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Triceps brachii muscle
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Triceps Brachii
Triceps brachii seen from behind.
Triceps brachii seen from behind. Three different colors represent three different bundles which compose triceps.
Long head.
Lateral head.
Medial head.
Details
Origin
Long head: infraglenoid tubercle of scapula
Lateral head: above the radial sulcus
Medial head: below the radial sulcus
Insertion
Olecranon process of ulna
Artery
Deep brachial artery
Nerve
Radial nerve and Axillary nerve
Actions
Extends forearm, long head extends, adducts arm, Extends shoulder
Antagonist
Biceps brachii muscle
Identifiers
Latin
Musculus triceps brachii
Dorlands
/Elsevier
m_22/12551300
TA
A04.6.02.019
FMA
37688
Anatomical terms of muscle
[edit on Wikidata]
The triceps brachii muscle (Latin for "three-headed muscle of the arm") is a large muscle on the back of the upper limb of many vertebrates. It is the muscle principally responsible for extension of the elbow joint (straightening of the arm).
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
1.1 Innervation
1.2 Variation
2 Function
3 Training
4 Clinical significance
5 History
5.1 Etymology
6 Animals
7 Additional images
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Structure[edit]
The long head arises from the infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula. It extends distally anterior to the teres minor and posterior to the teres major.[1]
Horizontal section of upper arm. Triceps muscle shown in green text
The medial head arises proximally from the groove of the radial nerve; from the dorsal (back) surface of the humerus; from the medial intermuscular septum; and its distal part also arises from the lateral intermuscular septum. The medial head is mostly covered by the lateral and long heads, and is only visible distally on the humerus.[1]
The lateral head arises from the dorsal surface of the humerus, lateral and proximal to the groove of the radial nerve, from the greater tubercle down to the region of the lateral intermuscular septum.[1]
Each of the three fascicles has its own motorneuron subnucleus in the motor column in the spinal cord. The medial head is formed predominantly by small type I fibers and motor units, the lateral head of large type IIb fibers and motor units and the long head of a mixture of fiber types and motor units.[2][3] It has been suggested that each fascicle "may be considered an independent muscle with specific functional roles."[2]
The fibers converge to a single tendon to insert onto the olecranon process of the ulna (though some research indicates that there may be more than one tendon)[4] and to the posterior wall of the capsule of the elbow joint where bursae (cushion sacks) are often found. Parts of the common tendon radiates into the fascia of the forearm and can almost cover the anconeus muscle.[1]
Innervation[edit]
All three heads of the triceps brachii are classically believed to be innervated by the radial nerve.[5] However, a study conducted in 2004 determined that, in 20 cadaveric specimens and 15 surgical dissections on participants, the long head was innervated by a branch of the axillary nerve in all cases.[6]
Variation[edit]
A tendinous arch is frequently the origin of the long head and the tendon of latissimus dorsi. In rare cases, the long head can originate from the lateral margin of the scapula and from the capsule of the shoulder joint.[1]
Function[edit]
The triceps is an extensor muscle of the elbow joint and an antagonist of the biceps and brachialis muscles. It can also fixate the elbow joint when the forearm and hand are used for fine movements, e.g., when writing. It has been suggested that the long head fascicle is employed when sustained force generation is demanded, or when there is a need for a synergistic control of the shoulder and elbow or both. The lateral head is used for movements requiring occasional high-intensity force, while the medial fascicle enables more precise, low-force movements.[2]
With its origin on the scapula, the long head also acts on the shoulder joint and is also involved in retroversion and adduction of the arm.[1]
Training[edit]
Triceps training
The triceps can be worked through either isolation or compound elbow extension movements and can contract statically to keep the arm straightened against resistance.
Isolation movements include cable push-downs, lying triceps extensions and arm extensions behind the back. Examples of compound elbow extension include pressing movements like the push up, bench press, close grip bench press (flat, incline or decline), military press and dips. A closer grip targets the triceps more than wider grip movements.
Static contraction movements include pullovers, straight-arm pulldowns and bent-over lateral raises, which are also used to build the deltoids and latissimus dorsi.
Clinical significance[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2014)
The triceps reflex, elicited by hitting the triceps, is often used to test the function of the nerves of the arm. This tests spinal nerves C6 and C7, predominately C7.[7]
History[edit]
Etymology[edit]
It is sometimes called a three-headed muscle (Latin literally three-headed, tri - three, and ceps, from caput - head), because there are three bundles of muscles, each of different origins, joining together at the elbow. Though a similarly named muscle, the triceps surae, is found on the lower leg, the triceps brachii is commonly called the triceps.
Historically, the plural form of triceps was tricipites, a form not in general use today; instead, triceps is both singular and plural (i.e., when referring to both arms).
Animals[edit]
In the horse, 84%, 15%, and 3% of the total triceps muscle weight correspond to the long, lateral and medial heads, respectively.[8]
Many mammals, such as dogs, cattle, and pigs, have a fourth head, the accessory head. It lies between the lateral and medial heads.[2] In humans, the anconeus is sometimes loosely called "the fourth head of the triceps brachii".
Additional images[edit]
Animation. Close up.
Long head.
Lateral head.
Medial head.
Still image. Anterior view.
Muscles on the dorsum of the scapula, and the Triceps brachii.
Triceps and biceps.
Movement of biceps and triceps when arm is flexing
See also[edit]
This article uses anatomical terminology; for an overview, see Anatomical terminology.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Platzer, Werner (2004). Color Atlas of Human Anatomy, Vol. 1: Locomotor System (5th ed.). Thieme. ISBN 3-13-533305-1.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Lucas-Osma, AM; Collazos-Castro, JE. (2009). "Compartmentalization in the triceps brachii motoneuron nucleus and its relation to muscle architecture". J Comp Neurol. 516 (3): 226–39. doi:10.1002/cne.22123. PMID 19598170.
Jump up ^ See the article "Skeletal striated muscle" for a discussion of type I and type II muscle fibers.
Jump up ^ Nigel del a rosa die porte madretis (2006). "Surgical anatomy of the triceps brachii tendon: anatomical study and clinical correlation". Am J Sports Med. 34 (11): 1839–43. doi:10.1177/0363546506288752. PMID 16735585.
Jump up ^ Bekler H, Wolfe VM, Rosenwasser MP (2009). "A Cadaveric Study of Ulnar Nerve Innervation of the Medial Head of Triceps Brachii". Clin Orthop Relat Res. 467 (1): 235–238. doi:10.1007/s11999-008-0535-6. PMC 2600974  . PMID 18850256.
Jump up ^ de Se'ze MP; Rezzouk J; de Se'ze M; Uzel M; Lavignolle B; Midy D; Durandeau A (2004). "Does the motor branch of the long head of the triceps brachii arise from the radial nerve?". Surg Radiol Anat. 26 (6): 459–461. doi:10.1007/s00276-004-0253-z. PMID 15365769.
Jump up ^ https://informatics.med.nyu.edu/modules/pub/neurosurgery/reflexes.html
Jump up ^ Watson, JC; Wilson, AM. (2007). "Muscle architecture of biceps brachii, triceps brachii and supraspinatus in the horse". J. Anat. 210 (1): 32–40. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00669.x. PMC 2100266  . PMID 17229281.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Triceps brachii muscles.
Illustration: upper-body/triceps-brachii from The Department of Radiology at the University of Washington
Anatomy photo:06:11-0100 at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center
Photo at Ithaca College
Muscles/TricepsBrachii at exrx.net
[hide]
v
t
e
Muscles of the arm
Shoulder
deltoid
rotator cuff
supraspinatus
infraspinatus
teres minor
subscapularis
teres major
fascia:
deltoid fascia
supraspinous fascia
infraspinous fascia
Arm
(compartments)
anterior
coracobrachialis
biceps
brachialis
posterior
triceps brachii
anconeus
articularis cubiti
fascia
axillary sheath
axillary fascia
brachial fascia
intermuscular septa
lateral
medial
other
spaces
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triangular space
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Forearm
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posterior
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extensor digitorum
extensor digiti minimi
extensor carpi ulnaris
deep:
supinator
anatomical snuff box
abductor pollicis longus
extensor pollicis brevis
extensor pollicis longus
extensor indicis
fascia
bicipital aponeurosis
common tendons
extensor
flexor
antebrachial fascia
other
cubital tunnel
Hand
lateral volar
thenar
opponens pollicis
flexor pollicis brevis
abductor pollicis brevis
adductor pollicis
medial volar
hypothenar
opponens digiti minimi
flexor digiti minimi brevis
abductor digiti minimi
palmaris brevis
intermediate
lumbrical
interossei
dorsal
palmar
fascia
posterior:
extensor retinaculum
extensor expansion
anterior:
flexor retinaculum
palmar aponeurosis
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Big year
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the birding competition. For the film, see The Big Year.
A big year is an informal competition among birders to see who can identify by sight or sound the largest number of species of birds within a single calendar year and within a specific geographical area. Popularized in North America, big years are commonly done within single US states and Canadian provinces, as well as within larger areas such as the entire world, the lower 48 continental U.S. states, or within the official American Birding Association Area. The ABA big year record of 783 species (including provisional ABA records) was set by John Weigel of Australia in 2016.[1] The world big year record of 6,833 species was set in 2016 by Arjan Dwarshuis of the Netherlands.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 History of North American big years
2 ABA area big year rankings
3 World big years
4 Alternative big years
5 Published big year books
6 See also
7 References
History of North American big years[edit]
The wide publication in 1934 of the first modern field guide by Roger Tory Peterson truly revolutionized birding. However, in that era, most birders did not travel widely. The earliest known continent wide Big Year record was compiled by Guy Emerson, a traveling businessman, who timed his business trips to coincide with the best birding seasons for different areas in North America. His best year was in 1939 when he saw 497 species.[3] In 1952, Emerson's record was broken by Bob Smart, who saw 515 species.[4]
In 1953, Roger Tory Peterson and James Fisher took a 30,000 mile road trip visiting the wild places of North America. In 1955, they told the story of their travels in a book and a documentary film, both called Wild America. In one of the footnotes to the book Peterson said "My year's list at the end of 1953 was 572 species." In 1956 the bar was raised when a 25-year-old Englishman named Stuart Keith, following Peterson and Fisher's route, compiled a list of 594 species.[5]
Keith's record stood for 15 years. In 1971, 18-year-old Ted Parker, in his last semester of high school in southeastern Pennsylvania, birded the eastern seaboard of North America extensively. That September, Parker enrolled in the University of Arizona in Tucson and found dozens of Southwestern U.S. and Pacific coast specialities. He ended the year with a list of 626 species.
The 1969 foundation of the American Birding Association standardized and regulated North American Big Years. The ABA Area was defined as the 49 continental U.S. states (excluding Hawaii), Canada, and the French islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon, plus adjacent waters to a distance of 200 miles from land or half the distance to a neighboring country, whichever distance is less.
In 1973 Kenn Kaufman and another birder, Floyd Murdoch, went after Parker's record. As recounted in the book Kingbird Highway, both broke the old record by a wide margin. Murdoch finished with 669 in the newly described ABA area to Kaufman's 666. Kaufman set a North American record of 671 species, with the addition of five species that he had seen in Baja California. Murdoch's record was broken in 1979 by James M. Vardaman, as recorded in his book Call Collect, Ask for Birdman. Vardaman saw 699 species that year and travelled 161,332 miles (137,145 by airplane; 20,305 by car; 3,337 by boat; 160 by bicycle; and 385 by foot). Benton Basham, in 1983, topped that with a total of 710. 1987 marked the second time that there was a competition during a single year, with Steve Perry ending up with 711 and Sandy Komito setting a new standard with 722. In 1992 Bill Rydell made a serious attempt at the record and ended with 714 species for the year.
Big year competitors of 1998 were the subject of a book, The Big Year, by Mark Obmascik. Three birders, Sandy Komito, Al Levantin, and Greg Miller, chased Komito's prior record of 722 birds. In the end Komito kept the record, listing 745 species[6] birds plus 3 submitted in 1998 and later accepted by state committees for a revised total of 748.[7] The book was adapted for the 2011 20th Century Fox film The Big Year.
In 2008, Lynn Barber, the Texas big year record holder, did a big year in the ABA area (see above) and finished with 723 bird species.[8]
In 2010, Chapel Hill, North Carolina birder Chris Hitt set out to try to find as many different species of birds as he could in the lower 48 states (excluding Alaska, Hawaii, and the country of Canada). He became the first birder to see 700+ species in the lower 48 in a single year, finishing with 704.[9] In the same year, Virginia birder Bob Ake ended the year with 731 species, an extraordinary total achieved without the benefit of the relatively unique weather effects of 1998.[10] Also in 2010, John Spahr of Virginia finished his ABA area big year with 704 species.
In 2011, Colorado birder John Vanderpoel set out to complete a big year and had spotted over 700 species before November. Vanderpoel was considered a threat to Sandy Komito's big year record of 745 species, and was reportedly the fastest birder on record to reach 700 species in a year. However, ultimately John only managed 743 birds, missing out on the record by one (or five, with Komito's revised total).[11]
In 2013, Massachusetts birder Neil Hayward reluctantly decided to do an ABA big year. Neil reached 700 species on August 9, a full two weeks ahead of John Vanderpoel's 2011 pace. Neil ended his year on 747 species plus 3 provisionals (Rufous-necked Wood-rail (NM), Common Redstart (AK) and Eurasian Sparrowhawk (AK)).[12] The Wood-rail and Redstart were later accepted by the ABA (the Sparrowhawk rejected by the Alaska Checklist Committee) giving Neil a final total of 749, and setting a new ABA Big Year record. Hayward recounts the story of his Big Year in his book, "Lost Among the Birds" (Bloomsbury, June 2016).
In 2016, an unprecedented four birders attempted ABA Area big years. Olaf Danielson, the pen name of a South Dakotan doctor, launched his "Bad Weather Big Year", reaching 700 species in May.[13] John Weigel, an Australian conservationist and Tasmanian devil activist, also launched his big year, called "Birding for Devils."[14] While not seeking to break the record, American birding activist and blogger Christian Hagenlocher's "The Birding Project" aimed to attract more people to birding through a more social perspective.[15] Hagenlocher, at age 27, also became the youngest person to break the 700-species barrier for an ABA big year. Photographer Laura Keene, also conducting a 2016 big year, broke Lynn Barber's Big Year record for women in September.[16] 2016 also marked the first time four birders have each seen over 700 species in the ABA Area in a year. On 16 July 2016, Weigel saw his 750th species, a Buller's shearwater, breaking Hayward's previous record.[17] Keene and Hagenlocher also broke Hayward's previous record, marking the first time four people have broken a current big year record in the same year.
2017 has broken new ground, with five birders surpassing 700 species in the Continental ABA Area as of September 1, 2017. [18] When the updated ABA list is released, Ruben and Victor Stoll will move to the top of the new list, as they had 54 species on their Hawaii trip. When added to their 740+ species in the Continental ABA area they will surpass John Weigel's 2016 total of 780 (+3).
In October 2016, the ABA voted to add the U.S. state of Hawaii to the countable area for ABA Big Years. However, the 2016 big year birders, who were all on pace to break Hayward's previous record, were not allowed to count birds seen in Hawaii for their ABA Area Big Years, as the ABA checklist will not be updated until late 2017. However, Olaf Danielson, partly due to efforts to promote bird conservation in Hawaii, began keeping "New ABA" and United States lists. John Weigel and Laura Keene subsequently birded Hawaii, with Weigel ending up with the highest total for both the United States (832 +2 provisionals) and the "New ABA" regions (836 + 3). Danielson was close behind with 830 + 2, but he did set a new record for the Lower 48 States (722 + 1). It is still uncertain if their New ABA totals will be accepted as records; however, they will certainly be referenced as standards for future Big Year birders.[19]
ABA area big year rankings[edit]
Rank
Name
Species count
Year
1 John Weigel 780 (+3) 2016
2 Olaf Danielson 776 (+2) 2016
3 Laura Keene 759 (+3) 2016
4 Christian Hagenlocher 750 (+2) 2016
5 Neil Hayward 749 2013
6 Sandy Komito 748 1998
7 Ruben Stoll 744 (+3) 2017
7 Victor Stoll 744 (+3) 2017
9 John Vanderpoel 743 2011
10 Yve Morrell 738 (+4) 2017
11 Jay Lehman 734 2013
12 Robert Ake 731 2010
13 Gaylee Dean 724 (+3) 2017
14 Lynn Barber 723 2008
15 Sandy Komito 722 1987
15 Richard Dean 722 (+3) 2017
2016 and 2017 Big Year attempts include provisional species (1st ABA Area records not yet accepted to the official list) in parentheses.
The provisional species for 2016 are Common Shelduck, Pine Flycatcher and Cuban Vireo.
The provisional species for 2017 are Nazca Booby, Pied Wheatear, Thick-billed Warbler, Cassia Crossbill and Black-backed Oriole.
World big years[edit]
In 2008, British couple Alan Davies and Ruth Miller traveled around the world, seeing 4341 species. In 2015, Oregon birder Noah Strycker launched a worldwide big year with the goal of seeing at least 5,000 species—roughly half of the world's species—as he traveled around the globe. On September 16, in India, he broke the existing record of 4,341 species, set in 2008 by Alan Davies and Ruth Miller, when he saw a Sri Lanka frogmouth for his 4,342nd species of the year. He finished the year with 6,042 bird species, his last species seen being an Oriental Bay Owl in Assam, India.[20] Strycker's record faced an immediate challenge in 2016 when Dutch birder Arjan Dwarshuis launched an effort to break it as well as raise money for the Birdlife Preventing Extinctions Programme.[21] On November 4, 2016, Dwarshuis saw a tody motmot in Panama, breaking Strycker's previous record total. He finished the year with 6833 seen bird species and this is the new World big year record.
Because Dwarshuis primarily used the IOC Checklist and Strycker the Clements Checklist, their totals are not fully compatible, as the IOC checklist lists a greater number of species. However, Dwarshuis and Strycker have both compiled checklists for each list.
Many world big year birders aim to minimize costs through a sponsorship, and their carbon footprint through a carbon offset program.
Alternative big years[edit]
Traditional big year birders have drawn criticism from environmentalists for failing to consider the ecological impact of their travel. Several birders have attempted "green", or alternative big years to raise awareness for both birding and the environment.
In 2005, two British cycling birders decided to have a competition. Chris Mills in Norfolk, England and Simon Woolley, Hampshire, England competed over who would see the most birds by cycling only and hence become the UK Green Year list record holder. Chris Mills won setting a record of 251 bird species.
Starting in the summer of 2007, teenager Malkolm Boothroyd and his parents, Ken Madsen and Wendy Boothroyd, attempted a big year without the use of fossil fuels by planning to bicycle over 10,000 miles to get over 400 species for the year.[22] They started in their home province of the Yukon Territory, rode down the Pacific Coast, looping back around Arkansas to catch the Texas spring migration, then eastward to Florida. They dubbed this attempt a "bird year," rather than a big year. In the end, they covered more than 13,000 miles by bicycle and tallied 548 species, raising more than $25,000 for bird conservation in the process.[citation needed]
2014 saw the first continent-wide "green year", a big year executed with a minimum of environmental impact. In his rather extreme instance, Dorian Anderson bicycled 17,830 miles around the United States, amassing a self-powered, petroleum-free 618 species during his 365 days on America's roads. Dorian visited 28 states (some twice) during his adventure and, beyond his species total, raised $49,000 for habitat conservation. He shunned all motorized transportation for the entire adventure, refusing even ferries that would have saved him sometimes hundreds of miles of riding around various bodies of water. Once hit by a car and many times nearly missed, it was a minor miracle that he survived the entire year without major injury.[23]
Published big year books[edit]
Wild America (1955) by Roger Tory Peterson & James Fisher
Call Collect, Ask for Birdman (1980) by James M. Vardaman
Looking for the Wild (1986) by Lyn Hancock
The Loonatic Journals (1987) by Steven Perry
Birding's Indiana Jones: A Chaser's Diary (1990) by Sandy Komito
The Feather Quest (1992) by Pete Dunne
A Year for the Birds (1995) by William B. Rydell, Jr.
Kingbird Highway: The Story of a Natural Obsession That Got a Little Out of Hand (1997) by Kenn Kaufman
I Came, I Saw, I Counted (1999) by Sandy Komito
Chasing Birds Across Texas: A Birding Big Year (2003) by Mark T. Adams
The Big Year: A Tale of Man, Nature, and Fowl Obsession (2004) by Mark Obmascik (later the basis for a 2011 comedy film distributed by 20th Century Fox)
Return to Wild America: A Yearlong Search for the Continent's Natural Soul (2005) by Scott Weidensaul
The Big Twitch (2005) by Sean Dooley (an Australian "Big Year")
The Biggest Twitch: Around the World in 4,000 Birds (2010) by Alan Davies and Ruth Miller
Extreme Birder: One Woman's Big Year (2011) by Lynn E. Barber
A Big Manhattan Year: Tales of Competitive Birding (2013) by David Barrett
Lost Among the Birds: Accidentally Finding Myself in One Very Big Year (2016) by Neil Hayward
See also[edit]
World Series of Birding
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Weber, Drew. "NARBA - North American Rare Bird Alert".
Jump up ^ http://world.observation.org/arjan.php
Jump up ^ Bird-Lore Jan/Feb 1940
Jump up ^ Audubon Jan/Feb 1966: "Can I Count This Bird?"
Jump up ^ Audubon Sep/Oct 1961: "A Britisher Sets a New North American Record"
Jump up ^ "Attu Island". Retrieved 12 September 2013.
Jump up ^ "Interview with Sandy Komito: 745 or 748?". Retrieved 12 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Barber, Lynn (2011). Extreme Birder: One Woman's Big Year. Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 978-1-60344-261-9.
Jump up ^ Slow Birding: the big year meets the big night
Jump up ^ Bob's Birds and Things
Jump up ^ Atlantic Monthly October, 2011
Jump up ^ http://blog.aba.org/2013/12/congratulations-neil.html ABA Blog, December 31, 2013
Jump up ^ "The Bad Weather Big Year".
Jump up ^ "About this blog".
Jump up ^ "Home".
Jump up ^ Keene, Laura (15 August 2016). "Team Snowcock".
Jump up ^ "Birding For Devils".
Jump up ^ Lill, Joe (personal communication with all the 700+ birders)
Jump up ^ "Security Check Required".
Jump up ^ "Birding Without Borders".
Jump up ^ http://world.observation.org/arjan.php
Jump up ^ Stewart, Ian. "A big green year for the birds". Yukon News. Retrieved 8 December 2011.
Jump up ^ "Biking for Birds".
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Information system
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An information system (IS) is an organized system for the collection, organization, storage and communication of information. More specifically, it is the study of complementary networks that people and organizations use to collect, filter, process, create and distribute data. Further, "[a]n information system (IS) is a group of components that interact to produce information. It focuses on the internal rather than the external." Information system can also be described as a combination of hardware, software, data, business process and functions which can be used to increase efficiency and management of an organization. Information Systems is the expression used to describe an Automated System (which may be referred to as a Computerized Information System), be it manual, which covers people, machines and / or organized methods to collect, process, transmit and disseminate data representing information for the user and / or client.[1]
A computer information system is a system that a branch of Science composed of people and computers that processes or interprets information.[2][3][4][5] The term is also sometimes used in more restricted senses to refer to only the software used to run a computerized database or to refer to only a computer system.
Information Systems is an academic study of systems with a specific reference to information and the complementary networks of hardware and software that people and organizations use to collect, filter, process, create and also distribute data. An emphasis is placed on an information system having a definitive boundary, users, processors, storage, inputs, outputs and the aforementioned communication networks.[6]
Org value of social media Proactive -crowdsourcing, advertisement, organizational social media profiles, social commerce passive - Social media analytics
Any specific information system aims to support operations, management and decision-making.[7][8] An information system is the information and communication technology (ICT) that an organization uses, and also the way in which people interact with this technology in support of business processes.[9]
Some authors make a clear distinction between information systems, computer systems, and business processes. Information systems typically include an ICT component but are not purely concerned with ICT, focusing instead on the end use of information technology. Information systems are also different from business processes. Information systems help to control the performance of business processes.[10]
Alter[11][12] argues for advantages of viewing an information system as a special type of work system. A work system is a system in which humans or machines perform processes and activities using resources to produce specific products or services for customers. An information system is a work system whose activities are devoted to capturing, transmitting, storing, retrieving, manipulating and displaying information.[13]
As such, information systems inter-relate with data systems on the one hand and activity systems on the other. An information system is a form of communication system in which data represent and are processed as a form of social memory. An information system can also be considered a semi-formal language which supports human decision making and action.
Information systems are the primary focus of study for organizational informatics.[14]
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 Types of information system
3 Information system development
4 As an academic discipline
4.1 Differentiating IS from related disciplines
5 Career pathways
6 Research
7 The impact on economic models
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
Overview[edit]
Silver et al. (1995) provided two views on IS that includes software, hardware, data, people, and procedures.[15] Zheng provided another system view of information system which also adds processes and essential system elements like environment, boundary, purpose, and interactions. The Association for Computing Machinery defines "Information systems specialists [as] focus[ing] on integrating information technology solutions and business processes to meet the information needs of businesses and other enterprises."[16]
There are various types of information systems, for example: transaction processing systems, decision support systems, knowledge management systems, learning management systems, database management systems, and office information systems. Critical to most information systems are information technologies, which are typically designed to enable humans to perform tasks for which the human brain is not well suited, such as: handling large amounts of information, performing complex calculations, and controlling many simultaneous processes.
Information technologies are a very important and malleable resource available to executives.[17] Many companies have created a position of chief information officer (CIO) that sits on the executive board with the chief executive officer (CEO), chief financial officer (CFO), chief operating officer (COO), and chief technical officer (CTO). The CTO may also serve as CIO, and vice versa. The chief information security officer (CISO) focuses on information security management.
The six components that must come together in order to produce an information system are: (Information systems are organizational procedures and do not need a computer or software, this data is erroneous) (IE, an accounting system in the 1400s using ledger and ink utilizes an information system)
Hardware: The term hardware refers to machinery. This category includes the computer itself, which is often referred to as the central processing unit (CPU), and all of its support equipment. Among the support, equipment are input and output devices, storage devices and communications devices.
Software: The term software refers to computer programs and the manuals (if any) that support them. Computer programs are machine-readable instructions that direct the circuitry within the hardware parts of the system to function in ways that produce useful information from data. Programs are generally stored on some input/output medium, often a disk or tape.
Data: Data are facts that are used by programs to produce useful information. Like programs, data are generally stored in machine-readable form on disk or tape until the computer needs them.
Procedures: Procedures are the policies that govern the operation of a computer system. "Procedures are to people what software is to hardware" is a common analogy that is used to illustrate the role of procedures in a system.
People: Every system needs people if it is to be useful. Often the most overlooked element of the system are the people, probably the component that most influence the success or failure of information systems. This includes "not only the users, but those who operate and service the computers, those who maintain the data, and those who support the network of computers." <Kroenke, D. M. (2015). MIS Essentials. Pearson Education>';'
Feedback: it is another component of the IS, that defines that an IS may be provided with a feedback (Although this component isn't necessary to function).
Data is the bridge between hardware and people. This means that the data we collect is only data until we involve people. At that point, data is now information.
Types of information system[edit]
A four level
The "classic" view of Information systems found in the textbooks[18] in the 1980s was a pyramid of systems that reflected the hierarchy of the organization, usually transaction processing systems at the bottom of the pyramid, followed by management information systems, decision support systems, and ending with executive information systems at the top. Although the pyramid model remains useful since it was first formulated, a number of new technologies have been developed and new categories of information systems have emerged, some of which no longer fit easily into the original pyramid model.
Some examples of such systems are:
data warehouses
enterprise resource planning
enterprise systems
expert systems
search engines
geographic information system
global information system
office automation.
A computer(-based) information system is essentially an IS using computer technology to carry out some or all of its planned tasks. The basic components of computer-based information systems are:
Hardware- these are the devices like the monitor, processor, printer and keyboard, all of which work together to accept, process, show data and information.
Software- are the programs that allow the hardware to process the data.
Databases- are the gathering of associated files or tables containing related data.
Networks- are a connecting system that allows diverse computers to distribute resources.
Procedures- are the commands for combining the components above to process information and produce the preferred output.
The first four components (hardware, software, database, and network) make up what is known as the information technology platform. Information technology workers could then use these components to create information systems that watch over safety measures, risk and the management of data. These actions are known as information technology services.[19]
Certain information systems support parts of organizations, others support entire organizations, and still others, support groups of organizations. Recall that each department or functional area within an organization has its own collection of application programs or information systems. These functional area information systems (FAIS) are supporting pillars for more general IS namely, business intelligence systems and dashboards[citation needed]. As the name suggest, each FAIS support a particular function within the organization, e.g.: accounting IS, finance IS, production / operation management (POM) IS, marketing IS, and human resources IS. In finance and accounting, managers use IT systems to forecast revenues and business activity, to determine the best sources and uses of funds, and to perform audits to ensure that the organization is fundamentally sound and that all financial reports and documents are accurate. Other types of organizational information systems are FAIS, Transaction processing systems, enterprise resource planning, office automation system, management information system, decision support system, expert system, executive dashboard, supply chain management system, and electronic commerce system. Dashboards are a special form of IS that support all managers of the organization. They provide rapid access to timely information and direct access to structured information in the form of reports. Expert systems attempt to duplicate the work of human experts by applying reasoning capabilities, knowledge, and expertise within a specific domain.
Information system development[edit]
Information technology departments in larger organizations tend to strongly influence the development, use, and application of information technology in the organizations. A series of methodologies and processes can be used to develop and use an information system. Many developers now use an engineering approach such as the system development life cycle (SDLC), which is a systematic procedure of developing an information system through stages that occur in sequence. Recent research aims at enabling[20] and measuring[21] the ongoing, collective development of such systems within an organization by the entirety of human actors themselves. An information system can be developed in house (within the organization) or outsourced. This can be accomplished by outsourcing certain components or the entire system.[22] A specific case is the geographical distribution of the development team (offshoring, global information system).
A computer-based information system, following a definition of Langefors,[23] is a technologically implemented medium for:
recording, storing, and disseminating linguistic expressions,
as well as for drawing conclusions from such expressions.
Geographic information systems, land information systems, and disaster information systems are examples of emerging information systems, but they can be broadly considered as spatial information systems. System development is done in stages which include:
Problem recognition and specification
Information gathering
Requirements specification for the new system
System design
System construction
System implementation
Review and maintenance.[24]
As an academic discipline[edit]
See also: Information science, Information technology, and Information management
The field of study called information systems encompasses a variety of topics including systems analysis and design, computer networking, information security, database management and decision support systems. Information management deals with the practical and theoretical problems of collecting and analyzing information in a business function area including business productivity tools, applications programming and implementation, electronic commerce, digital media production, data mining, and decision support. Communications and networking deals with the telecommunication technologies. Information systems bridges business and computer science using the theoretical foundations of information and computation to study various business models and related algorithmic processes [25] on building the IT systems [26][27] within a computer science discipline.[28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40] Computer information system(s) (CIS) is a field studying computers and algorithmic processes, including their principles, their software and hardware designs, their applications, and their impact on society,[41][42][43] whereas IS emphasizes functionality over design.[44]
Several IS scholars have debated the nature and foundations of Information Systems which have its roots in other reference disciplines such as Computer Science, Engineering, Mathematics, Management Science, Cybernetics, and others.[45][46][47][48] Information systems also can be defined as a collection of hardware, software, data, people and procedures that work together to produce quality information.
Differentiating IS from related disciplines[edit]
Information Systems relationship to Information Technology, Computer Science, Information Science, and Business.
Similar to computer science, other disciplines can be seen as both related and foundation disciplines of IS. The domain of study of IS involves the study of theories and practices related to the social and technological phenomena, which determine the development, use, and effects of information systems in organization and society.[49] But, while there may be considerable overlap of the disciplines at the boundaries, the disciplines are still differentiated by the focus, purpose, and orientation of their activities.[50]
In a broad scope, the term Information Systems is a scientific field of study that addresses the range of strategic, managerial, and operational activities involved in the gathering, processing, storing, distributing, and use of information and its associated technologies in society and organizations.[50] The term information systems is also used to describe an organizational function that applies IS knowledge in industry, government agencies, and not-for-profit organizations.[50] Information Systems often refers to the interaction between algorithmic processes and technology. This interaction can occur within or across organizational boundaries. An information system is the technology an organization uses and also the way in which the organizations interact with the technology and the way in which the technology works with the organization’s business processes. Information systems are distinct from information technology (IT) in that an information system has an information technology component that interacts with the processes' components.
One problem with that approach is that it prevents the IS field from being interested in non-organizational use of ICT, such as in social networking, computer gaming, mobile personal usage, etc. A different way of differentiating the IS field from its neighbours is to ask, "Which aspects of reality are most meaningful in the IS field and other fields?"[51] This approach, based on philosophy, helps to define not just the focus, purpose and orientation, but also the dignity, destiny and, responsibility of the field among other fields. International Journal of Information Management, 30, 13-20.
Career pathways[edit]
Information Systems workers enter a number of different careers:
Information System Strategy
Management Information Systems
Project Management
Enterprise Architecture
IS Development
IS Organization
IS Consulting
IS Security
IS Auditor
There is a wide variety of career paths in the information systems discipline. "Workers with specialized technical knowledge and strong communications skills will have the best prospects. Workers with management skills and an understanding of business practices and principles will have excellent opportunities, as companies are increasingly looking to technology to drive their revenue."[52]
Information technology is important to the operation of contemporary businesses, it offers many employment opportunities. The information systems field includes the people in organizations who design and build information systems, the people who use those systems, and the people responsible for managing those systems. The demand for traditional IT staff such as programmers, business analysts, systems analysts, and designer is significant. Many well-paid jobs exist in areas of Information technology. At the top of the list is the chief information officer (CIO).
The CIO is the executive who is in charge of the IS function. In most organizations, the CIO works with the chief executive officer (CEO), the chief financial officer (CFO), and other senior executives. Therefore, he or she actively participates in the organization's strategic planning process.
Research[edit]
Information systems research is generally interdisciplinary concerned with the study of the effects of information systems on the behaviour of individuals, groups, and organizations.[53][54] Hevner et al. (2004)[55] categorized research in IS into two scientific paradigms including behavioural science which is to develop and verify theories that explain or predict human or organizational behavior and design science which extends the boundaries of human and organizational capabilities by creating new and innovative artifacts.
Salvatore March and Gerald Smith[56] proposed a framework for researching different aspects of Information Technology including outputs of the research (research outputs) and activities to carry out this research (research activities). They identified research outputs as follows:
Constructs which are concepts that form the vocabulary of a domain. They constitute a conceptualization used to describe problems within the domain and to specify their solutions.
A model which is a set of propositions or statements expressing relationships among constructs.
A method which is a set of steps (an algorithm or guideline) used to perform a task. Methods are based on a set of underlying constructs and a representation (model) of the solution space.
An instantiation is the realization of an artifact in its environment.
Also research activities including:
Build an artifact to perform a specific task.
Evaluate the artifact to determine if any progress has been achieved.
Given an artifact whose performance has been evaluated, it is important to determine why and how the artifact worked or did not work within its environment. Therefore, theorize and justify theories about IT artifacts.
Although Information Systems as a discipline has been evolving for over 30 years now,[57] the core focus or identity of IS research is still subject to debate among scholars.[58][59][60] There are two main views around this debate: a narrow view focusing on the IT artifact as the core subject matter of IS research, and a broad view that focuses on the interplay between social and technical aspects of IT that is embedded into a dynamic evolving context.[61] A third view[62] calls on IS scholars to pay balanced attention to both the IT artifact and its context.
Since the study of information systems is an applied field, industry practitioners expect information systems research to generate findings that are immediately applicable in practice. This is not always the case however, as information systems researchers often explore behavioral issues in much more depth than practitioners would expect them to do. This may render information systems research results difficult to understand, and has led to criticism.[63]
In the last ten years, the business trend is represented by the considerable increasing of Information Systems Function (ISF) role, especially with regard the enterprise strategies and operations supporting. It became a key-factor to increase productivity and to support new value creation.[64] To study an information system itself, rather than its effects, information systems models are used, such as EATPUT.
The international body of Information Systems researchers, the Association for Information Systems (AIS), and its Senior Scholars Forum Subcommittee on Journals (23 April 2007), proposed a 'basket' of journals that the AIS deems as 'excellent', and nominated: Management Information Systems Quarterly (MISQ), Information Systems Research (ISR), Journal of the Association for Information Systems (JAIS), Journal of Management Information Systems (JMIS), European Journal of Information Systems (EJIS), and Information Systems Journal (ISJ).[65]
A number of annual information systems conferences are run in various parts of the world, the majority of which are peer reviewed. The AIS directly runs the International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS) and the Americas Conference on Information Systems (AMCIS), while AIS affiliated conferences[66] include the Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems (PACIS), European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS), the Mediterranean Conference on Information Systems (MCIS), the International Conference on Information Resources Management (Conf-IRM) and the Wuhan International Conference on E-Business (WHICEB). AIS chapter conferences[67] include Australasian Conference on Information Systems (ACIS), Information Systems Research Conference in Scandinavia (IRIS), Information Systems International Conference (ISICO), Conference of the Italian Chapter of AIS (itAIS), Annual Mid-Western AIS Conference (MWAIS) and Annual Conference of the Southern AIS (SAIS). EDSIG,[68] which is the special interest group on education of the AITP,[69] organizes the Conference on Information Systems and Computing Education[70] and the Conference on Information Systems Applied Research[71] which are both held annually in November.
The impact on economic models[edit]
Microeconomic theory model[clarification needed]
Transaction cost theory[clarification needed]
Agency theory[clarification needed]
See also[edit]
Related studies
Information management
Computer science
Human–computer interaction
Bioinformatics
Health informatics
Business informatics
Cheminformatics
Disaster informatics
Geoinformatics
Information science
Web sciences
Management information system (MIS)
Formative context
Data processing
Library science
Components
Data architect
Data modeling
Data processing system
Data Reference Model
Database
EATPUT
Metadata
Predictive Model Markup Language
Semantic translation
Three schema approach
Implementation
Enterprise information system
Environmental Modeling Center
Information processing system
INFORMS
References[edit]
Jump up ^ kroenke, David (2015). MIS Essentials (Fourth ed.). Boston: Pearson. p. 10. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "information system". BusinessDictionary.com.
Jump up ^ "Information Systems". Principia Cybernetica Web.
Jump up ^ Vladimir Zwass (2016-02-10). "Information system". Britannica.com.
Jump up ^ D’Atri A., De Marco M., Casalino N. (2008). "Interdisciplinary Aspects of Information Systems Studies", Physica-Verlag, Springer, Germany, pp. 1–416, doi:10.1007/978-3-7908-2010-2 ISBN 978-3-7908-2009-6
Jump up ^ Jessup, Leonard M.; Joseph S. Valacich (2008). Information Systems Today (3rd ed.). Pearson Publishing. Pages ??? & Glossary p. 416
Jump up ^ Bulgacs, Simon (2013). "The first phase of creating a standardised international technological implementation framework/software application". Int. J. Business and Systems Research. 7 (3): 250. doi:10.1504/IJBSR.2013.055312. Retrieved 2015-11-02.
Jump up ^ "SEI Report, "Glossary"". Archived from the original on September 3, 2007. Retrieved 2013-04-02. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ Kroenke, D M. (2008). Experiencing MIS. Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ
Jump up ^ O'Brien, J A. (2003). Introduction to information systems: essentials for the e-business enterprise. McGraw-Hill, Boston, MA
Jump up ^ Alter, S. (2003) "18 Reasons Why IT-Reliant Work Systems Should Replace 'The IT Artifact' as the Core Subject Matter of the IS Field," Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 12(23), Oct., pp. 365–394, http://aisel.aisnet.org/cais/vol12/iss1/23/
Jump up ^ Alter, S (2013). "Work System Theory: Overview of Core Concepts, Extensions, and Challenges for the Future". Journal of the Association for Information Systems. 14 (2): 72–121.
Jump up ^ Alter, S. (2006) The Work System Method: Connecting People, Processes, and IT for Business Results. Works System Press, CA
Jump up ^ Beynon-Davies P. (2009). Business Information Systems. Palgrave, Basingstoke
Jump up ^ Marc S. Silver, M. Lynne Markus, Cynthia Mathis Beath (Sep 1995). "The Information Technology Interactive Model: A Foundation for the MBA Core Course". MIS Quarterly: 361–390. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ The Joint Task Force for Computing Curricula 2005. Computing Curricula 2005: The Overview Report (pdf) Archived 2014-10-21 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Rockart et al. (1996) Eight imperatives for the new IT organization Sloan Management review.
Jump up ^ Laudon, K.C. and Laudon, J.P. Management Information Systems, (2nd edition), Macmillan, 1988.
Jump up ^ Rainer, R. Kelly Jr and Casey G. Cegielski. Introduction to Information System: Support and Transforming Business Fourth Edition. New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 2012. Print.
Jump up ^ Neumann, Gustaf; Sobernig, Stefan; Aram, Michael (February 2014). "Evolutionary Business Information Systems". Business and Information Systems Engineering. 6 (1): 33–36. doi:10.1007/s12599-013-0305-1.
Jump up ^ Aram, Michael; Neumann, Gustaf (2015-07-01). "Multilayered analysis of co-development of business information systems" (PDF). Journal of Internet Services and Applications. 6 (1). doi:10.1186/s13174-015-0030-8.
Jump up ^ Using MIS. Kroenke. 2009. ISBN 0-13-713029-5.
Jump up ^ Börje Langefors (1973). Theoretical Analysis of Information Systems. Auerbach. ISBN 0-87769-151-7.
Jump up ^ Computer Studies. Frederick Nyawaya. 2008. ISBN 9966-781-24-2.
Jump up ^ "Computer and Logic Essentials - Units of study - Swinburne University of Technology - Melbourne, Australia".
Jump up ^ http://www1.rmit.edu.au/courses/049802
Jump up ^ "Systems Development - Units of study - Swinburne University of Technology - Melbourne, Australia".
Jump up ^ Kelly, Sue; Gibson, Nicola; Holland, Christopher; Light, Ben (July 1999). "Focus Issue on Legacy Information Systems and Business Process Engineering: a Business Perspective of Legacy Information Systems". Communications of the AIS. 2 (7): 1–27.
Jump up ^ Archibald, J.A. (May 1975). "Computer Science education for majors of other disciplines". AFIPS Joint Computer Conferences: 903–906. Computer science spreads out over several related disciplines, and shares with these disciplines certain sub-disciplines that traditionally have been located exclusively in the more conventional disciplines
Jump up ^ Denning, Peter (July 1999). "COMPUTER SCIENCE: THE DISCIPLINE". Encyclopaedia of Computer Science (2000 Edition). The Domain of Computer Science: Even though computer science addresses both human-made and natural information processes, the main effort in the discipline has been directed toward human-made processes, especially information processing systems and machines
Jump up ^ Coy, Wolfgang (June 2004). "Between the disciplines". ACM SIGCSE Bulletin. 36 (2): 7–10. doi:10.1145/1024338.1024340. ISSN 0097-8418. Computer science may be in the core of these processes. The actual question is not to ignore disciplinary boundaries with its methodological differences but to open the disciplines for collaborative work. We must learn to build bridges, not to start in the gap between disciplines
Jump up ^ Hoganson, Ken (December 2001). "Alternative curriculum models for integrating computer science and information systems analysis, recommendations, pitfalls, opportunities, accreditations, and trends". Journal of Computing Sciences in Colleges. 17 (2): 313–325. ISSN 1937-4771. ... Information Systems grew out of the need to bridge the gap between business management and computer science ...
Jump up ^ Davis, Timothy; Geist, Robert; Matzko, Sarah; Westall, James (March 2004). "τ´εχνη: A First Step". Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education: 125–129. ISBN 1-58113-798-2. In 1999, Clemson University established a (graduate) degree program that bridges the arts and the sciences... All students in the program are required to complete graduate level work in both the arts and computer science
Jump up ^ Hoganson, Ken (December 2001). "Alternative curriculum models for integrating computer science and information systems analysis, recommendations, pitfalls, opportunities, accreditations, and trends". Journal of Computing Sciences in Colleges. 17 (2): 313–325. ISSN 1937-4771. The field of information systems as a separate discipline is relatively new and is undergoing continuous change as technology evolves and the field matures
Jump up ^ Khazanchi, Deepak; Bjorn Erik Munkvold (Summer 2000). "Is information system a science? an inquiry into the nature of the information systems discipline". ACM SIGMIS Database. 31 (3): 24–42. doi:10.1145/381823.381834. ISSN 0095-0033. From this we have concluded that IS is a science, i.e., a scientific discipline in contrast to purportedly non-scientific fields
Jump up ^ Denning, Peter (June 2007). "Ubiquity a new interview with Peter Denning on the great principles of computing". 2007 (June): 1–1. People from other fields are saying they have discovered information processes in their deepest structures and that collaboration with computing is essential to them.
Jump up ^ "Computer science is the study of information" New Jersey Institute of Technology, Gutenberg Information Technologies Archived September 15, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Computer science is the study of computation." Computer Science Department, College of Saint Benedict, Saint John's University
Jump up ^ "Computer Science is the study of all aspects of computer systems, from the theoretical foundations to the very practical aspects of managing large software projects." Massey University Archived 2006-06-19 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Pearson Custom Publishing & West Chester University, Custom Program for Computer Information Systems, Pearson Custom Publishing, (2009) Glossary p. 694
Jump up ^ Polack, Jennifer (December 2009). "Planning a CIS Education Within a CS Framework". Journal of Computing Sciences in Colleges. 25 (2): 100–106. ISSN 1937-4771.
Jump up ^ Hayes, Helen; Onkar Sharma (February 2003). "A decade of experience with a common first year program for computer science, information systems and information technology majors". Journal of Computing Sciences in Colleges. 18 (3): 217–227. ISSN 1937-4771. In 1988, a degree program in Computer Information Systems (CIS) was launched with the objective of providing an option for students who were less inclined to become programmers and were more interested in learning to design, develop, and implement Information Systems, and solve business problems using the systems approach
Jump up ^ CSTA Committee, Allen Tucker, et alia, A Model Curriculum for K-12 Computer Science (Final Report), (Association for Computing Machinery, Inc., 2006) Abstraction & p. 2
Jump up ^ Freeman, Peter; Hart, David (August 2004). "A Science of Design for Software-Intensive Systems Computer science and engineering needs an intellectually rigorous, analytical, teachable design process to ensure development of systems we all can live with". Communications of the ACM. 47 (8): 19–21. doi:10.1145/1012037.1012054. ISSN 0001-0782. Though the other components' connections to the software and their role in the overall design of the system are critical, the core consideration for a software-intensive system is the software itself, and other approaches to systematizing design have yet to solve the "software problem"—which won't be solved until software design is understood scientifically
Jump up ^ Culnan, M. J. Mapping the Intellectual Structure of MIS, 1980-1985: A Co-Citation Analysis, MIS Quarterly, 1987, pp. 341-353.
Jump up ^ Keen, P. G. W. MIS Research: Reference Disciplines and A Cumulative Tradition, in Proceedings of the First International Conference on Information Systems, E. McLean (ed.), Philadelphia, PA, 1980, pp. 9-18.
Jump up ^ Lee, A. S. Architecture as A Reference Discipline for MIS, in Information Systems Research: Contemporary Approaches and Emergent Traditions, H.-E. Nisen, H. K. Klein, and R. A. Hirschheim (eds.), North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1991, pp. 573-592.
Jump up ^ Mingers, J., and Stowell, F. (eds.). Information Systems: An Emerging Discipline?, McGraw- Hill, London, 1997.
Jump up ^ John, W., and Joe, P. (2002) "Strategic Planning for Information System." 3rd Ed. West Sussex. John wiley & Sons Ltd
^ Jump up to: a b c "Scoping the Discipline of Information Systems" (PDF).
Jump up ^ Basden, A. (2010) On Using Spheres of Meaning to Define and Dignify the IS Discipline. International Journal of Information Management, 30, 13-20. It employs the philosophy of the late Herman Dooyeweerd to differentiate distinct aspects or 'spheres of meaning'. The paper suggests that while computer science finds the formative aspect, of shaping, structuring, processing, of central interest, and business and organizational fields find the economic and social aspects of central interest, the Information Systems field can find the lingual aspect of central interest, while making links with the aspects of the neighbouring disciplines.
Jump up ^ "Information Systems". Sloan Career Cornerstone Center; Alfred P. Sloan Foundation. 2008. Retrieved June 2, 2008.
Jump up ^ Galliers, R.D., Markus, M.L., & Newell, S. (Eds) (2006). Exploring Information Systems Research Approaches. New York, NY: Routledge.
Jump up ^ Ciborra, C. (2002). The Labyrinths of Information: Challenging the Wisdom of Systems. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press
Jump up ^ Hevner; March; Park; Ram (2004). "Design Science in Information Systems Research". MIS Quarterly. 28 (1): 75–105.
Jump up ^ March, S.; Smith, G. (1995). "Design and natural science in Information Technology (IT)". Decision Support Systems. 15: 251–266. doi:10.1016/0167-9236(94)00041-2.
Jump up ^ Avgerou, C (2000). "Information systems: what sort of science is it?". Omega. 28: 567–579. doi:10.1016/s0305-0483(99)00072-9.
Jump up ^ Benbasat, I.; Zmud, R. (2003). "The identity crisis within the IS discipline: defining and communicating the discipline's core properties". MIS Quarterly. 27 (2): 183–194.
Jump up ^ Agarwal, R.; Lucas, H. (2005). "The information systems identity crisis: focusing on high- visibility and high-impact research". MIS Quarterly. 29 (3): 381–398.
Jump up ^ El Sawy, O (2003). "The IS core –IX: The 3 faces of IS identity: connection, immersion, and fusion". Communications of the AIS. 12: 588–598.
Jump up ^ Mansour, O., Ghazawneh, A. (2009) Research in Information Systems: Implications of the constant changing nature of IT capabilities in the social computing era, in Molka-Danielsen, J. (Ed.): Proceedings of the 32nd Information Systems Research Seminar in Scandinavia, IRIS 32, Inclusive Design, Molde University College, Molde, Norway, August 9–12, 2009. ISBN 978-82-7962-120-1.
Jump up ^ Orlikowski, W.; Iacono, C. (2001). "Research commentary: desperately seeking the "IT" in IT research—a call to theorizing about the IT artifact". Information Systems Research. 12 (2): 121–134. doi:10.1287/isre.12.2.121.9700.
Jump up ^ Kock, N.; Gray, P.; Hoving, R.; Klein, H.; Myers, M.; Rockart, J. (2002). "Information Systems Research Relevance Revisited: Subtle Accomplishment, Unfulfilled Promise, or Serial Hypocrisy?". Communications of the Association for Information Systems. 8 (23): 330–346.
Jump up ^ Casalino, N., Mazzone, G. (2008): Externalization of a banking information systems function. Features, regulatory and critical aspects, in Interdisciplinary Aspects of Information Systems Studies, D’Atri A., De Marco M., Casalino N. (Eds.), Physica-Verlag, Springer, Heidelberg, Germany, pp. 89-96, ISBN 978-3-7908-2009-6, doi:10.1007/978-3-7908-2010-2_12
Jump up ^ Senior Scholars (2007). "AIS Senior Scholars Forum Subcommittee on Journals: A basket of six (or eight) A* journals in Information Systems" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 3, 2007.
Jump up ^ "AIS affiliated conferences".
Jump up ^ AIS chapter conferences
Jump up ^ "EDSIG Information Systems Educators".
Jump up ^ "Association of Information Technology Professionals".
Jump up ^ EDSIG, ISCAP and. "ISCAP Conferences - EDSIGCON & CONISAR".
Jump up ^ EDSIG, ISCAP and. "ISCAP Conferences - EDSIGCON & CONISAR".
Further reading[edit]
Rainer, R. Kelly and Cegielski, Casey G. (2009). "Introduction to Information Systems: Enabling and Transforming Business, 3rd Edition"
Kroenke, David (2008). Using MIS - 2nd Edition.
Lindsay, John (2000). Information Systems – Fundamentals and Issues. Kingston University, School of Information Systems
Dostal, J. School information systems (Skolni informacni systemy). In Infotech 2007 - modern information and communication technology in education. Olomouc, EU: Votobia, 2007. s. 540 – 546. ISBN 978-80-7220-301-7.
O'Leary, Timothy and Linda. (2008). Computing Essentials Introductory 2008. McGraw-Hill on Computing2008.com
Imperial College London - Information Systems Engineering degree - Information Systems Engineering
Sage, S.M. "Information Systems: A brief look into history", Datamation, 63-69, Nov. 1968. - Overview of the early history of IS.
Cy18mis546 Group 5 - http://www.ramblingdata.com.s3-website.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Information systems.
Association for Information Systems (AIS)
IS History website
Center for Information Systems Research - Massachusetts Institute of Technology
European Research Center for Information Systems
Index of Information Systems Journals
European eCompetence Frame
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values: 정보 시스템 – Korean

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
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values: Տեղեկատվական համակարգ – Armenian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
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values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
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values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
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values: מערכת מידע – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values: Ақпарат жүйелері – Kazakh

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl
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values: Мэдээллийн систем – Mongolian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mn
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values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
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values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
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values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
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values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
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values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
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values: Информационная система – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
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values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sq
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values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-scn
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values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
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values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
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values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
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values: Информациони систем – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-su
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values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
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values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
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values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tl
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values: தகவல் அமைப்புகள் – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values: సమాచార వ్యవస్థలు – Telugu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-te
display: none;

values: ระบบสารสนเทศ – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
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values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
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values: Інформаційна система – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
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values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

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values:
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