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Great Pyramid of Giza
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The Great Pyramid of Giza
Owner
Khufu
Location
Giza pyramid complex, Giza, Egypt
Coordinates
29°58′45.03″N 31°08′03.69″E / 29.9791750°N 31.1343583°E / 29.9791750; 31.1343583Coordinates: 29°58′45.03″N 31°08′03.69″E / 29.9791750°N 31.1343583°E / 29.9791750; 31.1343583
Ancient name
Khufu's Horizon
Architect
Hemiunu
Constructed
c. 2580–2560 BC (4th dynasty)
Type
True pyramid
Height
146.7 metres (481 ft) or 280 cubits (ancient)
138.8 metres (455 ft) (contemporary)
Base
230.34 metres (756 ft) or 440 cubits
Volume
2,583,283 cubic metres (91,227,778 cu ft)
Slope
51°52'±2'
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Part of
Memphis and its Necropolis – the Pyramid Fields from Giza to Dahshur
Criteria
Cultural: i, iii, vi
Reference
86-002
Inscription
1979 (3rd Session)
Location of Great Pyramid of Giza
Related media on Wikimedia Commons
[edit on Wikidata]
The Great Pyramid of Giza (also known as the Pyramid of Khufu or the Pyramid of Cheops) is the oldest and largest of the three pyramids in the Giza pyramid complex bordering what is now El Giza, Egypt. It is the oldest of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, and the only one to remain largely intact.
Based on a mark in an interior chamber naming the work gang and a reference to fourth dynasty Egyptian Pharaoh Khufu, Egyptologists believe that the pyramid was built as a tomb over a 10 to 20-year period concluding around 2560 BC. Initially at 146.5 metres (481 feet), the Great Pyramid was the tallest man-made structure in the world for more than 3,800 years. Originally, the Great Pyramid was covered by casing stones that formed a smooth outer surface; what is seen today is the underlying core structure. Some of the casing stones that once covered the structure can still be seen around the base. There have been varying scientific and alternative theories about the Great Pyramid's construction techniques. Most accepted construction hypotheses are based on the idea that it was built by moving huge stones from a quarry and dragging and lifting them into place.
There are three known chambers inside the Great Pyramid. The lowest chamber is cut into the bedrock upon which the pyramid was built and was unfinished. The so-called[1] Queen's Chamber and King's Chamber are higher up within the pyramid structure. The main part of the Giza complex is a setting of buildings that included two mortuary temples in honour of Khufu (one close to the pyramid and one near the Nile), three smaller pyramids for Khufu's wives, an even smaller "satellite" pyramid, a raised causeway connecting the two temples, and small mastaba tombs surrounding the pyramid for nobles.
Transparent view of Khufu's pyramid from SE. Taken from a 3d model
Contents
[hide]
1 History and description
2 Materials
2.1 Casing stones
2.2 Construction theories
3 Interior
3.1 Queen's Chamber
3.2 Grand Gallery
3.3 King's Chamber
3.4 Modern entrance
4 Pyramid complex
5 Boats
6 Looting
7 See also
8 References
8.1 Bibliography
9 External links
History and description
Timeline and map of the Great Pyramid of Giza and the other Wonders of the Ancient World
It is believed by Egyptologists that the pyramid was built as a tomb for Fourth Dynasty Egyptian pharaoh Khufu (often Hellenicised as "Cheops") and was constructed over a 20-year period. Khufu's vizier, Hemiunu (also called Hemon), is believed by some to be the architect of the Great Pyramid.[2] It is thought that, at construction, the Great Pyramid was originally 280 Egyptian cubits tall (146.5 metres (480.6 ft)), but with erosion and absence of its pyramidion, its present height is 138.8 metres (455.4 ft). Each base side was 440 cubits, 230.4 metres (755.9 ft) long. The mass of the pyramid is estimated at 5.9 million tonnes. The volume, including an internal hillock, is roughly 2,500,000 cubic metres (88,000,000 cu ft).[3]
Based on these estimates, building the pyramid in 20 years would involve installing approximately 800 tonnes of stone every day. Additionally, since it consists of an estimated 2.3 million blocks, completing the building in 20 years would involve moving an average of more than 12 of the blocks into place each hour, day and night. The first precision measurements of the pyramid were made by Egyptologist Sir Flinders Petrie in 1880–82 and published as The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh.[4] Almost all reports are based on his measurements. Many of the casing stones and inner chamber blocks of the Great Pyramid fit together with extremely high precision. Based on measurements taken on the northeastern casing stones, the mean opening of the joints is only 0.5 millimetre wide (1/50 of an inch).[5]
Great Pyramid of Giza from a 19th-century stereopticon card photo
The pyramid remained the tallest man-made structure in the world for over 3,800 years,[6] unsurpassed until the 160-metre-tall (520 ft) spire of Lincoln Cathedral was completed c. 1300. The accuracy of the pyramid's workmanship is such that the four sides of the base have an average error of only 58 millimetres in length.[7] The base is horizontal and flat to within ±15 mm (0.6 in).[8] The sides of the square base are closely aligned to the four cardinal compass points (within four minutes of arc)[9] based on true north, not magnetic north,[10] and the finished base was squared to a mean corner error of only 12 seconds of arc.[11]
The completed design dimensions, as suggested by Petrie's survey and subsequent studies, are estimated to have originally been 280 royal cubits high by 440 cubits long at each of the four sides of its base. The ratio of the perimeter to height of 1760/280 royal cubits equates to 2π to an accuracy of better than 0.05% (corresponding to the well-known approximation of π as 22/7). Some Egyptologists consider this to have been the result of deliberate design proportion. Verner wrote, "We can conclude that although the ancient Egyptians could not precisely define the value of π, in practice they used it".[12] Petrie, author of Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh concluded: "but these relations of areas and of circular ratio are so systematic that we should grant that they were in the builder's design".[13] Others have argued that the Ancient Egyptians had no concept of pi and would not have thought to encode it in their monuments. They believe that the observed pyramid slope may be based on a simple seked slope choice alone, with no regard to the overall size and proportions of the finished building.[14] In 2013, rolls of papyrus called the Diary of Merer were discovered written by some of those who delivered limestone and other construction materials from Tora to Giza.[15]
Materials
The Great Pyramid consists of an estimated 2.3 million blocks which most believe to have been transported from nearby quarries. The Tura limestone used for the casing was quarried across the river. The largest granite stones in the pyramid, found in the "King's" chamber, weigh 25 to 80 tonnes and were transported from Aswan, more than 800 km (500 mi) away. Traditionally,[clarification needed] ancient Egyptians cut stone blocks by hammering into them wooden wedges, which were then soaked with water. As the water was absorbed, the wedges expanded, causing the rock to crack. Once they were cut, they were carried by boat either up or down the Nile River to the pyramid.[16] It is estimated that 5.5 million tonnes of limestone, 8,000 tonnes of granite (imported from Aswan), and 500,000 tonnes of mortar were used in the construction of the Great Pyramid.[17]
Casing stones
Casing stone in the British Museum.[18]
At completion, the Great Pyramid was surfaced by white "casing stones" – slant-faced, but flat-topped, blocks of highly polished white limestone. These were carefully cut to what is approximately a face slope with a seked of 5½ palms to give the required dimensions. Visibly, all that remains is the underlying stepped core structure seen today. In AD 1303, a massive earthquake loosened many of the outer casing stones, which were then carted away by Bahri Sultan An-Nasir Nasir-ad-Din al-Hasan in 1356 to build mosques and fortresses in nearby Cairo. Many more casing stones were removed from the great pyramids by Muhammad Ali Pasha in the early 19th century to build the upper portion of his Alabaster Mosque in Cairo not far from Giza. These limestone casings can still be seen as parts of these structures. Later explorers reported massive piles of rubble at the base of the pyramids left over from the continuing collapse of the casing stones, which were subsequently cleared away during continuing excavations of the site.
Nevertheless, a few of the casing stones from the lowest course can be seen to this day in situ around the base of the Great Pyramid, and display the same workmanship and precision that has been reported for centuries. Petrie also found a different orientation in the core and in the casing measuring 193 centimetres ± 25 centimetres. He suggested a redetermination of north was made after the construction of the core, but a mistake was made, and the casing was built with a different orientation.[4] Petrie related the precision of the casing stones as to being "equal to opticians' work of the present day, but on a scale of acres" and "to place such stones in exact contact would be careful work; but to do so with cement in the joints seems almost impossible".[19] It has been suggested it was the mortar (Petrie's "cement") that made this seemingly impossible task possible, providing a level bed, which enabled the masons to set the stones exactly.[20][21]
Construction theories
Main article: Egyptian pyramid construction techniques
Clay seal bearing the name of Khufu from the great pyramid. On display at the Musée du Louvre.
Many alternative, often contradictory, theories have been proposed regarding the pyramid's construction techniques.[22] Many disagree on whether the blocks were dragged, lifted, or even rolled into place. The Greeks believed that slave labour was used, but modern discoveries made at nearby workers' camps associated with construction at Giza suggest that it was built instead by tens of thousands of skilled workers. Verner posited that the labour was organized into a hierarchy, consisting of two gangs of 100,000 men, divided into five zaa or phyle of 20,000 men each, which may have been further divided according to the skills of the workers.[23]
One mystery of the pyramid's construction is its planning. John Romer suggests that they used the same method that had been used for earlier and later constructions, laying out parts of the plan on the ground at a 1-to-1 scale. He writes that "such a working diagram would also serve to generate the architecture of the pyramid with precision unmatched by any other means".[24] He also argues for a 14-year time span for its construction.[25] A modern construction management study, in association with Mark Lehner and other Egyptologists, estimated that the total project required an average workforce of about 14,500 people and a peak workforce of roughly 40,000. Without the use of pulleys, wheels, or iron tools, they used critical path analysis methods, which suggest that the Great Pyramid was completed from start to finish in approximately 10 years.[26]
Interior
Diagram of the interior structures of the Great Pyramid. The inner line indicates the pyramid's present profile; the outer line indicates the original profile.
The original entrance to the Great Pyramid is on the north, 17 metres (56 ft) vertically above ground level and 7.29 metres (23.9 ft) east of the centre line of the pyramid. From this original entrance, there is a Descending Passage 0.96 metres (3.1 ft) high and 1.04 metres (3.4 ft) wide, which goes down at an angle of 26° 31'23" through the masonry of the pyramid and then into the bedrock beneath it. After 105.23 metres (345.2 ft), the passage becomes level and continues for an additional 8.84 metres (29.0 ft) to the lower Chamber, which appears not to have been finished. There is a continuation of the horizontal passage in the south wall of the lower chamber; there is also a pit dug in the floor of the chamber. Some Egyptologists suggest that this Lower Chamber was intended to be the original burial chamber, but Pharaoh Khufu later changed his mind and wanted it to be higher up in the pyramid.[27]
28.2 metres (93 ft) from the entrance is a square hole in the roof of the Descending Passage. Originally concealed with a slab of stone, this is the beginning of the Ascending Passage. The Ascending Passage is 39.3 metres (129 ft) long, as wide and high as the Descending Passage and slopes up at almost precisely the same angle to reach the Grand Gallery. The lower end of the Ascending Passage is closed by three huge blocks of granite, each about 1.5 metres (4.9 ft) long. One must use the Robbers' Tunnel (see below) to access the Ascending Passage. At the start of the Grand Gallery on the right-hand side there is a hole cut in the wall. This is the start of a vertical shaft which follows an irregular path through the masonry of the pyramid to join the Descending Passage. Also at the start of the Grand Gallery there is the Horizontal Passage leading to the "Queen's Chamber". The passage is 1.1m (3'8") high for most of its length, but near the chamber there is a step in the floor, after which the passage is 1.73 metres (5.7 ft) high.
Queen's Chamber
Richard Pococke's sketch of Pyramid of Cheops from 1754.
The "Queen's Chamber"[1] is exactly halfway between the north and south faces of the pyramid and measures 5.75 metres (18.9 ft) north to south, 5.23 metres (17.2 ft) east to west, and has a pointed roof with an apex 6.23 metres (20.4 ft) above the floor. At the eastern end of the chamber there is a niche 4.67 metres (15.3 ft) high. The original depth of the niche was 1.04 metres (3.4 ft), but has since been deepened by treasure hunters.[28]
In the north and south walls of the Queen's Chamber there are shafts, which unlike those in the King's Chamber that immediately slope upwards (see below), are horizontal for around 2 m (6.6 ft) before sloping upwards. The horizontal distance was cut in 1872 by a British engineer, Waynman Dixon, who believed a shaft similar to those in the King's Chamber must also exist. He was proved right, but because the shafts are not connected to the outer faces of the pyramid or the Queen's Chamber, their purpose is unknown. At the end of one of his shafts, Dixon discovered a ball of black diorite (a type of rock) and a bronze implement of unknown purpose. Both objects are currently in the British Museum.[29]
The shafts in the Queen's Chamber were explored in 1993 by the German engineer Rudolf Gantenbrink using a crawler robot he designed, Upuaut 2. After a climb of 65 m (213 ft),[30] he discovered that one of the shafts was blocked by limestone "doors" with two eroded copper "handles". Some years later the National Geographic Society created a similar robot which, in September 2002, drilled a small hole in the southern door, only to find another door behind it.[31] The northern passage, which was difficult to navigate because of twists and turns, was also found to be blocked by a door.[32]
Research continued in 2011 with the Djedi Project. Realizing the problem was that the National Geographic Society's camera was only able to see straight ahead of it, they instead used a fiber-optic "micro snake camera" that could see around corners. With this they were able to penetrate the first door of the southern shaft through the hole drilled in 2002, and view all the sides of the small chamber behind it. They discovered hieroglyphs written in red paint. They were also able to scrutinize the inside of the two copper "handles" embedded in the door, and they now believe them to be for decorative purposes. They also found the reverse side of the "door" to be finished and polished, which suggests that it was not put there just to block the shaft from debris, but rather for a more specific reason.[33]
Grand Gallery
The Grand Gallery of the Great Pyramid of Giza
The Grand Gallery continues the slope of the Ascending Passage, but is 8.6 metres (28 ft) high and 46.68 metres (153.1 ft) long. At the base it is 2.06 metres (6.8 ft) wide, but after 2.29 metres (7.5 ft) the blocks of stone in the walls are corbelled inwards by 7.6 centimetres (3.0 in) on each side. There are seven of these steps, so, at the top, the Grand Gallery is only 1.04 metres (3.4 ft) wide. It is roofed by slabs of stone laid at a slightly steeper angle than the floor of the gallery, so that each stone fits into a slot cut in the top of the gallery like the teeth of a ratchet. The purpose was to have each block supported by the wall of the Gallery, rather than resting on the block beneath it, in order to prevent cumulative pressure.[34]
At the upper end of the Gallery on the right-hand side there is a hole near the roof that opens into a short tunnel by which access can be gained to the lowest of the Relieving Chambers. The other Relieving Chambers were discovered in 1837–1838 by Colonel Howard Vyse and J. S. Perring, who dug tunnels upwards using blasting powder.
The floor of the Grand Gallery consists of a shelf or step on either side, 51 centimetres (20 in) wide, leaving a lower ramp 1.04 metres (3.4 ft) wide between them. In the shelves there are 54 slots, 27 on each side matched by vertical and horizontal slots in the walls of the Gallery. These form a cross shape that rises out of the slot in the shelf. The purpose of these slots is not known, but the central gutter in the floor of the Gallery, which is the same width as the Ascending Passage, has led to speculation that the blocking stones were stored in the Grand Gallery and the slots held wooden beams to restrain them from sliding down the passage.[35] This, in turn, has led to the proposal that originally many more than 3 blocking stones were intended, to completely fill the Ascending Passage.[citation needed]
At the top of the Grand Gallery, there is a step giving onto a horizontal passage some metres long and approximately 1.02 metres (3.3 ft) in height and width, in which can be detected four slots, three of which were probably intended to hold granite portcullises. Fragments of granite found by Petrie in the Descending Passage may have come from these now-vanished doors.
In 2017, scientists from the Scan Pyramids Project discovered a large cavity above the Grand Gallery, using muon radiography that can detect cosmic rays. Its length is at least 30 metres (98 ft) and its cross-section is similar to that of the Grand Gallery. It was detected using three different technologies: nuclear emulsion films, scintillator hodoscopes, and gas detectors.[36][37] The purpose of the cavity is not known and it is not accessible but according to Zahi Hawass it may have been a gap used in the construction of the Grand Gallery.[38] The Japanese research team disputes this, however, saying that the huge void is completely different from the construction spaces previously identified.[39]
King's Chamber
Sarcophagus in the King's chamber
The "King's Chamber"[1] is 20 cubits or 10.47 metres (34.4 ft) from east to west and 10 cubits or 5.234 metres (17.17 ft) north to south. It has a flat roof 11 cubits and 5 digits or 5.852 metres (19 feet 2 inch) above the floor. 0.91 m (3.0 ft) above the floor there are two narrow shafts in the north and south walls (one is now filled by an extractor fan in an attempt to circulate air inside the pyramid). The purpose of these shafts is not clear: they appear to be aligned towards stars or areas of the northern and southern skies, yet one of them follows a dog-leg course through the masonry, indicating no intention to directly sight stars through them. They were long believed by Egyptologists to be "air shafts" for ventilation, but this idea has now been widely abandoned in favour of the shafts serving a ritualistic purpose associated with the ascension of the king’s spirit to the heavens.[40]
The King's Chamber is entirely faced with granite. Above the roof, which is formed of nine slabs of stone weighing in total about 400 tons, are five compartments known as Relieving Chambers. The first four, like the King's Chamber, have flat roofs formed by the floor of the chamber above, but the final chamber has a pointed roof. Vyse suspected the presence of upper chambers when he found that he could push a long reed through a crack in the ceiling of the first chamber. From lower to upper, the chambers are known as "Davison's Chamber", "Wellington's Chamber", "Nelson's Chamber", "Lady Arbuthnot's Chamber", and "Campbell's Chamber". It is believed that the compartments were intended to safeguard the King's Chamber from the possibility of a roof collapsing under the weight of stone above the Chamber. As the chambers were not intended to be seen, they were not finished in any way and a few of the stones still retain masons' marks painted on them. One of the stones in Campbell's Chamber bears a mark, apparently the name of a work gang.[41][42]
The entrance of the Pyramid
The only object in the King's Chamber is a rectangular granite sarcophagus, one corner of which is broken. The sarcophagus is slightly larger than the Ascending Passage, which indicates that it must have been placed in the Chamber before the roof was put in place. Unlike the fine masonry of the walls of the Chamber, the sarcophagus is roughly finished, with saw marks visible in several places. This is in contrast with the finely finished and decorated sarcophagi found in other pyramids of the same period. Petrie suggested that such a sarcophagus was intended but was lost in the river on the way north from Aswan and a hurriedly made replacement was used instead.
Modern entrance
Today tourists enter the Great Pyramid via the Robbers' Tunnel, a tunnel purportedly created around AD 820 by Caliph al-Ma'mun's workmen using a battering ram.[43] The tunnel is cut straight through the masonry of the pyramid for approximately 27 metres (89 ft), then turns sharply left to encounter the blocking stones in the Ascending Passage. It is believed that their efforts dislodged the stone fitted in the ceiling of the Descending Passage to hide the entrance to the Ascending Passage and it was the noise of that stone falling and then sliding down the Descending Passage, which alerted them to the need to turn left. Unable to remove these stones, however, the workmen tunnelled up beside them through the softer limestone of the Pyramid until they reached the Ascending Passage. It is possible to enter the Descending Passage from this point, but access is usually forbidden.[44]
Pyramid complex
Main article: Giza pyramid complex
Map of Giza pyramid complex – "Pyramid of Khufu" refers to the Great Pyramid.
The Great Pyramid is surrounded by a complex of several buildings including small pyramids. The Pyramid Temple, which stood on the east side of the pyramid and measured 52.2 metres (171 ft) north to south and 40 metres (130 ft) east to west, has almost entirely disappeared apart from the black basalt paving. There are only a few remnants of the causeway which linked the pyramid with the valley and the Valley Temple. The Valley Temple is buried beneath the village of Nazlet el-Samman; basalt paving and limestone walls have been found but the site has not been excavated.[45][46] The basalt blocks show "clear evidence" of having been cut with some kind of saw with an estimated cutting blade of 15 feet (4.6 m) in length, capable of cutting at a rate of 1.5 inches (38 mm) per minute. John Romer suggests that this "super saw" may have had copper teeth and weighed up to 300 pounds (140 kg). He theorizes that such a saw could have been attached to a wooden trestle and possibly used in conjunction with vegetable oil, cutting sand, emery or pounded quartz to cut the blocks, which would have required the labour of at least a dozen men to operate it.[47]
On the south side are the subsidiary pyramids, popularly known as Queens' Pyramids. Three remain standing to nearly full height but the fourth was so ruined that its existence was not suspected until the recent discovery of the first course of stones and the remains of the capstone. Hidden beneath the paving around the pyramid was the tomb of Queen Hetepheres I, sister-wife of Sneferu and mother of Khufu. Discovered by accident by the Reisner expedition, the burial was intact, though the carefully sealed coffin proved to be empty.
Group photo of Australian 11th Battalion soldiers on the Great Pyramid in 1915.
Aerial photography, taken from Eduard Spelterini's balloon on 21 November 1904
The Giza pyramid complex, which includes among other structures the pyramids of Khufu, Khafre and Menkaure, is surrounded by a cyclopean stone wall, the Wall of the Crow. Mark Lehner has discovered a worker's town outside of the wall, otherwise known as "The Lost City", dated by pottery styles, seal impressions, and stratigraphy to have been constructed and occupied sometime during the reigns of Khafre (2520–2494 BC) and Menkaure (2490–2472 BC).[48][49] Recent discoveries by Mark Lehner and his team at the town and nearby, including what appears to have been a thriving port, suggest the town and associated living quarters consisting of barracks called "galleries" may not have been for the pyramid workers after all, but rather for the soldiers and sailors who utilized the port. In light of this new discovery, as to where then the pyramid workers may have lived Lehner now suggests the alternative possibility they may have camped on the ramps he believes were used to construct the pyramids or possibly at nearby quarries.[50]
In the early 1970s, the Australian archaeologist Karl Kromer excavated a mound in the South Field of the plateau. This mound contained artefacts including mudbrick seals of Khufu, which he identified with an artisans' settlement.[51] Mudbrick buildings just south of Khufu's Valley Temple contained mud sealings of Khufu and have been suggested to be a settlement serving the cult of Khufu after his death.[52] A worker's cemetery used at least between Khufu's reign and the end of the Fifth Dynasty was discovered south of the Wall of the Crow by Zahi Hawass in 1990.[53]
Boats
Main article: Khufu ship
There are three boat-shaped pits around the pyramid, of a size and shape to have held complete boats, though so shallow that any superstructure, if there ever was one, must have been removed or disassembled. In May 1954, the Egyptian archaeologist Kamal el-Mallakh discovered a fourth pit, a long, narrow rectangle, still covered with slabs of stone weighing up to 15 tons. Inside were 1,224 pieces of wood, the longest 23 metres (75 ft) long, the shortest 10 centimetres (0.33 ft). These were entrusted to a boat builder, Haj Ahmed Yusuf, who worked out how the pieces fit together. The entire process, including conservation and straightening of the warped wood, took fourteen years.
The result is a cedar-wood boat 43.6 metres (143 ft) long, its timbers held together by ropes, which is currently housed in a special boat-shaped, air-conditioned museum beside the pyramid. During construction of this museum, which stands above the boat pit, a second sealed boat pit was discovered. It was deliberately left unopened until 2011 when excavation began on the boat.[54]
Looting
Comparison of approximate profiles of the Great Pyramid of Giza with some notable pyramidal or near-pyramidal buildings. Dotted lines indicate original heights, where data are available. In its SVG file, hover over a pyramid to highlight and click for its article.
Although succeeding pyramids were smaller, pyramid building continued until the end of the Middle Kingdom. However, as authors Briar and Hobbs claim, "all the pyramids were robbed" by the New Kingdom, when the construction of royal tombs in a desert valley, now known as the Valley of the Kings, began.[55][56] Joyce Tyldesley states that the Great Pyramid itself "is known to have been opened and emptied by the Middle Kingdom", before the Arab caliph Abdullah al-Mamun entered the pyramid around AD 820.[43]
I. E. S. Edwards discusses Strabo's mention that the pyramid "a little way up one side has a stone that may be taken out, which being raised up there is a sloping passage to the foundations". Edwards suggested that the pyramid was entered by robbers after the end of the Old Kingdom and sealed and then reopened more than once until Strabo's door was added. He adds: "If this highly speculative surmise be correct, it is also necessary to assume either that the existence of the door was forgotten or that the entrance was again blocked with facing stones", in order to explain why al-Ma'mun could not find the entrance.[57]
He also discusses a story told by Herodotus. Herodotus visited Egypt in the 5th century BC and recounts a story that he was told concerning vaults under the pyramid built on an island where the body of Cheops lies. Edwards notes that the pyramid had "almost certainly been opened and its contents plundered long before the time of Herodotus" and that it might have been closed again during the Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt when other monuments were restored. He suggests that the story told to Herodotus could have been the result of almost two centuries of telling and retelling by Pyramid guides.[58]
See also
Djedi Project
Golden Ratio dimensions in Egyptian pyramids
Index of Egypt-related articles
List of archaeoastronomical sites by country
List of Egyptian pyramids
List of largest monoliths including a section on calculating the weight of megaliths
List of tallest freestanding structures
Pyramid inch
Pyramidion
Pyramidology
The Upuaut Project
References
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Jump up ^ Lehner, Mark (1997). The Complete Pyramids. London: Thames and Hudson. p. 113. ISBN 0-500-05084-8.
Jump up ^ "Mysterious Void Discovered in Egypt's Great Pyramid". 2 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Morishima, Kunihiro; Kuno, Mitsuaki; Nishio, Akira; Kitagawa, Nobuko; Manabe, Yuta; Moto, Masaki; Takasaki, Fumihiko; Fujii, Hirofumi; Satoh, Kotaro; Kodama, Hideyo; Hayashi, Kohei; Odaka, Shigeru; Procureur, Sébastien; Attié, David; Bouteille, Simon; Calvet, Denis; Filosa, Christopher; Magnier, Patrick; Mandjavidze, Irakli; Riallot, Marc; Marini, Benoit; Gable, Pierre; Date, Yoshikatsu; Sugiura, Makiko; Elshayeb, Yasser; Elnady, Tamer; Ezzy, Mustapha; Guerriero, Emmanuel; Steiger, Vincent; Serikoff, Nicolas; Mouret, Jean-Baptiste; Charlès, Bernard; Helal, Hany; Tayoubi, Mehdi (2 November 2017). "Discovery of a big void in Khufu's Pyramid by observation of cosmic-ray muons". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature24647 – via www.nature.com.
Jump up ^ News, ABC. "Scientists discover hidden chamber in Egypt's Great Pyramid".
Jump up ^ "Critics: Nothing special about big void found in Khufu Pyramid：The Asahi Shimbun". Retrieved 8 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Jackson & Stamp (2002), p. 79, 104
Jump up ^ "Vyse, H. (1840) Operations Carried on at the Pyramids of Gizeh in 1837: With an Account of a Voyage into Upper Egypt, and an Appendix. Vol I.". Internet Archive. Retrieved 15 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "Dallas and Dr Zahi Hawass inside the Great Pyramid". BBC. Retrieved 15 September 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Tyldesley (2007), p. 38
Jump up ^ Tyldesley (2007), pp. 38–40
Jump up ^ Shafer, Byron E.; Dieter Arnold (2005). Temples of Ancient Egypt. I.B. Tauris. pp. 51–52. ISBN 978-1-85043-945-5.
Jump up ^ Arnold, Dieter; Nigel Strudwick; Helen Strudwick (2002). The encyclopaedia of ancient Egyptian architecture. I.B. Tauris. p. 126. ISBN 978-1-86064-465-8.
Jump up ^ Romer
Jump up ^ "Egyptian Pyramids – Lost City of the Pyramid Builders – AERA – Ancient Egypt Research Associates". aeraweb.org.
Jump up ^ "Dating the Lost City of the Pyramids – Mark Lehner & AERA – Ancient Egypt Research Associates". aeraweb.org.
Jump up ^ "Ruins of Bustling Port Unearthed at Egypt's Giza Pyramids". Livescience.com. 2014-01-28. Retrieved 2014-08-21.
Jump up ^ Zahi Hawass: '"Giza, workmen’s community", In: Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt. Compiled and edited by Kathryn A. Bard. London/New York 1999, ISBN 0-415-18589-0 pp. 423–426
Jump up ^ Hawass, Zahi; Ashraf Senussi (2008). Old Kingdom Pottery from Giza. Supreme Council of Antiquities. pp. 127–128. ISBN 978-977-305-986-6.
Jump up ^ Hawass, Zahi. "The Discovery of the Tombs of the Pyramid Builders at Giza". Retrieved 21 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "Khufu's Second Boat". Institute of Egyptology. Tokyo, Japan: Waseda University. Retrieved 2012-12-26.
Jump up ^ Bob Brier; A. Hoyt Hobbs (1999). Daily Life of the Ancient Egyptians. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 164. ISBN 978-0-313-30313-5.
Jump up ^ Aedeen Cremin (2007). Archaeologica: The World's Most Significant Sites and Cultural Treasures. Frances Lincoln. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-7112-2822-1.
Jump up ^ Edwards (1986), p. 99–100
Jump up ^ Edwards (1986), p. 990–91
Bibliography
Bauval, Robert &, Hancock, Graham (1996). Keeper of Genesis. Mandarin books. ISBN 0-7493-2196-2.
Brier, Bob &, Hobbs, A. Hoyt (1999). Daily Life of the Ancient Egyptians. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-30313-5.
Calter, Paul A. (2008). Squaring the Circle: Geometry in Art and Architecture. Key College Publishing. ISBN 1-930190-82-4.
Clayton, Peter A. (1994). Chronicle of the Pharaohs. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-05074-0.
Cole, JH. (1925). Determination of the Exact Size and Orientation of the Great Pyramid of Giza. Cairo: Government Press. SURVEY OF EGYPT Paper No. 39.
Collins, Dana M. (2001). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-510234-5.
Cremin, Aedeen (2007). Archaeologica. Frances Lincoln. ISBN 978-0-7112-2822-1.
Edwards, I. E. S. (1986) [1962]. The Pyramids of Egypt. Max Parrish.
Gahlin, Lucia (2003). Myths and Mythology of Ancient Egypt. Anness Publishing Ltd. ISBN 1-84215-831-7.
Hassan, Selim (1960). The Great Pyramid of Khufu and its Mortuary Chapel With Names and Titles of Vols. I-X of the Excavations at Giza (PDF). Ministry of Culture and National Orientation, Antiquities Department of Egypt. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 January 2013.
Jackson, K.; Stamp, J. (2002). Pyramid : Beyond Imagination. Inside the Great Pyramid of Giza. BBC Worldwide Ltd. ISBN 978-0-563-48803-3.
Lehner, Mark (1997). The Complete Pyramids. London: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 0-500-05084-8.
Levy, Janey (2005). The Great Pyramid of Giza: Measuring Length, Area, Volume, and Angles. Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN 1-4042-6059-5.
Lepre, J.P. (1990). The Egyptian Pyramids: A Comprehensive, Illustrated Reference. McFarland & Company. ISBN 0-89950-461-2.
Lightbody, David I (2008). Egyptian Tomb Architecture: The Archaeological Facts of Pharaonic Circular Symbolism. British Archaeological Reports International Series S1852. ISBN 978-1-4073-0339-0.
Oakes, Lorana; Lucia Gahlin (2002). Ancient Egypt. Hermes House. ISBN 1-84309-429-0.
Petrie, Sir William Matthew Flinders (1883). The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh. Field & Tuer. ISBN 0-7103-0709-8.
Romer, John (2007). The Great Pyramid: Ancient Egypt Revisited. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. ISBN 978-0-521-87166-2.
Scarre, Chris (1999). The Seventy Wonders of the Ancient World. Thames & Hudson, London. ISBN 978-0-500-05096-5.
Seidelmann, P. Kenneth (1992). Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac. University Science Books. ISBN 0-935702-68-7.
Shaw, Ian (2003). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-815034-2.
Siliotti, Alberto (1997). Guide to the pyramids of Egypt; preface by Zahi Hawass. Barnes & Noble Books. ISBN 0-7607-0763-4.
Smyth, Piazzi (1978). The Great Pyramid. Crown Publishers Inc. ISBN 0-517-26403-X.
Tyldesley, Joyce (2007). Egypt: How a lost civilization was rediscovered. BBC Books. ISBN 978-0-563-52257-7.
Verner, Miroslav (2001). The Pyramids: The Mystery, Culture, and Science of Egypt's Great Monuments. Grove Press. ISBN 0-8021-1703-1.
Verner, Miroslav (2003). The Pyramids: Their Archaeology and History. Atlantic Books. ISBN 1-84354-171-8.
Wirsching, Armin (2009). Die Pyramiden von Giza – Mathematik in Stein gebaut (2nd ed.). Books on Demand. ISBN 978-3-8370-2355-8.
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Bridget Jones's Baby
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Bridget Jones's Baby
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Sharon Maguire
Produced by
Tim Bevan
Eric Fellner
Debra Hayward
Screenplay by
Helen Fielding
Dan Mazer
Emma Thompson
Based on
Characters
by Helen Fielding
Starring
Renée Zellweger
Colin Firth
Patrick Dempsey
Jim Broadbent
Gemma Jones
Emma Thompson
Music by
Craig Armstrong
Cinematography
Andrew Dunn
Edited by
Melanie Ann Oliver
Production
companies
StudioCanal
Miramax
Perfect World Pictures
Working Title Films
Distributed by
Universal Pictures
Release date
5 September 2016 (2016-09-05) (London)
16 September 2016 (2016-09-16) (US/UK)
5 October 2016 (2016-10-05) (France)
Running time
123 minutes[1]
Country
United Kingdom
United States
France
Language
English
Budget
$35 million[2]
Box office
$212 million[2]
Bridget Jones's Baby is a 2016 romantic comedy film directed by Sharon Maguire and written by Helen Fielding, Dan Mazer and Emma Thompson, based on the fictional columns by Fielding. It is the third film in the franchise and a sequel to 2004 film Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason. The film stars Renée Zellweger as Bridget Jones, who after becoming pregnant is unsure if Mark Darcy (Colin Firth, also reprising his role) or Jack Qwant (Patrick Dempsey) is the father.[3]
Filming began on 2 October 2015 in London, England. The film was released theatrically on 16 September 2016 in the United Kingdom and United States and on 5 October in France. It received generally positive reviews and grossed over $211 million worldwide.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Filming
3.2 Music
4 Release
5 Reception
5.1 Box office
5.2 Critical response
6 Awards and nominations
7 References
8 External links
Plot[edit]
On her 43rd birthday, Bridget Jones is awoken by her mother who reminds her that her time to have children is running out. She goes to attend the funeral of Daniel Cleaver, who is presumed dead after a plane crash. While there, she sees her ex, Mark Darcy (Colin Firth) and his new wife. They bump into one another somewhat awkwardly and then go their separate ways.
Bridget now works as a television producer and is close friends with the anchor of the show she runs, Miranda (Sarah Solemani), who offers to take her out for her birthday. Bridget turns down her offer to spend time with her old group of friends, but is heartbroken when they cancel on her due to commitments to their children.
Deciding to celebrate her single life Bridget accepts Miranda's offer to take her away for the weekend. They go to a music festival where Miranda challenges her to sleep with the first man she meets. Falling in the mud, Bridget is helped out by a random stranger. After attending an Ed Sheeran concert, a drunk Bridget crawls into a yurt she thinks belongs to her and Miranda but actually belongs to the handsome stranger she met earlier. The two have sex and in the morning Bridget makes her escape. The stranger returns disappointed that she is gone.
Returning home, Bridget goes to the christening of Jude's youngest child where she is the godmother and Mark has been asked to be the godfather. Mark tells her that he and his wife are planning on divorcing and Bridget has sex with him. When Mark reveals he is travelling the next day, Bridget is reminded that he had always put work before their relationship and leaves in the morning before he wakes up, leaving behind a note telling him that reconnecting with him is too painful.
Bridget finds that she is gaining weight. Shazzer suggests that Bridget might be pregnant, especially when she realises that Bridget used old, expired condoms when having sex. Taking a pregnancy test at work, Bridget confirms she is pregnant and decides that she wants to keep the baby as it is her last chance to have a child.
After a visit to the obstetrician and gynaecologist, Dr. Rawlings, she realizes that she does not know who the father is and doesn't even have a way of contacting Jack, the handsome stranger. However, Miranda spies him on TV where they realize that Jack Qwant is a billionaire and the inventor of a dating site that has an algorithm to match couples together. Miranda conspires with Bridget to have Jack on the show to take hair samples so that Bridget will be able to test it against the DNA of her baby to either confirm or eliminate Jack as the father. At the taping the hair and makeup artist is able to nab samples of Jack's hair for Bridget but Jack recognizes Bridget, and she decides to tell him that she is pregnant and that he is the father, without mentioning Mark. Initially taken aback Jack decides to throw himself into the role of supporting Bridget.
Feeling things are going too quickly with Jack, Bridget decides to go forward and tell Mark. However Mark is so thrilled at the news that he is about to be a father that Bridget does not tell him about Jack. Bridget also decides not to go forward with testing the DNA while her child is still in the womb as she is terrified by the possibility that she might miscarry. She persuades Dr. Rawlings to go through appointments twice, once with Jack and another time with Mark.
Bridget invites Jack to a work event and is startled when Mark shows up as well. The two men immediately take a liking to one another, finding the other's accomplishments impressive. They go out to dinner where Bridget finally comes clean and tells them that she is unsure who the father is. Jack takes the news well, telling Bridget that the child is the priority. Mark Darcy is upset and walks out of the restaurant.
At an ante-natal class, Jack arrives early and Bridget is gratified when Mark shows up as well. Jack and Mark are mistaken for a gay couple with Bridget as their surrogate, much to Mark's discomfort and Jack's amusement. Mark is also jealous at the easy rapport that Jack has with Bridget and his warmth in taking care of her.
Bridget experiences cramps and goes to the hospital, taking Jack with her as she is unable to reach Mark. When at last Mark arrives he is upset to see the two laughing together and embracing. Mark and Jack fight and Bridget sends them out of the room. Outside, Jack implies that he and Bridget had sex without condoms, making Mark realize that he is less likely to be the father. He leaves once again and ignores Bridget's calls.
Bridget continues to prepare for the arrival of her baby, now with only Jack by her side. They have a discussion where he asks her to move in with him and confesses that life for him is lonely. Bridget asks him what will happen if Mark is the father and he tells her he will need to re-evaluate their relationship if that is the case. He also confesses that the reason Mark has been absent is because Jack heavily implied that Mark was unlikely to be the father. An upset Bridget goes to talk to Mark, but sees his wife arriving at his house and decides to let him be.
At nine months, Bridget quits her job rather than being fired for numerous gaffes and unprofessional mishaps, notably inviting a guest onto the show with the sole intent of obtaining a sample of his DNA, live broadcasting bare arses during the launch event of a public news-gathering initiative and mixing up a guest with his chauffeur. Unemployed, exhausted, and hungry, she goes out shopping but has her card eaten by a cashpoint and locks herself out of the bank lobby, leaving her keys and her food inside. When no one buzzes her up to her building, she stands outside her apartment in the rain feeling miserable. Mark arrives and breaks in for her. He informs her that he and his wife are going through with their divorce and she was only there to pick up the last of her things. Just as they are about to kiss, Bridget's water breaks. When his phone rings for work, he throws it out the window in a romantic gesture, which leaves them without a means to call transport to the hospital. They enlist the help of a local restaurant to get them to hospital, but a traffic jam due to protests forces them to walk. Overtaken by contractions, Bridget cannot walk and Mark offers to carry her, but almost collapses. Jack arrives just in time and the two of them get Bridget to the hospital.
During labour, both Mark and Jack try to help Bridget. However, during labour Bridget accidentally punches Jack in the nose. She also reaches to Mark for comfort and he reassures her that she can get through labour and he will love her no matter whether the child is his or not, while sustaining an agonizing bite to the wrist by Bridget. While Jack and Mark wait outside, Jack apologizes to Mark for his behaviour and Mark accepts. Bridget gives birth to a boy and all of Bridget's friends and relatives come to visit her in the delivery room. Meanwhile, Dr. Rawlings has both men come with her to perform the DNA test. After having bonded for the last 6 months Mark and Jack each wish each other luck.
A year later Bridget prepares to be married. At the altar she is greeted by Jack, holding her son, and then moves forward to marry Mark. After the wedding, Mark and Jack, now friends, head to the reception together while Bridget carries her and Mark's son, William.
A newspaper lying on a bench reveals that Daniel Cleaver has been found alive in the woods in the wreckage of the plane.
Cast[edit]
Renée Zellweger as Bridget Jones
Colin Firth as Mark Darcy, QC
Patrick Dempsey as Jack Qwant
Jim Broadbent as Mr. Colin Jones
Gemma Jones as Mrs. Pamela Jones
Sally Phillips as Sharon "Shazzer"
James Callis as Tom
Shirley Henderson as Jude
Julian Rhind-Tutt as Fergus, Shazzer's husband
Ben Willbond as Giles, Jude's husband
Sarah Solemani as Miranda, Bridget's friend and Hard News's anchorwoman
Neil Pearson as Richard Finch, Bridget's colleague
Kate O'Flynn as Alice Peabody, Hard News's new manager
Joanna Scanlan as Cathy, Hard News's make-up artist
Emma Thompson as Doctor Rawlings
Celia Imrie as Una Alconbury, Pamela's friend
James Faulkner as Uncle Geoffrey, Una's husband
Enzo Cilenti as Gianni, the owner of an Italian restaurant
Jessica Hynes as Magda, Bridget's friend and a lawyer's wife
Dolly Wells as Woney, Bridget's old friend
Agni Scott as Camilla, Mark's ex-wife
Shirley Dixon as Mrs Darcy, Mark's mother
Donald Douglas as Admiral Darcy, Mark's father
Nick Mohammed as Ariyaratna, the Area manager for DTC technological solutions
Patrick Malahide as George Wilkins, foreign minister
Katia Elizarova as Glamorous Looking Woman, ex-girlfriend of Daniel Cleaver
Tom Rosenthal as Josh, a researcher of Hard News
Beattie Edmondson as Laura, young assistant of Bridget
Laura Checkley as Susan, floor manager of Hard News
Darren Boyd as Jeremy
Bruce Wang as General Lu Tong
Chooye Bay as General Lu Tong's driver
Janet Henfrey as Mavis Enderbury, a rival of Pamela, who ran for municipal council
Rafferty Railton as Spike, Shazzer and Fergus' son
Abigail Kimber as Ruby, Shazzer and Fergus' daughter
Amy Jayne as Poppy, Jude and Giles' daughter
Ed Sheeran as himself
Production[edit]
In July 2009, Variety announced that a third instalment of the Bridget Jones films was in the early stages of development. Working Title Films confirmed that it would not be based on Helen Fielding's third Bridget Jones novel, but instead would be based on the columns she wrote for The Independent in 2005.[4][5] On 1 March 2011, it was reported that both Renée Zellweger and Colin Firth were interested in reprising their roles.[6] In July 2011, Paul Feig was in final talks to direct the film based on the script by author Fielding.[7] On 11 August 2011, Universal Studios and Working Title greenlit the third film.[8] On 4 October 2011, Deadline reported that Feig had exited the project due to creative differences with Working Title, and Feig had also worked on the recent draft of the script.[9][10] Production was slated to begin in January 2012 with the returning cast including Zellweger, Firth, and Hugh Grant.[9] On 30 November 2011, Peter Cattaneo came on board to direct the sequel, newly titled "Bridget Jones's Baby" from a script by Fielding, Feig, and David Nicholls.[11] Producers on board were Tim Bevan and Eric Fellner of Working Title, along with Jonathan Cavendish of Little Bird.[11] The production was delayed due to creative differences between the script of the film and actors, especially Grant as he disliked the script and reportedly Grant had left the project, though this was denied by producer Bevan.[10] However, the producer confirmed that they were working on the script and the film would be made as planned.[10]
In April 2013, Firth spoke to the Chicago Sun-Times, stating "unfortunately, it might be a bit of a long wait," and he said he "wouldn't say that it's completely dead in the water, but the way it's going, you might be seeing Bridget Jones's granddaughter's story being told by the time we get there."[12] In an interview on 10 October 2014, Grant mentioned an existing script for a sequel, though he also expressed his dislike for it, and stated that he would not star in the third film.[13][14][15] Later in the next week, producers hired Emma Thompson to rewrite the original script written by Fielding and Nicholls.[16]
On 25 June 2015, it was reported that final negotiations for the film were going on and Sharon Maguire, director of the first film would return to direct the third film.[14] Gemma Jones and Jim Broadbent were also in talks to return for the third film to join the cast.[14][17] On 9 September 2015, Patrick Dempsey joined the cast of the film.[18]
Filming[edit]
Set, Windsor Great Park, as Glastonbury
Filming for a short period began in July 2015 in Dublin, where the first scenes for the film were shot at Ed Sheeran's concert at Croke Park.[19][20] Official principal photography with the actual cast began on 2 October 2015 in London.[18][21]
The Television Studio interior scenes, the Hospital Ward interiors and various other scenes were shot on Stages 5 and 6 at West London Film Studios.
On 13 October 2015, shooting was taking place at Borough Market,[22] and later in October in Windsor Great Park, at Rosy Bottom.[23] On 26 October 2015, filming took place at a church in Oxfordshire.[24]
Filming wrapped up on 27 November 2015.[25] Reshoots took place for one week starting 8 January 2016.[26]
Music[edit]
Main article: Bridget Jones's Baby: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
Release[edit]
Renée Zellweger, Colin Firth and Patrick Dempsey in Paris at the film's French premiere, 2016.
In October 2015, Bridget Jones's Baby was set for a 16 September 2016 release.[27][28] On 23 March the first trailer was released.[29] Like the previous two films, the movie received an R rating.[30] Renee Zellweger's physical appearance in the trailer for the film has rekindled a debate about the possibility that Zellweger had plastic surgery, which began in 2014 when she re-emerged from a long hiatus.[31] An editorial focused on the trailer for the film by Variety critic Owen Gleiberman titled "Renee Zellweger: If She No Longer Looks Like Herself, Has She Become a Different Actress?"[32] triggered a firestorm of controversy including responses from Zellweger herself, who called the scrutiny over her appearance "sexist" and attributing her difference in appearance solely to "ageing," and wrote an open essay explaining her response in the weeks before the film's release.[33]
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
Bridget Jones's Baby grossed $212 million worldwide, including $24.1 million in the United States and Canada and $60 million in the United Kingdom, against a budget of $35 million.[2]
The film was released in North America on 16 September 2016 and was projected to gross $12–16 million in its opening weekend from 2,927 theaters.[34][35] It made $364,000 from its Thursday night previews and $3 million on its first day.[36] In total, the film made $8.2 million in its opening weekend, falling below projections and scoring the lowest opening of the series.[37]
Internationally, where Universal Pictures handled most of the releases, the film fared better and especially in the U.K. where the previous two installments registered the biggest grossers. It debuted day-and-date in conjuncture with its North American release in 41 countries, including big markets like the UK and Ireland, Russia, Australia, Mexico and Spain in its opening weekend.[34][38] The film will be released in a total of 62 countries.[39][40] It scored the biggest opening day in the franchise in the U.K., the Netherlands and Latin America including Mexico, Panama and Peru, and had No. 1 opening days in the U.K., Australia, Spain, Denmark, Finland, Hungary, Norway, Poland, Sweden, Croatia, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa and Ukraine.[39] Through Sunday, 18 September, it had an opening weekend of $29.9 million from 39 markets and debuted at No. 1 in 24 of them.[41] It was in second place at the box office, behind A Chinese Odyssey Part Three.[42] It topped the international box office in its second weekend, earning $21.9 million from 47 markets.[43] It recorded the biggest debut in the franchise and had No. 1 openings in certain markets like Australia ($4.2 million), the Netherlands ($1.9 million), Spain ($1.7 million), Iceland and New Zealand and bowed at second place in France ($3.7 million) and Russia ($1.4 million).[41][43][44]
In the United Kingdom and Ireland – the biggest market for the first two films – the film opened on Friday, 16 September, and recorded the biggest comedy/romantic comedy opening day ever, as well as the biggest Working Title and September opening of all time with $4 million at 641 theaters.[39] It went on to score a record breaking £8.11 million ($10.5 million) opening and dominated 57% of the total market share which is the biggest romantic comedy opening weekend ever in the UK; the biggest opening weekend ever for Working Title; and the biggest September launch weekend of all time.[41] Excluding previews, the film has the seventh biggest debut of the year.[45] The film fell just 20% in its second weekend to £6.4 million ($8.3 million)[46] and continued to lead the box office for the third consecutive weekend, despite the influx of a row of competitions.[47] After three straight wins, it was surpassed by The Girl on the Train in its fourth weekend.[44] It broke a number of records including the fastest romantic comedy to earn £30 million, doing so on its seventeenth day (the first film took 31 days and the second film took 24 days).[48] It has so far grossed a total of $54 million there becoming the biggest market outside of North America like its predecessors.[40] Adjusted for inflation it is the lowest-grossing film behind both the films (£73.1 million and £57.8 million respectively).[49]
After 31 days of playing in theaters, the film became the biggest film in the franchise in the United Kingdom with £42.24 million, surpassing the first film's final gross of £42 million. It currently sits as the third biggest film of 2016 behind Finding Dory (£42.25 million) and The Jungle Book (£46.1 million).[50] In Netherlands, it is the highest-grossing Working Title picture of all time with $8.1 million — passing Notting Hill (1999), which held the record for 17 years.[40]
Critical response[edit]
Bridget Jones's Baby received generally positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 77%, based on 188 reviews, with an average rating of 6.3/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Bridget Jones's Baby might be late on arrival, but fans of the series should still find its third installment a bouncing bundle of joy."[51] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, the film has a score 59 out of 100, based on 42 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[52] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.[53]
Awards and nominations[edit]
Year
Association
Category
Nominee(s)
Result
2017 ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards Top Box Office Movie Craig Armstrong[54] Won
2017 Diversity in Media Awards Movie of the Year Bridget Jones's Baby[54] Nominated
2017 EDA Awards AWFJ Hall of Shame Sharon Maguire[54] Won
2017 European Film Awards People's Choice Award for Best European Film Sharon Maguire[54] Nominated
2017 Globes de Cristal Awards Best Foreign Film Sharon Maguire[54] Nominated
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Bridget Jones's Baby (15)". British Board of Film Classification. 6 September 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Bridget Jones's Baby (2016)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 8 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Bridget Jones's Baby review - Renée Zellweger kooks up a storm". Retrieved 2016-09-19.
Jump up ^ Jaafar, Ali (14 July 2009). "Third 'Bridget Jones' in works". variety.com. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
Jump up ^ "Third Bridget Jones in pipeline". bbc.co.uk. 15 July 2009. Retrieved 5 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Uddin, Zakia (1 March 2011). "Zellweger 'agrees to Bridget Jones 3'". digitalspy.co.uk. Retrieved 5 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Fischer, Russ (8 July 2011). "Paul Feig to Direct Third 'Bridget Jones' Movie?". slashfilm.com. Retrieved 5 August 2015.
Jump up ^ RICE, LYNETTE (11 August 2011). "Third 'Bridget Jones' movie is finally a go -- EXCLUSIVE". ew.com. Retrieved 5 August 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Fleming Jr, Mike (4 October 2011). "Paul Feig Exits 'Bridget Jones 3'; Universal Looking For Brit Director For January Start". deadline.com. Retrieved 5 August 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kemp, Stuart; Belloni, Matthew (3 February 2012). "'Bridget Jones 3' Producer Admits Delay, Vows to Shoot Film in 2012". hollywoodreporter.com. Retrieved 5 August 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Fleming Jr, Mike (30 November 2011). "Peter Cattaneo In Talks To Direct 'Bridget Jones's Baby'". deadline.com. Retrieved 5 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Harp, Justin (26 April 2013). "Colin Firth on 'Bridget Jones 3' film: 'There might be a long wait'". digitalspy.co.uk. Retrieved 5 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Hugh Grant interview: on Bridget Jones 3 and The Rewrite". 13 October 2014. Retrieved 5 August 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Baz Bamigboye: Bridget Jones's Baby film is set for its final push... but who's the daddy?". dailymail.co.uk. 25 June 2015. Retrieved 5 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Welsh, Daniel (10 October 2014). "Hugh Grant Pulls Out Of 'Bridget Jones 3', Daniel Cleaver WON'T Be Appearing In Third Film". huffingtonpost.co.uk. Retrieved 5 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Bagwell, Matt (13 October 2014). "Emma Thompson Drafted In To Save Third 'Bridget Jones' Film After Cast Complain About Script". huffingtonpost.co.uk. Retrieved 5 August 2015.
Jump up ^ DENHAM, JESS (26 June 2015). "Bridget Jones 3: Filming expect to start on Bridget Jones's Baby later this year". independent.co.uk. Retrieved 5 August 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Jaafar, Ali (9 September 2015). "Patrick Dempsey Joining 'Bridget Jones's Baby' For Working Title". deadline.com. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
Jump up ^ Bagwell, Matt (5 August 2015). "Ed Sheeran To Feature In Third 'Bridget Jones' Film 'Bridget Jones's Baby'". huffingtonpost.co.uk. Retrieved 5 August 2015.
Jump up ^ POCKLINGTON, REBECCA (5 August 2015). "Ed Sheeran meets Bridget Jones! Singer 'to star in third movie as film crew spotted at Dublin concert'". screen.yahoo.com. Retrieved 5 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Bridget Jones's Baby begins filming". British Comedy Guide. British Comedy Guide. Retrieved 4 October 2015.
Jump up ^ Evry, Max (13 October 2015). "Bridget Jones's Baby Release Date and New Set Photos!". comingsoon.net. Retrieved 14 October 2015.
Jump up ^ Phillip Williams. "Film set for Bridget Jones' Baby, Rosy... (C) Phillip Williams :: Geograph Britain and Ireland".
Jump up ^ "PICTURE EXCLUSIVE: Renee Zellweger and Colin Firth put on affectionate display as they are seen filming for the first time with Bridget Jones' newborn baby during Christening scene". dailymail.co.uk. 27 October 2015. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
Jump up ^ "On the Set for 12/4/15: Gal Gadot Grabs Her Lasso for 'Wonder Woman', Brad Pitt Wraps 'War Machine', 'Resident Evil' Team Finish Final Chapter". SSN Insider. 4 December 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Renée Zellweger Returns to the U.K. to Film Bridget Jones's Baby – and Get Her Groove On! See the Festive Pic". Retrieved 2016-09-19.
Jump up ^ "She's back! BRIDGET JONES'S BABY booked in for 16th September 2016". twitter.com. Retrieved 4 October 2015.
Jump up ^ Ford, Rebecca (13 October 2015). "Third 'Bridget Jones' Movie Gets Release Date". hollywoodreporter.com. Retrieved 14 October 2015.
Jump up ^ TheEllenShow (2016-03-23), EXCLUSIVE 'Bridget Jones's Baby' Trailer, retrieved 2016-09-19
Jump up ^ "Reasons for Movie Ratings (CARA)". filmratings.com. Retrieved 2016-09-19.
Jump up ^ "Renée Zellweger: why does her face look so different?". Retrieved 2016-09-19.
Jump up ^ Gleiberman, Owen (2016-06-30). "Renee Zellweger: If She No Longer Looks Like Herself, Has She Become a Different Actress?". Retrieved 2016-09-19.
Jump up ^ "Renée Zellweger Says the Scrutiny Over Her Appearance is Sexist: 'Why Are We Talking About How Women Look?'". Retrieved 2016-09-19.
^ Jump up to: a b Anita Busch and Anthony D'Alessandro (12 September 2016). "'Sully' Lands At $35M, 'Bough' Breaks With $14.2M – Monday B.O. Final". Deadline.com. Retrieved 13 September 2016.
Jump up ^ Dave McNarry (13 September 2016). "Box Office: 'Blair Witch' Looks to Scare Off 'Sully,' 'Bridget Jones's Baby'". Variety. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "'Bridget Jones's Baby' Wakes Up Thursday Night – Box Office". Deadline.com.
Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock (18 September 2016). "Weekend Box Office: 'Bridget Jones's Baby' Bombs in U.S. With $8M; 'Sully' Stays No. 1". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro (14 September 2016). "Can 'Sully' Crucify 'Blair Witch' At The Weekend B.O.? – Preview". Deadline.com. Retrieved 14 September 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Nancy Tartaglione (17 September 2016). "'Bridget Jones's Baby' Delivering $29.4M Offshore Bow; Breaks Multiple UK Records". Deadline.com. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Nancy Tartaglione (16 October 2016). "'Inferno' Ignites With $50M Offshore; 'Miss Peregrine' Tops $130M – Intl Box Office". Deadline.com. Retrieved 17 October 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Nancy Tartaglione (18 September 2016). "'Bridget Jones's Baby' Bows To $30M; 'Suicide Squad' Powers Past $400M – Intl Box Office". Deadline.com. Retrieved 19 September 2016.
Jump up ^ Patrick Frater (18 September 2016). "China Box Office: 'Odyssey' Sequel Dreams up Holiday Weekend Win". Variety. Retrieved 19 September 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Nancy Tartaglione (25 September 2016). "'Bridget Jones's Baby' Tops Overseas Again As 'Magnificent 7' Corrals $19.2M & 'Storks' Bundles $18.3M – Intl Box Office". Deadline.com. Retrieved 26 September 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Nancy Tartaglione (9 October 2016). "'Miss Peregrine' Nears $100M Overseas; 'Girl On The Train' Chugs $16.5M; 'A Monster Calls' In Spain – Intl Box Office". Deadline.com. Retrieved 9 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Charles Gant (20 September 2016). "Bridget Jones's Baby delivers at UK box office, while Blair Witch sneaks into second". The Guardian. Retrieved 21 September 2016.
Jump up ^ Charles Gant (27 September 2016). "Bridget Jones's Baby still the daddy in UK as Finding Dory hits motherlode". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione (2 October 2016). "'Miss Peregrine' Books $36.5M; 'Finding Dory', 'Bridget Jones' Reach Milestones; Big Frame For Local Pics – Intl Box Office". Deadline.com. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Charles Gant (5 October 2016). "How did Bridget Jones's Baby deliver so many pounds at the UK box office?". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Charles Gant (11 October 2016). "The Girl on the Train beats Bridget Jones's Baby – and Gone Girl – in UK". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Charles Gant (18 October 2016). "The Girl on the Train still UK's top ticket as Bridget Jones's Baby makes history". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Bridget Jones's Baby (2016)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 21 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "Bridget Jones's Baby reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved 21 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "CinemaScore". cinemascore.com. [permanent dead link]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Bridget Jones' Baby (2016) — Awards". IMDb. Retrieved December 22, 2017.
External links[edit]
Official website
Bridget Jones's Baby on IMDb
Bridget Jones's Baby at Rotten Tomatoes
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Bridget Jones by Helen Fielding
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