text:
Same Old Lang Syne
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"Same Old Lang Syne"
Picture sleeve for the U.S. vinyl release
Single by Dan Fogelberg
from the album The Innocent Age
B-side
"Hearts and Crafts"
Released
November 1980[1]
Format
7" single
Genre
Soft rock[2]
Length
5:18
Label
Full Moon
Songwriter(s)
Dan Fogelberg
Producer(s)
Dan Fogelberg, Marty Lewis
Dan Fogelberg singles chronology
"Heart Hotels"
(1980) "Same Old Lang Syne"
(1980) "Hard to Say"
(1981)
"Heart Hotels"
(1980) "Same Old Lang Syne"
(1980) "Hard to Say"
(1981)
"Same Old Lang Syne" is a song written and sung by Dan Fogelberg released as a single in 1980. It was also included on his 1981 album The Innocent Age. The song is an autobiographical narrative ballad told in the first person and tells the story of two long-ago romantic interests meeting by chance in a grocery store on Christmas Eve.[3] The song peaked at #9 on the Billboard Hot 100 Chart and is now frequently played during the holiday season and alongside traditional Christmas songs.
Contents
[hide]
1 Content
2 Origins
3 Association with Christmas
4 Musicians
5 Chart performance
5.1 Weekly charts
5.2 Year-end charts
6 References
7 External links
Content[edit]
The narrator is reunited with an old flame at a grocery store on a snowy Christmas Eve. She doesn't recognize him at first glance and when the two reach to embrace, she drops her purse causing them to laugh until they cry. They eventually decide to have a drink somewhere, but are unable to find any open bar. Settling on a six-pack purchased at a liquor store, they proceed to drink it in her car while they talk.[3]
The pair toast innocence of the past as well as the present. The subsequent verse describes the two pushing through their initial awkwardness and discussing their current lives. The lover went on to marry an architect and is seemingly content with her life, though she married for security instead of love. The narrator then says that as a musician he loves performing but hates touring.[3]
After a third toast, the conversation runs its course. They exchange their goodbyes and the woman kisses him before he gets out of the car. As she drives away, the narrator contemplates the good times they'd had long ago.
The melody is based on the 1812 Overture by Tchaikovsky [4] and ends with a soprano saxophone solo by Michael Brecker based on the melody from the original "Auld Lang Syne".
Origins[edit]
As Fogelberg said on his official website, the song was autobiographical.[4] He was visiting family back home in Peoria, Illinois in the mid-1970s when he ran into an old girlfriend at a convenience store. Fogelberg stated in interviews that he didn't recall precisely whether the chance meeting with his ex-girlfriend was in 1975 or 1976, though he leaned toward 1975.
After Fogelberg's death from prostate cancer in 2007, the woman in the song, Jill Anderson Greulich, came forward with her story. Greulich told of how she and Fogelberg dated in high school. As she explained to the Peoria Journal Star in an article dated December 22, 2007, the pair knew each other in Peoria, Illinois as part of the Woodruff High School class of 1969. After graduation, each attended different colleges. Following college, Greulich married and moved to Chicago, while Fogelberg moved to Colorado to pursue a music career. While back in Peoria visiting their respective families for Christmas in 1975, Fogelberg and Greulich ran into each other on Christmas Eve at a convenience store located at 1302 East Frye Avenue in the Abington Hill district. Greulich confirmed that together, they bought a six pack of beer and drank it in her car for two hours while they talked. Five years later,[5] after the song was released, Greulich heard the song on the radio for the first time while driving to work, but kept quiet about it, as Fogelberg also refused to disclose her identity. She stated that her reason for remaining quiet about her involvement in the song's narrative was that coming forward would disrupt Fogelberg's marriage.[6]
Greulich cited two inaccuracies in the lyrics: her eyes are green, not blue, and her husband was a physical education teacher, not an architect. In regard to the line, "She would have liked to say she loved the man, but she didn't like to lie," Greulich will not talk about it, but by the time of the song's release, she and her husband had divorced.
Association with Christmas[edit]
"Same Old Lang Syne" is frequently played on radio stations during the American holiday season. The song's opening lyrics reveal that the narrative takes place on a snowy Christmas Eve and they end with a second acknowledgment of snow. Since the song's release, these references and the musical quote of "Auld Lang Syne", a song traditionally sung on New Year's Eve, have increased the song's popularity during the month of December.[citation needed] The song debuted on the Hot 100's top 40, at #37, on 27 December 1980, between Christmas and New Years Eve.
Musicians[edit]
Dan Fogelberg: Piano, bass, electric piano, lead and background vocals
Glen Spreen: orchestral arrangements
Russ Kunkel: Drums
Michael Brecker: Soprano saxophone
Chart performance[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1980–81)
Peak
position
New Zealand [7] 23
U.S. Billboard Hot 100 [8] 9
U.S. Billboard Adult Contemporary[9] 8
U.S. Cash Box Top 100[10] 7
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1981)
Rank
U.S. Billboard Hot 100 [11] 79
U.S. Cash Box [12] 60
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Same Old Lang Syne". 45cat. Retrieved 2018-02-09.
Jump up ^ Weil, Martin. "Dan Fogelberg; Soft-Rock Star Penned 'Same Old Lang Syne'". washingtonpost.com. Retrieved 12 August 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Dan Fogelberg – Same Old Lang Syne Lyrics".
^ Jump up to: a b "Frequently Asked Questions". Dan Fogelberg. 2003. Retrieved 2016-09-30.
Jump up ^ http://www.pjstar.com/x1101623574/Luciano-Its-a-memory-that-I-cherish
Jump up ^ Luciano, Phil (2007-12-22). "'It's a memory that I cherish'". Journal Star. Peoria, Illinois. Archived from the original on 2013-05-18. Retrieved 2016-09-30.
Jump up ^ "The official NZ Music Charts 03 MAY 1981".
Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles 1955-2002
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (1993). Top Adult Contemporary: 1961–1993. Record Research. p. 89.
Jump up ^ "CASH BOX Top 100 Singles".
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Hits of 1981/Top 100 Songs of 1981".
Jump up ^ "The CASH BOX Year-End Charts: 1981".
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
[hide]
v
t
e
Dan Fogelberg
Studio albums
Home Free
Souvenirs
Captured Angel
Nether Lands
Phoenix
The Innocent Age
Windows and Walls
High Country Snows
Exiles
The Wild Places
River of Souls
The First Christmas Morning
Full Circle
Love in Time
Collaboration albums
Twin Sons of Different Mothers
No Resemblance Whatsoever
Live albums
Dan Fogelberg Live: Greetings from the West
Live: Something Old, New, Borrowed & Some Blues
Compilation albums
Greatest Hits
Love Songs
The Very Best of Dan Fogelberg
Singles
"Part of the Plan"
"The Power of Gold"
"Longer"
"Heart Hotels"
"Same Old Lang Syne"
"Hard to Say"
"Leader of the Band"
"Run for the Roses"
"Missing You"
"Make Love Stay"
"The Language of Love"
"Believe in Me"
"Rhythm of the Rain"
Songs
"Lovers in a Dangerous Time"
"Stars"
"To the Morning"
Related articles
Discography
Tim Weisberg
Book:Dan Fogelberg
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text:
Indian Plate
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Indian Plate
Type
Major
Approximate area
11,900,000 km2[1]
Movement1
north-east
Speed1
26-36mm/year
Features
Indian Ocean, Himalayas
1Relative to the African Plate
The Indian Plate or India Plate is a major tectonic plate straddling the equator in the eastern hemisphere. Originally a part of the ancient continent of Gondwana, India broke away from the other fragments of Gondwana 100 million years ago and began moving north.[2] Once fused with the adjacent Australia to form a single Indo-Australian Plate, recent studies suggest that India and Australia have been separate plates for at least 3 million years and likely longer.[3] The Indian plate includes most of South Asia—i.e. the Indian subcontinent—and a portion of the basin under the Indian Ocean, including parts of South China and western Indonesia,[4][5][6] and extending up to but not including Ladakh, Kohistan and Balochistan.[7][8][9]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plate movements
2 Geography
3 See also
4 Notes
5 References
Plate movements[edit]
Due to plate tectonics, the India Plate split from Madagascar and collided (c. 55 Ma) with the Eurasian Plate, resulting in the formation of the Himalayas.
Until roughly 140 million years ago, the Indian Plate formed part of the supercontinent Gondwana together with modern Africa, Australia, Antarctica, and South America. Gondwana broke up as these continents drifted apart at different velocities,[10] a process which led to the opening of the Indian Ocean.[11]
In the late Cretaceous, approximately 100 million years ago and subsequent to the splitting off from Gondwana of conjoined Madagascar and India, the Indian Plate split from Madagascar. It began moving north, at about 20 centimetres (7.9 in) per year,[10] and is believed to have begun colliding with Asia as early as 55 million years ago,[12] in the Eocene epoch of the Cenozoic. However, some authors suggest that the collision between India and Eurasia occurred much later, around 35 million years ago.[13] If the collision occurred between 55 and 50 Mya, the Indian Plate would have covered a distance of 3,000 to 2,000 kilometres (1,900 to 1,200 mi), moving faster than any other known plate. In 2012, paleomagnetic data from the Greater Himalaya was used to propose two collisions to reconcile the discrepancy between the amount of crustal shortening in the Himalaya (~1300 km) and the amount of convergence between India and Asia (~3600 km).[14] These authors propose a continental fragment of northern Gondwana rifted from India, traveled northward, and initiated the "soft collision" between the Greater Himalaya and Asia at ~50 Ma. This was followed by the "hard collision" between India and Asia occurred at ~25 Ma. Subduction of the resulting ocean basin that formed between the Greater Himalayan fragment and India explains the apparent discrepancy between the crustal shortening estimates in the Himalaya and paleomagnetic data from India and Asia.
In 2007, German geologists[10] suggested that the reason the Indian Plate moved so quickly is that it is only half as thick (100 kilometres or 62 miles) as the other plates[15] which formerly constituted Gondwana. The mantle plume that once broke up Gondwana might also have melted the lower part of the Indian subcontinent, which allowed it to move both faster and further than the other parts.[10] The remains of this plume today form the Marion Hotspot (Prince Edward Islands), the Kerguelen hotspot, and the Réunion hotspots.[11][16] As India moved north, it is possible that the thickness of the Indian plate degenerated further as it passed over the hotspots and magmatic extrusions associated with the Deccan and Rajmahal Traps.[11] The massive amounts of volcanic gases released during the passage of the Indian Plate over the hotspots have been theorised to have played a role in the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, generally held to be due to a large asteroid impact.[17]
The collision with the Eurasian Plate along the boundary between India and Nepal formed the orogenic belt that created the Tibetan Plateau and the Himalaya Mountains, as sediment bunched up like earth before a plow.
The Indian Plate is currently moving north-east at 5 centimetres (2.0 in) per year, while the Eurasian Plate is moving north at only 2 centimetres (0.79 in) per year. This is causing the Eurasian Plate to deform, and the Indian Plate to compress at a rate of 4 millimetres (0.16 in) per year.[citation needed]
Geography[edit]
The westerly side of the Indian Plate is a transform boundary with the Arabian Plate called the Owen Fracture Zone, and a divergent boundary with the African Plate called the Central Indian Ridge (CIR). The northerly side of the Plate is a convergent boundary with the Eurasian Plate forming the Himalaya and Hindu Kush mountains.
See also[edit]
List of tectonic plates
List of tectonic plate interactions
Paleogeography
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "Sizes of Tectonic or Lithospheric Plates". Geology.about.com. 2014-03-05. Retrieved 2016-01-13.
Jump up ^ Oskin, Becky (2013-07-05). "New Look at Gondwana's Breakup". Livescience.com. Retrieved 2016-01-13.
Jump up ^ * Stein, Seth; Sella, Giovanni F.; Okai, Emile A. (2002). "The January 26, 2001 Bhuj Earthquake and the Diffuse Western Boundary of the Indian Plate" (PDF). Geodynamics Series. American Geophysical Union: 243–254. doi:10.1029/GD030p0243. Retrieved 2015-12-25.
Jump up ^ Sinvhal, Understanding Earthquake Disasters, page 52, Tata McGraw-Hill Education, 2010, ISBN 978-0-07-014456-9
Jump up ^ Harsh K. Gupta, Disaster management, page 85, Universities Press, 2003, ISBN 978-81-7371-456-6
Jump up ^ James R. Heirtzler, Indian ocean geology and biostratigraphy, page American Geophysical Union, 1977, ISBN 978-0-87590-208-1
Jump up ^ M. Asif Khan, Tectonics of the Nanga Parbat syntaxis and the Western Himalaya, page 375, Geological Society of London, 2000, ISBN 978-1-86239-061-4
Jump up ^ Srikrishna Prapnnachari, Concepts in Frame Design, page 152, Srikrishna Prapnnachari, ISBN 978-99929-52-21-4
Jump up ^ A. M. Celâl Şengör, Tectonic evolution of the Tethyan Region, Springer, 1989, ISBN 978-0-7923-0067-0
^ Jump up to: a b c d Kind 2007
^ Jump up to: a b c Kumar et al. 2007
Jump up ^ Scotese 2001
Jump up ^ Aitchison, Ali & Davis 2007
Jump up ^ van Hinsbergen, D.; Lippert, P.; Dupont-Nivet, G.; McQuarrie, N.; Doubrivine, P.; Spakman, W.; Torsvik, T. (2012). "Greater India Basin hypothesis and a two-stage Cenozoic collision between India and Asia". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 109 (20): 7659–7664. Bibcode:2012PNAS..109.7659V. doi:10.1073/pnas.1117262109. PMC 3356651  . PMID 22547792.
Jump up ^ The lithospheric roots in South Africa, Australia, and Antarctica are 300 to 180 kilometres (190 to 110 mi) thick. (Kumar et al. 2007) See also Kumar et al. 2007, figure 1
Jump up ^ Meert, J.G.; Tamrat, Endale (2006). "Paleomagnetic evidence for a stationary Marion hotspot: Additional paleomagnetic data from Madagascar". Gondwana Research. 10: 340–348. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2006.04.008.
Jump up ^ Schulte, Peter; et al. (5 March 2010). "The Chicxulub Asteroid Impact and Mass Extinction at the Cretaceous-Paleogene Boundary". Science. AAAS. 327 (5970): 1214–1218. Bibcode:2010Sci...327.1214S. doi:10.1126/science.1177265. ISSN 1095-9203. PMID 20203042. Retrieved 5 March 2010.
References[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Indian tectonic plate.
Aitchison, Jonathan C.; Ali, Jason R.; Davis, Aileen M. (2007). "When and where did India and Asia collide?". Journal of Geophysical Research. 112 (B5). Bibcode:2007JGRB..11205423A. doi:10.1029/2006JB004706. ISSN 0148-0227. Retrieved January 12, 2016.
Chen, Ji (January 4, 2005). "Magnitude 9.0 off W coast of northern Sumatra Sunday, December 26, 2004 at 00:58:49 UTC: Preliminary rupture model". U.S. Geological Survey. Archived from the original on March 5, 2005. Retrieved 28 December 2004.
Kind, Rainer (September 2007). "The fastest continent: India's truncated lithospheric roots". Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres. Retrieved January 2012. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
Kumar, Prakash; Yuan, Xiaohui; Kumar, M. Ravi; Kind, Rainer; Li, Xueqing; Chadha, R. K. (18 October 2007). "The rapid drift of the Indian tectonic plate". Nature. 449 (7164): 894–897. Bibcode:2007Natur.449..894K. doi:10.1038/nature06214. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 17943128.
Scotese, Christopher R. (January 2001). "The collision of India and Asia (90 mya — present)". Paleomap Project. Retrieved 28 December 2004.
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Coordinates: 34°25′55″N 73°32′13″E / 34.43194°N 73.53694°E / 34.43194; 73.53694
Authority control
GND: 4273748-5
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text:
Gram panchayat
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see Panchayat (disambiguation).
India
This article is part of a series on the
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Local governments: Rural bodies:
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A gram panchayat (village council) is the only grassroots-level of panchayati raj formalised local self-governance system in India at the village or small-town level, and has a sarpanch as its elected head.[1]
The failed attempts to deal with local matters at the national level caused, in 1992, the reintroduction of panchayats for their previously used purpose as an organisation for local self-governance.[1] There are about 250,000 gram panchayats in India,[2][3] that are being gigabit-broadband enabled under the BharatNet and Digital India initiative.[4][5][6]
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
1.1 Meetings
2 See also
3 References
4 External links
Structure[edit]
Gram panchayats are panchayats at base level in panchayat raj institutions (or PRIs), governed by the 73rd Amendment, which is concerned with Rural Local Governments.[7]
Panchayat at District (or apex) Level
Panchayat at Intermediate Level
Panchayat at Base Level
The gram panchayat is divided into wards and each ward is represented by a Ward Member, also referred to as a Panch or Panchayat Member, who is directly elected by the villagers.[8] The panchayat is chaired by the president of the village, known as a Sarpanch. The term of the elected representatives is five years. The Secretary of the panchayat is a non-elected representative, appointed by the state government, to oversee panchayat activities.[9]
[hide]Structure
Republic of India
States Union Territories
Divisions
Districts
Blocks
(Tehsils/Talukas) Municipal Corporations
(Maha-Nagar-Palika) Municipalities
(Nagar-Palika) City Councils
(Nagar-Panchayat)
Villages
(Gram/Gaon) Wards
Meetings[edit]
According to Section. 6 (3) of the Andhra Pradesh Panchayat Raj Act of 1994, that state's gram sabha has to conduct a meeting at least twice a year.[10]
See also[edit]
Khap
Lambardar
Panchayati raj
Zaildar
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Sapra, Ipsita (February 2013). "Living in the villages". Rural Democracy. D+C Development and Cooperation. Retrieved 24 April 2015.
Jump up ^ Chaturvedi, Mahesh Chandra (2012). India's waters. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. p. 74. ISBN 978-1439872833. Retrieved 14 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "GROUND RULES". Scroll.in. Retrieved 14 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Only ‘Made in India’ equipment for BharatNet: Govt.", The Hindu, 12 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Govt to launch second phase of BharatNet, to connect 1.5 lakh panchayats with internet.", The News Minute, 13 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "BBNL may become full-blown telecom services company". Economic times. Kolkata, India. 29 October 2013.
Jump up ^ Benoy Banerjee; Irfaan Khan; Rajeev Kumar et al. (2006). "Chapter Eight: Local Governments". India Constitution at Work: Textbook in Political Science for Class XI. National Council of Educational Research and Training. ISBN 81-7450-550-4. Retrieved 30 January 2016. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Seetharam, Mukkavilli (1 January 1990). Citizen Participation in Rural Development. Mittal Publications. p. 34. ISBN 9788170992271.
Jump up ^ Social Science. Vk Publications. p. 117. ISBN 9788179732144.
Jump up ^ "The Andhra Pradesh Panchayat Raj Act, 1994" (PDF). Lawsofindia.org. 2002. Section 6.(3). Retrieved 30 September 2015.
External links[edit]
website of Ministry of Panchayati Raj Government of India
Subramaniam Vincent (28 February 2002). "Ugly duckling to swan". India Together.
"Indian local governments" (Harvard University)
"Indian local governments" (National Backward Krishi Vidyapeeth Solapur in India)
[show]
v
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Local government in India
Urban
Municipal Corporation
Nagar Palika (Municipal Council)
Intermediate
Town Panchayat (Nagar panchayat)
Rural
District Panchayat (Zila Parishad )
Block Panchayat / Taluk Panchayat / Panchayat Samiti / Panchayat Union
Gram Panchayat
Sarpanch
Observance
National Panchayati Raj Day

This article about government in India is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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text:
Jesse Stone: Lost in Paradise
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Jesse Stone: Lost in Paradise
Promotional photo
Genre
Crime film
Screenplay by
Tom Selleck
Michael Brandman
Directed by
Robert Harmon
Starring
Tom Selleck
Mackenzie Foy
William Devane
Luke Perry
Theme music composer
Jeff Beal
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
Production
Producer(s)
Steven J. Brandman
Editor(s)
Lawrence Curtis
Running time
86 min.
Production company(s)
Sony Pictures Television
Distributor
Hallmark Channel
Release
Original network
Hallmark Channel
Original release
October 18, 2015 (2015-10-18) (USA)
Chronology
Preceded by
Jesse Stone: Benefit of the Doubt (2012)
Jesse Stone: Lost in Paradise is a 2015 American television crime drama film directed by Robert Harmon and starring Tom Selleck, Mackenzie Foy, William Devane, and Luke Perry.[1] Written by Tom Selleck and Michael Brandman, the film is about a police chief of the (fictional) small town of Paradise, Massachusetts, who investigates the murder of the apparent fourth victim of a brutal serial killer. Filmed on location in Lunenburg and Halifax, Nova Scotia, Jesse Stone: Lost in Paradise is the latest in a series of nine television films based on the characters of Robert B. Parker's Jesse Stone novels.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Critical response
5 References
6 External links
Plot[edit]
Police Chief Jesse Stone (Tom Selleck) accepts a position as an unpaid consultant with the Massachusetts State Police Homicide Unit, working for Lt. Sydney Greenstreet (Leslie Hope) who gives him case files on several murders. He accepts the job to relieve the boredom he has been feeling due to the lack of any significant crime transpiring lately in the town of Paradise. Jesse has also been lonely because his dog recently died. After reviewing the files, Stone takes special interest in one case that involves the fourth victim of a brutal serial killer who slashed and disemboweled his victims while they were still alive. The jailed killer, a man named Richard and known as the "Boston Ripper" (Luke Perry), admits to the first three murders with pride, but maintains he did not commit the fourth murder. After interviewing the killer, Stone concludes that he's a "sick son of a bitch", but does not believe he killed the fourth victim, Mavis Davies.
Stone interviews Mavis' husband, Bruce Davies, who is still bitter after having learned during the investigation that his wife was working as a high-priced prostitute when she was killed. When Stone asks for his help, Davies informs him that he has no intention of helping to reopen the investigation. Stone asks about Mavis' dog, who appears in some of the crime scene photos, Davies tells him he gave "Steve" to an animal shelter when he refused to eat. Stone goes to the shelter and adopts the dog just before he is to be euthanized. The dog looks like Stone's deceased pet, Reggie. At Stone's home, the dog continues to refuse to eat, even the expensive steaks that Stone offers.
Meanwhile, Stone encounters a thirteen-year-old girl named Jenny (Mackenzie Foy) smoking marijuana in a park. He takes an interest in the troubled girl's welfare, and calls his friend and colleague, Paradise Police Officer Luther "Suitcase" Simpson (Kohl Sudduth), and asks him to investigate the girl's home life. "Suit" discovers that the girl's mother is a drunk and that she hits her daughter. Later, after seeing Jenny with a bruised face, Stone visits her mother and offers her a "voucher" to seek help for her alcoholism with Jesse's psychiatrist Dr. Dix. He tells her that if he even suspects that she's hit her daughter again, he will arrest her.
Returning home, Stone offers leftover spaghetti and meatballs to Steve, and to his surprise, the dog eats it.
Back on the case, Stone meets with State Police Detective Dan Leary (Alex Carter), the officer who arrested the killer, who tells Stone that he's convinced the "Boston Ripper" committed all four murders, noting that since Richard was jailed, "the murders have stopped". Continuing his investigation, Stone interviews the autopsy doctor and confirms that the toxicology report is missing from the file. Stone tells Lt. Greenstreet that he believes the file was "scrubbed". Later, Stone discusses the case with his psychiatrist, Dr. Dix (William Devane), who is also a former cop, who advises, "If you don't like the answers you're getting, check your premises."
Stone visits gangster Gino Fish (William Sadler) and learns where the fourth victim worked as a prostitute. The "dating agency" owner tells Stone about Mavis Davies' friend, Charlotte (Amelia Rose Blaire), who recently left the business. He finds Charlotte, now running a cafe under her real name, Amelia Hope, and learns that Mavis was having an affair and was in love with a police officer.
Back at Lt. Greenstreet's office, Stone reveals that he suspects that Detective Leary was Mavis' lover and that he killed Mavis in the same manner as the "Boston Ripper", and observes at the time of the offences reports would be routinely copied to the defunct and now-forgotten Law Enforcement Teletype System, and that these should still be complete. When Greenstreet consults the current National Law Enforcement Telecommunications System (NLETS) it confirms that Leary had arrested Mavis for prostitution while he worked in the vice squad, another instance of record tampering, this time strongly implicating Leary.
Soon after, Detective Leary shows up at Amelia's cafe claiming to have been sent by Stone. Realising she is in danger Amelia attempts to escape but is handcuffed and when Stone arrives on the scene Leary first threatens to kill her then fires at Stone who returns fire, killing Leary instantly.
After the shooting Jesse comforts Amelia, and later he accompanies Jenny to the St. Agnes Refuge where his friend, Sister Mary John (Kerri Smith), offers the young girl a place to live while her mother is treated for her alcoholism. The closing scene is of Stone sitting on a bench overlooking the ocean, his new dog Steve at his side.
Cast[edit]
Tom Selleck as Jesse Stone
Mackenzie Foy as Jenny
Luke Perry as Richard, the "Boston Ripper"
Leslie Hope as Lt. Sydney Greenstreet
William Devane as Dr. Dix
William Sadler as Gino Fish
Amelia Rose Blaire as Charlotte/Amelia Hope
Gloria Reuben as Thelma Gleffey
Al Sapienza as Bruce Davies
Tara Yelland as Mavis Davies
Alex Carter as Detective Dan Leary
Christine Tizzard as Amanda
Kohl Sudduth as Luther "Suitcase" Simpson
Kerri Smith as Sister Mary John
Ned the Dog as Steve
Production[edit]
Jesse Stone: Lost in Paradise was filmed on location in Lunenburg and Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.[2]
Critical response[edit]
Writing in the Reno Gazette-Journal, Mike Hughes called the film a "must-see" and declared it "the best yet" of the Jesse Stone film series and "worth the wait".[3] Hughes concludes that "the film neatly balances character depth and a solid mystery".[3] Columnist Jeanne Jakle, writing in MySA, writes that Selleck "commands the screen with the subdued intensity he's brought to the title character for 10 years".[4] Jakle finds the music, muted photography, and slow pace "oddly comforting",[4] and concludes:
Lost in Paradise is a decent whodunit, but the beauty of the movie, as always, lies with its deliciously melancholy execution and, of course, Selleck's layered and quietly magnetic performance, which once again adds to his status as one of TV's stalwart greats.[4]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Holmes, Mannie (August 31, 2015). "'Jesse Stone: Lost in Paradise' Debuts Oct. 18 on Hallmark Channel". Variety. Retrieved October 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ Harmon, Robert (Director) (October 25, 2015). Jesse Stone: Lost in Paradise (Motion picture). Hallmark.
^ Jump up to: a b Hughes, Mike (October 17, 2015). "TV: Watch 'Jesse Stone: Lost in Paradise'". Reno Gazette-Journal. Retrieved October 28, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Jakle, Jeanne (October 17, 2015). "Tom Selleck cranky, but comforting, as Jesse Stone". MySA. Retrieved October 28, 2015.
External links[edit]
Jesse Stone: Lost in Paradise on IMDb
Jesse Stone: Lost in Paradise at AllMovie
Jesse Stone: Lost in Paradise at the TCM Movie Database
[show]
v
t
e
Robert B. Parker's Jesse Stone
Novels
Night Passage (1997)
Trouble in Paradise (1998)
Death in Paradise (2001)
Stone Cold (2003)
Sea Change (2006)
High Profile (2007)
Stranger in Paradise (2008)
Night and Day (2009)
Split Image (2010)
Films
Stone Cold (2005)
Night Passage (2006)
Death in Paradise (2006)
Sea Change (2007)
Thin Ice (2009)
No Remorse (2010)
Innocents Lost (2011)
Benefit of the Doubt (2012)
Lost in Paradise (2015)
[show]
v
t
e
Films directed by Robert Harmon
China Lake (1983)
The Hitcher (1986)
Eyes of an Angel (1991)
Nowhere to Run (1993)
Gotti (1996)
The Crossing (2000)
They (2002)
Highwaymen (2004)
Ike: Countdown to D-Day (2004)
Stone Cold (2005)
Jesse Stone: Night Passage (2006)
Jesse Stone: Death in Paradise (2006)
Jesse Stone: Sea Change (2007)
Jesse Stone: Thin Ice 2009)
Jesse Stone: No Remorse (2010)
November Christmas (2010)
Jesse Stone: Benefit of the Doubt (2012)
Jesse Stone: Lost in Paradise (2015)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jesse_Stone:_Lost_in_Paradise&oldid=829936830"
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Karnataka Institute of Medical Sciences
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Karnataka Institute of Medical Sciences(Karnataka Medical College)
Type
[Government]
Established
August 1957
Dean
Dattattreya Bant
Academic staff
334
Students
600 undergraduate students
103 postgraduate students
100 nursing students
100 paramedical students
Location
Hubli, Karnataka, India
Campus
Urban
Website
www.kimshubli.org
Karnataka Institute of Medical Sciences, Hubli (KIMS, Hubli) is a medical school in Hubli, India is affiliated with Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka . It is one of the oldest government tertiary healthcare centre and largest multi-speciality Hospital in North Karnataka recognized by Medical Council of India. In June 1997, the then Karnataka Medical College was accorded the Autonomous status and so was born, the present Karnataka Institute of Medical Sciences, Hubli.
Contents
1 History
2 Teaching affiliates
3 Notable alumni
4 References
5 External links
History[edit]
Karnataka Institute of Medical Sciences, Hubli, (KIMS, Hubli) formerly known as Karnataka Medical College, Hubli was established in August 1957.[1] For the first few years, the college was located in a building which was later known as J.G. Commerce College. The campus subsequently was shifted to the present location comprising 100 acres (0.40 km2) of land, on the Pune – Bangalore National Highway near Vidyanagar, Hubli.[1]
KIMS Hubli serves the society at large by providing tertiary health care services to the needy and by developing resources of health care providers and researchers.
The decade 1980-1990 changed the institute from being a nondescript hospital treating cancer patients to a well-known comprehensive regional center for cancer treatment and research. At that time, it was capable of offering state-of-the-art diagnostic and therapeutic services to cancer patients from Karnataka to neighboring states like Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and Maharashtra. The institute was the first medical college in India to start a full-fledged post-graduate course in paediatrics.
For a brief period, due to lack of political will and poor funding, there was a progressive decline in staff, facilities, and services offered. The government of Karnataka organized a Governing Council and in June 1997, the then Karnataka Medical College was accorded autonomous status, and became the Karnataka Institute of Medical Sciences, Hubli. The current objectives are for providing comprehensive undergraduate and postgraduate, medical and paramedical education and for developing the facilities for research, training, screening, diagnosis, treatment, rehabilitation, palliative, and preventive care for the society at large. It now has a sufficiently well trained staff strength.[2]
There has been steady progress in the facilities and the health care services that are at the institute. The institution is equipped to provide some of the speciality services like Cardiology, Nephrology, Endocrinology, Neurology, Neurosurgery, Urology, Plastic surgery and Paediatric surgery. The Anti-Retroviral Treatment Center at KIMS Hubli has been recognized and is being developed as the nodal center for North Karnataka as well as surrounding region.[3] The Government of Karnataka has provided a cardiac catheterization lab to the Institute and has pledged to renew it as the Regional Cardiology Center.[4] The institute has also been accorded the status of Institute of Excellence and recognized as a Training Center for the WHO Fellowship. The addition of new blocks, Trauma Care Center and Maternal & Child Health Center,[5] is expected to increase the popularity of the hospital in the region. Phototherapy, dermabrasion and radiofrequency have been newly added to the Department of Dermatology.
Teaching affiliates[edit]
A view of KIMS from the Archana ladies hostel
Karnataka Institute of Medical Sciences Hospital
Dharwad Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (DIMHANS), Dharwad
Anti Retroviral Therapy Center, KIMS Campus
District Tuberculosis Center, KIMS Campus
Urban Leprosy Center, KIMS Campus
Urban Health Training Center, Old Hubli
Rural Health Training Center, Kundgol
Primary Health Care Center, Kalaghatgi
Hubli Hospital for Handicapped, Anandnagar
KIMS LifeLine Blood Bank, KIMS Campus
Jaipur Center for Prosthetics, KIMS Campus
Railway Hospital, Hubli
Notable alumni[edit]
Dr. R B Patil, Padmashri Awardee and Surgical Oncologist at R B Patil Hospital, Hubli[6]
Dr. M. M. Joshi was a postgraduate teacher at KIMS Hubli, for 6 years.[7]
(Late) Dr Sondur Sriniwasachar Professor of Bio-chemistry,Dept.of Physiology at Karnataka Institute of Medical Sciences(formerly known as Karnataka Medical College),Hubli (1958–64; 1967–76).
Dr. S. B. Kulkarni was the HOD (Head of Department) for Physiology and also was the Principal at KIMS.
Dr. Rashid Ali Siddiqui was a student of KIMS. He is currently the Medical Director of Prayag Medicare and working at NRHM Uttar Pradesh East (Allahabad zone)
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b KIMS website
Jump up ^ The Times of India: MCI team visits KIMS
Jump up ^ KIMS website: ART Center
Jump up ^ The Hindu: Chief Minister to inaugurate cath lab facility at KIMS
Jump up ^ The Hindu: KIMS to get cath lab, trauma centre by March
Jump up ^ List of people from Hubli Dharwad
Jump up ^ http://mmjoshieyeinstitute.com/founder.html
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Karnataka Institute of Medical Sciences.
Official Website of Karnataka Institute of Medical Sciences, Hubli
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karnataka_Institute_of_Medical_Sciences&oldid=840620938"
Categories:
Medical colleges in Karnataka
Universities and colleges in Hubli-Dharwad
Colleges affiliated to Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences
Educational institutions established in 1957
1957 establishments in India
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United States defamation law
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The origins of the United States' defamation laws pre-date the American Revolution; one influential case in 1734 involved John Peter Zenger and established precedent that "The Truth" is an absolute defense against charges of libel. (Previous English defamation law had not provided this guarantee.) Though the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution was designed to protect freedom of the press, for most of the history of the United States, the U.S. Supreme Court failed to use it to rule on libel cases. This left libel laws, based upon the traditional "Common Law" of defamation inherited from the English legal system, mixed across the states. The 1964 case New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, however, radically changed the nature of libel law in the United States by establishing that public officials could win a suit for libel only when they could prove the media outlet in question knew either that the information was wholly and patently false or that it was published "with reckless disregard of whether it was false or not". Later Supreme Court cases barred strict liability for libel and forbid libel claims for statements that are so ridiculous as to be patently false. Recent cases have added precedent on defamation law and the Internet.
The First Amendment guarantees of Freedom of Speech and Freedom of the Press provide defendants in the United States significantly more protection than the countries of the Commonwealth and Europe.[citation needed] Some variation exists among the several states to the extent the state's legislature has passed statutes or its courts have handed down decisions affecting the contours inherited from the common law. Some states codify what constitutes slander and libel together into the same set of laws.
Criminal libel is rarely prosecuted but exists on the books in many states, and is constitutionally permitted in circumstances essentially identical to those where civil libel liability is constitutional. Defenses to libel that can result in dismissal before trial include the statement being one of opinion rather than fact or being "fair comment and criticism", though neither of these are imperatives on the US constitution. Truth is an absolute defense against defamation in the United States,[1] meaning true statements cannot be defamatory.[2]
Most states recognize that some categories of false statements are considered to be defamatory per se, such that people making a defamation claim for these statements do not need to prove that the statement was defamatory. (See section Defamation per se.)
Contents
1 Development
2 Defamation law in modern practice
2.1 Defamation per se
2.2 Criminal defamation
3 See also
4 References
Development[edit]
See also: Defamation and the First Amendment to the United States Constitution
Laws regulating slander and libel in the United States began to develop even before the American Revolution. In one of the most famous cases, New York City publisher John Peter Zenger was imprisoned for 8 months in 1734 for printing attacks on the governor of the colony. Zenger won his case and was acquitted by jury in 1735 under the counsel of Andrew Hamilton. The case established some precedent that the truth should be an absolute defense against libel charges. Previous English defamation law had not provided this guarantee. Gouverneur Morris, a major contributor in the framing of the U.S. Constitution said, "The trial of Zenger in 1735 was the germ of American freedom, the morning star of that liberty which subsequently revolutionized America".[3]
Zenger's case also established that libel cases, though they were civil rather than criminal cases, could be heard by a jury, which would have the authority to rule on the allegations and to set the amount of monetary damages awarded.[4]
The First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution was designed specifically to protect freedom of the press. However, for most of the history of the United States, the Supreme Court neglected to use it to rule on libel cases. This left libel laws, based upon the traditional common law of defamation inherited from the English legal system, mixed across the states.
In 1964, however, the court issued an opinion in New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254 (1964) dramatically changing the nature of libel law in the United States. In that case, the court determined that public officials could win a suit for libel only if they could demonstrate "actual malice" on the part of reporters or publishers. In that case, "actual malice" was defined as "knowledge that the information was false" or that it was published "with reckless disregard of whether it was false or not". This decision was later extended to cover "public figures", although the standard is still considerably lower in the case of private individuals.
In Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc., 418 U.S. 323 (1974), the Supreme Court suggested that a plaintiff could not win a defamation suit when the statements in question were expressions of opinion rather than fact. In the words of the court, "under the First Amendment, there is no such thing as a false idea". However, the Court subsequently rejected the notion of a First Amendment opinion privilege, in Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co., 474 U.S. 953 (1985). In Gertz, the Supreme Court also established a mens rea or culpability requirement for defamation; states cannot impose strict liability because that would run afoul of the First Amendment. This holding differs significantly from most other common law jurisdictions, which still have strict liability for defamation.
In Hustler Magazine v. Falwell, 485 U.S. 46 (1988), the Supreme Court ruled that a parody advertisement claiming Jerry Falwell had engaged in an incestuous act with his mother in an outhouse, while false, could not allow Falwell to win damages for emotional distress because the statement was so obviously ridiculous that it was clearly not true; an allegation believed by nobody, it was ruled, brought no liability upon the author. The court thus overturned a lower court's upholding of an award where the jury had decided against the claim of libel but had awarded damages for emotional distress.
After Stratton Oakmont, Inc. v. Prodigy Services Co., 1995 N.Y. Misc. Lexis 229 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. May 24, 1995), applied the standard publisher/distributor test to find an online bulletin board liable for post by a third party, Congress specifically enacted 47 U.S.C. § 230 (1996) to reverse the Prodigy findings and to provide for private blocking and screening of offensive material. § 230(c) states "that no provider or user of an interactive computer shall be treated as a publisher or speaker of any information provided by another information content provider", thereby providing forums immunity for statements provided by third parties. Thereafter, cases such as Zeran v. America Online, 129 F.3d 327 (4th Cir. 1997), and Blumenthal v. Drudge, 992 F. Supp. 44 (D.D.C. 1998), have demonstrated that although courts are expressly uneasy with applying § 230, they are bound to find providers like AOL immune from defamatory postings. This immunity applies even if the providers are notified of defamatory material and neglect to remove it, because provider liability upon notice would likely cause a flood of complaints to providers, would be a large burden on providers, and would have a chilling effect on freedom of speech on the Internet.
In Barrett v. Rosenthal, 146 P.3d 510 (Cal. 2006), the California Supreme Court ruled that 47 U.S.C. § 230(c)(1) does not permit web sites to be sued for libel that was written by other parties.
To solve the problem of libel tourism, the SPEECH Act makes foreign libel judgments unenforceable in U.S. courts, unless those judgments are compliant with the U.S. First Amendment. The act was passed by the 111th United States Congress and signed into law by President Barack Obama.[5]
In 2014 the Ninth Circuit Court ruled[6] that liability for a defamatory blog post involving a matter of public concern cannot be imposed without proof of fault and actual damages.[7] Bloggers saying libelous things about private citizens concerning public matters can only be sued if they are negligent i.e., the plaintiff must prove the defendant's negligence – the same standard that applies when news media are sued.[8] The Court held that in defamation cases not the identity of the speaker, but rather the public-figure status of a plaintiff and the public importance of the statement at issue provide the First Amendment foundation.[9]
Defamation law in modern practice[edit]
See also: Defamation and the First Amendment to the United States Constitution
Defamation law in the United States is much less plaintiff-friendly than its counterparts in European and the Commonwealth countries, due to the enforcement of the First Amendment. One very important distinction today is that European and Commonwealth jurisdictions adhere to a theory that every publication of a defamation gives rise to a separate claim, so that a defamation on the Internet could be sued on in any country in which it was read, while American law only allows one claim for the primary publication.
In the United States, a comprehensive discussion of what is and is not libel or slander is difficult, because the definition differs between different states. Some states codify what constitutes slander and libel together into the same set of laws. Some states have criminal libel laws on the books, though these are old laws which are very infrequently prosecuted. Washington State has held its criminal libel statute unconstitutional applying the state and federal constitutions to the question.[10]
Most defendants in defamation lawsuits are newspapers or publishers, which are involved in about twice as many lawsuits as are television stations. Most plaintiffs are corporations, businesspeople, entertainers and other public figures, and people involved in criminal cases, usually defendants or convicts but sometimes victims as well. In no state can a defamation claim be successfully maintained if the allegedly defamed person is deceased.
Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act of 1996 generally immunizes from liability parties that create forums on the Internet in which defamation occurs from liability for statements published by third parties. This has the effect of precluding all liability for statements made by persons on the Internet whose identity cannot be determined.
In the various states, whether by case law or legislation, there are generally several "privileges" that can get a defamation case dismissed without proceeding to trial. These include the litigation privilege, which makes statements made in the context of litigation non-actionable, and the allegedly defamatory statement being "fair comment and criticism", as it is important to society that everyone be able to comment on matters of public interest. The United States Supreme Court, however, has declined to hold that the "fair comment" privilege is a constitutional imperative.[citation needed]
One defense is reporting or passing through information as a general information or warning of dangerous or emergent conditions, and intent to defame must be proven. Also, the truth of the allegedly defamatory statement will always negate the claim (whether because the plaintiff fails to meet his/her burden of proving falsity or because the defendant proves the statement to be true).[11]
Defamation per se[edit]
All states except Arizona, Missouri, and Tennessee recognize that some categories of false statements are so innately harmful that they are considered to be defamatory per se. In the common law tradition, damages for such false statements are presumed and do not have to be proven.
Statements are defamatory per se where they falsely impute to the plaintiff one or more of the following things:[2]
Allegations or imputations "injurious to another in their trade, business, or profession"
Allegations or imputations "of loathsome disease" (historically leprosy and sexually transmitted disease, now also including mental illness)
Allegations or imputations of "unchastity" (usually only in unmarried people and sometimes only in women)
Allegations or imputations of criminal activity (sometimes only crimes of moral turpitude)[12][13]
Criminal defamation[edit]
On the federal level, there are no criminal defamation or insult laws in the United States. However, as of 2005,[clarification needed] seventeen states and two territories had criminal defamation laws on the books:
Colorado (Colorado Revised Statutes, § 18-13-105)
Florida (Florida Statutes, § 836.01-836.11)
Idaho (Idaho Code, § 18-4801-18-4809)
Kansas (Kansas Statute Annotated, §21-6103(a)(1))
Louisiana (Louisiana R.S., 14:47)
Michigan (Michigan Compiled Laws, § 750.370)
Minnesota (Minnesota Statutes. § 609.765)
Mississippi (Mississippi Code Annotated, §97-3-55)
Montana (Montana Code Annotated, § 13-35-234)
New Hampshire (New Hampshire Revised Statute Annotated, § 644:11)
New Mexico (New Mexico Statute Annotated, §30-11-1)
North Carolina (North Carolina General Statutes, § 14-47)
North Dakota (North Dakota Century Code, § 12.1-15-01)
Oklahoma (Oklahoma Statutes, tit. 21 §§ 771-781)
Utah (Utah Code Annotated, § 76-9-404)
Virginia (Virginia Code Annotated, § 18.2-417)
Washington (Washington Revised Code, 9.58.010 [Repealed in 2009])[14]
Wisconsin (Wisconsin Statutes, § 942.01)
Puerto Rico (Puerto Rico Laws, tit. 33, §§ 4101-4104), which was declared unconstitutional in 2003 by a Federal Court [15]
Virgin Islands (Virgin Islands Code, Title 14, § 1172)[16]
Between 1992 and August 2004, 41 criminal defamation cases were brought to court in the United States, among which six defendants were convicted. From 1965 to 2004, 16 cases ended in final conviction, among which nine resulted in jail sentences (average sentence, 173 days). Other criminal cases resulted in fines (average fine, $1,700), probation (average of 547 days), community service (on average 120 hours), or writing a letter of apology.[17]
See also[edit]
Chilling effect
Free speech
Prior restraint
Food libel laws
Freedom of speech in the United States
Censorship in the United States
Obsidian Finance Group, LLC v. Cox, a 2014 federal appellate court ruling holding for the first time that blogs enjoy the same First Amendment protection from libel suits as traditional news media.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Substantial Truth". Digital Media Law Project. Retrieved 12 July 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "What is a Defamatory Statement". Digital Media Law Project. Retrieved 12 July 2017.
Jump up ^ attributed to Gouverneur Morris by John Francis, Edinburgh Encyclopedia, American Edition, page 400
Jump up ^ Pressman, Steven (1994). "Libel Law in the United States". An Unfettered Press. United States Information Agency. Retrieved 12 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Securing the Protection of our Enduring and Established Constitutional Heritage Act (2010; 111th Congress H.R. 2765) - GovTrack.us". GovTrack.us.
Jump up ^ Arthur L. Alarcón, Milan D. Smith, Jr., and Andrew D. Hurwitz (17 January 2014). "United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit case Obsidian Finance Group LLC and Kevin Padrick vs. Crystal Cox (12-35238)" (PDF). United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit case. United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. Retrieved 2 February 2014. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Levine, Dan (17 January 2014). "Blogger gets same speech protections as traditional press: U.S. court". Reuters. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
Jump up ^ Paulson, Ken (24 January 2014). "Bloggers enjoy First Amendment protection against libel suits". First Amendment Center. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
Jump up ^ Gardner, Eriq (17 January 2014). "Bloggers Get First Amendment Protections in Defamation Lawsuits". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "Rickert v. State, Public Disclosure Com'n, 168 P. 3d 826 (Wash. 2007)". Google Scholar. Google. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "Defamation". Trucounsel.com.
Jump up ^ "Libel, and Slander Per Se". dancingwithlawyers.com. Retrieved 2009-07-09.
Jump up ^ Larson, Aaron (August 2003). "Defamation, Libel and Slander Law". ExpertLaw. Retrieved 2018-01-06.
Jump up ^ "Chapter 9.58 RCW Dispositions: LIBEL AND SLANDER".
Jump up ^ "Mangual v. Rotger-Sabat". Google Scholar.
Jump up ^ "Libel and Insult Laws: A matrix on where we stand and what we would like to achieve". OCSE. Publisher Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. 9 March 2005. Retrieved 12 July 2017. (see page 171; report on the United States provided by HELLER, Dave, from the Media Law Resource Center)
Jump up ^ OSCE – Libel and Insult Laws: A Matrix on Where We Stand and What We Would Like to Achieve (op.cit., see page 172)
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