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Seafarer's professions and ranks
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Seafaring is a tradition which encompasses a variety of professions and ranks. Each of these roles carries unique responsibilities which are integral to the successful operation of a seafaring vessel.[1] A ship's crew can generally be divided into four main categories: the deck department, the engineering department, the steward's department, and other. The reasoning behind this is that a ship's bridge, filled with sophisticated navigational equipment, requires skills differing from those used on deck operations – such as berthing, cargo and/or military devices; which in turn requires skills different from those used in a ship's engine room and propulsion, and so on.
However do note that the following is only a partial listing of professions and ranks. Ship operators have understandably employed a wide variety of positions, given the vast array of technologies, missions, and circumstances that ships have been subjected to over the years.
There are some notable trends in modern or twenty-first century seamanship. Usually, seafarers work on board a ship between three and six years. Afterwards they are well prepared for working in the European maritime industry ashore.[2] Generally, there are some differences between naval and civilian seafarers. One such example is nationality on merchant vessels, which is usually diverse and not identical like on military craft. As a result, special cross-cultural training is required – especially with regard to a lingua franca.[3] Another notable trend is that administrative work has increased considerably on board, partly as an effect of increased focus on safety and security. A study shows that due to this development certain skills are missing and some are desired, so that a new degree of flexibility and job sharing has arisen, as the workload of each crew member also increases.[4]
Contents
1 Modern ship's complement
1.1 Captain/Master
1.2 Deck department
1.2.1 Officers/mates
1.2.1.1 Chief officer/Chief mate
1.2.1.2 Second officer/Second mate
1.2.1.3 Third officer/Third mate
1.2.2 Deck ratings / Rates
1.2.2.1 Boatswain(bosun)
1.2.2.2 Able seaman/AB
1.2.2.3 Ordinary seaman/OS
1.3 Engineering department
1.3.1 Engineers / licensed
1.3.1.1 Chief engineer
1.3.1.2 Second engineer/first assistant engineer
1.3.1.3 Third engineer/second assistant engineer
1.3.1.4 Fourth engineer/third assistant engineer
1.3.2 Engine ratings / unlicensed
1.3.2.1 Motorman
1.3.2.2 Oiler
1.3.2.3 Wiper
1.4 Electro-technical department
1.4.1 Electro-technical officer
1.5 Steward's department
1.5.1 Chief steward
1.5.2 Chief cook
2 Royal Navy historical ship's complement
2.1 Wardroom officers
2.2 Standing officers
2.3 Cockpit mates
2.4 Senior petty officers
2.5 Petty officers
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Modern ship's complement[edit]
Captain/Master[edit]
Main article: Sea Captain
The captain or master is the ship's highest responsible officer, acting on behalf of the ship's owner. Whether the captain is a member of the deck department or not is a matter of some controversy, and generally depends on the opinion of an individual captain. When a ship has a third mate, the captain does not stand watch.
The captain is legally responsible for the day-to-day affairs of the ship as he/she is in command. It is his/her responsibility to ensure that all the departments under him/her perform legally to the requirements of the ship's owner.[clarification needed] The captain represents the owner and hence is called "master".
Deck department[edit]
Main article: Deck department
Officers/mates[edit]
Main article: licensed mariner
Chief officer/Chief mate[edit]
Main article: Chief mate
Epaulettes worn by the chief officer on merchant ships (similar to those worn by a commander in the commonwealth navies)
The Chief Officer/First mate (often called the Chief mate in the United States) is the head of the deck department on a merchant vessel, second-in-command after the ship's Master. The Chief mate's primary responsibilities are the vessel's cargo operations, its stability, and supervising the deck crew. The mate is responsible for the safety and security of the ship, as well as the welfare of the crew on board. The chief mate typically stands the 4–8 navigation watch as OICNW (officer in-charge of the navigational watch), directing the bridge team. Some crews have additional Third mates, which allow the Chief mate to not stand navigational watch, and focus more on cargo and deck operations. Additional duties include maintenance of the ship's hull, cargo gears, accommodations, life saving appliances and firefighting appliances. The chief mate also trains the crew and cadets on various aspects like safety, firefighting, search and rescue, and various other contingencies. The chief officer assumes command of the whole ship in the absence or incapacitation of the master.
Second officer/Second mate[edit]
Main article: Second mate
The Second officer/Second mate is a qualified OICNW watch stander, directing the bridge team and navigating the ship. The Second mate is the 3rd most experienced deck department officer after the Captain/Master and Chief mate. The Second mate's primary duty is navigational, which includes updating charts and publications, keeping them current, making passage plans, and all aspects of ship navigation. The Second mate's other duties may include directing line handlers, cargo watches, directing anchor detail and training and instructing crew members.
Third officer/Third mate[edit]
Main article: Third mate
The Third officer is the least experienced qualified OICNW watch-stander. When on navigational watch, the Third mate directs the bridge team, maneuvering the vessel, keeping it safe and on track. The Third mate's primary duty is matters of safety, inspecting gear lockers, lifeboats, and all equipment onboard insuring that it is safe and operational. Other duties include directing line handlers, cargo watches, directing anchor details and training and instructing crew members.
Deck ratings / Rates[edit]
Mariners without a certificate of competence are called ratings. They assist in all other tasks that can arise during a voyage. This includes for example, mooring, cleaning of the ship and its holds and repairing broken lines and ropes. These are physically challenging jobs and have to be done regardless of the weather.[2]
Boatswain(bosun)[edit]
Highly skilled in marlinspike seamanship, the Boatswain is the highest ranking unlicensed (rating) in the deck department. The Boatswain generally carries out the tasks instructed by the Chief mate, directing the Able seaman and Ordinary seaman. The Boatswain generally does not stand a navigational watch.
Able seaman/AB[edit]
An Able seaman works under the Boatswain, completing tasks such as working mooring lines, operating deck gear, standing anchor details, and working cargo. The AB also stands a navigational watch, generally as a lookout or helmsman.
Ordinary seaman/OS[edit]
The lowest ranking personnel in the deck department. An Ordinary seaman[OS] generally helps out with work the Able seaman are doing. Other tasks include standing lookout, and generally cleaning duties.
Engineering department[edit]
Engineers / licensed[edit]
The engineers are also called technical officers. They are responsible for keeping the ship and the machinery running. Today, ships are complex units that combine a lot of technology within a small space. This includes not only the engine and the propulsion system, but also, for example, the electrical power supply, devices for loading and discharging, garbage incineration and fresh water generators.[2]
Chief engineer[edit]
The chief engineer on a merchant vessel is the official title of someone qualified to oversee the engine department. The qualification for this position is colloquially called a "Chief's Ticket".
The Chief Engineer, commonly referred to as "The chief", or just "chief", is responsible for all operations and maintenance that have to do with all machinery and equipment throughout the ship. He may be paid on par with the captain, although he is never responsible for the action of ship. The chief engineer cannot assume command and the command always rests with the Captain of the ship, unless it is clearly mentioned within the safety management system.[citation needed]
Second engineer/first assistant engineer[edit]
The second engineer or first assistant engineer is the officer responsible for supervising the daily maintenance and operation of the engine department. He or she reports directly to the chief engineer.[citation needed]
Third engineer/second assistant engineer[edit]
The Second Assistant is usually in charge of boilers, fuel, auxiliary engines, condensate and feed systems, and is the third most senior marine engineer on board. Depending on usage, "the Second" or "the Third" is also typically in charge of fueling (a.k.a. bunkering), granted the officer holds a valid Person In Charge (PIC) endorsement for fuel transfer operations.[citation needed]
Fourth engineer/third assistant engineer[edit]
The fourth engineer or third assistant engineer is junior to the second assistant engineer/third engineer in the engine department.
Engine ratings / unlicensed[edit]
Motorman[edit]
The Motorman is an unlicensed member of the engine department, with more experience than an Oiler.
Oiler[edit]
The Oiler is an unlicensed member of the engine department, with more experience than a Wiper.
Wiper[edit]
The Wiper is an unlicensed member of the engine department, usually with the least experience.[citation needed]
Electro-technical department[edit]
Electro-technical officer[edit]
The electro-technical officer sometimes referred to as the electrical engineer is in charge of all the electrical systems on the ship. The electrical engineer is one of the most vital positions in the technical hierarchy of a ship and engineer is responsible for their assigned work under the chief engineer’s instructions.
Unlike engineers the ETO does not carry out an assigned engine room "watch" instead they are normally on call 24 hours a day and generally work a daily shift carrying out electrical and electronic maintenance, repairs, installations and testing.
Some shipping companies do not carry electrical officers on their ship to cut down the manning cost, and the electrical duties are carried by an engineer. This is usually the third engineer. However, many companies realized that electrical and electronic system requires some extra attention and therefore require an expert to attend them. This is especially true on diesel electric ships or vessels equipped with systems such as dynamic positioning.
On larger vessels such as cruise ships, electrotechnical officers can have ranks within their profession, such position names include, lead ETO, 1st Electrician, chief electrical officer or chief electrical engineer. In this situation, the highest ranked electrotechnical officer will report directly to the chief engineer. On special class ships such as FPSOs the electrotechnical officer can sometimes earn nearly the same wage as a chief engineer due to the complexity of the electrical systems on the ship.
As the technology advances, more automation and electronic circuits are replacing conventional and electrical systems. The International Maritime Organisation (IMO) amended STCW 95 (also known as the Manila Amendment) on June 25, 2010 to introduce the certified position of Electro-technical officer in place of Electrical officer.[citation needed]
With advancements in satellite communications leading to the widespread adoption of the Global Maritime Distress and Safety System the old position of radio officer is far less common, although a U.S. Coast Guard license is still issued for it.[5] Ship officers may be licensed by the Federal Communications Commission as GMDSS operators and electrical officers as GMDSS maintainers. Morse code has not been used on French ships since 1997[6] and on U.S. ones since 1999[7] However, an FCC certificate for radiotelegraphy may still be obtained.
Steward's department[edit]
Chief steward[edit]
The chief steward directs, instructs, and assigns personnel performing such functions as preparing and serving meals; cleaning and maintaining officers' quarters and steward department areas; and receiving, issuing, and inventorying stores. The chief steward also plans menus; compiles supply, overtime, and cost control records. The steward may requisition or purchase stores and equipment. Additional duties may include baking bread, rolls, cakes, pies, and pastries.
Chief cook[edit]
The chief cook is the senior unlicensed crew member working in the steward's department of a ship. His position corresponds to that of the Boatswain in the deck department, the pump man in an oil tanker, and the electrician (but not ETO) in the engine department of a container ship or general cargo ship. He is the equivalent to a chief petty officer in the Navy.[citation needed]
The chief cook directs and participates in the preparation and serving of meals; determines timing and sequence of operations required to meet serving times; inspects galley and equipment for cleanliness and proper storage and preparation of food.[citation needed]
Royal Navy historical ship's complement[edit]
See also: History of the Royal Navy
Relative ranks in the Royal Navy, c. 1810. Warrant officers are underlined in the chart.[8]
The Captain was a commissioned officer naval officer in command of a ship and was addressed by naval custom as "captain" while aboard in command, regardless of the officer's actual rank.
Wardroom officers[edit]
The Lieutenants were commissioned officers immediately subordinate to the captain. Lieutenants were numbered by their seniority within the ship, so that a frigate (which was entitled to three lieutenants) would have a first lieutenant, a second lieutenant, and a third lieutenant. A first-rate was entitled to six lieutenants, and they were numbered accordingly.
The "Sailing Master" was a naval officer trained in and responsible for the navigation of a sailing vessel. The rank can be equated to a professional seaman and specialist in navigation, rather than as a military commander and was originally a warrant officer who ranked with, but after, the lieutenants and was eventually renamed to "navigating lieutenant" in 1867.
The Captain of Marines was the commissioned office in command of the Royal Marines on the ship.
The Purser was the officer responsible for all administration and of supplies such as food and drink, clothing, bedding, candles, the purser was originally known as "the clerk of burser". Pursers received no pay but were entitled to profits made through their business activities. In the 18th century a purser would buy his warrant for £65 and was required to post sureties totalling £2,100 with the Admiralty.[9] They maintained and sailed the ships and were the standing officers of the navy, staying with the ships in port between voyages as caretakers supervising repairs and refitting.[10]
The Surgeon was the medical officer of the ship. Surgeons were ranked by the Navy Board based on their training and social status.[11] Surgeons were wardroom warrant officers with a high status, billeted along with the other officers in the wardroom.[12] Surgeons were assisted by surgeon's mates, who after 1805 were called "assistant surgeons".[13] The surgeon and his mates were assisted by boys, who were called "loblolly boys", named after the gruel commonly served in the sick bay.[7] A small number of doctors with a prestigious medical education were ranked as physicians; they would supervise surgeons on ships or run hospitals on shore.[14]
The Chaplain lead the ship's religious services. As an ordained minister his social status meant he was made an officer.
Standing officers[edit]
The Gunner was the warrant officer in charge of the ships's naval artillery and other weapons. He supervised the Armourer, the Gunners mate and the Yeoman of the Power room.
The Boatswain (/ˈboʊsən/), bo's'n, bos'n, or bosun, was the warrant officer of the deck department. As deck crew foreman, the boatswain planned the day's work and assigned tasks to the deck crew. As work was completed, the boatswain checked the completed work was done correctly. He supervised the Ropemaker, the Boatswain's mate and the Sailmaker.
The carpenter was the warrant officer who was responsible for the maintenance and repair of the wooden components of the ship. He supervised the Caulker, the Carpenter's mate and the Master-at-arms.
Cockpit mates[edit]
Originally, a master's mate was an experienced petty officer, who assisted the master, but was not in line for promotion to lieutenant.[15] By the mid-eighteenth century, he was far more likely to be a superior midshipman, still waiting to pass his examination for lieutenant or to receive his commission, but taking rather more responsibility aboard ship. Six master's mates were allowed on a first rate, three on a third rate, and two on most frigates.[16]
Senior petty officers[edit]
A Midshipman was an apprentice officer who had previously served at least three years as a volunteer, officer's servant or able seaman, and was roughly equivalent to a present-day petty officer in rank and responsibilities. After serving at least three years as a midshipman or master's mate, he was eligible to take the examination for lieutenant. Promotion to lieutenant was not automatic, and many midshipmen took positions as master's mates for an increase in pay and responsibility aboard ship.
The Clerk was a literate worker who did administrative work on the ship.
The Armourer maintained and repaired the smaller weapons on the ship.
The Caulker maintained and repaired the caulking of the ship's hull.
The Ropemaker made, maintained and repaired ropes on board.
The "Master-at-arms" was a naval rating, responsible discipline aboard ship, assisted by Corporals.
Petty officers[edit]
The Yeoman of the Sheets was in charge of the rope store. Given that the ship was rarely dry inside and the ropes rotted when wet, preserving the rope was a major problem.[17]
See also[edit]
Nautical portal
Ship transport
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Ranks & STCW Requirements
^ Jump up to: a b c "Careers on board". Go-maritime.net. Retrieved 13 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "Cross-cultural training needs of seafarers, shore-based personnel and industry stakeholders" (PDF). Know-me.org. Retrieved 13 December 2014.
Jump up ^ Gesine Stueck. "2.1.Future demand of maritime professionals in the maritime and port industry". Know-me.org. Retrieved 13 December 2014.
Jump up ^ Mariner Credentialing
Jump up ^ ... --- ... .-. .. .--. (SOS, RIP)
Jump up ^ Maritime Morse Code Slips Gradually Under the Waves
Jump up ^ Lavery, Brian (1989). Nelson's Navy: The Ships, Men and Organization. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. p. 136. ISBN 0-87021-258-3.
Jump up ^ Royal Navy Customs and Traditions
Jump up ^ Naval Historical Center (2005-07-20). "Why is the Colonel Called "Kernal"? The Origin of the Ranks and Rank Insignia Now Used by the United States Armed Forces". United States Navy. Archived from the original on 1998-07-03. Retrieved 2007-05-26.
Jump up ^ King 2001, p. 32
Jump up ^ King 2001, pp. 33
Jump up ^ King 2001, p. 16>
Jump up ^ King 2001, pp. 31
Jump up ^ Lavery, Brian (1989). Nelson's Navy: The Ships, Men and Organization. Annapolis, Md: Naval Institute Press. p. 93. ISBN 0-87021-258-3.
Jump up ^ Lavery, Brian (1989). Nelson's Navy: The Ships, Men and Organization. Annapolis, Md: Naval Institute Press. p. 328. ISBN 0-87021-258-3.
Jump up ^ The Wooden World: Anatomy of the Georgian Navy by N.A.M. Rodger, ISBN 978-0006861522
King, Dean (2001). A Sea of Words: Lexicon and Companion for Patrick O'Brian's Seafaring Tales. Henry Holt. ISBN 0-8050-6615-2. Retrieved 2009-05-19.
External links[edit]
United States Coast Guard Merchant Mariner Licensing and Documentation web site
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Shipboard occupations
Senior personnel
Captain
Chief engineer
Maritime pilot
Deck department
Officers (Mates):
Chief mate
Second mate
Third mate
Cadet
Ratings (Rates):
Bosun
(Able seaman
Ordinary seaman)
Engine department
Officers (Engineers):
1st assistant
2nd assistant
3rd assistant
Enlisted (Ratings):
Motorman
Oiler
Wiper
Steward's department
Commissioned:
Chief cook
Purser
Enlisted:
Chief steward
Steward
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Under the Tuscan Sun (film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Under the Tuscan Sun
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Audrey Wells
Produced by
Tom Sternberg
Audrey Wells
Screenplay by
Audrey Wells
Based on
Under the Tuscan Sun
by Frances Mayes
Starring
Diane Lane
Sandra Oh
Lindsay Duncan
Music by
Christophe Beck
Cinematography
Geoffrey Simpson
Edited by
Arthur Coburn
Andrew Marcus
Todd E Miller
Production
company
Touchstone Pictures
Distributed by
Buena Vista Pictures
Release date
September 26, 2003 (2003-09-26) (USA)
Running time
113 minutes
Country
United States
Italy
Language
English
Budget
$18 million[1]
Box office
$58.9 million[1]
Under the Tuscan Sun is a 2003 American romantic comedy drama film written, produced, and directed by Audrey Wells and starring Diane Lane. Based on Frances Mayes' 1996 memoir of the same name, the film is about a recently divorced writer who buys a villa in Tuscany on a whim, hoping it will lead to a change in her life.[2] The film was nominated for the Art Directors Guild Excellence in Production Design Award, and Diane Lane received a Golden Globe Award nomination for her performance.[3]
Contents
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Filming locations
4 Reception
4.1 Box office
4.2 Critical response
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Plot[edit]
Frances Mayes (Diane Lane) is a San Francisco writer whose seemingly perfect life takes an unexpected turn when she learns that her husband has been cheating on her. The divorce—and the loss of her house to her ex-husband and his much-younger, pregnant new partner—leaves her depressed and unable to write. Her best friend Patti (Sandra Oh), a lesbian who is expecting a child, is beginning to think Frances might never recover. She urges Frances to take an Italian vacation to Tuscany using the ticket she purchased before she became pregnant. At first Frances refuses, but after another depressing day in her gloomy apartment, she decides that it's a good idea to get away for a while.
In Tuscany, her tour group stops in the small town of Cortona. After wandering through the charming streets, she notices a posting for a villa for sale in Cortona. She rejoins her tour group on the bus, and just outside town, the bus stops to allow a flock of sheep to cross the road. While they wait, Frances realizes that they've stopped directly in front of the very villa that she had seen for sale—something she believes is a sign. She asks the driver to stop and she gets off the bus. Through a series of serendipitous events, she becomes the owner of a lovely yet dilapidated villa in beautiful Tuscany.
Frances begins her new life with the help of a variety of interesting characters and unusual but gentle souls. She hires a crew of Polish immigrants to renovate the house. Over time, Frances also befriends her Italian neighbors and develops relationships with her Polish workers, the realtor who sold her the villa, and Katherine (Lindsay Duncan), an eccentric aging British actress who evokes the mystery and beauty of an Italian film star. Later, she is visited by the now very pregnant Patti, whose partner Grace has left her.
Frances meets and has a brief romantic affair with Marcello (Raoul Bova), but their relationship does not last. She is about to give up on happiness when one of her Polish workers, a teenager named Pawel (Pawel Szajda), and a neighbor's young daughter come to her for help. Her father does not approve of him, due to his being Polish and not having a family, yet they are very much in love and want to get married. Frances persuades the girl's family to support their love, by proclaiming that she is Pawel's family, and the young lovers are soon married at the villa. During the wedding celebration, Frances meets an American writer who is traveling in Tuscany, and their attraction for each other points to a romantic future.
Cast[edit]
Diane Lane as Frances Mayes
Sandra Oh as Patti
Lindsay Duncan as Katherine
Raoul Bova as Marcello
Vincent Riotta as Martini
Mario Monicelli as Old man with flowers
Roberto Nobile as Placido
Anita Zagaria as Fiorella
Evelina Gori as Nona Cardinale
Kate Walsh as Grace
Pawel Szajda as Pawel
David Sutcliffe as Ed
Jeffrey Tambor as Lawyer (uncredited)
Giulia Steigerwalt as Chiara
Valentine Pelka as Jerzy
Sasa Vulicevic as Zbigniew
Massimo Sarchielli as Nino
Claudia Gerini as Signora Raguzzi
Laura Pestellini as Contessa
Don McManus as Nasty Man
Matt Salinger as Colleague
Elden Henson as Author
Jack Kehler as Apartment Manager
Kristoffer Ryan Winters as David Tour Guide
Nuccio Siano as Gianni
Malva Guicheney as Gianni's Daughter[4]
Dan Bucatinsky as Rodney[5][better source needed]
Production[edit]
Filming locations[edit]
Banca CR Firenze, Cortona, Tuscany, Italy (interiors, bank scene)
Cassa di Risparmio di Firenze, Cortona, Tuscany, Italy (real estate transaction scene with a judicial screvener)
Teatro Signorelli, Cortona, Italy (movie date with Pawel)
Cinecittà Studios, Cinecittà, Rome, Lazio, Italy (bookstore, Patti & Grace's San Francisco apartment)
Cortona, Arezzo, Tuscany, Italy
Florence, Tuscany, Italy
Montepulciano, Siena, Tuscany, Italy (leaving Cortona, wedding)
Positano, Salerno, Campania, Italy
Rome, Lazio, Italy
San Francisco, California, USA
Montepulciano, Tuscany, Italy (flag-waving show)[6]
Teatro Signorelli, Cortona, Arezzo, Tuscany, Italy (interiors)[7]
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
Under the Tuscan Sun opened well in the United States, grossing $9,751,425 on 1,226 screens, opening at No. 2 in the U.S. box office in the weekend of September 28, 2003. This was more than half of its estimated $18 million budget. The film was a box office success, earning $43,610,723 domestically and a further $15,268,000 internationally, totaling $58,878,723 worldwide.[1]
Critical response[edit]
The film received positive reviews from critics. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 62% out of 147 professional critics gave the film a positive review, with a rating average of 6.2/10 and the critical consensus stating: "Though formulaic and superficial, Under the Tuscan Sun is redeemed by Lane's vibrant performance."[8]
Diane Lane's performance was highly praised and she was nominated for a Best Actress Golden Globe Award.
See also[edit]
Under the Tuscan Sun, the memoir on which the movie is based
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "Under the Tuscan Sun". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved March 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Under the Tuscan Sun". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved March 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Awards for Under the Tuscan Sun". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved March 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Full cast and crew for Under the Tuscan Sun". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved March 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ Dan Bucatinsky
Jump up ^ "Locations for Under the Tuscan Sun". Movieloci.com.
Jump up ^ "Locations for Under the Tuscan Sun". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved March 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ Under the Tuscan Sun. Rotten Tomatoes. Flixter. Retrieved 2 January 2013.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Under the Tuscan Sun (film)
Under the Tuscan Sun: The Unofficial Movie Site
Under the Tuscan Sun on IMDb
Under the Tuscan Sun at AllMovie
Under the Tuscan Sun at Rotten Tomatoes
Under the Tuscan Sun at Box Office Mojo
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Under_the_Tuscan_Sun_(film)&oldid=848123314"
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Sinus bradycardia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Sinus bradycardia
Sinus bradycardia seen in lead II with a heart rate of about 50.
Classification and external resources
ICD-9-CM
427.81
MeSH
D001146
[edit on Wikidata]
Sinus bradycardia is a sinus rhythm with a rate that is lower than normal. In humans, bradycardia is generally defined to be a rate of under 60 beats per minute.
Contents
[hide]
1 Signs and symptoms
2 Causes
3 Diagnosis
4 See also
5 References
Signs and symptoms[edit]
The decreased heart rate can cause a decreased cardiac output resulting in symptoms such as lightheadedness, dizziness, hypotension, vertigo, and syncope. The slow heart rate may also lead to atrial, junctional, or ventricular ectopic rhythms.
Bradycardia is not necessarily problematic. People who regularly practice sports may have sinus bradycardia, because their trained hearts can pump enough blood in each contraction to allow a low resting heart rate. Sinus bradycardia can also be an adaptive advantage; for example, diving seals may have a heart rate as low as 12 beats per minute, helping them to conserve oxygen during long dives.[1]
Sinus bradycardia is a common condition found in both healthy individuals and those who are considered well conditioned athletes.
Heart rates considered bradycardic vary by species; for example, in the common housecat, a rate of under 120 beats per minute is abnormal. Generally, smaller species have higher heart rates while larger species have lower rates.
Causes[edit]
This rhythm may be caused by one of the following:
Increased vagal tone.
Sleep
Hypothermia
Hypothyroidism
Roemheld syndrome
Intrinsic disease of the SA node (E.g. sick sinus syndrome).
An effect of drugs, such as the use of digitalis, beta-blockers, quinidine, adenosine, calcium channel blocker chest pains
Seizure.
It could also be a normal finding in a healthy, well-conditioned person.
It may be secondary to infections like diphtheria, acute rheumatic fever, viral myocarditis.
Increased intracranial pressure.
Rhodotoxin poisoning.
As a result of an eating disorder, such as anorexia nervosa.
as in carotid sinus syndrome, acute myocardial infarction.
Diagnosis[edit]
ECG characteristics
Rate: Less than 60 beats per minute.
Rhythm: Regular.
P waves: Upright, consistent, and normal in morphology and duration.
P-R Interval: Between 0.12 and 0.20 seconds in duration.
QRS Complex: Less than 0.12 seconds in width, and consistent in morphology.
See also[edit]
Sinus tachycardia
Long QT syndrome
References[edit]
Jump up ^ THORNTON (2004). "Oxygen and the diving seal" (PDF). The Journal of Hyperbaric Medicine. 31 (1): 81–95. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
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hexaxial reference system
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T
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Psalm 23
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
See Psalm 24 for Psalm 23 in Greek (Vulgata) numbering.
Illustration from "The Sunday at Home", 1880
Psalm 23 (Greek numbering: Psalm 22 because of its opening line) is the 23rd and perhaps best-known psalm in the Old Testament Book of Psalms and perhaps the best-known chapter in the Hebrew Bible. The writer describes God as his shepherd. The theme of this poem casts God in the role of protector and provider, and is routinely read and recited by Jews and Christians alike.
Like all the psalms, Psalm 23 was used in worship of the ancient Hebrews.
Contents
[hide]
1 Text
2 Shepherd theme
3 In Christian tradition
3.1 Metrical versions
3.2 Use in funerals
4 Use in Judaism
5 Musical settings
5.1 Liturgical and classical
5.2 Songs
6 Recitation
7 Media
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Text[edit]
The Lord is my shepherd; I shall not want.
He maketh me to lie down in green pastures: he leadeth me beside the still waters.
He restoreth my soul: he leadeth me in the paths of righteousness for his name's sake.
Yea, though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I will fear no evil: for thou art with me; thy rod and thy staff they comfort me.
Thou preparest a table before me in the presence of mine enemies: thou anointest my head with oil; my cup runneth over.
Surely goodness and mercy shall follow me all the days of my life: and I will dwell in the house of the Lord for ever.
—  Psalm 23:1-6
Shepherd theme[edit]
The theme of God as a shepherd was common in ancient Palestine and Mesopotamia. For example, King Hammurabi, in the conclusion to his famous legal code, wrote: "I am the shepherd who brings well-being and abundant prosperity; my rule is just.... so that the strong might not oppress the weak, and that even the orphan and the widow might be treated with justice."[1] This imagery and language was well-known to the community that created the Psalm, and was easily imported into its worship.
Psalm 23 portrays God as a good shepherd, feeding (verse 1) and leading (verse 3) his flock. The "rod and staff" (verse 4) are also the implements of a shepherd. Some commentators see the shepherd imagery pervading the entire psalm. It is known that the shepherd is to know each sheep by name, thus when God is given the analogy of a shepherd, he is not only a protector but also the caretaker. God, as the caretaker, leads the sheep to green pastures (verse 2) and still waters (verse 2) because he knows that each of his sheep must be personally led to be fed. Thus, without its Shepherd, the sheep would die either by a predator or of starvation, since sheep are known for their helplessness without their shepherd.
J. Douglas MacMillan argues that verse 5 ("Thou preparest a table before me") refers to the "old oriental shepherding practice" of using little raised tables to feed sheep.[2] Similarly, "Thou anointest my head with oil" may refer to an ancient form of backliner – the oil is poured on wounds, and repels flies. MacMillan also notes that verse 6 ("Goodness and mercy shall follow me") reminds him of two loyal sheepdogs coming behind the flock.[3]
John Ellinwood argues that in verses 4 and 5 King David acknowledges God's protection in expeditions and in battles. "Thou preparest a table before me in the presence of mine enemies" refers to the sober raucous dinner before major battles. These were raucous in order to demoralize hostiles camped within earshot, and (only) the king ate from a table. "Thou anointest my head with oil" because tomorrow this ceremony might be impossible. After each victory there was no longer a need for sobriety, so "my cup runneth over." The king's lyricist wisely shortened these military verses for balance. Also in Psalm 18 David mentions God's protection in battle. [13].
The first verse of the psalm ascribes authorship to King David, said in the Hebrew Scriptures to have been a field shepherd himself as a youth. However, this is certainly a later editorial addition; it is not possible that David would have written any of the psalms. No scholar or serious student of the Bible accepts Davidic authorship.
Psalm 23 is traditionally sung by Jews in Hebrew at the third Shabbat meal on Saturday afternoon.
In Christian tradition[edit]
This section includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help to improve this section by introducing more precise citations. (March 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Psalm 23 is often referred to as the Shepherd's psalm
For Christians the image of God as a shepherd evokes connections not only with David but with Jesus, described as "Good Shepherd" in the Gospel of John. The phrase about "the valley of the shadow of death" is often taken as an allusion to the eternal life given by Jesus.
Orthodox Christians typically include this Psalm in the prayers of preparation for receiving the Eucharist.
The Reformation inspired widespread efforts in western Europe to make biblical texts available in vernacular languages. One of the most popular early English versions was the Geneva Bible (1557). The most widely recognized version of the psalm in English today is undoubtedly the one drawn from the King James Bible (1611).
The psalm is a popular passage for memorization and is often used in sermons.
Metrical versions[edit]
Main article: Metrical psalter
Eastman Johnson's 1863 painting "The Lord is My Shepherd".
An early metrical version of the psalm in English was made in 1565 by Thomas Sternhold. Other metrical versions to emerge from the Protestant Reformation include those from The Bay Psalm Book (1640)[4] and a version influenced by Sternholm published in the Scottish Psalter (1650).[5] The latter version is still encountered, with modernized spelling, in many Protestant hymns. Other notable metrical versions include those by George Herbert, Philip Sidney, and Isaac Watts.[4]
A metrical version of the psalm is traditionally sung to the hymn tune Crimond, generally attributed to Jessie Seymour Irvine.[6] This version, with its opening words "The Lord's My Shepherd", is probably the best-known amongst English-speaking congregations. Other melodies, such as Brother James' Air or Amazing Grace, are also used. Other tunes sometimes used include Belmont, Evan, Martyrdom, Orlington, and Wiltshire.[7]
Use in funerals[edit]
In the 20th century, Psalm 23 became particularly associated with funeral liturgies in the English-speaking world, and films with funeral scenes often depict a graveside recitation of the psalm. Official liturgies of English-speaking churches were slow to adopt this practice, though. The Book of Common Prayer of the Church of England has only Psalms 39 and 90 in its order for the burial of the dead, and in the Episcopal Church in the United States, Psalm 23 was not used for funerals until the 1928 revision of the prayer book.
Use in Judaism[edit]
This Psalm is found in the Friday night Maariv service. It is also traditionally sung three times during the third Sabbath meal.[citation needed]
Musical settings[edit]
Liturgical and classical[edit]
Johann Sebastian Bach, Cantata No.112 Der Herr ist mein getreuer Hirt, BWV 112
James Leith Macbeth Bain – hymn tune Brother James' Air[8]
Lennox Berkeley Op. 91, No. 1 (1975)
Leonard Bernstein – Chichester Psalms (Hebrew, in Part 2, together with Psalm 2)
Anton Bruckner – Psalm 22 Der Herr regieret mich WAB 34 (c. 1852)
Noah Creshevsky – Psalm XXIII (2003)
Paul Creston – Psalm XXIII (1945)
Herbert Howells – Hymnus Paradisi
Jessie Seymour Irvine – hymn tune Crimond[8]
Albert Hay Malotte
Clément Marot (Latin)
George Rochberg[9]
Miklós Rózsa[10]
Edmund Rubbra – Three Psalms, op.61 (no.2)
John Rutter – The Lord is my Shepherd (1978), included in his Requiem (1985)
Franz Schubert – version by Moses Mendelssohn (German)
Randall Thompson[11]
Ralph Vaughan Williams[12]
Charles Villiers Stanford – "The Lord is my Shepherd" (1886)[13]
Alexander Zemlinsky Op. 14, (1910) for chorus and orchestra
Antonín Dvořák, verses 1–4, No. 4 of his Biblical Songs (1894)
Rabbi Shlomo Carlebach – Gam Ki Elech b'Gey Tzalmavet Lo Irah Rah Ki Atah Imadi. גם כי אלך [14]
Songs[edit]
1958: Duke Ellington – "Part VI" from Black, Brown and Beige with Mahalia Jackson
1966: The Moody Blues – "23rd Psalm" from the album The Magnificent Moodies deLuxe Edition (not released until 2014)
1966: Ed Ames – "My Cup Runneth Over RCA Victor single from the Musical Production "I Do!, I Do!"
1972: Dave Cousins – "Lay Down" from the album Bursting at the Seams
1977: Dennis Brown – "Here I Come" from the album Wolf & Leopards
1977: Peter Tosh – "Jah Guide" from the album Equal Rights
1977: Pink Floyd – "Sheep" from the album Animals
1978: Patti Smith Group – "Privilege (Set Me Free)" from the album Easter
1980: The Grateful Dead – "Alabama Getaway" from the album Go to Heaven
1981: Venom – "Welcome To Hell" from the album Welcome To Hell
1982: Keith Green – "The Lord is My Shepherd" from the album Songs for the Shepherd
1983: Marillion – "Forgotten Sons" from the album Script for a Jester's Tear
1985: Judy Collins – "The Lord is my Shepherd" from the album Amazing Grace
1988: Diamanda Galás – "The Lord is my Shepherd" from the album You Must Be Certain of the Devil
1988: U2 – "Love Rescue Me" from the album Rattle and Hum
1989: Lil' Louis – "Blackout" from the album From The Mind Of Lil Louis
1990: Bobby McFerrin – "The 23rd Psalm" from the album Medicine Music
1993: Alpha Blondy – "Psaume 23" from the album Jerusalem
1993: Christian Death – Psalm (Maggot's Lair) from album Path of Sorrows
1993: Midnight Oil – "In the Valley" from album Earth and Sun and Moon
1994: Howard Goodall – theme to The Vicar of Dibley, later covered by Katherine Jenkins and The Choirboys
1995: Coolio feat. L.V. – "Gangsta's Paradise"
1995: Michael W. Smith - "As It Is In Heaven" from I'll Lead You Home
1995: Tupac Shakur – "So Many Tears" from the album Me Against The World
1996: Cissy Houston, (Whitney Houston's mother) – "The Lord is My Shepherd" from The Preacher's Wife: Original Soundtrack Album
1997: Christopher Wallace (The Notorious B.I.G.) – "You're Nobody ('Til Somebody Kills You)" from the album Life After Death
1998: Colin Mawby – recording with Charlotte Church
1998: Kathy Troccoli - "Psalm 23" from Corner of Eden
1999: E Nomine – "Psalm 23" from the album Das Testament
1999: Jonathan Elias – "Forgiveness" from the album The Prayer Cycle
1999: Ky-mani Marley – "Lord is My Shepherd" from the album The Journey
2000: Marilyn Manson – "In The Shadow Of The Valley Of Death" from the album Holy Wood
2001: Dan Nichols – "Psalm 23" from the album Be Strong
2002: Boards of Canada – "From One Source All Things" from the album Geogaddi
2003: Lucinda Williams – "Atonement" from the album World Without Tears
2004: Kanye West – "Jesus Walks" from the album The College Dropout
2004: Megadeth – "Shadow of Deth" from the album The System Has Failed
2004: OverClocked Remix – "Beneath the Surface (Aquatic Ambiance)" from Kong in Concert
2005: Ministry (band) - "No W (Redux)" from Rantology
2007: Group 1 Crew – "Forgive Me" from the album Group 1 Crew
2007: Dream Theater – "In The Presence Of Enemies Part 2" from the album Systematic Chaos
2008: Jon Foreman – "The House of God, Forever" from the EP, Summer
2008: The Offspring – "Hammerhead" from the album Rise and Fall, Rage and Grace
2009: India.Arie, MC Lyte – "Psalms 23" from the album Testimony: Vol. 2, Love & Politics
2009: Rick Ross – "Valley of Death" from the album Deeper Than Rap
2010: Nas & Damian Marley – "Strong Will Continue" from the album Distant Relatives
2011: Hollywood Undead – "Hear Me Now" from the album American Tragedy
2013: The Black Dahlia Murder – "In Hell Is Where She Waits for Me" from the album Everblack
2013: Jay-Z – "Holy Grail" from the album Magna Carta Holy Grail
2013: Fall Out Boy – "Death Valley" from "Save Rock and Roll"
2013: Audrey Assad - "Good to Me" from Fortunate Fall
2016: Shane & Shane - "Psalm 23 (Surely Goodness, Surely Mercy)" from Psalms II
2016: Crowder – "Shepherd" from the album "American Prodigal"
Recitation[edit]
2013: Australian singer songwriter Paul Kelly from the album Poems For Funerals
Media[edit]
By Jessie S Irvine
02:47 Orchestral arrangement 5 Verses with intro
Problems playing this file? See media help.
By James Leith Macbeth Bain
02:36 Orchestral arrangement 5 Verses with intro
Problems playing this file? See media help.
See also[edit]
Lamb of God
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://history.hanover.edu/courses/excerpts/165hammurabi.html
Jump up ^ J. Douglas MacMillan, The Lord of Shepherd. (Bryntirion: Evangelical Press of Wales, 1988), 78.
Jump up ^ J. Douglas MacMillan, The Lord of Shepherd. (Bryntirion: Evangelical Press of Wales, 1988), 82.
^ Jump up to: a b "'Psalms Compared: Psalm 23', retrieved 2007-08-05. (no public access!)". Smith Creek Music. 2007-01-17. Retrieved 2014-03-12.
Jump up ^ Scottish Psalter and Paraphrases at CCEL
Jump up ^ "Crimond". Center for Church Music - Songs & Hymns. Retrieved 2008-10-07.
Jump up ^ [1][dead link]
^ Jump up to: a b "BBC h2g2 Psalm 23". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2014-03-12.
Jump up ^ Together with Psalm 43 and Psalm 150 in an a capella setting for mixed chorus written in 1954. Dixon, Joan (1992). George Rochberg: A Bio-Bibliographic Guide to His Life and Works. Hillsdale, New York: Pendragon Press, p. 175.
Jump up ^ The Miklós Rózsa Society Website[dead link]
Jump up ^ Blotner, Linda Solow (1983). The Boston Composers Project: A Bibliography of Contemporary Music. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, p. 547.
Jump up ^ "Settings of: Psalm 23". ChoralNet. Retrieved 2012-02-25.
Jump up ^ #NOV290116. Novello & Co Ltd.
Jump up ^ Gem Ki Elech 1(YouTube).
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Psalm 23
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Psalm 23.
Hebrew text, translation, transliteration, recorded melodies from The Zemirot Database
Tehillim – Psalm 23 (Judaica Press) translation with Rashi's commentary.
Psalm 23 recited in Hebrew
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