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Law enforcement in India
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Maharashtra Police personnel keeping a vigil during a public protest, 2012
Law enforcement in India is performed by numerous law enforcement agencies. Like many federal nations, the nature of the Constitution of India mandates law and order as a subject of the state, therefore the bulk of the policing lies with the respective states and territories of India.
At the federal level, the many agencies are part of the Union Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA), and support the states in their duties. Larger cities also operate Police Commissionerates, under respective state police. All senior police officers in the state police forces, as well as those in the federal agencies, are members of the Indian Police Service (IPS).
Contents
[hide]
1 Central agencies
1.1 Ministry of Home Affairs
1.2 Central Armed Police Forces
1.2.1 Border Security Force
1.2.2 Central Industrial Security Force
1.2.3 Central Reserve Police Force
1.2.4 Indo-Tibetan Border Police
1.2.5 National Security Guards
1.2.6 Special Protection Group
1.2.7 Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB)
1.3 Central investigation and intelligence institutions
1.3.1 Central Bureau of Investigation
1.3.2 Indian Income-tax Department
1.3.3 Directorate of Revenue Intelligence
1.3.4 Central Economic Intelligence Bureau
1.3.5 Directorate General of Central Excise Intelligence
1.3.6 National Investigation Agency
1.3.7 Narcotics Control Bureau
1.3.8 Bureau of Police Research & Development (BPR&D)
1.3.9 National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB)
1.4 Central forensic institutions
1.4.1 Central Forensic Science Laboratory
1.4.2 LNJN National Institute of Criminology and Forensic Sciences (LNJN-NICFS)
2 State police
2.1 Uniforms
2.2 Organisation
2.3 Criminal Investigation Department
2.4 Police Commissionerates
2.5 Traffic Police
2.6 State Armed Police Forces
3 Selection and Training
4 Transport
5 Weapons and equipment
6 See also
7 References
Central agencies[edit]
CISF personnel at Red Fort, Delhi
The central agencies are controlled by the central Government of India. The majority of federal law enforcement agencies are controlled by the Ministry of Home Affairs. The head of each of the federal law enforcement agencies is always an Indian Police Service (IPS) officer. The constitution assigns responsibility for maintaining law and order to the states and territories, and almost all routine policing—including apprehension of criminals—is carried out by state-level police forces. The constitution also permits the central government to participate in police operations and organisation by authorising the creation of Indian Police Service.
Central police forces can assist the state's police force, but only if so requested by the state governments. In practice, the central government has largely observed these limits. During the Emergency of 1975-77, the constitution was amended (effective 1 February 1976) to permit the central government to dispatch and deploy its Central Armed Police forces without regard to the wishes of the states. This action proved unpopular, and the use of the Central Police Forces was controversial. After the Emergency was lifted, the constitution was amended in December 1978 to make deployment of central Police forces once again dependent on the consent of the state government.
An armoured vehicle of the Mumbai Police Force. After the recent attack on Mumbai all metropolitan police which are under the command of the Central Government have paramilitary type forces affiliated with them
Ministry of Home Affairs[edit]
Main article: Ministry of Home Affairs (India)
The principal national-level organisation concerned with law enforcement is the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA), which supervises a large number of government functions and agencies operated and administered by the central government. The ministry is concerned with all matters pertaining to the maintenance of public peace and order, the staffing and administration of the public services, the delineation of internal boundaries, and the administration of union territories.
In addition of being the cadre controlling authority of the Indian Police Service (IPS), the Ministry of Home Affairs maintains several agencies and organisations dealing with police and security. Police in the union territories comes directly under MHA.
The Minister of Home Affairs is the cabinet minister responsible for Ministry of Home Affairs, whereas the Home Secretary, an Indian Administrative Service (IAS) officer, acts as the administrative head of Ministry of Home Affairs.
Central Armed Police Forces[edit]
Main article: Central Armed Police Forces
Border Security Force[edit]
The Indian Border Security Force (BSF) is responsible for policing India's land borders during peacetime and preventing trans-border crimes. It is a central police force operating under the Union Ministry of Home Affairs. It performs a variety of duties ranging from VIP security to election duties, from guarding of vital installations to counter-naxal operations.
Women personnel of Border Security Force
The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 demonstrated the inadequacies of the then existing border management system and led to the formation of the Border Security Force as a unified central armed police force with the specific mandate of guarding India's international boundary with Pakistan. The BSF's policing capabilities were used in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 against the Pakistani Armed Forces in areas which were least threatened. During wartime or upon orders from the central government BSF operates under the command of the Indian Army. BSF troops took part in the Battle of Longewala in 1971 in this capacity. After the 1971 war which led to the creation of Bangladesh, the responsibility for policing the border with Bangladesh was also assigned to Border Security Force.
Although originally charged with guarding India's external boundaries, the BSF has more recently been given the task of counter-insurgency and counter-terrorism operations. When the insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir broke out in 1989, the Jammu and Kashmir state police and the thinly-deployed Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) needed extra force to cope with the spiralling violence, the Indian government deployed the BSF to Jammu and Kashmir to combat Kashmiri militants.
BSF operates a Tear-Smoke Unit situated at BSF Academy, Takenpur, Gwalior (M P), which supplies teargas and smoke shells for riot prevention to all of the state police forces. BSF operates Dog Squads and runs the National Dog Training and Research Centre. BSF is one of several Indian police forces which has its own Air and Water wings. It provides helicopter, dog and other support services to the State Police.
Central Industrial Security Force[edit]
The primary task of CISF is providing industrial security.[1][better source needed] The Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) is used to guard industrial installations around the country owned by the Central government as well as securing seaports and airports. CISF also provides security to certain NGOs. They provide security for atomic power plants, space installations, mints, oil fields and refineries, major ports, heavy engineering plants, steel plants, barrages, fertilizer units, airports, hydroelectric/thermal power plants and other installations partially or wholly run by the government.[2][better source needed]
Central Reserve Police Force[edit]
The Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) is one of the largest Central Police organisations in the world.[citation needed] Its main objective is to assist and help states and union territories' law enforcement agencies in maintaining law and order and to contain insurgency. It is also deployed as anti-terrorist unit in various regions. It is even operating abroad as part of United Nations peacekeeping missions. It performs a variety of duties ranging from VIP security to election duties, from guarding of vital installations to the counter-naxal operations.
Indo-Tibetan Border Police[edit]
The Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) is one of the five main Central Armed Police Forces, responsible for security along the Indo-Tibetan Border, covering 2115 km. The ITBP personnel are trained in the fields of law & order, military tactics, jungle warfare, counter insurgency and internal security
ITBP is an elite and agile force with a strength of about 90,000 personnel. It is involved in war-time and peace-time duties at the border and the surrounding areas.
National Security Guards[edit]
The National Security Guards (NSG) is a commando unit originally created for counter-terrorism and hostage rescue missions. Raised in 1986, it is popularly known as the "Black Cats" for the uniform worn by its operators. Like most military and elite security units in India, it is media-shy and the general Indian public is largely unaware of its capabilities and operational details.
The NSG draws its core members from the Indian Army and the balance support staff from various central police units. It is India's premier counter-terror outfit and is typically deployed in situations that would be beyond the capabilities of regular police units. An NSG team with a dedicated transport aircraft is always stationed at Palam airport in New Delhi, ready to deploy in 30 minutes. The NSG has also been increasingly tasked with protection of VIPs. This role has expanded in recent years, as several politicians have come to view NSG protection as a status symbol. This has caused some concern among senior NSG officers and Home Ministry officials.[citation needed]
Special Protection Group[edit]
The Special Protection Group (SPG) is the executive protection agency of the Government of India. It is responsible for the protection of the Prime Minister of India, and his/her immediate families. The force was established in 1985 after the assassination of Indira Gandhi. It provides the security 24 by 7 all over India to Prime Minister including ex prime Ministers and their Family Members at any location across India.
Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB)[edit]
The Sashastra Seema Bal, formed in the year 1963, is one of the five main Central Armed Police Forces, deployed at the Indo-Nepal and Indo-Bhutan borders. SSB is a dedicated Central Armed Police Force having more than 82,000 personnel. The SSB personnel are trained in the fields of law & order, military tactics, jungle warfare, counter insurgency and internal security. SSB personnel also serve in the Intelligence Bureau(IB), Research and Analysis Wing(RAW), Special Protection Group(SPG), National Security Guards(NSG) etc. on deputations. The officers start from the level of an Assistant Commandant(A.C), equivalent to the Deputy Superintendent of Police(Dy.SP) in a state and retire at the rank of Inspector General(IG).
Central investigation and intelligence institutions[edit]
Central Bureau of Investigation[edit]
The Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) is India's premier investigative agency, responsible for a wide variety of criminal and national security matters. It is often cited to have been established from The Delhi Special Police Establishment Act, 1946. However it must be noted that it was formed not by the Delhi state government but by the Central Government (Home Ministry) which controls the police in Delhi. The CBI thus, was formed by a mere resolution by the Central government than by legislation. This led to a case whereby the constitutionality of this government agency was questioned in the Narendra Kumar vs Union of India case in the High Court of Gauhati, Assam because the matter of all areas of policing (arrests, searches, etc.) is exclusive to state governments whereas the CBI was formed by the Central government with all the areas of policing when such powers regarding policing, are not given to the Central Government. The Gauhati High Court ruled that despite the lack of legislation, the CBI is a formal and authorized agency of the Central government to carry out policing all across the nation. The case was appealed to The Supreme Court of India which also stayed the High Court order in light of the fact that not only does India need a Central Police Force for policing for better integration in law and order but also the fact that the CBI had helped to carry out several pending cases and led to successes in investigations regarding infamous events such as the Anti-Sikh riots, the 2G spectrum scam, etc.
The Central Bureau of Investigation is controlled by the Department of Personnel and Training in the Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions of the Union Government usually headed by a Union Minister who reports directly to the Prime Minister. It is India’s official Interpol unit. The CBI draws its officers from the best IPS and IRS officers around the country. It is responsible for investigation into various crimes and national security matters. The agency specializes in investigating crimes involving high ranking government officials and politicians and in some instances, criminal cases that don't necessarily involve politicians or high-ranking officials, have been referred to the agency for investigation because of media and public pressure because of incompetency from the local police investigations.
Indian Income-tax Department[edit]
Main articles: Directorate General of Income Tax Investigation, Investigation Division of the Central Board of Direct Taxes, and Chief Commissioner of Income Tax Central
Helicopters of Directorate of Income tax (Criminal Investigation) are supplied by the Indian Air Force.
The Indian Income-tax Department is India's premier financial agency, responsible for a wide variety of financial and fiscal matters.The Tax department is controlled by the Department of Revenue in the Ministry of Finance of the Union Government headed by a Union Minister who reports directly to the Prime Minister.The CBDT is a part of Department of Revenue in the Ministry of Finance. On one hand, CBDT provides essential inputs for policy and planning of direct taxes in India, at the same time it is also responsible for administration of direct tax laws through the Income Tax Department. The Central Board of Direct Taxes is a statutory authority functioning under the Central Board of Revenue Act, 1963. The officials of the Board in their ex-officio capacity also function as a Division of the Ministry dealing with matters relating to levy and collection of direct taxes and matters of tax evasion and revenue intelligence.It is India’s official FATF unit. The Income tax Department draws its officers from the Indian Revenue Service officers around the country. It is responsible for investigation into various economic crimes and tax evasion.The special agents and agents are able to carry firearms when they are posted in the Directorate of Criminal Investigation (DCI) in the I-T department.
The DCI is headed by the Director General of Intelligence (Income Tax) which was created to tackle the menace of black money with cross-border ramifications.The revamp is aimed at launching 'un-intrusive' investigations against "persons and transactions suspected to be involved in criminal activities having cross-border, inter-state or international ramifications, that pose a threat to national security and are punishable under the direct tax laws."
The commissioners of the intelligence directorate of I-T who are posted in cities like Delhi, Chandigarh, Jaipur, Ahmedabad, Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata and Lucknow will also take up criminal investigation work under the DCI. The intelligence wing of the I-T department has the Central Information Branch (CIB) under it, which is a repository of classified and exhaustive data on taxpayers' financial transactions.
Directorate of Revenue Intelligence[edit]
The Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI) is an intelligence-based organisation responsible for the co-ordination of India's anti-smuggling efforts. Officers in this organisation are drawn from the Indian Revenue Service (I.R.S.) and the Group 'B' gazetted/Non-gazetted cadre of the Central Board of Excise and Customs
Central Economic Intelligence Bureau[edit]
The Central Economic Intelligence Bureau (CEIB) is an Indian intelligence agency responsible for gathering information and monitoring the economic and financial sectors for economic offences and warfare
Directorate General of Central Excise Intelligence[edit]
The Directorate General of Central Excise Intelligence (DGCEI) earlier known as the Directorate General of Anti-Evasion is an intelligence-based organisation responsible for the detection of tax evasion cases related to Central Excise Duty and Service tax. Officers in this organisation are drawn from the Indian Revenue Service (I.R.S.) and the Group 'B' gazetted/Non-gazetted cadre of the Central Board of Excise and Customs.
National Investigation Agency[edit]
National Investigation Agency (NIA) is the central agency to combat terror in India. The agency is empowered to deal with terror related crimes across states without special permission from the states. The National Investigation Agency Bill 2008 to create the agency was moved in Parliament by Union Home Minister on 16 December 2008.[3][4][5] The NIA was created in response to the Nov 2008 Mumbai terror attacks as need for a central agency to combat terrorism was found. It also deals with drug trafficking and currency counterfeiting. It draws its officers from IRS and IPS.
Narcotics Control Bureau[edit]
Main article: Narcotics Control Bureau
The NCB is responsible for anti-narcotic operations all over the country. It checks the spread of contraband as well as the cultivation of drugs. The officers in this organisation are drawn from IPS and IRS.
Bureau of Police Research & Development (BPR&D)[edit]
The Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&D) was set up on 28 August 1970 in furtherance of the objective of the Government of India for the modernization of Police Forces. It is involved in a research, relating to problems confronting the Indian police, the training of different ranks of Police in India, and the introduction of technology at both federal and state levels.
National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB)[edit]
Main article: National Crime Records Bureau
The National Police Commission in 1979 recommended the creation of a "Nodal Agency" which suggested the maintenance of criminal records at all the police stations in the country and to create shareable databases at police stations and districts and at state and federal Level.
On this recommendation NCRB was created in 1986 with amalgamation of the Directorate of Coordination Police Computers, Central Finger Print Bureau, Data Section of Coordination Division of Central Bureau of Investigation and Statistical Section of the Bureau of Police Research and Development.
Central forensic institutions[edit]
Central Forensic Science Laboratory[edit]
The Central Forensic Science Laboratory (CFSL) is a wing of the Indian Ministry of Home Affairs, which fulfils the forensic requirements in the country. It houses the only DNA repository in South and Southeast Asia.
There are seven central forensic laboratories in India, at Hyderabad, Kolkata, Bhopal, Chandigarh, Pune, Gauhati and New Delhi. CFSL Hyderabad is centre of excellence in chemical sciences, CFSL Kolkata in biological sciences and CFSL Chandigarh in physical sciences. These laboratories are under the control of the Directorate of Forensic Science (DFS) of the Ministry of Home Affairs. The laboratory in New Delhi is under the control of the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) and investigates cases on its behalf.
LNJN National Institute of Criminology and Forensic Sciences (LNJN-NICFS)[edit]
The National Institute of Criminology and Forensic Science (formerly the "Institute of Criminology and Forensic Science") came into existence on 4 January 1972 on the recommendations of a Committee appointed by the University Grants Commission (UGC) to look into the applied aspects of education, training and research in the fields of Criminology and Forensic Science to commensurate with the growing needs of the country in general and the Criminal Justice System in India in particular. In September 1979, the Institute was constituted as a separate department under the Ministry of Home Affairs headed by a full-time Director. It is headed by senior IPS officers. The present Director is Shri Sandeep Mittal, IPS, who is a renowned expert in cyber security and defence. The Institute also has capacity for training and teaching roles for cybercrime investigations. The Institute conducts research in various aspects of criminoloy and forensics including cyber forensics.The words LNJN in its name indicate Lok Nayak Jaya Prakash Narayan. It is declared as a science and technology organisation by Department of Science and Technology. Over the years, the Institute has become a dependable name in capacity building of Criminal Justice Administration in India.
State police[edit]
Main article: List of state police forces of India
An armed police constable
The controlling authority of a State Police force is the Department of Home of the State Government. The Additional Chief Secretary (Home) or Principal Secretary (Home), generally an Indian Administrative Service (IAS) officer, acts the agency executive of the State Home Department, whereas the Chief Minister of the State or the State Cabinet Minister for Home is the Minister responsible for the State Home Department.
Each state and union territory of India has a state police force, headed by a Director General of Police ranked IPS officer.
The state police is responsible for maintaining law and order in townships of the state and the rural areas.
States such as West Bengal, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra have taken steps to get their police force trained by advanced police training schools notably the Scotland Yard, Atlanta City Police of the USA and the World Police Academy of Canada. The Tamil Nadu state police is at the forefront of advancement with the Tamil Nadu Police Academy which now is seeking university status. Kerala Police is also the first police force in South Asia, to adopt community policing for effective and pro-public friendly initiatives and action.
The Police Act of 1861 established the fundamental principles of organisation for police forces in India, and, with minor modifications, continues in effect. Consequently, although state-level police forces are separate and may differ in terms of the quality of equipment and resources, their patterns of organisation and operation are markedly similar.
The DGP or IGP, answerable to the administrative head of Home Department of the state, who generally is an Indian Administrative Service (IAS) officer of the rank of Additional Chief Secretary to State Government or Principal Secretary to State Government. Under the inspector general are a number of police "ranges" composed of three to six districts, headed by deputy inspectors general. District police headquarters are commanded by Superintendents of Police (SP). District Superintendents of Police (SP) have wide discretionary powers and are responsible for overseeing subordinate police stations as well as specialty elements, such as criminal investigation detachments, equipment storehouses and armories, and traffic police.
Most preventive police work is carried out by constables assigned to police stations. Depending on the number of stations there, a district may be subdivided and, in some states, further divided into police "circles" to facilitate the supervision from district headquarters. Most of the major metropolitan areas such as Mumbai, Kolkata and Madras have Police Commissionerates, working under the State Police, headed by commissioners. Police in the states and union territories are assisted by units of volunteer Home Guards, maintained under guidelines formulated by the Ministry of Home Affairs.
In most states and territories, police forces are functionally divided into civil (unarmed) police and armed contingents. The former, staffs police stations, conduct investigations, answer routine complaints, perform traffic duties, and patrol the streets. They usually carry lathis—bamboo staffs weighted or tipped with iron.
Contingents of armed police are divided into two groups, the district armed police and the Provincial Armed Constabulary (Pradeshik). The district armed police are organised along the lines of an army infantry battalion. They are assigned to police stations and perform guard and escort duties. Those states that maintain distinct armed contingents employ them as a reserve strike force for emergencies. Such units are organised either as a mobile armed force under direct state control or in the case of district armed police (who are not as well equipped) as a force directed by district superintendents and generally used for riot-control duty.
The Provincial Armed Constabulary is an armed reserve maintained at key locations in some states and active only on orders from the deputy inspector general and higher-level authorities. Armed constabulary are not usually in contact with the public until they are assigned to VIP duty or assigned to maintain order during fairs, festivals, athletic events, elections, and natural disasters. They may also be sent to quell outbreaks of student or labour unrest, organised crime, and communal riots; to maintain key guard posts; and to participate in antiterrorist operations. Depending on the type of assignment, the Provincial Armed Constabulary may carry only lathis.
At all levels, the senior police officers answer to the police chain of command and respond to the general direction and control of designated civilian officials. In the municipal force, the chain of command runs directly to the state home secretary rather than to the district superintendent or district officials.
Working conditions and pay are poor, especially in the lower echelons of the police forces. Recruits receive only around ₹,9000 per month (about US$150). Opportunities for promotion are limited because of the system of horizontal entry into higher grades. Allegations of bribery, attributable to the low pay and poor working conditions, have been widespread.
Since the late 1980s, women have entered in larger numbers into the higher echelons of the Indian police, mostly through the Indian Police Service system. Women police officers were first used in 1972, and a number of women hold key positions in various state police organisations. However, their absolute numbers, regardless of rank, are small. Uniformed and undercover women police officers have been deployed in New Delhi as the Anti-Eve Teasing Squad, which combats sexual harassment against women ("Eves"). Several women-only police stations have also been established in Tamil Nadu to handle sex crimes against women.
A 2016 commentary on Maharashtra State Police, which explains why reform is needed[6]
Uniforms[edit]
Police uniforms of state police/local police varies widely according to grade, region, and kind of duty performed.Though the main service uniform for state police is the same: A khaki dress but in some cities like Kolkata have "white" colored uniforms as standard issue, headgear like beret, peaked cap differs according to the rank and state. Officers usually wear a peaked cap while constables whereas, wear berets.[7] The other branches like CBI do not have a fixed uniform and have a formal attire (shirt, tie, blazer etc.) with a badge. Special service armed police have different tactical uniforms with gear according to their role and function. Traffic police generally wears a white uniform.[8][better source needed]
Organisation[edit]
Police Commissioner of Pune, India, in 2010. Her insignia indicates her rank of DGP or Additional DGP.
State Police is headed by an IPS officer in the rank of Director General of Police (DGP) is assisted by 2 or more Additional Director General of Police (ADG). Other DG rank officers head autonomous bodies which are not under the direct control of DGP such State Police Recruitment Board, Fire Service, Police Training etc.
State forces are organised into Zones which consists of 2 or more Ranges & Zone of more importance is headed by an Additional Director General of Police (ADG), while other zones are headed by a Inspector General of Police (IG).
Ranges consists of several districts & Range of more importance is headed by an Inspector General of Police (IG), while other ranges are headed by a Deputy Inspector General of Police (DIG).
District of more importance is headed by a Senior Superintendent of Police (SSP), while other districts are headed by a Superintendent of Police (SP).
In case SSP is heading the district, then he/she is assisted by two or more SP's. If SP is heading the district then he/she is generally assisted by one or sometime two Additional SP's.
Each district is divided into Sub-Divisions or Circles and will be under the command of a Deputy Superintendent of Police (DSP).
Each sub-Division is made up of several Police Stations under the command of an Inspector of Police who in turn is assisted by Sub-Inspector (SI's) & Assistant Sub-Inspector (ASI's). As per the various Indian laws, Sub-Inspector (and above) are the only officers who can file a charge sheet in the court.
District Superintendents of Police (SP) are not empowered as executive magistrates, in Districts, the District Magistrate and Collector (DM/Collector), who is an Indian Administrative Service (IAS) officer, exercises these powers, such as promulgating Section 144 and granting arms licenses.
Criminal Investigation Department[edit]
Further information: Criminal Investigation Department
CID is constituted in each district under a Deputy Inspector General of Police for the purpose of collating and distributing information regarding organised crimes.
Police Commissionerates[edit]
Chennai City Mounted Police officers patrolling in their khaki-colored uniforms during a cricket match.
Some cities in India follow the Police Commissionerate System, such as Barrackpore Police Commissionerate in Kolkata. The Chief of Police Commissionerate is the Police Commissioner. Reporting to the Police Commissioner are the Joint Police Commissioner, Deputy Commissioner of Police and Assistant Commissioner of Police.
Commissioners of Police and their deputies are empowered as executive magistrates, and hence are empowered to promulgate Section 144 and to grant arms license.
The majority of police commissionerates are subordinate to the state police, the exception being Kolkata Police, which directly reports to the Home Department of West Bengal government.
Traffic Police[edit]
Highway Police and Traffic Police in the small towns come under the state police, but Traffic Police in the cities come under the metropolitan police and state police. The Traffic Police are responsible for maintaining the smooth flow of traffic and stopping offenders in the city or town, Highway Police are responsible for securing the highways and for catching speeding offenders. Accidents, registrations, vehicle data are all looked by the Traffic Police
State Armed Police Forces[edit]
Main article: State Armed Police Forces
The State Armed Police Forces are organisations which provide the state with policing in particularly violent or serious situations. Such forces are involved with combating banditry and Naxalites. Like the Central Armed Police Forces, they are sometimes known unofficially as "paramilitary forces". Each state police force maintains its own State Armed Police Force (known by names such as Provincial Armed Constabulary (PAC), Special Armed Police, etc.) which is responsible for emergencies and crowd control issues. They are generally activated only on orders from the Additional Commissioner of Police, and higher-level authorities. The armed constabulary do not usually come into contact with the general public unless they are assigned to VIP duty or to maintain order during fairs, festivals, athletic events, elections, and natural disasters. They may also be sent to quell outbreaks of student or labour unrest, organised crime, and communal riots; to maintain key guard posts; and to participate in anti-terrorist operations. Depending on the type of assignment, the Armed Police force may carry only lathis or lethal weapons.
Selection and Training[edit]
The recruitment process differs according to the level of the position, and direct entry (where an applicant does not have to start at the lowest level) is possible. The educational requirements increase with recruitments for higher posts.
The Deputy Superintendents of Police (DSP) or Assistant Superintendents of Police (ACP) are recruited every year by the UPSC (a wing of the central government) by an extremely competitive exam and are appointed into the Indian Police Service. The IPS officers are then assigned to a state force. Superintendents of Police undergo rigorous training for 44 weeks. The training programme also involves external invitees such as lawyers and management consultants. At the end of probation, they undergo an orientation training of few weeks at the assigned state's police academy.
Lower, non-managerial positions are selected by the state or central government and are trained at Police Recruit Schools. The duration of training for inspectors is roughly a year, and for constables is nearly 9 months. The training staff for these schools are drawn from the police force itself.Police are trained in basic law, self-protection, weapon handling etc. from recruit stations best recruits are taken into special forces where they undergo special training.
Recruitment process of State police is maintained by State Police Recruitment Boards. There are some eligibility standards which are set by Indian Government depending upon the demographics of a particular state. Those who fulfill these standards, are selected for recruitment process.
Transport[edit]
Vehicle
Manufacture
Notes
Picture
Tata Safari India Used by tactical police forces like SWAT and Senior Bureaucrats/Police Officers as a transportation vehicle.
Mahindra Scorpio India Used by Special Forces and Senior Bureaucrats/Police Officers/Income Tax Officers/Central Excise Officers for transportation.
Mahindra XUV500 India Used by Special Forces and Senior Bureaucrats/Police Officers/Income Tax Officers as transportation vehicles.
Toyota Innova Japan/ India Used by Special Forces and Senior Bureaucrats/Police Officers/Income Tax Officers/Central Excise Officers/Highway Patrol as transportation vehicles.
Toyota Qualis Japan/ India Used as Squad Car in service of police stations and for Highway Patrol.
Chevrolet Tavera India/ United States Used as Squad Car and for Highway Patrol/Conducting Income Tax/Central Excise and Customs Raids
Toyota Fortuner Japan/ India Used by Ministers and high-ranking officials among law enforcement for transportation.
Honda Civic Japan / India Used by Judges, Ministers, Income Tax Appellate Tribunal Members among law enforcement.
Toyota Corolla Japan / India Used by Judges, Ministers, Advisors to TRAI
Tata Sumo India Used as Squad Car and for Highway Patrol
Tata Indigo CS India Used as Squad Car and by Senior Bureaucrats like Commissioner of Income Tax, Police, Customs and Central Excise
Maruti Suzuki SX4 India/ Japan Used by Senior Bureaucrats
Chevrolet Captiva India/ United States Used by Ministers
Hindustan Motors Ambassador India Used by Senior Bureaucrats, Police Officers/Income Tax/Central Excise and Customs Officers and Ministers
Ford Endeavor India/ United States Used by Ministers
Mitsubishi Pajero Japan/ India Used by Ministers
Maruti Suzuki Gypsy Japan/ India Used as Squad Cars
Mahindra Bolero India Used as Squad Car and for Central Excise and Customs/State Excise department Officers.
Hyundai Accent South Korea/ India Used as Squad Car, Additional Commissioners of Income Tax, Police
Unlike in many other countries, the various state police forces in India extensively use SUVs. The Mahindra Legend Jeep used to be the most common police car in India. In recent years, other SUVs have been employed by the police, such as the Maruti Gypsy, Mahindra Bolero, Tata Sumo, Tata Safari, Chevrolet Tavera and Toyota Qualis. SUVs are known for their capabilities to move around in any sort of terrain.
MUVs are used by police in cities, including metropolitan areas like Delhi and Mumbai, Bangalore where Chevrolet Tavera(Delhi, Kochi, Kozhikode and Thiruvananthapuram), Toyota Qualis(Mumbai, Delhi and Chennai) and Suzuki Ertiga(Bangalore and Pune) are extensively used. Though most cities use SUVs and MUVs, some cities like Chennai have adopted sedans like the Hyundai Accent and Kolkata which has adopted the Tata Indigo.In the cities of Kerala like Thiruvananthapuram, Kochi, and Kozhikode a special patrolling team called Pink Patrol for security of women uses Toyota Etios for patrolling. Depending upon the state, police vehicles may have individual revolving lights, strobes or light bars etc. An extensive modernisation drive has ensured that these vehicles are equipped with two-way radio sets in communication with a central control room. Highway Police vehicles generally also have equipment like speed radars, breath analysers and emergency first aid kits.
For traffic regulation and patrolling in cities, motorcycles are also used. Most of them were the Indian version of Royal Enfield Bullet. Of late, other motorcycles like the Bajaj Pulsar and TVS Apache have also started being used by the police forces. This is because of increasing congestion in cities where the heavier Bullets would prove to be unwieldy when compared to the nimbler handling the newer bikes were capable of. The bikes are provided with two-way radios, strobes and sirens & are generally painted white.
Cities like Mysore use horses too, but on special occasions usually.
Weapons and equipment[edit]
The weapons and equipment issued vary from state to state and agency to agency. These equipment and weapons differ according to the roles of the agencies.
The standard equipment for a constable on their beat is the lathi (not to be confused with traditional 6 to 8 ft long ones) or baton which is generally made of bamboo, but recently polymer ones are also being issued.The riot police has numerous other equipment which include tear gas, tasers etc.
In general, Indian police constables do not carry firearms when on regular duty, though they are always available at police stations. Officers of and above the rank of Sub-Inspector or Head Constables are authorized to carry a sidearm, generally a Pistol Auto 9mm 1A or a Glock 17. Officers always carry sidearms. Traffic police officers regularly don't carry any weapons but carry fine books and other equipment.
The firearms previously stocked at police stations include .303 Lee–Enfield rifles (have been replaced), 7.62 1A Self Loading Rifles, and SAF Carbine 2A1s which now have been replaced by AK-47 and INSAS rifles. The Ordnance Factories Board is the one of the suppliers of arms, ammunition, uniforms, bullet-proof vehicles, and mine protected vehicles to the Indian police. Only the station officer can allow the use of reserve guns, to be only used in emergencies. During public unrest, protests or probable terrorist attacks, police are equipped and armed directly by the state or central government. Some special units in the state and federal level police forces also have additional automatic weapons such as AK-47, AKM, INSAS assault rifles and Bren guns. Police special forces and SWAT units use Heckler & Koch MP5s, Brügger & Thomet MP9s, AK-103s, and M4A1 Carbines and many more. Bullet proof jackets are generally not worn by the state police, though special units carry special tactical vests, gear and weapons according to their function and role.
See also[edit]
Indian Police Service
Paramilitary forces of India
Indian Armed Forces
Indian Police Foundation and Institute
List of Indian intelligence agencies
Crime in India
Crime and Criminal Tracking Network and Systems
Mass surveillance in India
Indian Penal Code
National Counter Terrorism Centre
List of countries by no. of police officers
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Police of India.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Central Industrial Security Force
Jump up ^ Central Industrial Security Force
Jump up ^ Finally, govt clears central terror agency, tougher laws
Jump up ^ Cabinet clears bill to set up federal probe agency
Jump up ^ Govt tables bill to set up National Investigation Agency
Jump up ^ http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/news/fixing-mumbai-free-the-police/article8862069.ece
Jump up ^ http://persmin.gov.in/Archive/Acts_Rules_Archive/AISRules_Archive/IPSRules/IPS(Uniform)Rules(Revised).htm#_ftnref21
Jump up ^ List of police ranks in India
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Minor scale
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For the simulated nuclear detonation, see Minor Scale.
In music theory, the term minor scale refers to three scale formations – the natural minor scale (or Aeolian mode), the harmonic minor scale, and the melodic minor scale (ascending or descending)[1] – rather than just one as with the major scale.
In each of these scale formations, the first, third, and fifth scale degrees form a minor triad (rather than a major triad, as in a major scale). In some contexts, minor scale is used to refer to any heptatonic scale with this property[2] (see Related modes below).
Contents
[hide]
1 Natural minor scale
1.1 Relationship to relative major
1.2 Relationship to parallel major
1.3 Intervals
2 Harmonic minor scale
2.1 Construction
2.2 Harmony
2.3 Uses
3 Melodic minor scale
3.1 Construction
3.2 Uses
4 Key signature
5 Related modes
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
Natural minor scale[edit]
Relationship to relative major[edit]
A natural minor scale (or Aeolian mode) is a diatonic scale that is built by starting on the 6th degree of its relative major scale. For instance, the A natural minor scale can be built by starting on the 6th degree of the C major scale:
Because of this, the key of A minor is called the relative minor of C major. Every major key has a relative minor, which starts on the 6th scale degree or step. For instance, since the 6th degree of F major is D, the relative minor of F major is D minor.
Relationship to parallel major[edit]
A natural minor scale can also be constructed by altering a major scale with accidentals. In this way, a natural minor scale is represented by the following notation:
1, 2, ♭3, 4, 5, ♭6, ♭7, 8
Each degree of the scale, starting with the tonic (the first, lowest note of the scale), is represented by a number. Their difference from the major scale is shown. Thus, a number without a sharp or flat represents a major (or perfect) interval. A number with a flat represents a minor interval. In this example, the numbers mean:
1 = (perfect) unison
2 = major second
♭3 = minor third
4 = perfect fourth
5 = perfect fifth
♭6 = minor sixth
♭7 = minor seventh
8 = (perfect) octave
Thus, for instance, the A natural minor scale can be built by lowering the 3rd, 6th, and 7th degrees of the A major scale by one semitone:
Because of this, the key of A minor is called the parallel minor of A major.
Intervals[edit]
This pattern of whole and half steps characterizes the natural minor scales.
The intervals between the notes of a natural minor scale follow the sequence below:
whole, half, whole, whole, half, whole, whole
where "whole" stands for a whole tone (a red u-shaped curve in the figure), and "half" stands for a semitone (a red broken line in the figure).
The natural minor scale is maximally even.
Harmonic minor scale[edit]
Theme in harmonic minor from the opening of Schumann's First Symphony (1892/3)[3] Play (help·info)
Construction[edit]
The harmonic minor scale (or Aeolian ♯7 scale) has the same notes as the natural minor scale except that the 7th degree is raised by one semitone, creating an augmented second between the 6th and 7th degrees.
Thus, a harmonic minor scale is represented by the following notation:
1, 2, ♭3, 4, 5, ♭6, 7, 8
Thus, a harmonic minor scale can be built by lowering the 3rd and 6th degrees of the parallel major scale by one semitone.
Because of this construction, the 7th degree of the harmonic minor scale functions as a leading tone to the tonic because it is a semitone lower than the tonic, rather than a whole tone lower than the tonic as it is in natural minor scales. The intervals between the notes of a harmonic minor scale follow the sequence below:
whole, half, whole, whole, half, augmented second, half
Harmony[edit]
The scale is called the harmonic minor scale because it is a common foundation for harmonies (chords) in minor keys. For example, in the key of A minor, the dominant (V) chord (the triad built on the 5th scale degree, E) is a minor triad in the natural minor scale. But when the 7th degree is raised from G♮ to G♯, the triad becomes a major triad.
Chords on degrees other than V may also include the raised 7th degree, such as the diminished triad on VII itself (viio), which has a dominant function, as well as an augmented triad on III (III+), which is not found in any "natural" harmony (that is, harmony that is derived from harmonizing the seven western modes, which include "major" and "minor"). This augmented fifth chord (♯5 chord) played a part in the development of modern chromaticism.
The triads built on each scale degree follow a distinct pattern. The roman numeral analysis is shown below.
An interesting property of the harmonic minor scale is that it contains two chords that are each generated by just one interval:
an augmented triad (III+), which is generated by major thirds
a diminished seventh chord (viio7), which is generated by minor thirds
Because they are generated by just one interval, the inversions of augmented triads and diminished seventh chords introduce no new intervals (allowing for enharmonic equivalents) that are absent from its root position. That is, any inversion of an augmented triad (or diminished seventh chord) is enharmonically equivalent to a new augmented triad (or diminished seventh chord) in root position. For example, the triad E♭–G–B in first inversion is G–B–E♭, which is enharmonically equivalent to the augmented triad G–B–D♯. One chord, with various spellings, may therefore have various harmonic functions in various keys.
Uses[edit]
While it evolved primarily as a basis for chords, the harmonic minor with its augmented second is sometimes used melodically. Instances can be found in Mozart, Beethoven (for example, the finale of his String Quartet No. 14), and Schubert (for example, in the first movement of the Death and the Maiden Quartet). In this role, it is used while descending far more often than while ascending.
The harmonic minor is also occasionally referred to as the Mohammedan scale[4] as its upper tetrachord corresponds to the Hijaz jins, commonly found in Middle Eastern music. The harmonic minor scale as a whole is called Nahawand[5] in Arabic nomenclature, as Bûselik Hicaz[6] in Turkish nomenclature, and as an Indian raga, it is called Kirwani.
The Hungarian minor scale is similar to the harmonic minor scale but with a raised 4th degree. This scale is sometimes also referred to as "Gypsy Run", or alternatively "Egyptian Minor Scale", as mentioned by Miles Davis who describes it in his autobiography as "something that I'd learned at Juilliard".[7]
In popular music, examples of songs in harmonic minor include Katy B's "Easy Please Me", Bobby Brown's "My Prerogative", and Jazmine Sullivan's "Bust Your Windows".
Melodic minor scale[edit]
See also: Jazz scale § Modes of the melodic minor scale
Construction[edit]
The distinctive sound of the harmonic minor scale comes from the augmented second between its 6th and 7th scale degrees. While some composers have used this interval to advantage in melodic composition, others felt it to be an awkward leap, particularly in vocal music, and preferred a whole step between these scale degrees for smooth melody writing. To eliminate the augmented second, these composers either raised the sixth degree by a semitone or lowered the seventh by a semitone.
The melodic minor scale is formed by using both of these solutions. In particular, the raised 6th appears in the ascending form of the scale, while the lowered 7th appears in the descending form of the scale. Traditionally, these two forms are referred to as:
the ascending melodic minor scale (also known as the heptatonia seconda,[citation needed] jazz minor scale, or Ionian ♭3): This form of the scale is also the 5th mode of the acoustic scale
the descending melodic minor scale: This form is identical to the natural minor scale
The ascending and descending forms of the A melodic minor scale are shown below:
The ascending melodic minor scale can be notated as
1, 2, ♭3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
while the descending melodic minor scale is
1, 2, ♭3, 4, 5, ♭6, ♭7, 8
Using these notations, the two melodic minor scales can be built by altering the parallel major scale.
Uses[edit]
Theme in G melodic minor from the opening of the second concerto in Vivaldi's L'estro armonico (1711)[8] Although the piece is in G minor, the key signature is for G Dorian (one flat). By convention, in modern notation (and for tonal music written since the common-practice period), key signatures are typically only based on a major (Ionian mode) or minor (natural minor or Aeolian mode) key, not on modes like the Dorian mode.
Composers have not been consistent in using the two forms of the melodic minor scale. Just as often, composers choose one form or the other based on whether one of the two notes is part of the most recent chord (the prevailing harmony).[citation needed] Composers frequently require the lowered 7th degree found in the natural minor in order to avoid the augmented triad (III+) that arises in the ascending form of the scale.
In jazz, only the ascending form of the scale is usually used.[citation needed]
Examples of the use of melodic minor in rock and popular music include Elton John's "Sorry Seems To Be The Hardest Word", which makes, "a nod to the common practice... by the use of F♯ [the leading tone in G minor] as the penultimate note of the final cadence."[9]
Key signature[edit]
In modern notation, the key signature for music in a minor key is typically based on the accidentals of the natural minor scale, not on those of the harmonic or melodic minor scales. For example, a piece in E minor will have one sharp in its key signature because the E natural minor scale has one sharp (F♯).
Major and minor keys that share the same key signature are relative to each other. For instance, F major is the relative major of D minor since both have key signatures with one flat. Since the natural minor scale is built on the 6th degree of the major scale, the tonic of the relative minor is a major sixth above the tonic of the major scale. For instance, B minor is the relative minor of D major because the note B is a major sixth above D. As a result, the key signatures of B minor and D major both have two sharps (F♯ and C♯).
The figure below shows all 12 relative major and minor keys, with major keys on the outside and minor keys on the inside arranged around the circle of fifths.
Related modes[edit]
Sometimes scales whose root, third, and fifth degrees form a minor triad are considered "minor scales". In the Western system, derived from the Greek modes, the principal scale that includes the minor third is the Aeolian mode (the natural minor scale), with the minor third also occurring in the Dorian mode and the Phrygian mode. The Dorian mode is a minor mode with a major sixth, while the Phrygian mode is a minor mode with a minor second. The Locrian mode (which is very rarely used) has a minor third but not the perfect fifth, so its root chord is a diminished triad.
See also[edit]
Diatonic functionality
Jazz minor scale
Jazz scale#Modes of the melodic minor scale
Major scale
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Kostka, Stefan; Payne, Dorothy (2004). Tonal Harmony (5th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 12. ISBN 0-07-285260-7.
Jump up ^ Prout, Ebenezer (1889). Harmony: Its Theory and Practice, pg. 15, 74, London, Augener.
Jump up ^ Forte, Allen (1979). Tonal Harmony, p.13. Third edition. Holt, Rinhart, and Winston. ISBN 0-03-020756-8.
Jump up ^ United States Patent: 5386757
Jump up ^ "Maqam Nihawand", Maqamworld.com.
Jump up ^ "Buselik Makam", Oud.Eclipse.co.uk.
Jump up ^ Davis, Miles; Troupe, Quincy (1990). Miles, the Autobiography. Simon & Schuster. p. 64. ISBN 0-671-72582-3.
Jump up ^ Forte, Allen (1979). Tonal Harmony, p. 13. Third edition. Holt, Rinhart, and Winston. ISBN 0-03-020756-8.
Jump up ^ Stephenson (2002), p.41.
Further reading[edit]
Hewitt, Michael. 2013. Musical Scales of the World. The Note Tree. ISBN 978-0-9575470-0-1.
Yamaguchi, Masaya. 2006. The Complete Thesaurus of Musical Scales, revised edition. New York: Masaya Music Services. ISBN 0-9676353-0-6.
External links[edit]
Listen to and download harmonised minor scale piano MP3s
Harmonic Minor Scale - Analysis
Modes of the Melodic Minor Scale

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values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Мінор (музика) – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Minor_scale rootpage-Minor_scale skin-vector action-view