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Steam power during the Industrial Revolution
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The steam engine was one of the most important technologies of the Industrial Revolution, although steam did not replace water power in importance in Britain until after the Industrial Revolution. From Englishman Thomas Newcomen's atmospheric engine, of 1712, through major developments by Scottish inventor and mechanical engineer James Watt, the steam engine began to be used in many industrial settings, not just in mining, where the first engines had been used to pump water from deep workings. Early mills had run successfully with water power, but by using a steam engine a factory could be located anywhere, not just close to water. Water power varied with the seasons and was not available at times due to freezing, floods and dry spells.
In 1775 Watt formed an engine-building and engineering partnership with manufacturer Matthew Boulton. The partnership of Boulton & Watt became one of the most important businesses of the Industrial Revolution and served as a kind of creative technical centre for much of the British economy. The partners solved technical problems and spread the solutions to other companies. Similar firms did the same thing in other industries and were especially important in the machine tool industry. These interactions between companies were important because they reduced the amount of research time and expense that each business had to spend working with its own resources. The technological advances of the Industrial Revolution happened more quickly because firms often shared information, which they then could use to create new techniques or products.
From mines to mills, steam engines found many uses in a variety of industries. The introduction of steam engines improved productivity and technology, and allowed the creation of smaller and better engines. After Richard Trevithick's development of the high-pressure engine, transport-applications became possible, and steam engines found their way into boats, railways, farms and road vehicles. Steam engines are an example of how changes brought by industrialization led to even more changes in other areas.
The development of the stationary steam engine was an essential early element of the Industrial Revolution, however it should be remembered that for most of the period of the Industrial Revolution the majority of industries still relied on wind and water power as well as horse and man-power for driving small machines.
Contents
[hide]
1 Thomas Savery's steam pump
2 Thomas Newcomen's steam engine
3 James Watt's steam engines
4 Development after Watt
4.1 The Corliss Engine
5 Major Applications
5.1 Moving from Water to Steam Power
5.2 The Steamboat
5.2.1 Steamboat and Water Transport
5.3 Railroad
6 References
Thomas Savery's steam pump[edit]
The industrial use of steam power started with Thomas Savery in 1698. He constructed and patented in London the first engine, which he called the "Miner's Friend" since he intended it to pump water from mines. This machine used steam at 8 to 10 atmospheres (120–150 psi) and had no moving parts other than hand-operated valves. The steam once admitted into the cylinder was first condensed by an external cold water spray, thus creating a partial vacuum which drew water up through a pipe from a lower level; then valves were opened and closed and a fresh charge of steam applied directly on to the surface of the water now in the cylinder, forcing it up an outlet pipe discharging at higher level. The engine was used as a low-lift water pump in a few mines and numerous water works, but it was not a success since it was limited in pumping height and prone to boiler explosions.[1]
Thomas Newcomen's steam engine[edit]
Newcomen's atmospheric steam engine
The first safe and successful steam power plant was introduced by Thomas Newcomen in 1712. Newcomen apparently conceived his machine quite independently of Savery, but as the latter had taken out a very wide-ranging patent, Newcomen and his associates were obliged to come to an arrangement with him, marketing the engine until 1733 under a joint patent.[2] Newcomen's engine appears to have been based on Papin's experiments carried out 30 years earlier, and employed a piston and cylinder, one end of which was open to the atmosphere above the piston. Steam just above atmospheric pressure (all that the boiler could stand) was introduced into the lower half of the cylinder beneath the piston during the gravity-induced upstroke; the steam was then condensed by a jet of cold water injected into the steam space to produce a partial vacuum; the pressure differential between the atmosphere and the vacuum on either side of the piston displaced it downwards into the cylinder, raising the opposite end of a rocking beam to which was attached a gang of gravity-actuated reciprocating force pumps housed in the mineshaft. The engine's downward power stroke raised the pump, priming it and preparing the pumping stroke. At first the phases were controlled by hand, but within ten years an escapement mechanism had been devised worked by of a vertical plug tree suspended from the rocking beam which rendered the engine self-acting.
A number of Newcomen engines were successfully put to use in Britain for draining hitherto unworkable deep mines, with the engine on the surface; these were large machines, requiring a lot of capital to build, and produced about 5 hp. They were extremely inefficient by modern standards, but when located where coal was cheap at pit heads, opened up a great expansion in coal mining by allowing mines to go deeper. Despite their disadvantages, Newcomen engines were reliable and easy to maintain and continued to be used in the coalfields until the early decades of the nineteenth century. By 1729, when Newcomen died, his engines had spread to France, Germany, Austria, Hungary and Sweden. A total of 110 are known to have been built by 1733 when the joint patent expired, of which 14 were abroad. In the 1770s, the engineer John Smeaton built some very large examples and introduced a number of improvements. A total of 1,454 engines had been built by 1800.
James Watt's steam engines[edit]
A fundamental change in working principles was brought about by James Watt. With the close collaboration of Matthew Boulton, he had succeeded by 1778 in perfecting his steam engine which incorporated a series of radical improvements, notably, the use of a steam jacket around the cylinder to keep it at the temperature of the steam and, most importantly, a steam condenser chamber separate from the piston chamber. These improvements increased engine efficiency by a factor of about five, saving 75% on coal costs.
The Newcomen engine could not, at the time, be easily adapted to drive a rotating wheel, although Wasborough and Pickard did succeed in doing so in about 1780. However, by 1783 the more economical Watt steam engine had been fully developed into a double-acting rotative type with a centrifugal governor, parallel motion and flywheel which meant that it could be used to directly drive the rotary machinery of a factory or mill. Both of Watt's basic engine types were commercially very successful.
By 1800, the firm Boulton & Watt had constructed 496 engines, with 164 driving reciprocating pumps, 24 serving blast furnaces, and 308 powering mill machinery; most of the engines generated from 5 to 10 hp. An estimate of the total power that could be produced by all these engines was about 11,200 hp. This was still only a small fraction of the total power generated in Britain by waterwheels (120,000 hp) and by windmills (15,000 hp).[3] Newcomen and other steam engines generated at the same time about 24,000 hp.
Development after Watt[edit]
The development of machine tools, such as the lathe, planing and shaping machines powered by these engines, enabled all the metal parts of the engines to be easily and accurately cut and in turn made it possible to build larger and more powerful engines.
In the early 19th century after the expiration of Watt's patent[citation needed], the steam engine underwent great increases in power due to the use of higher pressure steam which Watt had always avoided because of the danger of exploding boilers, which were in a very primitive state of development.
Until about 1800, the most common pattern of steam engine was the beam engine, built as an integral part of a stone or brick engine-house, but soon various patterns of self-contained portative engines (readily removable, but not on wheels) were developed, such as the table engine. Further decrease in size due to use of higher pressure came towards the end of the 18th Century when the Cornish engineer, Richard Trevithick and the American engineer, Oliver Evans, independently began to construct higher pressure (about 40 pounds per square inch (2.7 atm)) engines which exhausted into the atmosphere. This allowed an engine and boiler to be combined into a single unit compact and light enough to be used on mobile road and rail locomotives and steam boats.
Trevithick was a man of versatile talents, and his activities were not confined to small applications. Trevithick developed his large Cornish boiler with an internal flue from about 1812. These were also employed when upgrading a number of Watt pumping engines, greatly increasing power and productivity; this led to the highly efficient large Cornish engines that continued to be built right up to the end of the 19th Century.
The Corliss Engine[edit]
The Corliss Engine displayed at the International Exhibition of Arts, Manufactures and Products of the Soil and Mine of 1876
Due to the ever-increasing power demands of the 1800s, especially in manufacturing, innovations were made to existing steam engines and a number of entirely new steam engines were developed. Of these, few brought the high levels of horsepower and efficiency produced by the Corliss engine.[4] Named after its inventor, George Henry Corliss, this stationary steam engine was introduced to the world in 1849. The engine boasted a number of desired features, including fuel efficiency (lowering cost of fuel by a third or more), low maintenance costs, 30% higher rate of power production, high thermal efficiency, and the ability to operate under light, heavy, or varying loads while maintaining high velocity and constant speed.[5][6][7][8] While the engine was loosely based on existing steam engines keeping the simple piston-flywheel design, the majority of these features were brought about by the engine’s unique valves and valve gears. Unlike most engines employed during the era that were using mainly slide-valve gears, Corliss created his own system that used a wrist plate to control a number of different valves. Each cylinder was equipped with four valves, with exhaust and inlet valves at both ends of the cylinder.[9] Through a precisely tuned series of events opening and closing these valves, steam is admitted and released at a precise rate allowing for linear piston motion. This provided the engine’s most notable feature, the automatic variable cut-off mechanism.[10] This mechanism is what allowed the engine to function under varying loads without losing efficiency, stalling, or being damaged. Using a series of cam gears, which could adjust valve timing (essentially acting as a throttle), the engine’s speed and horsepower was adjusted. This proved extremely useful for most of the engine’s applications. In the textile industry, it allowed for production at much higher speeds while lowering the likelihood that threads would break.[6][11] In metallurgy, the extreme and abrupt variations of load experienced in rolling mills were also countered by the technology. These examples demonstrate that the Corliss engine was able to lead to much higher rates of production, while preventing costly damages to machinery and materials. It was referred to as “the most perfect regulation of speed.” [12]
Corliss kept a detailed record of the production, collective horsepower, and sales of his engines up until the patent expired.[12] He did this for a number of reasons, including tracking those who infringed on the patent rights, maintenance and upgrade details, and especially as data used to extend the patent. With this data, a more clear understanding of the engine’s influence is provided. By 1869, nearly 1200 engines had been sold, totaling 118,500 horsepower. Another estimated 60,000 horsepower was being utilized by engines that were created by manufacturers infringing on Corliss’s patent, bringing the total horsepower to roughly 180,000.[6] This relatively small number of engines produced 15% of the United States’ total 1.2 million horsepower.[13] The mean horsepower for all Corliss engines in 1870 was 100, while the mean for all steam engines (including Corliss engines) was 30. Some very large engines even allowed for applications as large as 1,400 horsepower. Many were convinced of the Corliss engine’s benefits, but adoption was slow due to patent protection. When Corliss was denied a patent extension in 1870, it became a prevalent model for stationary engines in the industrial sector.[6] By the end of the 19th century, the engine was already having a major influence on the manufacturing sector, where it made up only 10% of the sector’s engines, but produced 46% of the horsepower.[13] The engine also became a model of efficiency outside of the textile industry as it was used for pumping the waterways of Pawtucket, Rhode Island in 1878 and by playing an essential role in the expansion of the railroad by allowing for very large-scale operations in rolling mills.[4][6] Many steam engines of the 19th century have been replaced, destroyed, or repurposed, but the longevity of the Corliss engine is apparent today in select distilleries where they are still used as a power source.[14]
Major Applications[edit]
Moving from Water to Steam Power[edit]
Water power, the world's preceding supply of power, continued to be an essential power source even during the height of steam engine popularity.[15] The steam engine, however, provided many benefits that couldn’t be realized by relying solely on water power, allowing it to quickly become industrialised nations' dominant power source (rising from 5% to 80% of the total power in the US from 1838-1860).[16] While many consider the potential for an increase in power generated to be the dominant benefit (with the average horsepower of steam powered mills producing four times the power of water powered mills), others favor the potential for agglomeration.[17][18] Steam engines made it possible to easily work, produce, market, specialize, viably expand westward without having to worry about the less abundant presence of waterways, and live in communities that weren’t geographically isolated in proximity to rivers and streams.[6] Cities and towns were now built around factories where steam engines served as the foundation for the livelihood of many of the citizens. By promoting the agglomeration of individuals, local markets were established and often met with impressive success, cities quickly grew and were eventually urbanized, the quality of living increased as infrastructure was put in place, finer goods could be produced as acquisition of materials became less difficult and expensive, direct local competition led to higher degrees of specialization, and labor and capital were in rich supply.[5] In some counties where the establishments utilized steam power, population growths were even seen to increase.[19] These steam powered towns encouraged growth locally and on the national scale, further validating the economic importance of the steam engine.
The Steamboat[edit]
This period of economic growth, which was ushered in by the introduction and adoption of the steamboat, was one of the greatest ever experienced in the United States. Around 1815, steamboats began to replace barges and flatboats in the transport of goods around the United States. Prior to the steamboat, rivers were generally only used in transporting goods from east to west, and from north to south as fighting the current was very difficult and often impossible.[20] Non-powered boats and rafts were assembled up-stream, would carry their cargo down stream, and would often be disassembled at the end of their journey; with their remains being used to construct homes and commercial buildings.
Steamboat on the Yukon River
Following the advent of the steamboat, the United States saw an incredible growth in the transportation of goods and people, which was key in westward expansion. Prior to the steamboat, it could take between three and four months to make the passage from New Orleans to Louisville, averaging twenty miles a day.[20] With the steamboat this time was reduced drastically with trips ranging from twenty-five to thirty-five days. This was especially beneficial to farmers as their crops could now be transported elsewhere to be sold. The steamboat also allowed for increased specialization. Sugar and Cotton were shipped up north while goods like poultry, grain and pork were shipped south. Unfortunately, the steamboat also aided in the internal slave trade.[21]
With the steamboat came the need for an improved river system. The natural river system had features that either wasn't compatible with steamboat travel or was only available during certain months when rivers were higher. Some obstacles included rapids, sand bars, shallow waters and waterfalls. To overcome these natural obstacles, a network of canals, locks and dams were constructed. This increased demand for labor spurred tremendous job growth along the rivers.[22]
The economic benefits of the steamboat extended far beyond the construction of the ships themselves, and the goods they transported. These ships led directly to growth in the coal and insurance industries, along with creating demand for repair facilities along the rivers.[23] Additionally the demand for goods in general increased as the steamboat made transport to new destinations both wide reaching and efficient.
Steamboat and Water Transport[edit]
After the first steamboat was invented and achieved a number of successful trials, it was quickly adopted and led to an even quicker change in the way of water transport. In 1814, the city of New Orleans recorded 21 steamboat arrivals, but over the course of the following 20 years that number exploded to more than 1200. The steamboat’s role as a major transportation source was secured.[24] The transport sector saw enormous growth following the steam engine's application, leading to major innovations in canals, steamboats, and railroads. The steamboat and canal system revolutionized trade of the United States. As the steamboats gained popularity, enthusiasm grew for the building of canals. In 1816, the US had only 100 miles of canals. This needed to change, however, as the potential increase in traded goods from east to west convinced many that canals were a necessary connection between the Mississippi-Ohio waterways with the Great Lakes.
Railroad[edit]
The use of steam engines on railroads proved to be extraordinary in the fact that now you could have large amounts of goods and raw materials delivered to cities and factories alike. Trains could deliver these to places far away at a fraction of the cost traveling by wagon. Railroad tracks, which were already in use in mines and various other situations, became the new means of transportation after the first locomotive was invented.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Jenkins, Ryhs (1971) [1936]. Links in the History of Engineering and Technology from Tudor Times. Cambridge (1st) , Books for Libraries Press (2nd): The Newcomen Society at the Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780836921670<The Collected Papers of Rhys Jenkins, Former Senior Examiner in the British Patent Office>
Jump up ^ Hulse, David H: The Early Development of the Steam Engine; TEE Publishing, Leamington Spa, UK, 1999 ISBN 1-85761-107-1
Jump up ^ Hills, Rev. Dr. Richard (2006), James Watt Vol 3: Triumph through Adversity, 1785-819, Ashbourne, Derbyshire, England: Landmark Publishing, p. 217, ISBN 1-84306-045-0
^ Jump up to: a b Hunter, Louis (1979). A History of Industrial Power in the US, 1780-1930, Vol I. The University Press of Virginia.
^ Jump up to: a b Rosenberg, Nathan; Trajtenberg, Manuel (2004). "A General Purpose Technology at Work: The Corliss Steam Engine in the late 19th Century US". The Journal of Economic History. 64 (1): 61–99. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Hunter, Louis (1985). A History of Industrial Power in the United States, 1780-1930, Vol. II: Steam Power. Charlottesville: The University Press of Virginia.
Jump up ^ Tribe, J (1903). Compound Corliss Engines. Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Milwaukee, Tribe.
Jump up ^ Burn, D. L. (January 1931). "The Genesis of American Engineering Competition, 1850-1870". Economic History Review.
Jump up ^ Benett, Stuart (1986). A History of Control Engineering 1800-1930. Institution of Engineering and Technology. ISBN 0863410472.
Jump up ^ Thompson, Ross (2009). Structures of Change in the Mechanical Age: Technological Invention in the United States 1790-1865. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-9141-0.
Jump up ^ Sheldon, F. F. (1892). Power and Speed in Cotton Mills, Proceedings of the 27th Annual Meeting of the Northeast Cotton Manufacturers Association. Boston.
^ Jump up to: a b Corliss, G. H. (1870). In the Matter of the Petition of George H. Corliss for an Extension of His letters Patent for Improvements in Steam Engines. Providence: Providence Press Company.
^ Jump up to: a b Trowbridge, W. P. (1880). Reports on the Water-power of the United States: Statistics of Power and Machinery Employed in Manufactures. 10th U.S. Census.
Jump up ^ Rasmussen, M. "Corliss Engine Group Gear Mechanisms Corliss Steam Engine". Archive.org. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
Jump up ^ Atack, J; Bateman, F; Weiss, T (1980). "The Regional Diffusion and Adoption of the Steam Engine in American Manufacturing". The Journal of Economic History. 40 (2): 281–308. doi:10.1017/s0022050700108216.
Jump up ^ Fenichel, A. H. (1966). "Growth and Diffusion of Power in Manufacturing 1839-1919. In Output, Employment and Productivity in the United States after 1800.". National Bureau of Economic Research, Studies in Income and Wealth. 30: 443–478.
Jump up ^ Atack, J (1979). "Fact in Fiction? Relative Costs of Steam and Water Power: A Simulation Approach". Explorations in Economic History. 16: 409–437. doi:10.1016/0014-4983(79)90029-9.
Jump up ^ Temin, P (June 1966). "Steam and Waterpower in the Early Nineteenth Century". Journal of Economic History.
Jump up ^ Krugman, P (1991). Geography and Trade. MIT Press.
^ Jump up to: a b Zimmer, David (1982). The Ohio River; Gateway to Settlement. Indiana Historical Society. p. 72.
Jump up ^ Camfield, Gregg. "Economic Development; Mark Twain's Mississippi". Mark Twain's Mississippi. Retrieved 2014-06-23.
Jump up ^ Hedeen, Jane. "The Economic Impact of the Steamboat" (PDF). http://indianahistory.org. Indiana Historical Society. Retrieved 2014-06-23. External link in |website= (help)
Jump up ^ Williams, L.A. (1882). History of the Ohio Falls Cities and their Counties: With illustrations and bibliographical sketches. Cleveland: L.A. Williams and Company. p. 220. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "History of Steamboat on the Mississippi River". http://www.mississippiriverinfo.com/history-of-steamboats-on-the-Mississippi-river/. Mississippi River Cruises. External link in |website= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
General
The Growth of the Steam-engine. Robert H. Thurston, A. M., C. E., New York: D. Appleton and Comithcmpany, 1878.
Burstall, Aubrey F. (1965). A History of Mechanical Engineering. The MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-52001-X.
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text:
Despicable Me 3
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Despicable Me 3
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Pierre Coffin
Kyle Balda
Produced by
Chris Meledandri
Janet Healy
Screenplay by
Cinco Paul
Ken Daurio
Starring
Steve Carell
Kristen Wiig
Trey Parker
Miranda Cosgrove
Dana Gaier
Nev Scharrel
Pierre Coffin
Steve Coogan
Jenny Slate
Julie Andrews
Music by
Heitor Pereira[1]
Edited by
Claire Dodgson
Production
company
Universal Pictures[2]
Illumination Entertainment[2]
Distributed by
Universal Pictures[2]
Release date
June 14, 2017 (2017-06-14) (Annecy)[3]
June 30, 2017 (2017-06-30) (United States)[3]
Running time
90 minutes[4]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$80 million[5]
Box office
$1.035 billion[5]
Despicable Me 3 is a 2017 American 3D computer-animated action comedy film produced by Illumination Entertainment for Universal Pictures. It is the third main installment, fourth overall film in the Despicable Me film series and the sequel to Despicable Me 2 (2013). The film is directed by Pierre Coffin and Kyle Balda, co-directed by Eric Guillon[6] and written by Cinco Paul and Ken Daurio.
In the film, Gru teams up with his long-lost twin brother Dru in order to defeat a new enemy named Balthazar Bratt, a former child actor, obsessed with the 1980s, who grows up to become a villain after having his show cancelled following puberty. Steve Carell, Miranda Cosgrove and Dana Gaier reprise their roles of Felonious Gru, Margo and Edith from the first two films and Julie Andrews returns as Marlena Gru, Gru's mother from Despicable Me (2010). Kristen Wiig and Steve Coogan return from Despicable Me 2, while Trey Parker, Jenny Slate and Nev Scharrel (replacing Elsie Fisher as Agnes) join the cast.
Despicable Me 3 premiered on June 14, 2017, at the Annecy International Animated Film Festival, and was released in the United States on June 30, 2017, by Universal Pictures in 3D, RealD 3D, Dolby Cinema and IMAX 3D. The film received mixed reviews from critics[7] and grossed over $1 billion worldwide, making it the fourth highest-grossing film of 2017, the fourth highest-grossing animated film of all time and the 26th highest-grossing film of all time. It is Illumination's second film to gross over $1 billion, after Minions in 2015, becoming the first ever animated franchise to do so.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Soundtrack
4.1 Track listing
4.2 Charts
5 Release
5.1 Home media
6 Reception
6.1 Box office
6.2 Critical response
6.3 Accolades
7 Sequel
8 References
9 External links
Plot[edit]
Former villain Gru is now an agent for the Anti-Villain League (AVL). He and his partner/wife Lucy are sent to foil the plans of Balthazar Bratt, a 1980s child star turned evil. Gru manages to stop Bratt from stealing the world's largest diamond, but is unable to capture him. As a result of failing to capture Bratt, Gru and Lucy are fired from the AVL by its unreasonable new director Valerie Da Vinci, following the retirement of Silas Ramsbottom.
Gru and Lucy reluctantly tell their children, Margo, Edith, and Agnes, of their dismissal, but assure them they will find new jobs. Most of Gru's Minions leave Gru when he refuses to return to villainy, despite losing his job. Meanwhile, Lucy struggles to adapt to her new role as the children's new mom. The next morning, the family is approached by Fritz, the butler of Gru's cheerful twin brother Dru, who lives in a distant country named Freedonia, who longs to meet him. Shocked to learn he has a twin, Gru confronts his mother, who reveals that when she and her husband divorced, they agreed to keep one child each. The family decides to travel to meet Dru, and they are surprised at his immense wealth, which Fritz attributes to their pig farm business. Meanwhile, the Minions are arrested for trespassing at a talent show set. Bratt manages to steal the diamond again, intending to use it to power a giant robot and destroy Hollywood as revenge for the cancellation of his show.
Dru reveals to Gru that their recently deceased father was a legendary supervillain, whose villainous activities are the real source of the family's wealth. As Dru was dismissed by their father as a disgrace, he asks his brother to teach him how to be a villain. When Gru refuses to revert to his old ways, Dru takes him on a joyride around Freedonia in their father's technologically advanced car and the siblings bond. Meanwhile, Lucy tries to balance her tasks as a mom, which she exhibits after turning away a young boy named Niko who had fallen for Margo in the midst of a traditional cheese festival, while Edith and Agnes stumble into a local tavern and learn from the bartender about a mythical unicorn which lurks in a nearby forest. Gru tries to convince Agnes that unicorns are imaginary, but decides against it to avoid hurting her feelings. The next day, Agnes and Edith set out into the woods to track the mythical unicorn, only to find a one-horned goat whom Agnes adopts and dubs "Lucky". Meanwhile, the Minions' longing for Gru motivates them to escape from prison and return to their former master.
Dru convinces Gru to steal the diamond, with Gru secretly intending to bring it to the AVL, which he hopes will convince Da Vinci to rehire him and Lucy. Despite several setbacks, they manage to retrieve the diamond and are rescued by Lucy after narrowly escaping. After finding out Gru's true motives, Dru confronts his brother about his lie. In return, Gru insults him and decides to leave Freedonia, ending their relationship. Bratt, disguised as Lucy, kidnaps the children, and once again acquires the diamond. Gru and Dru resolve their differences and pursue him after finding the real Lucy.
With his robot powered by the diamond, Bratt terrorizes Hollywood, intending to send it into space with the use of superpowered gum. Lucy saves the children while Gru and Dru weaken Bratt's robot with the weapons of their father's car. Gru is knocked unconscious when the car is destroyed, and Dru manages to destroy the robot's core from the inside when Bratt threatens to kill Gru. When Gru recovers, he battles Bratt in a dance fight, using it as a distraction to grab his weaponized keytar, and defeats him. Having rendezvoused with Gru, the Minions manage to destroy the gum already covering the city, and Gru and Dru reunite.
Soon afterward, Gru and Lucy are reinstated in the AVL and the newly united family celebrate in Gru's home. Lucy is acknowledged by the children as their mother. Lured back to villainy, Dru, along with most of the Minions, steals Gru's airship, with Gru's emblem replaced with a "D" graffiti. Gru and Lucy decide to give them a five-minute head-start before engaging pursuit.
Cast[edit]
Steve Carell as Felonious Gru, the former villain turned Anti-Villain League agent, Margo, Edith, and Agnes' adoptive father, and Lucy's husband.[8]
Carell also voices Dru Gru, Gru's long-lost twin brother and the girls' adoptive uncle.[8][9]
Kristen Wiig as Lucy Wilde, an Anti-Villain League agent, Gru's wife and the girls' adoptive mother.[10]
Trey Parker as Balthazar Bratt, a supervillain and former child star who grows up to become obsessed with the character he played in the '80s and is bent on world domination.[8]
Miranda Cosgrove as Margo, Gru and Lucy's oldest adoptive daughter.[10]
Dana Gaier as Edith, Gru and Lucy's middle adoptive daughter.[11]
Nev Scharrel as Agnes, Gru and Lucy's youngest adoptive daughter.[12] She was previously voiced by Elsie Fisher in the first two films.
Pierre Coffin as The Minions.[13]
Coffin also voices a Museum Director.
Steve Coogan as Silas Ramsbottom, the director of the Anti-Villain League, who retires at the start of the film.[14][15]
Coogan also voices Fritz, the butler of Dru.
Julie Andrews as Marlena Gru, Gru and Dru's mother.[14][16]
Jenny Slate as Valerie Da Vinci, a member of the Anti-Villain League who becomes the new AVL director.[14][17]
Andy Nyman as Clive, a robot who is Bratt's sidekick.
Adrian Ciscato as Niko, a boy from Freedonia who falls in love with Margo.
Production[edit]
Steve Burke, the NBCUniversal CEO, confirmed in September 2013 that a third film in the Despicable Me series was in development.[18] Cinco Paul and Ken Daurio, the writers of the first two films, announced that they would return to write the screenplay for the film.[19] On April 13, 2016, Trey Parker, co-creator of South Park, was cast as the main antagonist for the film, Balthazar Bratt.[8]
Soundtrack[edit]
Despicable Me 3: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
Soundtrack album by Various Artists
Released
June 23, 2017 (2017-06-23)
Genre
Pop
R&B
Length
51:14
Label
I Am Other
Columbia
Producer
Alan Tarney
Andrew Coleman
Hart Gunther
Heitor Pereira
Madonna
Manne Praeker
Marvin dM. Nitazal
Michael Jackson
Mike Larson
Pharrell Williams
Quincy Jones
Reinhold Heil
Rick Bryant
Stephen Bray
Toto Gamyar
The soundtrack for Despicable Me 3 was released on June 23, 2017. Pharrell Williams released the new song "Yellow Light" for the soundtrack, which was made available through digital download and streaming.[20] Some songs are unavailable on iTunes and Google Play.
Track listing[edit]
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Producer(s)
Length
1. "Yellow Light" (performed by Pharrell Williams) Pharrell Williams
Pharrell Williams
Mike Larson[b]
3:37
2. "Hug Me" (performed by Pharrell Williams and Trey Parker)
Pharrell Williams
Trey Parker
Pharrell Williams
Hart Gunther
Rick Bryant
Mike Larson[b]
2:20
3. "Bad" (performed by Michael Jackson) Michael Jackson
Quincy Jones
Michael Jackson[a]
4:07
4. "Take on Me" (performed by A-ha)
Pål Waaktaar
Morten Harket
Magne Furuholmen
Marvin dM. Nitazal
Alan Tarney
Toto Gamyar
3:46
5. "Papa Mama Loca Pipa" (performed by The Minions)
W. S. Gilbert
Arthur Sullivan
Pierre Coffin 1:29
6. "There's Something Special" (performed by Pharrell Williams) Pharrell Williams
Pharrell Williams
Mike Larson[b]
3:44
7. "Tiki Tiki Babeloo" (performed by The Minions) Pierre Coffin 1:13
8. "Freedom" (performed by Pharrell Williams) Pharrell Williams Pharrell Williams 2:43
9. "Doowit" (performed by Pharrell Williams) Pharrell Williams
Pharrell Williams
Mike Larson[b]
4:02
10. "99 Luftballons" (performed by Nena)
Carlo Karges
Jörn-Uwe Fahrenkrog-Petersen
Reinhold Heil
Manne Praeker
3:52
11. "Into the Groove" (performed by Madonna)
Madonna Ciccone
Stephen Bray
Madonna
Bray
4:44
12. "Chuck Berry" (performed by Pharrell Williams) Pharrell Williams
Pharrell Williams
Andrew Coleman[b]
Mike Larson[b]
3:15
13. "Fun, Fun, Fun" (performed by Pharrell Williams) Pharrell Williams Pharrell Williams 3:25
14. "Despicable Me" (performed by Pharrell Williams) Pharrell Williams Pharrell Williams 4:15
15. "Despicable Me 3 Score Suite" (performed by Heitor Pereira) Heitor Pereira Heitor Pereira 4:05
16. "Malatikalano Polatina" (performed by The Minions) Pierre Coffin 0:37
Total length: 51:14
Notes
^[a] signifies a co-producer
^[b] signifies an additional producer
Charts[edit]
Chart (2017)
Peak
position
Australian Albums (ARIA)[21]
76
US Soundtrack Albums (Billboard)[22]
17
Release[edit]
The film premiered on June 14, 2017, at the Annecy International Animated Film Festival.[3] It was released in the United States on June 30, 2017.[23] This is the first Illumination movie to be released in Dolby Vision and to be in the 2:35.1 anamorphic widescreen format.
The first official trailer for the film was released on December 14, 2016;[11] with the second released on March 14, 2017.[24] A secondary trailer, designed for TV usage was released on April 21, 2017.[25] A third trailer was released on May 24, 2017.[26]
Home media[edit]
Despicable Me 3 was released on DVD, Blu-ray, Blu-ray 3D and Ultra HD Blu-ray in the United Kingdom on November 6, 2017.[27] In the US, Despicable Me 3 was released on digital download on November 21, 2017, and was released on DVD, Blu-ray, Blu-ray 3D and Ultra HD Blu-ray on December 5, 2017.[28] The releases also include a short film, titled The Secret Life of Kyle.[27]
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
Despicable Me 3 grossed $264.6 million in the United States and Canada and $770.2 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $1.035 billion, against a production budget of $80 million.[5] On September 8, it passed the $1 billion threshold, becoming the second Despicable Me film (after Minions), second non-Disney-animated film (after Minions), third film of 2017 (after Beauty and the Beast and The Fate of the Furious), and the sixth animated film (after Toy Story 3, Frozen, Minions, Zootopia, and Finding Dory) to pass the mark. It became the first film since The Fate of the Furious (also a Universal property) in April 2017 to make over a billion dollars.[29] Deadline Hollywood calculated the net profit of the film to be $366.2 million, when factoring together all expenses and revenues, making it the third most profitable release of 2017.[30]
In North America, the film opened alongside The House and Baby Driver, as well as the wide expansion of The Beguiled, and was projected to gross $85–95 million in its opening weekend. It played in 4,529 theaters, setting the record for widest release of all time, beating the amount set by The Twilight Saga: Eclipse in 2010.[31] It made $4.1 million from Thursday night previews, down slightly from the $4.7 million of the second film and $6.2 million made by Minions, and $29.2 million on its first day. It went on to debut to $72.4 million, slightly below expectations and the lowest of the series since the first film, but still topped the box office and was the 4th-best opening for Illumination.[32] It also opened to more than the next five films did combined (Baby Driver's $20.6 million, Transformers: The Last Knight's $16.9 million, Wonder Woman's $15.7 million, Cars 3's $9.7 million and The House's $8.7 million).[7] In its second weekend the film grossed $33.6 million (a drop of 53.6%, more than the previous Despicable Me films but similar to Minions), finishing second at the box office (with a fresh record of 4,536 theaters showing the movie) behind newcomer Spider-Man: Homecoming ($117 million).[33]
Internationally the film was released in five markets on June 16, 2017, and grossed $9.9 million in its opening weekend.[34] In its third week of release the film opened in 46 more markets, grossing $95.6 million.[7] The film's largest markets were China ($158.2 million), Japan ($66.2 million), the UK ($62.7 million), Germany ($43.8 million) and France ($41.4 million).[35]
Critical response[edit]
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 59% based on 174 reviews, and an average rating of 5.7/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Despicable Me 3 should keep fans of the franchise consistently entertained with another round of colorful animation and zany—albeit somewhat scattershot—humor."[36] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating, the film has a score of 49 out of 100 based on 37 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[37] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale, down from the first two films and the spin-off's "A". [32]
IGN gave the film a score of 6/10, saying, "It’s not much, but Despicable Me 3 is at least enough for the younger fans of the franchise."[38] Peter Debruge of Variety wrote, "Despicable Me 3 is unwieldy, but it mostly works, as co-directors Pierre Coffin (who also voices the Minions) and Kyle Balda never lose sight of the film's emotional center, packing the rest with as much humor as they can manage. The jokes come so fast and furious, the movie can hardly find room for Heitor Pereira's funky score, and though Pharrell Williams has contributed five new songs to sell soundtracks (including the sweet There's Something Special), the movie hardly needs them."[39] Alonso Duralde of TheWrap gave the film a mixed review, saying: "Ultimately, none of these flaws will matter to the throngs of little kids who have made the previous Despicable Me movies (and the superior Minions spin-off) into giant global hits."[40]
Sandy Schaefer for Screen Rant gives the film a 3 out of 5 stars saying "Despicable Me 3 offers enough in the way of zany, irreverent entertainment (with a dose of heart) to please steadfast fans of the franchise."[41] Jordan Mintzer for The Hollywood Reporter gave the film a positive review saying "This rather clever, breakneck-paced cartoon gives fans exactly what they want: Like the new nemesis voiced by Trey Parker, it shoots multiple machine-gun bursts of bubblegum at the audience, asking them to chew and enjoy"[42] Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film three out of four stars, saying "Pierre Coffin (who voices the Minions) and co-director Kyle Balda keep the plot spinning merrily. Pharrell Williams contributes five new songs to the mix, including the hummable "There's Something Special." It's no mystery why Illumination's franchise is still something special after three go-rounds – the box-office gross is a whopping $1.5 billion and counting."[43]
Leah Greenblatt of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a 'B' grade, saying "What shines through is the visual wit and innate sweetness of the storytelling, and Carell’s cackling, cueball-skulled misanthrope — a (mostly) reformed scoundrel who can still have his cake, and arsenic too."[44] Stephen Whitty of the New York Daily News gave the film 3.5 out of 5 stars, saying "The film has to rush at the end, to wrap up all these different stories, and it still leaves one of them open-ended."[45]
Accolades[edit]
Award
Category
Recipient(s)
Result
45th Annie Awards[46] Best Animated Feature Chris Meledandri and Janet Healy Nominated
Animated Effects in an Animated Production Bruno Chauffard, Frank Baradat, Nicolas Brack and Milo Riccarand
Character Design in an Animated Feature Production Eric Guillon
ACE Eddie Awards[47] Best Edited Animated Feature Film Claire Dodgson
Art Directors Guild[48] Production Design in an Animated Feature Olivier Adam
Cinema Audio Society Awards[49] Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for a Motion Picture – Animated Film Carlos Sotolongo, Randy Thom, Tim Nielson, Brandon Proctor, Greg Hayes and Scott Curtis
Central Ohio Film Critics Association[50] Best Animated Film Despicable Me 3
23rd Critics' Choice Awards[51] Best Animated Film Pierre Coffin and Kyle Balda
Denver Film Critics Society Awards[52] Best Animated Film Despicable Me 3
Golden Trailer Awards 2017[53] Best Animation/Family
Best Animation/Family Poster
Golden Reel Awards[54] Outstanding Achievement in Sound Editing – Feature Animation Dennis Leonard, Tim Nielsen, Matthew Hartman, Mac Smith, Andre J.H. Zweers, Christopher Flick, Richard Gould, John Roesch, Shelley Roden and Slamm Andrews
Hollywood Music in Media Awards 2017[55] Best Original Song - Animated Film "There's Something Special" for Pharrell Williams
Houston Film Critics Society Awards 2017[56] Best Animated Film Despicable Me 3
Producers Guild of America Award[57] Outstanding Producer of Animated Theatrical Motion Picture Chris Meledandri and Janet Healy
Movieguide Awards[58] Best Movie for Families Despicable Me 3
Nickelodeon Brazil Kids' Choice Awards[59] Favorite Animated Film Won
Nickelodeon Mexico Kids' Choice Awards 2017[60] Favorite Movie
2018 Kids' Choice Awards[61] Favorite Animated Film Nominated
Nickelodeon Argentina Kids' Choice Awards 2017[62] Favorite Movie
Nickelodeon Colombia Kids' Choice Awards 2017[63] Favorite Movie
North Texas Film Critics Association[64] Best Animated Film Pierre Coffin, Kyle Balda and Eric Guillion
Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards[65] Best Animated Film Despicable Me 3
Saturn Awards[66] Best Animated Film Pending
St. Louis Film Critics Association[67] Best Animated Feature Pierre Coffin and Kyle Balda Nominated
16th Visual Effects Society Awards[68] Outstanding Visual Effects in an Animated Feature Pierre Coffin, Chris Meledandri, Kyle Balda and Eric Guillon
Outstanding Animated Character in an Animated Feature Eric Guillon, Bruno Dequier, Julien Soret, Benjamin Fournet for "Bratt"
Outstanding Created Environment in an Animated Feature Axelle De Cooman, Pierre Lopes, Milo Riccarand, Nicolas Brack for "Hollywood Destruction"
Outstanding Model in a Photoreal or Animated Project Eric Guillon, Francois-Xavier Lepeintre, Guillaume Boudeville, Pierre Lopes for "Dru's Car"
Outstanding Effects Simulations in an Animated Feature Bruno Chauffard, Frank Baradat, Milo Riccarand, Nicolas Brack
Washington, D.C. Area Film Critics Association Awards[69] Best Animated Feature Pierre Coffin and Kyle Balda
Sequel[edit]
Illumination's CEO Chris Meledandri has said in September 2017 that a fourth Despicable Me film is in development.[70]
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External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Despicable Me 3.
Official website
Despicable Me 3 on IMDb
Despicable Me 3 at Rotten Tomatoes
[show]
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Films directed by Pierre Coffin
Despicable Me (2010)
Despicable Me 2 (2013)
Minions (2015)
Despicable Me 3 (2017)
[show]
v
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Despicable Me
Films
Main series
Despicable Me
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Hop (2011)
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