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All You Need Is Love
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This article is about the Beatles song. For other uses, see All You Need Is Love (disambiguation).
"All You Need Is Love"
US picture sleeve
Single by the Beatles
B-side
"Baby, You're a Rich Man"
Released
7 July 1967
Format
7-inch record
Recorded
14 and 19–25 June 1967
Studio
Olympic Sound Studios, London; EMI Studios, London
Genre
Pop[1]
Length
3:57
Label
Parlophone, Capitol
Songwriter(s)
Lennon–McCartney
Producer(s)
George Martin
The Beatles singles chronology
"Strawberry Fields Forever"/"Penny Lane"
(1967) Strawberry Fields ForeverPenny Lane1967 "All You Need Is Love"
(1967) All You Need Is Love1967 "Hello, Goodbye"
(1967) Hello, Goodbye1967
"All You Need Is Love" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles that was released as a non-album single in July 1967. It was written by John Lennon[2] and credited to Lennon–McCartney. The Beatles performed the song over a pre-recorded backing track as Britain's contribution to Our World, the first live global television link. Watched by over 400 million in 25 countries, the programme was broadcast via satellite on 25 June 1967.[3] The song captured the utopian sentiments of the Summer of Love era and topped singles charts in Britain, the United States and many other countries.
"All You Need Is Love" was later included on the US Magical Mystery Tour album. It also appears in a sequence in the Beatles' 1968 animated film Yellow Submarine and on the accompanying soundtrack album.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background and inspiration
2 Composition and musical structure
3 Recording
3.1 Backing track
3.2 Live broadcast
4 Release and reception
5 Cultural responses and legacy
6 Personnel
7 Charts and certifications
7.1 Weekly charts
7.2 Year-end charts
7.3 Certifications
8 Cover versions
9 Notes
10 References
11 Sources
12 External links
Background and inspiration[edit]
For Our World, the Beatles were asked to provide a song with a message that could be easily understood by everyone.[4] The band undertook the assignment at a time when they were committed to two film projects:[5] a planned television special, Magical Mystery Tour, and the animated feature Yellow Submarine, for which they were contractually obliged to United Artists to supply four new recordings.[6] "All You Need Is Love" was selected for Our World for its contemporary social significance over the Paul McCartney-written "Your Mother Should Know".[7][nb 1] In a statement to Melody Maker magazine, Brian Epstein, the band's manager, said of "All You Need Is Love": "It was an inspired song and they really wanted to give the world a message. The nice thing about it is that it cannot be misinterpreted. It is a clear message saying that love is everything."[9][10] Lennon later attributed the song's simple lyrical statements to his liking of slogans and television advertising.[11] He likened the song to a propaganda piece,[12] adding: "I'm a revolutionary artist. My art is dedicated to change."[11] Author Mark Hertsgaard views it as the Beatles' "most political song yet" up to 1967 and the origins of Lennon's posthumous standing as a "humanitarian hero".[13]
In the book The Beatles Anthology, McCartney and George Harrison say they were unsure whether "All You Need Is Love" was written for Our World, while Ringo Starr and George Martin, the Beatles' producer, assert that it was. McCartney said: "It was certainly tailored to [the broadcast] once we had it. But I've got a feeling it was just one of John's songs that was coming anyway."[14]
Composition and musical structure[edit]
The song starts with the intro to the French national anthem, "La Marseillaise", and contains elements from Glenn Miller's 1939 hit "In the Mood", as well as elements from Wayne Shanklin's 1958 hit "Chanson D'Amour". "All You Need Is Love" is notable for its asymmetric time signature and complex changes.[15] The main verse pattern contains a total of 29 beats, split into two 7
4 measures, a single bar of 8
4, followed by a one bar return of 7
4 before repeating the pattern. The chorus, however, maintains a steady 4
4 beat with the exception of the last bar of 6
4 (on the lyric "love is all you need"). The prominent cello line draws attention to this departure from pop-single normality, although it was not the first time that the Beatles had experimented with varied metre within a single song: "Love You To" and "She Said She Said" were earlier examples.[16] The song is in the key of G and the verse opens (on "There's nothing you can do") with a G chord and D melody note, the chords shifting in a I–V–vi chord progression while the bass simultaneously moves from the tonic (G) note to the root note of the relative minor (E minor), via an F♯,[17] supporting a first inversion D chord.
After the verse "learn how to play the game, it's easy", the bass alters the prolonged V (D) chord with F♯, E, C and B notes.[18] The song is notable for a dramatic use of a dominant or V chord (here D) on "It's easy."[19] The "Love, love, love" chant involves chords in a I–V7–vi shift (G–D–Em)[20] and simultaneous descending B, A, G notes with the concluding G note corresponding not to the tonic G chord, but acting as the third of the E minor chord; this also introducing the E note of the Em chord as a 6th of the tonic G scale. Supporting the same melody note with different and unexpected chords has been termed a characteristic Beatles technique.[21]
The song's use of quotations from other musical works follows an approach adopted by the Beatles in Harrison's composition "It's All Too Much",[22] which similarly reflects the ideology behind the hippie movement during the 1967 Summer of Love.[23] George Martin recalled that in "All You Need Is Love" "the boys ... wanted to freak out at the end, and just go mad".[24] During the long fade-out, elements of various other songs can be heard, including "Greensleeves", Invention No. 8 in F major (BWV 779) by J. S. Bach, "In the Mood", and the Beatles' own songs "She Loves You" and "Yesterday".[25] The first of these three pieces had been included in the arrangement by Martin. "She Loves You" and "Yesterday" were the result of improvisation by Lennon in rehearsals – he had also experimented with interpolating "She'll Be Coming 'Round the Mountain" – although it was McCartney who led "She Loves You" on the subsequent studio recording.[26]
Like musicologist Alan Pollack, Kenneth Womack views the "She Loves You" refrain as serving a similar purpose to the wax models of the Beatles depicted on the cover of Sgt. Pepper, beside the real-life band members, and therefore a further example of the group distancing themselves from their past.[27] In his book Rock, Counterculture and the Avant-Garde, author Doyle Greene describes the combination of the "Love is all you need" refrain, "She Loves You" reprise, and orchestral quotations from Bach and Miller as "a joyous, collective anarchy signifying the utopian dreams of the counterculture topped off with a postmodern fanfare".[28]
The word 'love' is said in the song 111 times.
Recording[edit]
Backing track[edit]
The Beatles began recording the backing track for the song at Olympic Sound Studios in south-west London on 14 June 1967.[2][29] The producers of Our World were initially unhappy about the use of a backing track, but it was insisted upon by Martin, who said that "we can't just go in front of 350 million people without some work".[26]
The lineup was Lennon on harpsichord, McCartney on double bass, Harrison on violin – three instruments that were unfamiliar to the musicians[30] – while Starr played drums. The band recorded 33 takes, before choosing the tenth take as the best. Over the following days, they recorded overdubs including vocals, piano (played by Martin), banjo, guitar and orchestral parts.[26]
Live broadcast[edit]
There was a tremendous feeling that [the Beatles] really did believe all this, and they'd very consciously written an anthemic piece that could be understood worldwide. This was the first time TV had been beamed to so many countries, and obviously most of the listeners wouldn't be English speakers. They wrote something really, really basic, and yet still got the countercultural message across.[31]
– Barry Miles, 2007
The Our World broadcast took place in the wake of the Arab–Israeli Six-Day War and, for the Beatles, amid the public furore caused by McCartney's admission that he had taken LSD.[32] On 25 June, the live transmission cut to Abbey Road studios at 8:54 pm London time, about 40 seconds earlier than expected. Martin and engineer Geoff Emerick were drinking scotch whisky to calm their nerves for the task of mixing the audio for a live worldwide broadcast, and had to scramble the bottle and glasses beneath the mixing desk when they were told they were about to go on air.[26][33]
A colourised frame of McCartney and Lennon performing "All You Need Is Love" on Our World. Music journalist Peter Doggett has described the Beatles' performance as "one of the strongest visual impressions" from the Summer of Love.[34]
The Beatles (except for Starr, behind his drum kit) were seated on high stools, accompanied by a thirteen-piece orchestra. The band were surrounded by friends and acquaintances seated on the floor, who sang along with the refrain during the fade-out. These guests included Mick Jagger, Eric Clapton, Marianne Faithfull, Keith Richards, Keith Moon, Graham Nash, Mike McGear, Patti Boyd and Jane Asher.[26] The studio setting was designed to reflect the communal aspect of the occasion while also demonstrating the position of influence that the Beatles held among their peers, particularly following the recent release of their album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band.[35][nb 2] Many of the invitations were extended through Beatles aides Mal Evans and Tony Bramwell, who visited various London nightclubs the night before the broadcast.[40] Also among the studio audience were members of the Small Faces and the design collective the Fool.[41][nb 3] Balloons, flowers, streamers and "Love" graffiti added to the celebratory atmosphere. The Beatles and their entourage were dressed in psychedelic clothes and scarves; in his report on the performance, Barry Miles likened the setting to a medieval gathering, broken only by the presence of modern studio equipment such as large headphones and microphones.[43] According to Michael Frontani, an associate professor of communications, whereas Sgt. Pepper had showed the Beatles as artists and "serious musicians", the broadcast emphasised their identity as members of the hippie counterculture.[44]
The segment opened with the band simulating a rehearsal for about a minute, before Martin suggested that the orchestral musicians should take their places for the recording as the tape was rewound.[26] The Beatles, the orchestra and the guests then overdubbed onto the pre-recorded rhythm track. In addition to the lead and backing vocals and the orchestra, the live recorded elements were McCartney's bass guitar part, Harrison's guitar solo and Starr's drums.[45][46][nb 4]
Lennon, affecting indifference, was said to be nervous about the broadcast, given the potential size of the international TV audience. Dissatisfied with his singing, he rerecorded the solo verses for use on the single.[45][46] Starr also overdubbed a drum roll at the start of the track, replacing a tambourine part.[46][47]
The programme was shown in black-and-white since colour television had yet to commence broadcasting in Britain and most of the world. The Beatles' footage was colourised, based on photographs of the event, for the 1995 documentary The Beatles Anthology.[48] Over the documentary's end credits, a snippet of studio conversation from the 25 June overdubbing session includes Lennon telling Martin: "I'm ready to sing for the world, George, if you can just give me the backing …"[49] The colour version of the band's Our World appearance also appears on the Beatles' 2015 video compilation 1.[50]
Release and reception[edit]
The day before the Our World broadcast, the Beatles decided that the song should be their next single.[26] Issued in the UK on 7 July 1967, with "Baby, You're a Rich Man" on the B-side,[51] it entered the national singles chart at number 2 before topping the listings for three weeks.[52] It was similarly successful in the United States after its release on 17 July, reaching number one for a week.[53] In his feature on the song in Rolling Stone, Gavin Edwards writes that "All You Need Is Love" "hit Number One all over the world, providing the sing-song anthem for the Summer of Love, with a sentiment that was simple but profound".[26] The single was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America on 11 September 1967.[54]
The Aegean Sea, off the coast of Greece. In the weeks following the release of the single, the Beatles holidayed on the Aegean in search of an island on which to establish a private commune.
According to author Jonathan Gould, the Beatles "bask[ed] in the glow of their artistic achievements" while enjoying their first summer free of tour commitments,[55] having quit performing concerts the previous year.[56][57] In late July, the band investigated the possibility of buying a Greek island with a view to setting up a hippie-style commune for themselves,[58] their partners and children,[59] and members of their inner circle such as Neil Aspinall, Evans, Epstein and Derek Taylor. After sailing around the Aegean Sea and approving a location on the island of Leslo,[59] the Beatles decided against the idea and returned to London.[60][61] In early August, Harrison, accompanied by a small entourage including Taylor and Aspinall,[62] made a highly publicised visit to the international hippie capital of Haight-Ashbury, in San Francisco.[4][63]
Writing in 2001, Peter Doggett said that the Beatles' performance on Our World "remains one of the strongest visual impressions of the summer of love";[34] Womack describes it as "flower power's finest moment".[64] Rolling Stone ranks "All You Need Is Love" 370th on its list of the "500 Greatest Songs of All Time"[65] and 21st on its "100 Greatest Beatles Songs" list.[66] Mojo placed it at number 28 on a similar list of the best Beatles songs. In his commentary for the magazine, producer and musician Dave Stewart admired the track's "jumbled-up mix of music – marching band and rock'n'roll" and recalled the Beatles' Our World appearance as "a signal for those [of us] who felt we were trapped in a mental hospital in some suburban town to break out".[67]
"All You Need Is Love" was also included on the American LP version of Magical Mystery Tour in November 1967,[68] and on the Yellow Submarine album, animated film and 1999 "songtrack".[69] As a statement on the power of universal love, the song served as the moral in the film.[70][71] It plays over a scene where Lennon's character defeats the Blue Meanies by throwing the word "Love" at their evil Flying Glove.[72] The track is also featured in Cirque du Soleil's show Love, based on the songs of the Beatles, and its 2006 soundtrack album.
Cultural responses and legacy[edit]
A demonstrator offers a flower to military policemen during an anti-Vietnam War demonstration in October 1967 (photo by Marc Riboud). "All You Need Is Love" provided an anthem for the flower power movement but has since attracted criticism for its simplistic message.
In a 1981 article on the musical and societal developments of 1967, sociomusicologist Simon Frith described "All You Need Is Love" as a "genuinely moving song" and said that, further to the impact of Sgt. Pepper, the international broadcast confirmed "the Beatles' evangelical role" in a year when "it seemed the whole world was waiting for something new, and the power of music was beyond doubt."[73] According to author Jon Wiener, "All You Need Is Love" served as "the anthem of flower power" that summer but also, like Sgt. Pepper, highlighted the ideological gulf between the predominantly white hippie movement and the increasingly political ghetto culture in the United States.[74] Wiener says that the song's pacifist agenda infuriated many student radicals from the New Left and that these detractors "continued to denounce [Lennon] for it for the rest of his life".[75][nb 5] Wiener also writes that, in summer 1967, "links between the counterculture and the New Left remained murky", since a full dialogue regarding politics and rock music was still a year away and would only be inspired by Lennon's 1968 song "Revolution".[78] Doyle Greene writes that because of its presentation as the conclusion to Our World, "All You Need Is Love" provided "a distinctly political statement". He says that the song was "selling peace" on a program that aimed to foster international understanding in a climate of Cold War hostility, the Vietnam War and revolutionary unrest in the Third World.[12]
In the decades following the release of "All You Need Is Love", Beatles biographers and music journalists have criticised the lyrics as naive and simplistic and detected a smugness in the message; the song's musical content has also been dismissed as unimaginative.[79] Writing in 1988, author and critic Tim Riley identified the track's "internal contradictions (positivisms expressed with negatives)" and "bloated self-confidence ('it's easy')" as qualities that rendered it as "the naive answer to 'A Day in the Life'".[80]
Maybe in the Sixties we were naive and like children and later everyone went back to their rooms and said, "We didn't get a wonderful world of flowers and peace." … Crying for it wasn't enough. The thing the Sixties did was show us the possibility and the responsibility we all had.[81]
– John Lennon, 1980
Mark Hertsgaard considers "All You Need Is Love" to be among the Beatles' finest songs and one of the few highlights among their recordings from the Magical Mystery Tour–Yellow Submarine era.[7] In his opinion, Lennon's detractors fail to discern between "shallow and utopian" when ridiculing the song as socially irrelevant, and he adds: "one may as well complain that Martin Luther King was a poor singer as criticize Lennon on fine points of political strategy; his role was the Poet, not the Political Organizer."[79] Ian MacDonald views the song as "one of The Beatles' less deserving hits" and, in its apparently chaotic production, typical of the band's self-indulgent work immediately after Sgt. Pepper.[82] Regarding the song's message, McDonald writes:
During the materialistic Eighties, this song's title was the butt of cynics, there being, obviously, any number of additional things needed to sustain life on earth. It should, perhaps, be pointed out that this record was not conceived as a blueprint for a successful career. "All you need is love" is a transcendental statement, as true on its level as the principle of investment on the level of the stock exchange. In the idealistic perspective of 1967 – the polar opposite of 1987 – its title makes perfect sense.[83]
In 1978, the Rutles parodied "All You Need Is Love" in their song "Love Life".[69] In the 1987 documentary It Was Twenty Years Ago Today, commemorating two decades since Sgt. Pepper and the Summer of Love, several of the interviewees were asked whether they still believed that "Love is all you need".[84] Harrison was the only one who unequivocally agreed with the sentiment.[85] Asked why this was, he told Mark Ellen of Q magazine: "They all said All You Need Is Love but you also need such-and-such else. But … love is complete knowledge. If we all had total knowledge, then we would have complete love and, on that basis, everything is taken care of. It's a law of nature."[85]
In 2009, George Vaillant, the chief investigator of the Grant Study, which tracked 268 Harvard undergraduates for a period of 80 years with the goal of finding what factors led to happiness, stated that its findings could be summarized as "Happiness is love. Full stop."[86] When pressed for being sentimental or too general, he revisited his findings and again stated, "the short answer is L-O-V-E."[87] The CBC claimed that the "[Grant] study proves Beatles right: All You Need is Love."[87]
Personnel[edit]
According to Ian MacDonald:[29]
The Beatles
John Lennon – lead and backing vocals, harpsichord, banjo
Paul McCartney – bass, double bass, backing vocals
George Harrison – lead guitar, violin, backing vocals
Ringo Starr – drums
Additional participants
George Martin – piano, orchestral arrangement, production
Mike Vickers – conductor
Sidney Sax, Patrick Halling, Eric Bowie, Jack Holmes – violins
Rex Morris, Don Honeywill – tenor saxophones
David Mason – trumpet
Stanley Woods – trumpet, flugelhorn[45]
Evan Watkins, Harry Spain – trombones
Jack Emblow – accordion
Mick Jagger, Keith Richards, Eric Clapton, Marianne Faithfull, Jane Asher, Pattie Boyd, Mike McGear, Keith Moon, Graham Nash, Hunter Davies, Gary Leeds and others – background vocals
Charts and certifications[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1967)
Peak
position
Australia (Kent Music Report)[88] 1
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[89] 1
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[90] 4
Canadian RPM 100[91] 1
Germany (Official German Charts)[92] 1
Irish Singles Chart[93] 1
Italy (FIMI)[94] 10
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[95] 1
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[96] 1
Norway (VG-lista)[97] 1
Swedish Kvällstoppen Chart[98] 1
UK (Official Charts Company)[99] 1
US Billboard Hot 100[100] 1
US Cash Box Top 100[101] 1
Chart (1987) (Reissue)
Peak
position
Irish Singles Chart[93] 19
UK (Official Charts Company)[99] 47
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1967)
Rank
Canada[102] 3
US Billboard[103] 30
US Cash Box[104] 43
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
United States (RIAA)[105]
Gold 1,000,000^
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
Cover versions[edit]
Group or artist's name
Release date
Album title
Additional information
The 5th Dimension 1971–10 The 5th Dimension/Live![106]
New Musik 1982 Warp
Echo & the Bunnymen 1984 Seven Seas
"Life at Brian's – Lean and Hungry"
This version is included on the 1988 release New Live and Rare.[107] This version is also included on Crystal Days: 1979–1999; they also released a live cover as a bonus track on the 2003 re-release of their 1984 album Ocean Rain.
Elvis Costello 1985 Costello played the song at Wembley Stadium at the London leg of Live Aid, introducing it as an "old Northern English folk song".[26]
Bajaga i Instruktori 1986 7" single[108]
Eddie Chacon 1987 12" single Columbia 4406930
Tears for Fears 1990 Going to California (live DVD) Orzabal changed some of the lyrics and incorporated the phrase "Raoul and the Kings of Spain" which would go on to be the title of a future album.
Anything Box 1991–05 Worth[109]
Tom Jones 1993–01 single[110]
Ferrante & Teicher 1993-01-29 The Greatest Love Songs of All
The Undead 1998–07 Till Death[111]
Lynden David Hall 2003-11-11 Love Actually[112]
Nada Surf 2006 Featured in a Chase credit card commercial
Dana Fuchs & Jim Sturgess 2007 Across the Universe
Beatallica 2008 single Parodied as "All You Need is Blood"
Noel Gallagher 2009 The Dreams We Have as Children
Bandaged 2009 single (BBC Children in Need) Taken from the Bandaged Together album and featuring rock, pop and classical artists[113]
One Direction 2010 Performed live on The X Factor during the show's elimination rounds.
Japan United with Music 2012-03-07 single Charity single for recovery from the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami. Produced by Ryuichi Sakamoto and Takeshi Kobayashi, and featuring many artists such as Yellow Magic Orchestra, Crystal Kay, Tomoyasu Hotei, Kazutoshi Sakurai, Sugizo and Bonnie Pink.[114]
The Flaming Lips (feat. Alex and Jade of Edward Sharpe and the Magnetic Zeros) 2013-04-01 The Terror Taken from the UK Bella Union exclusive 3" mini CD
Glee cast 2013 Glee Sings the Beatles Also performed on Season Five Premiere, "Love Love Love"
Dave Koz 2015 Collaborations: 25th Anniversary Collection featuring Eric Benét, Johnny Mathis, Heather Headley, Richard Marx, Jonathan Butler, Maysa, BeBe Winans, Gloria Estefan and Stevie Wonder
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ McCartney also offered "Hello, Goodbye" for consideration.[8]
Jump up ^ The idea to film the performance in the company of their friends and fellow artists reprised the orchestral overdubbing session for "A Day in the Life" in February 1967,[36][37] when the Beatles had hosted a happening-style event at EMI's Studio 1.[38] Author Ian MacDonald cites a television performance by Pink Floyd of their June 1967 single "See Emily Play", when the band were "surrounded by a kaftan-clad crowd of beatific followers", as a precedent.[39]
Jump up ^ Starr recalls that his outfit was designed by the Fool especially for the event. It included a yellow sequin jacket with a fur collar and edging, and rings of beads around his neck; he says that together "it weighed a ton."[42]
Jump up ^ Among a number of placards featuring the word "love" translated into a variety of languages, a sign was held up during the clip with the words "Come Back Milly". This was a plea to an aunt of McCartney's who was in Australia visiting her son and grandchildren.[26]
Jump up ^ When considering the island commune scheme, Lennon and his bandmates were similarly oblivious to the political upheaval in Greece, three months after the country had become a fascist state.[58][76] At the time, he told the Beatles' official biographer, Hunter Davies: "I'm not worried about the political situation in Greece, as long as it doesn't affect us. I don't care if the government is all fascist or communist."[77]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Unterberger, Richie. "The Beatles 'All You Need Is Love'". AllMusic. Retrieved 20 August 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Lewisohn 2005, p. 116.
Jump up ^ Davies, Hunter (1996). The Beatles.
^ Jump up to: a b Schaffner 1978, p. 86.
Jump up ^ Hertsgaard 1996, pp. 223–24.
Jump up ^ Lewisohn 2005, pp. 111, 116.
^ Jump up to: a b Hertsgaard 1996, p. 224.
Jump up ^ Womack 2014, p. 31.
Jump up ^ Dowlding 1989, p. 188.
Jump up ^ Womack 2007, p. 195.
^ Jump up to: a b Henke 2003, p. 30.
^ Jump up to: a b Greene 2016, p. 36.
Jump up ^ Hertsgaard 1996, p. 223.
Jump up ^ The Beatles 2000, p. 257.
Jump up ^ Everett 1999, p. 124.
Jump up ^ Everett 1999, pp. 40–41, 66.
Jump up ^ Everett 1999, pp. 124–25.
Jump up ^ Pedler 2003, p. 459.
Jump up ^ Pedler 2003, p. 9.
Jump up ^ Everett 1999, p. 125.
Jump up ^ Pedler 2003, p. 720.
Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005, pp. 260, 262.
Jump up ^ Inglis 2010, pp. 10–11.
Jump up ^ Gilliland 1969, show 46, track 2.
Jump up ^ Pollack, Alan W. (1996). "Notes on 'All You Need Is Love'". soundscapes.info. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Edwards, Gavin (28 August 2014). "The Beatles Make History With 'All You Need Is Love': A Minute-by-Minute Breakdown". rollingstone.com. Retrieved 27 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Womack 2007, p. 197.
Jump up ^ Greene 2016, p. 37.
^ Jump up to: a b MacDonald 2005, p. 261.
Jump up ^ Hertsgaard 1996, p. 225.
Jump up ^ Harris 2007, p. 89.
Jump up ^ Norman 1996, p. 295.
Jump up ^ Badman, Keith. "Universal Love". In: Mojo Special Limited Edition 2002, p. 106.
^ Jump up to: a b Miles 2001, p. 272.
Jump up ^ Harris 2007, pp. 87–89.
Jump up ^ Lewisohn 2005, p. 96.
Jump up ^ Gould 2007, p. 427.
Jump up ^ Harris 2007, pp. 76, 82.
Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005, p. 262.
Jump up ^ Harris 2007, pp. 88–89.
Jump up ^ Miles 2001, p. 271.
Jump up ^ The Beatles 2000, pp. 256–57.
Jump up ^ Miles 2001, pp. 270–71.
Jump up ^ Frontani 2007, pp. 147–48.
^ Jump up to: a b c Lewisohn 2005, p. 120.
^ Jump up to: a b c Unterberger 2006, p. 178.
Jump up ^ Everett 1999, pp. 125–26.
Jump up ^ Unterberger 2006, p. 323.
Jump up ^ Unterberger 2006, p. 179.
Jump up ^ Rowe, Matt (18 September 2015). "The Beatles 1 To Be Reissued With New Audio Remixes … And Videos". The Morton Report. Retrieved 9 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Castleman & Podrazik 1976, p. 62.
Jump up ^ "Beatles" > "All You Need Is Love" > "Chart Facts". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 11 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Music Albums, Top 200 Albums & Music Album Charts". Billboard. Retrieved 22 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Castleman & Podrazik 1976, p. 331.
Jump up ^ Gould 2007, p. 431.
Jump up ^ Riley 2002, p. 233.
Jump up ^ Frontani, Michael R. (8 February 2014). "It was 50 years ago today …". Winston-Salem Journal. Archived from the original on 19 March 2017. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Norman 1996, p. 299.
^ Jump up to: a b Hunt, Chris. "Fantasy Island". In: Mojo Special Limited Edition 2002, p. 109.
Jump up ^ Miles 2001, pp. 273–74.
Jump up ^ Hampson, Sam (12 January 2014). "Acid and Ukeleles: The Truth About The Beatles' Greek Island". Sabotage Times. Retrieved 18 March 2017.
Jump up ^ The Beatles 2000, p. 259.
Jump up ^ Everett 1999, p. 129.
Jump up ^ Womack 2007, p. 196.
Jump up ^ Rolling Stone staff (7 April 2011). "500 Greatest Songs of All Time: 370. The Beatles, 'All You Need is Love'". rollingstone.com. Retrieved 13 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Womack 2014, p. 33.
Jump up ^ Alexander, Phil; et al. (July 2006). "The 101 Greatest Beatles Songs". Mojo. p. 84.
Jump up ^ Castleman & Podrazik 1976, p. 63.
^ Jump up to: a b Womack 2014, p. 34.
Jump up ^ Schaffner 1978, pp. 86, 99.
Jump up ^ Womack 2014, p. 216.
Jump up ^ Womack 2014, pp. 34, 216.
Jump up ^ Frith, Simon (1981). "1967: The Year It All Came Together". The History of Rock. Available at Rock's Backpages (subscription required).
Jump up ^ Wiener 1991, pp. 39–40.
Jump up ^ Wiener 1991, pp. 40–41.
Jump up ^ Doggett 2007, pp. 97–98.
Jump up ^ Doggett 2007, p. 97.
Jump up ^ Wiener 1991, pp. 37–38.
^ Jump up to: a b Hertsgaard 1996, pp. 226–27.
Jump up ^ Riley 2002, pp. 233–34.
Jump up ^ Wiener 1991, pp. 305–06.
Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005, pp. 261–62.
Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005, p. 263.
Jump up ^ Harrington, Richard (11 November 1987). "It Was 20 Years Ago Today". The Washington Post. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Ellen, Mark (January 1988). "A Big Hand for the Quiet One". Q. p. 60.
Jump up ^ Stossel, Scott (May 2013). "What Makes Us Happy, Revisited: A new look at the famous Harvard study of what makes people thrive". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 25 June 2017. Retrieved 25 June 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b CBC News Staff (31 July 2009). "Study proves Beatles right: All you need is love". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 25 June 2017. Retrieved 25 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Worldcharts.co.uk. "Australia n°1 Hits – 60's". Archived from the original on 31 July 2013. Retrieved 5 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – The Beatles – All You Need Is Love" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – The Beatles – All You Need Is Love" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50.
Jump up ^ "All you need is love in Canadian Top Singles Chart". Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved 5 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – The Beatles – All You Need Is Love". GfK Entertainment Charts.
^ Jump up to: a b "All you need is love in Irish Chart". IRMA. Archived from the original on 3 June 2009. Retrieved 5 July 2013. Only results when searching "All you need is love"
Jump up ^ "The best-selling singles of 1967 in Italy". HitParadeItalia (it). Retrieved 5 July 2013.
56. All you need is love – The Beatles [#10]
Jump up ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – The Beatles" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – The Beatles – All You Need Is Love" (in Dutch). Single Top 100.
Jump up ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – The Beatles – All You Need Is Love". VG-lista.
Jump up ^ "Swedish Charts 1966–1969/Kvällstoppen – Listresultaten vecka för vecka > Augusti 1967" (PDF) (in Swedish). hitsallertijden.nl. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Beatles". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 5 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "The Beatles awards on Allmusic". AllMusic. Retrieved 5 July 2013.
Jump up ^ Hoffmann, Frank (1983). The Cash Box Singles Charts, 1950–1981. Metuchen, NJ & London: The Scarecrow Press, Inc. p. 32.
Jump up ^ "RPM 100 Top Singles of 1967". RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Archived from the original on 12 August 2016. Retrieved 18 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Hits of 1967/Top 100 Songs of 1967". musicoutfitters.com. Retrieved 18 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Cash Box Year-End Charts: 1967". Cashbox Archives. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 18 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "American single certifications – The Beatles – All You Need Is Love". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved 14 May 2016. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
Jump up ^ Torreano, Bradley. "The 5th Dimension The 5th Dimension/Live!!". AllMusic.
Jump up ^ Ankeny, Jason (2009). "Echo & the Bunnymen New Live and Rare". AllMusic. Retrieved 27 November 2009.
Jump up ^ "All You Need Is Love (Verzija 1986)" / "Jahači magle (Ukratko)" at Discogs
Jump up ^ Cooper, William (2009). "Review of Worth by Anything Box". AllMusic. Retrieved 27 November 2009.
Jump up ^ "Tom Jones discography". BBC Wales. 2009. Retrieved 27 November 2009.
Jump up ^ "The Undead Till Death". AllMusic. 2009. Retrieved 27 November 2009.
Jump up ^ Phares, Heather (2009). "Various Artists Love Actually – Original Soundtrack". AllMusic. Retrieved 27 November 2009.
Jump up ^ "All You Need is Love" charity single 2009 Archived 12 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ (in Japanese) YMO、小林武史、桜井和寿ら30人がBEATLES名曲カバー.
Sources[edit]
The Beatles (2000). The Beatles Anthology. San Francisco, CA: Chronicle Books. ISBN 0-8118-2684-8.
Castleman, Harry; Podrazik, Walter J. (1976). All Together Now: The First Complete Beatles Discography 1961–1975. New York, NY: Ballantine Books. ISBN 0-345-25680-8.
Doggett, Peter (2007). There's a Riot Going On: Revolutionaries, Rock Stars, and the Rise and Fall of '60s Counter-Culture. Edinburgh, UK: Canongate. ISBN 978-1-84195-940-5.
Dowlding, William J. (1989). Beatlesongs. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.
Everett, Walter (1999). The Beatles as Musicians: Revolver Through the Anthology. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-512941-5.
Frontani, Michael R. (2007). The Beatles: Image and the Media. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 978-1-57806-966-8.
Gilliland, John (1969). "Sergeant Pepper at the Summit: The very best of a very good year" (audio). Pop Chronicles. University of North Texas Libraries.
Gould, Jonathan (2007). Can't Buy Me Love: The Beatles, Britain and America. London: Piatkus. ISBN 978-0-7499-2988-6.
Greene, Doyle (2016). Rock, Counterculture and the Avant-Garde, 1966–1970: How the Beatles, Frank Zappa and the Velvet Underground Defined an Era. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. ISBN 978-1-4766-6214-5.
Harris, John (March 2007). "The Day the World Turned Day-glo!". Mojo. pp. 72–89.
Henke, James (2003). Lennon Legend: An Illustrated Life of John Lennon. San Francisco, CA: Chronicle Books. ISBN 978-0-8118-3517-6.
Hertsgaard, Mark (1996). A Day in the Life: The Music and Artistry of the Beatles. London: Pan Books. ISBN 0-330-33891-9.
Inglis, Ian (2010). The Words and Music of George Harrison. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger. ISBN 978-0-313-37532-3.
Lewisohn, Mark (2005) [1988]. The Complete Beatles Recording Sessions: The Official Story of the Abbey Road Years 1962–1970. London: Bounty Books. ISBN 978-0-7537-2545-0.
MacDonald, Ian (2005). Revolution in the Head: The Beatles' Records and the Sixties (2nd rev. edn). Chicago, IL: Chicago Review Press. ISBN 978-1-55652-733-3.
Miles, Barry (2001). The Beatles Diary Volume 1: The Beatles Years. London: Omnibus Press. ISBN 0-7119-8308-9.
Mojo Special Limited Edition: 1000 Days That Shook the World (The Psychedelic Beatles – April 1, 1965 to December 26, 1967). London: Emap. 2002.
Norman, Philip (1996) [1981]. Shout!: The Beatles in Their Generation. New York, NY: Fireside. ISBN 0-684-83067-1.
Pedler, Dominic (2003). The Songwriting Secrets of the Beatles. London: Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-0-7119-8167-6.
Riley, Tim (2002) [1988]. Tell Me Why – The Beatles: Album by Album, Song by Song, the Sixties and After. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-81120-3.
Schaffner, Nicholas (1978). The Beatles Forever. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-055087-5.
Turner, Steve (2005). A Hard Day's Write: The Stories Behind Every Beatles Song (3rd ed.). New York: Harper Paperbacks. ISBN 0-06-084409-4.
Unterberger, Richie (2006). The Unreleased Beatles: Music & Film. San Francisco, CA: Backbeat Books. ISBN 978-0-87930-892-6.
Wiener, Jon (1991). Come Together: John Lennon in His Time. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-06131-8.
Womack, Kenneth (2007). Long and Winding Roads: The Evolving Artistry of the Beatles. New York, NY: Continuum. ISBN 978-0-8264-1746-6.
Womack, Kenneth (2014). The Beatles Encyclopedia: Everything Fab Four. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-39171-2.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Magical Mystery Tour
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
CoverTogether: "All You Need is Love" Cover Versions
[show]
v
t
e
The Beatles singles discography
UK and US
(all labels)
1963
"Please Please Me" / "Ask Me Why"
"From Me to You" / "Thank You Girl"
"She Loves You" / "I'll Get You"
1964
"Can't Buy Me Love" / "You Can't Do That"
"I Feel Fine" / "She's a Woman"
1965
"Ticket to Ride" / "Yes It Is"
"Help!" / "I'm Down"
"We Can Work It Out" / "Day Tripper"
1966
"Paperback Writer" / "Rain"
"Yellow Submarine" / "Eleanor Rigby"
1967
"Penny Lane" / "Strawberry Fields Forever"
"All You Need Is Love" / "Baby, You're a Rich Man"
"Hello, Goodbye" / "I Am the Walrus"
1968
"Lady Madonna" / "The Inner Light"
"Hey Jude" / "Revolution"
1969
"Get Back" / "Don't Let Me Down"
"The Ballad of John and Yoko" / "Old Brown Shoe"
"Something" / "Come Together"
1970
"Let It Be" / "You Know My Name (Look Up the Number)"
1978
"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band/With a Little Help from My Friends" / "A Day in the Life"
1982
"The Beatles Movie Medley" / "I'm Happy Just to Dance with You"
1995
"Free as a Bird" / "Christmas Time (Is Here Again)"
1996
"Real Love" / "Baby's in Black"
UK only
(Parlophone,
Apple)
1962
"My Bonnie" / "The Saints"
"Love Me Do" / "P.S. I Love You"
1963
"I Want to Hold Your Hand" / "This Boy"
1964
"Ain't She Sweet" / "If You Love Me, Baby"
"A Hard Day's Night" / "Things We Said Today"
1976
"Yesterday" / "I Should Have Known Better"
"Back in the U.S.S.R." / "Twist and Shout"
US only
(Vee-Jay,
Swan,
Tollie,
Capitol,
Apple)
1963
"I Want to Hold Your Hand" / "I Saw Her Standing There"
1964
"Twist and Shout" / "There's a Place"
"Do You Want to Know a Secret" / "Thank You Girl"
"Love Me Do" / "P.S. I Love You"
"Sie liebt dich" / "I'll Get You"
"I'll Cry Instead" / "I'm Happy Just to Dance with You"
"And I Love Her" / "If I Fell"
"A Hard Day's Night" / "I Should Have Known Better"
"Matchbox" / "Slow Down"
1965
"Eight Days a Week" / "I Don't Want to Spoil the Party"
"Yesterday" / "Act Naturally"
1966
"Nowhere Man" / "What Goes On"
1970
"The Long and Winding Road" / "For You Blue"
1976
"Got to Get You into My Life" / "Helter Skelter"
"Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da" / "Julia"
Other
countries
(Odeon,
Parlophone,
Apple)
1963
"All My Loving" / "This Boy" (Canada)
1964
"Komm, gib mir deine Hand / Sie liebt dich" (Germany)
1966
"Norwegian Wood (This Bird Has Flown)" / "Nowhere Man" (Australia)
1968
"Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da" / "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" (Europe, Japan, Australia)
"Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da" / "I Will" (Philippines)
"Back in the U.S.S.R." / "Don't Pass Me By" (Sweden)
1969
"You're Going to Lose That Girl" / "Tell Me What You See" (Japan)
1970
"Oh! Darling" / "Here Comes the Sun" (Japan)
1972
"All Together Now" / "Hey Bulldog" (Europe)
1978
"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band/With a Little Help from My Friends" / "Within You Without You" (Germany)
[show]
v
t
e
Magical Mystery Tour
Songs
Side one
"Magical Mystery Tour"
"The Fool on the Hill"
"Flying"
"Blue Jay Way"
"Your Mother Should Know"
"I Am the Walrus"
Side two
"Hello, Goodbye"
"Strawberry Fields Forever"
"Penny Lane"
"Baby, You're a Rich Man"
"All You Need Is Love"
Outtakes
"All Together Now"
"It's All Too Much"
"You Know My Name (Look Up the Number)"
Related articles
Magical Mystery Tour (film)
The Beatles discography
The Beatles in Bangor
Please Please Me
With the Beatles
A Hard Day's Night
Beatles for Sale
Help!
Rubber Soul
Revolver
Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band
Magical Mystery Tour
The Beatles (White Album)
Yellow Submarine
Abbey Road
Let It Be
Past Masters
[show]
v
t
e
Yellow Submarine
Songs
Side one
"Yellow Submarine"
"Only a Northern Song"
"All Together Now"
"Hey Bulldog"
"It's All Too Much"
"All You Need Is Love"
Side two
"Pepperland"
"Sea of Time"
"Sea of Holes"
"Sea of Monsters"
"March of the Meanies"
"Pepperland Laid Waste"
"Yellow Submarine in Pepperland"
Outtakes
"Across the Universe"
Non-album single
"Lady Madonna"
"The Inner Light"
Related articles
Film
Yellow Submarine (sculpture)
Yellow Submarine Songtrack
The Beatles discography
George Martin
Blue Meanies
Chief Blue Meanie
Jeremy Hillary Boob
Ringo's Yellow Submarine
Please Please Me
With the Beatles
A Hard Day's Night
Beatles for Sale
Help!
Rubber Soul
Revolver
Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band
Magical Mystery Tour
The Beatles (White Album)
Yellow Submarine
Abbey Road
Let It Be
Past Masters
[show]
v
t
e
Tom Jones
Discography
Studio albums
Along Came Jones (It's Not Unusual)
What's New Pussycat?
A-tom-ic Jones
From the Heart
Green, Green Grass of Home
Delilah
Help Yourself
Reload
Mr. Jones
Praise & Blame
Spirit in the Room
Long Lost Suitcase
Live albums
John Farnham & Tom Jones – Together in Concert
Tom Jones Live in Las Vegas
Songs
"All You Need Is Love"
"Baby, It's Cold Outside"
"Black Betty"
"Burning Down the House"
"Carrying a Torch"
"Darlin'"
"Daughter of Darkness"
"Delilah"
"Detroit City"
"Gimme Shelter"
"Green, Green Grass of Home"
"Help Yourself"
"I (Who Have Nothing)"
"Islands in the Stream"
"It's Four in the Morning"
"It's Not Unusual"
"I'll Never Fall in Love Again"
"Kiss"
"Lady Lay Down"
"Mama Told Me Not to Come"
"Move Closer"
"Say You'll Stay Until Tomorrow"
"Sex Bomb"
"Sixteen Tons"
"She's a Lady"
"Stoned in Love"
"Till"
"What's New Pussycat?"
"Without Love"
"The Young New Mexican Puppeteer"
"Thunderball"
Related articles
This Is Tom Jones
Tom Jones
Tom Jones: The Right Time
The Wexford Carols
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Bishop in the Catholic Church
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This article is about the role of priests in the Catholic Church. For information on the historical origin of the office, see Bishop.
Part of a series on the
Hierarchy of the
Catholic Church
Saint Peter
Ecclesiastical titles (order of precedence)
Pope
Cardinal
Cardinal Vicar
Moderator of the curia
Chaplain of His Holiness
Papal legate
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Apostolic Nuncio
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Catholicism portal
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Latin Church Catholic bishop Gerhard Ludwig Müller wearing the pontifical vestments and carrying a crosier.
An Eastern Catholic bishop of the Syro-Malabar Church holding the Mar Thoma Cross which symbolizes the heritage and identity of the Syrian Church of Saint Thomas Christians of India
Johann Otto von Gemmingen, Prince-Bishop of Augsburg in Bavaria, 1591–1598, carrying a crosier and wearing a mitre and pluviale.
In the Catholic Church, a bishop is an ordained minister who holds the fullness of the sacrament of holy orders and is responsible for teaching doctrine,[1] governing Catholics in his jurisdiction,[2] sanctifying the world[3] and representing the Church.[4][5] Catholics trace the origins of the office of bishop to the apostles, who it is believed were endowed with a special charism by the Holy Spirit at Pentecost.[6] Catholics believe this special charism has been transmitted through an unbroken succession of bishops by the laying on of hands in the sacrament of holy orders.[7]
Diocesan bishops—known as eparchs in the Eastern Catholic Churches—are assigned to govern local regions within the Catholic Church known as dioceses in the Latin Church and eparchies in the Eastern Churches. Bishops are collectively known as the College of Bishops and can hold such additional titles as archbishop, cardinal, patriarch, or pope. As of 2009 there were approximately 5,100 bishops total in the Latin and Eastern churches of the Catholic Church.[8]
Bishops are always men.[9] In addition, Canon 378 § 1 requires that a candidate for the Latin episcopacy should be:
outstanding in solid faith, good morals, piety, zeal for souls, wisdom, prudence, and human virtues, and endowed with other qualities which make him suitable to fulfill the office in question;
of good reputation;
at least thirty-five years old;
ordained to the presbyterate for at least five years;
in possession of a doctorate or at least a licentiate in sacred scripture, theology, or canon law from an institute of higher studies approved by the Apostolic See, or at least truly expert in the same disciplines.
Contents
1 Diocesan bishops or eparchs
1.1 Appointment
1.2 Resignation at 75
1.3 Roles
1.4 Canonical authority
2 Additional titles, status and roles
2.1 Bishop-elect
2.2 Titular bishop
2.3 Suffragan bishop
2.4 Auxiliary bishop
2.5 Coadjutor bishop
2.6 Bishop-prelate
2.7 Emeritus bishop
2.8 Cardinal
2.9 Titles and functions reserved for archbishops
2.9.1 Pope
2.9.2 Patriarch and Catholicos
2.9.3 Major archbishop
2.9.4 Primate
2.9.5 Metropolitan archbishop
2.10 Public office
3 Consecration of bishops and eparchs
4 Apostolic succession and other churches
5 Dress and vestments
5.1 Latin Church
5.2 Eastern Catholic
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Diocesan bishops or eparchs[edit]
See also: Ordinary (officer) and Diocesan bishop
The traditional role of a bishop is to act as head of a diocese or eparchy. Dioceses vary considerably in geographical size and population. A wide variety of dioceses around the Mediterranean Sea which received the Christian faith early are rather compact in size, while those in areas more recently evangelized, as in some parts of Sub-Saharan Africa, South America and the Far East, tend to be much larger and more populous. Within his own diocese a Latin Church bishop may use pontifical vestments and regalia, but may not do so in another diocese without, at least, the presumed consent of the appropriate ordinary.[10]
Appointment[edit]
See: Appointment of Catholic bishops
Resignation at 75[edit]
Article 401.1 of the Latin-Rite Code of Canon Law states that "A diocesan Bishop who has completed his seventy-fifth year of age is requested to offer his resignation from office to the Supreme Pontiff, who, taking all the circumstances into account, will make provision accordingly".[11] A motu proprio issued by Pope Francis on 15 February 2018 titled Imparare a congedarsi established a comparable rule for non-cardinal bishops serving in the Roman Curia, who had previously been required to retire at 75. [12][13]
Roles[edit]
One form for the coat of arms of a Latin Catholic bishop.
A "diocesan bishop"[14] is entrusted with the care of a local Church (diocese).[15] He is responsible for teaching, governing, and sanctifying the faithful of his diocese, sharing these duties with the priests and deacons who serve under him.[16]
To "teach, sanctify and govern"[17] means that he must (1) oversee preaching of the Gospel and Catholic education in all its forms; (2) oversee and provide for the administration of the sacraments; and (3) legislate, administer and act as judge for canon-law matters within his diocese. He serves as the "chief shepherd" (spiritual leader) of the diocese and has responsibility for the pastoral care of all Catholics living within his ecclesiastical and ritual jurisdiction.[18] He is obliged to celebrate Mass every Sunday and Holy Day of Obligation with the intention of praying for those in his care, assign clergy to their posts in various institutions and oversee finances.[19] A bishop is to have a special concern for priests, listening to them, using them as counsellors, ensuring that they are adequately provided for in every way, and defending their rights set forth in the Code of Canon Law.[20] Latin Catholic bishops also must make regular ad limina visits to the Holy See every five years.[21]
Because of their function as teachers of the faith, it is customary in some English-speaking countries, to add to the names of bishops the postnominal title of "D.D." (Doctor of Divinity) and to refer to them with the title "Doctor".
Only a bishop has authority to confer the sacrament of holy orders. In the Latin Church the minor orders were abolished after the Second Vatican Council. In Eastern Catholic Churches, a monastic archimandrite may tonsure and institute his subjects to minor orders; however, the tonsure and minor orders are not considered to be part of the sacrament of holy orders.[22]
The sacrament of Confirmation is normally administered by a bishop in the Latin Church, but a bishop may delegate the administration to a priest. In the case of receiving an adult into full communion with the Catholic Church the presiding priest will administer Confirmation.[23] In the Eastern Catholic Churches, Confirmation (called Chrismation) is normally administered by priests as it is given at the same time as baptism. It is only within the power of the diocesan bishop or eparch to bless churches and altars, although he may delegate another bishop, or even a priest, to perform the ceremony.[24]
On Holy Thursday Latin Catholic bishops preside over the Mass of the Chrism. Though Oil of the Sick for the sacrament of Anointing of the Sick is blessed at this Mass, it may also be blessed by any priest in case of necessity. Only a bishop may consecrate Chrism. In the Eastern Catholic Churches chrism is consecrated solely by heads of churches sui juris (patriarchs and metropolitans) and diocesan bishops may not do so.
Only a bishop or other ordinary may grant imprimaturs for theological books, certifying that they are free from doctrinal or moral error; this is an expression of the teaching authority, and education responsibility of the bishop.
Prior to the Second Vatican Council, it was also the prerogative of the bishop to consecrate the paten and chalice that would be used during the Mass. One of the changes implemented since the Council, is that a simple blessing is now said and it may be given by any priest.
Canonical authority[edit]
Catholic bishops assembled in front of St. Peter's Basilica
In both Western and Eastern Catholic churches, any priest can celebrate the Mass or Divine Liturgy. In order to offer Mass or Divine Liturgy publicly, however, a priest is required to have permission from the local Ordinary—authority for this permission may be given to pastors of parishes for a limited period, but for long-term permission recourse to the diocesan bishop is usually required. A celebret may be issued to travelling priests so that they can demonstrate to pastors and bishops outside of their own diocese that they are in good standing. However, even if a priest does not possess such a document, he may celebrate the sacraments if the local bishop or pastor judges that the visiting priest is a person of good character.[25]
In the East an antimension signed by the bishop is kept on the altar partly as a reminder of whose altar it is and under whose omophorion the priest at a local parish is serving.
For priests to validly celebrate the sacrament of Penance they must have faculties (permission and authority) from the local bishop;[26] however when the penitent is in danger of death, a priest has both the right and obligation to hear the confession no matter where he may be.[27]
To preside at matrimony ceremonies, Latin Church priests and deacons must have appropriate jurisdiction or delegation from a competent authority. In the Latin branch of the Catholic Church, the teaching is that it is the couple themselves who administer the graces of the sacrament; thus, although it is normally an ordained person who officiates at a marriage ceremony, a bishop may delegate a lay person to be present for the exchange of vows; this would be done only in extreme cases such as in mission territories. In the Eastern tradition, the clergy not only witness the exchange of vows but must impart a blessing for a valid marriage to have taken place.[28]
Unless a particular bishop has forbidden it, any bishop may preach throughout the Catholic Church[29] and any priest or deacon may also preach anywhere (presuming the permission of local pastor) unless his faculty to preach has been restricted or removed.[30]
The cathedral of a diocese contains a special chair, called a cathedra, sometimes referred to as a throne, set aside in the sanctuary for the exclusive use of its Ordinary; it symbolizes his spiritual and ecclesiastical authority.
Additional titles, status and roles[edit]
Main article: Catholic Church hierarchy
Bishops may fill additional roles in the Catholic Church, including the following:
Bishop-elect[edit]
A bishop who has been appointed, but has not yet been consecrated. (Consecration is the ceremony formally elevating the bishop-elect to his new rank.)
Titular bishop[edit]
A titular bishop (or titular archbishop) is a bishop who is not bishop of a diocese; unless (since 1970) he is coadjutor or emeritus, he is assigned to a titular see, which is usually the name of a city or area that used to be the seat of a diocese, but whose episcopal see (diocese) is no longer functioning as such. Titular bishops often serve as auxiliary bishops, as officials in the Roman Curia, in the Patriarchal Curias of Eastern Churches, as papal diplomatic envoys (notably apostolic nuncios or apostolic delegates), or head certain missionary pre-diocesan jurisdictions (notably as apostolic vicar). Since 1970, a coadjutor bishop (or archbishop) uses the title of the see he is assigned to, and a bishop (or archbishop) emeritus uses the title of his last residential see.
Suffragan bishop[edit]
A suffragan bishop leads a diocese within an ecclesiastical province other than the principal diocese, the metropolitan archdiocese.[31]
Auxiliary bishop[edit]
An auxiliary bishop is a full-time assistant to a diocesan bishop. Auxiliaries are titular bishops without the right of succession, who assist the diocesan bishop in a variety of ways and are usually appointed as vicars general or episcopal vicars of the diocese in which they serve.[32]
Coadjutor bishop[edit]
A coadjutor bishop is a bishop who is given almost equal authority to that of the diocesan bishop; he has special faculties and the right to succeed the incumbent diocesan bishop.[33] The appointment of coadjutors is seen as a means of providing for continuity of church leadership. Until recent times, there was the possibility of a coadjutor bishop not having the right of succession.
Bishop-prelate[edit]
A bishop who is consecrated as such, but holds an office that as such does not require episcopal rank (so the incumbent will not be made a titular bishop), just that of Prelate, notably as Territorial prelate.
Emeritus bishop[edit]
When a diocesan bishop or auxiliary bishop retires, he is given the honorary title of "emeritus" of the last see he served, i.e., archbishop emeritus, bishop emeritus, or auxiliary bishop emeritus of the see. "Emeritus" is not used for a titular see. Examples: Archbishop (or Bishop) Emeritus of Place".
Traditionally, bishops appointed ordinaries or auxiliaries served for life. When the rare resignation occurred, the bishop was assigned a titular see. The status of "emeritus" emerged after the Second Vatican Council when bishops were at first encouraged and then required to submit their resignations at the age of 75. On 31 October 1970, Pope Paul VI decreed that "diocesan bishops of the Latin rite who resign are no longer transferred to a titular church, but instead continue to be identified by the name of the see they have resigned."[34][35][36]
Cardinal[edit]
A cardinal is a member of the clergy appointed by the Pope to serve in the College of Cardinals. Members of the College aged under 80 elect a new pope, who is in practice always one of their number, on the death or resignation of the incumbent. Cardinals also serve as papal advisors and hold positions of authority within the structure of the Catholic Church. Under canon law, a man appointed a cardinal must normally be a bishop, or accept consecration as a bishop, but may seek papal permission to decline. Most cardinals are already bishops when appointed, the majority being archbishops of important archdioceses or patriarchates, others already serving as titular bishops in the Roman Curia. Recent popes have appointed a few priests, most of them renowned theologians, to the College of Cardinals, and these have been permitted to decline episcopal consecration. Examples include Karl Becker in 2012 and Ernest Simoni in 2016.
Titles and functions reserved for archbishops[edit]
Main article: Archbishop
Pope[edit]
The pope is the man who possesses the sacrament of Holy Orders as a bishop and who has been chosen to be Bishop of Rome. The Catholic Church holds that the College of Bishops as a group is the successor of the College of Apostles. The Church also holds that uniquely among the apostles Saint Peter was granted a role of leadership and authority, giving the Pope the right to govern the Church together with the bishops, and making his leadership necessary for the completion of the College.[37] Hence, Catholicism holds that the Bishop of Rome, as successor of Peter, possesses this role: the Pope, uniquely among bishops, may speak for the whole Church, and a council of bishops is incomplete without the approval of the pope. Papal pronouncements which meet the requirements of the decree on papal infallibility of the First Vatican Council, and no others, even in matters of faith and morals, are deemed to be infallible. Papal infallibility has been invoked only twice since the doctrine was instituted and both are about Mary: her Immaculate Conception (declared by Pope Pius IX in 1854 and grandfathered in after the First Vatican Council’s declaration of papal infallibility in 1870) and her bodily Assumption into heaven (declared by Pope Pius XII in 1950).
On his resignation as Pope (Bishop of Rome), Benedict XVI became His Holiness Benedict XVI, Supreme Pontiff Emeritus or Pope Emeritus.[38]
Patriarch and Catholicos[edit]
Catholicos is an Eastern title roughly similar to that of patriarch. In the Catholic Church it is applied to a prelate who is also a major archbishop.
Major archbishop[edit]
Major archbishops are the heads of some of the Eastern Catholic Churches. The major archbishops' authority within their respective sui juris churches is equal to that of a patriarch, but they receive fewer ceremonial honours.
Primate[edit]
In the Catholic, Anglican, and some other Churches a primate is usually the bishop of the oldest diocese and/or the capital of a (present or former) nation; the title is one of honor.
Metropolitan archbishop[edit]
A metropolitan bishop is an archbishop with minor jurisdiction over an ecclesiastical province; in practice this amounts to presiding at meetings and overseeing a diocese which has no bishop.[39]
In Eastern Catholicism a metropolitan may also be the head of an autocephalous, sui juris, or autonomous church when the number of adherents of that tradition is small. In the Latin Church, metropolitans are always archbishops; in many Eastern churches, the title is "Metropolitan," with some of these churches using "archbishop" as a separate office.
Public office[edit]
Since the publication of the new Code of Canon Law in 1983 by Pope John Paul II, all members of the Catholic clergy are forbidden to hold public office without the express permission of the Holy See.[40]
Consecration of bishops and eparchs[edit]
Main article: Appointment of Catholic bishops
See also: Consecrator
The appointment of bishops in the Catholic Church is a complicated process that requires the participation of several officials. In the Latin Church, the local synod, the papal nuncio (or apostolic delegate), various dicasteries of the Roman Curia, and the Pope all take a part; since the 1970s it has become common practice for the nuncio to solicit input from clergy and laity within the vacant diocese. In patriarchal and major archiepiscopal Eastern Churches, the permanent synod, the holy synod, and the patriarch or major archbishop also play a role in the selection of bishops.
Apostolic succession and other churches[edit]
Main article: Apostolic succession
The Catholic Church has always taught that bishops are descended from a continuous line of bishops since the days of the apostles, which is known as apostolic succession. Since 1896, when Pope Leo XIII issued the bull Apostolicae curae, the Catholic Church has not recognised Anglican orders as valid, because of changes in the ordination rites that took place in the 16th century as well as divergence in the understanding of the theology of episcopacy and Eucharist. However, this view has since been complicated because Old Catholic bishops, whose orders are fully recognised as valid by Rome, have acted as co-consecrators in Anglican episcopal consecrations. According to the church historian Timothy Dufort, by 1969 all Church of England bishops had acquired Old Catholic lines of apostolic succession fully recognised by the Holy See.[41]
The Catholic Church does recognize, as valid but illicit, ordinations done by breakaway Catholic groups such as the Old Catholic Church of the Utrecht Union and the Polish National Catholic Church, so long as those receiving the ordination are baptized males and a valid rite of episcopal consecration—expressing the proper functions and sacramental status of a bishop—is used. The Holy See also recognises as valid the ordinations of the Eastern Orthodox, Old Catholic, Oriental Orthodox and Assyrian Nestorian churches. Regarding the Churches of the East, the Second Vatican Council stated:
To remove, then, all shadow of doubt, this holy Council solemnly declares that the Churches of the East, while remembering the necessary unity of the whole Church, have the power to govern themselves according to the disciplines proper to them, since these are better suited to the character of their faithful, and more for the good of their souls.[42]
However, the Holy See does not recognise as valid the orders of any group whose teaching is at variance with core tenets of Christianity even though it may use the proper ritual. The recent practice of Independent Catholic groups to ordain women has added a definite cloudiness to the recognition of the validity of orders, as the act of ordaining women as priests or bishops is incompatible with Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy. The practice by some independent clergy of receiving multiple ordinations also demonstrates an understanding of Holy Orders which is at variance with Catholicism and Orthodoxy, both of which hold that a person is either ordained or not.
Dress and vestments[edit]
Main article: Pontifical vestments
Latin Church[edit]
The everyday dress of Latin Church bishops may consist of a black (or, in tropical countries, white) cassock with amaranth trim and purple fascia, along with a pectoral cross and episcopal ring. The 1969 Instruction on the dress of prelates stated that the dress for ordinary use may instead be a simple cassock without coloured trim.[43] Since 1969, a black suit and clerical shirt, already customary in English-speaking countries, has become very common also in countries where previously it was unknown.
A Latin Church bishop's choir dress, which is worn when attending but not celebrating liturgical functions, consists of the purple cassock with amaranth trim, rochet, purple zuchetto, purple biretta with a tuft, and pectoral cross. The cappa magna may be worn, but only within the bishop's own diocese and on especially solemn occasions.[44]
The mitre, zuchetto, and stole are generally worn by bishops when presiding over liturgical functions. For liturgical functions other than the Mass the bishop typically wears the cope. Within his own diocese and when celebrating solemnly elsewhere with the consent of the local ordinary, he also uses the crosier.[45] When celebrating Mass, a bishop, like a priest, wears the chasuble. The Caeremoniale Episcoporum recommends, but does not impose, that in solemn celebrations a bishop should also wear a dalmatic, which can always be white, beneath the chasuble, especially when administering the sacrament of holy orders, blessing an abbot or abbess, and dedicating a church or an altar.[46] The Caeremoniale Episcoporum no longer makes mention of pontifical gloves, pontifical sandals, liturgical stockings (also known as buskins), the maniple, or the accoutrements that it once prescribed for the bishop's horse.
Eastern Catholic[edit]
The everyday dress of Eastern Catholic bishops is often the same as their Latin Church counterparts: black clerical suit with pectoral cross or panagia. When attending liturgical functions at which he does not celebrate, an Eastern Catholic bishop usually wears a mantya, panagia and an engolpion if he is a patriarch or metropolitan bishop. He will also carry a pastoral staff in the form of a walking stick topped by a pommel. Eastern Catholic bishops do not normally use an episcopal ring.
When participating in the Divine Liturgy, an Eastern Catholic bishop will wear the sakkos (Imperial dalmatic), omophorion, epigonation and Eastern-style mitre. The most typical mitre in the Eastern Catholic churches is based on the closed Imperial crown of the late Byzantine Empire. It is made in the shape of a bulbous crown, completely enclosed, and the material is of brocade, damask or cloth of gold. It may be embroidered, and richly decorated with jewels. There are normally four icons attached to the mitre: (Christ, the Theotokos, John the Baptist and the Cross. Eastern mitres are usually gold, but other liturgical colours may be used. The mitre is often topped by a cross, either made out of metal and standing upright, or embroidered in cloth and lying flat on the top. He will also carry a crosier of the Eastern style.
See also[edit]
Apostolic succession
Catholic Church hierarchy
Historical list of the Catholic bishops of the United States
List of Catholic dioceses (alphabetical)
List of Catholic dioceses (structured view)
List of Catholic archdioceses
List of Catholic military dioceses
List of Catholic apostolic administrations
List of Catholic apostolic vicariates
List of Eastern Catholic exarchates
List of Catholic apostolic prefectures
List of Catholic territorial prelatures
List of Catholic missions sui juris
List of the Catholic bishops of the United States
List of the Catholic dioceses of the United States
Lists of patriarchs, archbishops, and bishops
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ Caeremoniale Episcoporum, 56
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