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History of the Jews in Europe
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Category: Jews and Judaism
Portal: Judaism
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Jews, originally Judaean Israelite tribes from the Levant in Western Asia,[1][2][3][4] migrated to Europe just before the rise of the Roman Empire. A notable early event in the history of the Jews in the Roman Empire was Pompey's conquest of the East beginning in 63 BCE although Alexandrian Jews had migrated to Rome before this event.
The pre-World War II Jewish population of Europe is estimated to have been close to 9 million.[5] Around 6 million Jews were killed[6][7][8] during the Holocaust, which was followed by the emigration of much of the surviving population.
The current Jewish population of Europe is estimated to be ca. 2.4 million (0.3%),[9] composed of:
Ashkenazi Jews (about 1.4 million, mainly in France, Germany, Russia, Ukraine, the United Kingdom, Hungary and Belgium)
Sephardi Jews (about 400,000; mainly in Spain, Portugal, France, Morocco, Turkey, Greece, Bulgaria, and Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Mizrahi Jews (some 300,000; mainly in France, Spain, Georgia, the United Kingdom and Azerbaijan)
Turkish Jews (some 250,000; also known as Djudios Turkos, with minorities of roughly 20,000 Selaniklis and 25,000 Sephardics)
Italian Jews (about 45,000; mostly Italian)
Romaniotes (about 6,000; mostly Greek)
Georgian Jews (some 8,500 - mostly in Georgia, Russia, Azerbaijan and Belgium)
Crimean Karaites (about 1,500 - mainly in Ukraine, Lithuania and Poland)
Krymchaks (Jews of Turkic descent in Crimea) (about 2,000 - mainly in Ukraine, Azerbaijan, Georgia and Russia)
Mountain Jews (Jews of the Caucasus mainly in Azerbaijan)
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Early presence
1.2 Middle Ages
1.2.1 Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain
1.2.2 Spanish Inquisition
1.2.3 Poland as the center of the Jewish community
1.2.4 The development of Judaism in Poland and the Commonwealth
1.3 The rise of Hasidism
1.4 19th century
1.5 History of the Jews in Hungary
1.5.1 Religious organizations
1.6 World War II and the Holocaust
2 Demographics
3 Jewish ethnic subdivisions of Europe
4 See also
5 Notes
History[edit]
Jews of Germany, 13th century
Early presence[edit]
Further information: Roman Jews and Byzantine Jews
Hellenistic Judaism, originating from Alexandria, was present throughout the Roman Empire even before the Jewish–Roman wars. Large numbers lived in Greece ( including the Greek isles in the Aegean and Crete ) as early as the early part of the 3rd century BCE. The first recorded mention of Judaism in Greece dates from 300-250 Before Common Era (BCE) on the island of Rhodes.[10] As early as the middle of the 2nd century BCE, the Jewish author of the third book of the Oracula Sibyllina, addressing the "chosen people," says: "Every land is full of thee and every sea." The most diverse witnesses, such as Strabo, Philo, Seneca, Cicero, and Josephus, all mention Jewish populations in the cities of the Mediterranean Basin. Most Jewish population centers of this period were however still in the East (Iudaea and Syria) and in Egypt (Alexandria was by far the most important of the Jewish communities, the Jews in Philo's time were inhabiting two of the five sections of the city). Nevertheless, a Jewish community is recorded to have existed in Rome at least since the 1st century BCE. (Although they may even have established a community there as early as the second century BCE, for in the year 139 BCE the pretor Hispanus issued a decree expelling all Jews who were not Italian citizens).[11] At the commencement of the reign of Caesar Augustus (27 BCE) there were over 7,000 Jews in Rome: this is the number that escorted the envoys who came to demand the deposition of Archelaus. The Jewish historian Josephus confirms that as early as 90 CE there was already a Jewish diaspora living in Europe, made-up of the two tribes, Judah and Benjamin. Thus, he writes in his Antiquities:[11] " …there are but two tribes in Asia (Turkey) and Europe subject to the Romans, while the ten tribes are beyond Euphrates till now and are an immense multitude."
The Roman Empire period presence of Jews in Croatia dates to the 2nd century, in Pannonia to the 3rd to 4th century. A finger ring with a Menorah depiction found in Augusta Raurica (Kaiseraugst, Switzerland) in 2001 attests to Jewish presence in Germania Superior.[12] Evidence in towns north of the Loire or in southern Gaul date to the 5th century and 6th centuries.[13] By late antiquity Jewish communities were found in modern-day France and Germany.[14][15]
Persecution of Jews in Europe begins with the presence of Jews in regions that later became known as the lands of Latin Christendom (c. 8th century CE)[16][17][18][19] and modern Europe.[20] Not only were Jewish Christians persecuted according to the New Testament, but also as a matter of historical fact anti-Jewish pogroms occurred not only in Jerusalem (325 CE), Persia (351 CE), Carthage (250 CE), Alexandria (415), but also in Italy (224 CE), Milan (379 CE) and Menorca (418 CE), Antioch (489), Daphne-Antioch (506), Ravenna (519), amongst other places. Hostility between Christians and Jews grew over the generations under Roman sovereignty and beyond; eventually forced conversion, property confiscation, synagogue burning, expulsion, stake burning, enslavement and outlawing of Jews—even whole Jewish communities—occurred countless times in the lands of Latin Christendom.[21][22][23]
Middle Ages[edit]
Main article: Jews in the Middle Ages
Expulsions of Jews in Europe from 1100 to 1600.
The early medieval period was a time of flourishing Jewish culture. Jewish and Christian life evolved in 'diametrically opposite directions' during the final centuries of Roman empire. Jewish life became autonomous, decentralized, community-centered. Christian life became a hierarchical system under the supreme authority of the Pope and the Roman Emperor.[24]
Jewish life can be characterized as democratic. Rabbis in the Talmud interpreted Deut. 29:9, "your heads, your tribes, your elders, and your officers, even all the men of Israel" and "Although I have appointed for you heads, elders, and officers, you are all equal before me" (Tanhuma) to stress political shared power. Shared power entailed responsibilities: "you are all responsible for one another. If there be only one righteous man among you, you will all profit from his merits, and not you alone, but the entire world...But if one of you sins, the whole generation will suffer."[25]
In the Early Middle Ages persecution of Jews also continued in the lands of Latin Christendom. After the Visigoths converted from more tolerant non-trinitarian Arianism to stricter trinitarian Nicene Christianity of Rome, in 612 CE and again in 642 CE expulsions of all Jews were decreed in the Visigoth Empire.[26] The Catholic Merovingian dynasty decreed forced conversion for Jews in 582 and 629 CE. Under the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Toledo multiple persecutions (633, 653, 693) and stake burnings of Jews (638 CE) occurred; the Kingdom of Toledo followed up on this tradition in 1368, 1391, 1449, and 1486-1490 CE including forced conversions and mass murder, and there were rioting and a blood bath against the Jews of Toledo in 1212 CE. Jewish pogroms occurred in the Diocese of Clement (France 554 CE) and in the Diocese of Uzes (France 561 CE).[22][23]
Between 800 and 1100 there were 1.5 million Jews in Christian Europe. They were not part of the feudal system as serfs or knights, thus were spared the oppression and warfare.
Persecution of Jews in Europe increased in the High Middle Ages in the context of the Christian Crusades. In the First Crusade (1096) flourishing communities on the Rhine and the Danube were utterly destroyed; see German Crusade, 1096. In the Second Crusade (1147) the Jews in France were subject to frequent massacres. The Jews were also subjected to attacks by the Shepherds' Crusades of 1251 and 1320. The Crusades were followed by expulsions, including in 1290 the banishing of all Jews from the Kingdom of England by King Edward I with the Edict of Expulsion. In 1394, 100,000 Jews were expelled from France. Thousands more were deported from Austria in 1421. Many of the expelled Jews fled to Poland.[27][28][29]
In relations with the Christian society, they were protected by kings, princes and bishops, because of the crucial services they provided in three areas: finance, administration, and medicine. Christian scholars interested in the Bible would consult with Talmudic rabbis. All this changed with the reforms and strengthening of the Roman Catholic Church and the rise of competitive middle-class, town dwelling Christians. By 1300 the friars and local priests were using the Passion Plays at Easter time, which depicted Jews in contemporary dress killing Christ, to teach the general populace to hate and murder Jews. It was at this point that persecution and exile became endemic. Finally around 1500, Jews found security and a renewal of prosperity in Poland.[30]
In the Late Middle Ages, in the mid-14th century, the Black Death epidemics devastated Europe, annihilating between one-third and one-half[citation needed] of the population. It is an oft-told myth that due to better nutrition and greater cleanliness, Jews were not infected in similar numbers; Jews were indeed infected in numbers similar to their non-Jewish neighbors[31] Yet they were still made scapegoats. Rumors spread that Jews caused the disease by deliberately poisoning wells[by whom?] . Hundreds of Jewish communities were destroyed by violence. Although Pope Clement VI tried to protect them with his July 6, 1348 papal bull and another papal bull in 1348, several months later 900 Jews were burnt alive in Strasbourg, where the plague hadn't yet reached the city.[32] Christian accusations of host desecration and blood libels were made against Jews. Pogroms followed, and the destruction of Jewish communities yielded the funds for many Pilgrimage churches or chapels throughout the Middle Ages (e.g. Saint Werner's Chapels of Bacharach, Oberwesel, Womrath; Deggendorfer Gnad in Bavaria).
Jewish survival in the face of external pressures from the Roman Catholic empire and the Persian Zoroastrian empire is seen as 'enigmatic' by historians.[33]
Baron credits Jewish survival to eight factors:
Messianic faith: Belief in an ultimately positive outcome and restoration to them of the Land of Israel.
The doctrine of the World-to-Come increasingly elaborated: Jews were reconciled to suffering in this world, which helped them resist outside temptations to convert.
Suffering was given meaning through hope-inducing interpretation of their history and their destiny.
The doctrine of martyrdom and inescapability of persecution transformed it into a source of communal solidarity.
Jewish daily life was very satisfying. Jews lived among Jews. In practice, in a lifetime, individuals encountered overt persecution only on a few dramatic occasions. Jews mostly lived under discrimination that affected everyone, and to which they were habituated. Daily life was governed by a multiplicity of ritual requirements, so that each Jew was constantly aware of God throughout the day. "For the most part, he found this all-encompassing Jewish way of life so eminently satisfactory that he was prepared to sacrifice himself...for the preservation of its fundamentals."[34] Those commandments for which Jews had sacrificed their lives, such as defying idolatry, not eating pork, observing circumcision, were the ones most strictly adhered to.[35]
The corporate development and segregationist policies of the late Roman empire and Persian empire, helped keep Jewish community organization strong.
Talmud provided an extremely effective force to sustain Jewish ethics, law and culture, judicial and social welfare system, universal education, regulation of strong family life and religious life from birth to death.
The concentration of Jewish masses within 'the lower middle class',[36] with the middle class virtues of sexual self-control. There was a moderate path between asceticism and licentiousness. Marriage was considered to be the foundation of ethnic, and ethical, life.
Outside hostility only helped cement Jewish unity and internal strength and commitment.
Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain[edit]
Main article: Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain
See also: Judeo-Islamic philosophies (800 - 1400)
The Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain refers to a period of history during the Muslim rule of Iberia in which Jews were generally accepted in society and Jewish religious, cultural and economic life blossomed. This "Golden Age" is variously dated from the 8th to 12th centuries.
Al-Andalus was a key center of Jewish life during the Middle Ages, producing important scholars and one of the most stable and wealthy Jewish communities. A number of famous Jewish philosophers and scholars flourished during this time, most notably Maimonides.
Spanish Inquisition[edit]
Sultan Bayezid II sent Kemal Reis to save the Arabs and Sephardic Jews of Spain from the Spanish Inquisition in 1492, and granted them permission to settle in the Ottoman Empire
Main article: Spanish Inquisition
The Spanish Inquisition was established in 1478 by Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella to maintain Catholic orthodoxy in their kingdoms and was under the direct control of the Spanish monarchy. It was not definitively abolished until 1834, during the reign of Isabel II.
The Inquisition, as an ecclesiastical tribunal, had jurisdiction only over baptized Christians. However, since Jews (in 1492) and Muslim Moors (in 1502) had been banished from Spain, jurisdiction of the Inquisition during a large part of its history extended in practice to all royal subjects. The Inquisition worked in large part to ensure the orthodoxy of recent converts known as conversos or marranos.
Poland as the center of the Jewish community[edit]
Main article: History of the Jews in Poland
Further information: History of the Jews in Poland before the 18th century
The expulsion of the Jews from Spain in 1492, as well as expulsion from Austria, Hungary and Germany, stimulated a widespread Jewish migration to the much more tolerant Poland. Indeed, with the expulsion of the Jews from Spain, Poland became the recognized haven for exiles from the rest of Europe; and the resulting accession to the ranks of Polish Jewry made it the cultural and spiritual center of the Jewish people in Europe.
The most prosperous period for Polish Jews began following this new influx of Jews with the reign of Zygmunt I (1506–1548), who protected the Jews in his realm. His son, Zygmunt II August (1548–1572), mainly followed the tolerant policy of his father and also granted autonomy to the Jews in the matter of communal administration, laying the foundation for the power of the Qahal, or autonomous Jewish community. This period led to the creation of a proverb about Poland being a "heaven for the Jews". According to some sources, about three-quarters of all the Jews in Europe lived in Poland by the middle of the 16th century.[37][38][39] In the middle of the 16th century, Poland welcomed Jewish newcomers from Italy and Turkey, mostly of Sephardi origin; however some of the immigrants from the Ottoman Empire claimed to be Mizrahim. Jewish religious life thrived in many Polish communities. In 1503, the Polish monarchy appointed Rabbi Jacob Polak, the official Rabbi of Poland, marking the emergence of the Chief Rabbinate. Around 1550, many Sephardi Jews travelled across Europe to find a haven in Poland. Therefore, the Polish Jews are said to be of many ethnic origins including Ashkenazic, Sephardic, and Mizrahi. During the 16th and 17th century Poland had the largest Jewish population in the whole of Europe. By 1551, Polish Jews were given permission to choose their own Chief Rabbi. The Chief Rabbinate held power over law and finance, appointing judges and other officials.Other powers were shared with local councils. The Polish government permitted the Rabbinate to grow in power and used it for tax collection purposes. Only 30% of the money raised by the Rabbinate went to the Jewish communities. The rest went to the Crown for protection. In this period Poland-Lithuania became the main center for Ashkenazi Jewry, and its yeshivot achieved fame from the early 16th century.
Moses Isserles (1520–1572), an eminent Talmudist of the 16th century, established his yeshiva in Kraków. In addition to being a renowned Talmudic and legal scholar, Isserles was also learned in Kabbalah, and studied history, astronomy, and philosophy.
The development of Judaism in Poland and the Commonwealth[edit]
Main article: History of the Jews in Poland
A Jewish couple, Poland, c. 1765
Further information: History of the Jews in pre-18th-century Poland
The culture and intellectual output of the Jewish community in Poland had a profound impact on Judaism as a whole. Some Jewish historians have recounted that the word Poland is pronounced as Polania or Polin in Hebrew, and as transliterated into Hebrew. These names for Poland were interpreted as "good omens" because Polania can be broken down into three Hebrew words: po ("here"), lan ("dwells"), ya ("God"), and Polin into two words of: po ("here") lin ("[you should] dwell"). The "message" was that Poland was meant to be a good place for the Jews. During the time from the rule of Sigismund I the Old until the Holocaust, Poland would be at the center of Jewish religious life.
Late renaissance synagogue in Zamość (1610–1620).
Yeshivot were established, under the direction of the rabbis, in the more prominent communities. Such schools were officially known as gymnasiums, and their rabbi principals as rectors. Important yeshivot existed in Kraków, Poznań, and other cities. Jewish printing establishments came into existence in the first quarter of the 16th century. In 1530, a Hebrew Pentateuch (Torah) was printed in Kraków; and at the end of the 16th century the Jewish printing houses of that city and Lublin issued a large number of Jewish books, mainly of a religious character. The growth of Talmudic scholarship in Poland was coincident with the greater prosperity of the Polish Jews; and because of their communal autonomy educational development was wholly one-sided and along Talmudic lines. Exceptions are recorded, however, where Jewish youth sought secular instruction in the European universities. The learned rabbis became not merely expounders of the Law, but also spiritual advisers, teachers, judges, and legislators; and their authority compelled the communal leaders to make themselves familiar with the abstruse questions of Jewish law. Polish Jewry found its views of life shaped by the spirit of Talmudic and rabbinical literature, whose influence was felt in the home, in school, and in the synagogue.
In the first half of the 16th century the seeds of Talmudic learning had been transplanted to Poland from Bohemia, particularly from the school of Jacob Pollak, the creator of Pilpul ("sharp reasoning"). Shalom Shachna (c. 1500 – 1558), a pupil of Pollak, is counted among the pioneers of Talmudic learning in Poland. He lived and died in Lublin, where he was the head of the yeshivah which produced the rabbinical celebrities of the following century. Shachna's son Israel became rabbi of Lublin on the death of his father, and Shachna's pupil Moses Isserles (known as the ReMA) (1520–1572) achieved an international reputation among the Jews as the author of the Mappah, which adapted the Shulkhan Arukh to meet the needs of the Ashkenazi community. His contemporary and correspondent Solomon Luria (1510–1573) of Lublin also enjoyed widespread popularity among his co-religionists; and the authority of both was recognized by the Jews throughout Europe. Heated religious disputations were common, and Jewish scholars participated in them. At the same time, the Kabbalah had become entrenched under the protection of Rabbinism; and such scholars as Mordecai Jaffe and Yoel Sirkis devoted themselves to its study. This period of great Rabbinical scholarship was interrupted by the Chmielnicki Uprising and The Deluge.
The rise of Hasidism[edit]
Main article: Hasidic Judaism
Israel ben Eliezer's autograph
The decade from the Cossacks' uprising until after the Swedish war (1648–1658) left a deep and lasting impression not only on the social life of the Polish-Lithuanian Jews, but on their spiritual life as well. The intellectual output of the Jews of Poland was reduced. The Talmudic learning which up to that period had been the common possession of the majority of the people became accessible to a limited number of students only. What religious study there was became overly formalized, some rabbis busied themselves with quibbles concerning religious laws; others wrote commentaries on different parts of the Talmud in which hair-splitting arguments were raised and discussed; and at times these arguments dealt with matters which were of no practical importance. At the same time, many miracle workers made their appearance among the Jews of Poland, culminating in a series of false "Messianic" movements, most famously Sabbateanism and Frankism.
Into this time of mysticism and overly formal rabbinism came the teachings of Israel ben Eliezer, known as the Baal Shem Tov, or BeShT, (1698–1760), which had a profound effect on the Jews of Central Europe and Poland in particular. His disciples taught and encouraged a new fervent brand of Judaism based on Kabbalah known as Hasidism. The rise of Hasidic Judaism within Poland's borders and beyond had a great influence on the rise of Haredi Judaism all over the world, with a continuous influence through its many Hasidic dynasties including those of Chabad-Lubavitch, Aleksander, Bobov, Ger, and Nadvorna. More recent rebbes of Polish origin include Rabbi Yosef Yitzchok Schneersohn (1880–1950), the sixth head of the Chabad Lubavitch Hasidic movement, who lived in Warsaw until 1940 when he moved Lubavitch from Warsaw to the United States. See also: List of Polish Rabbis
19th century[edit]
The Jews in Central Europe (1881)
In the Papal States, which existed until 1870, Jews were required to live only in specified neighborhoods called ghettos. Until the 1840s, they were required to regularly attend sermons urging their conversion to Christianity. Only Jews were taxed to support state boarding schools for Jewish converts to Christianity. It was illegal to convert from Christianity to Judaism. Sometimes Jews were baptized involuntarily, and, even when such baptisms were illegal, forced to practice the Christian religion. In many such cases the state separated them from their families. See Edgardo Mortara for an account of one of the most widely publicized instances of acrimony between Catholics and Jews in the Papal States in the second half of the 19th century.
The movement of Zionism originates in the late 19th century. In 1883, Nathan Birnbaum founded Kadimah, the first Jewish student association in Vienna. In 1884, the first issue of Selbstemanzipation (Self Emancipation) appeared, printed by Birnbaum himself. The Dreyfus Affair, which erupted in France in 1894, profoundly shocked emancipated Jews. The depth of antisemitism in a country thought of as the home of enlightenment and liberty led many to question their future security in Europe. Among those who witnessed the Affair was an Austro-Hungarian (born in Budapest, lived in Vienna) Jewish journalist, Theodor Herzl, who published his pamphlet Der Judenstaat ("The Jewish State") in 1896[40] and Altneuland ("The Old New Land") in 1897.[41] He described the Affair as a personal turning point, Before the Affair, Herzl had been anti-Zionist; afterwards he became ardently pro-Zionist. In line with the ideas of 19th-century German nationalism Herzl believed in a Jewish state for the Jewish nation. In that way, he argued, the Jews could become a people like all other peoples, and antisemitism would cease to exist.[42]
Herzl infused political Zionism with a new and practical urgency. He brought the World Zionist Organization into being and, together with Nathan Birnbaum, planned its First Congress at Basel in 1897.[43] For the first four years, the World Zionist Organization (WZO) met every year, then, up to the Second World War, they gathered every second year. Since the war, the Congress has met every four years.
History of the Jews in Hungary[edit]
Main article: History of the Jews in Hungary
In what is now known as Hungary, there were Jewish communities even before the Hungarian Conquest of 895. They settled down in around 200-300 A.D., when those who were to be the founders of the Jewish community emigrated to the territory that would become modern day Hungary. They were merchants from the Roman Empire and slaves from what is now Israel.
Saint Stephen, Hungary's first Christian king, despite his efforts to spread his religion, practiced fairly liberal politics and ensured equal legal rights to people of all religions, including the Jews. During the reign of Stephen I., Jews were able to move to the developing towns, and so the "historical religious communities" evolved, these were Buda, Esztergom, Tata and Óbuda. The medieval Jewry's heyday occurred with the zenith of the country's political and economical development, during the reign of King Matthias. However, after the death of Matthias in 1490 and as a result of the approaching Turkish threat – antisemitism reared its head. In the middle of the 17th century however, Buda, being home to famous scholars, rabbis, kabbalists, writers, and poets speaking the Hebrew language, developed into the most important European Jewish community of the time. After Buda's recapture in 1686, Jews arrived to the country's deserted western and eastern border-land along with German and Slovakian settlers from Czech-Moravia, later from Poland, and Galicia, which had fallen under the control of the Monarchy. In 1769 20.000, in 1787 80.000 people belonged to the Jewish population of Hungary. Members of the community made their living in agricultural and wine trade.
In the early 19th century, in the reform age the progressive nobility set many goals of innovation, like the emancipation of the Hungarian Jewry. Hungarian Jews were able to play a part in the economy by playing an important role in industrial and trading development. For example, Isac Lőwy (1793–1847) founded his leather factory on a previously purchased piece of land in 1835, and created a new, modern town, with independent authority, religious equality and industrial freedom independent from the guilds. The town, which was given the name Újpest (New Pest), soon became a very important settlement. Its first synagogue was built in 1839. (Újpest, the current capital's 4th district is in the northern part of Budapest. During the time of the Holocaust 20,000 Jews were deported from here.) Mór Fischer Farkasházi (1800–1880) founded his world-famous porcelain factory in Herend in 1839, its artistic porcelains decorated, among others, Queen Victoria's table.
Religious organizations[edit]
In 1868/69 three major Jewish organizations were founded: the largest group were the more modern congressional or neolog Jews, the very traditional minded joined the orthodox movement, and the conservatives formed the status quo organization. The neolog Grand Synagogue had been built earlier, in 1859, in the Dohány Street. The main status quo temple, the nearby Rumbach Street Synagogue was constructed in 1872. The Budapest orthodox synagogue is located on Kazinczy Street, along with the orthodox community's headquarters and mikveh.
World War II and the Holocaust[edit]
Main articles: History of the Jews during World War II and The Holocaust
The Holocaust of the Jewish people (from the Greek ὁλόκαυστον (holókauston): holos, "completely" and kaustos, "burnt"), also known as Ha-Shoah (Hebrew: השואה), Churben (Yiddish: חורבן), as described in June 2013 at Auschwitz by Avner Shalev (Director of Yad Vashem) is the term generally used to describe the killing of approximately 6,000,000 Jews during World War II, as part of a program of deliberate attempt to annihilate the Jewish people, executed by the National Socialist regime in Nazi Germany led by Adolf Hitler and its collaborators; the result of the Shoah or the Holocaust of the Jewish people was the destruction of hundreds of Jewish communities in continental Europe — two out of three Jews of Europe were murdered.
Jewish Holocaust death toll as a % of the total pre-war Jewish population
The Jewish population growth/decline by country between 1945–1946 and 2010. The countries with the greatest Jewish population losses since 1945 were primarily those in Central and Eastern Europe, which had Communist governments for most of the late 20th century.
Demographics[edit]
Country
Core Jewish population in 2010[44]
Enlarged Jewish population in 2010[44]
Jewish groups
Jewish history
Lists of Jews
Albania 43 Albania South-East European
Andorra <100 Andorra
Austria 9,000 15,000 Austria Austrian
Belarus 12,926 (Belarus census (2009)) 33,000 Belarus Russia, Ukraine and Belarus
Belgium 30,300 40,000 Belgium West European
Bosnia and Herzegovina 500 Bosnia and Herzegovina South-East European
Bulgaria 2,000 Bulgaria South-East European
Croatia 1,700 Croatia South-East European
Cyprus <100 Cyprus South-East European
Czech Republic 3,900 Czech Republic and Carpathian Ruthenia Czech, Slovak
Denmark 6,400 Denmark North European
Estonia 1,800 3,000 Estonia North European
Finland 1,100 Finland North European
France 483,500 580,000 France French
Georgia 3,200 6,000 Georgian Jews Georgia Asian
Germany 119,000 250,000 Ashkenazi Jews Germany German
Gibraltar 600 Sephardi Jews and British Jews Gibraltar Iberian
Greece 4,500 Romaniotes, Sephardi Jews Greece South-East European
Hungary 48,600 100,000 Oberlander Jews, Satmar Hasidic dynasty, and Neolog Hungary and Carpathian Ruthenia Hungarian
Iceland 10 - 30 Radhanites Iceland North European
Ireland 1,900 Ireland West European
Italy 28,400 45,000 Italian Jews Italy West European
Kosovo <100 Kosovo South-East European
Latvia 6,437 (Latvian census of 2011) 19,000 Latvia North European
Liechtenstein <100 Liechtenstein
Lithuania 3,400[45] (2011 estimate) 5,000 Lithuanian Jews Lithuania North European
Luxembourg 600 Luxembourg West European
Republic of Macedonia 100 Macedonian Macedonia South-East European
Malta <100 Malta
Moldova 4,100 8,000 Bessarabian Jews Moldova East European
Monaco <100 Monaco West European
Montenegro 12 Montenegro South-East European
Netherlands 30,000 43,000 Sephardi and Ashkenazi Netherlands and Chuts West European
Norway 1,200 Jews in Norway Norway North European
Poland 3,200 Chronology of Jewish Polish history Poland Polish
Portugal 500 Spanish and Portuguese Jews Portugal Iberian
Romania 9,700 18,000 Romania Romanian
Russia 157,673 (including Asiatic Russia) (Russian Census (2010)) 400,000 Ashkenazi Jews and Mountain Jews Russia Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus
San Marino <100 San Marino
Serbia 1,400 Serbian Serbia South-East European
Slovakia 2,600 Oberlander Jews Slovakia and Carpathian Ruthenia Czech, Slovak
Slovenia 100 Slovenia South-East European
Spain 12,000 15,000 Sephardi Jews, Moroccan Jews, Jews from Latin America Spain and golden age Iberian
Sweden 15,000 25,000 Sweden North European
Switzerland 17,600 25,000 Switzerland West European
Turkey 17,600 21,000 Turkey [46] Sephardic
Ukraine 71,500 145,000 Ashkenazi Jews Ukraine and Carpathian Ruthenia Russia, Ukraine and Belarus
United Kingdom 292,000 350,000 British Jews United Kingdom British
Jewish ethnic subdivisions of Europe[edit]
Main article: Jewish ethnic divisions
Ashkenazim (German Jews)
Sephardim (Spanish/Portuguese Jews)
Romaniotes (Greek Jews)
Italian Jews (also known as Bnei Roma)
Georgian Jews
Armenian Jews
Crimean Karaites and Krymchaks (Crimean Jews)
Turkish Jews
Mizrahi Jews
See also[edit]
Jewish history
Rescue of the Danish Jews
Galician Jews
Sephardic Jews in the Netherlands
Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain
The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Jared Diamond (1993). "Who are the Jews?" (PDF). Retrieved November 8, 2010. Natural History 102:11 (November 1993): 12-19.
Jump up ^ "Jewish and Middle Eastern non-Jewish populations share a common pool of Y-chromosome biallelic haplotypes". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 97: 6769–6774. doi:10.1073/pnas.100115997. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
Jump up ^ Wade, Nicholas (9 May 2000). "Y Chromosome Bears Witness to Story of the Jewish Diaspora". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 October 2012.
Jump up ^ Shriver, Tony N. Frudakis ; with a chapter 1 introduction by Mark D. (2008). Molecular photofitting : predicting ancestry and phenotype using DNA. Amsterdam: Elsevier/Academic Press. ISBN 9780120884926.
Jump up ^ [1] Jewish Gen—The Given Names Data Base, 2013.
Jump up ^ jewishvirtuallibrary
Jump up ^ projetaladin
Jump up ^ Dawidowicz, Lucy. The War Against the Jews, Bantam, 1986.p. 403
Jump up ^ http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/02/09/europes-jewish-population/
Jump up ^ The Foundation for the Advancement of Sephardic Studies and Culture, p. 3
^ Jump up to: a b Josephus Flavius, Antiquities, xi.v.2
Jump up ^ The Kaiseraugst Menorah Ring. Jewish Evidence from the Roman Period in the Northern Provinces Augusta Raurica 2005/2, accessed November 24, 2009. (german)
Jump up ^ Eli Barnavi: The Beginnings of European Jewry. The genesis of Ashkenazi identity Archived 2008-01-03 at the Wayback Machine. My Jewish Learning, accessed November 24, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Germany: Virtual Jewish History Tour". Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 2013-07-19.
Jump up ^ "ArchĂ¤ologische Zone - JĂźdisches Museum". Museenkoeln.de. Retrieved 2013-07-19.
Jump up ^ Norman F. Cantor, The Civilization of the Middle Ages, 1993, ""Culture and Society in the First Europe", pp185ff.
Jump up ^ Lewis & Wigen 1997, pp. 23–25
Jump up ^ Davies, Norman (1996). Europe: A History, by Norman Davies, p. 8. ISBN 978-0-19-820171-7. Retrieved 23 August 2010.
Jump up ^ Lewis & Wigen 1997, pp. 27–28
Jump up ^ Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopaedia 2007. Europe. Archived from the original on 31 October 2009. Retrieved 27 December 2007.
Jump up ^ Walter Laqueur (2006): The Changing Face of Antisemitism: From Ancient Times to the Present Day, Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-530429-2. p.46-48
^ Jump up to: a b Grosser, P.E. and E.G. Halperin. "Jewish Persecution - History of AntiSemitism - Lesser Known Highlights of Jewish International Relations In The Common Era". simpletoremember.com. SimpleToRemember.com - Judaism Online. Retrieved 6 February 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Grosser, Paul E.; Halperin, Edwin G.; foreword by St. John, Robert; preface by Littell, Franklin H. (1979). Anti-Semitism : the causes and effectos of a prejudice. Secaucus, N.J.: Citadel Press. ISBN 0806507039. Retrieved 6 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Salo Wittmayer Baron, "A Social and Religious History of the Jews," Volume II, Ancient Times, Part II. p 200 Jewish Publication Society of America, 1952.
Jump up ^ Salo Wittmayer Baron, "A Social and Religious History of the Jews," Volume II, Ancient Times, Part II. p 200 Jewish Publication Society of America, 1952.
Jump up ^ Dietrich Claude, in Walter Pohl (ed.) Strategies of Distinction: Construction of Ethnic Communities, 300-800 (Transformation of the Roman World, vol. 2), 1998 ISBN 90-04-10846-7
Jump up ^ Why the Jews? Holocaust Center of the United Jewish Federation of Pittsburgh, accessed November 24, 2009.
Jump up ^ "The Jews of Poland". Bernard Dov Weinryb. Retrieved 9 November 2013.
Jump up ^ CHERIE WOODWORTH. "Where Did the East European Jews Come From?" (PDF). Yale University. Retrieved 9 November 2013.
Jump up ^ Cantor, Norman F.. The Last Knight: The Twilight of the Middle Ages and the Birth of the Modern Era. ISBN 0-7432-2688-7 Free Press 2004
Jump up ^ Jane S. Gerber, "The Jews of Spain," p 112 The Free Press, 1992.
Jump up ^ See Stéphane Barry and Norbert Gualde, La plus grande épidémie de l'histoire ("The greatest epidemics in history"), in L'Histoire magazine, n°310, June 2006, p.47 (in French)
Jump up ^ Salo Wittmayer Baron, "A Social and Religious History of the Jews," Volume II, Ancient Times, Part II. p 215 Jewish Publication Society of America, 1952.
Jump up ^ Baron, p. 216
Jump up ^ Baron, p. 216-17
Jump up ^ Baron, p. 217
Jump up ^ George Sanford, Historical Dictionary of Poland (2nd ed.) Oxford: The Scarecrow Press, 2003. p. 79.
Jump up ^ European Jewish Congress - Poland
Jump up ^ The Virtual Jewish History Tour - Poland. Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved on 2010-08-22.
Jump up ^ Theodor Herzl: The Jewish State, english translation WZO, The Hagshama Department, accessed November 24, 2009.
Jump up ^ Theodor Herzl: Altneuland, english translation Archived 2007-10-27 at the Wayback Machine. WZO, The Hagshama Department, accessed November 24, 2009.
Jump up ^ Hannah Arendt, 1946, ' Der Judenstaat 50 years later', also published in: Hannah Arendt, The Jew as pariah, NY, 1978, N. Finkelstein, 2002, Image and reality of the Israel-Palestine conflict, 2nd ed., p. 7-12
Jump up ^ First Zionist Congress: Basel 29 - 31 August 1897 Archived 26 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. The Herzl Museum, Jerusalem, accessed November 24, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b [2]
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-10-14. Retrieved 2013-04-14.
Jump up ^ Turkish Jews#Notable Turkish Jews Turkish
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1 Russia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. The vast majority of its population (80%) lives in European Russia, therefore Russia as a whole is included as a European country here.
2 Turkey is a transcontinental country in the Middle East and Southeast Europe. It has a small part of its territory (3%) in Southeast Europe called Turkish Thrace.
3 Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia are transcontinental countries. Both have a small part of their territories in the European part of the Caucasus.
4 Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country. It has a small part of its territories located west of the Urals in Eastern Europe.
5 Cyprus is entirely in Southwest Asia, but has socio-political and historical connections with Europe.
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Chewbacca
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about fictional character. For other uses, see Chewbacca (disambiguation).
This article's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. Please discuss this issue on the article's talk page. (December 2014)
Chewbacca
Star Wars character
Chewbacca in Star Wars
First appearance
Star Wars (1977)
Created by
George Lucas
Portrayed by
Peter Mayhew (Episodes III–VII, Holiday Special)
Joonas Suotamo (Episode VII-VIII, Solo: A Star Wars Story)
Voiced by
Ben Burtt (vocal effects)
Information
Species
Wookiee
Gender
Male
Occupation
Co-pilot and first mate on Millennium Falcon
Affiliation
Galactic Republic
Rebel Alliance
New Republic
Resistance
Family
Lumpawaroo (son)
Attichitcuk (father)
Mallatobuck (wife)
Legends:
Lowbacca (nephew)
Homeworld
Kashyyyk
Chewbacca (/tʃuːˈbɑːkə/), nicknamed "Chewie", is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise. He is a Wookiee, a tall, hirsute biped and intelligent species from the planet Kashyyyk. Chewbacca is the loyal friend and first mate of Han Solo, and serves as co-pilot on Solo's spaceship, the Millennium Falcon.[1] Within the films of the main saga, Chewbacca is portrayed by Peter Mayhew from episodes III to VII (Mayhew shares the role with his body double Joonas Suotamo on Episode VII). Suotamo took over the role alone in Star Wars: The Last Jedi[2] and will reprise the role in Solo: A Star Wars Story. The character has also appeared on television, books, comics, and video games.
Contents
[hide]
1 Character
1.1 In other countries
2 Creation
3 Appearances
3.1 Films
3.1.1 Original trilogy
3.1.2 Prequel trilogy
3.1.3 Sequel trilogy
3.1.4 Solo
3.1.5 The Clone Wars
3.1.6 Comic books
3.2 Legends
3.2.1 Television
3.2.2 Books
3.2.3 Video games
4 Reception
4.1 Awards
5 References
6 External links
Character
Chewbacca, a 200-year-old Wookiee, becomes Han Solo's companion after Han, an Imperial officer at the time, refused an order to kill him, for which Han was dismissed from the Imperial Navy and became a smuggler. Wookiee tradition demands that if anyone saves a Wookiee's life, the Wookiee must swear a lifedebt to them and as such, Chewbacca protected Han for the rest of his life, and served as his co-pilot on the Millennium Falcon.[1] Standing at 8 feet tall, Chewbacca is covered with long hair, and wears only a bandolier. His weapon of choice is the Wookiee bowcaster (a crossbow-shaped directed-energy weapon).[3] Chewbacca was named one of the "greatest sidekicks" in film history by Entertainment Weekly.[4]
In other countries
In France, in Episode IV, his name was changed to "Chiktaba"[5] because the English name was similar to "chewing tobacco", which means in French "tabac à mâcher" or "tabac à chiquer", similar to "Chiktaba". In the other episodes, his name was "Chewbacca".
In the Italian-language editions, Chewbacca is named "Chewbecca" (Italian pronunciation: [tʃubɛkka/tʃubekka]) and is nicknamed "Ciube" (Italian pronunciation: [tʃube]).
Creation
Chewbacca's creation as a "gentle, hairy, non-English-speaking co-pilot" was inspired by George Lucas seeing his own dog sitting up on the passenger seat of his car.[6] It is said that Chewbacca's name is derived from собака (sobaka), the Russian word for dog.[7]
In all five screen appearances, Chewbacca was played by Peter Mayhew, who was chosen for his height of 7'3" (2.2 m).[8] Five identical costumes were made for Mayhew: in the three original films and a holiday special, the suits were made of yak hair and mohair. In Revenge of the Sith, the suit was made of more comfortable materials, though Mayhew's filming only lasted a day. Only Mayhew's blue eyes could be seen in his costume, but fans easily recognize him by his gestures, and his co-workers claimed the ability to tell when a stand-in was taking his place.[9]
Chewbacca's voice was created by the original films' sound designer, Ben Burtt, from recordings of walruses, lions, camels, bears, rabbits, tigers, and badgers in Burtt's personal menagerie.[9] The individual recordings were mixed at different ratios for Chewbacca's different utterances. One of the most prominent elements in the voice was a black bear named Tarik, from Happy Hollow Zoo in San Jose, California.[10]
The original costume was created by Stuart Freeborn and his wife Kay Freeborn, who hand knitted the torso section. During preproduction of The Force Awakens, Creature Effects Supervisor Neal Scanlan commented that the original suit was far more sophisticated than they had originally realized, leading him to entirely scrap their first attempt at making the new suit, go back and study Freeborn's work in order to better appreciate how it worked, and attempt to emulate it.[11]
Appearances
Films
Original trilogy
First appearing in Star Wars (1977), Chewbacca and Han Solo accept a charter to take Luke Skywalker, Obi-Wan Kenobi, and droids C-3PO and R2-D2 to the planet Alderaan.[12] When they find the planet destroyed by the Death Star, the two smugglers are drawn into the Rebel Alliance. As part of a plan to rescue Leia, Luke tries to put handcuffs on Chewbacca to make it look like he's a prisoner. Chewbacca almost attacks Luke believing him to be selling him and Solo out, but Han explains that he knows what Luke has in mind and convinces the Wookiee to play along. After rescuing Leia and taking her to the rebel base on Yavin IV, the two smugglers are given reward money in the value of a payload lost by him to which he owes Jabba The Hutt. Somehow, Chewbacca is able to convince Han to put his debt to Jabba aside for the time being and help The Rebels in their fight against the evil Galactic Empire's Death Star. They manage to save Luke from being killed, also allowing him to be the one to destroy the space station.
In The Empire Strikes Back (1980), Chewbacca finds a dismantled C-3PO in a junk pile in Cloud City and rescues him from being melted down. He later tries to repair him, but does a terrible job at it. Before Han is frozen in carbonite, he asks Chewbacca to look after Princess Leia for him. When Lando Calrissian is able to save Leia and Chewbacca from being taken to Darth Vader's ship, he uncuffs the Wookie, who upon release starts strangling him for selling them out. When Lando explains that they still have a chance to save Han, Leia has Chewbacca stop choking him. Even though they're unsuccessful at saving the frozen Han, they make it back to the Falcon with R2-D2. Chewbacca carried C-3PO on his back throughout their escape to the Falcon. When Leia hears Luke's cry for help, she has Chewbacca turn the ship around to rescue him. After doing so, they attempt the jump to lightspeed but fail, even after Lando's men fixed it. Chewbacca is furious at Lando and goes to fix it himself, having spent part of the movie trying to do so. What none of them except for R2-D2 realize is that the hyperdrive had been deactivated by the Empire, which R2-D2 had learned from Cloud City's central computer while helping them escape. Admiral Firmus Piett's men disguised themselves as Lando's repairmen and deactivated the hyperdrive as part of Vader's plan to capture Luke and turn him to the dark side of the Force, but R2-D2 is able to fix it allowing them to make the jump to hyperspeed and get to the Rebel fleet. While Luke heals and is given a robotic right hand to replace the one he lost against Vader, Lando and Chewbacca prepare to leave to find Jabba the Hutt and Boba Fett and rescue Han.
In Return of the Jedi (1983), Chewbacca pretends to be the prisoner of a bounty hunter named Boushh, which is actually Leia in disguise as part of Luke's plan to rescue Han from Jabba the Hutt. During the Battle of Endor, Chewbacca and some Ewoks commandeer an AT-ST from the empire and use it to shoot down other walkers and imperial troops.[13]
Prequel trilogy
In the 2005 prequel film Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith, Chewbacca and Tarfful fight in the Clone Wars when their planet Kashyyyk is invaded by the Separatist Alliance. They also help Yoda escape his clone troopers, who had been ordered to kill him. Chewbacca is not identified until Yoda says goodbye to him at the end of a scene.
Sequel trilogy
On April 7, 2014, it was confirmed that Mayhew would reprise his role as Chewbacca in Star Wars: The Force Awakens. In the film, set 30 years after Return of the Jedi, he and Han are piloting a cargo vessel and find the Millennium Falcon, which had been stolen from them. Chewbacca and Han help the rogue stormtrooper Finn, the scavenger Rey and the droid BB-8 escape from a gang of mercenaries on board the Falcon. They then fly to Maz Kanata's castle so that Maz could help them get BB-8 to the Resistance. But before Chewbacca and the gang could get Maz's help, the First Order attacks the castle and captures Rey while Chewbacca, Finn, and Han are saved by X-wing pilots led by Poe Dameron. Without Rey, they fly to a Resistance base, where Chewbacca and Han reunite with Leia, C-3PO, and R2-D2. They also soon reunite with Rey, who escaped from the First Order. Chewbacca helps in the fight between the Resistance and First Order. When Han is killed by his son Kylo Ren during the battle, an enraged Chewbacca shoots Ren in the side, leaving him severely weakened, kills many Stormtroopers and then sets off explosives that allow Poe and other X-wing pilots to destroy Starkiller Base, the First Order's battle station. Chewbacca shortly thereafter rescues Rey and Finn from the wilderness of Starkiller Base following their duel with Ren. As Starkiller Base blows up, Chewbacca escapes in the Falcon with Finn and Rey, and later, along with R2-D2, helps Rey find Luke.
Solo
TheWrap reported that Chewbacca will appear in the upcoming film, Solo: A Star Wars Story, which will see a May 25, 2018 release.[14][15][16]
The Clone Wars
In the season 3 finale of Star Wars: The Clone Wars, Chewbacca is captured by Trandoshan hunters, but is freed by Ahsoka Tano and agrees to help her and two younglings escape. He builds a transmitter out of parts from the damaged Trandoshan ship, but it seems unable to work. Later, he and Ahsoka attack the Trandoshan fortress, killing many in sight, before they are found and assisted by other Wookiees led by Tarfful.
Comic books
In 2015, Marvel Comics published a five-issue miniseries titled Chewbacca written by Gerry Duggan and art by Phil Noto.[17] The comic is part of the canon developed subsequent to Disney's acquisition of Lucasfilm in 2012, and the end of Dark Horse Comics' publication of Star Wars comics.[18][19]
Legends
In April 2014, most of the licensed Star Wars novels and comics produced since the originating 1977 film Star Wars were rebranded by Lucasfilm as Star Wars Legends and declared non-canon to the franchise.[20][21][22]
Television
The 1978 television program Star Wars Holiday Special introduces Chewbacca's family: Mallatobuck (his wife), Lumpawarrump (his son) and Attichitcuk, Chief of the Kaapauku Tribe (his father). They live together on Kashyyyk.[23] The Star Wars Holiday Special consisted of a frame story in which Chewbacca and Han must prevent Darth Vader from spoiling Life Day, and get home to be with Chewbacca's family. It aired only once.[24]
Books
Chewbacca appears in the Han Solo Adventures trilogy of books written by Brian Daley, including Han Solo at Stars' End, Han Solo's Revenge and Han Solo and the Lost Legacy, originally published between 1979 and 1980.
Chewbacca's family also appears in the non-canon Star Wars Legends books (Star Wars books published before December 2014), most notably The Wookiee Storybook, The Black Fleet Crisis trilogy by Michael P. Kube-McDowell, and The Hutt Gambit and Rebel Dawn by A. C. Crispin. The latter also introduces other family members, including a sister named Kallabow and cousins named Dryanta and Jowdrrl, as well as the matriarch, Ellen.
In the novel Dark Lord: The Rise of Darth Vader, set just after the events in Revenge of the Sith, Chewbacca is forced to leave Kashyyyk after he narrowly escapes a major Imperial attack on the planet. Darth Vader and Emperor Palpatine enslave most of Kashyyyk's population for forced labor on the construction of the Death Star. To escape, he joins a ship of smugglers who are friendly to the Jedi.
The novel The Hutt Gambit explains how Chewbacca and Han first meet when Han, a lieutenant in the Imperial Navy, finds him unconscious aboard a slave ship. Han's commanding officer orders him to skin Chewbacca, but Han refuses and rescues the helpless prisoner. Upon regaining consciousness, Chewbacca swears a "life-debt" to Han, and the two become business partners and best friends.[25]
In the book Heirs of the Force, part of the Young Jedi Knights series, Chewbacca has a nephew, Kallabow's son named Lowbacca who goes to the Jedi Academy.
In the 1999 novel Vector Prime by R. A. Salvatore, the first in the New Jedi Order series, Chewbacca sacrifices his life to save Han's son Anakin from a collision between the planet Sernpidal and one of its moons. Lumpawarrump and Lowbacca offer to assume Chewbacca's life debt to Han.
Chewbacca appears in the third book of the Origami Yoda series, The Secret of the Fortune Wookie (in origami form) and in some of the subsequent books of the series.
Lucasfilm followed Vector Prime with a four-issue comic book titled Star Wars: Chewbacca, in which C-3PO and R2-D2 travel the galaxy to collect the stories of beings who knew or met the Wookiee.
Video games
In the fighting game Star Wars: Masters of Teräs Käsi, Chewbacca is a playable character.
In Star Wars Jedi Knight: Jedi Academy, Chewbacca appears briefly at the Mos Eisley spaceport as an NPC, assisting Jaden Korr in disabling the tractor beams holding both the Millennium Falcon and the Raven's Claw captive.[26]
In LucasArts' game Kinect Star Wars, the player acts as gunner on a spacecraft piloted by a young Chewbacca.
In Star Wars Battlefront II, Star Wars Battlefront: Renegade Squadron and Star Wars Battlefront: Elite Squadron, Chewbacca is a playable hero on the rebels side.
He was a playable (LEGO version) character in Lego Star Wars: The Original Trilogy and Lego Star Wars: The Video Game as he had a big role in the original trilogy movies but is only in one level in The Video Game. The level is where Chewbacca's home is under attack, Yoda helps him and so at the end of the level Chewbacca and another Wookie lead him to a space pod to escape, just as in the film. He also appeared in Lego Star Wars: The Force Awakens.
Chewbacca will be a playabale character on the Death Star DLC from Star Wars: Battlefront 2015, which will come out in September.[27]
Reception
IGN has been fond of the character, choosing the character as the 9th top Star Wars character,[28] listing his relationship with Han Solo as one of their top 10 movie bromances,[29] claiming him as one of the characters they would like to see in The Clone Wars,[30] and choosing him as one of the characters they would like to see in Star Wars: The Force Unleashed[31] and (along with Han) its sequel.[32] UGO Networks listed the character as "one of the most bad-ass archers in popular culture."[33]
In contrast, Roger Ebert in his 1997 review of the Special Edition re-release of The Empire Strikes Back declared that the character gave the worst performance of the film: "This character was thrown into the first film as window dressing, was never thought through, and as a result has been saddled with one facial expression and one mournful yelp. Much more could have been done. How can you be a space pilot and not be able to communicate in any meaningful way? Does Han Solo really understand Chew's monotonous noises? Do they have long chats sometimes?"[34]
Awards
Chewbacca is one of the few fictional characters to receive a Lifetime Achievement Award at the MTV Movie Awards. Because fans complained that he should have received a medal along with Luke Skywalker and Han Solo at the end of A New Hope, MTV presented the award as a medal bestowed by Carrie Fisher. Peter Mayhew had voiced concern about Chewbacca being skipped in the original medal scene as well, but noted that Chewbacca does get the last "line" in the film as compensation.
References
^ Jump up to: a b Chewbacca Profile, at StarWars.com. Retrieved December 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Why We Still Love Star Wars: A New Chewie". Parade magazine. December 3, 2017. p. 8. Now Joonas Sutamo,....,has taken over the suit full-time from 73-year old actor Peter Mayhew.
Jump up ^ Sansweet, Stephen J. (1998-06-30). The Star Wars Encyclopedia (1st ed.). Del Rey. ISBN 0-345-40227-8.
Jump up ^ Ben Schott, Schott's Miscellany Calendar 2009 (New York: Workman Publishing, 2008), March 21.
Jump up ^ http://cinema.jeuxactu.com/news-cinema-star-wars-quand-chewbacca-s-appelait-chiktaba-et-han-solo-yan-28943.htm
Jump up ^ George Lucas, in DVD bonus disc documentary, "Characters of Star Wars"
Jump up ^ "FilmSmarts.com - Chewbacca from Star Wars". filmsmarts.com.
Jump up ^ The Characters of Star Wars Star Wars Original Trilogy DVD Box Set: Bonus Materials
^ Jump up to: a b Peter Mayhew Biography, at Screenrush. Retrieved January 8, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Chewbacca". StarWars.com.
Jump up ^ Poland, David (14 January 2016). "DP/30: Star Wars: The Force Awakens - The On-Set FX Supervisors" (Video interview). YouTube. Los Angeles. Retrieved 15 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Star Wars Episode IV
Jump up ^ Star Wars Episodes V & VI
Jump up ^ "Christopher Miller and Phil Lord to Helm Han Solo Anthology Film". StarWars.com. Retrieved 19 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Maglio, Tony; Snider, Jeff (March 8, 2016). "Chewbacca to Appear in New Han Solo Movie, Confirms Disney's Bob Iger". The Wrap.
Jump up ^ Yee, Lawrence; Blacklow, Jeremy (November 11, 2016). "Alden Ehrenreich Teases Han Solo Spinoff, Younger Chewbacca". Variety.
Jump up ^ "Exclusive: 'Star Wars' Spins Off 'Chewbacca' Into His Own Solo Adventures". MTV News. Retrieved 2016-01-19.
Jump up ^ "A complete guide to the new Star Wars canon before The Force Awakens". The Verge. Retrieved 2016-01-19.
Jump up ^ "Disney buys Lucasfilm for $4 billion". USA TODAY. Retrieved 2016-01-19.
Jump up ^ McMilian, Graeme (April 25, 2014). "Lucasfilm Unveils New Plans for Star Wars Expanded Universe". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved May 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Legendary Star Wars Expanded Universe Turns a New Page". StarWars.com. April 25, 2014. Retrieved May 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Disney and Random House announce relaunch of Star Wars Adult Fiction line". StarWars.com. April 25, 2014. Retrieved May 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ Berman, John; Ted Gerstein (2007-12-20). "Holiday Specials Gone Bad; The 'Star Wars Holiday Special' Flop Lives On". ABC News.
Jump up ^ "Star Wars Holiday Special". starwarsholidayspecial.com.
Jump up ^ Hutt Gambit
Jump up ^ Jedi Academy
Jump up ^ Krupa, Daniel (16 July 2016). "Star Wars Celebration 2016: Chewbacca and Bossk Confirmed for Battlefront". ign.com. Retrieved 18 July 2016.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Star Wars Characters". IGN. Archived from the original on August 17, 2010. Retrieved 12 January 2011.
Jump up ^ Scott Collura (18 March 2009). "Top 10 Movie Bromances". IGN. Archived from the original on 21 May 2011. Retrieved 12 January 2011.
Jump up ^ Eric Goldman (11 November 2010). "Star Wars: The Clone Wars - Characters We'd Like to See". IGN. Retrieved 12 January 2011.
Jump up ^ Jesse Schedeen (21 July 2008). "Players Wanted: The Force Unleashed". IGN. Retrieved 12 January 2011.
Jump up ^ Jesse Schedeen (10 September 2008). "Players Wanted: The Force Unleashed 2". IGN. Retrieved 12 January 2011.
Jump up ^ T J Dietsch (13 May 2010). "The 11 Most Bad-Ass Archers in Pop Culture". UGO Networks. Archived from the original on 16 July 2010. Retrieved 12 January 2011.
Jump up ^ Roger Ebert (21 February 1997). "The Empire Strikes Back". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
External links
Chewbacca in the StarWars.com Databank
Chewbacca on Wookieepedia, a Star Wars wiki
Chewbacca on IMDb
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text:
If It Wasn't for the Nights
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
"If It Wasn't for the Nights"
Song by ABBA
from the album Voulez-Vous
Released
April 23, 1979
Recorded
November 8, 1978
Genre
Pop, disco, R&B
Length
5:11
Label
Polar Music
Songwriter(s)
Benny Andersson, Björn Ulvaeus
Producer(s)
Benny Andersson, Björn Ulvaeus
Voulez-Vous track listing
Side A
"As Good as New"
"Voulez-Vous"
"I Have a Dream"
"Angeleyes"
"The King Has Lost His Crown"
Side B
"Does Your Mother Know"
"If It Wasn't for the Nights"
"Chiquitita"
"Lovers (Live a Little Longer)"
"Kisses of Fire"
Music video
"If It Wasn't for the Nights" on YouTube
"If It Wasn't for the Nights" (working title: "Pandemonium") is a song recorded by the Swedish pop group ABBA for their sixth studio album, Voulez-Vous. The song had been remixed, re-recorded, and edited by a total of four times; having been remixed twice for the group's appearance on The Mike Yarwood Show and the ABBA in Japan special, making it 3:42 and 3:50 from the original length, and 5:11, respectively.
It was re-recorded at Miami, Florida by Benny and Björn as an instrumental and was later edited for the Japanese single release of "Slipping Through My Fingers". Originally, the song would be the lead single for the album, Voulez-Vous, but finally, after "Chiquitita" was finished, the plans were shelved. "If It Wasn't for the Nights" became only an album track, remastered four times; first in 1997, then in 2001, and in 2005 as part of the Complete Studio Recordings box set, and yet again in 2010 for the Voulez-Vous Deluxe Edition.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Appearances
3 Cover versions
4 References
5 External links
History[edit]
The song was a reflection of Björn Ulvaeus's state of mind during his divorce, an uptempo song with despairing lyrics where the narrator dreads the end of the working day, when they will be all alone to deal with their own thoughts: "There were times that last autumn I was with Agnetha that I had those nights myself. My lyrics were often based around fiction, but that must have been where that one came from."[1]
Appearances[edit]
Along with "Chiquitita", "If It Wasn't for the Nights" was one of ABBA's songs that has no custom-made music video. The performance on the Mike Yarwood Christmas Show serves as an unofficial music video. It was first performed for the special, ABBA in Japan, then on stage on The Mike Yarwood Christmas Show on December 1978.
Cover versions[edit]
Singer Hazell Dean included a dance cover of the song for her 1996 album The Winner Takes It All: Hazell Dean Sings ABBA.
A hi-NRG/eurodance cover by Abbacadabra can be found on the 2008 compilation We Love ABBA: The Mamma Mia Dance Compilation, released through Almighty Records. An audio sample can be heard on the official Almighty Records website.[2]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Jonze, Tim (2014-04-10). "Abba on drugs, Eminem and why writing great pop is a job for young people". theguardian.com. Retrieved 10 April 2014.
Jump up ^ http://www.almightyrecords.com/product/ALMY379/
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
[hide]
v
t
e
ABBA songs
Discography
Ring Ring
"Ring Ring"
"Another Town, Another Train"
"Disillusion"
"People Need Love"
"I Saw It in the Mirror"
"Nina, Pretty Ballerina"
"Love Isn't Easy (But It Sure Is Hard Enough)"
"Me and Bobby and Bobby's Brother"
"He Is Your Brother"
"She's My Kind of Girl"
"Rock'n Roll Band"
Waterloo
"Waterloo"
"King Kong Song"
"Hasta Mañana"
"My Mama Said"
"Honey, Honey"
"What About Livingstone?"
ABBA
"Mamma Mia"
"Hey, Hey Helen"
"SOS"
"Bang-A-Boomerang"
"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do"
"Rock Me"
"Intermezzo No. 1"
"I've Been Waiting for You"
"So Long"
Greatest Hits
"Fernando"
Arrival
"When I Kissed the Teacher"
"Dancing Queen"
"My Love, My Life"
"Dum Dum Diddle"
"Knowing Me, Knowing You"
"Money, Money, Money"
"That's Me"
"Tiger"
"Arrival"
ABBA: The Album
"Eagle"
"Take a Chance on Me"
"One Man, One Woman"
"The Name of the Game"
"Move On"
"Hole in Your Soul"
"Thank You for the Music"
"I Wonder (Departure)"
"I'm a Marionette"
Voulez-Vous
"As Good as New"
"Voulez-Vous"
"I Have a Dream"
"Angeleyes"
"The King Has Lost His Crown"
"Does Your Mother Know"
"If It Wasn't for the Nights"
"Chiquitita"
"Lovers (Live a Little Longer)"
"Kisses of Fire"
Greatest Hits Vol. 2
"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)"
"Summer Night City"
Super Trouper
"Super Trouper"
"The Winner Takes It All"
"On and On and On"
"Andante, Andante"
"Me and I"
"Happy New Year"
"Our Last Summer"
"The Piper"
"Lay All Your Love on Me"
The Visitors
"The Visitors"
"Head over Heels"
"When All Is Said and Done"
"Soldiers"
"I Let the Music Speak"
"One of Us"
"Two for the Price of One"
"Slipping Through My Fingers"
"Like an Angel Passing Through My Room"
The Singles:
The First Ten Years
"The Day Before You Came"
"Under Attack"
Other songs
"Merry-Go-Round"
"Elaine"
"Put On Your White Sombrero"
"You Owe Me One"
Unreleased songs
Book
Category
Template
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=If_It_Wasn%27t_for_the_Nights&oldid=801060501"
Categories:
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1979 songs
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