US has put together a STRONG bid w/ Canada & Mexico for the 2026 World Cup. It would be a shame if countries that we always support were to lobby against the U.S. bid. Why should we be supporting these countries when they don’t support us (including at the United Nations)?"[32]
Broadcasting rights[edit]
Canada – CTV, TSN, RDS[33]
United States – Fox, Telemundo[34]
On February 12, 2015, Fox, Telemundo, and Bell Media's rights to the tournament were renewed by FIFA to cover 2026, without accepting any other bids. The New York Times believed that this extension was intended as compensation for the rescheduling of the 2022 World Cup to November-December rather than its traditional June-July scheduling, which falls during the heart of the regular season for several major North American sports leagues (including the National Football League; Fox is a main U.S. rightsholder).[35][36][37]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "World Cup 2026: Canada, US & Mexico joint bid wins right to host tournament". BBC. June 13, 2018. Retrieved June 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ Carlise, Jeff (April 10, 2017). "U.S., neighbors launch 2026 World Cup bid". ESPN. Archived from the original on April 11, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Unanimous decision expands FIFA World Cup™ to 48 teams from 2026". FIFA. January 10, 2017. Retrieved January 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Michel Platini calls for 40-team World Cup starting with Russia 2018". The Guardian. October 28, 2013. Retrieved January 24, 2015.
Jump up ^ "BBC Sport — Michel Platini's World Cup expansion plan unlikely — Fifa". BBC Sport. October 29, 2013. Archived from the original on April 21, 2014. Retrieved January 24, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Infantino suggests 40-team World Cup finals". Independent Online. South Africa: IOL. Reuters. March 30, 2016. Archived from the original on December 30, 2016.
Jump up ^ "New Fifa chief backs 48-team World Cup". HeraldLIVE. October 7, 2016. Archived from the original on October 10, 2016. It's an idea, just as the World Cup with 40 teams is already on the table with groups of four or five teams.
Jump up ^ "Fifa's 5 options for a 2026 World Cup of 48, 40 or 32 teams". Yahoo! Sports. Associated Press. December 23, 2016. Archived from the original on January 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ "FIFA World Cup format proposals" (PDF). FIFA. December 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Federations 'overwhelmingly in favour' of 48-team World Cup – Infantino". ESPN. December 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Fifa approves Infantino's plan to expand World Cup to 48 teams from 2026". The Guardian. Archived from the original on January 10, 2017. Retrieved January 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ "World Cup: Gianni Infantino defends tournament expansion to 48 teams". BBC Sport. January 10, 2017. Archived from the original on March 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ "World Cup: Europe's top clubs oppose FIFA's expansion plans". CNN. December 15, 2016. Archived from the original on December 24, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Críticas a decisión de la FIFA de jugar el Mundial 2026 con 48 selecciones". El Universo (in Spanish). Agence France-Presse. January 10, 2017. Archived from the original on January 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Mundial de 48 equipos: durísimas críticas en Europa". Clarín (in Spanish). January 10, 2017. Archived from the original on January 12, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Low confirms opposition to 40-team World Cup". sbs.com.au. Australian Associated Press. October 2, 2016. Archived from the original on October 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ George Flood (January 10, 2017). "How 48-team World Cup in 2026 will work and what is left to be decided". International Business Times. Archived from the original on January 11, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Bureau of the Council recommends slot allocation for the 2026 FIFA World Cup". FIFA. March 30, 2017. Archived from the original on April 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ "World Cup 2026: Fifa reveals allocation for 48-team tournament". BBC. March 30, 2017. Archived from the original on March 30, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c "FIFA Council prepares Congress, takes key decisions for the future of the FIFA World Cup™". FIFA. May 9, 2017. Archived from the original on June 18, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "World Cup 2026: Canada, US & Mexico joint bid wins right to host tournament". BBC Sport. June 13, 2018. Retrieved June 13, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "United 2026 bid book" (PDF). Retrieved June 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Current allocation of FIFA World Cup™ confederation slots maintained". FIFA. May 30, 2015. Archived from the original on May 30, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "FIFA Council discusses vision for the future of football". FIFA. October 14, 2016. Archived from the original on October 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ "FIFA blocks Europe from hosting 2026 World Cup, lifting Canada's chances". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Associated Press. October 14, 2016. Archived from the original on October 14, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Trump travel ban could prevent United States hosting World Cup". The Guardian. March 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/football/live/2018/jun/13/world-cup-2026-vote-fifa-nations-choose-between-north-america-and-morocco-live
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w "United 2026 bid book" (PDF). united2026.com. Retrieved April 30, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Donald Trump travel ban could prevent USA from hosting 2026 World Cup". The Independent. March 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ Davis, Scott. "Anti-Trump sentiments around the world could reportedly cost the US a chance to host the 2026 World Cup". Business Insider.
Jump up ^ "U.S. offers assurances over 2026 World Cup". ESPN. Associated Press. Retrieved May 9, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Donald Trump issues warning to other countries over voting against US 2026 World Cup bid". The Independent. April 27, 2018.
Jump up ^ Sandomir, Richard (February 12, 2015). "Fox and Telemundo to Show World Cup Through 2026 as FIFA Extends Contracts"". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Parker, Ryan. "2026 World Cup TV rights awarded without bids; ESPN 'surprised'" Archived March 3, 2015, at the Wayback Machine.. Los Angeles Times. February 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ "FIFA grants Fox, Telemundo U.S. TV rights for World Cup through 2026". SI.com. February 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Why FIFA Made Deal With Fox for 2026 Cup". The New York Times. February 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ "FIFA extending TV deals through 2026 World Cup with CTV, TSN and RDS". The Globe and Mail. 12 February 2015. Archived from the original on 10 April 2016.
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Hiranyagarbha
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Hiraṇyagarbha (Sanskrit: हिरण्यगर्भः ; literally the 'golden womb' or 'golden egg', poetically translated as 'universal germ') is the source of the creation of universe or the manifested cosmos in Vedic philosophy, as well as an avatar of Vishnu in the Bhagavata Purana.[1] It finds mention in one hymn of the Rigveda (RV 10.121), known as the Hiraṇyagarbha Sūkta, suggesting a single creator deity (verse 8: yo deveṣv ādhi devā eka āsīt, Griffith: "He is the God of gods, and none beside him."), identified in the hymn as Prajāpati. The concept of the "golden womb" is again mentioned in the Vishvakarman Sūkta (RV 10.82).
The Upanishad calls it the Soul of the Universe or Brahman,[2] and elaborates that Hiraṇyagarbha floated around in emptiness and the darkness of the non-existence for about a year, and then broke into two halves which formed the Svarga and the Pṛthvi.
In classical Purāṇic Hinduism, Hiraṇyagarbha is the term used in the Vedanta for the "creator". Hiraṇyagarbha is also Brahmā, so called because he was born from a golden egg (Manu Smṛti 1.9), while the Mahābhārata calls it the Manifest.[3]
Hiraṇyagarbha is also a sacrifice, where it is known as Hiraṇyagarbha Yagna. This sacrifice was performed by the founder of the Rashtrakuta dynasty, Dantidurga, to confer Kshatriyahood on himself, as he was not born a Kshatriya, and in olden days, the Caste System in India was very prevalent and he was not accepted by the people as their King, until he conferred Kshatriyahood upon himself.
Some classical yoga traditions consider Hiraṇyagarbha as the originator of yoga, though this may also be a name for Rishi Kapila.[4][5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Creation
2 Hiraṇyagarbha Sūkta
2.1 Sanskrit Verse
2.2 Translation in English
3 See also
4 Citations
5 References
Creation[edit]
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Matsya Purāṇa (2.25-30) gives an account of initial creation. After Mahāprālaya, the great dissolution of the Universe, there was darkness everywhere. Everything was in a state of sleep. There was nothing, either moving or static. Then Svayambhu, self-manifested Being arose, which is a form beyond senses. It created the primordial waters first and established the seed of creation into it. The seed turned into a golden womb, Hiraṇyagarbha. Then Svayambhu entered in the egg.
The Nārāyaṇa Sūkta exclaims that everything that is, visible or invisible, all this is pervaded by Nārāyaṇa within and without.
The Īśvara Upaniṣad says that the universe is pervaded by Īśvara (God), who is both within and without it. He is the moving and the unmoving, He is far and near, He is within all these and without all these.
The Vedānta Sūtra further states that Brahman is That from Whom this Universe proceeds, in Whom it subsists, and to Whom, in the end, it returns.
The Saṃkhya school holds that there are only two primary principles, Puruṣa and Prākṛti, and creation is only a manifestation or evolution of the constituents of Prākṛti due to the action of Puruṣa's Consciousness.
The Bhagavata states that Nārāyaṇa alone was in the beginning, who was the pious of principles of creation, sustenance, and dissolution (also known as the Hindu Trinity of Brahmā, Viṣṇu and Shiva) - the Supreme Hari, multi-headed, multi-eyed, multi-footed, multi-armed, multi-limbed. This was the Supreme Seed of all creation, subtler than the subtlest, greater than the greatest, larger than the largest, and more magnificent than even the best of all things, more powerful, than even the wind and all the gods, more resplendent than the Sun and the Moon, and more internal than even the mind and the intellect. He is the Creator, the Supreme. The term can also mean as He who, having become first the Creator, has come to be considered as the womb of all objects.
Hiraṇyagarbha Sūkta[edit]
The Hiraṇyagarbha Sūkta of the Rigveda declares that God manifested Himself in the beginning as the Creator of the Universe, encompassing all things, including everything within Himself, the collective totality, as it were, of the whole of creation, animating it as the Supreme Intelligence.
Sanskrit Verse[edit]
हिरण्यगर्भः समवर्तताग्रे भूतस्य जातः पतिरेकासीत ।
स दाधार पृथ्वीं ध्यामुतेमां कस्मै देवायहविषा विधेम ॥
hiraṇyagarbhaḥ samavartatāgre bhūtasya jātaḥ patirekāsīta |
sa dādhāra pṛthvīṃ dhyāmutemāṃ kasmai devāyahaviṣā vidhema ||

य आत्मदा बलदा यस्य विश्व उपासते प्रशिषं यस्यदेवाः ।
यस्य छायामृतं यस्य मर्त्युः कस्मै देवायहविषा विधेम ॥
ya ātmadā baladā yasya viśva upāsate praśiṣaṃ yasyadevāḥ |
yasya chāyāmṛtaṃ yasya martyuḥ kasmai devāyahaviṣā vidhema ||

यः प्राणतो निमिषतो महित्वैक इद्राजा जगतो बभूव ।
य ईशे अस्य द्विपदश्चतुष्पदः कस्मै देवाय हविषाविधेम ॥
yaḥ prāṇato nimiṣato mahitvaika idrājā jagato babhūva |
ya īśe asya dvipadaścatuṣpadaḥ kasmai devāya haviṣāvidhema ||

यस्येमे हिमवन्तो महित्वा यस्य समुद्रं रसया सहाहुः ।
यस्येमाः परदिशो यस्य बाहू कस्मै देवाय हविषाविधेम ॥
yasyeme himavanto mahitvā yasya samudraṃ rasayā sahāhuḥ |
yasyemāḥ paradiśo yasya bāhū kasmai devāya haviṣāvidhema ||

येन दयौरुग्रा पर्थिवी च दर्ळ्हा येन सव सतभितं येननाकः ।
यो अन्तरिक्षे रजसो विमानः कस्मै देवायहविषा विधेम ॥
yena dayaurugrā parthivī ca darḻhā yena sava satabhitaṃ yenanākaḥ |
yo antarikṣe rajaso vimānaḥ kasmai devāyahaviṣā vidhema ||

यं करन्दसी अवसा तस्तभाने अभ्यैक्षेतां मनसारेजमाने ।
यत्राधि सूर उदितो विभाति कस्मै देवायहविषा विधेम ॥
yaṃ karandasī avasā tastabhāne abhyaikṣetāṃ manasārejamāne |
yatrādhi sūra udito vibhāti kasmai devāyahaviṣā vidhema ||

आपो ह यद बर्हतीर्विश्वमायन गर्भं दधानाजनयन्तीरग्निम ।
ततो देवानां समवर्ततासुरेकःकस्मै देवाय हविषा विधेम ॥
āpo ha yada barhatīrviśvamāyana garbhaṃ dadhānājanayantīragnima |
tato devānāṃ samavartatāsurekaḥkasmai devāya haviṣā vidhema ||

यश्चिदापो महिना पर्यपश्यद दक्षं दधानाजनयन्तीर्यज्ञम ।
यो देवेष्वधि देव एक आसीत कस्मैदेवाय हविषा विधेम ॥
yaścidāpo mahinā paryapaśyada dakṣaṃ dadhānājanayantīryajñama |
yo deveṣvadhi deva eka āsīta kasmaidevāya haviṣā vidhema ||

मा नो हिंसीज्जनिता यः पर्थिव्या यो वा दिवंसत्यधर्मा जजान ।
यश्चापश्चन्द्रा बर्हतीर्जजानकस्मै देवाय हविषा विधेम ॥
mā no hiṃsījjanitā yaḥ parthivyā yo vā divaṃsatyadharmā jajāna |
yaścāpaścandrā barhatīrjajānakasmai devāya haviṣā vidhema ||

परजापते न तवदेतान्यन्यो विश्वा जातानि परि ताबभूव ।
यत्कामास्ते जुहुमस्तन नो अस्तु वयं सयाम पतयोरयीणाम ॥
parajāpate na tavadetānyanyo viśvā jātāni pari tābabhūva |
yatkāmāste juhumastana no astu vayaṃ sayāma patayorayīṇāma ||
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
ऋग्वेद: सूक्तं १०.१२१
Translation in English[edit]
In the beginning was the Divinity in his splendour, manifested as the sole Lord of land, skies, water, space and that beneath and He upheld the earth and the heavens.
Who is the deity we shall worship with our offerings?
It is that who bestows soul-force and vigor, whose guidance all men invoke, the Devas invoke whose shadow is immortal life and death.
Who is the deity we shall worship with our offerings?
It is that who by His greatness became the One King of the breathing and the seeing, who is the Lord of man and bird and beast.
Who is the deity we shall worship with our offerings?
It is that through whose glory the snow-clad mountains rose, and the ocean spread with the river, they say. His arms are the quarters of the sky.
Who is the deity we shall worship with our offerings ?
It is that through whom the heaven is strong and the earth firm, who has steadied the light and the sky's vault, and measured out the sphere of clouds in the mid-region.
Who is the deity we shall worship with our offering?
It is that to whom heaven and earth, placed in the light by his grace, look up, radiant with the mind while over them the sun, rising, brightly shines.
Who is the deity we shall worship with our offerings?
When the mighty waters came, carrying the universal germ, producing the flame of life, then dwelt there in harmony the One Spirit of the Devas.
Who is the deity we shall worship with our offerings?
It is that who in its might surveyed the waters, conferring skill and creating worship - That, the God of gods, the One and only One.
Who is the deity we shall worship with our offerings?
Mother of the world - may that not destroy us who with Truth as his Law made the heavens and produced waters, vast and beautiful.
Who is the deity we shall worship with our offerings?
Lord of creation! No one other than thee pervades all these that have come into being.
May that be ours, for which our prayers rise, may we be masters of many treasures!
-- (RV 10:121) Ralph T. H. Griffith

1. HIRANYAGARBHA was present at the beginning ; when born, he was the sole lord of created beings; he upheld this earth and heaven,
-let us offer worship with an oblation to the divine KA.
2. (To him) who is the giver of soul, the giver of strength, Whose commands all (beings), even the gods obey, Whose shadow is immortality, whose (shadow) is death,
-let us offer worship with an oblation to the divine KA.
3. (To him) who, by his greatness, has verily become the sole king of the breathing and seeing world, who rules over this aggregate of two-footed and four-footed beings,-
let us offer Worship with an oblation to the divine KA.
4. Through whose greatness these snow-clad (moun- tains exist), whose property men call the ocean with the rivers, whose are these quarters of space, whose are the two arms,
--let us offer worship with an oblation to the divine KA.
5. By whom the sky was made profound and the earth solid, by Whom heaven and the solar sphere were fixed, who was the measure of the water in the firmament,-
let us offer worship with an oblation to the divine KA.
6. Whom heaven and earth established by his pro- tection, and, shining brightly, regarded with their mind, in whom the risen sun shines forth,
-let us offer worship with an oblation to the divine KA.
7. When the vast waters overspread the universe containing the germ and giving birth to AGNI, then was produced the one breath of the gods,
-let us offer worship with an oblation to the divine KA.
8. He who by his might beheld the waters all around containing the creative power and giving birth to sacrifice, he who among the gods was the one supreme god,-
let us offer worship with an oblation to the divine KA.
9. May he do us no harm who is the parent of the -earth, or who the unerring support (of the world) begat the heaven, and who generated the vast and delightful waters,
-let us offer worship with an oblation to the divine KA.
10. No other than thou, PRAJAPATI, hast given existence to all these beings ; may that object of our desires for which we sacrifice to thee be ours, may we be the possessors of riches.
[H. H. Wilson]
See also[edit]
Yoga portal
Hinduism portal
India portal
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
The Rig Veda/Mandala 10/Hymn 121
Cosmic egg (world egg)
Golden egg
Hindu views on monotheism
List of suktas and stutis
Purusha Sukta (RV, 10:90), Nasadiya Sukta (RV, 10:129), Narayana sukta
Chinese alchemy
Elixir of life
Amrita
Citations[edit]
Jump up ^ Hiranyagarbha britannica.com.
Jump up ^ The Philosophy of the Upanishads, by Paul Deussen, Alfred Shenington Geden. Published by T. & T. Clark, 1906. Page 198.
Jump up ^ The Mahābhārata, Book 12: Santi Parva. Kisari Mohan Ganguli, tr. Section CCCIII The Mahabharata.
Jump up ^ Feuerstein, Georg (2001). The Yoga Tradition: Its History, Literature, Philosophy and Practice. Arizona, USA: Hohm Press. p. Kindle Locations 7299–7300. ISBN 978-1890772185.
Jump up ^ Aranya, Swami Hariharananda (2000). "Introduction". Yoga Philosophy of Patanjali with Bhasvati. Calcutta, India: University of Calcutta. p. xxiii-xxiv. ISBN 81-87594-00-4.
References[edit]
Hiranyagarbha by Rekha Dwivedi. Prabhat Prakashan. ISBN 8188140198.
The Philosophy of the Upanishads and Ancient Indian Metaphysics: As Exhibited in a Series of Articles Contributed to the Calcutta Review by Archibald Edward Gough. Published by Trübner & Co., 1882. p. 164.
The Original Teachings of Yoga: From Patanjali Back to Hiranyagarbha by David Frawley.
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Indian vice-presidential election, 2017
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Indian vice-presidential election, 2017
← 2012 5 August 2017 2022 →
Turnout
98.21
Nominee
Venkaiah Naidu Gopal Krishna Gandhi
Party
BJP Independent
Alliance
NDA UPA
Home state
Andhra Pradesh Delhi
Electoral vote
516 244
Percentage
67.89% 32.11%
Vice President before election
Mohammad Hamid Ansari
INC
Elected Vice President
Venkaiah Naidu
BJP
The elections to the next Vice-President of India, were held on 5 August 2017. The announcement was made by the Election Commission of India.
Rajya Sabha Secretary-General Shumsher K. Sheriff served as the Returning Officer for the 15th Vice-Presidential election.[1]
Vice-President Mohammad Hamid Ansari, completed his second term on 10 August 2017.[2] Venkaiah Naidu won the election and took oath as 13th Vice-President of India on 11 August 2017 at Darbar Hall, Rashtrapati Bhawan, New Delhi.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Election process
3 Candidates
3.1 NDA Candidate
3.2 UPA Candidate
4 Results
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Background[edit]
Outgoing Vice President Hamid Ansari
The Vice President of India is the exofficio chairperson of the Rajya Sabha (upper house of the Indian parliament) and functions as its speaker. He also assumes the post of the President of India in case a vacancy and stays in the post for a maximum period of six months and performs all the functions of the President. The Vice President also has a term of five years.[3]
During the election, the outgoing vice president was Mohammad Hamid Ansari. He was elected to the post in 2007 and re-elected in 2012. His term ends on 10th August 2017. The Election Commission of India announced that the election would be held on 5th August and the result would be declared on the same day. vice
Election process[edit]
The Vice President is elected by an electoral college which includes members of the Rajya Sabha (the upper house of Indian parliament) and the members of the Lok Sabha (lower house of the Indian parliament). The nominated members of the mentioned houses are also eligible to vote in the election process.[4] In the election, voting will be done by a secret ballot and the members of parliament will use a "special pen" to mark their preference.[5]
For the 2017 election, the electoral college consists of
Rajya Sabha members: 233 elected and 12 nominated
Lok Sabha members: 543 elected and 2 nominated.[4]
Candidates[edit]
A candidate participating in the election needs the support of at least 20 electors who would be the proposers of the candidate and needs to get another additional support of at least 20 seconders. The candidate also has to deposit ₹15000 ($233) as a security deposit.[6] Two candidates were nominated for the election. One candidate was nominated by the National Democratic Alliance and another by United Progressive Alliance.
NDA Candidate[edit]
Venkaiah Naidu was nominated by National Democratic Alliance. He was the then Minister of Information and Broadcasting and Minister of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation of India. He had also served as a party president of Bharatiya Janata Party. Prime Minister Narendra Modi said that Naidu was a "fitting candidate" for the post.[7] According to Indian Express leaders of the Bharatiya Janata Party felt that if Naidu got elected then it would act as a morale booster for the party in south Indian states of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh.[8] Besides the parties of the NDA, YSR Congress party, AIADMK and Telangana Rashtra Samiti parties also pledged to support Naidu. News18 wrote that Naidu was expected to get 489 votes compared to 394 votes required to win the election.[9]
Name
Born
Current or previous positions
State
Announced
Ref

Venkaiah Naidu (1949-07-01) 1 July 1949 (age 68)
Nellore, Andhra Pradesh Minister of Information and Broadcasting (2016–2017)
Minister of Urban Development (2014–2017)
Minister of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation (2014–2017)
Minister of Rural Development (2000–2002)
Rajya Sabha Member from Karnataka (1998-2016)
Member, Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly (1978-1983)
President of the Bharatiya Janata Party (2002–2004)
Minister of Parliamentary Affairs (2014–2016)
Andhra Pradesh 18 July 2017 [10]
UPA Candidate[edit]
Gopalkrishna Gandhi was the candidate nominated by the United Progressive Alliance and had the support of 18 opposition parties. He is the grandson of Mahatma Gandhi and C. Rajagopalachari, two prominent figures of Indian freedom movement. A former diplomat, Gandhi is an alumni of St. Stephen's College and has also served as India's envoy to Sri Lanka, Norway and South Africa. He has also held the post of Governor of West Bengal and presided over the state during Nandigram violence.[11] Gandhi had the support of Indian National Congress, Janata Dal (United), Rashtriya Janata Dal, Nationalist Congress Party and the Left Front.[12]
Name
Born
Current or previous positions
State
Announced
Ref

Gopalkrishna Gandhi (1946-04-22) 22 April 1946 (age 71)
Delhi 24th Governor of West Bengal (2004–2009)
Delhi 11 July 2017 [13]

Results[edit]
Following the election, Venkaiah Naidu was elected 13th Vice-President of India. He has sworn-in to the office on 11 August 2017.[14] Of 790 seats in Parliament, 5 seats were vacant during the election.
e • d Results of the Indian vice-presidential election, 2017
Candidate
Party
Electoral Votes
% of Votes
Venkaiah Naidu BJP 516 67.89
Gopalkrishna Gandhi Independent 244 32.11
Total
760
100.00
Valid Votes 760 96.82
Invalid Votes 11 1.40
Turnout 771 98.22
Abstentions 14 1.78
Electors 785
See also[edit]
List of Vice-Presidents of India
Indian presidential election, 2017
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Election to the Office of the Vice-President, 2017 (15th Vice-Presidential Election)". Retrieved 2017-06-29.
Jump up ^ "Terms of the Houses". eci.nic.in. Election Commission of India/National Informatics Centre. Retrieved May 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Vice President – Election, Powers and Functions". OM ABC. Retrieved 24 July 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "How the Vice-President of India is elected: Know what it will take Venkaiah Naidu or Gopalkrishna Gandhi to win". Financial Express. Retrieved 24 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Election Commission issues notification for vice president polls". New Indian Express. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "What is the procedure to elect the vice president: All you need to know". Indian Express. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Vice-Presidential Election 2017: Venkaiah Naidu is NDA's nominee, to take on Opposition's Gopalkrishna Gandhi". First Post. Retrieved 5 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Keeping Rajya Sabha and South in mind, NDA names Venkaiah for vice-president". Indian Express. Retrieved 5 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Venkaiah Naidu vs Gopalkrishna Gandhi: Here's How the 13th Vice President of India Will be Elected Today". News18. Retrieved 5 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Venkaiah Naidu files his nomination for vice-president". Times of India. Retrieved 21 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Indian Presidential Election 2017: Who Is Gopalkrishna Gandhi? Vice President Candidate Known For Straight Talk". NDTV. Retrieved 5 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Vice-Presidential Election LIVE updates: Counting begins, 98 per cent polling recorded". Indian Express. Retrieved 5 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "Eye On Nitish Kumar, Opposition Picks Gopalkrishna Gandhi For Vice-President". NDTV. Retrieved 21 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Venkaiah Naidu To Become 13th Vice-President of India
External links[edit]
[hide]
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text:
Myocardial contractility
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Myocardial contractility represents the innate ability of the heart muscle (cardiac muscle or myocardium) to contract. Changes in the ability to produce force during contraction result from incremental degrees of binding between myosin (thick) and actin (thin) filaments. The degree of binding that occurs depends on concentration of calcium ions in the cell. Within an in vivo intact heart, it is generally the action/response of the sympathetic nervous system driven by precisely timed release of a catecholamine that determines the concentration of calcium ions in the cytosol of cardiac muscle cells. All factors that cause an increase in contractility work by causing an increase in intracellular [Ca++] during contraction.[citation needed]
Contents
[hide]
1 Mechanisms for altering contractility
2 Inotropy
3 Model as a contributing factor
4 References
Mechanisms for altering contractility[edit]
Increasing contractility is done primarily through increasing the influx of calcium or maintaining higher calcium levels in the cytosol of cardiac myocytes during an action potential. This is done by a number of mechanisms:
1. Sympathetic activation. Increased circulating levels of catecholamines (which can bind to β-Adrenergic activation) as well as stimulation by sympathetic nerves (which can release norepinepherine that binds to β1-adrenoceptors on myocytes) causes the Gs subunit of the receptor to render adenylate cyclase activated, resulting in increase of cAMP - which has a number of effects including phosphorylating phospholamban (via Protein kinase A).
2. Phosphorylating phospholamban. When phospholamban is not phosphorylated, it inhibits the calcium pumps that pump calcium back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum. When it's phosphorylated by PKA, levels of calcium stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum are increased, allowing a higher rate of calcium being released at the next contraction. However, the increased rate of calcium sequestration also leads to an increase in lusitropy.
3. Sensitizing troponin-C to the effects of calcium.
4. Phosphorylating L-type calcium channels. This will increase their permeability to calcium, allowing more calcium into the myocyte cells, increasing contractility.
5. An abrupt increase in afterload can cause a small increase in inotropy (Anrep effect) by a mechanism that is not fully understood.
6. An increase in heart rate also stimulates inotropy (Bowditch effect; treppe; frequency-dependent inotropy). This is probably due to the inability of Na+/K+-ATPase to keep up with the sodium influx at the higher frequency of action potentials at elevated heart rates [1]
7. Drugs. Drugs like digitalis can act as a positive inotropic agent by inhibiting the Na+/K+ pump. High Na+ concentration gradient is necessary to pump out sarcoplasmic calcium via the Na+/Ca++ antiporter. Inhibition of the Na+/K+ causes extra sodium to accumulate inside the cell. The buildup the Na+ concentration inside the cell will cause the gradient from inside the cell to the outside of the cell to decrease slightly. This action will make it more difficult for calcium to leave the cell via the Na+/Ca++ antiporter.
8. Increase the amount of calcium in the sarcoplasm or in the T-tubules. More calcium available for Troponin to use will increase the force developed.
Decreasing contractility is done primarily through decreasing the influx of calcium or maintaining lower calcium levels in the cytosol of cardiac myocytes during an action potential. This is done by a number of mechanisms:
1. Parasympathetic activation.
2. If the heart is experienceing anoxia, hypercapnia (increased CO2) or acidosis, the heart cells will enter a state of dysfunction and not work properly. Correct sarcomere crossbridges will not form the heart becomes less efficient (leading to myocardial failure).
3. Loss of parts of the myocardium. Heart attack can cause a section of the ventricular wall dies off, that portion cannot contract and there is less force developed during systole.
Inotropy[edit]
Measurable relative increase in contractility is a property of the myocardium similar to the term inotropy. Contractility may be iatrogenically altered by the administration of inotropic agents. Drugs that positively render the effects of catecholamines such as (norepinephrine and epinephrine) that enhance contractility are considered to have a positive inotropic effect. The ancient herbal remedy digitalis appears to have both inotropic and chronotropic properties that have been recorded encyclopedically for centuries and it remains advantageous today.
Model as a contributing factor[edit]
Under one existing model[citation needed], the five factors of myocardial performance are considered to be
Heart rate
Conduction velocity
Preload
Afterload
Contractility
By this model, if myocardial performance changes while preload, afterload, heart rate, and conduction velocity are all held constant, then the change in performance must be due to a change in contractility. However, changes in contractility alone generally do not occur.[citation needed] Other examples:
An increase in sympathetic stimulation to the heart increases contractility and heart rate.
An increase in contractility tends to increase stroke volume and thus a secondary increase in preload.
An increase in preload results in an increased force of contraction by Starling's law of the heart; this does not require a change in contractility.
An increase in afterload will increase contractility (through the Anrep effect).[2]
An increase in heart rate will increase contractility (through the Bowditch effect).[2]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Richard Klabunde. Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts. ISBN 1451113846.
^ Jump up to: a b Klabunde, Richard. "Cardiac Inotropy (Contractility)". Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts. Retrieved 27 January 2011.
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