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Slam Dunk Contest
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Slam Dunk Contest
Sport
NBA basketball
History
First award
Larry Nance, 1984
Most wins
Nate Robinson: 3 times
Most recent
Donovan Mitchell
showPast winners
1984 Larry Nance
1985 Dominique Wilkins
1986 Spud Webb
1987 Michael Jordan
1988 Michael Jordan
1989 Kenny "Sky" Walker
1990 Dominique Wilkins
1991 Dee Brown
1992 Cedric Ceballos
1993 Harold Miner
1994 Isaiah Rider
1995 Harold Miner
1996 Brent Barry
1997 Kobe Bryant
1998 No contest held
1999 NBA Lockout
2000 Vince Carter
2001 Desmond Mason
2002 Jason Richardson
2003 Jason Richardson
2004 Fred Jones
2005 Josh Smith
2006 Nate Robinson
2007 Gerald Green
2008 Dwight Howard
2009 Nate Robinson
2010 Nate Robinson
2011 Blake Griffin
2012 Jeremy Evans
2013 Terrence Ross
2014 John Wall
2015 Zach LaVine
2016 Zach LaVine
2017 Glenn Robinson III
2018 Donovan Mitchell
The NBA Slam Dunk Contest (officially known as the Verizon Slam Dunk for sponsorship reasons) is an annual National Basketball Association (NBA) competition held during the NBA All-Star Weekend. The contest was inaugurated by the American Basketball Association (ABA) at its All-Star Game in 1976 in Denver, the same year the slam dunk was legalized in the NCAA. As a result of the ABA–NBA merger later that year there would not be another slam dunk contest at the professional level until 1984. The contest has adopted several formats over the years, including, until 2014, the use of fan voting, via text-messaging, to determine the winner of the final round.
The very first slam dunk contest was won by Larry Nance Sr. of the Suns at the 1984 NBA All-Star Game. The current champion of the NBA Dunk Contest is Donovan Mitchell of the Utah Jazz.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 1976 ABA Slam Dunk Contest
1.2 1976–1977 NBA Slam Dunk Contest
1.3 1980s
1.4 1990s
1.5 2000s
1.6 2010s
1.6.1 Controversy over Dunk Contest authenticity
2 Past NBA Slam Dunk Contest champions
3 All-time participants
4 All-time results
4.1 1980s
4.2 1990s
4.3 2000s
4.4 2010s
5 Criticism
6 Records
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
1976 ABA Slam Dunk Contest[edit]
On January 27, 1976 at McNichols Sports Arena during halftime of the 1976 ABA All Star Game the first-ever Slam Dunk Contest was held, which was won by Julius Erving of the New York Nets over David Thompson of the Denver Nuggets, Artis Gilmore of the Kentucky Colonels, and George Gervin and Larry Kenon of the San Antonio Spurs. There was a format each competitor had to follow in which they must attempt 5 dunks in a row under two minutes. One from a standing position, one from a distance of ten feet away from the basket (which is basically the bottom of the semi circle that surrounds the free throw line in the Key. The next 3 were freelance positions, one coming in from the left side of the basket, one coming in from the right side of the basket and finally from either corner down the baseline to the basket. They were judged on artistic ability, imagination, body flow as well as fan response.
Artis Gilmore went first followed by George Gervin, Larry Kenon, David Thompson and finally Julius Erving. George Gervin and David Thompson both missed a dunk during their routines which counted as a zero (scores were not announced to the audience). David Thompson did a 360 degree dunk to finish his routine. All competitors had to perform a dunk from 10 feet, but Julius Erving started marking his steps from the free throw line (15 feet away). He then completed a dunk from the free throw line.
1976–1977 NBA Slam Dunk Contest[edit]
This was a season long event [1] similar to 1977–1978 NBA Horse event. There were 22 competitors throughout the event (nearly one for each team at the time), including future Hall of Famers Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, David Thompson, Alex English, Moses Malone, George Gervin, and Elvin Hayes and took place in multiple venues throughout the season. Darnell Hillman was named the winner that season, beating out the Golden State Warriors' Larry McNeill in the championship round on June 5, 1977 in Portland.[2]
1980s[edit]
The NBA reintroduced the Slam Dunk Contest in 1984 at its birthplace in Denver. Phoenix's Larry Nance defeated the original Dunk contest winner Julius Erving in the final round. Dominique Wilkins won the contest the following year, but in 1986 his Atlanta Hawks teammate Spud Webb made history when he defeated Wilkins in the final, preventing him from retaining his title. Standing a mere 5 feet 7 inches tall, Webb became the shortest player ever to win the contest, a distinction that he still holds. Chicago's Michael Jordan won back-to-back dunk contest victories in 1987 and in 1988. His victory over Wilkins in 1988 in Chicago finished with a perfect 50 dunk from the free-throw line for his third dunk to win the contest. However, the announcers did note that Wilkins was given abnormally low score for his breathtaking third dunk, a 45, allowing Jordan to win it by 2 with his perfect 50. To this day, the allegations of "home cooking" still float around surrounding the event (it was held on Jordan's home court; one of the judges was former Chicago Bears star Gale Sayers; and another judge, former NBA star Tom Hawkins, is a Chicago native) and is considered arguably the most controversial of the slam dunk competitions. The following year in Houston, New York's Kenny "Sky" Walker, a last-minute replacement whose father died just days beforehand, upset Portland's Clyde Drexler, the hometown favorite and Houston native who was seen as the favorite, being that Michael Jordan and Dominique Wilkins were not competing. 1986 champ Spud Webb finished 3rd, while Shelton Jones finished 4th. Though Jordan & Wilkins still played in the All-Star Game, Jordan chose not to compete due to a minor injury, and Wilkins did not compete in the competition due to a hand injury.[1]
1990s[edit]
In 1990, Dominique Wilkins of the Atlanta Hawks edged out Kenny Smith of the Sacramento Kings to win his second Slam Dunk Contest (first won in 1985 over Michael Jordan). Kenny Smith scored high points for originality with his signature dunk – he started by turning his back to the basket, bouncing the ball backward between his legs and off the backboard, then turning and grabbing it in the air and reverse dunking it. After 1990, interest in the Slam Dunk Contest began to wane and lasted throughout the 1990s. Initially, it was because many players lost interest in competing; some cited concerns of injuries, while others felt that the full repertoire of humanly possible dunks had already been exhausted.[citation needed] With most of the superstars – Jordan, Wilkins, Drexler, etc. – choosing not to participate, lesser-known players began to compete, leading to either watered-down competitions or surprises. Fans[who?] complained that players were beginning to win contests with boring or unoriginal dunks (witness the relatively forgettable early-'90s wins by the likes of Cedric Ceballos and Brent Barry). Harold Miner was a standout in 1993, winning the contest with a reverse power dunk, reaching between his legs and down to his feet in mid-air before sending the ball down. In 1994 and 1997 respectively, Isaiah Rider and Kobe Bryant won the contest. Rider would win with a spectacular, between-the-legs dunk, reminiscent of the Orlando Woolridge effort in the 1984 contest, but wasn't able to repeat in 1995, missing the same dunk on several tries, opening the way for Miner to grab his second slam dunk title in three years. In 1998, the Slam Dunk Contest was replaced with the WNBA-NBA 2Ball Contest. In 1999, there was no All-Star Game due to the NBA lockout.
2000s[edit]
After a one-All Star Weekend layoff (the NBA did not have an All Star Weekend during the labor-shortened 1999 season), the NBA decided to bring the Slam Dunk Contest back for the 2000 All-Star Weekend in Oakland, California. It would prove to be one of the most electrifying dunk contests in the league's history,[citation needed] featuring a great showdown between eventual winner Vince Carter of the Toronto Raptors, his cousin and then-teammate Tracy McGrady, and the Houston Rockets' Steve Francis. Carter won after performing a number of very impressive dunks, including two reverse 360 windmills, a honey dip, and a between-the-legs dunk off a bounced alley-oop from McGrady. The next four contests did not feature superstars like Carter and Bryant, and despite innovative efforts by the likes of Desmond Mason and Jason Richardson, the lack of A-list superstars willing to participate hurt the appeal of the contest.
In 2005, the Slam Dunk Contest returned to its birthplace in Denver. With the spectacular dunks of prior contests, there was buzz[citation needed] that the dunk competition could regain the popularity it had in the 1980s. The Phoenix Suns' Amar'e Stoudemire alley-ooping 360 off a soccer-style header from teammate Steve Nash; J. R. Smith putting it around his back and dunking, and the new champion, Josh Smith alley-ooping over Kenyon Martin all wowed the crowd with their maneuvers. With the change in the rules requiring an additional teammate starting in the second round, they proved there were indeed many ways to dunk a basketball that had not been done before. Amar'e Stoudemire received rave reviews, as did Smith when he did a tribute dunk to Dominique Wilkins while donning Wilkins' jersey.
Again in 2006, the Dunk Contest in Houston revitalized the interests of audiences as 5'9" Nate Robinson of the New York Knicks took the title with a great dunk-off. One of his most exciting dunks was a high-flying dunk over former Slam Dunk Contest winner, 5'7" Spud Webb. The 2006 Slam Dunk Contest was also the first Dunk Contest in history to have a "Dunk Off", the equivalent to a Dunk Contest overtime, between Knicks point guard Nate Robinson and shooting guard Andre Iguodala of the Philadelphia 76ers. Many fans argue that Iguodala should have won the contest, as it took Robinson fourteen attempts before finally completing his dunk. Iguodala pulled off a dunk where he started out of bounds from the right side of the baseline while teammate Allen Iverson bounced the ball off the back of the right side of the backboard. Iguodala caught the ball in mid-air behind the backboard, spun around to the other side while ducking his head (to avoid colliding with the backboard) and dunked it with his right hand.
On February 17, 2007, the contest was held in Las Vegas. Judges for the event were all past winners: Michael Jordan, Dominique Wilkins, Kobe Bryant, Julius Erving, and Vince Carter. The title was taken by the Boston Celtics' Gerald Green, who, among other dunks, jumped over reigning champ Nate Robinson while covering his face – a homage to 1991 winner, Dee Brown, whose jersey Green had worn. He also scored a perfect fifty with his last slam, a windmill over a table. Other noteworthy dunks include a dunk by Orlando Magic center Dwight Howard, who, while making his dunk, stuck a sticker with his smiling face on the backboard a reported 12'6" from the ground, two and a half feet beyond the regulation NBA rim.[2]
On February 16, 2008, the contest was held in New Orleans. Judges for the event included Darryl Dawkins, Dominique Wilkins, Karl Malone, Julius Erving, and Magic Johnson. The title was taken by Orlando Magic center Dwight Howard. Howard's most noteworthy dunk came during the first round, his second dunk overall, when he took off his jersey to reveal a Superman shirt and cape.[3] With teammate Jameer Nelson's assistance he would make a leaping dunk from just in front of the free-throw line after a running start, throwing the ball through the rim from a few feet away.[4] Other noteworthy dunks included the first round slam by Jamario Moon while the previous year's winner, Gerald Green, relied heavily on theatrics by blowing out a cupcake with a birthday candle on the rim before dunking (a jam he termed "The Birthday Cake"). For the first time ever, fan voting determined the outcome of the final round of the contest; Howard beat Green for the trophy by claiming 78% of the fans' votes.
Nate Robinson won the 2009 contest on February 14 in Phoenix, Arizona. The 5'9" guard dressed all in green as "Krypto-Nate" (a portmanteau of 'Nate' and Kryptonite) and jumped over 6'11" Dwight Howard characterized as Superman. He defeated Howard in the finals by a fan vote of 52–48 percent. J. R. Smith and Rudy Fernández also competed.
2010s[edit]
Nate Robinson won the 2010 contest on February 13 in Dallas, becoming the first 3-time Slam Dunk champion. Robinson took on Shannon Brown of the Los Angeles Lakers, Gerald Wallace of the Charlotte Bobcats, and DeMar DeRozan of the Toronto Raptors. DeRozan earned his spot in the competition by defeating Los Angeles Clippers guard Eric Gordon in the inaugural Sprite Slam Dunk-In held the night before the actual dunk contest. Robinson and DeRozan advanced to the final round, where Robinson's double-pump reverse dunk helped seal a 51% to 49% victory.
Blake Griffin won the 2011 slam dunk contest by jumping and dunking over the hood of a Kia sedan on February 19 in Los Angeles. JaVale McGee of the Washington Wizards, DeMar DeRozan of the Toronto Raptors, and Serge Ibaka of the Oklahoma City Thunder all competed against Griffin. Griffin and McGee advanced to the final round, where Griffin stole the show, winning the contest with 68% of the vote.
Jeremy Evans won the 2012 Sprite Slam Dunk Contest by performing a dunk over Kevin Hart on February 25 in Orlando, Florida with 29% of the votes. Joining Evans were Chase Budinger of the Houston Rockets, Paul George of the Indiana Pacers, and Derrick Williams of the Minnesota Timberwolves. While George awed the crowd with a dunk with the lights turned off, Evans had perhaps the dunk of the contest by jumping teammate Gordon Hayward, catching two balls from Hayward, and dunking it.
Terrence Ross won the 2013 Sprite Slam Dunk Contest after a tomahawk dunk in tribute to former Toronto Raptors player Vince Carter, as well as a between-the-legs dunk performed while jumping over a ball boy. Ross took on Jeremy Evans of the Utah Jazz, Eric Bledsoe of the Los Angeles Clippers, Kenneth Faried of the Denver Nuggets, Gerald Green of the Indiana Pacers, and James White of the New York Knicks. Evans advanced to the final round to defend his title of slam dunk champion, but was thwarted by Ross. Ross carried the momentum of his near-perfect first round, in which he scored a 99 out of a possible 100, with a stellar final round. Ross won the competition decisively, earning 58% of the vote.
Team East, composed of dunkers Paul George, defending champion Terrence Ross, and John Wall won the 2014 Sprite Slam Dunk Contest in commanding fashion. Under the new team format, they dominated the Freestyle Round, capping it off with a pass off the backboard from Ross to Wall, then off the shot clock from Wall to George for the finish. In the Battle Round, Ross defeated Damian Lillard with a through the legs dunk from rapper Drake, George took down Harrison Barnes with a 360-degree, through the legs finish, and Wall defeated Ben McLemore by jumping over the Wizards' mascot G-Man and throwing down a reverse on the first try. Though Team East are the official winners, Wall was voted by fans as the Dunker of the Night.
To the delight of NBA fans, the 2015 contest was changed back to its original format, as the Freestyle Round as well as the teams were taken out. The 4 dunkers competing were all up-and-coming players: The Bucks' Giannis Antetokounmpo, the Timberwolves' Zach LaVine, the Magic's Victor Oladipo, and the Nets' Mason Plumlee. LaVine took home the hardware with dunks that included a between-the-legs reverse, a behind-the-back slam in which he caught it in midair, a between-the-legs lefthanded dunk, and finished with a between-the-legs dunk as he caught it off the pole behind the backboard. Similar to Howard with Superman, LaVine did his first dunk with a cultural homage, wearing Michael Jordan's jersey from Space Jam.[5]
Controversy over Dunk Contest authenticity[edit]
Many people, including 2010 winner Nate Robinson, thought that the 2011 contest was rigged to allow up-and-coming star Blake Griffin to win and that runner-up JaVale McGee deserved to win.[6][7][8][9] It was even disputed if Griffin even legitimately qualified for the finals since his final dunk got a perfect score but was basically a copy of DeMar DeRozan's first dunk with a lower degree of difficulty. Ben Maller of Fox Sports Radio reported that a media advisory sent out by the NBA over an hour before the 2011 Slam Dunk Contest began already referring to Blake Griffin as the winner.[10] It is widely accepted in various respected internet chatboxes that Griffin, Kia, and the NBA colluded to fix the contest.[11][12]
Past NBA Slam Dunk Contest champions[edit]
There have been 25 players crowned the best dunkers in the NBA. Nate Robinson is the only player to win the event three times. Five are two-time winners: Dominique Wilkins, Michael Jordan, Harold Miner, Jason Richardson and Zach LaVine.
1984 (Denver) – Larry Nance, Phoenix Suns
1985 (Indianapolis) – Dominique Wilkins, Atlanta Hawks
1986 (Dallas) – Spud Webb, Atlanta Hawks
1987 (Seattle) – Michael Jordan, Chicago Bulls
1988 (Chicago) – Michael Jordan, Chicago Bulls
1989 (Houston) – Kenny "Sky" Walker, New York Knicks
1990 (Miami) – Dominique Wilkins, Atlanta Hawks
1991 (Charlotte) – Dee Brown, Boston Celtics
1992 (Orlando) – Cedric Ceballos, Phoenix Suns
1993 (Salt Lake City) – Harold Miner, Miami Heat
1994 (Minneapolis) – Isaiah Rider, Minnesota Timberwolves
1995 (Phoenix) – Harold Miner, Miami Heat
1996 (San Antonio) – Brent Barry, Los Angeles Clippers
1997 (Cleveland) – Kobe Bryant, Los Angeles Lakers
1998 (New York City) – None, the WNBA-NBA 2Ball Competition replaced the Slam Dunk Contest
1999 (Philadelphia) – Lockout – Shortened Season, No NBA All Star Game
2000 (Oakland) – Vince Carter, Toronto Raptors
2001 (Washington, D.C.) – Desmond Mason, Seattle SuperSonics
2002 (Philadelphia) – Jason Richardson, Golden State Warriors
2003 (Atlanta) – Jason Richardson, Golden State Warriors
2004 (Los Angeles) – Fred Jones, Indiana Pacers
2005 (Denver) – Josh Smith, Atlanta Hawks
2006 (Houston) – Nate Robinson, New York Knicks
2007 (Las Vegas) – Gerald Green, Boston Celtics
2008 (New Orleans) – Dwight Howard, Orlando Magic
2009 (Phoenix) – Nate Robinson, New York Knicks
2010 (Dallas) – Nate Robinson, New York Knicks
2011 (Los Angeles) – Blake Griffin*, Los Angeles Clippers
2012 (Orlando) – Jeremy Evans, Utah Jazz
2013 (Houston) – Terrence Ross, Toronto Raptors
2014 (New Orleans) – John Wall, Washington Wizards
2015 (New York City) – Zach LaVine, Minnesota Timberwolves
2016 (Toronto) – Zach LaVine, Minnesota Timberwolves
2017 (New Orleans) - Glenn Robinson III, Indiana Pacers
2018 (Los Angeles) - Donovan Mitchell, Utah Jazz
Slam Dunk Contest champions by franchise
Number
Franchise
Last Time
4 Atlanta Hawks 2005
4 New York Knicks 2010
3 Minnesota Timberwolves 2016
2 Indiana Pacers 2017
2 Toronto Raptors 2013
2 Chicago Bulls 1988
2 Golden State Warriors 2003
2 Miami Heat 1995
2 Phoenix Suns 1992
2 Boston Celtics 2007
2 Los Angeles Clippers 2011
2 Utah Jazz 2018
1 Los Angeles Lakers 1997
1 Orlando Magic 2008
1 Seattle Supersonics 2001
1 Washington Wizards 2014
All-time participants[edit]
Bold denotes winner(s) of that year.
Mahmoud Abdul-Rauf: 1993
Ray Allen: 1997
Chris Andersen: 2004, 2005
Greg Anderson: 1988
Nick Anderson: 1992
Giannis Antetokounmpo: 2015
Darrell Armstrong: 1996
Stacey Augmon: 1992
Harrison Barnes: 2014
Brent Barry: 1996
Will Barton: 2016
Kenny Battle: 1990
Jonathan Bender: 2001
David Benoit: 1993
Eric Bledsoe: 2013
Dee Brown: 1991
Shannon Brown: 2010
Kobe Bryant: 1997
Chase Budinger: 2012
Chris Carr: 1997
Vince Carter: 2000
Cedric Ceballos: 1992, 1993
Tom Chambers: 1987
Rex Chapman: 1990, 1991
Doug Christie: 1996
Michael Cooper: 1984
Antonio Davis: 1994
Baron Davis: 2001
Ricky Davis: 2000, 2004
Johnny Dawkins: 1987
DeMar DeRozan: 2010, 2011
Clyde Drexler: 1984, 1985, 1987, 1988, 1989
Andre Drummond: 2016
Tony Dumas: 1995
Blue Edwards: 1991
Julius Erving: 1984, 1985
Jeremy Evans: 2012, 2013
Rudy Fernández: 2009
Michael Finley: 1996, 1997
Steve Francis: 2000, 2002
Rudy Gay: 2008, 2009
Paul George: 2012, 2014
Kendall Gill: 1991
Aaron Gordon: 2016, 2017
Gerald Green: 2007, 2008, 2013
Blake Griffin: 2011
Darrell Griffith: 1984, 1985
Darvin Ham: 1997
Ron Harper: 1987, 1989
Antonio Harvey: 1995
Roy Hinson: 1986
Allan Houston: 1994
Dwight Howard: 2007, 2008, 2009
Larry Hughes: 2000
Serge Ibaka: 2011
Andre Iguodala: 2006
Richard Jefferson: 2003
Larry Johnson: 1992
Derrick Jones Jr.: 2017
Edgar Jones: 1984
Fred Jones: 2004
Shelton Jones: 1989
DeAndre Jordan: 2017
Michael Jordan: 1985, 1987, 1988
Shawn Kemp: 1990, 1991, 1992, 1994
Jerome Kersey: 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989
Zach LaVine: 2015, 2016
Damian Lillard: 2014
Corey Maggette: 2001
Desmond Mason: 2001, 2002, 2003
JaVale McGee: 2011
Tracy McGrady: 2000
Ben McLemore: 2014
Harold Miner: 1993, 1995
Greg Minor: 1996
Donovan Mitchell: 2018
Jamario Moon: 2008
Chris Morris: 1989
Larry Nance: 1984, 1985
Larry Nance Jr.: 2018
Victor Oladipo: 2015, 2018
Robert Pack: 1994
Tim Perry: 1989, 1993, 1995
Scottie Pippen: 1990
Mason Plumlee: 2015
Paul Pressey: 1986
Jason Richardson: 2002, 2003, 2004
Isaiah Rider: 1994, 1995
Glenn Robinson III: 2017
James Robinson: 1994
Nate Robinson: 2006, 2007, 2009, 2010
Terrence Ross: 2013, 2014
Ralph Sampson: 1984
Dennis Smith Jr.: 2018
J. R. Smith: 2005, 2009
Josh Smith: 2005, 2006
Kenny Smith: 1990, 1991, 1993
Otis Smith: 1988, 1991
Jerry Stackhouse: 1996, 2000
Terence Stansbury: 1985, 1986, 1987
John Starks: 1992
DeShawn Stevenson: 2001
Amar'e Stoudemire: 2003, 2005
Bob Sura: 1997
Stromile Swift: 2001
Tyrus Thomas: 2007
Billy Thompson: 1990
Terry Tyler: 1986
Kenny "Sky" Walker: 1989, 1990
John Wall: 2014
Gerald Wallace: 2002, 2010
Hakim Warrick: 2006
Jamie Watson: 1995
Clarence Weatherspoon: 1993
Spud Webb: 1986, 1988, 1989
Doug West: 1992
Dominique Wilkins: 1984, 1985, 1986, 1988, 1990
Gerald Wilkins: 1986, 1987
Derrick Williams: 2012
Kenny Williams: 1991
Orlando Woolridge: 1984, 1985
All-time results[edit]
1980s[edit]
1984
Player
First round
Semifinals
Finals
Larry Nance (Phoenix) 134 (44+44+46) 140 (49+48+43) 134 (48+39+47)
Julius Erving (Philadelphia) 134 (39+47+48) 140 (44+49+47) 122 (47+25+50)
Dominique Wilkins (Atlanta) 135 (47+39+49) 137 (48+48+41)
Darrell Griffith (Utah) 121 (39+40+42) 108 (42+42+24)
Edgar Jones (San Antonio) 118 (32+43+43)
Ralph Sampson (Houston) 118 (37+40+41)
Orlando Woolridge (Chicago) 116 (23+45+48)
Clyde Drexler (Portland) 108 (40+24+44)
Michael Cooper (L.A. Lakers) 70 (24+24+22)
1985
Player
First round
Semifinals
Finals
Dominique Wilkins (Atlanta) 145 (47+49+49) 140 (48+45+47) 147 (47+50+50)
Michael Jordan (Chicago) 130 (44+42+42) 142 (45+47+50) 136 (43+44+49)
Terence Stansbury (Indiana) 130 (46+50+34) 136 (49+48+39)
Julius Erving (Philadelphia) BYEa 132 (43+44+45)
Larry Nance (Phoenix) BYEa 131 (42+47+42)
Darrell Griffith (Utah) 126 (38+42+46)
Orlando Woolridge (Chicago) 124 (40+43+41)
Clyde Drexler (Portland) 122 (39+39+44)
aErving and Nance received first-round byes as they were the finalists from the previous year.
1986
Player
First round
Semifinals
Finals
Spud Webb (Atlanta) 141 (46+48+47) 138 (50+42+46) 100 (50+50)
Dominique Wilkins (Atlanta) BYEa 138 (46+47+45) 98 (50+48)
Terence Stansbury (Indiana) 129b (34+47+48) 132 (44+39+49)
Gerald Wilkins (New York) 133 (44+50+39) 87 (37+25+25)
Jerome Kersey (Portland) 129 (39+43+47)
Paul Pressey (Milwaukee) 116 (44+35+37)
Roy Hinson (Cleveland) 112 (35+39+38)
Terry Tyler (Sacramento) 110 (37+36+37)
aWilkins received a first-round bye as he was the previous year's champion.
bStansbury defeated Kersey in a dunk-off to break their tie.
1987
Player
First round
Semifinals
Finals
Michael Jordan (Chicago) 88 (41+47) 148 (49+49+50) 146 (48+48+50)
Jerome Kersey (Portland) 92 (48+44) 147 (50+48+49) 140 (46+45+49)
Terence Stansbury (Seattle) 99 (49+50) 144 (49+45+50)
Clyde Drexler (Portland) 92 (45+47) 136 (46+45+45)
Ron Harper (Cleveland) 83 (45+38)
Johnny Dawkins (San Antonio) 81 (37+44)
Tom Chambers (Seattle) 62 (41+21)
Gerald Wilkins (New York) 62 (41+21)
1988
Ron Harper (Cleveland) was to participate but withdrew due to injury.
Player
First round
Semifinals
Finals
Michael Jordan (Chicago) 94 (47+47) 145 (50+48+47) 147 (50+47+50)
Dominique Wilkins (Atlanta) 96 (49+47) 143 (49+47+47) 145 (50+50+45)
Clyde Drexler (Portland) 88 (44+44) 133 (45+42+46)
Otis Smith (Golden State) 87 (40+47) 109 (45+22+42)
Jerome Kersey (Portland) 79 (41+38)
Greg Anderson (San Antonio) 76 (42+34)
Spud Webb (Atlanta) 52 (34+18)
1989
Player
First round
Semifinals
Finals
Kenny "Sky" Walker (New York) 91.3 (42.5+48.8) 96.4 (46.9+49.5) 148.1 (48.9+49.6+49.6)
Clyde Drexler (Portland) 93.7 (46.6+47.1) 95.0 (47.3+47.7) 49.5 (24.5+25.0+ 0.0a)
Spud Webb (Atlanta) 94.5 (46.8+47.7) 91.8 (47.8+44.0)
Shelton Jones (Philadelphia) 89.5 (44.1+45.4) 90.6 (45.7+44.9)
Tim Perry (Phoenix) 89.4 (44.4+45.0)
Jerome Kersey (Portland) 88.9 (44.9+44.0)
Ron Harper (Cleveland) 88.5 (41.7+46.8)
Chris Morris (New Jersey) 83.2 (41.1+42.1)
a Drexler did not attempt his final dunk, as victory was out of reach.
1990s[edit]
1990
Player
First round
Semifinals
Finals
Dominique Wilkins (Atlanta) 96.3 (48.1+48.2) 97.7 (48.0+49.7) 146.8 (47.9+49.7+49.2)
Kenny Smith (Sacramento) 93.0 (43.4+49.6) 98.3 (49.1+49.2) 145.1 (48.1+49.8+47.2)
Kenny "Sky" Walker (New York) 95.2 (47.0+48.2) 97.4 (49.5+47.9)
Shawn Kemp (Seattle) 98.2 (49.1+49.1) 96.4 (47.6+48.8)
Scottie Pippen (Chicago) 92.2 (47.2+45.0)
Rex Chapman (Charlotte) 92.1 (45.5+46.6)
Billy Thompson (Miami) 91.4 (47.7+43.7)
Kenny Battle (Phoenix) 85.8 (42.5+42.8)
1991
Beginning with this year, final round competitors were allowed three dunks, with the two highest scores comprising the total.
Player
First round
Semifinals
Finals
Dee Brown (Boston) 92.4 (48.2+44.2) 98.0 (49.6+48.4) 97.7 (48.1+49.6–46.4)
Shawn Kemp (Seattle) 95.8 (47.6+48.2) 95.6 (48.3+47.3) 93.7 (48.0+45.7–44.3)
Rex Chapman (Charlotte) 95.2 (45.5+49.7) 94.0 (48.0+46.0)
Kenny Smith (Houston) 90.8 (48.5+42.3) 87.9 (46.6+41.3)
Kenny Williams (Indiana) 86.9 (42.3+44.6)
Blue Edwards (Utah) 84.3 (40.1+44.2)
Otis Smith (Orlando) 83.0 (41.2+41.8)
Kendall Gill (Charlotte) 81.0 (40.1+40.9)
1992
Player
First round
Semifinals
Finals
Cedric Ceballos (Phoenix) 85.4 (43.1+42.3) 90.4 (45.7+44.7) 97.2 (47.2+50.0–43.3)
Larry Johnson (Charlotte) 98.0 (48.6+49.4) 98.0 (49.6+48.4) 66.0 (33.5+32.5–0.0a)
Nick Anderson (Orlando) 88.6 (47.4+41.2) 89.8 (46.0+43.8)
John Starks (New York) 89.6 (42.6+47.0) 87.9 (43.1+44.8)
Doug West (Minnesota) 84.1 (44.3+39.8)
Shawn Kemp (Seattle) 81.4 (47.4+34.0)
Stacey Augmon (Atlanta) 79.5 (44.7+34.8)
a Johnson did not attempt his final dunk, as victory was out of reach.
1993
The two highest score dunks of three in each round constituted the competitor's score.
Shawn Kemp (Seattle) was scheduled to compete but was injured.
Player
First round
Finals
Harold Miner (Miami) 94.8 (49.0+45.8–45.8) 97.4 (48.0+49.4–47.0)
Clarence Weatherspoon (Philadelphia) 87.5 (43.2+44.3–38.5) 92.2 (44.7+47.5–27.5)
Cedric Ceballos (Phoenix) 87.3 (42.3+45.1–22.5) 79.8 (42.3+37.5–24.5)
David Benoit (Utah) 85.8 (41.5+44.3–28.5)
Kenny Smith (Houston) 85.0 (46.5+38.5–26.5)
Mahmoud Abdul-Rauf (Denver) 80.8 (38.0+42.8–26.0)
Tim Perry (Philadelphia) 70.0 (38.5+31.5–22.0)
1994
In the first round, each competitor was allowed 90 seconds to do as many dunks as he chooses with one overall score. The final round score was the best of two dunks.
Player
First round
Finals
Isaiah Rider (Minnesota) 46.8 49.0, 47.0
Robert Pack (Denver) 42.0 43.8, 25.0
Shawn Kemp (Seattle) 46.6 25.0, 25.0
Allan Houston (Detroit) 41.5
Antonio Davis (Indiana) 40.0
James Robinson (Portland) 39.0
1995
This year, each competitor was allowed 90 seconds to do at least three dunks and then given an overall score in round one. In the final round, each competitor was allowed 60 seconds to do at least two dunks and then given an overall score.
Player
First round
Finals
Harold Miner (Miami) 49.2 46.0
Isaiah Rider (Minnesota) 44.6 34.0
Jamie Watson (Utah) 40.4 26.0
Antonio Harvey (L.A. Lakers) 35.2
Tim Perry (Philadelphia) 31.0
Tony Dumas (Dallas) 15.0
1996
Beginning this year, in the first round, each competitor was allowed 90 seconds to do as many dunks as he chooses with one overall score. The final round score was the best of two dunks.
Player
First round
Finals
Brent Barry (L.A. Clippers) 45.5 8.0, 49.0
Michael Finley (Phoenix) 45.0 7.0, 46.2
Greg Minor (Boston) 41.0 2.0, 40.0
Jerry Stackhouse (Philadelphia) 40.0
Doug Christie (New York) 39.5
Darrell Armstrong (Orlando) 25.5
1997
Player
First round
Finals
Kobe Bryant (L.A. Lakers) 37 49
Chris Carr (Minnesota) 44 45
Michael Finley (Dallas) 39 33
Ray Allen (Milwaukee) 35
Bob Sura (Cleveland) 35
Darvin Ham (Denver) 36
1998
No competition was held.
1999
No competition was held as All-Star Weekend was not held due to the NBA's lockout.
2000s[edit]
2000
Beginning with this year, the two highest dunks in each round constituted the competitor's total score.
Player
First round
Finals
Vince Carter (Toronto) 100 (50,49,50) 98 (50+48)
Steve Francis (Houston) 95 (45,50,32) 91 (43+48)
Tracy McGrady (Toronto) 99 (45,49,50) 77 (45+32)
Ricky Davis (Charlotte) 88 (40,32,48)
Jerry Stackhouse (Detroit) 83 (41,36,42)
Larry Hughes (Philadelphia) 67 (30,30,37)
2001
Player
First round
Finals
Desmond Mason (Seattle) 91 (42+49) 89 (45+44)
DeShawn Stevenson (Utah) 95 (46+49) 85 (38+47)
Baron Davis (Charlotte) 94 (45+49) 77 (44+33)
Stromile Swift (Vancouver) 90 (45+45)
Jonathan Bender (Indiana) 90 (46+44)
Corey Maggette (L.A. Clippers) 88 (46+42)
2002
A tournament format was adopted for this year.
Semifinals Finals
1 Desmond Mason (Seattle) 84 (41,43,36)
4 Jason Richardson (Golden State) 98 (48,31,50)
Jason Richardson 85 (36+49)
Gerald Wallace 80 (44+36)
3 Steve Francis (Houston) 77 (31,40,37)
2 Gerald Wallace (Sacramento) 84 (41,43,36)
2003
Player
First round
Finals
Jason Richardson (Golden State) 100 (50+50) 95 (45+50)
Desmond Mason (Seattle) 90 (46+44) 93 (50+43)
Amar'e Stoudemire (Phoenix) 79 (49+30)
Richard Jefferson (New Jersey) 74 (37+37)
2004
Player
First round
Finals
Fred Jones (Indiana) 92 (50+42) 86 (50+36)
Jason Richardson (Golden State) 95 (45+50) 78 (45+33)
Chris Andersen (Denver) 88 (42+46)
Ricky Davis (Boston) 76 (45+31)
2005
Player
First round
Finals
Josh Smith (Atlanta) 95 (45+50) 100 (50+50)
Amar'e Stoudemire (Phoenix) 95 (45+50) 87 (45+42)
J. R. Smith (New Orleans) 90 (45+45)
Chris Andersen (New Orleans) 77 (41+36)
2006
Player
First round
Finals
Tie-break
Nate Robinson (New York) 93 (49+44) 94 (44+50) 47
Andre Iguodala (Philadelphia) 95 (45+50) 94 (50+44) 46
Hakim Warrick (Memphis) 86 (44+42)
Josh Smith (Atlanta) 81 (41+40)
2007
Player
First round
Finals
Gerald Green (Boston) 95 (48+47) 91 (41+50)
Nate Robinson (New York) 90 (45+45) 80 (39+41)
Dwight Howard (Orlando) 85 (43+42)
Tyrus Thomas (Chicago) 80 (37+43)
2008
The final round was decided by fan voting via text messaging for the first time.
Player
First round
Finals
Dwight Howard (Orlando) 100 (50+50) 78%
Gerald Green (Minnesota) 91 (46+45) 22%
Jamario Moon (Toronto) 90 (46+44)
Rudy Gay (Memphis) 85 (37+48)
2009
The final round was decided by fan voting via text messaging.
Player
First round
Finals
Nate Robinson (New York) 87 (46+41) 52%
Dwight Howard (Orlando) 100 (50+50) 48%
J. R. Smith (Denver) 85 (43+42)
Rudy Fernández (Portland) 84 (42+42)
2010s[edit]
2010
The final round was decided by fan voting via text messaging.
Player
First round
Finals
Nate Robinson (New York) 89 (44+45) 51%
DeMar DeRozan (Toronto) 92 (42+50) 49%
Gerald Wallace (Charlotte) 78 (38+40)
Shannon Brown (L.A. Lakers) 78 (37+41)
2011
The final round was decided by fan voting via text messaging.
Player
First round
Finals
Blake Griffin (L.A. Clippers) 95 (49+46) 68%
JaVale McGee (Washington) 99 (50+49) 32%
DeMar DeRozan (Toronto) 94 (44+50)
Serge Ibaka (Oklahoma) 90 (45+45)
2012
The format for this season was changed so that each participant had 3 dunks, and the results would be entirely decided by fan voting online, via text messaging, and (for the first time) via Twitter.
Player
Voting results
Jeremy Evans (Utah) 29%
Chase Budinger (Houston) 28%
Paul George (Indiana) 24%
Derrick Williams (Minnesota) 19%
2013
The final round was decided by fan voting via text messaging.
Player
First round
Finals
Terrence Ross (Toronto) 99 (50+49) 58%
Jeremy Evans (Utah) 90 (47+43) 42%
Eric Bledsoe (L.A. Clippers) 89 (39+50)
Kenneth Faried (Denver) 89 (39+50)
Gerald Green (Indiana) 83 (50+33)
James White (New York) 77 (45+32)
2014
A team format was adopted this year. The first round was a Freestyle Round, with the winning team choosing the order of dunkers for the Battle Round. The Battle Round was then composed of one-on-one "battles", with the first team to three victories being the champion.
John Wall was voted Dunker of the Night.
Freestyle Round
Division
Members
Result
East
Paul George, Indiana Pacers
Terrence Ross, Toronto Raptors
John Wall, Washington Wizards Won
West
Harrison Barnes, Golden State Warriors
Damian Lillard, Portland Trail Blazers
Ben McLemore, Sacramento Kings Lost
Battle Round
Division
Player
Result
East
Terrence Ross, Toronto Raptors Won
West
Damian Lillard, Portland Trail Blazers Lost
East
Paul George, Indiana Pacers Won
West
Harrison Barnes, Golden State Warriors Lost
East
John Wall, Washington Wizards Won
West
Ben McLemore, Sacramento Kings Lost
2015
This year saw the return of the voting style that was last used in 2007.
Player
First round
Finals
Zach LaVine (Minnesota) 100 (50+50) 94 (45+49)
Victor Oladipo (Orlando) 89 (50+39) 75 (31+44)
Mason Plumlee (Brooklyn) 76 (40+36)
Giannis Antetokounmpo (Milwaukee) 65 (30+35)
2016
Player
First round
Finals
Tie-break 1
Tie-break 2
Zach LaVine (Minnesota) 99 (50+49) 100 (50+50) 50 50
Aaron Gordon (Orlando) 94 (45+49) 100 (50+50) 50 47
Andre Drummond (Detroit) 75 (36+39)
Will Barton (Denver) 74 (44+30)
2017
Player
First round
Finals
Glenn Robinson III (Indiana) 91 (50+41) 94 (44+50)
Derrick Jones Jr. (Phoenix) 95 (45+50) 87 (37+50)
DeAndre Jordan (L.A. Clippers) 84 (41+43)
Aaron Gordon (Orlando) 72 (38+34)
2018
Player
First round
Finals
Donovan Mitchell (Utah)[13] 98 (48+50) 98 (50+48)
Larry Nance, Jr. (Cleveland) 93 (44+49) 96 (46+50)
Dennis Smith Jr. (Dallas) 89 (39+50)
Victor Oladipo (Indiana) 71 (31+40)
Criticism[edit]
Historically, the dunk contest drew some mild criticisms. One is that players who often compete in these contests are seen as dunkers only (with the obvious exceptions of Michael Jordan, Kobe Bryant, and Julius Erving), which is why notable high flying athletes like Shawn Marion and LeBron James have sometimes refused to participate.[citation needed] High-profile players such as Dwyane Wade and Charles Barkley have also declined to participate citing it as an unnecessary risk to injury.[citation needed] In the 2000 NBA Slam Dunk Contest, Tracy McGrady injured his wrist while performing a dunk.[citation needed] Also in the 1995 NBA Slam Dunk Contest, Tony Dumas hurt his knee while performing his "Texas Twister" dunk.[citation needed] Although a longtime critic, LeBron James said he would perform in the 2010 Slam Dunk Contest. This decision was made after watching the 2009 dunk contest when Dwight Howard and Nate Robinson went at it. However, he withdrew his statement once the All-Star Weekend came around.[citation needed]
The 2006 NBA Slam Dunk Competition between Nate Robinson and Andre Iguodala drew much criticism because players were not penalized for missing a dunk attempt. Consequently, Robinson attempted a single dunk 14 times before completing it.[14] Prior to the 2007 competition, the NBA changed a few rules to prevent excessive dunk attempts. Each participant has two minutes to complete their dunk. At the end of the two minutes allotted, they then have their number of dunk attempts limited to two.
Records[edit]
Zach LaVine posted the highest score in any round with 200 in the 2016 final round, as well as the best overall score with 299.0 points.
27 players have scored at least one perfect 50 on an individual dunk: Julius Erving, Terence Stansbury, Michael Jordan, Dominique Wilkins, Gerald Wilkins, Spud Webb, Jerome Kersey, Cedric Ceballos, Vince Carter, Steve Francis, Tracy McGrady, Jason Richardson, Desmond Mason, Fred Jones, Josh Smith, Amar'e Stoudemire, Andre Iguodala, Nate Robinson, Gerald Green, Dwight Howard, DeMar DeRozan, JaVale McGee, Terrence Ross, Victor Oladipo, Zach LaVine, Aaron Gordon, Glenn Robinson III, and Donovan Mitchell. Zach LaVine holds the record with the most perfect 50s, with seven; Michael Jordan has the second most with six, followed by Dominique Wilkins and Jason Richardson with five each. From 1989 to 1995, when scoring went by tenths of points, there was only one perfect 50 (Ceballos).
Michael Jordan, Jason Richardson, Nate Robinson, and Zach LaVine are the only players to win the NBA Slam Dunk Contest back-to-back. Michael Jordan, Kobe Bryant and Brent Barry are the only players to have won an NBA championship and a slam dunk championship.
Kobe Bryant is the youngest player to win the slam dunk contest at the age of 18.
At 5'7", Spud Webb is the shortest player to win the NBA slam dunk contest (Nate Robinson is 5'9"). Ralph Sampson, at 7'4", is the tallest player to compete in the dunk contest, while Dwight Howard is the tallest winner, at 6'11".
Nate Robinson is the only player to win the contest three times.
The 2006 NBA Slam Dunk Competition between Nate Robinson and Andre Iguodala was the first time that the competition had to go into a sudden-death dunk-off.[15]
In 1996, Greg Minor of the Boston Celtics received the lowest individual score for a single dunk, with a 2.0 for a missed first attempt.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Walker Wins One for His Father". The New York Times. 12 February 1989. Retrieved 25 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Gardner, Matthew. "Howard's Sticker Dunk Doesn't Impress Judges". NBA. Retrieved 5 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Howard wins Slam Dunk title". ESPN.com. 17 February 2008.
Jump up ^ "Dwight Howard takes flight on All-Star Saturday Night!". Retrieved 2012-08-07.
Jump up ^ "Zach LaVine explodes on national stage, wins 2015 Sprite Slam Dunk".
Jump up ^ "Everything so convenient for NBA in dunk contest. | CelticsLife.com – Boston Celtics Fan Site, Blog, T-shirts". CelticsLife.com. February 20, 2011. Retrieved 2012-08-07.
Jump up ^ "Blake Griffin Won the NBA Dunk Contest: Too Bad It Was Fixed". Bleacher Report. February 20, 2011. Retrieved 2012-08-07.
Jump up ^ "Slam Dunk Contest Rigged?". NBA Fan Voice. February 21, 2011. Archived from the original on September 5, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-07.
Jump up ^ "Nate Robinson thinks the dunk contest is rigged". Probasketballtalk.nbcsports.com. Retrieved 2012-08-07.
Jump up ^ "Blake Griffin COULDN'T lose Slam Dunk contest?". Ben Maller. February 28, 2011. Archived from the original on March 22, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-07.
Jump up ^ "apple cider papi on Twitter". apple cider papi. April 10, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Blake Griffin says he was forced to jump over Kia during Slam Dunk contest". foxsports. June 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Utah Jazz rookie Donovan Mitchell to replace Aaron Gordon in 2018 Verizon Slam Dunk". NBA.com. February 5, 2018. Retrieved 2018-02-06.
Jump up ^ "5-foot-9 Robinson soars to Slam Dunk title". MSNBC. February 19, 2006. Retrieved 2012-08-07.
Jump up ^ Matt Wong (February 21, 2006). "Robinson wins dunkfest amid controversy – NBA – ESPN". Sports.espn.go.com. Retrieved 2012-08-07.
External links[edit]
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Slam Dunk Contest winners
1984: Nance
1985: Wilkins
1986: Webb
1987: Jordan
1988: Jordan
1989: Walker
1990: Wilkins
1991: Brown
1992: Ceballos
1993: Miner
1994: Rider
1995: Miner
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2003: Richardson
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2005: Smith
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2007: Green
2008: Howard
2009: Robinson
2010: Robinson
2011: Griffin
2012: Evans
2013: Ross
2014: Wall
2015: LaVine
2016: LaVine
2017: Robinson III
2018: Mitchell
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slam_Dunk_Contest&oldid=850072736"
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Mimosa pudica
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Mimosa pudica
Mimosa pudica showing flower head and leaves
Conservation status

Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Rosids
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Subfamily: Caesalpinioideae[1]
(unranked): Mimosoid clade[1]
Genus: Mimosa
Species: M. pudica
Binomial name
Mimosa pudica
L.[2]
Mimosa pudica[3] (from Latin: pudica "shy, bashful or shrinking"; also called sensitive plant, sleepy plant, action plant,[4] Dormilones, touch-me-not, shameplant, or shy plant) is a creeping annual or perennial flowering plant of the pea/legume family Fabaceae and Magnoliopsida taxon, often grown for its curiosity value: the compound leaves fold inward and droop when touched or shaken, defending themselves from harm, and re-open a few minutes later.[5] Perhaps this reflex was an adaption to predators and is a defense mechanism to scare predators away, or maybe it is an adaption to retain more water by shading itself to decrease water loss by heat of evaporation. The species is native to South America and Central America, but is now a pantropical weed. It can also be found in Asia in countries such as Bangladesh, Thailand, India, Nepal, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Japan, Sri Lanka, Guam and well across the southern part of the United States. It is also found as an invasive weed in Far North Queensland, Australia. It grows mostly in undisturbed shady areas, under trees or shrubs.
Contents
1 Taxonomy
2 Description
2.1 Plant movement
3 Distribution and habitat
4 Predators
5 Agricultural impacts
5.1 Phytoremediation
5.2 Nitrogen fixation
6 Cultivation
7 Chemical constituents
8 Research with Mimosa pudica
9 Habitual Learning in Mimosa pudica
10 See also
11 References
12 External links
Taxonomy[edit]
Mimosa pudica was first formally described by Carl Linnaeus in Species Plantarum in 1753.[6] The species epithet, pudica, is Latin for "bashful" or "shrinking", alluding to its shrinking reaction to contact.
The species is known by numerous common names including sensitive plant, humble plant, shameplant, and touch-me-not.[2]
Description[edit]
Mimosa pudica flower from Thrissur, Kerala, India
Flower
Mimosa pudica folding leaflets inward.
Mimosa pudica seeds
Mimosa pudica with mature seed pods on plant
The whole plant of Mimosa pudica includes thorny stem and branches, flower head, dry flowers, seed pods, and folded and unfolded leaflets
The stem is erect in young plants, but becomes creeping or trailing with age. It can hang very low and become floppy. The stem is slender, branching, and sparsely to densely prickly, growing to a length of 1.5 m (5 ft).
The leaves are bipinnately compound, with one or two pinnae pairs, and 10–26 leaflets per pinna. The petioles are also prickly. Pedunculate (stalked) pale pink or purple flower heads arise from the leaf axils in mid summer with more and more flowers as the plant gets older. The globose to ovoid heads are 8–10 mm in diameter (excluding the stamens). On close examination, it is seen that the floret petals are red in their upper part and the filaments are pink to lavender. The fruit consists of clusters of 2–8 pods from 1–2 cm long each, these being prickly on the margins. The pods break into 2–5 segments and contain pale brown seeds some 2.5 mm long. The flowers are insect pollinated and wind pollinated.[7] The seeds have hard seed coats which restrict germination and make osmotic pressure and soil acidity less significant hindrances. High temperatures are the main stimuli that cause the seeds to end dormancy.[8]
The roots of Mimosa pudica create carbon disulfide, which prevents certain pathogenic and mycorrhizal fungi from growing within the plant’s rhizosphere.[9] This allows the formation of nodules on the roots of the plant that contain endosymbiotic diazotrophs, which fix atmospheric nitrogen and convert it into a form that is usable by the plant.[10]
Mimosa pudica is a tetraploid (2n = 52).[11]
Plant movement[edit]
Play media
Video of Mimosa pudica closing when touched in Hainan, China
Mimosa pudica is well known for its rapid plant movement. Like a number of other plant species, it undergoes changes in leaf orientation termed "sleep" or nyctinastic movement. The foliage closes during darkness and reopens in light.[12] This was first studied by the French scientist Jean-Jacques d'Ortous de Mairan.
The leaflets also close when stimulated in other ways, such as touching, warming, blowing, shaking, which are all encapsulated within mechanical or electrical stimulation. These types of movements have been termed seismonastic movements. The main structure mechanistically responsible for the drooping of the leaves is the (pulvinus). The stimulus is transmitted as an action potential from a stimulated leaflet, to the leaflet's swollen base (pulvinus), and from there to the pulvini of the other leaflets, which run along the length of the leaf's rachis. The action potential then passes into the petiole, and finally to the large pulvinus at the end of the petiole, where the leaf attaches to the stem. The pulvini cells gain and lose turgor due to water moving in and out of these cells, and multiple ion concentrations play a role in the manipulation of water movement. Ions cannot easily move in and out of cells, so protein channels such as voltage-gated potassium channels and calcium-permeable anion channels are responsible for allowing potassium and calcium, respectively, to flow through the cell membrane, making cells permeable to these ions. The action potential causes potassium ions to flow out from the vacuoles of cells in the various pulvini. Differences in turgidity in different regions of the leaf and stem results in the closing of the leaflets and the collapse of the leaf petiole.[13] Other important proteins include H+-ATPases, aquaporins, and actin, which all aid in the redistribution of ions in the pulvini, especially during a seismonastic response.[5] H+-ATPases and aquaporins aid in the direct movement of water molecules, while actin’s role has a more biochemical explanation. Actin is composed of many phosphorylated tyrosine (an amino acid) molecules, and manipulation of how phosphorylated the tyrosine molecules are directly correlates to how much the M. pudica leaves droop.[14]
This movement of folding inwards is energetically costly for the plant and also interferes with the process of photosynthesis.[3] This characteristic is quite common within the Mimosoideae subfamily of the legume family, Fabaceae. The stimulus can also be transmitted to neighboring leaves. It is not known exactly why Mimosa pudica evolved this trait, but many scientists think that the plant uses its ability to shrink as a defense from herbivores. Animals may be afraid of a fast moving plant and would rather eat a less active one. Another possible explanation is that the sudden movement dislodges harmful insects.[citation needed]
In a study completed by Dr. Robert Allen, the movement of calcium, potassium, and chloride ions in pulvini cells was analyzed to better understand how ion and water flux affect M. pudica leaves drooping. A batch of M. pudica were grown and watered daily, and 10-20 pulvini were collected from each group of pulvini reactive to touch, and pulvini unreactive to touch. To further understand the movement of the ions, the upper and lower halves of all collected pulvini underwent separate ion analysis using the x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy method. This method tracked the location of the ions by coloring them each with a different color of fluorescence dye.[15] In terms of calcium concentrations, there was a significant difference in concentration between both halves of the pulvini, in both the reactive and nonreactive pulvini. For potassium, higher concentrations were found throughout the reactive pulvini, while a high concentration difference in the top and bottom halves of the unreactive pulvini was found. Upon stimulation to the reactive pulvini, an average of a 240% increase in potassium was found in the pulvini cells. Analysis of chloride ions gave similar results where high concentrations were found throughout the reactive pulvini, except in the unreactive pulvini the difference in concentration in the top and bottom pulvini was not significant. Overall, what was found was that high concentrations of potassium, chloride, and calcium led to a rapid decrease in water in the pulvini, which results in the drooping of the M. pudica leaves. Mitigation of this gradient resulted in less reaction and movement of the leaves.[16]
Distribution and habitat[edit]
Mimosa pudica is native to South America, North America and Central America. It has been introduced to many other regions and is regarded as an invasive species in Tanzania, South Asia and South East Asia and many Pacific Islands.[17] It is regarded as invasive in parts of Australia and is a declared weed in the Northern Territory,[18] and Western Australia although not naturalized there.[19] Control is recommended in Queensland.[20] It has also been introduced to Ghana, Nigeria, Seychelles, Mauritius and East Asia but is not regarded as invasive in those places.[17] In the United States of America, it grows in Florida, Hawaii, Tennessee, Virginia, Maryland, Puerto Rico, Texas, Alabama, Mississippi, North Carolina, Georgia, and the Virgin Islands, as well as Cuba and the Dominican Republic.[21]
Predators[edit]
Mimosa pudica has several natural predators, such as the Spider mite and Mimosa webworm. Both of these insects wrap the leaflets in webs that hinder the responsive closing. Webbed leaves are noticeable as they become brown fossilized remnants after an attack.[22] The Mimosa webworm is composed of two generations that arise at different seasons. This makes prevention difficult and requires proper timing of insecticides to avoid aiding other predators. Once the larvae become steel-gray moths they are harmless to the plant, but lay more eggs.[23]
Agricultural impacts[edit]
The species can be a weed for tropical crops, particularly when fields are hand cultivated. Crops it tends to affect are corn, coconuts, tomatoes, cotton, coffee, bananas, soybeans, papaya, and sugar cane. Dry thickets may become a fire hazard.[7] In some cases it has become a forage plant although the variety in Hawaii is reported to be toxic to livestock.[7][24]
In addition, Mimosa pudica can change the physico-chemical properties of the soil it invades. For example, the total N and K increased in significantly invaded areas.[25]
Phytoremediation[edit]
36 native Thai plant species were tested to see which conducted the most phytoremediation of arsenic polluted soils caused by tin mines. Mimosa pudica was one of the four species that significantly extracted and bioaccumulated the pollutant into its leaves.[26] Other studies have found that Mimosa pudica extracts heavy metals such as copper, lead, tin, and zinc from polluted soils. This allows for the soil to gradually return to less toxic compositions.[27]
Nitrogen fixation[edit]
Mimosa pudica can form root nodules that are habitable by nitrogen-fixing bacteria.[28] The bacteria are able to convert atmospheric nitrogen, which plants cannot use, into a form that plants can use. This trait is common among plants in the family Fabaceae. Nitrogen is a vital element for both plant growth and reproduction. Nitrogen is also essential for plant photosynthesis because it is a component of chlorophyll. Nitrogen fixation contributes nitrogen to the plant and to the soil surrounding the plant's roots.[29]
Mimosa pudica’s ability to fix nitrogen may have arisen in conjunction with the evolution of nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Nitrogen fixation is an adaptive trait that has transformed the parasitic relationship between the bacteria and plants into a mutualistic relationship. The shifting dynamics of this relationship are demonstrated by the corresponding improvement of various symbiotic characteristics in both Mimosa pudica and bacteria. These traits include enhanced “competitive nodulation, nodule development, intracellular infection, and bacteroid persistence”.[30] As much as 60% of the nitrogen found in Mimosa pudica can be attributed to the fixation of N2 by bacteria. Burkholderia phymatum STM815T and Cupriavidus taiwanensis LMG19424T are beta-rhizobial strains of diazotrophs that are highly effective at fixing nitrogen when coupled with M. pudica. Burkholderia is also shown to be a strong symbiont of Mimosa pudica in nitrogen-poor soils in regions like Cerrado and Caatinga.[10]
Cultivation[edit]
In cultivation, this plant is most often grown as an indoor annual, but is also grown for groundcover. Propagation is generally by seed. Mimosa pudica grows most effectively in nutrient poor soil that allows for substantial water drainage. However, this plant is also shown to grow in scalped and eroded subsoils. Typically, disrupted soil is necessary in order for M. pudica to become established in an area. Additionally, the plant is shade intolerant and frost-sensitive, meaning that it does not tolerate low levels of light or cold temperatures. Mimosa pudica does not compete for resources with larger foliage or forest canopy undergrowth.[9]
In temperate zones it must be grown under protection, where the temperature does not fall below 13 °C (55 °F). In the UK it has gained the Royal Horticultural Society’s Award of Garden Merit.[4][31]
Chemical constituents[edit]
Mimosa pudica contains the toxic alkaloid mimosine, which has been found to also have antiproliferative and apoptotic effects.[32] The extracts of Mimosa pudica immobilize the filariform larvae of Strongyloides stercoralis in less than one hour.[33] Aqueous extracts of the roots of the plant have shown significant neutralizing effects in the lethality of the venom of the monocled cobra (Naja kaouthia). It appears to inhibit the myotoxicity and enzyme activity of cobra venom.[34]
Mimosa pudica demonstrates both antioxidant and antibacterial properties. This plant has also been demonstrated to be non-toxic in brine shrimp lethality tests, which suggests that M. pudica has low levels of toxicity. Chemical analysis has shown that Mimosa pudica contains various compounds, including “alkaloids, flavonoid C-glycosides, sterols, terenoids, tannins, and fatty acids”.[35] The roots of the plant have been shown to contain up to 10% tannin. A substance similar to adrenaline has been found within the plant's leaves. Mimosa pudica's seeds produce mucilage made up of D-glucuronic acid and D-xylose. Additionally, extracts of M. pudica have been shown to contain crocetin-dimethylester, tubulin, and green-yellow fatty oils. A new class of phytohormone turgorines, which are derivatives of gallic acid 4-O-(β-D-glucopyranosyl-6'-sulfate), have been discovered within the plant.[9]
The nitrogen-fixing properties of Mimosa pudica contribute to a high nitrogen content within the plant’s leaves. The leaves of M. pudica also contain a wide range of carbon to mineral content, as well as a large variation in 13C values. The correlation between these two numbers suggests that significant ecological adaptation has occurred among the varieties of M. pudica in Brazil.[29]
The roots contain sac-like structures that release organic and organosulfur compounds including SO2, methylsulfinic acid, pyruvic acid, lactic acid, ethanesulfinic acid, propane sulfinic acid, 2-mercaptoaniline, S-propyl propane 1-thiosulfinate, and thioformaldehyde, an elusive and highly unstable compound never before reported to be emitted by a plant.[36]
Research with Mimosa pudica[edit]
Due to Mimosa's unique response to touch, it became an ideal plant for many experiments regarding plant habituation and memory. Wilhelm Pfeffer, a German botanist during the 17th century, used Mimosa in one of the first experiments testing plant habituation.[37] Further experimentation was done in 1965, when Holmes and Gruenberg discovered that Mimosa could distinguish between two stimuli, a water drop and a finger touch. Their findings also demonstrated that the habituated behavior was not due to fatigue since the leaf-folding response returned when another stimulus was presented.[37]
Electrical signaling experiments were conducted on Mimosa pudica, where 1.3–1.5 volts and 2–10 µC of charge acted as the threshold to induce closing of the leaves.[38] This topic was further explored in 2017 by neuroscientist Greg Gage who connected Mimosa pudica to Dionaea muscipula, better known as the Venus flytrap. Both plants had electrical wiring connecting them and were linked to an electrocardiogram. The results showed how causing an action potential in one plant led to an electrical response, causing both plants to respond.[39]
Experiments were made on how anesthetics for animals could effect Mimosa pudica. These experiments showed that anesthetics cause narcosis of the motor organs, which was observed by the application of volatile ether, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, formaldehyde, and other substances.[40]
Habitual Learning in Mimosa pudica[edit]
Plants that live in low light environments have less of an opportunity for photosynthesis compared to plants that live in high light environments where sunshine isn't a problem. When the Mimosa plant folds in its leaves as a defensive mechanism there is an energetic trade off, since folding its leaves reduces the amount of photosynthesis the Mimosa can perform during the closed period by 40%, but provides a rapid defensive mechanism against potentially harmful predators or external stimulation.[41][42] In an experiment, researcher Monica Gagliano wanted to study if Mimosa plants in low light conditions would have a greater potential for learning than those grown in high light, since the low light plants were already in low energy environments and folding their leaves would be more energetically costly to the plant. The simplest form of learning is the ability of an organism to have a certain level of sensitivity to the environment that allows the organism to respond to potentially harmful stimuli as well as the capability to learn and filter out irrelevant stimuli (habituation) or increase the response due to a learned stimulus (sensitization).[43] Researchers predicted the low light plants would have adapted to have faster habitual learning capabilities so they could filter out unharmful stimuli to increase their energy production. Plants were either grown in high light or low light conditions. The plants were stimulated by being dropped from 15 cm for either a single drop, or consecutive training sessions where the plants were repeatedly dropped. To test that the plants were suppressing their leaf folding reflex from habitual learning and not from exhaustion, the plants were shaken as a novel stimuli to see if the plants would fold their leaves (dishabituation test). The first group was tested to see if short term memory was enough for plants to modify their behavior. Regardless of what light group the plants were in, one drop was not enough for the plants to learn to ignore the stimulation. For the groups that were dropped repetitively, the plants stopped folding their leaves and were even fully open after a drop before the end of the trainings. The low light plants learned faster to ignore the dropping stimulation than the high light plants. When the plants were shaken, they responded immediately by folding their leaves, which suggests that the plants were not ignoring the dropping stimulation due to exhaustion.[44] This research suggests that the Mimosa has the capability for habitual learning and memory storage and that Mimosa plants grown in low light conditions have faster learning mechanisms so they can reduce the amount of time their leaves are unnecessarily closed to optimize energy production.
It is well known that plants lack a brain and central nervous system, so how do they send and store information? There are two possible hypotheses for memory in the Mimosa, however neither have been generally accepted since more research is still needed. The first is when the plant is stimulated it releases a surge of calcium ions that are sensed by a protein called Calmodulin. The relationship between the ions and proteins are thought to stimulate voltage gated ion channels which cause electrical signals, which could be the base of plant long term memory. The other hypothesis is plant cells act similarly to neural cells by creating electrical gradients by opening and closing ion channels and passing it along cell junctions. The information passed along can control which genes are turned on and which genes are turned off, which could be a mode for long term memory.[45]
See also[edit]
Exotic plants
Mimosa pigra
Venus flytrap
References[edit]
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External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mimosa pudica.
Wikispecies has information related to Mimosa pudica
A list of notable chemical compounds found in Mimosa pudica
View occurrences of Mimosa pudica in the Biodiversity Heritage Library
"Sensitive Plant" page by Dr. T. Ombrello
Fact Sheet from the Queensland (Australia) Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry
Page about nyctinasty and leaf movement of Mimosa pudica by John Hewitson
Indiana.edu "Plants in motion" videos of Mimosa pudica:
[1] Effect of Total Solar Elipse on Mimosa pudica plant In Central Kalimantan, Indonesia] by Rony Teguh and Fengky F. Adjie University of Palangka Raya
1 and 2
"Video:MIMOSA PUDICA SENSITIVE:guide de culture". Ethnoplants.com. Retrieved 2009-10-12.
Taxon identifiers
Wikidata: Q148532
Wikispecies: Mimosa pudica
APDB: 129432
ARKive: mimosa-pudica
BioLib: 62121
EoL: 417449
EPPO: MIMPU
FoC: 200012232
GBIF: 2969284
GRIN: 24405
iNaturalist: 51921
IPNI: 508556-1
IRMNG: 10982425
ITIS: 26790
IUCN: 175208
NCBI: 76306
PalDat: Mimosa_pudica
Plant List: ild-118
PLANTS: MIPU8
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:313242-2
Tropicos: 13036675
Authority control
NDL: 00576971
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Insect pollinated

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Soil acidity

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United States of America

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Mimosa webworm

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Nitrogen-fixing bacteria

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/wiki/Burkholderia_phymatum
mw-redirect
Burkholderia phymatum

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mw-redirect
Plant Propagation

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Exotic plants

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Taxon (journal)

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https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/MIMPU

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https://www.gbif.org/species/2969284

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https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensitiva
Sensitiva – Catalan
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https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimose
Mimose – German
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Sensitivo – Esperanto
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Mimoza – Upper Sorbian
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Sensitivo – Ido
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Makahiya – Tagalog
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Mateloi – Tongan
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