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Inauguration of John F. Kennedy
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Presidential Inauguration of
John F. Kennedy
Date
January 20, 1961; 57 years ago (1961-01-20)
Location
Washington, D.C.
U.S. Capitol
Participants
President of the United States, John F. Kennedy
Assuming office Chief Justice of the United States,
Earl Warren Administering oath Vice President of the United States
Lyndon B. Johnson Assuming office Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, Sam Rayburn Administering oath United States Congress Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies
This article is part of
a series about
John F. Kennedy
Service in WWII
Electoral history
Why England Slept
Profiles in Courage
A Nation of Immigrants
Family
President of the United States
Presidency
Timeline
1960 Campaign
Election
Inauguration
New Frontier
Foreign Policy
Doctrine
"A Strategy of Peace"
Bay of Pigs
Cuban Missile Crisis
Civil Rights Address
Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
Clean Air
Peace Corps
"We choose to go to the Moon"
Space programs
Mercury
Gemini
Apollo
Appointments
Cabinet
Judges
Assassination and legacy
November 22, 1963
State Funeral
Eternal Flame
Memorials
Library
Legacy
Cultural depictions

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The inauguration of John F. Kennedy as the 35th President of the United States was held on Friday, January 20, 1961 at the eastern portico of the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C.. The inauguration marked the commencement of John F. Kennedy's only term as President and of Lyndon B. Johnson's only term as Vice President. Kennedy was assasinated 2 years, 306 days into this term, and Johnson succeeded to the presidency.
Kennedy took office following the November 1960 presidential election, in which he narrowly defeated Richard Nixon, the then–incumbent Vice President. He was the first Catholic to become President, and became the youngest person elected to the office.
His inaugural address encompassed the major themes of his campaign and would define his presidency during a time of economic prosperity, emerging social changes, and diplomatic challenges.[1] This inauguration was the first in which a poet, Robert Frost, participated in the program.
Presidential inaugurations are organized by the Joint Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies. For John F. Kennedy's inauguration, this committee was chaired by Senator John Sparkman, and included Senators Carl Hayden and Styles Bridges, and Representatives Sam Rayburn, John William McCormack, and Charles A. Halleck.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Sinatra inaugural ball
2 The inaugural nor'easter
3 Inauguration proceedings
3.1 Oath of office
4 The inaugural address
4.1 Drafting
4.2 Main ideas of the speech
4.3 Rhetorical elements
5 Invited guests
5.1 Presidents and First ladies
6 Parade to the White House
7 Impact
8 See also
9 Notes
10 References
11 External links
Sinatra inaugural ball[edit]
President John F. Kennedy and First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy, wearing a gown designed by Ethel Franken of Bergdorf Goodman, arrive at Sinatra's inaugural ball on the evening of Inauguration Day.
"[Sinatra's ball] may have marked the moment when popular entertainment became an indispensable part of modern politics."
— Todd S. Purdum, Vanity Fair, Feb. 2011[3][4]
Frank Sinatra and Peter Lawford organized and hosted a pre-inaugural ball at the D.C. Armory on the eve of Inauguration day, January 19, 1961, considered as one of the biggest parties ever held in Washington, D.C.[3][4] Sinatra recruited many Hollywood stars who performed and attended, and went as far as convincing Broadway theatres to suspend their shows for the night to accommodate some of their actors attending the gala.[4] With tickets ranging from $100 per person to $10,000 per group, Sinatra hoped to raise $1.7 million ($13.9 million in today's dollars) for the Democratic Party to eliminate its debt brought on by a hard-fought campaign.[3][4] Many Hollywood stars gave brief speeches or performed acts, rehearsed by Kay Thompson and directed by Roger Edens, and stayed at the Statler-Hilton Hotel where preparations and rehearsals were photographed by Phil Stern.[4] Performances and speeches included Fredric March, Sidney Poitier, Nat King Cole, Ella Fitzgerald, Gene Kelly, Tony Curtis, Janet Leigh, Bill Dana, Milton Berle, Jimmy Durante, Harry Belafonte, and Sinatra himself.
Sammy Davis, Jr., a long-time friend of Sinatra, supporter of the Democratic Party, and member of the Rat Pack, was asked by John F. Kennedy not to attend the gala at the behest of his father Joseph,[3] fearing that his interracial marriage to Swedish actress May Britt was too controversial for the time and occasion, much to Sammy's and Sinatra's dismay.[3][4] Davis had already postponed his wedding to Britt until after the election, also at the request of the Kennedy campaign via Sinatra.[5] Davis eventually switched his support to the Republican Party and Richard Nixon in the early 1970s. Harry Belafonte expressed sadness at the controversy, stating "It was the ambassador, [but] we didn't know that until after. Sammy not being there was a loss."[3]
At the end of the ball, Kennedy spoke to thank Sinatra on the festivities and his support of the Democratic Party throughout his life and the 1960 campaign, adding "The happy relationship between the arts and politics which has characterized our long history I think reached culmination tonight."[4] Jacqueline retired to the White House before the ball ended at 1:30am (ET), and John went to a second pre-inaugural ball hosted by his father Joseph Kennedy, and would finally return to the White House at around 3:30am.[4]
The inaugural nor'easter[edit]
Main article: January 1961 nor'easter
A strong nor'easter fell the day before the inauguration, with temperatures at 20 °F (−7 °C) and snowfall at 1–2 inches (2.5–5.1 cm) per hour[6] and a total of 8 inches (20 cm) during the night,[7] causing transportation and logistical problems in Washington and serious concern for the inauguration.[6][7][8][9]
On inauguration day, January 20, 1961, the skies began to clear but the snow created chaos in Washington, almost canceling the inaugural parade.[6] The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers was put in charge of clearing the streets during the evening and morning before the inauguration, and were assisted by more than 1,000 District of Columbia employees and 1,700 Boy Scouts.[6] This task force employed hundreds of dump trucks, front-end loaders, sanders, plows, rotaries, and flamethrowers to clear the route.[6] Over 1,400 cars which had been stranded due to the conditions and lack of fuel had to be removed from the parade route along Pennsylvania Avenue.[6]
The snowstorm dropped visibility at Washington National Airport to less than half a mile,[6] preventing former President Herbert Hoover from flying into Washington and attending the inauguration.[10]
Inauguration proceedings[edit]
View of the extended East Front of the Capitol where the inauguration was held. President Kennedy is in the center delivering his inaugural address, with Vice-President Johnson and official and invited guests sitting behind him.
Before the proceeding to the Capitol in company with outgoing President Dwight D. Eisenhower, Kennedy went to a morning Mass at Holy Trinity Catholic Church in Georgetown.[3] Cardinal Richard Cushing gave the invocation at the inaugural which lasted for 12 minutes,[11] with additional prayers recited by Archbishop Iakovos of the Greek Orthodox Church and Reverend Dr. John Barclay of the Central Christian Church of Austin, Texas, and a blessing offered by Rabbi Nelson Glueck. The invocation and prayers lasted a total of 28 minutes.[11] Marian Anderson sang "The Star-Spangled Banner", and a composition by musical Leonard Bernstein titled "Fanfare for the Inauguration of John F. Kennedy" was played.
The oath of office for Vice President was administered by the Speaker of the House of Representatives Sam Rayburn to Lyndon Johnson.[12] This marked the first time a Speaker administered the oath, which had been given in previous inaugurations by either the President pro tempore of the Senate, the ex-Vice President, or a United States Senator.[13]
Robert Frost, then 86 years old,[14][15] recited his poem "The Gift Outright".[16][17] Kennedy requested Frost to read a poem at the inauguration, suggesting "The Gift Outright",[17][18][19] considered an act of gratitude towards Frost for his help during the campaign.[19] Kennedy would later state that he admired the "courage, the towering skill and daring" of Frost, and adding that "I've never taken the view the world of politics and the world of poetry are so far apart. I think politicians and poets share at least one thing, and that is their greatness depends upon the courage with which they face the challenges of life."[17] American poet William Meredith would say that the request "focused attention on Kennedy as a man of culture, as a man interested in culture."[19]
For John F. Kennedy His Inauguration
"The glory of a next Augustan age
Of a power leading from its strength and pride,
Of young ambition eager to be tried,
Firm in our free beliefs without dismay,
In any game the nations want to play.
A golden age of poetry and power
Of which this noonday's the beginning hour."
—— Closing seven lines from Robert Frost's poem
"For John F. Kennedy His Inauguration",
the expanded version of "Dedication".[20]
Frost composed a new poem titled Dedication specifically for the ceremony as a preface to the poem Kennedy suggested,[15][19] to the surprise of Kennedy's friends.[21] On the morning of the inauguration, Frost asked Stewart Udall, Kennedy's future Secretary of the Interior, to have his handwritten draft type scripted for easier reading, to which Udall obliged.[21]
Once at the presidential podium, however, the glare of the sun and snow prevented him from reading his papers.[17][22] When Frost started reading, he stumbled on the first three lines, squinting at his papers in view of the crowd and cameras.[17] Vice-President Johnson tried to assist by using his top hat as a shade, however Frost waved the offer aside, took the hat and jokingly said "I'll help you with that", sparking laughter and applause from the crowd and President Kennedy. Understanding the immediacy of the situation, Frost stated to the microphones that "this [the poem] was to have been a preface to a poem which I do not have to read",[18] and began to recite "The Gift Outright" from memory.[15][17][22] This marks the first time a poem was read at a Presidential inauguration, a feature repeated by future Presidents Bill Clinton and Barack Obama at their respective ceremonies.[14][23][24]
Frost gave the type scripted version of the undelivered "Dedication" poem to Udall after the ceremony, who eventually donated the document to the Library of Congress where it is stored today.[21] The original manuscript version, personally dedicated by Frost, was provided to the President and currently held by the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library.[20][25] Kennedy's wife Jacqueline framed this manuscript version, writing on the back of the frame: For Jack. First thing I had framed to be put in your office. First thing to be hung there.[20][25] Frost officially presented the poem, retitled to For John F. Kennedy His Inauguration and expanded from 42 to 77 lines, to Kennedy in March 1962.[17] The unread poem (published in 1962 as part of Frost's In the Clearing poetry collection) was finally recited at the U.S. Capitol by Chaplain Daniel P. Coughlin during the 50th anniversary celebrations of Kennedy's inauguration.[15]
Oath of office[edit]
The oath of office for the President was administered by Chief Justice of the United States Earl Warren to Kennedy using a closed family Bible at 12:51 (ET)[12][26][27][28][29] Kennedy did not wear an overcoat when taking the oath of office and delivering the inaugural address, despite the cold conditions of 22 °F (−6 °C) with windchill at 7 °F (−14 °C) at noon.[6][7][30]
The inaugural address[edit]
Play media
Video of John F. Kennedy being sworn in as thirty-fifth President of the United States, and delivering his inaugural address.
"Inaugural address of John F. Kennedy"
Audio of John F. Kennedy giving his inaugural address. (Duration:14 minutes)
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Immediately after reciting the oath of office, President Kennedy turned to address the crowd gathered at the Capitol. His inaugural address, the first delivered to a televised audience in color,[14] is considered among the best presidential inaugural speeches in American history.[31][32][33] The address was 1364 words and took 13 minutes and 55 seconds to deliver, from the first word to the last word, not including applause at the end, making it the fourth-shortest inaugural address ever delivered.[citation needed]
And so, my fellow Americans: ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country.
—  John F. Kennedy, inauguration address, January 1961.
Drafting[edit]
The most famous passage from the inaugural address is etched in stone at Kennedy's gravesite in Arlington National Cemetery, with the Lincoln Memorial and Washington Monument in the background.
The speech was crafted by Kennedy and his speech writer Ted Sorensen. Kennedy had Sorensen study President Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address as well as other inaugural speeches.[34] Kennedy began collecting thoughts and ideas for his inauguration speech in late November 1960. He took suggestions from various friends, aides and counselors, including suggestions from clergymen for biblical quotations. Kennedy then made several drafts using his own thoughts and some of those suggestions.[35] Kennedy included in his speech several suggestions made by Harvard economist John Kenneth Galbraith and by the former Democratic presidential candidate Adlai Stevenson II. Kennedy's line "Let us never negotiate out of fear. But let us never fear to negotiate." is nearly identical to Galbraith's suggestion "We shall never negotiate out of fear. But we shall never fear to negotiate." Stevenson's suggestion "if the free way of life doesn’t help the many poor of this world it will never save the few rich." was the basis for Kennedy's line "If a free society cannot help the many who are poor, it cannot save the few who are rich."[36]
Main ideas of the speech[edit]
As a president coming into power at the height of the Cold War, President Kennedy's duty of maintaining peaceful international relations with representing the United States as a force to be reckoned was daunting, at the very least. It is this overarching goal of his presidential term that dominates his inaugural address. Kennedy highlights the newly discovered dangers of nuclear power coupled with the accelerating arms race, and essentially makes the main point that this focus on pure firepower should be replaced with a focus on maintenance of international relations and helping the impoverished in the world.[37]
Rhetorical elements[edit]
The main focus of the speech can crudely be boiled down to one theme – the relationship between duty and power.[38] This is emphasized by Kennedy's strong use of juxtaposition in the first part of the speech. For example, he states in the second passage, "...Man holds in his mortal hands the power to abolish all forms of human poverty and all forms of human life," a clear calling-out of not only America, but also other nations of power for skewed Cold War priorities. He again employs the strategy in the fifth passage when he says, "United there is little we cannot do in a host of cooperative ventures. Divided there is little we can do," again appealing to the idea of refocusing of international values.[39] Again, after exhorting "both sides" to action, he calls on all of "us" "to bear the burden of a long twilight struggle ... against the common enemies of man: tyranny, poverty, disease, and war itself,"[40] though the phrase "long twilight struggle" came to be associated with the cold war struggle against communism.[41]
One of the main components of classical rhetoric, to prepon (the appropriate), is also extremely prevalent in this address.[42] Recognizing the fear and anxiety prevalent in the American people since the start of the Cold War, Kennedy geared his speech to have an optimistic and even idealistic tone as a means of providing comfort. He does this by quickly moving the time of the speech into the future, and invokes repetition of the phrase "Let both sides..." to allude to how he plans to deal with strained relations while also appealing to the end goal of international unity. He also phrases negative ideas in a manner so as to present them as opportunities – a challenge, appealing to innately American ideals. A great line to emphasize this is in the fourth from last passage, where he states, "In the long history of the world, only a few generations have been granted the role of defending freedom in its hour of maximum danger," a simple twist of words that challenges the American public rather than frightening them.
It was also in his inaugural address that John F. Kennedy spoke his famous words, "ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country." This use of chiasmus can be seen even as a thesis statement of his speech – a call to action for the public to do what is right for the greater good.
Invited guests[edit]
Along with official presidential guests and honorees, including former presidents, vice-presidents, cabinet members, and other Washington officials, the Kennedys invited famous men and women of the arts, including Carl Sandburg, John Steinbeck, Ernest Hemingway, Brendan Behan, Mark Rothko, and fashion icon and future Vogue editor Diana Vreeland.[3]
Congressman Tip O'Neill sat next to wealthy Boston businessman George Kara:[3]
O’Neill recalled that Kara had nudged him and said, "Years from now, historians will wonder what was on the young man’s mind as he strode to take his oath of office. I bet he’s asking himself how George Kara got such a good seat." That night, O’Neill and his wife danced over to the president’s box at the ball in the Mayflower Hotel to congratulate him, and sure enough, Kennedy asked, "Was that George Kara sitting beside you?" O’Neill told Kennedy what Kara had said, and J.F.K replied, "Tip, you’ll never believe it. I had my left hand on the Bible and my right hand in the air, and I was about to take the oath of office, and I said to myself, 'How the hell did Kara get that seat?'"
Presidents and First ladies[edit]
Five first Ladies, Edith Wilson, Eleanor Roosevelt, Bess Truman, Mamie Eisenhower and Jackie Kennedy attended the event, as did future First Ladies Lady Bird Johnson, Pat Nixon, and Betty Ford.
Former President Harry S Truman joined Presidents Eisenhower and Kennedy on the platform, as did future Presidents Lyndon B. Johnson, Richard M. Nixon and Gerald Ford, making this, retroactively, the largest conclave of the "presidential fraternity" prior to the opening of the Reagan Library in the 1990s.
Parade to the White House[edit]
A vast parade along Pennsylvania Avenue followed the inauguration ceremony, bearing the new President from Capitol Plaza to the White House. Upon his arrival, Kennedy mounted a reviewing stand shared with honored guests such as former President Harry Truman and former First Ladies Edith Wilson and Eleanor Roosevelt. Throngs of onlookers and millions of television viewers also watched the procession; it took three hours to pass by. Sixteen thousand members of the US armed forces marched with displays of modern weaponry like the Minuteman missile and the supersonic B-70 bomber. A further sixteen thousand marchers were civilians ranging from federal and state officials to high school bands and Boy Scouts, accompanied by forty floats.[43]
Impact[edit]
Kennedy's inauguration marked many firsts for the United States. Kennedy was the first, and to this date, the only Catholic inaugurated as commander-in-chief.[44] At the inauguration, Kennedy, then 43, was the youngest elected president and was replacing the oldest president in American history at that time, Eisenhower.[45][46][47] The age difference and visual impact of the turnover from Eisenhower's presence to Kennedy's was noticeable at the inauguration.[30][48] In addition, Kennedy was the first person born in the 20th century to have been inaugurated as President.[49]
The claim that Kennedy did not wear a hat to his inauguration, and so single-handedly killed the men's hat industry,[50][51][52] is false.[52][53] Kennedy wore a top hat to the inauguration and to the balls in the evening, removing it only to be sworn in and give his address. He in fact restored the tradition, after Eisenhower broke with it by wearing a homburg instead of a top hat to both of his inaugurations.[52] Johnson, at his inauguration in 1965, was the first President to go completely hatless.[52][53]
See also[edit]
Poems at United States presidential inaugurations
Prayers at United States presidential inaugurations
Presidency of John F. Kennedy
United States presidential election, 1960
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Bragdon, Henry W. (1998). History of a Free Nation. New York City, NY: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill.
Jump up ^ "List of United States Congress Joint Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies (from 1901)". Senate.gov. United State Senate. Archived from the original on 16 November 2013. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Purdum, Todd (February 2011). "From That Day Forth". Vanity Fair. Retrieved 2011-01-18.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Doyle, Jack (21 August 2011). "The Jack Pack, Pt. 2: 1961-2008". PopHistoryDig.com. Retrieved 16 February 2014.
Jump up ^ Jacobs, George; Stadiem, William (2003). Mr. S.: The Last Word on Frank Sinatra. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-051516-3.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Jason Samenow (January 9, 2009). "Inauguration Weather: The Case of Kennedy". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 10, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Presidential Inaugural Weather: Worst Traffic Jam - 1961". U.S. National Weather Service. Retrieved 11 February 2014.
Jump up ^ Paul J. Kocin and Louis W. Uccellini (2004). Northeast Snowstorms. American Meteorological Society. p. 400. ISBN 1-878220-64-0.
Jump up ^ Andrea Stone (February 10, 2010). "Record Falls With Snow in Washington, DC". AOL News. Archived from the original on February 12, 2010. Retrieved February 10, 2010.
Jump up ^ National Weather Service Sterling, VA. "Presidential Inaugural Weather". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved February 10, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Newdow v. Bush, 391 F. Supp. 2d 95 (D.D.C. 2005), Appendix D: Inaugural Clergy" (PDF). United States District Court, District of Columbia. 17 December 2004. p. 2 of Appendix, footnote 26. No. Civ.A.04-2208(JDB). Retrieved 2014-02-11.
^ Jump up to: a b "President John Fitzgerald Kennedy, 1961". Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies. Retrieved 2009-01-21.
Jump up ^ "Inaugurals of Presidents of the United States: Some Precedents and Notable Events". Library of Congress, citing Roll Call article of 18 January 1961. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Wolly, Brian (17 December 2008). "History & Archaeology: Inaugural Firsts - When was the first inaugural parade? Who had the longest inaugural address? A look at presidential inaugurations through time". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 26 January 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Wirzbicki, Alan (11 January 2011). "The poem Robert Frost wanted to read at John F. Kennedy's inauguration". Boston.com. Boston Globe. Retrieved 11 February 2014.
Jump up ^ Tuten, Nancy Lewis; Zubizarreta, John (2001). The Robert Frost Encyclopedia. Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 9780313294648
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Associated Press (30 January 1963). "Robert Frost Dies at 88; Kennedy Leads in Tribute". New York Times. Retrieved 11 February 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Robert Frost Adds Poet's Touch". The New York Times. 21 January 1961. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Poetry and Power: Robert Frost's Inaugural Reading". Poets.org. Retrieved 11 February 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Camia, Catalina (26 September 2010). "Why poet Frost made a last-minute switch at JFK's inauguration". USA Today. Retrieved 11 February 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Birney, Alice. "Stewart L. Udall Collection: Robert Frost's Dedication". Library of Congress. Retrieved 11 February 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Poetry of Robert Frost". Library of Congress. Retrieved May 5, 2010.
Jump up ^ Michael E. Ruane (2008-12-17). "Selection Provides Civil Rights Symmetry". Washington Post. Retrieved 2009-01-15.
Jump up ^ Rosenthal, Harry (20 January 1997). "Poet Addresses Inaugural Event". Washington Post. Retrieved 11 February 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Robert Frost's Original Poem for JFK's Inauguration Finds Way to Kennedy Presidential Library". John F. Kennedy Library and Museum. JFKPOF-140-045. Retrieved January 8, 2008.
Jump up ^ "John F. Kennedy and Ireland – John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum". Jfklibrary.org. Retrieved August 30, 2010.
Jump up ^ New York Times, January 21, 1961, p. 8, col. 1.
Jump up ^ "White House Diaries". John F. Kennedy Library and Museum. Retrieved January 8, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Kennedy Was in Office Despite Delay in Oath". The New York Times. January 21, 1961. p. 13.
^ Jump up to: a b "Kennedy's Words, Obama's Challenge". The New York Times. January 19, 2009.
Jump up ^ Kennedy, John Fitzgerald. "Inaugural Address". American Rhetoric. Retrieved July 7, 2008.
Jump up ^ Wyatt, Edward (10 May 2005). "Two Authors Ask About 'Ask Not'". New York Times. Retrieved 11 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Greatest speeches of the 20th century". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 February 2014.
Jump up ^ JFK Library. "Analyzing the Inaugural Address" (PDF). Retrieved January 21, 2011.
Jump up ^ National Archives and Records Administration. "John F. Kennedy's inaugural address, 1961". Retrieved January 29, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Analyzing the Rhetoric of JFK's Inaugural Address" (PDF). Department of Education and Public Programs, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "John F. Kennedy Inaugural Address". Bartleby. Retrieved October 4, 2013.
Jump up ^ "The Timeless Speech: A Close Textual Analysis of John F. Kennedy's Inaugural". Biane. Retrieved October 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Text Analysis, John F. Kennedy, 1961." Cruz. Retrieved October 5, 2013
Jump up ^ Thurston Clarke (2010). Ask Not: The Inauguration of John F. Kennedy and the Speech That Changed America. Penguin. p. 39. ISBN 9781101478059.
Jump up ^ Thomas Alan Schwartz (1994). "Victories and Defeats in the Long Twilight Struggle: The United States and Western Europe in the 1960s". In Diane B. Kunz. The Diplomacy of the Crucial Decade: American Foreign Relations During the 1960s. Columbia University Press. p. 115. ISBN 9780231081771.
Jump up ^ "Toward a Sophistic Definition of Rhetoric." Poulakos. Philosophy and Rhetoric 16(1983):35–48.
Jump up ^ "Dazzling Military Might Goes On Parade for New President". The Terre Haute Tribune. Terre Haute, IN. UPI. January 20, 1961. Retrieved December 10, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.
Jump up ^ Frank Freidel and Hugh Sidey. "The Presidents of the United States of America: John F. Kennedy". WhiteHouse.gov. White House Historical Association. Archived from the original on 2 June 2011. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
Jump up ^ Reuters (May 17, 1981). "Reagan Now Oldest President". The New York Times. p. 28.
Jump up ^ Lawrence, W.H. (January 21, 1961). "Kennedy Sworn in, Asks 'Global Alliance' Against Tyranny, Want, Disease, and War; Republicans and Diplomats Hail Address". The New York Times. p. 1.
Jump up ^ Business Insider. "Donald Trump is the oldest president elected in US history". Business Insider. Retrieved 12 May 2017.
Jump up ^ Brooks, David (14 March 2011). "The Ike Phase". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 February 2014.
Jump up ^ Crouch, Ian (20 January 2011). "Robert Frost and J.F.K., Fifty Years Later". The New Yorker. Retrieved 12 February 2014.
Jump up ^ Robert Krulwich (4 May 2012). "Who Killed Men's Hats? Think Of A Three Letter Word Beginning With 'I'". NPR. Retrieved 16 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Sam Parker (19 November 2013). "How to wear a hat and look good". Esquire. Retrieved 16 August 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Hat Trick". Snopes. 27 September 2007. Retrieved 16 August 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Inaugural Traditions: Dude, Where's My Top Hat?". ABC News. 19 January 2009. Retrieved 16 August 2015.
References[edit]
Clarke, Thurston Ask Not : The Inauguration of John F. Kennedy and the Speech That Changed America. New York: Henry Holt and Co., 2004. ISBN 0-8050-7213-6.
Rhetorical Terms and Techniques of Persuasion from Kennedy’s Inaugural Address. United States Department of Education and Public Programs, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: John F. Kennedy
John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum
Library of Congress, John F. Kennedy Presidential Inauguration
President Kennedy 1961 Inaugural Address (with audio) on YouTube
Text of Kennedy's Inaugural Address
Audio of Kennedy's Inaugural Address
[show]
v
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John F. Kennedy
35th President of the United States (1961–1963)
U.S. Senator from Massachusetts (1953–1960)
U.S. Representative for MA-11 (1947–1953)
Presidency
(timeline)
Presidential Office: Inauguration
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Judicial appointments
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Domestic policy: Clean Air Act
Communications Satellite Act
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Federal housing segregation ban
Fifty-mile hikes
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Pilot Food Stamp Program
Space policy
Status of Women (Presidential Commission)
University of Alabama integration
Voter Education Project
Foreign policy: Alliance for Progress
Arms Control and Disarmament Agency
Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
Flexible response
Kennedy Doctrine
Peace Corps
Trade Expansion Act
USAID
Vietnam War
Cuba: Bay of Pigs Invasion
Cuban Project
Cuban Missile Crisis
ExComm
Soviet Union: Berlin Crisis
Moscow–Washington hotline
Vienna summit
White House: Presidential limousine
Presidential yacht
Resolute desk
Situation Room
Presidential
speeches
Inaugural address
American University speech
"We choose to go to the Moon"
Report to the American People on Civil Rights
"Ich bin ein Berliner"
"A rising tide lifts all boats"
Elections
U.S. States House of Representatives elections, 1946
1948
1950
U.S. Senate election in Massachusetts, 1952
1958
1960 Presidential primaries
1960 Presidential campaign
Democratic National Convention 1956
1960
U.S. presidential election, 1960
debates
Personal life
Birthplace and childhood home
Kennedy Compound
US Navy service PT-109
Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana
Arthur Evans
PT-59
Castle Hot Springs
Hammersmith Farm
Coretta Scott King phone call
Rocking chair
"Happy Birthday, Mr. President"
Books
Why England Slept (1940)
Profiles in Courage (1956)
A Nation of Immigrants (1958)
Death
Assassination
timeline
reactions
in popular culture
State funeral
Riderless horse
attending dignitaries
Gravesite and Eternal Flame
Legacy
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1964 Civil Rights Act
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Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
Kennedy Space Center (Florida)
Kennedy Round
U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development
VISTA
Cultural depictions
films
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U.S. postage stamps
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Lincoln–Kennedy coincidences
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Memorials,
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Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts (Washington, D.C.)
John F. Kennedy International Airport (New York)
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John Fitzgerald Kennedy Memorial (Dallas)
John Fitzgerald Kennedy Memorial (Portland, Oregon)
John F. Kennedy Memorial (Runnymede, Britain)
John F. Kennedy Memorial Bridge (Kentucky–Indiana)
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Sunny Jim
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
"Sunny Jim", depicted on a 1930s box of Force Cereal
"Sunny Jim" is the name of two completely unconnected characters used in advertising and product branding: (1) a cartoon character created to promote Force cereal, the first commercially successful wheat flake; (2) the name of a brand of peanut butter produced in the Seattle area.
Contents
[hide]
1 Sunny Jim and Force cereal
2 Sunny Jim Peanut Butter
3 Other uses
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Sunny Jim and Force cereal[edit]
The character on boxes of Force cereal was created in the United States in 1902 by writer Minnie Maud Hanff and artist Dorothy Ficken, initially for an advertising campaign. Rather than selling the benefits of eating wheat, which Hanff assumed customers already knew, her copy for the original advertisements told stories in verse, such as this one:
Jim Dumps was a most unfriendly man,
Who lived his life on the hermit plan;
In his gloomy way he'd gone through life,
And made the most of woe and strife;
Till Force one day was served to him
Since then they've called him "Sunny Jim."
The advertisements featured slogans such as "Better than a Vacation" and "A Different Food for Indifferent Appetites." Other verses included:
Whatever you say, wherever you've been,
You can't beat the cereal, that raised Sunny Jim!
and
High o'er the fence leaps Sunny Jim,
Force is the food that raises him
This last rhyme became a familiar catchphrase.
Also used was the slogan "When skies are grey and times are grim, wake up and smile with Sunny Jim", which appeared on advertising coins.
The campaign was wildly successful at promoting the character of Sunny Jim. Printer's Ink stated September 17, 1902 that "No current novel or play is so universally popular. He is as well-known as President Roosevelt or J. Pierpont Morgan." However, the cereal company turned its advertising account over to a different firm, which did not approve of humor in advertising and more or less abandoned the campaign.
In the United States, Force followed a convoluted path involving many corporate mergers. The last owner stopped producing the cereal in 1983. Both the cereal and Sunny Jim had greater success in the United Kingdom, where Force cereal is still available and the box still features a picture of Sunny Jim.
Sunny Jim Peanut Butter[edit]
The brand of peanut butter known as Sunny Jim was manufactured in Seattle, Washington by the Pacific Standard Foods company. The company was founded by Germanus Wilhelm Firnstahl, who modelled the apple-cheeked character seen on the jars on his son, Lowell. During the 1950s the brand accounted for nearly a third of all peanut butter sold in the Seattle area. The company was sold in 1979 for $3 million to the Bristol Bay Native Corp. A large sign on the factory building made the "Sunny Jim building" on Airport Way South a familiar landmark to motorists passing on nearby Interstate 5. In 1997, there was a fire at the plant which destroyed the sign and a portion of the building. On September 20, 2010 a massive fire finished off the Sunny Jim plant as well as a vacant building on the factory site. The main advertisement for Sunny Jim was "Sunny Jim has underground peanuts with a flavor that's outta sight".
Other uses[edit]
James White, a musician living and performing in the Cayman Islands whose music is played regularly on Radio Margaritaville is also known as "Sunny Jim". https://sunnyjim.com/About_sunnyjim.html
Nickname of James Rolph (1869–1934), American politician.
Sunny Jim Fitzsimmons (1874–1966) was a famous thoroughbred horse trainer.
Nickname of James Mackay (1880–1953), Australian cricketer.
Nickname of James Young of Celtic FC (1882–1922), one of Celtic's greatest ever players
James Joyce (1882–1941), when young, was sometimes called "Sunny Jim" by family members.
Performing name of juvenile film actor "Sunny Jim McKeen" (born Lawrence David McKeen Jr.), sometimes billed only as "Sunny Jim" (1924–1933).
Nickname of Jim Bottomley (1900–1959), American baseball player.
James Callaghan, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1976 to 1979, was nicknamed 'Sunny Jim' for his optimistic forecasting to the public.
Jolyon Wagg, a fictional character from The Adventures of Tintin, in the story Tintin and the Picaros, explains "Sunny Jim" designed the costumes for the carnival troupe, the Jolly Follies. He is referring to himself.
General Alexander A. Vandegrift, 18th Commandant of the Marine Corps, was known as "Sunny Jim", a nickname given to him by his mentor Smedley J. Butler [1]
At the La Jolla Cove beach in San Diego, California, there is a sea cave called "Sunny Jim Cave". When the cave is viewed from a certain angle, the opening of the cave bears a striking similarity to the cartoon character. The cave is accessible by swimming from the cove, but also is accessible from a nearby store that charges a nominal fee to walk down some in-store steps leading to the cave.[1]
Jed Stone, a character on the UK soap opera Coronation Street, had a cat named "Sunny Jim".
There is a British hero in DC Comics called Sunny Jim. He appears on Superman #689 and is depicted as a working class superhero.
In The Andy Griffith Show episode "Man in a Hurry", Barney promises to get Thelma Lou some frozen "Sunny Jim" bars.
Para Handy has a crewmate called Sunny Jim on his Clyde puffer the Vital Spark. These characters are found in a TV series called "The Vital Spark" and also a series of books with Para Handy in the title.
In the 1995 family adventure movie, Jumanji, an early 20th century African big game hunter named Van Pelt hunts the main character Alan Parrish, played by Robin Williams, and frequntly calls him "Sunny Jim".
In The Elephant Man and the 2017 series Twin Peaks, both by David Lynch, there are characters nicknamed Sunny Jim.
See also[edit]
Force (cereal)
List of breakfast cereal advertising characters
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Show Caves of the United States". Retrieved 2008-03-08.
External links[edit]
Seattle Times stories about Sunny Jim peanut butter (registration required):
Fire Destroys I-5 Landmark -- Warehouse That Housed Sunny Jim (Peanut Butter) Plant Burns
Celeste F. Rogge, Who Inherited The Sunny Jim (Peanut Butter) Fortune, Dies At 84
"The Case for Sunny Jim: An Advertising Legend Revisited" by Eileen Margerum in Sextant, the journal of Salem State College (cereal)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sunny_Jim&oldid=806294025"
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Education for All Handicapped Children Act
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Education for All Handicapped Children Act
Long title
Education for All Handicapped Children Act
Acronyms (colloquial)
EAHCA/EHA
Enacted by
the 94th United States Congress
Effective
3500
Citations
Public law
Pub. L. 94-142
Codification
Titles amended
20
Legislative history
Passed the Senate on June 18, 1975 (83-10)
Passed the House on July 29, 1975
Reported by the joint conference committee on November 14, 1975; agreed to by the House on November 18, 1975 (404-7) and by the Senate on November 19, 1975 (87-7)
Signed into law by President Gerald Ford on November 30, 1975
Major amendments
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
United States Supreme Court cases
Smith v. Robinson, 468 U.S. 992 (1984)
Board of Education of the Hendrick Hudson Central School District v. Rowley (1982)
The Education for All Handicapped Children Act (sometimes referred to using the acronyms EAHCA or EHA, or Public Law (PL) 94-142) was enacted by the United States Congress in 1975. This act required all public schools accepting federal funds to provide equal access to education and one free meal a day for children with physical and mental disabilities. Public schools were required to evaluate children with disabilities and create an educational plan with parent input that would emulate as closely as possible the educational experience of non-disabled students. The act was an amendment to Part B of the Education of the Handicapped Act enacted in 1966.[1]
The act also required that school districts provide administrative procedures so that parents of disabled children could dispute decisions made about their children’s education. Once the administrative efforts were exhausted, parents were then authorized to seek judicial review of the administration’s decision. Prior to the enactment of EHA, parents could take their disputes straight to the judiciary under the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. The mandatory system of dispute resolution created by EHA was an effort to alleviate the financial burden created by litigation pursuant to the Rehabilitation Act.
PL 94-142 also contains a provision that disabled students should be placed in the least restrictive environment-one that allows the maximum possible opportunity to interact with non-impaired students. Separate schooling may only occur when the nature or severity of the disability is such that instructional goals cannot be achieved in the regular classroom. Finally, the law contains a due process clause that guarantees an impartial hearing to resolve conflicts between the parents of disabled children to the school system.
The law was passed to meet four huge goals:
To ensure that special education services are available to children who need them
To guarantee that decisions about services to students with disabilities are fair and appropriate
To establish specific management and auditing requirements for special education
To provide federal funds to help the states educate students with disabilities
EHA was revised and renamed as Individuals with Disabilities Education Act in 1990 for improvement of special education and inclusive education.
Contents
1 Functional relationship between EHA, the Rehabilitation Act, and the equal protection clause
2 Attempt to weaken EHA
3 References
4 External links
Functional relationship between EHA, the Rehabilitation Act, and the equal protection clause[edit]
The Supreme Court decided that EHA would be the exclusive remedy for disabled students asserting their right to equal access to public education in Smith v. Robinson, 468 U.S. 992 (1984). The petitioner, Tommy Smith, was an eight-year-old student who had cerebral palsy. The school district in Cumberland, Rhode Island originally agreed to subsidize Tommy’s education by placing him in a program for special needs children at the Emma Pendleton Bradley Hospital. The school district later decided to remove Tommy from that program and send him to the Rhode Island Division of Mental Health, Retardation and Hospitals, which was severely understaffed and underfunded. This transfer would have effectively terminated Tommy’s public education. Tommy’s parents appealed the school district’s decision through the administrative process created by EAHCA. Once the administrative process was exhausted, the Smiths sought judicial review pursuant to the EAHCA, § 504 of the Rehabilitation Act, and 42 U.S.C. § 1983.
The United States Supreme Court held that the administrative process created by EHA was the exclusive remedy for disabled students asserting their right to equal access to education. "Allowing a plaintiff to circumvent the EHA administrative remedies would be inconsistent with Congress’ carefully tailored scheme…We conclude, therefore, that where the EHA is available to a disabled child asserting a right to a free appropriate public education, based either on the EHA or on the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, the EHA is the exclusive avenue through which the child and his parents or guardian can pursue their claim." The court based its decision on a contextual analysis of the applicable statutes. To permit a student to rely on § 504 or the § 1983 would be to effectively eliminate the EHA, because it would circumvent the EHA’s requirement that petitioners first exhaust their administrative options before seeking judicial intervention.
In the face of this Supreme Court decision, the United States Congress passed an amendment to the EHA which explicitly overruled the Supreme Court's decision in two ways: (1) The amended law allowed parents to collect attorney's fees upon winning a case against the school. (2) The amended law permitted parents to bring a lawsuit under either EHA, § 504, or § 1983 once the administrative remedies had been exhausted.
Attempt to weaken EHA[edit]
In the 1980s, the Reagan administration attempted to weaken EHA, but Patrisha Wright and Evan Kemp, Jr. (of the Disability Rights Center) led a grassroots and lobbying campaign against this that generated more than 40,000 cards and letters.[2] In 1984, the administration dropped its attempts to weaken EHA; however, they did end the Social Security benefits of hundreds of thousands of disabled recipients.[2]
References[edit]
Legislation: Understanding and Using Statutes (ISBN 1-58778-950-7)
Smith v. Robinson, 468 U.S. 992 (1984)
Gregory, R., J. (2007). Psychological Testing: History, Principles, and Applications. Psychological Testing and the Law. 5th ed.
Notes
Jump up ^ Boyer, Ernest (February 1979). "Public Law 94-142: A Promising Start?" (PDF). Educational Leadership. 36 (5): 300. Retrieved 10 December 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Disability History Timeline". Rehabilitation Research & Training Center on Independent Living Management. Temple University. 2002. Archived from the original on 2013-12-20.
External links[edit]
Article on EAHCA
Text of the 1975 "Education for All Handicapped Children Act"
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Education_for_All_Handicapped_Children_Act&oldid=846016065"
Categories:
1975 in law
94th United States Congress
United States federal education legislation
Special education in the United States
1975 in education
Presidency of Gerald Ford
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