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Appendicular skeleton
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Appendicular skeleton
Human appendicular skeleton
Details
Identifiers
Latin
skeleton appendiculare
TA
A02.0.00.010
FMA
71222
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
The appendicular skeleton is the portion of the skeleton of vertebrates consisting of the bones that support the appendages. Appendages appeared as fins in early fish, and subsequently evolved into the limbs of tetrapods. The appendicular skeleton includes the skeletal elements within the limbs, as well as supporting pectoral and pelvic girdles in the case of tetrapods (these are lacking in fish).[1] The word appendicular is the adjective of the noun appendage, which itself means a part that is joined to something larger.
Contents
[hide]
1 Human structure
2 Additional images
3 See also
4 References
Human structure[edit]
Of the 206 bones in the human skeleton, the appendicular skeleton comprises 126. Functionally it is involved in locomotion (lower limbs) of the axial skeleton and manipulation of objects in the environment (upper limbs).
The appendicular skeleton forms during development from cartilage, by the process of endochondral ossification.
The appendicular skeleton is divided into six major regions:
Pectoral girdles (4 bones) - Left and right clavicle (2) and scapula (2).
Arms and forearms (6 bones) - Left and right humerus (2) (arm), ulna (2) and radius (2) (forearm).
Hands (54 bones) - Left and right carpals (16) (wrist), metacarpals (10), proximal phalanges (10), intermediate phalanges (8) and distal phalanges (10).
Pelvis (2 bones) - Left and right hip bone (2).
Thighs and legs (8 bones) - Left and right femur (2) (thigh), patella (2) (knee), tibia (2) and fibula (2) (leg).
Feet and ankles (52 bones) - Left and right tarsals (14) (ankle), metatarsals (10), proximal phalanges (10), intermediate phalanges (8) and distal phalanges (10).
It is important to realize that through anatomical variation it is common for the skeleton to have many accessory bones (sutural bones in the skull, cervical ribs, lumbar ribs and even extra lumbar vertebrae).
The appendicular skeleton of 126 bones and the axial skeleton of 80 bones together form the complete skeleton of 206 bones in the human body. Unlike the axial skeleton, the appendicular skeleton is unfused. This allows for a much greater range of motion.[2]
Additional images[edit]
Appendicular skeleton (shown in red).
Illustration depicting anterior and posterior view of appendicular skeleton
See also[edit]
Axial skeleton
pectoral girdle
pelvic girdle
Legs
Bones
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Skeleton Encyclopædia Britannica. Updated 24 August 2014.
Jump up ^ Vizniak, N.A., 2008, Quick Reference Clinical Consultant Muscle Manual, Professional Health Systems Inc, Canada
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Appendicular skeleton.
[hide]
v
t
e
Bones in the human skeleton
Axial skeleton
Skull
Neurocranium
occipital
parietal
frontal
temporal
sphenoid
ethmoid
Face
nasal
maxilla
lacrimal
zygomatic
palatine
inferior nasal conchae
vomer
mandible
hyoid
Ear
ossicles
malleus
incus
stapes
Thorax
sternum
rib cage
rib
Vertebral column
vertebrae
cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacrum
coccyx
Appendicular
Shoulder
clavicle
scapula
Arm
humerus
ulna
radius
Hand
carpals (scaphoid, lunate bone, triquetral, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate)
metacarpals
phalanges (prox, int, dist)
Pelvis
ilium
ischium
pubis
Leg
femur
patella
fibula
tibia
Foot
tarsals
heelbone
anklebone
navicular
cuneiform
cuboid
metatarsals
phalanges
proximal
intermediate
distal
accessory
accessory navicular
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This page was last edited on 12 February 2018, at 20:06.
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