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Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carrier
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Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carrier
Gerald R. Ford underway in April 2017
Class overview
Name: Gerald R. Ford–class aircraft carrier
Builders: Newport News Shipbuilding
Operators: United States Navy
Preceded by: Nimitz class
Cost:
Program cost: $36.30 billion[1](FY15)
Unit cost: $10.44B[1] (FY15)
In service: 2017-present
Building: 2
Planned: 10[2][3]
Completed: 1
Active: 1
General characteristics
Type: Aircraft carrier
Displacement: About 100,000 long tons (110,000 short tons; 100,000 tonnes) (full load)[4]
Length: 1,106 ft (337 m)
Beam:
256 ft (78 m) (flight deck)
134 ft (41 m) (waterline)
Height: 250 feet (76 m)
Draft: 39 ft (12 m)[5]
Decks: 25
Installed power: Two A1B nuclear reactors
Propulsion: Four shafts
Speed: In excess of 30 knots (56 km/h; 35 mph)
Range: Unlimited
Endurance: 50-year service life
Complement:
508 officers
3,789 enlisted[5]
Crew: 2,600 approx.[6]
Armament:
Anti-aircraft missiles:
2 × RIM-162 ESSM launchers
2 × RIM-116 RAM
Guns:
3 × Phalanx CIWS
4 × M2 .50 Cal. (12.7 mm) machine guns
Aircraft carried: 75+[7]
Aviation facilities: 1,092 ft × 256 ft (333 m × 78 m) flight deck
Gerald R. Ford class (or Ford class, previously known as CVN-21 class), is a class of supercarrier being built to replace the USS Enterprise (CVN-65) and some of the United States Navy's existing Nimitz-class carriers, beginning with the delivery of CVN-78, USS Gerald R. Ford. The new vessels have a hull similar to the Nimitz carriers, but introduce technologies since developed such as the Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System, as well as other design features intended to improve efficiency and reduce operating costs, including sailing with smaller crews.[N 1][8][9]
Contents
[hide]
1 Design features
2 Development
2.1 Flight deck
2.2 Power generation
2.3 Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System
2.4 Advanced Arresting Gear landing system
2.5 Sensors and self-defense systems
2.6 Possible upgrades
2.7 3D computer-aided design
2.8 Planned aircraft complement
2.9 Crew accommodations
3 Construction
3.1 First-of-class type design changes
4 Naming
5 Ships in class
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
Design features[edit]
Carriers of the Ford class will have:[10]
Advanced arresting gear.[11]
Automation, allowing a crew of several hundred fewer than the Nimitz-class carrier.
The updated RIM-162 Evolved Sea Sparrow missile.[12]
An AN/SPY-3 X Band multifunction radar and an AN/SPY-4 S Band volume search radar.[13] Designated together as Dual Band Radar (DBR), initially developed for the Zumwalt-class destroyers.[14]
An Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System (EMALS) in place of traditional steam catapults for launching aircraft.[11]
A new nuclear reactor design (the A1B reactor) for greater power generation.
Stealth features to reduce radar cross-section.
The ability to carry up to 90 aircraft, including the Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet, Boeing EA-18G Growler, Grumman C-2 Greyhound, Northrop Grumman E-2 Hawkeye, Lockheed Martin F-35C Lightning II, Sikorsky SH-60 Seahawk helicopters, and unmanned combat aerial vehicles such as the Northrop Grumman X-47B.[12][15]
The US Navy aims to use modern equipment and extensive automation to reduce the crew size and the total cost of future aircraft carriers.[16] The biggest visible difference from earlier supercarriers will be the more aft location of the island (superstructure).[17] Ships of the Ford class are intended to sustain 160 sorties per day for 30-plus days, with a surge capability of 270 sorties per day.[18][19] Director of Operational Testing Michael Gilmore has criticized the assumptions used in these forecasts as unrealistic and has indicated sortie rates similar to the 120/240 per day of the Nimitz class would be acceptable.[19][20]
Development[edit]
The current Nimitz-class aircraft carrier in US naval service has been part of United States power projection strategy since Nimitz was commissioned in 1975. Displacing about 100,000 tons when fully loaded, a Nimitz-class carrier can steam faster than 30 knots, cruise without resupply for 90 days, and launch aircraft to strike targets hundreds of miles away.[21] The endurance of this class is exemplified by USS Theodore Roosevelt, which spent 159 days underway in support of Operation Enduring Freedom without visiting a port or being refueled.[22]
The Nimitz design has accommodated many new technologies over the decades, but it has limited ability to support the most recent technical advances. As a 2005 Rand report said, "The biggest problems facing the Nimitz class are the limited electrical power generation capability and the upgrade-driven increase in ship weight and erosion of the center-of-gravity margin needed to maintain ship stability."[23]
With these constraints in mind, the US Navy developed what was initially known as the CVN-21 program, which ultimately evolved into CVN-78, Gerald R. Ford. Improvements were made through developing technologies and more efficient design. Major design changes include a larger flight deck, improvements in weapons and material handling, a new propulsion plant design that requires fewer people to operate and maintain, and a new, smaller island that has been pushed aft. Technological advances in electromagnetics have led to the development of an Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System (EMALS) and an Advanced Arresting Gear (AAG). An integrated warfare system, the Ship Self-Defense System (SSDS), has been developed to allow the ship to more easily take on new missions. The new Dual Band Radar (DBR) combines S-band and X-band radar.[24] Flight deck changes support the requirements for a higher sortie rate, around 160 a day with surges to 270.
These advances will allow the new Gerald R. Ford–class carriers to launch 25% more sorties, generate triple the electrical power, improved efficiency, and offer crew quality-of-life improvements.[7][8]
Flight deck[edit]
Artist's concept of CVN-78.
Changes to the flight deck are the most visible differences between the Nimitz and Gerald R. Ford classes. Several sections have been altered to improve aircraft handling, storage, and flow, all in the service of increasing the sortie rate.
Catapult No. 4 on the Nimitz class cannot launch fully loaded aircraft because of a deficiency of wing clearance along the edge of the flight deck.[25] CVN-78 will have no catapult-specific restrictions on launching aircraft, but still retains four catapults, two bow and two waist.[8] The number of aircraft lifts from hangar deck to flight deck level was reduced from four to three.
Another major change is that the smaller, redesigned island will be further aft than those of older carriers. This shift creates deck space for a centralized rearming and refueling location, and thereby reduces the number of times that an aircraft will have to be moved after landing before it can be relaunched. Fewer aircraft movements require, in turn, fewer deck hands to accomplish them, reducing the size of the ship's crew and increasing sortie rate.
As well, the movement of weapons from storage and assembly to the aircraft on the flight deck has been streamlined and accelerated. Ordnance will be moved to the centralized rearming location via relocated, higher-capacity weapons elevators that use linear motors.[26] The new path that ordnance follows does not cross any areas of aircraft movement, thereby reducing traffic problems in the hangars and on the flight deck. According to Rear Admiral Dennis M. Dwyer, these changes will make it hypothetically possible to rearm the airplanes in "minutes instead of hours".[27]
Power generation[edit]
The new Bechtel A1B reactor for the Ford-class is smaller and simpler, requires fewer crew, and yet is far more powerful than the Nimitz-class A4W reactor. Two reactors will be installed on each Ford-class carrier, providing almost 700 MW which is 25% greater than 550 MW of the two A4W. As the Ford-class is primarily an electric boat; electrical capacity of the reactors was increased 2.5 times that of the Nimitz-class.[28][29]
The propulsion and power plant of the Nimitz-class carriers was designed in the 1960s, when onboard technologies did not require the same quantity of electrical power that modern technologies do. "New technologies added to the Nimitz-class ships have generated increased demands for electricity; the current base load leaves little margin to meet expanding demands for power."[30]
Compared to the Nimitz-class reactor, the Ford-class reactor has about half as many valves, piping, major pumps, condensers, and generators. The steam-generating system uses fewer than 200 valves and only eight pipe sizes. These improvements lead to simpler construction, reduced maintenance, and lower manpower requirements as well as to a more compact system that requires less space in the ship. The modernization of the plant led to a higher core energy density, lower demands for pumping power, a simpler construction, and the use of modern electronic controls and displays. The new plant requires just one-third the watchstanding requirements and a decrease of required maintenance.[30]
A larger power output is a major component to the integrated warfare system. Engineers took extra steps to ensure that integrating unforeseen technological advances onto a Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carrier would be possible. The Navy expects the Gerald R. Ford class will be part of the fleet for 90 years, until the year 2105, which means that the class must successfully accept new technology over the decades.
Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System[edit]
Main article: Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System
A drawing of the EMALS' linear induction motor
The Nimitz-class aircraft carriers used steam-powered catapults to launch aircraft. The Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System (EMALS) installed on the Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carrier is more efficient, smaller, lighter, more powerful, and easier to control. Increased control means that EMALS will be able to launch heavier and lighter aircraft than the steam catapult. Also, the use of a controlled force will reduce the stress on airframes, resulting in less maintenance and a longer lifetime for the aircraft. (EMALS will not be retrofitted onto the Nimitz class, which cannot generate enough electricity to power it.)
Advanced Arresting Gear landing system[edit]
Main article: Advanced Arresting Gear
Electromagnets are also being used in the new Advanced Arresting Gear (AAG) system. The current system relies on hydraulics to slow and stop a landing aircraft. While the hydraulic system is effective, as demonstrated by more than fifty years of implementation, the AAG system offers a number of improvements. The current steam system is unable to capture UAVs without damaging them due to extreme stresses on the airframe. UAVs do not have the necessary mass to drive the large hydraulic piston used to trap heavier, manned airplanes. By using electromagnetics the energy absorption is controlled by a turbo-electric engine. This makes the trap smoother and reduces shock on airframes. Even though the system will look the same from the flight deck as its predecessor, it will be more flexible, safe, and reliable, and will require less maintenance and manning.[31]
Sensors and self-defense systems[edit]
Another addition to the Gerald R. Ford class is an integrated Active electronically scanned array search and tracking radar system. The dual-band radar (DBR) was being developed for both the Zumwalt-class guided missile destroyers and the Ford-class aircraft carriers by Raytheon. The island can be kept smaller by replacing six to ten radar antennas with a single six-faced radar. The DBR works by combining the X band AN/SPY-3 multifunction radar with the S band Volume Search Radar (VSR) emitters, distributed into three phased arrays.[32] The S-band radar was later deleted from the Zumwalt class destroyers as a cost saving measure.[14]
Diagram of AN/SPY-3 vertical electronic pencil beam radar conex projections
The three faces dedicated to the X-band radar are responsible for low altitude tracking and radar illumination, while the other three faces dedicated to the S-band are responsible for target search and tracking regardless of weather. "Operating simultaneously over two electromagnetic frequency ranges, the DBR marks the first time this functionality has been achieved using two frequencies coordinated by a single resource manager."[24]
This new system has no moving parts, therefore minimizing maintenance and manning requirements for operation. The carrier will be armed with the Raytheon Evolved Sea Sparrow missile (ESSM), which defends against high-speed, highly maneuverable anti-ship missiles. The close-in weapon system, and the rolling airframe missile (RAM) from Raytheon and Ramsys GmbH are also on board.
An evolved Sea Sparrow missile launching. Note the enlarged engine section.
The AN/SPY-3 consists of three active arrays and the Receiver/Exciter (REX) cabinets abovedecks and the Signal and Data Processor (SDP) subsystem below-decks. The VSR has a similar architecture, with the beamforming and narrowband down-conversion functionality occurring in two additional cabinets per array. A central controller (the resource manager) resides in the Data Processor (DP). The DBR is the first radar system that uses a central controller and two active-array radars operating at different frequencies. The DBR gets its power from the Common Array Power System (CAPS), which comprises Power Conversion Units (PCUs) and Power Distribution Units (PDUs). The DBR is cooled via a closed-loop cooling system called the Common Array Cooling System (CACS).[33]
The REX consists of a digital and an analog portion. The digital portion of the REX provides system-level timing and control. The analog portion contains the exciter and the receiver. The exciter is a low-amplitude and phase noise system that uses direct frequency synthesis. The radar’s noise characteristics support the high clutter cancellation requirements required in the broad range of maritime operating environments that DBR will likely encounter. The direct frequency synthesis allows a wide range of pulse repetition frequencies, pulse widths, and modulation schemes to be created.
The receiver has high dynamic range to support high clutter levels caused by close returns from range-ambiguous Doppler effect waveforms. The receiver has both narrow band and wideband channels, as well as multichannel capabilities to support monopulse radar processing and side lobe blanking. The receiver generates digital data and sends the data to the signal processors.
The DBR uses IBM commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) supercomputers to provide control and signal processing. DBR is the first radar system to use COTS systems to perform the signal processing. Using COTS systems reduces development costs and increases system reliability and maintainability. The high-performance COTS servers perform signal analysis using radar and digital signal processing techniques, including channel equalization, clutter filtering, Doppler processing, impulse editing, and implementation of a variety of advanced electronic protect algorithms. The IBM supercomputers are installed in cabinets that provide shock and vibration isolation. The DP contains the resource manager, the tracker, and the command and control processor, which processes commands from the combat system.
The DBR utilizes a multi-tier, dual-band tracker, which consists of a local X band tracker, a local S band tracker, and a central tracker. The central tracker merges the local tracker data together and directs the individual-band-trackers’ updates. The X band tracker is optimized for low latency to support its mission of providing defense against fast, low-flying missiles, while the VSR tracker is optimized for throughput due to the large-volume search area coverage requirements.
The combat system develops doctrine-based response recommendations based on the current tactical situation and sends the recommendations to the DBR. The combat system also has control of which modes the radar will perform. Unlike previous-generation radars, the DBR does not require an operator and has no manned display consoles. The system uses information about the current environment and doctrine from the combat system to make automated decisions, not only reducing reaction times, but also reducing the risks associated with human error. The only human interaction is for maintenance and repair activities.
The Enterprise Air Surveillance Radar (EASR) is a new design surveillance radar that is to be installed in the second Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carrier, USS John F. Kennedy (CVN-79), in lieu of the Dual Band radar. The America-class amphibious assault ships starting with LHA-8 and the planned LX(R) will also have this radar.[34] The EASR suite’s initial per-unit cost will be about $180 million less than the DBR, for which the estimate is about $500 million.[35]
Possible upgrades[edit]
Each new technology and design feature integrated into the Ford-class aircraft carrier improves sortie generation, manning requirements, and operational capabilities. New defense systems, such as free-electron laser directed-energy weapons, dynamic armor, and tracking systems will require more power. "Only half of the electrical power-generation capability on CVN-78 is needed to run currently planned systems, including EMALS. CVN-78 will thus have the power reserves that the Nimitz class lacks to run lasers and dynamic armor."[36] The addition of new technologies, power systems, design layout, and better control systems results in an increased sortie rate of 25% over the Nimitz-class and a 25% reduction in manpower required to operate.[37]
Breakthrough waste management technology will be deployed on Gerald R Ford. Co-developed with the Carderock Division of the Naval Surface Warfare Center, PyroGenesis Canada Inc., was in 2008 awarded the contract to outfit the ship with a Plasma Arc Waste Destruction System (PAWDS). This compact system will treat all combustible solid waste generated on board the ship. After having completed factory acceptance testing in Montreal, the system was scheduled to be shipped to the Huntington Ingalls shipyard in late 2011 for installation on the carrier.[38]
Navy laser shoots down an unmanned drone during an on-board test of a laser prototype.
The Navy is actively developing a weapon system called the free-electron laser (FEL) to address the cruise missile threat and the swarm-boat threat against Ford-class carriers.[39][40][41][42][43] An FEL uses an electron gun to generate a stream of electrons. The electrons are then sent into a linear particle accelerator to boost them to near light speeds. The accelerated electrons are then sent into a device, known informally as a wiggler, that exposes the electrons to a transverse magnetic field, which causes the electrons to “wiggle” from side to side and release some of their energy in the form of light (photons). The photons are then bounced between mirrors and emitted as a coherent beam of laser light. To increase the efficiency of the system some electrons are then recycled to the front of the particle accelerator via an energy recovery loop. The cost to fire one shot from an FEL is about $1 and draws about 10 MW of electrical power.[citation needed]
3D computer-aided design[edit]
Newport News Shipbuilding used a full-scale three-dimensional product model developed in Dassault Systèmes CATIA V5 release 8 (which includes special features useful to shipbuilders[44]) to design and plan the construction of the Ford class of aircraft carriers. This enables engineers and designers to test visual integration in design, engineering, planning and construction of components and subsystems. CVN-78 is the first aircraft carrier to be designed in a full-scale 3D product model. This modeling enabled the rooms within the ship to be modular, so that future upgrades can be implemented by designers simply by swapping a box in and locking it down.
This method of designing workflow also resulted in improvements to weapon handling procedures and an increase in potential sorties-per-day. Weapons-handling paths on Nimitz-class ships were designed for the potential nuclear missions of the Cold War. The current flow of weapons from storage areas in the interior of the Nimitz-class ship to loading on aircraft involves several horizontal and vertical movements to various staging and build-up locations within the ship. These movements around the ship are time-consuming and manpower-intensive and typically involve sailors manually moving weapons loaded on carts. Also, the current locations of some of the Nimitz-class weapons elevators conflict with the flow of aircraft on the flight deck, slowing down the generation of sorties or making some elevators unusable during flight operations.
The CVN 21 class was designed to have better weapons movement paths, largely eliminating horizontal movements within the ship. Current plans call for advanced weapons elevators to move from storage areas to dedicated weapons-handling areas. Sailors would use motorized carts to move the weapons from storage to the elevators at different levels of the weapons magazines. Linear motors are being considered for the advanced weapons elevators. The elevators will also be relocated such that they will not impede aircraft operations on the flight deck. The redesign of the weapons movement paths and the location of the weapons elevators on the flight deck will reduce manpower and contribute to a much higher sortie generation rate.[45]
Planned aircraft complement[edit]
The Ford class is designed to accommodate the new Joint Strike Fighter carrier variant aircraft (F-35C), but aircraft development and testing delays have affected integration activities on CVN-78. These integration activities include testing the F-35C with CVN-78’s EMALS and advanced arresting gear system and testing the ship’s storage capabilities for the F-35C’s lithium-ion batteries (which provide start-up and back-up power), tires, and wheels. As a result of F-35C developmental delays, the US Navy will not field the aircraft until at least 2018—one year after CVN-78 delivery. As a result, the Navy has deferred critical F-35C integration activities, which introduces risk of system incompatibilities and costly retrofits to the ship after it is delivered to the Navy.[46]
Crew accommodations[edit]
A typical berthing on Ford-class aircraft carriers of three racks per section
Systems that reduce crew workload have allowed the ship’s company on Ford-class carriers to total only 2,600 sailors, about 600 fewer than a Nimitz-class carrier. The massive, 180-man berthing areas on the Nimitz class are replaced by 40-rack berthing areas on Ford-class carriers. The smaller berthings are quieter and the layout requires less foot traffic through other spaces.[47] The racks are typically stacked three high, with one locker per person and extra lockers for those without storage space under their rack. The berthings do not feature modern “sit-up” racks with more headroom (each rack can only accommodate a sailor lying down). Each berthing has an associated head, including showers, vacuum-powered septic-system toilets (no urinals since the berthings are built gender-neutral)[48] and sinks to reduce travel and traffic to access those facilities. Wifi-enabled lounges are located across the passageway in separate spaces from the berthing’s racks.[47]
Construction[edit]
Gerald R. Ford under construction at Newport News
Construction began on 11 August 2005, when Northrop Grumman held a ceremonial steel cut for a 15-ton plate that will form part of a side shell unit of the carrier.[49] Construction began on components of CVN-78 in early 2007[50] and is nearing completion. It is under the final steps of construction at Newport News Shipbuilding, a division of Huntington Ingalls Industries (formerly Northrop Grumman Shipbuilding) in Newport News, Virginia. This is the only shipyard in the United States capable of building nuclear-powered aircraft carriers.
In 2005, it was estimated to cost at least $8 billion excluding the $5 billion spent on research and development (though that was not expected to be representative of the cost of future members of the class).[16] A 2009 report said that Ford would cost $14 billion including research and development, and the actual cost of the carrier itself would be $9 billion.[51] The life-cycle cost per operating day of a carrier strike group (including aircraft) was estimated at $6.5 million in 2013 published by the Center for New American Security.[52]
Originally, a total of three carriers have been authorized for construction, but if the Nimitz-class carriers and Enterprise were to be replaced on a one-for-one basis, eleven carriers would be required over the life of the program. However, the last Nimitz-class aircraft carrier is not scheduled to be decommissioned until 2058.
In a speech on 6 April 2009, then Secretary of Defense Robert Gates announced that the program would shift to a five-year building program so as to place it on a "more fiscally sustainable path". Such a measure would result in ten carriers after 2040.[53]
Susan Ford Bales, Gerald R. Ford's sponsor, tours Dry Dock No. 12 at Newport News Shipbuilding prior to flooding the basin and floating the ship.
First-of-class type design changes[edit]
As construction of CVN-78 progresses, the shipbuilder is discovering first-of-class type design changes, which it will use to update the model before the follow-on ship construction. To date, several of these design changes have related to EMALS configuration changes, which have required electrical, wiring, and other changes within the ship. Although the Navy reports that these EMALS-related changes are nearing completion, it anticipates additional design changes stemming from remaining advanced arresting gear development and testing. In total, over 1,200 anticipated design changes remain to be completed (out of nearly 19,000 planned changes). According to the Navy, many of these 19,000 changes were programmed into the construction schedule early on—a result of the government’s decision at contract award to introduce improvements during construction to the ship’s warfare systems, which are heavily dependent on evolving commercial technologies.[46]
Naming[edit]
There was a movement by the USS America Carrier Veterans' Association to have CVN-78 named after America rather than after President Ford.[54] Eventually, the amphibious assault ship LHA-6 was named America.
On 27 May 2011, the U.S. Department of Defense announced the name of CVN-79 would be USS John F. Kennedy.[55]
On 1 December 2012, Secretary of the Navy Ray Mabus announced that CVN-80 would be named USS Enterprise. The information was delivered during a prerecorded speech as part of the deactivation ceremony for the previous USS Enterprise (CVN-65). The future Enterprise (CVN-80) will be the ninth U.S. Navy ship to bear this name.[56]
Ships in class[edit]
Gerald R. Ford arrives at NS Norfolk following seven days of builders trials in April 2017
There are expected to be ten ships of this class.[57] To date, four have been announced:
Ship
Hull classification symbol
Laid down
Launched
Commissioned
Scheduled to replace
Status
References
Gerald R. Ford CVN-78 13 November 2009 11 October 2013[58] 22 July 2017 Enterprise (CVN-65) Active in service [59]
John F. Kennedy CVN-79 22 August 2015 2020
(scheduled) 2022
(scheduled) Nimitz (CVN-68) Under construction [60][10]
Enterprise CVN-80 2020
(scheduled) 2025
(scheduled) 2027
(scheduled) Dwight D. Eisenhower (CVN-69) Under construction [61][10]
CVN-81 CVN-81 2023
(scheduled) 2028
(scheduled) 2030
(scheduled) Carl Vinson (CVN-70) Planned [10]
See also[edit]
United States Navy portal
A1B reactor
List of aircraft carriers
List of aircraft carrier classes of the United States Navy
Modern United States Navy carrier air operations
Naval aviation
Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carrier Royal Navy supercarrier
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Before its redesignation to Ford class (CVN-78), the new carrier was known as the CVNX carrier program ("X" meaning "in development") and then as the CVN-21 carrier program. (Here, "21" is not a hull number, but rather it is common in "future" plans in the U.S. military, alluding to the 21st century.)
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Jump up ^ Wang, Brian (4 March 2016). "US Navy plans for scaling Free electron lasers to megawatt weapon systems". Next Big Future. Retrieved 9 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Ackerman, Spencer (18 February 2011). "Unexpectedly, Navy’s superlaser blasts away a record". Wired. .
Jump up ^ Templeton, Graham (18 April 2013). "The science of beam weapons". Extreme Tech. .
Jump up ^ O'Rourke, Ronald (12 June 2015). "Navy Shipboard Lasers for Surface, Air, and Missile Defense: Background and Issues for Congress" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. .
Jump up ^ Dassault Systemes 3D simulation – CATIA goes virtual reality. YouTube. 15 July 2011. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "MODERNIZING THE U.S. AIRCRAFT CARRIER FLEET – Accelerating CVN 21 Production Versus Mid-Life Refueling" (PDF). National Defense Research Institute. RAND Corporation.
^ Jump up to: a b "FORD - CLASS CARRIERS: Lead Ship Testing and Reliability Shortfalls Will Limit Initial Fleet Capabilities" (PDF). GAO. September 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Bacon, Lance M. (13 October 2014). "Crew's ship: Sailors' comfort a centerpiece of new supercarrier Ford". Navy Times. Retrieved 5 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Shapiro, Michael Welles (June 25, 2012). "No urinals on the Ford-class carriers". Newport News Daily Press. Retrieved April 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ford Reaches 50 Percent Structural Completion" (PDF). Newport News Shipbuilding. Retrieved 1 September 2011.
Jump up ^ Jon W. Glass. "Construction Begins on the First Ford-class Carrier". The Virginian-Pilot. Retrieved 31 October 2008.
Jump up ^ "The Politician Class Carriers Evolve". strategypage.com. 12 April 2009. Retrieved 18 April 2009.
Jump up ^ Capt Henry J. Hendrix, USN (Ph.D.) (March 2009). "At What Cost a Carrier?" (PDF). Disruptive Defense Papers. Center for a New American Security. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 August 2014.
Jump up ^ "Defense Budget Recommendation Statement (Arlington, VA)". US Department of Defense. 6 April 2009. Retrieved 27 March 2010.
Jump up ^ LaGrone, Sam (23 April 2013). "Twenty Six US Navy Ship Naming Controversies" (USS Gerald R. Ford). USNI News. U.S. Naval Institute. Retrieved 12 August 2017. The vets argued that Ford was not much more than an adequate president, so it was more fitting for the carrier-class to be known as America...
Jump up ^ "Navy Names Next Aircraft Carrier USS John F. Kennedy". U.S. Department of Defense. Archived from the original (News Release) on 20 August 2013. Retrieved 29 May 2011.
Jump up ^ "US Navy's Ford-class aircraft carrier to be named Enterprise". Brahmand.com. 4 December 2012. Archived from the original (Defence & Aerospace News) on 7 December 2012. Retrieved 4 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "CVN-77 Delivery Moved To December, Newport News On Track For January Commissioning". Defense Daily. 4 August 2008.
Jump up ^ "Aircraft Carrier Gerald R. Ford (CVN 78) Christened At Newport News Shipbuilding". Defence Talk. 12 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "The US Navy just took delivery of the world's most advanced aircraft carrier". Business Insider. Retrieved 2017-06-01.
Jump up ^ "Navy Names Next Aircraft Carrier USS John F. Kennedy" (Press release). Secretary of the Navy Public Affairs. 29 May 2011.
Jump up ^ "First cut of steel kicks off construction of the aircraft carrier Enterprise at Newport News Shipbuilding" (Press release). WTKR. 21 August 2017.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gerald R. Ford class aircraft carriers.
Aircraft Carriers – CVN – US Navy Fact File
Building The Ford Class Aircraft Carriers - Newport News Shipbuilding
Design & Preparations Continue for the USA's New CVN-21 Super-Carrier (updated), Defense Industry Daily. Provides an extensive briefing re: the new ship class, and adds entries for many of the contracts under this program.
Gerald R. Ford Class (CVN-78) Aircraft Carrier on Navy Recognition site
GAO Reports: Poor Outcomes Are the Predictable Consequences of the Prevalent Acquisition Culture (October 2015), Follow-On Ships Need More Frequent and Accurate Cost Estimates to Avoid Pitfalls of Lead Ship (June 2017)
[hide]
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e
Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carriers
Gerald R. Ford
John F. Kennedy
Enterprise
CVN-81
Preceded by: Nimitz class
Followed by: None
List of aircraft carriers of the United States Navy
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerald_R._Ford-class_aircraft_carrier&oldid=802000810"
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The Real Housewives of Cheshire
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 11 February 2018.
Jump to: navigation, search
For the upcoming season, see List of The Real Housewives of Cheshire episodes.
The Real Housewives of Cheshire
Genre
Reality television
Based on
The Real Housewives
Presented by
Brian Dowling (season 3–)
Starring
Dawn Ward
Lauren Simon
Tanya Bardsley
Seema Malhotra
Stacey Forsey
Ester Dohnalová
Nermina Pieters-Mekic
Rachel Lugo
Country of origin
United Kingdom
Original language(s)
English
No. of series
7
No. of episodes
64 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
David Granger
Sarah Dillistone
Sean Murphy
Daran Little
Location(s)
Cheshire and Greater Manchester, England
Production company(s)
Monkey Kingdom
Release
Original network
ITVBe
Picture format
HDTV 1080i
Original release
12 January 2015 (2015-01-12) – present
External links
Website
The Real Housewives of Cheshire (abbreviated RHOCheshire) is a British reality television series broadcast on ITVBe. The show premiered on 12 January 2015 and is based on The Real Housewives franchise.[1] It is produced and distributed by NBCUniversal International Networks, and Monkey Kingdom, one of Britain's leading production companies. The Real Housewives of Cheshire chronicles the lives of several affluent housewives who reside in Cheshire, England.[2]
The series originally focused on Ampika Pickston, Dawn Ward, Lauren Simon, Leanne Brown, Magali Gorré and Tanya Bardsley. Of the original housewives, Gorré left after the second series, Pickston shortly after the fifth, and Brown after the sixth.. The remaining housewives joined in later seasons: Stacey Forsey and Seema Malhotra in the third, and Ester Dohnalová in the fifth. Other housewives include Missé Beqiri (series 3-4). Rachel Lugo and Nermina Pieters-Mekic joined the cast in the sixth.
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview and casting
1.1 Series 1–4
1.2 Series 5–present
1.3 Timeline of housewives
2 Episodes
3 International broadcast
4 References
5 External links
Overview and casting[edit]
Series 1–4[edit]
On 22 September 2014 ITV announced the cast for Britain's first housewives instalment The Real Housewives of Cheshire. Starring Ampika Pickston, Dawn Ward, Lauren Simon, Leanne Brown, Magali Gorré and Tanya Bardsley, the series follows the cast's intertwining and fast lives in the rich communities of Cheshire and Greater Manchester.[3] ITV had planned to profile the glamorous denizens of London's Knightsbridge in the series, but ITV bosses said "their homes weren’t quite big enough..", and so Cheshire was chosen.[4] After the success of the first series, with the premiere becoming ITVBe's second highest rating ever programme behind The Only Way is Essex, on 27 April 2015 it was announced that a second series had been commissioned, with filming to begin in May 2015. The second series aired from 7 September 2015 to 9 November 2015, with the cast from the first series returning.[5]
On 1 March 2016, it was announced that Magali Gorré would be departing the series, although a return in future hasn’t been ruled out.[6] On 4 March 2016, ITVBe announced that Ward, Simon, Pickston, Brown and Bardsley would be returning for a third series along with three new wives, Missé Beqiri, Seema Malhotra and Stacey Forsey.[7] The third series premiered on 4 April 2016. On 25 April 2016, it was confirmed by cast member Tanya Bardsley, that the third series would have a reunion show, a first since the show's inception.[8] On 19 May 2016, it was announced that Irish television presenter, Brian Dowling, would be hosting the reunion show.[9] The reunion was filmed at Peckforton Castle in Cheshire in late May. The reunion aired on 13 June 2016, concluding the third series.
On 8 June 2016, a week before the airing of the reunion for the third series, it was announced that the show would be returning for a fourth series. It was also revealed that all the housewives from the third series would be returning.[10] Filming for the fourth series commenced on 1 July 2016. In late August 2016, a small teaser was shown on ITVBe that revealed the fourth series would premiere on 5 September 2016.[11] The fourth series' reunion was filmed at Peckforton Castle in Cheshire. The reunion aired on 8 November 2016, concluding the fourth series.
Series 5–present[edit]
On 3 January 2017, it was announced that the show had been renewed for a fifth and sixth series with both set to air in 2017.[12] Filming for the fifth series began in late January.[13]
On 13 February 2017, it was revealed that the fifth series would premiere on 27 March 2017. It was also announced that Missé Beqiri would not be returning as a main housewife, to take a step back to focus on her relationship, but will appear as a guest housewife.[14] Former housewife Magali Gorré commented on the upcoming season, stating "I have heard there is a new cast member and she is more Geordie Shore than Golden Triangle."[15] On 21 March 2017, Ester Dohnalová was announced to be the new housewife for the fifth series.[16] The fifth series premiered on 27 March 2017, introducing new housewife Ester Dohnalova. On 28 April 2017, Misse Beqiri announced the fifth series would be her last. The fifth series did not have a reunion show, and instead featured host Brian Dowling visiting the housewives' homes in a special titled 'At Home with the Real Housewives of Cheshire'.
On 9 July 2017, Lauren Simon exclusively revealed that filming for the sixth series had begun. It was exclusively announced on an ITVBe advert that two new housewives would be joining for the sixth series. On 29 July 2017, Ampika Pickston announced her departure from the series. Series 6 started on 11 September 2017, with Rachel Lugo and Nermina Pieters-Mekic joining the cast. On 13 October 2017, the reunion for the sixth series was officially announced. On 10 February 2018 Leanne Brown confirmed at hers clothing range launch that she won't be returning for series 7. The first clip from the upcoming series was revealed on ITV stating that they will be back in March.
Timeline of housewives[edit]
Housewives
Series
1
2
3
4
5
6
Tanya Bardsley Main
Leanne Brown Main
Magali Gorré Main
Ampika Pickston Main
Lauren Simon Main
Dawn Ward Main
Missé Beqiri Main Friend
Stacey Forsey Guest Main
Seema Malhotra Guest Main
Ester Dohnalová Guest Main
Rachel Lugo Main
Nermina Pieters-Mekic Main
Friends of the housewives
Chantelle Heskey Friend Guest
Katie Kane Friend
Episodes[edit]
Main article: List of The Real Housewives of Cheshire episodes
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
Average Viewership
First aired
Last aired
1 10 12 January 2015 (2015-01-12) 16 March 2015 (2015-03-16) 543,000
2 10 7 September 2015 (2015-09-07) 9 November 2015 (2015-11-09) 435,000
3 11 4 April 2016 (2016-04-04) 13 June 2016 (2016-06-13) 569,000
4 11 5 September 2016 (2016-09-05) 8 November 2016 (2016-11-08) 581,000
5 11 27 March 2017 (2017-03-27) 30 May 2017 (2017-05-30) 666,000
6 11 11 September 2017 (2017-09-11) 14 November 2017 (2017-11-14) 610,000
International broadcast[edit]
In Australia, the series premiered on Arena on 24 May 2015.[17] In the United States, the series debuted on 14 November 2015, on Bravo, the same network that initiated The Real Housewives franchise.[18]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Fletcher, Alex (12 January 2015). "Real Housewives of Cheshire: Meet ITVBe's new reality stars". Digital Spy. Retrieved 21 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Bourne, Dianne (22 September 2014). "The Real Housewives of Cheshire – full cast revealed". Manchester Evening News. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Revealed: The Real Housewives of Cheshire". ITV.com. 22 September 2014. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "Why the Real Housewives of Cheshire? Knightsbridge houses were too small says ITV boss". radiotimes.com. 23 September 2014. Retrieved 4 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Real Housewives of Cheshire to return to ITVBe | "ITV Press Centre"". ITV.com. 27 April 2015. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Real Housewives of Cheshire to return for a third series with new cast member". Manchester Evening News. Katie Fitspatrick. Retrieved 1 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Real Housewives of Cheshire returns to ITVBe". ITV. ITV. Retrieved 4 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Real Housewives of Cheshire Season 3 Reunion". Twitter. Twitter. Retrieved 25 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Real Housewives of Cheshire Season 3 Reunion". Twitter. OfficialRHOCH. Retrieved 19 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Real Housewives of Cheshire will be back for series four". Manchester Evening News. Manchester Evening News. Retrieved 8 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Real Housewives of Cheshire Season 4". ITV. ITV. Retrieved 24 August 2016.
Jump up ^ Bourne, Dianne (January 3, 2017). "The Real Housewives of Cheshire to return for Two new TV series this year". Manchester Evening News. Retrieved January 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ Bourne, Dianne (January 5, 2017). "Real Housewives Leanne Brown and Lauren Simon all smiles in Cheshire after new series confirmed". Manchester Evening News. Retrieved January 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ http://www.new-magazine.co.uk/celebrity-news/1008320/has-misse-beqiri-quit-real-housewives-of-cheshire
Jump up ^ http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/showbiz-news/real-housewives-cheshire-new-series-12588877
Jump up ^ http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/showbiz-news/ester-dee-real-housewives-cheshire-12767054
Jump up ^ "Foxtel in May: 200+ new shows including Wayward Pines, Open Slather, Nashville and River Cottage Australia". The Green Room. Foxtel. 29 April 2015. Retrieved 30 April 2015.
Jump up ^ Murphy, Desiree (6 November 2015). "'Real Housewives of Dallas' Is Happening!". Entertainment Tonight. Retrieved 21 November 2015.
External links[edit]
Cheshire portal
Official Website
Official Twitter
The Real Housewives of Cheshire on IMDb
The Real Housewives of Cheshire at TV Guide
[hide]
v
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e
The Real Housewives franchise
United States installments
Orange County
Episodes
Season 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
New York City
Episodes
Season 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Atlanta
Episodes
Season 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
New Jersey
Episodes
Season 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Beverly Hills
Episodes
Season 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Miami
Episodes
Season 1
2
3
Potomac
Episodes
Season 1
2
Dallas
Episodes
Season 1
2
Others
D.C.
International installments
Vancouver
Episodes
Season 1
2
Melbourne
Episodes
Season 1
2
3
Cheshire
Episodes
Season 1
2
3
4
Others
Athens
Les Vraies Housewives
Auckland
Sydney
Toronto
Hungary
Bangkok
Related programming
Bethenny Ever After
Episodes
Season 1
2
3
Don't Be Tardy
Episodes
Season 1
2
3
4
5
Vanderpump Rules
Episodes
Season 1
2
3
4
Manzo'd with Children
Episodes
Season 1
2
3
Others
Date My Ex: Jo & Slade
Boys to Manzo
Havana Elsa
The Kandi Factory
Tamra's OC Wedding
I Dream of NeNe: The Wedding
Kandi's Wedding
Kandi's Ski Trip
Teresa Checks In
Vanderpump Rules After Show
Other
Cast members
"Tardy for the Party"
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Real_Housewives_of_Cheshire&oldid=825144454"
Categories:
2010s British reality television series
2015 British television programme debuts
The Real Housewives
Television shows set in Cheshire
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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values: The Real Housewives of Atlanta (season 2)

values: The Real Housewives of Atlanta (season 3)

values: The Real Housewives of Atlanta (season 4)

values: The Real Housewives of Atlanta (season 5)

values: The Real Housewives of Atlanta (season 6)

values: The Real Housewives of Atlanta (season 7)

values: The Real Housewives of Atlanta (season 8)

values: The Real Housewives of Atlanta (season 9)

values: The Real Housewives of Atlanta (season 10)

values: List of The Real Housewives of New Jersey episodes

values: The Real Housewives of New Jersey (season 1)

values: The Real Housewives of New Jersey (season 2)

values: The Real Housewives of New Jersey (season 3)

values: The Real Housewives of New Jersey (season 4)

values: The Real Housewives of New Jersey (season 5)

values: The Real Housewives of New Jersey (season 6)

values: The Real Housewives of New Jersey (season 7)

values: The Real Housewives of New Jersey (season 8)

values: List of The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills episodes

values: The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills (season 1)

values: The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills (season 2)

values: The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills (season 3)

values: The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills (season 4)

values: The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills (season 5)

values: The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills (season 6)

values: The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills (season 7)

values: List of The Real Housewives of Miami episodes

values: List of The Real Housewives of Potomac episodes

values: The Real Housewives of Potomac (season 1)

values: The Real Housewives of Potomac (season 2)

values: List of The Real Housewives of Dallas episodes

values: The Real Housewives of Dallas (season 1)

values: The Real Housewives of Dallas (season 2)

values: List of The Real Housewives of Vancouver episodes

values: The Real Housewives of Vancouver (season 1)

values: The Real Housewives of Vancouver (season 2)

values: List of The Real Housewives of Melbourne episodes

values: The Real Housewives of Melbourne (season 1)

values: The Real Housewives of Melbourne (season 2)

values: The Real Housewives of Melbourne (season 3)

values: The Real Housewives of Cheshire (season 1)

values: The Real Housewives of Cheshire (season 2)

values: The Real Housewives of Cheshire (season 3)

values: The Real Housewives of Cheshire (season 4)

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/wiki/Bethenny_Ever_After_(season_1)
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Bethenny Ever After (season 1)

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Bethenny Ever After (season 2)

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Bethenny Ever After (season 3)

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Don't Be Tardy (season 1)

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Don't Be Tardy (season 2)

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Don't Be Tardy (season 3)

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Don't Be Tardy (season 4)

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Don't Be Tardy (season 5)

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Vanderpump Rules (season 4)

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Boys to Manzo (web series)

values: List of The Real Housewives cast members

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values: Category:Television shows set in Cheshire

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