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Timeline of the Northern Ireland Troubles and peace process
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v
t
e
The Troubles
Ireland
1960s
Battle of the Bogside/August 1969 riots
1970s
Battle of St Matthew's
Falls Curfew
1970 Crossmaglen bombing
Scottish soldiers' killings
Operation Demetrius
Ballymurphy massacre
Newry killings
McGurk's bombing
Balmoral showroom bombing
Bloody Sunday
Abercorn bombing
Donegall St bombing
Battle at Springmartin
Battle of Lenadoon
Springhill massacre
Bloody Friday
Operation Motorman
Claudy bombing
Benny's bombing
Belturbet bombing
Dublin bombings
New Lodge Six shooting
"Captain Black" killings
Coleraine bombings
Rose & Crown Bar bombing
Dublin-Monaghan bombings
Conway's Bar
Mountainview Tavern
Strand Bar Bombing
Miami Showband killings
Bayardo Bar
Tullyvallen massacre
Belfast & Coleraine attacks
Drummuckavall ambush
Dublin Airport bombing
Dundalk & Silverbridge attacks
Gilford bombing
Reavey-O'Dowd killings
Kingsmill massacre
Castleblayney bombing
Hillcrest Bar bombing
Step Inn Pub
Flagstaff incident
Chlorane Bar
Ramble Inn
Jonesboro Gazelle downing
La Mon bombing
Crossmaglen Ambush
Bessbrook bombing
Warrenpoint ambush
1980s
Dunmurry train bombing
Lough Foyle
Bessbrook landmine attack
Glasdrumman ambush
Ballykelly bombing
Ballygawley landmine attack
Darkley killings
Kesh ambush
Gransha shootings
Newry mortar attack
Killeen Landmine attack
Ballygawley barracks
The Birches barracks
Clontibret invasion
Loughgall ambush
Enniskillen bombing
Milltown Cemetery
Corporals killings
Avenue Bar shooting
Lisburn van bombing
Ballygawley bus bombing
Orange Cross Social Club shooting
Jonesborough ambush
Derryard checkpoint
1990s
Downpatrick bombing
Derrygorry Gazelle shootdown
Operation Conservation
Fort Victoria
1990 proxy bombs
Mullacreevie ambush
Cappagh killings
Drumbeg killings
Glenanne barracks
Coagh ambush
Donegall Arms shooting
Teebane bombing
Sean Graham bookmakers
Clonoe ambush
Cloghoge checkpoint
Coalisland riots
South Armagh sniper campaign
James Murray's bookmakers
IRA purge the IPLO
Castlerock killings
Cullaville occupation
Battle of Newry Road
Shankill bombing
Greysteel massacre
Crossmaglen Lynx shootdown
1994 Shankill Road Killings
Loughinisland massacre
Connolly station bomb
Drumcree crisis
1996 Killyhevlin Hotel bombing
Thiepval barracks
1997 Coalisland attack
July 1997 riots
Newtownhamilton bombing
Omagh bombing
Great Britain
1970s
Aldershot bombing
Old Bailey bombing
King's Cross & Euston stations
M62 coach bombing
Parliament bombing
Guildford bombings
Brook's bombing
Harrow School
Woolwich pub bombing
Birmingham bombings
Pillar box bombs
Oxford Street bombing
Caterham bombing
London Hilton bombing
Green Park bombing
Scott's bombing
Walton's bombing
Balcombe St siege
1980s
Chelsea bombing
Hyde & Regent's Park bombings
Harrods bombing
Woolwich barracks
Brighton bombing
Inglis barracks
Deal barracks
1990s
Lichfield shooting
Downing St attack
Victoria & Paddington station bombings
London Bridge bombing
1992 Manchester bombing
Warrington bombings
Bishopsgate bombing
Heathrow mortar attacks
Docklands bombing
1996 Manchester bombing
Mainland Europe
Rheindahlen bombing (Germany)
Operation Flavius (Gibraltar)
1988 Netherlands attacks
Roermond killings (Netherlands)
Osnabrück barracks (Germany)
This article lists the major violent and political incidents during the Troubles, peace process, and a dissident campaign in Northern Ireland, from the late 1960s until the present day. The Troubles was a period of conflict in Northern Ireland involving republican and loyalist paramilitaries, the British security forces, and civil rights groups. The Troubles is usually dated from the riots of 1968 through the Good Friday Agreement of 1998.[1][2][3][4] However, sporadic violence continued after this point. Those that continued violence past this point are referred to as Dissident republicans and Loyalists in the Dissident Irish Republican Campaign. The Troubles 1968-1998, claimed roughly 3500 lives while the Dissident Irish Republican Campaign 1998-present, has claimed around 150 lives.[5]
For a list of groups involved in the conflict, see Directory of the Northern Ireland Troubles
For a chronology of the peace process, see Northern Ireland peace process
Contents
[hide]
1 Prior to 1960
2 1960–1969
3 Key
3.1 1966
3.2 1968
3.3 1969
4 1970–1979
4.1 1970
4.2 1971
4.3 1972
4.4 January-June
4.5 July-December
4.6 1973
4.7 1974
4.8 1975
4.9 1976
4.10 1977
4.11 1978
4.12 1979
5 1980–1989
5.1 1980
5.2 1981
5.3 1982
5.4 1983
5.5 1984
5.6 1985
5.7 1986
5.8 1987
5.9 1988
5.10 1989
6 1990–1999
6.1 1990
6.2 1991
6.3 1992
6.4 1993
6.5 1994
6.6 1995
6.7 1996
6.8 1997
6.9 1998
6.10 1999
7 2000–2009
7.1 2000
7.2 2001
7.3 2005
7.4 2006
7.5 2007
7.6 2008
7.7 2009
8 2010 onward
8.1 2010
8.2 2011
8.3 2012
8.4 2013
8.5 2016
8.6 2018
9 See also
10 Notes
11 External links
Prior to 1960[edit]
Since partition, the IRA had started a number of military operations in Northern Ireland designed at bringing about their goal of a United Ireland. The intensity of this activity increased towards the end of 1941, where the IRA decided to step up its campaign of attacks in Northern Ireland. [6] In response to this activity the Unionist authorities under John Miller Andrews introduced internment and using provisions of the Emergency Powers Act, instituted increasingly restrictive policies in Northern Ireland. This pattern of paramilitary violence, followed by increasingly restrictive measures on the behalf of the authorities came to define the run-up to the Troubles.
1960–1969[edit]
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Since 1964, civil rights activists had been protesting against the discrimination against Catholics and Irish nationalists by the Ulster Protestant and unionist government of Northern Ireland. The civil rights movement called for: 'one man, one vote'; the end to gerrymandered electoral boundaries; the end to discrimination in employment and in the allocation of public housing; repeal of the Special Powers Act; and the disbanding of the Ulster Special Constabulary.[6]
Key[edit]
Political action or event
Political or civil violence
Paramilitary killing, bombing or assassination attempt

1966[edit]
April Loyalists led by Ian Paisley, a Protestant preacher, founded the Ulster Constitution Defence Committee (UCDC) to oppose the civil rights movement. It set up a paramilitary-style wing called the Ulster Protestant Volunteers (UPV).[6]
21 May A loyalist group calling itself the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) issued a statement declaring war on the Irish Republican Army (IRA). The group claimed to be composed of "heavily armed Protestants dedicated to this cause".[7] At the time, the IRA was not engaged in armed action, and Irish nationalists were marking the 50th anniversary of the Easter Rising. Some unionists warned "that a revival of the IRA was imminent".[6]
May–June The UVF carried out three attacks on Catholics in Belfast. In the first, a Protestant civilian (Matilda Gould) died when UVF members tried to firebomb the Catholic-owned pub beside her house but accidentally struck her home. In the second, a Catholic civilian (John Patrick Scullion) was shot dead as he walked home. In the third, the UVF opened fire on three Catholic civilians as they left a pub, killing one (Peter Ward, a native of the Republic of Ireland) and wounding the other two.[6]
1968[edit]
20 June Civil rights activists (including Stormont MP Austin Currie) protested against discrimination in the allocation of housing by illegally occupying a house in Caledon, County Tyrone. An unmarried Protestant woman (the secretary of a local Ulster Unionist Party (UUP) politician) had been given the house ahead of Catholic families with children. The protesters were forcibly removed by the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC).[8]
24 August Northern Ireland's first civil rights march was held. Many more marches would be held over the following year. Loyalists attacked some of the marches and organized counter-demonstrations to get the marches banned.[8]
5 October A Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association march was to take place in Derry. When the loyalist Apprentice Boys announced its intention to hold a march at the same place and time, the Government banned all marches taking place that day. When civil rights activists defied the ban, RUC officers surrounded the marchers and beat them indiscriminately and without provocation.[9] Over 100 people were injured, including a number of MPs.[9] This sparked two days of serious rioting in Derry between Catholics and the RUC.[8]
9 October About 2,000 students from Queen's University Belfast tried to march to Belfast City Hall in protest against police brutality on 5 October in Derry. The march was blocked by loyalists led by Ian Paisley. After the demonstration, a student civil rights group—People's Democracy—was formed.[8]
1969[edit]
4 January A People's Democracy march between Belfast and Derry was repeatedly attacked by loyalists. At Burntollet it was ambushed by 200 loyalists and off-duty police (RUC) officers armed with iron bars, bricks and bottles. The marchers claimed that police did little to protect them. When the march arrived in Derry it was broken up by the RUC, which sparked serious rioting between Irish nationalists and the RUC.[10] That night, RUC officers went on a rampage in the Bogside area of Derry; attacking Catholic homes, attacking and threatening residents, and hurling sectarian abuse.[11] Residents then sealed off the Bogside with barricades to keep the police out, creating "Free Derry".
March–April The loyalists intended to bring down the Ulster Unionist Party (UUP) Prime Minister of Northern Ireland, Terence O'Neill, who had promised some concessions to the civil rights movement. To this end, Members of the loyalist UVF and UPV bombed water and electricity installations in Northern Ireland, in deceitful false flag attacks, blaming them on the dormant IRA and on elements of the civil rights movement. There were six bombings and all were widely blamed on the IRA. As a response, British soldiers were sent to guard installations. Despite this, Loyalist-Unionist support for O'Neill continued to wane, and on 28 April he resigned as Prime Minister.[12]
17 April People's Democracy activist Bernadette Devlin was the youngest woman ever elected to Westminster, a record which stood until Mhairi Black's election in 2015.
19 April During clashes with civil rights marchers in Derry, RUC officers entered the house of an uninvolved Catholic civilian, Samuel Devenny, and beat him, along with two of his daughters.[13] One of the daughters was beaten unconscious as she lay recovering from surgery.[14] Devenny suffered a heart attack and died on 17 July from his injuries.
13 July During clashes with nationalists throwing stones at an Orange Hall in Dungiven, RUC officers beat Francis McCloskey, a Catholic civilian (aged 67). He died of his injuries the next day. Many consider this the first death of the Troubles.[15]
5 August The UVF planted their first bomb in the Republic of Ireland, damaging the RTÉ Television Centre in Dublin.[16]
12–14 August Battle of the Bogside – during an Apprentice Boys march, serious rioting erupted in Derry between Irish nationalists and the RUC. RUC officers, backed by loyalists, entered the nationalist Bogside in armoured cars and tried to suppress the riot by using CS gas, water cannon and eventually firearms. The almost continuous rioting lasted for two days.[17]
14–17 August Northern Ireland riots of August 1969 – in response to events in Derry, Irish nationalists held protests throughout Northern Ireland. Some of these became violent. In Belfast, loyalists responded by attacking nationalist districts. Rioting also erupted in Newry, Armagh, Crossmaglen, Dungannon, Coalisland and Dungiven. Six Catholics and two Protestants were shot dead and at least 133 were treated for gunshot wounds. Scores of houses and businesses were burnt out, most of them owned by Catholics. Thousands of families, mostly Catholics, were forced to flee their homes and refugee camps were set up in the Republic.[17]
The British Army was deployed on the streets of Northern Ireland, which marked the beginning of Operation Banner.
11 October Three people were shot dead during street violence in the loyalist Shankill area of Belfast. Two were Protestant civilians (George Dickie and Herbert Hawe) shot by the British Army and one was an RUC officer (Victor Arbuckle) shot by the UVF. Arbuckle was the first RUC officer to be killed in the Troubles. The loyalists "had taken to the streets in protest at the Hunt Report, which recommended the disbandment of the B Specials and disarming of the RUC".[18]
October–December The UVF detonated bombs in the Republic of Ireland. In Dublin it detonated a car bomb near the Garda Síochána central detective bureau.[19] It also bombed a power station at Ballyshannon, a Wolfe Tone memorial in Bodenstown, and the Daniel O'Connell monument in Dublin.[citation needed]
December A split formed in the Irish Republican Army, creating what was to become the Official IRA and Provisional IRA.[citation needed]
1970–1979[edit]
1970[edit]
31 March Following an Orange Order march, intense riots erupted on the Springfield Road in Belfast. Violence lasted for three days, and the British Army used CS gas for the first time in large quantities. About 38 soldiers and dozens of civilians were injured.[20]
3 April Ian Freeland—the British Army's overall commander in Northern Ireland—announced that anyone throwing petrol bombs would be shot dead if they did not heed a warning from soldiers.[20]
19 June Edward Heath became Prime Minister of the United Kingdom after winning a majority in the general election.
27-28 June Following the arrest of Bernadette Devlin, intense riots erupted in parts of Derry and Belfast. Further violence erupted in Belfast following Orange marches past Catholic neighbourhoods. This led to gun battles between republicans and loyalists. Seven people were killed.
3–5 July Falls Curfew – a British Army raid in the Falls district of Belfast developed into a riot between soldiers and residents and then gun battles between soldiers and the 'Official' IRA. The British Army sealed off the area, imposed a 36-hour curfew and raided hundreds of homes under the cover of CS gas. Three Catholic civilians (Charles O'Neill, William Burns and Patrick Elliman) as well as a British journalist of Polish descent, Zbigniew Uglik, were killed by the British Army, sixty others were injured, and 300 were arrested. Fifteen soldiers were shot by the OIRA.
2 August Rubber bullets were used for the first time.[21]
August The constitutional nationalist Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) was formed.
1971[edit]
3–6 February Under pressure from the unionist government of Northern Ireland, the British Army began a series of raids in nationalist areas of Belfast, sparking three days of violence.[22] On 6 February, British soldiers shot dead Catholic civilian Bernard Watt in Ardoyne and IRA member James Saunders in Oldpark, claiming both were armed.[23] Shortly after, the IRA shot dead British soldier Robert Curtis during rioting in New Lodge. He was the first on-duty British soldier killed in the Troubles.[24] The next day, James Chichester-Clark, Prime Minister of Northern Ireland, declared that "Northern Ireland is at war with the Irish Republican Army Provisionals".[25]
9 March Three off-duty Scottish soldiers (John McCaig, Joseph McCaig and Dougald McCaughey) were shot dead by the IRA after being lured from a pub in Belfast. Two days later, 4,000 loyalist shipyard workers took to the streets to demand the mass internment of Irish republicans.
23 March Brian Faulkner became the Prime Minister of Northern Ireland.
25 May The IRA threw a time bomb into Springfield Road British Army/RUC base in Belfast, killing British Army Sergeant Michael Willetts and wounding seven RUC officers, two British soldiers and eighteen civilians.
8 July During street disturbances, British soldiers shot dead two Catholic civilians (Desmond Beattie and Seamus Cusack) in Free Derry. As a result, riots erupted in the city and the SDLP withdrew from Stormont in protest.[26]
August Operation Demetrius: internment was introduced. Armed soldiers launched dawn raids throughout Northern Ireland, arresting 342 people suspected of being involved with the IRA. Most of those arrested were Catholics who had no links with republican paramilitaries, and many reported that they and their families were beaten and threatened by soldiers. This sparked four days of violence in which 20 civilians, two IRA members (Patrick McAdorey and Seamus Simpson) and two British soldiers were killed. Fourteen of the civilians, including a Catholic priest, Father Hugh Mullan, were killed by British soldiers; 11 of them in the Ballymurphy massacre. Winston Donnell (22) became the first Ulster Defence Regiment (UDR) soldier to die in 'the Troubles' when he was shot by the IRA near Clady, County Tyrone. An estimated 7,000 people, mostly Catholics, were forced to flee their homes. The introduction of internment caused a major, long-term increase in violence.[27]
September Loyalists formed the Ulster Defence Association (UDA). The group would quickly become the largest loyalist group in Northern Ireland.[28]
4 December McGurk's Bar bombing – the UVF exploded a bomb at a Catholic-owned pub in Belfast, killing fifteen Catholic civilians (including two children) and wounding seventeen others. This was the highest death toll from a single incident in Belfast during the Troubles.[citation needed]
11 December Balmoral Showroom bombing – a bomb exploded outside a furniture showroom on the mainly-Protestant and loyalist Shankill Road, Belfast. Four civilians, two adults (Hugh Bruce, a Protestant, and Harold King, a Catholic), and two babies, Tracey Munn (2 years old) and Colin Nichol (17 months old) were killed. The babies both died instantly when part of the wall crashed down upon the pram they were sharing. The adult employees were killed and nineteen people were wounded. The IRA was blamed.[citation needed]
1972[edit]
January-June[edit]
30 January Bloody Sunday – 26 unarmed civilians were shot (of whom 13 were killed and one fatally wounded) by the British Army during a massive anti-internment demonstration in Derry. One of the dead, Gerard Donaghy, was a member of Fianna Éireann and reportedly had nail bombs on his person. After a lengthy examination of the evidence in the Inquiry's Report, Lord Saville concluded that "in our view Gerald Donaghey (sic) was probably in possession of the nail bombs when he was shot", but noted "... for reasons given elsewhere in this report ... Donaghey (sic) was not shot because of his possession of nail bombs".[29]
This was the highest death toll from a single shooting incident during the Troubles.
2 February Funerals of eleven of those killed on Bloody Sunday. Prayer services held across Ireland. In Dublin, over 30,000 marched to the British Embassy, carrying thirteen replica coffins and black flags. They attacked the Embassy with stones and bottles, then petrol bombs. The building was eventually burnt to the ground.[30]
22 February Aldershot bombing – seven people were killed by an Official IRA car bomb at Aldershot Barracks in England. It was thought to be in retaliation for Bloody Sunday. Six of those killed were ancillary workers (five female and one male), and the seventh was a Roman Catholic British Army chaplain (Father Gerry Weston, aka Captain Gerard Weston, MBE), who had recently returned from service in Northern Ireland. The six others were Thelma Bosley, Margaret Grant, John Haslar, Joan Lunn, Jill Mansfield, and Cherie Munton.[31][32]
4 March Abercorn Restaurant bombing – a bomb exploded in a crowded restaurant in Belfast, killing two Catholic civilians (Anne Owens and Janet Bereen) and wounding 130. Many were badly maimed. The IRA was blamed.
20 March 1972 Donegall Street bombing – the PIRA detonated its first car bomb, on Donegall Street in Belfast. Allegedly due to inadequate warnings, four civilians (Sydney Bell, Ernest Dougan, James Macklin, and Henry Miller), two RUC officers (Ernest McAllister and Bernard O'Neill) and a UDR soldier (Samuel Trainor) were killed while 148 people were wounded.
30 March Northern Ireland's Government and Parliament were dissolved by the British Government. Direct rule from Westminster was introduced.
14 April The PIRA exploded twenty-four bombs in towns and cities across Northern Ireland. There were fourteen shootouts between the PIRA and security forces.[33]
22 April An 11-year-old boy (Francis Rowntree) was killed by a rubber bullet fired by the British Army in Belfast. He was the first person to die from a rubber bullet impact.
13–14 May Battle at Springmartin – following a loyalist car bombing of a Catholic-owned pub in the Ballymurphy area of Belfast, clashes erupted between the PIRA, UVF and British Army. Seven people were killed: five civilians (four Catholics, one Protestant), a British soldier, and a member of the Fianna Éireann (PIRA youth wing).
28 May Four PIRA volunteers and four civilians were killed when a bomb they were preparing exploded prematurely at a house on Anderson Street, Belfast.
29 May The Official IRA announced a ceasefire. This marked the end of the Official IRA's military campaign.
July-December[edit]
9 July Springhill Massacre – British snipers shot dead five Catholics (2 civilians, 2 members of Fianna Éireann, and a Roman Catholic priest) and wounded two others in Springhill, Belfast.[citation needed]
13 July There was a series of gun-battles and shootings across Belfast. The PIRA shot dead three British Army soldiers (David Meeke, Kenneth Mogg, and Martin Rooney), and the British Army shot dead two civilians (Thomas Burns and Terence Toolan)and a PIRA volunteer (James Reid).[citation needed]
14 July There was a series of gun-battles and shootings across Belfast. The PIRA shot dead three British Army soldiers (Peter Heppenstall, John Williams and Robert Williams-Wynn). The British Army shot dead a PIRA volunteer (Louis Scullion) and an OIRA volunteer (Edward Brady), while a Protestant civilian (Jane McIntyre) was shot dead in crossfire.[citation needed]
21 July Bloody Friday – within the space of 75 minutes, the PIRA exploded twenty-two bombs in Belfast, killing nine people: five civilians (William Crothers, Jackie Gibson, Thomas Killops, Brigid Murray, Margaret O'Hare and Stephen Parker), two British Army soldiers (Stephen Cooper and Philip Price) and one UDA volunteer (William Irvine) were killed, while 130 were injured.
31 July Operation Motorman – the British Army used 12,000 soldiers supported by tanks and bulldozers to re-take the "no-go areas" controlled by the PIRA.
31 July Claudy bombing – nine civilians (five Catholics and four Protestants) were killed when three car bombs exploded in Claudy, County Londonderry. No group has since claimed responsibility but the late Father James Chesney, a local Catholic priest, who was the IRA's quartermaster and Director of Operations of the South Derry Brigade, was later implicated (see [1], [2],[3], [4]).
20 Dec. Five civilians, four Catholics (Bernard Kelly, Charles McCafferty, Francis McCarron, and Michael McGinley) and one Protestant (Charles Moore), were killed in gun attack on the Top of the Hill Bar, Strabane Old Road, Waterside, Derry.[34] It is believed the UDA was responsible.[35]
1973[edit]
4 February British Army snipers shot dead a PIRA volunteer and three civilians at the junction of Edlingham Street and New Lodge Road, Belfast.[36]
7 February The United Loyalist Council held a one-day strike to "re-establish some sort of Protestant or loyalist control over the affairs of the province". Loyalist paramilitaries forcibly tried to stop many people going to work and to close any businesses that had opened. There were eight bombings and thirty-five arsons. Three loyalist paramilitaries and one civilian were killed.[citation needed]
8 March 1973 Old Bailey Bombing – The PIRA undertook its first operation in England, when it planted four car bombs in London. Ten members of the PIRA team, including Gerry Kelly and the Price sisters, were arrested at Heathrow Airport while trying to leave the country.
17 May Five British Army soldiers (Barry Cox, Frederick Drake, Arthur Place, Derek Reed, and Sheridan Young) were killed by a PIRA booby-trap bomb outside Knock-na-Moe Castle Hotel, Omagh, County Tyrone.[37]
12 June 1973 Coleraine bombings – six Protestant pensioners (Dinah Campbell, Francis Campbell, Elizabeth Craigmile, Nan Davis, Elizabeth Palmer and Robert Scott) were killed and 33 other people wounded by a PIRA car bomb on Railway Road, Coleraine, County Londonderry. The warning given before the explosion had been inadequate.[38]
28 June Northern Ireland Assembly elections took place.
31 October Mountjoy Prison escape – three PIRA volunteers escaped from Mountjoy Prison in Dublin using a hijacked helicopter.
December The Sunningdale Agreement was signed.
1974[edit]
4 February M62 coach bombing – eight British Army soldiers and three civilians (the wife and two children of one of the soldiers who was killed) are killed when a PIRA bomb exploded on a bus as it was travelling along the M62 motorway in West Yorkshire, England.
4 March Harold Wilson defeats Edward Heath in the general election to become British Prime Minister, it is his second time in office, the first being from 1964-1970.
20 April The Troubles claimed its 1000th victim, James Murphy, a petrol station owner in County Fermanagh.[39]
2 May Six Catholic civilians (Francis Brennan, James Doherty, Thomas Ferguson, John Gallagher, William Kelly and Thomas Morrissey) were killed and eighteen wounded when the UVF exploded a bomb at Rose & Crown Bar on Ormeau Road, Belfast.[40]
15 May Beginning of the Ulster Workers' Council strike.
17 May Dublin and Monaghan bombings – the UVF exploded four bombs (three in Dublin, one in Monaghan) in the Republic of Ireland. They killed thirty-three civilians and wounded a further 300. This was the highest number of casualties in a single incident during "The Troubles". It has been alleged that members of the British security forces were involved. The UVF did not claim responsibility until 15 July 1993.[41]
28 May The Northern Ireland Executive collapsed. As a result, direct rule was re-introduced.[42]
17 June The Provisional IRA bombed the Houses of Parliament in London, injuring 11 people and causing extensive damage.[43]
5 October Guildford pub bombings – four British soldiers (William Forsyth, Ann Hamilton, John Hunter and Caroline Slater) and one civilian (Paul Craig) were killed by PIRA bombs at two pubs in Guildford, England.
7 November 1974 Woolwich bombing - two people (a British soldier and a civilian) were killed and 28 injured when the IRA threw a 6 lb gelignite bomb with the addition of shrapnel through the window of the Kings Arms pub in Woolwich, England .
21 November Birmingham pub bombings – twenty-one civilians were killed when bombs exploded at two pubs in Birmingham, England. This was the deadliest attack in England during the Troubles. The "Birmingham Six" would be tried for this and convicted. Many years later, after new evidence of police fabrication and suppression of evidence, their convictions would be quashed and they would be released.
10 December The Irish National Liberation Army (INLA) and its political wing the Irish Republican Socialist Party (IRSP) was founded at the Spa Hotel in the village of Lucan near Dublin.
22 December The PIRA announced a Christmas ceasefire.[44] Before the ceasefire, they carried out a bomb attack on the home of former Prime Minister Edward Heath. Heath was not in the building at the time and no one was injured.[45]
1975[edit]
10 February The PIRA agreed to a truce and ceasefire with the British government and the Northern Ireland Office. Seven "incident centres" were established in nationalist areas to monitor the ceasefire and the response of the security forces.[46]
20 February A feud began between the Official IRA (OIRA) and the Irish National Liberation Army (INLA). The two groups assassinated a number of each other's volunteers until the feud ended in June 1975.[46]
March A feud began between the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) and Ulster Defence Association (UDA), resulting in a number of assassinations.[47]
6 April Daniel Loughran (18), then a member of the People's Liberation Army (PLA), which later became the Irish National Liberation Army (INLA), was shot dead at Divis Flats, Belfast, by members of the Official Irish Republican Army (OIRA) in the continuing feud between the OIRA and the INLA.[48]
12 April Five Catholic civilians (Marie Bennett, Elizabeth Carson, Mary McAleavey, Agnes McAnoy, and Arthur Penn) were killed in a UVF gun and grenade attack on the Strand Bar, Anderson Street, Short Strand, Belfast. Another Catholic civilian (Michael Mulligan) died of his injuries on 20 April 1975. Elizabeth Carson's husband, Willy, lost an arm in the attack.
[49]
Paul Crawford (25), then a member of the Official Irish Republican Army (OIRA), was shot dead on the Falls Road, Belfast. This killing was another in the feud between the OIRA and the Irish National Liberation Army (INLA).[50]
22 June The UVF tried to derail a train by planting a bomb on the railway line near Straffan, County Kildare, Republic of Ireland. A civilian, Christopher Phelan, tried to stop the UVF volunteers, and was stabbed-to-death. His actions, however, reportedly delayed the explosion long enough to allow the train to pass safely.[citation needed]
17 July Four British soldiers (Calvert Brown, Edward Garside, Robert McCarter, and Peter Willis) were killed by a PIRA remote-controlled bomb near Forkill, County Armagh. The attack was the first major breach of the February truce.[51]
31 July Miami Showband massacre – UVF volunteers (some of whom were also UDR soldiers) shot dead three musicians (Tony Geraghty and Fran O'Toole, both from the Republic of Ireland, and Brian McCoy, a Northern Irish Protestant), members of the Irish showband called "Miami Showband", at Buskhill, County Down. The gunmen staged a bogus military checkpoint, stopped the showband's minibus and ordered the musicians out. Two UDR soldiers (Harris Boyle and Wesley Somerville) hid a time bomb in the bus, but it exploded prematurely and they were killed. The other gunmen then opened fire on the musicians and fled. Three UDR soldiers were later convicted for their part in the attack, which has been linked to the "Glenanne gang".[citation needed]
13 August Bayardo Bar attack – PIRA volunteers carried out a gun and bomb attack on the Bayardo Bar, a pub in Belfast frequented by UVF commanders. Four Protestant civilians (Linda Boyle, William Gracey, Samuel Gunning, and Joanne McDowell), and one UVF member (Hugh Harris) were killed.
27 August Caterham Arms pub bombing - The Provisional IRA exploded a bomb in a Caterham pub injuring 33 people (10 soldiers & 23 civilians). This marked the end of their ceasefire in England.
1 September Five Protestant civilians (William Herron, John Johnston, Nevin McConnell, James McKee, and Ronald McKee) were killed and seven were wounded in a gun attack on Tullyvallen Orange Hall near Newtownhamilton, County Armagh.[52] One of the Orangemen was an off-duty RUC officer, who returned fire.[53] The attack was claimed by the South Armagh Republican Action Force (SARAF), which claimed it was retaliation for "the assassinations of fellow Catholics in Belfast".[54]
5 September London Hilton bombing - The Provisional IRA exploded a bomb in the lobby of the Hilton hotel in London killing two people and injuring 63
2 October The UVF killed seven civilians in a series of attacks across Northern Ireland. Six were Catholics (Frances Donnelly, Gerard Grogan, Marie McGrattan, Thomas Murphy, Thomas Osbourne, and John Stewart) and one was a Protestant (Irene Nicholson). Four UVF volunteers (Mark Dodd, Robert Freeman, Aubrey Reid, Samuel Swanson) were killed when the bomb they were transporting prematurely exploded as they drove along a road in Farrenlester, County Londonderry, near Coleraine.[55]
9 October Green Park Tube Station Bombing - One person was killed and 20 injured when the IRA exploded a bomb in Green Park, near Piccadilly, London
12 November Scott's Oyster Bar bombing - One person was killed and 15 injured when the IRA threw a bomb through a restaurant in London's West End.
18 November Walton's Restaurant bombing - Two civilians were killed and 23 civilians injured when the Provisional IRA threw a bomb without warning into a restaurant in Walton Street, Chelsea, London. The IRA unit who carried out this attack was also responsible for the Caterham, Hilton Hotel, Green Park and Scott's Oyster bombings in recent weeks. See: Provisional IRA's Balcombe Street Gang
22 November Drummuckavall Ambush – three British Army soldiers (James Duncan, Peter McDonald and Michael Sampson) were killed and one soldier was wounded when the PIRA attacked a watchtower in Drummuckavall, Crossmaglen, South Armagh.
25 November A loyalist gang nicknamed the "Shankill Butchers" undertook its first "cut-throat killing" (that of Francis Crossen). The gang was named for its late-night kidnapping, torture and murder (by throat slashing) of random Catholic civilians in Belfast.
5 December End of internment.
6 December Balcombe Street Siege – for six days, four PIRA volunteers held two hostages at an apartment in London.
19 December The Red Hand Commandos exploded a no-warning car bomb in Dundalk, killing two civilians (Jack Rooney and Hugh Watters) and wounding twenty. Shortly after, the same group launched a gun and bomb attack across the border in Silverbridge. Two local Catholic civilians and brothers (Michael and Patrick Donnelly) and an English civilian (Trevor Brecknell), married to a local woman, were killed in that attack, while six others were wounded. The attacks have been linked to the "Glenanne gang".[56][57]
1976[edit]
4–5 January Reavey and O'Dowd killings – the UVF shot dead six Catholic civilians from two families (one group was a trio of brothers; the other was an uncle and two nephews) in co-ordinated attacks in County Armagh. An officer in the RUC Special Patrol Group took part in the killings, which have been linked to the "Glenanne gang".
Kingsmill massacre – in retaliation for Reavey and O'Dowd killings, the South Armagh Republican Action Force shot eleven Protestant men after stopping their minibus at Kingsmill, County Armagh. Ten died; one survived despite being shot 18 times.
23 January The PIRA truce of February 1975 was officially brought to an end.[58]
March End of Special Category Status for prisoners convicted of terrorist crimes.
16 March Harold Wilson announced his resignation as British Prime Minister, taking effect on 5 April 1976.
17 March Four Catholic civilians, including two children (Patrick Barnard, Joseph Kelly, James McCaughey, and Andrew Small) were killed and twelve wounded when the UVF exploded a car bomb at Hillcrest Bar, Dungannon. The attack has been linked to the "Glenanne gang".[59]
5 April James Callaghan was elected leader of the Labour Party and succeeded Harold Wilson as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.
15 May The UVF launched gun and bomb attacks on two pubs in Charlemont, County Armagh, killing four Catholic civilians (Felix Clancy, Robert McCullough, Frederick McLoughlin, and Sean O'Hagan). A British Army UDR soldier was later convicted for taking part in the attacks.[60]
The PIRA killed three RUC officers in County Fermanagh and one RUC officer in County Down.[61]
5 June Nine civilians were killed during separate attacks in and around Belfast. After a suspected republican bombing killed two Protestant civilians (Robert Groves and Edward McMurray) in a pub, the UVF killed three Catholic civilians and two Protestant civilians, all males (Samuel Corr, James Coyle, Edward Farrell, John Martin, and Daniel McNeil) in a gun and bomb attack at the Chlorane Bar. In a separate bomb attack on the International Bar, Portaferry, County Down, the UVF killed a Catholic civilian. The UDA/UFF also assassinated a member of Sinn Féin, Colm Mulgrew.[62]
25 June 1976 - Ruby Kidd (28), Francis Walker (17) and Joseph McBride (56), all Protestant civilians, were shot dead during an Republican Action Force gun attack on The Store Bar, Lyle Hill Road, Templepatrick.
21 July Ramble Inn attack – the UVF killed six civilians (five Protestants, one Catholic) in a gun attack at a pub near Antrim. The pub was targeted because it was owned by Catholics. The victims were Frank Scott, Ernest Moore, James McCallion, Joseph Ellis, James Francey (all Protestants) and Oliver Woulahan, a Catholic.[63]
21 July Christopher Ewart Biggs (the British Ambassador to Ireland) and his secretary, Judith Cook, were assassinated by a bomb planted in Mr Biggs' car in Dublin. Two others in the car were seriously injured.[citation needed]
30 July Four Protestant civilians were shot dead at a pub off Milltown Road, Belfast. The attack was claimed by the Republican Action Force.[63]
10 August A PIRA volunteer (Danny Lennon) was shot dead by the British Army as he drove along a road in Belfast. His car then went out of control and killed three children. This incident sparked a series of "peace rallies" throughout the month. The group that organised the rallies became known as Peace People, and was led by Mairead Corrigan and Betty Williams. Their rallies were the first (since the conflict began) where large numbers of Protestants and Catholics joined forces to campaign for peace.[64]
September Blanket protests began in the Maze prison, in protest at the end of special category status. The term ‘blanket protest’ comes from the protesters refusal to wear prison uniforms, instead wrapping blankets around themselves.[citation needed]
1977[edit]
11 December Mairead Corrigan and Betty Williams received the Nobel Peace Prize.[65]
1978[edit]
17 February La Mon restaurant bombing – eleven civilians and an RUC officer were killed and thirty wounded by a PIRA incendiary bomb at the La Mon Restaurant near Belfast.
17 June The PIRA killed an RUC officer (Hugh McConnell) and kidnapped and murdered another (William Turbitt), near Crossmaglen, County Armagh. The following day, loyalist paramilitaries kidnapped a Catholic priest and vowed to hold him hostage until the RUC officer was freed. However, they released the priest shortly thereafter under pressure from the authorities and church leaders. In December 1978 the kidnappers were charged with the kidnapping and the murder of a Catholic shopkeeper, William Strathearn.[66]
21 June The British Army shot dead three PIRA volunteers (Denis Brown, William Mailey, and James Mulvenna) and a passing UVF volunteer (William Hanna, in a case of mistaken identity) at a postal depot on Ballysillan Road, Belfast. It is claimed that the PIRA volunteers were about to launch a bomb attack.[67]
21 September The PIRA exploded bombs at the RAF airfield near Eglinton, County Londonderry. The terminal building, two aircraft hangars and four planes were destroyed.[68]
14–19 November The PIRA exploded over fifty bombs in towns across Northern Ireland, injuring thirty-seven people. Belfast, Derry, Armagh, Castlederg, Cookstown and Enniskillen were hardest hit.[69]
1979[edit]
20 February Eleven loyalists known as the "Shankill Butchers" were sentenced to life in prison for nineteen murders. The gang was named for its late-night kidnapping, torture and murder (by throat slashing) of random Catholic civilians in Belfast.
22 March The PIRA assassinated Richard Sykes, the British ambassador to the Netherlands, along with his valet, Karel Straub, in Den Haag. The group also exploded twenty-four bombs in various locations across Northern Ireland.[70]
30 March The INLA assassinated Airey Neave, Conservative MP and advisor to Margaret Thatcher. The INLA exploded a booby-trap bomb underneath his car as he left the House of Commons, London.[citation needed]
17 April Four RUC officers were killed by a PIRA van bomb in Bessbrook, County Armagh. The bomb was estimated at 1000 lb, believed to be the largest PIRA bomb used up to that point.[71]
4 May Margaret Thatcher of the Conservative Party wins a landslide victory to become Prime Minister of the United Kingdom defeating the Labour Party who were in power for six years.
27 August Warrenpoint ambush – eighteen British Army soldiers were killed when the PIRA exploded two roadside bombs as a British convoy passed Narrow Water Castle near Warrenpoint. There was a brief exchange of fire, and the British Army shot dead a civilian. This was the British Army's highest death toll from a single attack during the Troubles. On the same day, four people (including Lord Mountbatten, a cousin of the Queen) were killed by a PIRA bomb on board a boat near the coast of County Sligo.
September During a visit to the Republic of Ireland, Pope John Paul II appealed for an end to the violence in Northern Ireland.[72]
16 December Four British Army soldiers (Allan Ayrton, William Beck, Simon Evans, and Keith Richards) were killed by a PIRA landmine near Dungannon, County Tyrone. Another British Army soldier (Peter Grundy) was killed by a PIRA landmine near Forkill, County Armagh, and an ex-UDR soldier (James Fowler) was shot dead in Omagh.[73]
1980–1989[edit]
1980[edit]
17 January Dunmurry train explosion – a PIRA bomb prematurely detonated on a passenger train near Belfast, killing two civilians (Mark Cochrane and Max Olorunda) as well as one of the bombers (Kevin Delaney), and severely injuring five (including the other bomber, Patrick Flynn).
10 June Eight PIRA prisoners escaped from Crumlin Road Gaol in Belfast. Using handguns that had been smuggled into the prison, they took prison officers hostage and shot their way out of the building.[74]
October Republican prisoners in the Maze began a hunger strike in protest against the end of special category status.
December First Republican hunger strike called off.
1981[edit]
21 January Sir Norman Stronge and his son James Stronge (both former UUP MPs) were assassinated by the IRA at their home Tynan Abbey, which was then burnt down.
1 March Republican prisoners in the Maze began a second hunger strike.
9 April Hunger striker Bobby Sands won a by-election to be elected as a Member of Parliament at Westminster. The law was later changed to prevent prisoners standing in elections.
5 May After 66 days on hunger strike, Sands died in the Maze. Nine further hunger strikers died in the following 3 months.
19 May Five British Army soldiers (Michael Bagshaw, Paul Bulman, Andrew Gavin, John King, and Grenville Winstone) were killed when their Saracen APC was ripped apart by a PIRA roadside bomb at Chancellor's Road, Altnaveigh, near Bessbrook, County Armagh.[74][75]
17 July Glasdrumman ambush – the PIRA attacked a British Army post in South Armagh, killing one soldier (Lance Corporal Gavin Dean) and injuring another (Rifleman John Moore).
1 September Northern Ireland's first religiously integrated secondary school opened.
3 October Republican hunger strike ended.
1982[edit]
20 April The PIRA exploded bombs in Belfast, Derry, Armagh, Ballymena, Bessbrook and Magherafelt. Two civilians were killed and twelve were injured.[76]
20 July Hyde Park and Regent's Park bombings – eleven British soldiers and seven military horses died in PIRA bomb attacks during military ceremonies in Regent's Park and Hyde Park, London. Many spectators were badly injured.
6 December Droppin Well bombing – eleven British soldiers and six civilians were killed by an INLA time bomb at the Droppin’ Well Bar in Ballykelly, County Londonderry.
1983[edit]
11 April In the first 'supergrass' trial, fourteen UVF volunteers were jailed for a total of two hundred years.[77]
May New Ireland Forum set up.
13 July Four British Army (Ulster Defence Regiment) soldiers (Ronald Alexander, Thomas Harron, John Roxborough, and Oswald Neely), all Protestant members of the 6th Battalion Ulster Defence Regiment, were killed when their vehicle struck a PIRA landmine near Ballygawley, County Tyrone.[78]
5 August In another 'supergrass' trial, twenty-two PIRA volunteers were jailed for a total of over four thousand years. Eighteen would later have their convictions quashed.[79]
25 September Maze Prison escape – thirty-eight republican prisoners staged an elaborate escape from the Maze Prison in County Antrim. One prison officer died of a heart attack after being stabbed by an escapee, and twenty others were injured, including two shot with guns that had been smuggled into the prison. Half of the escapees were recaptured within two days. Another drowned in County Fermanagh while trying to evade the police after the escape. Others were later captured but some evaded capture in the Republic of Ireland or the United States.
17 December Harrods bombing – a PIRA car bomb outside a department store in London killed six people, three civilians (Philip Geddes, Jasmine Cochrane-Patrick, and Kenneth Salvesen, a United States citizen), and three police officers, Sergeant Noel Lane, Constable Jane Arbuthnot and Inspector Stephen Dodd. Another policeman lost both legs and 90 people were injured. The PIRA's Army Council claimed it had not authorised the attack.[citation needed]
1984[edit]
21 February Two PIRA volunteers (Henry Hogan and Declan Martin) and a British soldier (Paul Oram) were killed during a shootout in Dunloy, near Ballymoney, County Antrim.[80]
18 May Three British soldiers (Thomas Agar, Robert Huggins, and Peter Gallimore) were killed by a PIRA landmine in Enniskillen, County Fermanagh. Two RUC officers were killed by a PIRA landmine near Camlough, South Armagh on the same day.[81]
12 October Brighton hotel bombing – the PIRA carried out a bomb attack on the Grand Hotel, Brighton, which was being used as a base for the Conservative Party Conference. Five people, including Sir Anthony Berry, a Member of Parliament, died in the bombing, and others were maimed or injured. Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher escaped harm.
December Ian Thain became the first British soldier to be convicted of murdering a civilian during the Troubles.[82]
2 December One British soldier and two PIRA volunteers are killed in a SAS ambush.[83]
1985[edit]
28 February Newry mortar attack – a PIRA mortar attack on an RUC base in Newry killed nine officers and wounded thirty-seven. This was the RUC's highest death toll from a single attack during the Troubles.
20 May Four RUC officers (David Baird, Tracy Doak, Stephen Rodgers, William Wilson) were killed on mobile patrol by a PIRA remote-controlled bomb near Killeen, County Armagh.[84]
15 November Margaret Thatcher and Garret FitzGerald signed the Anglo-Irish Agreement.
December All fifteen Unionist MPs at Westminster resigned in protest against the Anglo-Irish agreement.
7 December Attack on Ballygawley barracks – the PIRA launched an assault on the RUC barracks in Ballygawley, County Tyrone. Two RUC officers (Constable George Gilliland and Reserve Constable William Clements) were killed. The barracks was completely destroyed by the subsequent bomb explosion and three other RUC officers were injured.[citation needed]
1986[edit]
June Northern Ireland Assembly[85] was officially dissolved.
August The PIRA issued a warning that anyone working with the security forces in Northern Ireland would be considered "part of the war machine" and would be "treated as collaborators".[86]
2 November During the Sinn Féin Ard Fheis (party conference) in Dublin, a majority of delegates voted to end the party's policy of abstentionism – refusing to take seats in Dáil Éireann (Irish parliament). This led to a split and Ruairí Ó Brádaigh, Dáithí Ó Conaill and approximately 100 people staged a walk-out. The two men would form a new party called Republican Sinn Féin.[87]
10 November Loyalists held a closed meeting at the Ulster Hall in Belfast. The main speakers at the meeting were Ian Paisley, Peter Robinson and Ivan Foster. During the meeting a new organisation, Ulster Resistance, was formed to "take direct action as and when required" to end the Anglo-Irish Agreement.[87]
1987[edit]
8 May Loughgall Ambush – eight PIRA volunteers and one civilian were killed by the Special Air Service (SAS) in Loughall, County Armagh. The eight-strong PIRA unit had just exploded a bomb at the RUC base when it was ambushed by the 24-strong SAS unit.[88]
8 November Remembrance Day bombing – eleven civilians and an RUC officer were killed and sixty-three others were wounded by a PIRA bomb during a Remembrance Day service in Enniskillen, County Fermanagh. One of those killed was Marie Wilson. In an emotional BBC interview, her father Gordon Wilson (who was injured in the attack) expressed forgiveness towards his daughter's killer, and asked Loyalists not to seek revenge. He became a leading peace campaigner and was later elected to the Irish Senate. He died in 1995.
1988[edit]
January SDLP leader John Hume and Sinn Féin leader Gerry Adams held a meeting.[citation needed][when?]
6 March Operation Flavius – three PIRA volunteers (Daniel McCann, Seán Savage and Mairéad Farrell) were killed by the SAS in Gibraltar.
16 March Milltown Cemetery attack – at the funeral of those killed in Gibraltar, Loyalist Michael Stone (using pistols and grenades) attacked the mourners, killing one PIRA volunteer (Caoimhín Mac Brádaigh, a.k.a. Kevin Brady), and two civilians (Thomas McErlean and John Murray). More than 60 others were wounded. Much of the attack was filmed by television news crews.
19 March Corporals killings – at the funeral of Caoimhín Mac Brádaigh (aka Kevin Brady), who was killed in the Milltown Cemetery attack, two non-uniformed British Army corporals (David Howes and Derek Wood) were mistaken for loyalist gunmen and attacked by civilians after driving a car into the funeral procession. The two were later shot dead by the IRA.[citation needed]
15 June 1988 Lisburn van bombing – six off-duty British Army soldiers (Signalman Mark Clavey, Lance Corporal Derek Green, Lance Corporal Graham Lambie, Corporal Ian Metcalf, Corporal William Patterson, and Sergeant Michael Winkler) were killed by a PIRA bomb attached to their van in Lisburn. The bomb was made in such a way so as to ensure it exploded upwards, lowering the risk of collateral damage.[89]
20 August Ballygawley bus bombing – eight British Army soldiers (Blair Bishop, Peter Bullock, Jayson Burfitt, Richard Greener, Alexander Lewis, Mark Norsworthy, Stephen Wilkinson, and Jason Winter) were killed and twenty-eight wounded when the PIRA attacked their bus with a roadside bomb near Ballygawley, County Tyrone.[90]
19 October The British Government introduced the broadcasting ban on organisations believed to support terrorism – including 11 Loyalist and Republican groups and Gerry Adams' voice.[91]
1989[edit]
12 February Republican solicitor Pat Finucane was assassinated by the Ulster Freedom Fighters. He was shot dead in front of his wife and two sons.[92]
22 September Deal barracks bombing – eleven British military bandsmen were killed by a PIRA bomb at Deal Barracks in Kent, England.
October Twenty-eight members of the British Army (Ulster Defence Regiment) were arrested on suspicion of leaking security force documents to loyalist paramilitaries.[93]
13 December Attack on Derryard checkpoint – using machine guns, grenades and a flamethrower, the PIRA launched an assault on a British Army checkpoint near Rosslea, County Fermanagh, killing two British soldiers (Private James Houston and Lance-Corporal Michael Paterson). Two other soldiers were injured, one more severely than the other.[94]
1990–1999[edit]
1990[edit]
9 April Four British Army (Ulster Defence Regiment) soldiers were killed when the PIRA exploded a landmine under their patrol vehicle in Downpatrick, County Down. The blast was so powerful that the vehicle was hurled into a nearby field.
6 May Operation Conservation – the British Army attempted to ambush a PIRA unit in South Armagh, but were counter-ambushed; one British soldier was killed.
20 July The PIRA bombed the London Stock Exchange.[95]
24 July A PIRA landmine attack on an RUC patrol vehicle in Armagh killed three RUC officers (William Hanson, David Sterritt, and Joshua Willis) and a civilian (Sister Catherine Dunne, a Roman Catholic nun from Dublin).
30 July Conservative MP for Eastbourne, Ian Gow, was assassinated by a PIRA bomb planted in his car.
30 September Two Catholic civilians (Martin Peake and Karen Reilly) speeding in a stolen vehicle at a checkpoint were shot dead by British Army soldiers in Belfast.
24 October Proxy bomb attacks – the PIRA launched three "proxy bombs" or "human bombs" at British Army checkpoints. Three men (who were or had been working with the British Army) were tied into cars loaded with explosives and ordered to drive to each checkpoint. Each bomb was detonated by remote control. The first exploded at a checkpoint in Coshquin, killing the driver and five soldiers. The second exploded at a checkpoint in Killeen, County Armagh; the driver, James McAvoy, narrowly escaped, albeit suffered a broken leg but one soldier (Fusilier Andrew Grundy) was killed and 23 other soldiers were wounded. The third failed to detonate.[96]
22 November Margaret Thatcher resigned as British Prime Minister.
1991[edit]
3 February The PIRA launched a "proxy bomb" attack on a British Army (Ulster Defense Regiment) base in Magherafelt, County Londonderry. The bomb caused major damage to the base and nearby houses, but the driver escaped before it exploded.
7 February The PIRA launched three mortar shells at 10 Downing Street while the British Cabinet were holding a meeting. The shells landed in a garden. No members of the cabinet were injured, although four people received minor injuries, including two police officers.[45]
3 March 1991 Cappagh killings – three PIRA volunteers (Malcolm Nugent, Dwayne O'Donnell, and John Quinn) and a Catholic civilian (Thomas Armstrong) were shot dead by the UVF at Boyle's Bar in Cappagh, County Tyrone. A 21-year-old man was badly wounded.[97] The volunteers arrived in a car as a UVF gang was about to attack the pub. The UVF fired at the car (killing the volunteers) then fired into the pub (killing the civilian) but the alleged target, Brian Arthurs (brother of late PIRA volunteer Declan Arthurs, who was killed at Loughgall) escaped.
28 March 1991 Drumbeg killings - three Irish Catholic civilians (including two teenage girls) were shot dead in a mobile shop in a Nationalist estate in Craigavon by the UVF Mid-Ulster Brigade using the covername Protestant Action Force. [98]
29 April The Combined Loyalist Military Command (CLMC) (acting on behalf of all loyalist paramilitaries) announced a ceasefire lasting until 4 July. This was to coincide with political talks between the four main parties (the Brooke-Mayhew talks).[citation needed]
31 May Glenanne barracks bombing – the PIRA launched a large truck bomb attack on a British Army (Ulster Defence Regiment) base in County Armagh. Three soldiers (Lance Corporal Robert Crozier and Privates Paul Blakely and Sydney Hamilton) were killed; ten soldiers and four civilians were wounded. The blast left a deep crater and it could be heard over 30 miles away. Most of the UDR base was destroyed by the blast and the fire that followed. It was one of the largest bombs detonated during the Troubles in Northern Ireland.
3 June Coagh ambush – the SAS shot dead three PIRA volunteers (Tony Doris, Lawrence McNally and Michael "Pete" Ryan) as they traveled in a car through Coagh, County Tyrone. The car burst into flames.[citation needed]
1992[edit]
17 January Teebane bombing – a PIRA landmine killed eight Protestant men and wounded six others at Teebane Crossroads near Cookstown, County Tyrone. The men had been working for the British Army at a base in Omagh and were returning home on a minibus. The PIRA said that the men were legitimate targets because they had been "collaborating" with the "forces of occupation". Shortly thereafter, Peter Brooke (Secretary of State for Northern Ireland) appeared on the Irish RTÉ Late Late Show and was persuaded to sing "Oh My Darling, Clementine". Unionists accused him of gross insensitivity for agreeing to do so.
4 February Allen Moore, a RUC officer from Comber, reportedly distraught by the killing of a colleague, Constable Norman Spratt, walked into a Belfast Sinn Féin office and shot dead two Sinn Féin activists, Patrick Loughran (61) and Patrick McBride (aged 40), and one civilian, Michael O'Dwyer (aged 24), all Catholics. Moore drove away from the scene and later shot himself.[99]
5 February Sean Graham bookmakers' shooting – the UDA, using the covername "Ulster Freedom Fighters" (UFF), claimed responsibility for a gun attack on a bookmaker's shop on Lower Ormeau Road, Belfast. Five Catholic men and boys were killed (Christy Doherty, Jack Duffin, James Kennedy, Peter Magee, and William McManus). Nine others were wounded, one critically. This was claimed as retaliation for the Teebane bombing on 17 January 1992.[100] In November 1992, the UDA carried out another attack on a betting shop in Belfast, killing three Catholic civilians and wounding thirteen.
16 February Clonoe ambush – a PIRA unit attacked Coalisland RUC base in County Tyrone using a heavy machine gun mounted on the back of a stolen lorry. Following the attack, the British Army ambushed the unit in a graveyard. Four PIRA volunteers (Peter Clancy, Kevin Barry O'Donnell, Seán O'Farrell, and Patrick Vincent) were killed and two were wounded but escaped.[101]
10 April The PIRA exploded a truck bomb at the Baltic Exchange in London. Despite a telephoned warning, three civilians were killed. The bomb caused £800 million worth of damage.
1 May Attack on Cloghoge checkpoint – the PIRA, using a van modified to run on railway tracks, launched an elaborate bomb attack on a British Army checkpoint in South Armagh. The checkpoint was obliterated. One soldier (Fusilier Andrew Grundy) was killed and 23 wounded.
17 May Coalisland riots – after a PIRA bomb attack on a British Army patrol near Cappagh, County Tyrone, in which a soldier lost his legs, British soldiers raided two public houses in Coalisland and caused considerable damage. This led to a fist-fight between the soldiers and locals. Shortly thereafter, another group of British soldiers arrived and fired on a crowd of civilians, wounding seven.[102]
28 August The PIRA's "South Armagh snipers" undertook their first successful operation, when a British Army soldier (Private Paul Turner) was shot dead on patrol in Crossmaglen, County Armagh.
23 September The PIRA exploded a 2000 lb bomb at the Northern Ireland Forensic Science Laboratory in South Belfast. The laboratory was obliterated, seven hundred houses were damaged, and 20 people were injured. The explosion could be heard from over 16 km away. It was one of the largest bombs to be detonated during the Troubles in Northern Ireland.[103]
1993[edit]
26 February Warrington bomb attacks – A bomb exploded at a gas storage facility in Warrington. It caused extensive damage but no injuries. While fleeing the scene, the bombers shot and injured a police officer and two of them were then caught after a high-speed car chase.
20 March Warrington bomb attacks – after a telephoned warning, the PIRA exploded two bombs in Warrington, Cheshire, England. Two children (Johnathan Ball and Tim Parry) were killed and fifty-six people were wounded. There were widespread protests in Britain and Ireland following the deaths.
25 March Castlerock killings – the UDA, using the covername "Ulster Freedom Fighters" (UFF), claimed responsibility for shooting dead four Catholic civilians and a PIRA volunteer at a building site in Castlerock, County Londonderry. Later in the day it claimed responsibility for shooting dead another Catholic civilian in Belfast.[104]
24 April Bishopsgate bombing – after a telephoned warning, the PIRA exploded a large bomb at Bishopsgate, London. It killed one civilian, wounded thirty others, and caused an estimated £350 million in damage.
23 October Shankill Road bombing – eight civilians, one UDA volunteer and one PIRA volunteer were killed when a PIRA bomb prematurely exploded at a fish shop on Shankill Road, Belfast. The PIRA's intended target was a meeting of loyalist paramilitary leaders, which was scheduled to take place in a room above the shop. However, unbeknownst to the PIRA, the meeting had been re-scheduled.
30 October Greysteel massacre – the UDA, using the covername "Ulster Freedom Fighters" (UFF), claimed responsibility for a gun attack on the Rising Sun Bar in Greysteel, County Londonderry. Eight civilians (six Catholic, two Protestant) were killed and twelve wounded. One gunman yelled "trick or treat!" before he fired into the crowded room; a reference to the Halloween party taking place. The UFF claimed that it had attacked the "nationalist electorate" in revenge for the Shankill Road bombing.[105]
1994[edit]
January The broadcasting ban on Sinn Féin was lifted in the Republic of Ireland.
March The PIRA carried out a mortar attack on Heathrow Airport, London. Further attacks were carried out later in the month, but on each occasion the mortars failed to explode.
21 May IRA volunteer Martin Doherty shot dead in an attempted bombing by the UVF of the Widow Scallans pub in Dublin, which was hosting a republican meeting.
2 June Twenty-nine people, including ten senior RUC officers, died during the 1994 Scotland RAF Chinook crash at Mull of Kintyre, Scotland. They were travelling from Belfast to a security conference in Inverness.
16 June 1994 Shankill Road killings: The INLA shot dead three UVF volunteers (Colin Craig, David Hamilton, and Trevor King) in a gun attack on Shankill Road, Belfast.
18 June Loughinisland massacre – the UVF shot dead six Catholic civilians (Eamon Byrne, Barney Greene, Malcolm Jenkinson, Daniel McCreanor, Patrick O'Hare, and Adrian Rogan) and wounded five others during a gun attack on a pub in Loughinisland, County Down.[106]
31 August The Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) issued a statement which announced a complete cessation of military activities.[107] This ceasefire was broken less than two years later.
16 September The broadcasting ban was lifted in the UK.
13 October The Combined Loyalist Military Command (CLMC) issued a statement which announced a ceasefire on behalf of all loyalist paramilitaries. The statement noted that "The permanence of our cease-fire will be completely dependent upon the continued cessation of all nationalist/republican violence".[108]
1995[edit]
January A delegation from Sinn Féin met with officials from the Northern Ireland Office.
February The British and Irish governments released the Joint Framework document.
March Gerry Adams attended a reception held by Bill Clinton at the White House.
July Lee Clegg, a British Army paratrooper, was released from prison on the orders of Secretary of State Patrick Mayhew. Clegg had been jailed in 1993, for the murder of Catholic teenager Karen Reilly.
September David Trimble was elected as the leader of the Ulster Unionist Party, following the resignation of James Molyneaux.
1996[edit]
9 February London Docklands bombing – after a telephoned warning, the PIRA bombed the Docklands in London. The bomb killed two civilians (Inam Bashir and John Jeffries) and injured 39 others. It brought an end to the ceasefire after 17 months and 9 days.
10 June Political talks at Stormont began without Sinn Féin.[109]
15 June Manchester bombing – after a telephoned warning, the PIRA exploded a bomb in Manchester, England. It destroyed a large part of the city centre and injured over 200 people. To date, it is the largest bomb to be detonated on the British mainland since the Second World War. There were no fatalities.[citation needed]
July Drumcree conflict – the RUC decided to block the annual Orange Order march through the nationalist Garvaghy area of Portadown. In response, loyalist protestors attacked the RUC and blocked hundreds of roads across Northern Ireland. Eventually, the RUC allowed the march to continue, leading to serious rioting by nationalists across Northern Ireland.[110]
7 October The Provisional IRA exploded two bombs at the British Army HQ in Thiepval Barracks, Lisburn. A British soldier, Warrant Officer James Bradwell, died four days later of his wounds. 31 other people were wounded.[111]
1997[edit]
12 February A PIRA sniper shot dead a British soldier (Lance Bombardier Stephen Restorick) manning a checkpoint in Bessbrook, County Armagh. He was the last British soldier to be killed during Operation Banner.
5 April The Grand National horse race was cancelled, and Aintree Racecourse evacuated following a hoax bomb warning from the PIRA. The race was eventually run several days later, 7 April, without disruption.[citation needed]
1 May Tony Blair becomes UK Prime Minister after winning a landslide victory ending 18 years of Conservative rule.
June Sinn Féin won its first ever seats in Dáil Éireann (Irish Parliament)
16 June The PIRA shot dead two RUC officers (John Graham and David Johnston) on patrol, Church Walk, Lurgan, County Armagh. They were the last RUC officers killed before the signing of the Belfast Agreement (see below).
6–9 July Drumcree conflict – to ensure the Orange Order march could continue, the security forces sealed-off the nationalist Garvaghy area of Portadown. This sparked serious rioting in Portadown and across nationalist areas in Northern Ireland. After four days, the RUC released figures which showed that there had been 60 RUC officers injured; 56 civilians injured; 117 people arrested; 2,500 plastic bullets fired; 815 attacks on the security forces; 1,506 petrol bombs thrown; and 402 hijackings.[112] This was the last time that the Orange Order's parade through nationalist areas around Drumcree was permitted by the authorities.[113]
20 July The PIRA renewed its ceasefire.
September Sinn Féin signed the Mitchell Principles.
Multi-party talks resumed.
27 December INLA prisoners shot dead Loyalist Volunteer Force (LVF) leader and fellow prisoner Billy Wright inside the maximum-security Maze Prison. The LVF launched a number of revenge attacks over the following weeks.[citation needed]
1998[edit]
10 April After two years of intensive talks, the Belfast Agreement (also known as the 'Stormont Agreement' or 'Good Friday Agreement') was signed at Stormont in Belfast.
15 May The Loyalist Volunteer Force (LVF) declared an "unequivocal ceasefire". The group hoped this would encourage people to vote against the Belfast Agreement.[114]
22 May Two referendums were held on the Belfast Agreement, one in Northern Ireland and one in the Republic of Ireland. In Northern Ireland the vote was 71.2% in favour, in the Republic of Ireland the vote was 94.39% in favour.[115]
25 June Northern Ireland Assembly elections were held. David Trimble was elected First Minister. Seamus Mallon was elected deputy.
5–12 July Drumcree conflict – the annual Orange Order march was prevented from marching through the nationalist Garvaghy area of Portadown. Security forces and about 10,000 loyalists began a standoff at Drumcree church. During this time, loyalists launched 550 attacks on the security forces and numerous attacks on Catholic civilians. On 12 July, three children were burnt to death in a loyalist petrol bomb attack. This incident brought an end to the standoff.[116]
15 August Omagh bombing – a dissident republican group calling itself the Real IRA exploded a bomb in Omagh, County Tyrone. It killed twenty-nine civilians (one of whom was pregnant with twins), making it the worst single bombing of the Troubles, in terms of civilian life lost.[citation needed]
22 August The Irish National Liberation Army (INLA) declared a ceasefire.[117]
16 October John Hume and David Trimble jointly awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.[118]
1998 Considered by many as the end of the troubles.[3][4][119] Violence nonetheless continues on a small-scale basis.[120]
1999[edit]
27 January Former IRA volunteer and supergrass Eamon Collins was found dead near Newry, County Down. The South Armagh IRA were believed to have been responsible.
15 March Solicitor Rosemary Nelson, who had represented the Garvaghy residents in the Drumcree dispute, was assassinated by a booby trapped car bomb in Lurgan, County Armagh. A loyalist group, Red Hand Defenders, claimed responsibility.[citation needed]
8 August The INLA and its political wing the IRSP stated that "There is no political or moral argument to justify a resumption of the campaign".[121]
1 December Direct rule officially ended as power was handed over to the Northern Ireland Assembly.
2000–2009[edit]
2000[edit]
11 February Direct rule was reinstated and the Northern Ireland Assembly suspended by new Secretary of State for Northern Ireland Peter Mandelson, citing insufficient progress on decommissioning.[122]
27 March The Bloody Sunday Inquiry began in Derry. It is the biggest public inquiry in British history.[123]
29 May Devolution was restored to the Northern Ireland Assembly.[122]
2–12 July Drumcree conflict – the annual Orange Order parade was banned from marching through the nationalist Garvaghy area of Portadown. The security forces erected large barricades to prevent loyalists from entering the area. About 2,000 British soldiers were deployed to keep order. During the standoff at Drumcree Church, loyalists continually launched missiles at the security forces.[124]
28 July The final prisoners were released from the Maze Prison, under the conditions of the Good Friday Agreement.[125]
21 September The Real IRA (RIRA) fired a rocket propelled grenade at MI6 headquarters in London, causing superficial damage.[126][127]
2001[edit]
4 March BBC bombing – a Real IRA bomb exploded outside BBC Television Centre, causing some damage to the building.
19 June Holy Cross dispute – RUC officers had to protect pupils and parents at Holy Cross Catholic Girls' School in Belfast, following attacks from loyalist protesters. The attacks resumed in September, following the school summer holidays, before subsiding in January 2002.[128]
11–13 July The worst rioting for several years took place in Belfast.[129]
3 August Ealing bombing – a Real IRA car bomb injured seven civilians in Ealing, west London.
23 October The Provisional IRA began decommissioning of its weaponry.[130]
4 November The RUC was replaced by the Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI). Recruits were recruited on the basis of 50% Catholic, 50% Protestant.[131]
2005[edit]
12 July Police were attacked with blast and petrol bombs during rioting in the Ardoyne area of Belfast, following an Orange Order parade. Eighty police officers were injured and several people were arrested.[132]
28 July The PIRA issued a statement declaring the end of its armed campaign and will verifiably put its weapons beyond use.[133]
26 September International weapons inspectors issue a statement confirming the full decommissioning of the PIRA's weaponry.[134]
11–12 September Following the rerouting of a controversial Orange Order Parade, rioting broke out in Belfast on a scale not seen for many years,[135][136]
30 October The Loyalist Volunteer Force (LVF) instructed its forces to "stand down".
2006[edit]
25 February 2006 Dublin riots
24 November Michael Stone was arrested for breaking into the Stormont parliament buildings while armed. He would receive 16 years imprisonment for attempting to murder Martin McGuinness and Gerry Adams.[137][138]
2007[edit]
7 March Elections to the Northern Ireland Assembly took place.
26 March DUP leader, Ian Paisley and Sinn Féin leader, Gerry Adams meet face-to-face for the first time, and the two come to an agreement regarding the return of the power-sharing executive in Northern Ireland.[139]
3 May The UVF and RHC issued a statement declaring an end to its armed campaign. The statement noted that they would retain their weapons but put them "beyond reach".[140][141]
8 May The new Northern Ireland Assembly met and the new Northern Ireland Executive was formed.
31 July The British military's campaign in Northern Ireland (codenamed Operation Banner) officially ends.
11 November The UDA issued a statement declaring an end to its armed campaign. The statement noted that they would retain their weapons but put them "beyond use".[142]
2008[edit]
16 August The Continuity IRA (CIRA) fired a rocket-propelled grenade at a police patrol in Lisnaskea, County Fermanagh. Three officers required hospital treatment.[143][144]
25 August Riots erupted in Craigavon, during which a number of vehicles were hijacked and shots were fired. The Independent Monitoring Commission blamed the CIRA for orchestrating the violence.[145]
2009[edit]
7 March Two British Army soldiers (Patrick Azimkar and Mark Quinsey) were shot dead and two others were seriously injured during a gun attack at Massereene Barracks in County Antrim.[146] The dissident Real IRA (RIRA) claimed responsibility. These were the first British military fatalities in Northern Ireland since 1997.[147]
9 March A Catholic police officer (formerly RUC, then PSNI), Stephen Carroll, was shot dead in Craigavon, County Armagh.[148] The CIRA claimed responsibility. This was the first police fatality in Northern Ireland since 1998.[149] Police were petrol bombed when arrests were made. [clarification needed]
27 June It was announced that the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) and the Red Hand Commando (RHC) had decommissioned their weapons.
11 October The INLA formally vow to pursue its aims through peaceful political means, saying their "armed struggle is over".[citation needed]
2010 onward[edit]
2010[edit]
6 January It was announced that the Ulster Defence Association (UDA) had decommissioned its weapons in front of independent witnesses.[150]
6 February It was announced that the Irish National Liberation Army (INLA) had decommissioned its weapons in front of independent witnesses.[151]
9 February The Independent International Commission on Decommissioning stood down.[152]
22 February The RIRA were blamed for detonating a car bomb outside a courthouse in Newry, heavily damaging the guard hut. This was the first successful car bomb attack in Northern Ireland since 2000.[153]
12 April A group calling itself Óglaigh na hÉireann claimed responsibility for detonating a car bomb outside the MI5 headquarters at Palace Barracks in Holywood, County Down.[154]
23 April A car bomb exploded outside a PSNI station in Newtownhamilton, County Armagh.[155]
28 May The UVF were blamed for shooting dead former Red Hand Commando member Bobby Moffett in broad daylight on Shankill Road, Belfast. The killing put the UVF's claims of weapons decommissioning and commitment to peace under serious scrutiny.[156][157]
3 August Óglaigh na hÉireann claimed responsibility for detonating a 200 lb car bomb outside Strand Road PSNI station in Derry.[158]
4 October The RIRA claimed responsibility for detonating a car bomb near the Ulster Bank on Culmore Road, Derry.[159]
6 November Three PSNI officers were injured after a grenade was thrown at them on Shaw's Road, Belfast. Óglaigh na hÉireann claimed responsibility.[160]
2011[edit]
2 April Ronan Kerr, a 25-year-old Catholic PSNI officer, was killed after a bomb exploded under his car in Omagh, County Tyrone. The Real IRA claimed responsibility.[161]
17–20 May Queen Elizabeth II's visit to the Republic of Ireland.
May–July Irish dissident republicans at Roe House, Maghaberry Prison took part in a dirty protest.[162]
June–July 2011 Northern Ireland riots
2012[edit]
27 June Queen Elizabeth II shakes hands with Northern Irish politicians including Martin McGuinness.
12 July 2012 North Belfast riots – there was rioting in the Ardoyne area of Belfast following the Orange Order's Twelfth marches. Up to 20 PSNI officers were injured and a number of shots were fired by republicans.[163]
26 July The Real IRA announced that it was merging with Republican Action Against Drugs and other independent dissident republican groups.[164]
2–4 September 2012 North Belfast riots – loyalists attack a republican parade organized by Republican Network for Unity in north Belfast, sparking three nights of rioting between nationalists and loyalists in the area of Carlisle Circus. More than 60 PSNI officers were injured.[165][166][167]
1 November A Prison Officer, David Black, was shot dead on the M1 motorway near Craigavon while driving to work. The shots were fired from another car, which drove alongside. The Real IRA claimed responsibility and said it was a response to the treatment of republican prisoners holding a dirty protest at Maghaberry Prison.[168] He was the first Prison Officer to be killed since 1993.
4 December Belfast City Hall flag protests: Belfast City Council votes to only fly the Union Jack from Belfast City Hall on designated days. Since 1906, it had been flown every day of the year. This sparked protests by loyalists throughout Northern Ireland, some of which became violent. The protests and rioting continued into 2013.[citation needed]
2013[edit]
12–17 July Rioting by loyalists occurred across Belfast and across of Northern Ireland after an Orange Order parade was prevented by the PSNI from passing the nationalist Ardoyne shop fronts in North Belfast during The Twelfth celebrations, in accordance with a Parades Commission ruling. During which loyalists attacked with petrol bombs, blast bombs and even reportedly ceremonial swords. There were clashes between loyalist and nationalist crowds. 71 PSNI officers including 3 mutual aid officers from Britain were injured in the days of rioting, and during disorder on 12 July DUP MP Nigel Dodds was injured after he was knocked unconscious by a brick thrown by loyalists. 62 people involved in the rioting were arrested across Northern Ireland.[169][170][171][172][173]
2016[edit]
4 March A prison officer (Adrian Ismay) died from a heart attack in a hospital on 4 March 2016. He had been seriously wounded by a booby-trap bomb which detonated under his van on Hillsborough Drive, East Belfast 11 days earlier. These wounds were directly responsible for the heart attack that killed him. The "New IRA" claimed responsibility and said it was a response to the alleged mistreatment of republican prisoners at Maghaberry Prison. It added that the officer was targeted because he trained prison officers at Maghaberry.[174]
2018[edit]
23 January The leadership of Óglaigh na hÉireann issued a statement declaring a ceasefire. This was confirmed at a press conference in Belfast called by two prominent trade unionists and Eamon O Cuiv TD. The ceasefire was welcomed by Sinn Féin leader Gerry Adams and Taniste Simon Coveney.[175]

See also[edit]
List of bombings during the Northern Ireland Troubles
List of books about The Troubles
Timeline of Provisional Irish Republican Army actions
Timeline of Irish National Liberation Army actions
Timeline of Continuity Irish Republican Army actions
Timeline of Real Irish Republican Army actions
Timeline of Ulster Volunteer Force actions
Timeline of Ulster Defence Association actions
Timeline of Loyalist Volunteer Force actions
Timeline of Orange Volunteers actions
Timeline of Ulster Defence Regiment operations
List of Irish police officers killed in the line of duty
Operation Banner
Notes[edit]
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^ Jump up to: a b Gillespie, Gordon. Historical Dictionary of the Northern Ireland Conflict, page 250; ISBN 978-0-8108-5583-0
Jump up ^ O'Rourke, Liam. Statistics Of Danger, volume 8.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e CAIN: Chronology of Key Events in Irish History, 1800 to 1967; section 1941 and onwards, cain.ulst.ac.uk; accessed 13 April 2018. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "cain1800" defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
Jump up ^ See Nelson, Sarah. "Ulster's Uncertain Defenders: Protestant Political Paramilitary and Community Groups and the Northern Ireland Conflict", p. 61, Belfast: Appletree Press, 1984.
^ Jump up to: a b c d A Chronology of the Conflict – 1968. CAIN Web Service
^ Jump up to: a b Martin Melaugh. "The Derry March: Main events of the day". Conflict Archive on the Internet (CAIN). Retrieved 16 February 2008.
Jump up ^ A Chronology of the Conflict – January 1969 CAIN Web Service
Jump up ^ Bowes Egan and Vincent McCormack. Burntollet. L.R.S. Publishers, 1969. Reproduced on CAIN; retrieved 12 June 2013.
Jump up ^ A Chronology of the Conflict – April 1969 CAIN Web Service
Jump up ^ "Chronology of the Conflict: 1969". Conflict Archive on the Internet (CAIN). Retrieved 12 June 2013.
Jump up ^ Police Ombudsman statement on Devenny investigation (4 October 2001). Conflict Archive on the Internet (CAIN).
Jump up ^ A Chronology of the Conflict – July 1969 CAIN Web Service
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^ Jump up to: a b A Chronology of the Conflict – August 1969 CAIN Web Service; accessed 10 October 2015.
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^ Jump up to: a b A Chronology of the Conflict – 1970, CAIN Web Service.
Jump up ^ The Times, 3 August 1970, Ulster offers £50,000 to stop bombs.
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Jump up ^ McKittrick, David. Lost Lives. Mainstream, 1999. p. 309
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Jump up ^ McKittrick, David. Lost Lives. Mainstream Publishing, 1999. p. 572
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^ Jump up to: a b "CAIN: Sutton Index of Deaths". Retrieved 20 November 2014.
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External links[edit]
Media related to Northern Ireland Troubles at Wikimedia Commons
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Provisional IRA Derry Brigade
Provisional IRA South Armagh Brigade
Provisional IRA East Tyrone Brigade
Provisional IRA Balcombe Street Gang ASU
Attacks
Insurgency,
1969–1977
Battle of St Matthew's
1970 RUC booby-trap bombing
Scottish soldiers' killings
Balmoral showroom bombing
Abercorn bombing
Donegall St bombing
Battle at Springmartin
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Green Park tube station bombing
Scott's Oyster Bar bombing
Walton's Restaurant bombing
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Long War,
1977–1988
1978 Lisnamuck shoot-out
Jonesboro Gazelle downing
La Mon restaurant bombing
1978 Crossmaglen Ambush
Warrenpoint ambush
Dunmurry train explosion
Lough Foyle attacks
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1988–1998
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Proxy bombings
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Mullacreevie ambush
Glenanne barracks bombing
Teebane bombing
Cloghoge attack
1992 Manchester bombing
South Armagh sniper campaign
Warrington bomb attacks
Cullaville occupation
Bishopsgate bombing
Battle of Newry Road
Shankill Road bombing
Crossmaglen Lynx downing
Drumcree conflict
Docklands bombing
1996 Manchester bombing
Osnabrück mortar attack
Thiepval barracks bombing
Coalisland attack
July 1997 riots
Chiefs of Staff
Seán Mac Stíofáin (1969–72)
Joe Cahill (1972–73)
Seamus Twomey (1973)
Éamonn O'Doherty (1973–74)
Seamus Twomey (1974–77)
Gerry Adams (1977–78)
Martin McGuinness (1978–82)
Ivor Bell (1982–83)
Kevin McKenna (1983–97)
Thomas "Slab" Murphy (1997–2005)
Personalities
(Volunteers)
Billy McKee
Gerry Kelly
Dolours Price
Marian Price
Roy Walsh
John Joe McGirl
Ruairí Ó Brádaigh
Dáithí Ó Conaill
George Harrison
Billy Reid
Michael Gaughan
Pat Doherty
Hugh Doherty
Séanna Breathnach
Proinsias MacAirt
John Kelly
Rose Dugdale
John Francis Green
Peter Cleary
Kevin Coen
Frank Stagg
Kieran Nugent
Francis Hughes
Brendan Hughes
Tommy McKearney
Raymond McCartney
Gerry McGeough
Gerard Casey
Thomas McMahon
Eamon Collins
Gerard Tuite
Patrick Magee
Bobby Sands
Raymond McCreesh
Joe McDonnell
Martin Hurson
Kieran Doherty
Thomas McElwee
Michael McKevitt
Alex Maskey
Fra McCann
Owen Carron
Paul Butler
Dessie Ellis
Angelo Fusco
Breandán Mac Cionnaith
Rita O'Hare
Martin Meehan
Arthur Morgan
Danny Morrison
Antoine Mac Giolla Bhrighde
Kieran Fleming
William Fleming
Bernard Fox
Paddy Quinn
Laurence McKeown
Pat McGeown
Matt Devlin
Pat Sheehan
Siobhán O'Hanlon
Jackie McMullan
Patrick Joseph Kelly
Larry Marley
Jim Lynagh
Pádraig McKearney
Brendan McFarlane
Charles Breslin
Sean O'Callaghan
Séamus McElwaine
Gabriel Cleary
Daniel McCann
Seán Savage
Mairéad Farrell
Martin McCaughey
Dessie Grew
Fergal Caraher
Patricia Black
Malachy Carey
Martin McGartland
Joseph MacManus
Paul Magee
Pearse Jordan
Thomas Begley
Martin Doherty
Ed O'Brien
Diarmuid O'Neill
Carál Ní Chuilín
Ian Milne
Conor Murphy
Martina Anderson
Jennifer McCann
Liam Campbell
Colin Duffy
Espionage &
Supergrasses
Denis Donaldson
Freddie Scappaticci (allegedly "Stakeknife")
Martin McGartland
Raymond Gilmour
Kevin Fulton
Joseph Fenton
Eamon Collins
Associates
Cumann na mBan
Fianna Éireann
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Direct Action Against Drugs
NORAID
Provisional Clan na Gael
Friends of Sinn Féin
Cairde na hÉireann
Troops Out Movement
Derivatives
Continuity Irish Republican Army
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Prominent killings
Michael Willetts
Jean McConville
Columba McVeigh
Billy Fox
Martin McBirney
Steven Tibble
Ross McWhirter
Sammy Smyth
Christopher Ewart-Biggs
Jeffery Stanford Agate
Robert Nairac
Richard Sykes
Gerard Evans
Lord Mountbatten
Baroness Brabourne
Norman Stronge
James Stronge
Robert Bradford
Lenny Murphy
Kenneth Salvesen
Anthony Berry
Maurice Gibson
Robert Seymour
Heidi Hazell
Joseph Fenton
Nick Spanos
Stephen Melrose
Ian Gow
Donald Kaberry
Thomas Oliver
Sammy Ward
Tim Parry
Jonathan Ball
Ray Smallwoods
Joe Bratty
Raymond Elder
Martin Cahill
Jerry McCabe
Andrew Kearney
Eamon Collins
Matthew Burns
Robert McCartney (allegedly)
James Curran
Joseph Rafferty (allegedly)
Paul Quinn
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_Northern_Ireland_Troubles_and_peace_process&oldid=836207549"
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