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School corporal punishment
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1888 cartoon depicting J.S. Kerr, an Australian proponent of punishment by caning
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School corporal punishment refers to causing deliberate pain or discomfort in response to undesired behaviour by students in schools. It often involves striking the student either across the buttocks[1] or on the hands,[2] with an implement such as a rattan cane, wooden paddle, slipper, leather strap or wooden yardstick. Less commonly, it could also include spanking or smacking the student with the open hand, especially at the elementary school level.
In the English-speaking world, the use by schools of corporal punishment has historically been justified by the common-law doctrine in loco parentis, whereby teachers are considered authority figures granted the same rights as parents to punish children in their care.
Advocates of school corporal punishment argue that it provides an immediate response to indiscipline and that the student is quickly back in the classroom learning, as opposed to suspension from school. Opponents, including a number of medical and psychological societies, along with human-rights groups, argue that physical punishment is ineffective in the long term, interferes with learning, leads to antisocial behavior as well as various forms of mental distress, disproportionately affects students of color, and is a form of violence that breaches the rights of children.[3]
Poland was the first nation to outlaw corporal punishment in schools in 1783. School corporal punishment is no longer practised in any European country. As of 2016, an estimated 128 countries have prohibited corporal punishment in schools, including all of Europe, and most of South America and East Asia. Approximately 69 countries still allow for corporal punishment in schools, including parts of the United States, some Australian states, and a number of countries in Africa and Asia.[4]
Contents
1 Definitions
2 Prevalence
3 Effects on students
3.1 Injuries to students
3.2 Promotion of violence
4 Alternatives
5 Student rights
6 By country
6.1 Argentina
6.2 Australia
6.3 Austria
6.4 Bolivia
6.5 Brazil
6.6 Burma (Myanmar)
6.7 Canada
6.7.1 School Corporal Punishment Bans in Canadian Provinces
6.8 China
6.9 Colombia
6.10 Costa Rica
6.11 Czech Republic
6.12 Denmark
6.13 Egypt
6.14 Finland
6.15 France
6.16 Germany
6.17 Greece
6.18 India
6.19 Ireland
6.20 Italy
6.21 Japan
6.22 Luxembourg
6.23 Malaysia
6.24 Netherlands
6.25 New Zealand
6.26 Norway
6.27 Pakistan
6.28 Philippines
6.29 Poland
6.30 Russia
6.31 Serbia
6.32 Singapore
6.33 South Africa
6.34 South Korea
6.35 Spain
6.36 Sweden
6.37 Taiwan
6.38 Tanzania
6.39 Thailand
6.40 Ukraine
6.41 United Arab Emirates
6.42 United Kingdom
6.43 United States
6.44 Venezuela
6.45 Uganda
7 See also
8 References
Definitions[edit]
Medieval schoolboy birched on the bare buttocks
Corporal punishment in the context of schools in the late 20th and early 21st centuries has been variously defined as: causing deliberate pain to a child in response to the child's undesired behavior and/or language,[5] "purposeful infliction of bodily pain or discomfort by an official in the educational system upon a student as a penalty for unacceptable behavior",[6] and "intentional application of physical pain as a means of changing behavior" (not the occasional use of physical restraint to protect student or others from immediate harm).[7]
Prevalence[edit]
Corporal punishment used to be prevalent in schools in many parts of the world, but in recent decades it has been outlawed in 128 countries including all of Europe, most of South America, as well as in Canada, Japan, South Africa, New Zealand and several other countries. It remains commonplace in a number of countries in Africa, Southeast Asia, and the Middle East (see list of countries, below).
While most U.S. states have outlawed corporal punishment in state schools, it continues to be allowed mainly in the Southern and Western United States.[8] According to the United States Department of Education, more than 216,000 students were subjected to corporal punishment during the 2008–09 school year.[9]
Much of the traditional culture that surrounds corporal punishment in school, at any rate in the English-speaking world, derives largely from British practice in the 19th and 20th centuries, particularly as regards the caning of teenage boys.[10] There is a vast amount of literature on this, in both popular and serious culture.[11][12] Britain itself outlawed the practice in 1987 for state schools[13][14][15] and more recently for all schools.[16][17]
The doctrine of in loco parentis lets school officials stand in for parents as comparable authority figures.[6] The doctrine has its origins in an English common-law precedent of 1770.[7]
1839 caricature by George Cruikshank of a school flogging
Many schools in Singapore and Malaysia use caning (for boys) as a routine official punishment for misconduct, as also some African countries. In some Middle Eastern countries whipping is used. (See list of countries, below.)
In most of continental Europe, school corporal punishment has been banned for several decades or longer, depending on the country (see the list of countries below).
From the 1917 Russian revolution onwards, corporal punishment was outlawed in the Soviet Union, because it was deemed contrary to communist ideology.[18] Communists in other countries such as Britain took the lead in campaigning against school corporal punishment, which they viewed as a symptom of the decadence of capitalist education systems.[19] In the 1960s, Soviet visitors to western schools expressed shock at the caning of boys there.[20] Other communist regimes followed suit: for instance, corporal punishment was "unknown" by students in North Korea in 2007.[21] In mainland China, corporal punishment in schools was outlawed in 1986,[22] although the practice remains common, especially in rural areas.[23]
According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, there are three broad rationales for the use of corporal punishment in schools: beliefs, based in traditional religion, that adults have a right, if not a duty, to physically punish misbehaving children; a disciplinary philosophy that corporal punishment builds character, being necessary for the development of a child's conscience and their respect for adult authority figures; and beliefs concerning the needs and rights of teachers, specifically that corporal punishment is essential for maintaining order and control in the classroom.[6]
Effects on students[edit]
School officials and policymakers often rely on personal anecdotes to argue that school corporal punishment improves students' behavior and achievement.[24] However, there is a lack of empirical evidence showing that corporal punishment leads to better control in the classroom. In particular, evidence does not suggest that it enhances moral character development, increases students' respect for teachers or other authority figures, or offers greater security for teachers.[25]
A number of medical, pediatric or psychological societies have issued statements opposing all corporal punishment in schools, citing such outcomes as poorer academic achievement, increases in antisocial behaviour, injuries to students, and an unwelcoming learning environment. They include the American Medical Association,[26] the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,[5] the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP),[6][27][28] the Society for Adolescent Medicine,[7][29] the American Psychological Association,[30] the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health,[31][32] the Royal College of Psychiatrists,[33] the Canadian Paediatric Society[34] and the Australian Psychological Society,[35] as well as the United States' National Association of Secondary School Principals.[36]
According to the AAP, research shows that corporal punishment is less effective than other methods of behaviour management in schools, and "praise, discussions regarding values, and positive role models do more to develop character, respect, and values than does corporal punishment".[6] They say that evidence links corporal punishment of students to a number of adverse outcomes, including: "increased aggressive and destructive behaviour, increased disruptive classroom behaviour, vandalism, poor school achievement, poor attention span, increased drop-out rate, school avoidance and school phobia, low self-esteem, anxiety, somatic complaints, depression, suicide and retaliation against teachers".[6] The AAP recommends a number of alternatives to corporal punishment including various nonviolent behaviour-management strategies, modifications to the school environment, and increased support for teachers.[6]
Injuries to students[edit]
An estimated 1 to 2 percent of physically punished students in the United States are seriously injured, to the point of needing medical attention. According to the AAP and the Society for Adolescent Medicine, these injuries have included bruises, abrasions, broken bones, whiplash injury, muscle damage, brain injury, and even death.[6][7] Other reported injuries to students include "sciatic nerve damage"[6] "extensive hematomas", and "life-threatening fat hemorrhage".[7]
Promotion of violence[edit]
The AAP cautions that there is a risk of corporal punishment in schools fostering the impression among students that violence is an appropriate means for managing others' behaviour.[6] According to the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, "Corporal punishment signals to the child that a way to settle interpersonal conflicts is to use physical force and inflict pain".[5] And according to the Society for Adolescent Medicine, "The use of corporal punishment in schools promotes a very precarious message: that violence is an acceptable phenomenon in our society. It sanctions the notion that it is meritorious to be violent toward our children, thereby devaluing them in society's eyes. It encourages children to resort to violence because they see their authority figures or substitute parents doing it [...] Violence is not acceptable and we must not support it by sanctioning its use by such authority figures as school officials".[7]
Alternatives[edit]
The Society for Adolescent Medicine recommends developing "a milieu of effective communication, in which the teacher displays an attitude of respect for the students", as well as instruction that is stimulating and appropriate to student's abilities, various nonviolent behaviour modification techniques, and involving students and parents in making decisions about school matters such as rules and educational goals. They suggest that student self-governance can be an effective alternative for managing disruptive classroom behaviour, while stressing the importance of adequate training and support for teachers.[7]
The AAP remarks that there has been "no reported increase in disciplinary problems in schools following the elimination of corporal punishment" according to evidence.[6]
Student rights[edit]
A number of international human-rights organizations including the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, and the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights have stated that physical punishment of any kind is a violation of children's human rights.[37][38][39]
According to the Committee on the Rights of the Child, "Children do not lose their human rights by virtue of passing through the school gates [...] the use of corporal punishment does not respect the inherent dignity of the child nor the strict limits on school discipline".[40] The Committee interprets Article 19 of the Convention on the rights of the child, which obliges member states to "take all appropriate legislative, administrative, social and educational measures to protect the child from all forms of physical or mental violence, injury or abuse […] while in the care of parent(s), legal guardian(s) or any other person who has the care of the child", to imply a prohibition on all forms of corporal punishment.
Other international human-rights bodies supporting prohibition of corporal punishment of children in all settings, including schools, include the European Committee of Social Rights and the African Committee of Experts on the Rights and Welfare of the Child. In addition, the obligation of member states to prohibit corporal punishment in schools and elsewhere was affirmed in the 2009 Cairo Declaration on the Convention on the Rights of the Child and Islamic Jurisprudence.[41]
By country[edit]
School corporal punishment in the United States
Corporal punishment of minors in the United States
Corporal punishment illegal in schools only
Corporal punishment not illegal
Legality of corporal punishment of minors in Europe
Corporal punishment illegal in both schools and the home
Corporal punishment illegal in schools only
Corporal punishment legal in schools and in the home
According to the Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children, all forms of corporal punishment in schools are outlawed in 128 countries as of 2016.[4] (46 of these countries also prohibited corporal punishment of children in the home as of May 2015).[41]
Argentina[edit]
Banned in 1813, corporal punishment was re-legalised in 1817 and punishments by physical pain lasted until the 1980s. The instruments were rebenques, slappings in the face and others.[42][43] All corporal punishment has now been prohibited; the ban came into effect in 2016.[44]
Australia[edit]
In Australia, laws on corporal punishment in schools are determined at individual state or territory level.[45][46] While still legal in private schools in some states, in practice, very few schools impose corporal punishment.[47]
State
Government schools
Non-government schools
Victoria Banned in 1983.[48] Banned in 1990.
Queensland[49] Banned in 1994.[50] Not banned.[51]
New South Wales[52] First banned in 1987.[48][53][54] Ban repealed in 1989 but was in disuse.[55]
Banned again in 1995.[56][57] Banned in 1997.[56]
Tasmania[58] Banned in 1999.[59][60] Banned in 1999.[59]
Australian Capital Territory[61] Banned in 1988.[62][63] Banned in 1997.
Northern Territory[64] Banned in 2016.[citation needed] Banned in 2009.
South Australia Banned in 1991. Not banned
Western Australia Banned in 1999.[65]
Effectively abolished by Education Department policy in 1987.[66] Banned in 2015.[67][68]
Austria[edit]
Corporal punishment in schools was banned in Austria in 1974.[69]
Bolivia[edit]
Corporal punishment in all settings, including schools, was prohibited in Bolivia in 2014. According to the Children and Adolescents Code, "The child and adolescent has the right to good treatment, comprising a non-violent upbringing and education... Any physical, violent and humiliating punishment is prohibited".[70]
Brazil[edit]
Corporal punishment in all settings, including schools, was prohibited in Brazil in 2014. According to an amendment to the Code on Children and Adolescents 1990, "Children and Adolescents are entitled to be educated and cared for without the use of physical punishment or cruel or degrading treatment as forms of correction, discipline, education or any other pretext".[71]
Burma (Myanmar)[edit]
Caning is commonly used by teachers as a punishment in schools.[72] The cane is applied on the students' buttocks, calves or palms of the hands in front of the class. Tramline cane marks could be left. Sit-ups with ears pulled and arms crossed, kneeling, and standing on the bench in the classroom are other forms of corporal punishments used in schools. Common reasons for punishment include talking in class, not finishing homework, mistakes made with classwork, fighting and truancy.[73][74]
Canada[edit]
In Canadian Foundation for Children, Youth and the Law v. Canada (2004) the Supreme Court outlawed school corporal punishment.[75] In public schools, the usual implement was a rubber/canvas strap applied to the hands,[76] while private schools often used a paddle or cane administered to the student's posterior.[77][78] In many parts of Canada, 'the strap' had not been used in public schools since the 1970s or even earlier: thus, it has been claimed that it had not been used in Quebec since the 1960s,[79] and in Toronto it was banned in 1971.[2] However, some schools in Alberta had been using the strap up until the ban in 2004.[80]
School Corporal Punishment Bans in Canadian Provinces[edit]
In 2004, the Supreme Court of Canada outlawed corporal punishment in all schools, public or private. The practice itself had largely been abandoned in the 1970s when parents placed greater scrutiny on the treatment of children at school.[81] The subject received extensive media coverage, and corporal punishment became obsolete as the practice was widely seen as degrading and inhumane. Despite the fact that the tradition had been forgone for nearly 30 years, legislation banning the practice entirely by law was not implemented until 2004.[82]

Some Canadian provinces banned corporal punishment in public schools prior to the national ban in 2004. They are, in chronological order by year of provincial ban:[citation needed]
British Columbia - 1973
Nova Scotia - 1989
New Brunswick - 1990
Yukon - 1990
Prince Edward Island - 1993
Northwest Territories - 1995
Nunavut - 1995* (banned while Nunavut was still part of Northwest Territories. Remained banned in Nunavut when it became a separate Territory in 1999.)
Newfoundland and Labrador - 1997
Quebec - 1998
China[edit]
Corporal punishment in China was officially banned after the communist revolution in 1949. The Compulsory Education Law of 1986 states: "It shall be forbidden to inflict physical punishment on students".[22] In practice, beatings by schoolteachers are common, especially in rural areas.[23][83]
Colombia[edit]
Colombian private and public schools were banned from using "penalties involving physical or psychological abuse" through the Children and Adolescents Code 2006, though it is not clear whether this also applies to indigenous communities.[84][better source needed]
Costa Rica[edit]
All corporal punishment, both in school and in the home, has been banned since 2008.[85]
Czech Republic[edit]
Corporal punishment is outlawed under Article 31 of the Education Act.[86]
Denmark[edit]
Corporal punishment was prohibited in the public schools in Copenhagen Municipality in 1951 and by law in all schools of Denmark in 1967.[87][88][89]
Egypt[edit]
A 1998 study found that random physical punishment (not proper formal corporal punishment) was being used extensively by teachers in Egypt to punish behavior they regarded as unacceptable. Around 80% of the boys and 60% of the girls were punished by teachers, using their hands, sticks, straps, shoes, punches and kicks as most common methods of administration. The most common reported injuries were bumps and contusions.[90]
Finland[edit]
Corporal punishment in public schools was banned in 1914, but remained de facto commonplace until 1984, when a law banning all corporal punishment of minors, even by parents, was introduced.[91][92]
France[edit]
The systematic use of corporal punishment has been absent from French schools since the 19th century.[93] There is no explicit legal ban on it,[94] but in 2008 a teacher was fined €500 for what some people describe as slapping a student.[95][96][97]
Germany[edit]
School corporal punishment, historically widespread, was outlawed in different states via their administrative law at different times. It was not completely abolished everywhere until 1983.[98] Since 1993, use of corporal punishment by a teacher has been a criminal offence. In that year a sentence by the Federal Court of Justice of Germany (Bundesgerichtshof, case number NStZ 1993.591) was published which overruled the previous powers enshrined in unofficial customary law (Gewohnheitsrecht) and upheld by some regional appeal courts (Oberlandesgericht, Superior State Court) even in the 1970s. They assumed a right of chastisement was a defense of justification against the accusation of "causing bodily harm" per Paragraph (=Section) 223 Strafgesetzbuch (Federal Penal Code).
Greece[edit]
Corporal punishment in Greek primary schools was banned in 1998, and in secondary schools in 2005.[99]
India[edit]
See also: Socio-economic issues in India
Corporal punishment is still used in most of India. The Delhi High Court banned its use in Delhi schools in 2000. 17 out of 29 states claim to apply the ban, though enforcement is lax.[100] A number of social and cultural groups, including Shankaracharya, are campaigning against corporal punishment in India. In many states, corporal punishment is still practised within most schools. Society for Prevention of Injuries & Corporal Punishment (SPIC) is actively running awareness campaigns to educate the teachers and students through conferences and scientific publications.[101]
Ireland[edit]
In the law of the Republic of Ireland, corporal punishment was prohibited in 1982 by an administrative decision of John Boland, the Minister for Education, which applied to national schools (most primary schools) and to secondary schools receiving public funding (practically all of them).[102] Teachers were not liable to criminal prosecution until 1997, when the rule of law allowing "physical chastisement" was explicitly abolished.[103]
Italy[edit]
Corporal punishment in Italian schools was banned in 1928.[104]
Japan[edit]
Although banned in 1947, corporal punishment is still commonly found in schools in the 2010s and particularly widespread in school sports clubs. In late 1987, about 60% of junior high school teachers felt it was necessary, with 7% believing it was necessary in all conditions, 59% believing it should be applied sometimes and 32% disapproving of it in all circumstances; while at elementary (primary) schools, 2% supported it unconditionally, 47% felt it was necessary and 49% disapproved.[105] As recent as December 2012, a high school student committed suicide after having been constantly beaten by his basketball coach.[106] An education ministry survey found that more than 10,000 students received illegal corporal punishment from more than 5,000 teachers across Japan in 2012 fiscal year alone.[107]
Luxembourg[edit]
Corporal punishment in schools was banned in 1845 and became a criminal offence in 1974 (Aggravated Assault on Minors under Authority). [108][109]
Malaysia[edit]
See also: Caning in Malaysia
A picture showing the marks left on a Malaysian female student's palm after a caning
Caning is a common form of discipline in many Malaysian schools. Legally it should be applied only to male students, but the idea of making the caning of girls lawful has recently been debated. This would be applied to the palm of the hand, whereas boys are typically caned across the seat of the trousers.[110]
Netherlands[edit]
Banned in 1920.[111]
New Zealand[edit]
Corporal punishment in New Zealand schools was abolished in 1987, but wasn't abolished legislatively until 23 July 1990, when Section 139A of the Education Act 1989 was inserted by the Education Amendment Act 1990. Section 139A prohibits anyone employed by a school or ECE provider, or anyone supervising or controlling students on the school's behalf, from using force by way of correction or punishment towards any student at or in relation to the school or the student under their supervision or control.[112] Teachers who administer corporal punishment can be found guilty of physical assault, resulting in termination and cancellation of teacher registration, and possibly criminal charges, with a maximum penalty of five years' imprisonment.[113]
As enacted, the law had a loophole: parents, provided they were not school staff, could still discipline their children on school grounds. In early 2007, a southern Auckland Christian school was found to be using this loophole to discipline students by corporal punishment, by making the student's parents administer the punishment.[114] This loophole was closed in May 2007 by the Crimes (Substituted Section 59) Amendment Act 2007, which enacted a blanket ban on parents administering corporal punishment to their children.
Norway[edit]
Corporal punishment in Norwegian schools was strongly restricted in 1889, and was prohibited outright in 1936.[citation needed]
Pakistan[edit]
School corporal punishment in Pakistan is not very common in modern educational institutions although it is still used in schools across the rural parts of the country as a means of enforcing student discipline. The method has been criticised by some children's rights activists who claim that many cases of corporal punishment in schools have resulted in physical and mental abuse of schoolchildren. According to one report, corporal punishment is a key reason for school dropouts and subsequently, street children, in Pakistan; as many as 35,000 high school pupils in Pakistan are said to drop out of the education system each year because they have been punished or abused in school.[115]
Philippines[edit]
Corporal punishment is prohibited in private and public schools.[116]
Poland[edit]
In 1783, Poland became the first country in the world to prohibit corporal punishment.[117] Peter Newell assumes that perhaps the most influential writer on the subject was the English philosopher John Locke, whose Some Thoughts Concerning Education explicitly criticised the central role of corporal punishment in education. Locke's work was highly influential, and may have helped influence Polish legislators to ban corporal punishment from Poland's schools in 1783. Today, the ban of corporal punishment in all forms is vested in Constitution of Poland.[118][119]
Russia[edit]
Corporal punishment was banned in Soviet (and hence, Russian) schools in 1917.[18] In addition, the Article 336 (since 2006) of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation states that any teacher who has used corporal punishment on a pupil shall be dismissed.
Serbia[edit]
Corporal punishment was first explicitly prohibited in schools in article 67 of the Law on Public Schools 1929, passed in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, of which Serbia was then a part. Other now independent countries which belonged to Yugoslavia then and to which the 1929 Law applied are: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Kosovo, and Slovenia. In Serbia, corporal punishment in schools is now unlawful under the Law on Secondary Schools 1992, the Law on Elementary Schools 1992 and the Law on the Foundations of Education and Upbringing 2003/2009.[120]
Singapore[edit]
Main article: Caning in Singapore § School caning
Corporal punishment is legal in Singapore schools (for male students only, it is illegal to inflict it on female students) and fully encouraged by the government in order to maintain strict discipline.[121] Only a light rattan cane may be used.[122] This must be administered in a formal ceremony by the school management after due deliberation, not by classroom teachers. Most secondary schools (whether independent, autonomous or government-controlled), and also some primary schools, use caning to deal with misconduct by boys.[123] At the secondary level, the rattan strokes are nearly always delivered to the student's clothed buttocks. The Ministry of Education has stipulated a maximum of six strokes per occasion. In some cases the punishment is carried out in front of the rest of the school instead of in private.[124]
South Africa[edit]
The use of corporal punishment in schools was prohibited by the South African Schools Act, 1996. According to section 10 of the act:
(1) No person may administer corporal punishment at a school to a learner.
(2) Any person who contravenes subsection (1) is guilty of an offence and liable on conviction to a sentence which could be imposed for assault.[125]
In the case of Christian Education South Africa v Minister of Education the Constitutional Court rejected a claim that the constitutional right to religious freedom entitles private Christian schools to impose corporal punishment.
South Korea[edit]
Liberal regions in South Korea have completely banned all forms of caning beginning with Gyeonggi Province in 2010, followed by Seoul Metropolitan City, Gangwon Province, Gwangju Metropolitan City and North Jeolla Province in 2011.[126] Other more conservative regions are governed by a national law enacted in 2011 which states that while caning is generally forbidden, it can be used indirectly to maintain school discipline.[127] It is still known to be practised.[128]
Spain[edit]
Corporal punishment in Spanish schools was banned in 1985.[129]
Sweden[edit]
Corporal punishment at school has been prohibited in folkskolestadgan (the elementary school ordinance) since 1 January 1958. Its use by ordinary teachers in grammar schools had been outlawed in 1928.[130]
Taiwan[edit]
In 2006 Taiwan made corporal punishment in the school system illegal,[131] but it is still known to be practised (see Corporal punishment in Taiwan).
Tanzania[edit]
In Tanzania corporal punishment in schools is widely practised and has lead to lasting damage including death of a punished pupil. The Education Act of 2002 authorizes the minister in charge of education to issue regulations concerning corporal punishment. The Education (Corporal Punishment) Regulation G.N. 294 of 2002 gives the authority to order corporal punishment to the headmaster of a school who can delegate to any teacher on case by case basis. The number of strikes must not be more than 4 for each occurrence, The school should have a register where date, reason, name of pupil and of administering teacher together with the number of strikes is to be recorded [132].
Thailand[edit]
Corporal punishment in schools is illegal under the Ministry of Education Regulation on Student Punishment (2005) and the National Committee on Child Protection Regulation on Working Procedures of Child Protection Officers Involved in Promoting Behaviour of Students (2005), pursuant to article 65 of the Child Protection Act.[133]
Thai proverb "If you love your cow, tie it up; if you love your child, beat him." is still considered "wisdom" and is held by many parents and teachers.[134]
Ukraine[edit]
Corporal punishment was banned in Soviet (and hence, Ukrainian) schools in 1917.[18] In Ukraine, "physical or mental violence" against children is forbidden by the Constitution (Art.52.2) and the Law on Education (Art.51.1, since 1991) which states that students and other learners have the right “to the protection from any form of exploitation, physical and psychological violence, actions of pedagogical and other employees who violate the rights or humiliate their honour and dignity”.[135] Standard instructions for teachers provided by the Ministry of Science and Education state that a teacher who has used corporal punishment to a pupil (even once), shall be dismissed.
United Arab Emirates[edit]
A federal law was implemented in 1998 which banned school corporal punishment. The law applied to all schools, both public and private.[136][137] Any teacher who engages in the practice would not only lose their job and teaching license, but will also face criminal prosecution for engaging in violence against minors and will also face child abuse charges.[138]
United Kingdom[edit]
Excerpt from a caning record of a British school (1970)
In state-run schools, and in private schools where at least part of the funding came from government, corporal punishment was outlawed by the British Parliament in 1986, following a 1982 ruling by the European Court of Human Rights that such punishment could not be administered without parental consent, and that a child's "right to education" could not be infringed by suspending children who, with parental approval, refused to submit to corporal punishment[139][140]. In other private schools, it was banned in 1998 (England and Wales), 2000 (Scotland) and 2003 (Northern Ireland).[141] Schools had to keep a record of punishments inflicted,[142] and there are occasional press reports of examples of these "punishment books" having survived.[143][144]
The implement used in many state and private schools in England and Wales was often a rattan cane, struck either across the student's hands or (especially in the case of teenage boys) the clothed buttocks. "Slippering"—striking the buttocks with a rubber-soled gym shoe, or plimsoll shoe—was widely used in many schools, for example King's School, Macclesfield, a boys grammar school in Cheshire.[145] In a few English cities, a strap was used instead of the cane.[146] In Scotland a leather strap, the tawse, administered to the palms of the hands, was universal in state schools,[147] but some private schools used the cane.[148]
Prior to the ban in private schools in England, the "slippering" of a student at an independent boarding school was challenged in 1993 before the European Court of Human Rights.[149] The Court ruled 5–4 in that case that the punishment was not severe enough to infringe the student's "freedom from degrading punishment" under article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights. The dissenting judges argued that the ritualised nature of the punishment, given after several days and without parental consent, should qualify it as "degrading punishment".[150]
R (Williamson) v Secretary of State for Education and Employment (2005) was an unsuccessful challenge to the prohibition of corporal punishment contained in the Education Act 1996, by several headmasters of private Christian schools who argued that it was a breach of their religious freedom.
In response to a 2008 poll of 6,162 UK teachers by the Times Educational Supplement, 22% of secondary school teachers and 16% of primary school teachers supported "the right to use corporal punishment in extreme cases". The National Union of Teachers said that it "could not support the views expressed by those in favour of hitting children".[151][152]
United States[edit]
Main article: School corporal punishment in the United States
There is no federal law addressing corporal punishment in public or private schools. In 1977, the Supreme Court ruling in Ingraham v. Wright held that the Eighth Amendment clause prohibiting "cruel and unusual punishments" did not apply to school students, and that teachers could punish children without parental permission.
As of 2015, 31 states and the District of Columbia have banned corporal punishment in public schools, though in some of these there is no explicit prohibition. Corporal punishment is also unlawful in private schools in Iowa and New Jersey. In 19 U.S. states, corporal punishment is lawful in both public and private schools.[153] It is still common in some schools in the South, and more than 167,000 students were paddled in the 2011-2012 school year in American public schools.[154] Students can be physically punished from kindergarten to the end of high school, meaning that even legal adults who have reached the age of majority are sometimes spanked by school officials.[155] American legal scholars have argued that school paddling is unconstitutional and can cause lasting physical, emotional, and cognitive harm.[156]
Venezuela[edit]
Corporal punishment in all settings, including schools, was prohibited in Venezuela in 2007. According to the Law for the Protection of Children and Adolescents, "All children and young people have a right to be treated well. This right includes a non-violent education and upbringing... Consequently, all forms of physical and humiliating punishment are prohibited".[157]
Uganda[edit]
In Uganda, teachers usually keep their huge classes calm by corporal punishment. However, there is some movement, who wants them to change disciplining methods by using positive discipline. Teachers should better teach them how to improve, when they performed badly[158]
See also[edit]
Corporal punishment in the home
Campaigns against corporal punishment
Blab school
School bullying
School discipline
References[edit]
Jump up ^ See e.g. Student/Parent Information Guide and Code of Conduct 2008-2009 Archived 24 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine., Alexander City Schools, Alabama, USA, p.44.
^ Jump up to: a b "Toronto abolishes the strap". Globe and Mail (Toronto). 23 July 1971.
Jump up ^ Gershoff, E.T. & Font, S.A. (2016). "Corporal punishment in U.S. public schools: Prevalence, disparities in use, and status in state and federal policy" (PDF). Society for Research and Child Development. 30: 1. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Jump up to: a b Gershoff, Elizabeth (2017). "School corporal punishment in global perspective: prevalence, outcomes, and efforts at intervention". Psychology, Health & Medicine. 22 (sup1): sup1, 224–239. doi:10.1080/13548506.2016.1271955. PMC 5560991. PMID 28064515.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Corporal Punishment in Schools". American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. September 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Poole, Steven R.; et al. (July 1991). "The role of the pediatrician in abolishing corporal punishment in schools". Pediatrics. 88 (1): 162–7. PMID 2057255.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Greydanus, D.E.; Pratt, H.D.; Spates, Richard C.; Blake-Dreher, A.E.; Greydanus-Gearhart, M.A.; Patel, D.R. (May 2003). "Corporal punishment in schools: position paper of the Society for Adolescent Medicine" (PDF). J Adolesc Health. 32 (5): 385–93. doi:10.1016/S1054-139X(03)00042-9. PMID 12729988. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 April 2009.
Jump up ^ "Spanking Lives On In Rural Florida Schools" (15 March 2012). NPR.
Jump up ^ "Spare the rod" (15 November 2014). The Economist.
Jump up ^ United Kingdom: Corporal punishment in schools at World Corporal Punishment Research.
Jump up ^ Quigly, Isabel (1984). The Heirs of Tom Brown: The English School Story. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-281404-4
Jump up ^ Chandos, John (1984). Boys Together: English Public Schools 1800-1864. London: Hutchinson, esp. chapter 11. ISBN 0-09-139240-3
Jump up ^ UK Parliament. Education (No. 2) Act 1986 as amended (see also enacted form), from legislation.gov.uk. Section 47 for England and Wales and section 48 for Scotland, brought into force in 1987.
Jump up ^ Privy Council of the United Kingdom. Education (Corporal Punishment) (Northern Ireland) Order 1987.
Jump up ^ Gould, Mark (9 January 2007). "Sparing the rod". The Guardian (London).
Jump up ^ UK Parliament. School Standards and Framework Act 1998 as amended (see also enacted form), from legislation.gov.uk. Section 131, for England and Wales, brought into force in 1999.
Jump up ^ Brown, Colin (25 March 1998). "Last vestiges of caning swept away". The Independent (London).
^ Jump up to: a b c Teitelbaum, Salomon M. "Parental Authority in the Soviet Union", in American Slavic and East European Review, Vol. 4, No. 3/4 (December 1945), pp. 54-69.
Jump up ^ Linehan, Thomas P. (2007). Communism in Britain, 1920-39: From the cradle to the grave, Manchester University Press. pp. 32 ff. ISBN 0-7190-7140-2
Jump up ^ "Caning? It's not cricket, say the Russians at Rugby". Daily Mail (London). 22 November 1960.
Jump up ^ "North Korean Defectors Face Huge Challenges". Radio Free Asia. 21 March 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b "Country report for China". Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children.
^ Jump up to: a b Paul Wiseman, "Chinese schools try to unlearn brutality", USA Today, Washington D.C., 9 May 2000.
Jump up ^ Gershoff, Elizabeth T. (Spring 2010). "More Harm Than Good: A Summary of Scientific Research on the Intended and Unintended Effects of Corporal Punishment on Children". Law & Contemporary Problems. 73 (2): 31–56.
Jump up ^ "Corporal Punishment in Schools and its Effect on Academic Success: Testimony by Donald E. Greydanus MD" (PDF). Healthy Families and Communities Subcommittee, United States House of Representatives. 15 April 2010.
Jump up ^ "H-515.995 Corporal Punishment in Schools". American Medical Association.
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Jump up ^ Stein, M.T.; Perrin, E.L. (April 1998). "Guidance for effective discipline. American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family Health". Pediatrics. 101 (4 Pt 1): 723–8. PMID 9521967.
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Jump up ^ "Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health Position Statement on corporal punishment" (PDF). November 2009.
Jump up ^ Lynch, M. (September 2003). "Community pediatrics: role of physicians and organizations". Pediatrics. 112 (3 Part 2): 732–4. doi:10.1542/peds.112.3.S1.732 (inactive 2018-09-21). PMID 12949335.
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Jump up ^ Psychosocial Paediatrics Committee; Canadian Paediatric Society (2004). "Effective discipline for children". Paediatrics & Child Health. 9 (1): 37–41. PMC 2719514. PMID 19654979.
Jump up ^ "Legislative assembly questions #0293 - Australian Psychological Society: Punishment and Behaviour Change". Parliament of New South Wales. 20 October 1996. Archived from the original on 3 May 2008. Retrieved 6 August 2008.
Jump up ^ "Corporal punishment". National Association of Secondary School Principals. February 2009. Archived from the original on 3 December 2010.
Jump up ^ "General comment No. 8 (2006): The right of the child to protection from corporal punishment and or cruel or degrading forms of punishment (articles 1, 28(2), and 37, inter alia)". United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child, 42nd Sess., U.N. Doc. CRC/C/GC/8. 2 March 2007. Retrieved January 2015. Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
Jump up ^ "Europe-Wide Ban on Corporal Punishment of Children, Recommendation 1666". Parliamentary Assembly, Council of Europe (21st Sitting). 23 June 2004. Archived from the original on 20 February 2015. Retrieved January 2015. Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
Jump up ^ "Report on Corporal Punishment and Human Rights of Children and Adolescents". Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, Rapporteurship on the Rights of the Child, Organization of American States. 5 August 2009. Retrieved January 2015. Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
Jump up ^ Committee on the Rights of the Child (2001). General Comment No. 1, The Aims of Education. U.N. Doc. CRC/GC/2001/1.
^ Jump up to: a b Towards Non-violent Schools: Prohibiting All Corporal Punishment: Global Report 2015 (PDF), London: Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children; Save the Children, May 2015
Jump up ^ "Diálogo, premios y penitencias: cómo poner límites sin violencia". El Clarín (Buenos Aires). 17 December 2005. (in Spanish)
Jump up ^ "En Argentina, del golpe a la convivencia". El Clarín (Buenos Aires). 10 February 1999. (in Spanish)
Jump up ^ "Country report for Argentina". Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children.
Jump up ^ Child Family Community Australia (March 2014), Corporal punishment: Key issues - Resource Sheet, Australian Government, archived from the original on 11 September 2015
Jump up ^ "Federal Government rules out return of corporal punishment, after curriculum adviser says it can be 'very effective'". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 16 July 2014. Archived from the original on 14 November 2014.
Jump up ^ Barrett, Rosanne (25 June 2012). "States refuse to buckle amid calls to ban cane". The Australian. Sydney. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Ruff, Marcia (19 December 1905). "Senator keeps up fight against cane in schools". The Canberra Times. p. 2.
Jump up ^ Criminal Code Act (Qld), s280.
Jump up ^ "Qld schools consign cane to history". The Canberra Times. 27 May 1992. p. 20. Corporal punishment will be phased out by the end of the 1994 school year
Jump up ^ Pavey, Ainsley (11 November 2009). "Teachers given the cane go-ahead in some Queensland schools". news.com.au. Archived from the original on 11 September 2015.
Jump up ^ Education Act 1960 (NSW), s47(h), s3 and s 35 (2A)
Jump up ^ "Caning gets the cut from 1987". The Canberra Times. 13 December 1985. p. 18.
Jump up ^ "WA to decide on caning of girls". The Canberra Times. 24 May 1987. p. 3. Following the decision, the NSW State Government banned the use of canes in all schools in that state.
Jump up ^ "NSW schools say no to use of the cane". The Canberra Times. 20 June 1989. p. 11. The Fair Discipline Code... reversed the NSW Labor Government's two-year-old ban on the cane for the state's 2300 schools
^ Jump up to: a b "NSW vetoes school cane". The Canberra Times. 6 December 1995. p. 8. NSW Education Minister John Aquilina said corporal punishment would be outlawed in public schools from today, and in non-government schools from 1997
Jump up ^ "Cane ban no bar to discipline: Carr". The Canberra Times. 17 December 1995. p. 2.
Jump up ^ Education Act 1994 (Tas), s82A.
^ Jump up to: a b Haley, Martine (8 April 2001). "Spank curb Bid for child punishment laws". Sunday Tasmanian. p. 1.
Jump up ^ Habel, Bernadette (2 June 2014). "Leaders against return to corporal punishment". The Examiner. Launceston, Tasmania. p. 6.
Jump up ^ Education Act 2004 (ACT), s7(4).
Jump up ^ Zakharov, Jeannie (20 November 1987). "ACT Schools Authority decides to abolish cane". The Canberra Times. p. 14.
Jump up ^ Hobson, Karen (13 July 1991). "Libs push for discipline codes, including corporal punishment, in ACT schools". The Canberra Times. p. 1.
Jump up ^ Criminal Code Act (NT), s11.
Jump up ^ School Education Regulations, s40, cf Criminal Code Act, s257.
Jump up ^ "School Education Bill - Committee". Hansard. Parliament of Western Australia. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Last WA school using corporal punishment forced to end practice from next term". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 7 January 2015. Archived from the original on 30 January 2015.
Jump up ^ Burrell, Andrew (8 January 2015). "Corporal punishment ban widened". The Australian. p. 3.
Jump up ^ Austria State Report Archived 20 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine., GITEACPOC.
Jump up ^ "Prohibition of all corporal punishment in Bolivia (2014)". Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children.
Jump up ^ "Brazil Prohibits All Corporal Punishment". Save the Children. 2 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Shwe Gaung, Juliet (26 January 2009). "Corporal punishment 'common practice': author". The Mayanmar Times. Yangon. Archived from the original on 24 March 2014.
Jump up ^ Mudditt, Jessica (13 May 2013). "Against the cane: corporal punishment in Myanmar". The Mayanmar Times. Archived from the original on 24 March 2014.
Jump up ^ Ohmar, Ma (23 April 2002). "Slate & Slate Pencil - Computer & Keyboard". The New Light of Myanmar. Archived from the original on 25 April 2005.
Jump up ^ "Supreme Court takes strap out of teachers' hands". Edmonton Journal (Alberta). 1 February 2004.
Jump up ^ Moyers school supplies catalogue, 1971.
Jump up ^ FitzGerald, James (1994).Old Boys: The Powerful Legacy of Upper Canada College. Toronto: Macfarlane Walter & Ross. ISBN 0-921912-74-9
Jump up ^ Byfield, Ted (21 October 1996). "Do our new-found ideas on children maybe explain the fact we can't control them?". Alberta Report (Edmonton).
Jump up ^ "Spanking still legal in Canada". Montreal Gazette. 23 February 2005.
Jump up ^ "Peace Wapiti scraps strap". Daily Herald-Tribune (Grande Prairie, Alberta). 19 November 2004.
Jump up ^ http://www.corpun.com/cad00502.htm#16725
Jump up ^ http://historyofrights.ca/encyclopaedia/main-events/corporal-punishment/
Jump up ^ "New measures taken in schools to improve teacher-student relations", People's Daily, Beijing, 31 July 2005.
Jump up ^ "Colombia country report - Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children". www.endcorporalpunishment.org. Retrieved 22 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Gillers, Gillian (27 June 2008). "Costa Rica lawmakers ban spanking". The Tico Times. Retrieved 6 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Czech Republic State Report Archived 8 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine., GITEACPOC, June 2011.
Jump up ^ Danish School History 1814-2014, Danmarkshistorien.dk, 2014.
Jump up ^ Danish School History, Den Store Danske Encyklopædi.
Jump up ^ Illegal corporal punishment, Folkeskolen, 3 October 2002.
Jump up ^ Youssef RM, Attia MS, Kamel MI; Attia; Kamel (October 1998). "Children experiencing violence. II: Prevalence and determinants of corporal punishment in schools". Child Abuse Negl. 22 (10): 975–85. doi:10.1016/S0145-2134(98)00084-2. PMID 9793720. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Kolsi, Eeva-Kaarina (11 June 2016). "Kansakoulun perustamisesta 150 vuotta – lukemisen pelättiin laiskistavan". Ilta-Sanomat (in Finnish). Retrieved 10 September 2016.
Jump up ^ Autio, Raisa (9 April 2014). "Lasten ruumiillinen kuritus kiellettiin 30 vuotta sitten – vielä joka neljäs tukistaa". YLE Uutiset (in Finnish). Retrieved 10 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "The punishments in French schools are impositions and confinements."-- Matthew Arnold (1861) cited in Robert McCole Wilson, A Study of Attitudes Towards Corporal Punishment as an Educational Procedure From the Earliest Times to the Present, Nijmegen University, 1999, 4.3.
Jump up ^ France State Report Archived 20 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine., GITEACPOC.
Jump up ^ "Teacher Fined, Praised for Slap", Time (New York), 14 August 2008.
Jump up ^ Desnos, Marie (13 August 2008). "Une gifle à 500 euros". Le Journal du Dimanche (Paris).
Jump up ^ Rosenczveig, Jean-Pierre (1 February 2008)."Violences non retenues au collège".
Jump up ^ "It's 40 years since corporal punishment got a general boot", translated from Saarbrücker Zeitung, 19 June 1987.
Jump up ^ Greece State Report Archived 8 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine., GITEACPOC, November 2006.
Jump up ^ Nilanjana Bhowmick (2 May 2009). "Why India's Teachers Do Not Spare the Rod". Time (New York).
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"Children First Bill 2014: Report". Seanad debates. KildareStreet.com. 21 October 2015. Retrieved 21 November 2017.
Primary Branch (January 1982). "R.R. 144329 / Circular 9/82 / Re: The Abolition of Corporal Punishment in National Schools" (PDF). Circulars. Department of Education. Retrieved 21 November 2017.
Post-Primary Branch (January 1982). "Circular M5/82 / Abolition of Corporal Punishment in Schools in respect of Financial Aid from the Department of Education" (PDF). Circulars. Department of Education. Retrieved 21 November 2017.
Jump up ^
"Non-Fatal Offences Against the Person Act, 1997, Section 24". Irish Statute Book. Retrieved 21 November 2017.
"Non-Fatal Offences Against the Person Bill, 1997: Second Stage". Seanad Éireann Debates. 7 May 1997. Retrieved 21 November 2017. The use of force by teachers, following the enactment of the Bill, will be governed, as in the case of other people, by the rules set out in sections 18 and 19.
Jump up ^ Italy State Report Archived 25 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine., GITEACPOC.
Jump up ^ "Many Japanese Teachers Favor Corporal Punishment", Nichi Bei Times, San Francisco, 21 November 1987.
Jump up ^ "Student commits suicide after being beaten by school basketball coach ' Japan Today: Japan News and Discussion". Retrieved 25 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Corporal punishment rife in schools in 2012: survey". The Japan Times. Retrieved 25 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children, Report of corporal punishment of children in Luxembourg 2013
Jump up ^ Legilux, Législation sur les mesures de discipline dans les écoles 2015
Jump up ^ School corporal punishment in Malaysia at World Corporal Punishment Research.
Jump up ^ Netherlands State Report Archived 3 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine., GITEACPOC.
Jump up ^ "Education Act 1989 - New Zealand Legislation". New Zealand Parliamentary Counsel Office. Retrieved 9 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "§202C: Assault with weapon - Crimes Act 1961 No 43 as of 18 April 2012 - New Zealand Legislation". Parliamentary Counsel Office (New Zealand). 18 April 2012. Retrieved 11 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "School in corporal punishment spotlight". Television New Zealand. 18 February 2007. Retrieved 9 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "PAKISTAN: Corporal punishment key reason for school dropouts". IRIN Asia. 18 May 2008.
Jump up ^ Philippines State Report Archived 11 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine., GITEACPOC.
Jump up ^ Abolishing corporal punishment of children : questions and answers (PDF). Strasbourg: Council of Europe. December 2007. pp. 31–32. ISBN 978-9-287-16310-3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 August 2014.
Jump up ^ Newell, Peter (ed.). A Last Resort? Corporal Punishment in Schools, Penguin, London, 1972, p. 9. ISBN 0-14-080698-9
Jump up ^ Article 40th of the Constitution of Poland, 1997, http://www.sejm.gov.pl/prawo/konst/angielski/kon1.htm
Jump up ^ Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children, Country Report for Serbia, updated February 2018, http://www.endcorporalpunishment.org/progress/country-reports/serbia.html.
Jump up ^ Speech by Mr Tharman Shanmugaratnam, Acting Minister for Education. Archived 25 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "WORLD CORPORAL PUNISHMENT: SCHOOL CANING IN SINGAPORE". Retrieved 25 May 2016.
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Jump up ^ "Taiwan corporal punishment banned", BBC News On Line, London, 29 December 2006.
Jump up ^ Ijue sheria ya viboko vya wanafunzi, Mwananchi newspaper 2 September 2018
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Jump up ^ Ghandhi, Sandy (1984). "Spare the Rod: Corporal Punishment in Schools and the European Convention on Human Rights". The International and Comparative Law Quarterly. 33 (2): 488–494. JSTOR 759074.
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Jump up ^ "Country report for UK". Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children. June 2015.
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Jump up ^ Ahmed, Kamal (27 April 2003). "He could talk his way out of things". The Observer (London).
Jump up ^ Sage, Adam (26 March 1993). "Private schools 'can beat pupils': European Court of Human Rights expresses misgivings on corporal punishment". The Independent. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Ying Hui Tan (26 March 1993). "Law Report: 'Slippering' pupil is not degrading punishment: Costello-Roberts v The United Kingdom. European Court of Human Rights, Strasbourg, 25 March 1993". The Independent. London. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "A 'fifth of teachers back caning'". BBC News Online. 3 October 2008.
Jump up ^ Bloom, Adi (10 October 2008). "Survey whips up debate on caning", Times Educational Supplement (London).
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Jump up ^ Anderson, Melinda D. "The States Where Teachers Can Still Spank Students". The Atlantic. Retrieved 10 May 2016.
Jump up ^ C. Farrell (October 2016). "Corporal punishment in US schools". www.corpun.com.
Jump up ^ See, e.g., Deana A. Pollard, Banning Corporal Punishment: A Constitutional Analysis, 52 Am. U. L. Rev. 447 (2002); Deana A. Pollard, Banning Child Corporal Punishment, 77 Tul. L. Rev. 575 (2003).
Jump up ^ "Prohibition of all corporal punishment in Venezuela (2007)" Global Initiative to End All Corporal school Punishment of Children.
Jump up ^ "End pupils'fear of teachers' canes (2018)" in D+C Vol. 45 05-06/2018.
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