text:
HPV vaccines
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 13 April 2018.
Jump to: navigation, search
HPV vaccines
Vaccine description
Target disease
human papillomavirus
Type
Protein subunit
Clinical data
Trade names
Gardasil, Cervarix
Pregnancy
category
US: B (No risk in non-human studies)
Routes of
administration
injection
ATC code
J07BM01 (WHO) J07BM02 (WHO)
Legal status
Legal status
US: ℞-only
Identifiers
ChemSpider
none
N Y (what is this?) (verify)
Human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccines are vaccines that prevent infection by certain types of human papillomavirus.[1] Available vaccines protect against either two, four, or nine types of HPV.[1][2] All vaccines protect against at least HPV type 16 and 18 that cause the greatest risk of cervical cancer.[1] It is estimated that they may prevent 70% of cervical cancer, 80% of anal cancer, 60% of vaginal cancer, 40% of vulvar cancer, and possibly some mouth cancer.[3][4][5] They additionally prevent some genital warts with the vaccines against 4 and 9 HPV types providing greater protection.[1]
The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends HPV vaccines as part of routine vaccinations in all countries, along with other prevention measures.[1] The vaccines require two or three doses depending on a person's age and immune status.[1] Vaccinating girls around the ages of nine to thirteen is typically recommended.[1] The vaccines provide protection for at least 5 to 10 years.[1] Cervical cancer screening is still required following vaccination.[1] Vaccinating a large portion of the population may also benefit the unvaccinated.[6] In those already infected the vaccines are not effective.[1]
HPV vaccines are very safe.[1] Pain at the site of injection occurs in about 80% of people.[1] Redness and swelling at the site and fever may also occur.[1] No link to Guillain–Barré syndrome has been found.[1]
The first HPV vaccine became available in 2006.[1][7] As of 2017, 71 countries include it in their routine vaccinations, at least for girls.[1] They are on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system.[8] The wholesale cost in the developing world is about US$47 a dose as of 2014.[9] In the United States it cost more than US$200.[10] Vaccination may be cost effective in the developing world.[11]
Contents
[hide]
1 Medical uses
1.1 Males
1.2 Older women
1.3 Efficacy
1.4 Public health
2 Side effects
2.1 Pregnancy
2.2 Safety
3 Mechanism of action
4 History
5 Vaccine implementation
5.1 Africa
5.2 Australia
5.3 Canada
5.4 China
5.5 Colombia
5.6 Europe
5.7 Israel
5.8 Japan
5.9 Kenya
5.10 Laos
5.11 Mexico
5.12 New Zealand
5.13 Panama
5.14 South Africa
5.15 South Korea
5.16 Trinidad and Tobago
5.17 United Kingdom
5.18 United States
5.18.1 Adoption
5.18.2 Legislation
5.18.2.1 State-by-State
5.18.3 Immigrants
5.18.4 Coverage
5.18.5 Opposition in the United States
5.18.5.1 Insurance companies
5.18.5.2 Religious and conservative groups
5.18.5.3 Parental opposition
5.18.5.4 Physician impact
6 Research
6.1 Therapeutic vaccines
7 Awards
8 References
9 External links
Medical uses[edit]
Gardasil
Syringe
HPV vaccines are used to prevent HPV infection and therefore cervical cancer.[1] They are recommended for women who are 9 to 25 years old who have not been exposed to HPV. However, since it is unlikely that a woman will have already contracted all four viruses, and because HPV is primarily sexually transmitted, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has recommended vaccination for women up to 26 years of age.
Since the vaccine only covers some high-risk types of HPV, cervical cancer screening is recommended even after vaccination.[1][12] In the US, the recommendation is for women to receive routine Pap smears beginning at age 21. Additional vaccine candidate research is occurring for next generation products to extend protection against additional HPV types.
Males[edit]
HPV vaccines are approved for males in several countries, including Canada, Australia, South Korea, Hong Kong (SAR of China), the United Kingdom, New Zealand and the United States.
Gardasil has been shown to also be effective in preventing genital warts in males.[13][14] On 9 September 2009, an advisory panel recommended that the FDA licence Gardasil in the United States for boys and men ages 9–26 for the prevention of genital warts.[15] Soon after that, the vaccine was approved by the FDA for use in males aged 9 to 26 for prevention of genital warts[13][14] and anal cancer.[16] While Gardasil and Gardasil-9 vaccines have been approved for males, the third HPV vaccine, Cervarix, is not administered to males. Unlike the Gardasil-based vaccines, Cervarix does not protect against genital warts.[17]
On October 25, 2011, an advisory panel for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) voted to recommend that the vaccine should be given to boys ages 11–12. The panel's recommendation is intended to prevent genital warts and anal cancers in males, and possibly prevent head and neck cancer (though the vaccine's effectiveness against head and neck cancers has not yet been proven).[18] The Committee also made the vaccination recommendation for males 13 to 21 years who have not been vaccinated previously or who have not completed the three-dose series.[13][19]
In males, Gardasil may reduce their risk of genital warts and precancerous lesions caused by HPV. This reduction in precancerous lesions might be predicted to reduce the rates of penile and anal cancer in men. Since penile and anal cancers are much less common than cervical cancer, HPV vaccination of young men is likely to be much less cost-effective than for young women.[20]
From a public health point of view, vaccinating men as well as women decreases the virus pool within the population, but is only cost-effective if the uptake in the female population is extremely low.[21] In the United States, the cost per quality-adjusted life year is greater than $100,000 for vaccinating the male population, compared to the less than $50,000 for vaccinating the female population.[21] This assumes a 75% vaccination rate. In early 2013 the two companies who sell the most common vaccines announced a price cut to less than $5 per dose to poor countries, as opposed to $130 per dose in the US.[22]
As with females, the vaccine should be administered before infection with the HPV types covered by the vaccine occurs. Vaccination before adolescence, therefore, makes it more likely that the recipient has not been exposed to HPV.
Gardasil is in particular demand among men who have sex with men, who are at higher risk for genital warts, penile cancer, and anal cancer.[23]
Harald zur Hausen's support for vaccinating boys (so that they will be protected, and thereby so will women) was joined by professors Harald Moi and Ole-Erik Iversen in 2011.[24]
Older women[edit]
When Gardasil was first introduced, it was recommended as a prevention for cervical cancer for women that were 25 years old or younger. New evidence suggests that all HPV vaccines are effective in preventing cervical cancer for women up to 45 years of age.[25]
In November 2007, Merck presented new data on Gardasil. In an investigational study, Gardasil reduced the incidence of HPV types 6, 11, 16 and 18-related persistent infection and disease in women through age 45. The study evaluated women who had not contracted at least one of the HPV types targeted by the vaccine by the end of the three-dose vaccination series. Merck planned to submit this data before the end of 2007 to the FDA, and to seek an indication for Gardasil for women through age 45.[26]
Efficacy[edit]
HPV vaccines have been shown to prevent cervical dysplasia from the high-risk HPV types 16 and 18 and some protection against a few closely related high-risk HPV types.[1] However, there are other high-risk HPV types that are not affected by the vaccines.[27] The protection against HPV 16 and 18 has lasted at least 8 years after vaccination for Gardasil[28] and more than 9 years for Cervarix.[28] It is thought that booster vaccines will not be necessary.[29]
Gardasil also protects against low-risk HPV types 6 and 11, which are much less likely to cause cancer, but do cause genital warts.
A recent analysis of data from a clinical trial of Cervarix found that this vaccine is just as effective at protecting women against persistent HPV 16 and 18 infection in the anus as it is at protecting them from these infections in the cervix. Overall, about 30 percent of cervical cancers will not be prevented by these vaccines. Also, in the case of Gardasil, 10 percent of genital warts will not be prevented by the vaccine. Neither vaccine prevents other sexually transmitted diseases, nor do they treat existing HPV infection or cervical cancer.[30][31]
HPV types 16, 18 and 45 contribute to 94% of cervical adenocarcinoma (cancers originating in the glandular cells of the cervix).[32] While most cervical cancer arises in the squamous cells, adenocarcinomas make up a sizable minority of cancers.[32] Further, Pap smears are not as effective at detecting adenocarcinomas, so where Pap screening programs are in place, a larger proportion of the remaining cancers are adenocarcinomas.[32] Trials suggest that HPV vaccines may also reduce the incidence of adenocarcinoma.[32]
Two doses of the vaccine may work as well as three doses.[33] The CDC recommends two doses in those less than 15 and three doses in those over 15.[34]
A study with 9vHPV, a 9-valent HPV vaccine that protects against HPV types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58, came to the result that the rate of high-grade cervical, vulvar, or vaginal disease was the same as when using a quadrivalent HPV vaccine.[35] A lack of a difference may have been caused by the study design of including women 16 to 26 years of age, who may largely already have been infected with the five additional HPV types that are additionally covered by the 9-valent vaccine.[36]
Public health[edit]
The National Cancer Institute states "Widespread vaccination has the potential to reduce cervical cancer deaths around the world by as much as two-thirds if all women were to take the vaccine and if protection turns out to be long-term. In addition, the vaccines can reduce the need for medical care, biopsies, and invasive procedures associated with the follow-up from abnormal Pap tests, thus helping to reduce health care costs and anxieties related to abnormal Pap tests and follow-up procedures."[12]
Current preventive vaccines protect against the two HPV types (16 and 18) that cause about 70% of cervical cancers worldwide.[37] Because of the distribution of HPV types associated with cervical cancer, the vaccines are likely to be most effective in Asia, Europe, and North America.[37] Some other high-risk types cause a larger percentage of cancers in other parts of the world.[37] Vaccines that protect against more of the types common in cancers would prevent more cancers, and be less subject to regional variation.[37] For instance, a vaccine against the seven types most common in cervical cancers (16, 18, 45, 31, 33, 52, 58) would prevent an estimated 87% of cervical cancers worldwide.[37]
Only 41% of women with cervical cancer in the developing world get medical treatment.[38] Therefore, prevention of HPV by vaccination may be a more effective way of lowering the disease burden in developing countries than cervical screening. The European Society of Gynecological Oncology sees the developing world as most likely to benefit from HPV vaccination.[39] However, individuals in many resource-limited nations, Kenya for example, are unable to afford the vaccine.[40]
In more developed countries, populations that do not receive adequate medical care, such as poor or minorities in the United States or parts of Europe also have less access to cervical screening and appropriate treatment, and are similarly more likely to benefit.[32] Comments made by Dr. Diane Harper, a researcher for the HPV vaccines, were interpreted as indicating that in countries where Pap smear screening is common, it will take vaccination of a large proportion of women in order to further reduce cervical cancer rates.[41] She has also encouraged women to continue pap screening after they are vaccinated and to be aware of potential adverse effects.[42]
According to the CDC, as of 2012, use of the HPV vaccine had cut rates of infection with HPV-6, -11, -16 and -18 in half in American teenagers (from 11.5% to 4.3%) and by one third in American women in their early twenties (from 18.5% to 12.1%).[43]
Side effects[edit]
While the use of HPV vaccines can help reduce cervical cancer deaths by two thirds around the world,[44] not everyone is eligible for vaccination. There are some factors that exclude people from receiving HPV vaccines. These factors include:[45]
People with history of immediate hypersensitivity to vaccine components. Patients with a hypersensitivity to yeast should not receive Gardasil since yeast is used in its production.
People with moderate or severe acute illnesses. This does not completely exclude patients from vaccination, but postpones the time of vaccination until the illness has improved.[46]
Pregnancy[edit]
In the Gardasil clinical trials, 1,115 pregnant women received the HPV vaccine. Overall, the proportions of pregnancies with an adverse outcome were comparable in subjects who received Gardasil and subjects who received placebo.[47] However, the clinical trials had a relatively small sample size. Currently, the vaccine is not recommended for pregnant women.[47][48] The long-term effects of the vaccine on fertility are not known, but no effects are anticipated.
The FDA has classified the HPV vaccine as a pregnancy Category B, meaning there is no apparent harm to the fetus in animal studies. HPV vaccines have not been causally related with adverse pregnancy outcomes or adverse effects on the fetus. However, data on vaccination during pregnancy is very limited and vaccination during the pregnancy term should be delayed until more information is available. If a woman is found to be pregnant during the three-dose series of vaccination, the series will be postponed until pregnancy has been completed. While there is no indication for intervention for vaccine dosages administered during pregnancy, patients and health-care providers are encouraged to report exposure to vaccines to the appropriate HPV vaccine pregnancy registry.[45][46][49]
Safety[edit]
HPV vaccines are approved for use in over 100 countries, with more than 100 million doses distributed worldwide. Extensive clinical trial and post-marketing safety surveillance data indicate that both Gardasil and Cervarix are well tolerated and safe.[50]
A cohort study of approximately 1 million girls found no evidence supporting associations between exposure to quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine and autoimmune, neurological, and venous thromboembolic adverse events.[51]
Gardasil is a 3-dose (injection) vaccine. As of 8 September 2013[update] there have been more than 57 million doses distributed in the United States, though it is unknown how many have been administered.[52] There have been 22,000 Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) reports following the vaccination.[53] Ninety-two percent were reports of events considered to be non-serious (e.g., fainting, pain and swelling at the injection site (arm), headache, nausea and fever), and 9 percent were considered to be serious (death, permanent disability, life-threatening illness and hospitalization). There is no proven causal link between the vaccine and serious adverse effects; VAERS reports include any effects whether coincidental or causal. The CDC states: "When evaluating data from VAERS, it is important to note that for any reported event, no cause-and-effect relationship has been established. VAERS receives reports on all potential associations between vaccines and adverse events."[53]
As of 1 September 2009[update], there have been 44 U.S. reports of death in females after receiving the vaccine.[53] None of the 27 confirmed deaths of women and girls who had taken the vaccine were linked to the vaccine.[53] There is no evidence suggesting that Gardasil causes or raises the risk of Guillain–Barré syndrome. Additionally, there have been rare reports of blood clots forming in the heart, lungs and legs.[53] A 2015 review conducted by the European Medicines Agency's Pharmacovigilance Risk Assessment Committee concluded that evidence does not support the idea that HPV vaccination causes complex regional pain syndrome or postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome.[54].
As of 8 September 2013[update] the CDC continues to recommend Gardasil vaccination for the prevention of four types of HPV.[53] Merck, the manufacturer of Gardasil, has committed to ongoing research assessing the vaccine's safety.[55]
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the FDA, the rate of adverse side effects related to Gardasil immunization in the safety review was consistent with what has been seen in the safety studies carried out before the vaccine was approved and were similar to those seen with other vaccines. However, a higher proportion of syncope (fainting) were seen with Gardasil than are usually seen with other vaccines. The FDA and CDC have reminded health care providers that, to prevent falls and injuries, all vaccine recipients should remain seated or lying down and be closely observed for 15 minutes after vaccination.[31] The HPV vaccination does not appear to reduce the willingness of women to undergo pap tests.[56]
Mechanism of action[edit]
The HPV vaccines are based on hollow virus-like particles (VLPs) assembled from recombinant HPV coat proteins. The virus possesses circular double stranded DNA and a viral shell that is composed of 72 capsomeres. Every subunit of the virus is composed of two proteins molecules, L1 and L2. The reason why this virus has the capability to affect the skin and the mucous layers is due to its structure. The primary structures expressed in these areas are E1 and E2, these proteins are responsible for the replication of the virus.[57] E1 is a highly conserved protein in the virus, E1 is in charge of the production of viral copies is also involved in every step of replication process.[57] The second component of this process is E2 ensures that non-specific interaction occurs while interacting with E1.[57] As a result of these proteins working together it assures that numerous copies are made within the host cell. The structure of the virus is critical because this influences the infection affinity of the virus. Knowing the structure of the virus allowed for the development of an efficient vaccine, such as Gardasil and Cervarix. The vaccines target the two high-risk HPVs, types 16 and 18 that cause the most cervical cancers. Gardasil's proteins are synthesized by the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Its protein makeup allows it to target four types of HPV. Gardasil contains inactive L1 proteins from four different HPV strains: 6, 11, 16, and 18. Each vaccine dose contains 225 µg of aluminum, 9.56 mg of sodium chloride, 0.78 mg of L-histidine, 50 µg of polysorbate 80, 35 µg of sodium borate, and water. The combination of ingredients totals 0.5 mL.[58] Together, these two HPV types currently cause about 70 percent of all cervical cancer.[37] Gardasil also targets HPV types 6 and 11, which together currently cause about 90 percent of all cases of genital warts.[59]
Gardasil and Cervarix are designed to elicit virus-neutralizing antibody responses that prevent initial infection with the HPV types represented in the vaccine. The vaccines have been shown to offer 100 percent protection against the development of cervical pre-cancers and genital warts caused by the HPV types in the vaccine, with few or no side effects. The protective effects of the vaccine are expected to last a minimum of 4.5 years after the initial vaccination.[27]
While the study period was not long enough for cervical cancer to develop, the prevention of these cervical precancerous lesions (or dysplasias) is believed highly likely to result in the prevention of those cancers.[60]
History[edit]
The vaccine was first developed by the University of Queensland in Australia and the final form was made by researchers at the University of Queensland, Georgetown University Medical Center, University of Rochester, and the U.S. National Cancer Institute.[61] Researchers Ian Frazer and Jian Zhou at the University of Queensland have been accorded priority under U.S. patent law for the invention of the HPV vaccine's basis, the VLPs.[62] In 2006, the FDA approved the first preventive HPV vaccine, marketed by Merck & Co. under the trade name Gardasil. According to a Merck press release,[63] in the second quarter of 2007, it had been approved in 80 countries, many under fast-track or expedited review. Early in 2007, GlaxoSmithKline filed for approval in the United States for a similar preventive HPV vaccine, known as Cervarix. In June 2007 this vaccine was licensed in Australia, and it was approved in the European Union in September 2007.[64] Cervarix was approved for use in the U.S. in October 2009.[65]
Harald zur Hausen, a German researcher who initially suspected and later helped to prove that genital HPV infection can lead to cervical cancer, was awarded half of the $1.4 million Nobel Prize in Medicine for his work. Verification that cervical cancer is caused by an infectious agent led several other groups (see above) to develop vaccines against HPV strains that cause most cases of cervical cancer. The other half of the award went to Françoise Barré-Sinoussi and Luc Montagnier, two French virologists, for their part in the discovery of HIV.[66]
zur Hausen went against current dogma and postulated that oncogenic human papilloma virus (HPV) caused cervical cancer.[31] He realized that HPV-DNA could exist in a non-productive state in the tumours, and should be detectable by specific searches for viral DNA.[66] He and others, notably workers at the Pasteur Institute, found HPV to be a heterogeneous family of viruses. Only some HPV types cause cancer.[31]
Harald zur Hausen pursued his idea of HPV for over 10 years by searching for different HPV types. [3] This research was difficult due to the fact that only parts of the viral DNA were integrated into the host genome. He found novel HPV-DNA in cervix cancer biopsies, and thus discovered the new, tumourigenic HPV16 type in 1983. In 1984, he cloned HPV16 and 18 from patients with cervical cancer.[66] The HPV types 16 and 18 were consistently found in about 70% of cervical cancer biopsies throughout the world.[31]
His observation of HPV oncogenic potential in human malignancy provided impetus within the research community to characterize the natural history of HPV infection, and to develop a better understanding of mechanisms of HPV-induced carcinogenesis.[31]
In December 2014, the United States' Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved a vaccine called Gardasil 9 to protect females between the ages of 9 and 26 and males between the ages of 9 and 15 against nine strains of HPV.[67] Gardasil 9 protects against infection with the strains covered by the first generation of Gardasil (HPV-6, HPV-11, HPV-16, and HPV-18) and protects against five other HPV strains responsible for 20% of cervical cancers (HPV-31, HPV-33, HPV-45, HPV-52, and HPV-58).[67]
Vaccine implementation[edit]
Main article: Vaccination policy
In developed countries, the widespread use of cervical "Pap smear" screening programs has reduced the incidence of invasive cervical cancer by 50% or more. Current preventive vaccines reduce but do not eliminate the chance of getting cervical cancer. Therefore, experts recommend that women combine the benefits of both programs by seeking regular Pap smear screening, even after vaccination.[68] The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) has recommended all European teenage girls to be vaccinated; however Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia, and Turkey currently do not have a vaccination program in place.[citation needed]
Africa[edit]
With support from the GAVI Alliance, a number of low-income African countries have begun rollout of the HPV vaccine, with others to follow. In 2013 Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Niger, Sierra Leone, and the United Republic of Tanzania begin implementation of the vaccine. In 2014, Rwanda will begin nationwide rollout, and demonstration programs will take place in Mozambique and Zimbabwe.[69]
Australia[edit]
In April 2007, Australia became the first country to introduce a government-funded National Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccination Program to protect young women against HPV infections that can lead to cancers and disease.[70] The National HPV Vaccination Program is listed on the National Immunisation Program (NIP) Schedule and funded under the Immunise Australia Program.[71] The Immunise Australia Program is a joint Australian, State, and Territory Government initiative to increase immunisation rates for vaccine preventable diseases.
The National HPV Vaccination Program for females was made up of two components: an ongoing school-based program for 12- and 13-year-old girls; and a time-limited catch-up program (females aged 14–26 years) delivered through schools, general practices, and community immunization services, which ceased on 31 December 2009.
During 2007–2009, an estimated 83% of females aged 12–17 years received at least one dose of HPV vaccine and 70% completed the 3-dose HPV vaccination course.[70] Latest HPV coverage data on the Immunise Australia website show that by 15 years of age, over 70% of Australian females have received all three doses. This has remained steady since 2009.[72]
Since the National HPV Vaccination Program commenced in 2007, there has been a reduction in HPV-related infections in young women. A study published in The Journal of Infectious Disease in October 2012 found the prevalence of vaccine-preventable HPV types (6, 11, 16 and 18) in Papanicolaou test results of women aged 18–24 years has significantly decreased from 28.7% to 6.7% four years after the introduction of the National HPV Vaccination Program.[70] A 2011 report published found the diagnosis of genital warts (caused by HPV types 6 and 11) had also decreased in young women and men.[73]
In October 2010, the Australian regulatory agency, the Therapeutic Goods Administration, extended the registration of the quadrivalent vaccine (Gardasil) to include use in males aged 9 through 26 years of age, for the prevention of external genital lesions and infection with HPV types 6, 11, 16 and 18.
In November 2011, the Pharmaceutical Benefits Advisory Committee (PBAC) recommended the extension of the National HPV Vaccination Program to include males. The PBAC made its recommendation on the preventative health benefits that can be achieved, such as a reduction in the incidence of anal and penile cancers and other HPV-related diseases. In addition to the direct benefit to males, it was estimated that routine HPV vaccination of adolescent males would contribute to the reduction of vaccine HPV-type infection and associated disease in women through herd immunity.[74]
On 12 July 2012, the Australian Government announced funding to extend the National HPV Vaccination Program to include males, with implementation commencing in all states and territories in February 2013.[75]
Updated results were reported in 2014.[76]
From February 2013, free HPV vaccine is being provided through school-based programs for:
males and females aged 12–13 years (ongoing program); and
males aged between 14–15 years – until the end of the school year in 2014 (catch up program).
Further information is available on the HPV Vaccination Program website at www.australia.gov.au/hpv
Canada[edit]
In July 2006, human papillomavirus vaccine against 4 types of HPV was authorized in Canada for females 9 to 26 years. In February 2010, use in males 9 to 26 years of age for prevention of genital warts was authorized.[77]
Currently, all Canadian provinces and territories fund HPV school-based immunization programs for females.[78] Three provinces have implemented HPV immunization programs for males: Prince Edward Island, Alberta,[78] and Saskatchewan.[79]
Canada has approved use of Gardasil.[80] Initiating and funding free vaccination programs has been left to individual Province/Territory Governments. In the provinces of Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Labrador, and Nova Scotia,[81] free vaccinations to protect women against HPV were slated to begin in September 2007 and will be offered to girls ages 11–14. Similar vaccination programs are being planned in British Columbia and Quebec.[82][83][84]
China[edit]
GSK China announced on July 18, 2016, that Cervarix (HPV vaccine 16 and 18) had been approved by China Food and Drug Administration (CFDA), therefore became the first approved HPV vaccine in China. Cervarix is registered in China for girls aged 9 to 25, adopting 3-dose program within 6 months. Cervarix is expected to be marketed in China in early 2017.[85]
On the same day, China Food and Drug Administration (CFDA) also announced that the import registration application of Human Papillomavirus Absorbed Vaccine (Cervarix), the preventive biological product manufactured by GlaxoSmithKline, had been approved on July 12, 2016. The approval of this vaccine will provide a brand-new effective method to prevent cervical cancers.[86]
Colombia[edit]
The vaccine was introduced in 2012, approved for 9 aged girls.[87][88] The HPV vaccine begins to delivered to girls aged 9 and older and are attending fourth grade of school. Since 2013 the age of coverage was extended to girls in school from grade four who have reached the age of 9 to grade 11th independent of age; and no schooling from age 9–17 years 11 months and 29 days old.[89]
Europe[edit]
Country
Date of introduction
Gender(s)
Target age group
Financed by
Policy
Austria 2006 M/F 10–12 Fully financed by national health authorities[90]
Belgium 2007 10–13 Financed 75% by national health authorities
Croatia 20 May 2016 M/F 12 Fully financed by national health authorities Voluntary immunization for women not yet sexually active
Denmark[91] 1 January 2009 F 12 Fully financed by national health authorities Part of the Danish Childhood Vaccination program
Finland[92] 21 November 2013 F 12 Fully financed by national health authorities Part of the Finnish National Vaccination program
France[93] 11 July 2007 F 14–23 Financed 65% by national health authorities Voluntary immunization for women not yet sexually active
Germany[94] 26 March 2007
Greece[95][96] 12 February 2007 F 12–26 Fully financed by national health authorities Mandatory for all girls entering 7th grade
Hungary[97] 2014 F 12 Fully financed by national health authorities. In addition subsidised by local councils for 13- and 14-year-olds.
Iceland 2011 12 Fully financed by national health authorities
Ireland 2008 12–13 Fully financed by national health authorities
Italy[94] 26 March 2007 F 12
Latvia 2009 12 Fully financed by national health authorities
Luxembourg 2008 12 Fully financed by national health authorities
Macedonia 2009 F 12 Fully financed by national health authorities Mandatory; part of the national immunization schedule
Netherlands 2009 F 12–13 Fully financed by national health authorities
Norway 2009 F 12–13 Part of the national immunization program
Portugal 2007 F 13 Fully financed by national health authorities Part of the national immunization program
Romania November 2008 F 10–11
Slovenia 2009 11–12 Fully financed by national health authorities
Spain 2007 11–14 Fully financed by national health authorities
Sweden[98] 1 January 2010 F 10–12
Switzerland 2008 11–14 Fully financed by national health authorities
UK September 2008 M/F M:9–15
F:9–26 Fully financed by national health authorities for girls only
Israel[edit]
Introduced in 2012. Target age group 13–14. Fully financed by national health authorities only for this age group. For the year 2013–2014, girls in the eighth grade may get the vaccine free of charge only in school, and not in Ministry of Health offices or clinics. Girls in the ninth grade may receive the vaccine free of charge only at Ministry of Health offices, and not in schools or clinics.[99] Religious and conservative groups are expected to refuse the vaccination.[100]
Japan[edit]
Introduced in 2010, widely available only since April 2013. Fully financed by national health authorities. In June 2013, however, Japan's Vaccine Adverse Reactions Review Committee (VARRC) suspended recommendation of the vaccine due to fears of adverse events. This directive has been criticized by researchers at the University of Tokyo as a failure of governance since the decision was taken without presentation of adequate scientific evidence.[101]
Kenya[edit]
Both Cervarix and Gardasil are approved for use within Kenya by the Pharmacy and Poisons Board. However, at a cost of 20,000 Kenyan shillings, which is more than the average annual income for a family, the director of health promotion in the Ministry of Health, Nicholas Muraguri, states that many Kenyans are unable to afford the vaccine.[40]
Laos[edit]
In 2013 Laos began implementation of the HPV vaccine, with the assistance of the Gavi Alliance.[69]
Mexico[edit]
The vaccine was introduced in 2008 to 5% of the population. This percentage of the population had the lowest development index which correlates with the highest incidence of cervical cancer.[102] The HPV vaccine is delivered to girls 12 – 16 years old following the 0-2-6 dosing schedule. By 2009 Mexico had expanded the vaccine use to girls, 9–12 years of age, the dosing schedule in this group was different, the time elapsed between the first and second dose was six months and the third dose 60 months later.[103] In 2011 Mexico approved a nationwide use of HPV vaccination program to include vaccination of all 9-year-old girls.[103]
New Zealand[edit]
Immunization as of 2017 is free for male and females age 9 through to 26 years.[104]
The public funding began on 1 September 2008. Initially just for girls, usually through a school-based program in Year 8 (approximately age 12), but also through general practices and some family planning clinics. Over 200,000 New Zealand girls and young women have received HPV immunization as at November 2015, around 60% of eligible girls.[105]
Panama[edit]
The vaccine was added to the national immunization program in 2008, to target girls in the population aged 10.[102] The vaccine is being administer by clinics and schools.[103]
South Africa[edit]
Cervical cancer represents the most common cause of cancer-related deaths—more than 3,000 deaths per year—among women in South Africa because of high HIV prevalence, making introduction of the vaccine highly desirable.[106] A Papanicolaou test program was established in 2000 to help screen for cervical cancer, but since this program has not been implemented widely, vaccination would offer more efficient form of prevention.[107] In May 2013 the Minister of Health of South Africa, Aaron Motsoaledi, announced the government would provide free HPV vaccines for girls aged 9 and 10 in the poorest 80% of schools starting in February 2014 and the fifth quintile later on.[108] South Africa will be the first African country with an immunisation schedule that includes vaccines to protect people from HPV infection, but because the effectiveness of the vaccines in women who later become infected with HIV is not yet fully understood, it is difficult to assess how cost-effective the vaccine will be. Negotiations are currently underway for more affordable HPV vaccines since they are up to 10 times more expensive than others already included in the immunization schedule.[106][108]
South Korea[edit]
On July 27, 2007, South Korean government approved Gardasil for use in girls and women aged 9 to 26 and boys aged 9 to 15.[109] Approval for use in boys was based on safety and immunogenicity but not efficacy.
Since 2016, HPV vaccination has been part of the National Immunization Program, offered free of charge to all children under 12 in South Korea, with costs fully covered by the Korean government.[110]
For 2016 only, Korean girls born between 1 January 2003 to 31 December 2004 are also eligible to receive the free shots as a limited time offer. From 2017, the free shots will be available to those under 12 only.[111]
Trinidad and Tobago[edit]
Introduced in 2013. Target Group 9–26. Fully financed by national health authorities. Administration in schools currently suspended owing to objections and concerns raised by the Catholic Board, but fully available in local health centers.
United Kingdom[edit]
In the UK the vaccine is licensed for girls aged 9 to 15, for women aged 16 to 26, and for boys aged 9–15.[112]
HPV vaccination with Cervarix was introduced into the national immunization program in September 2008, for girls aged 12–13 across the UK. A two-year catch-up campaign started in Autumn 2009 to vaccinate all girls up to 18 years of age. Catch up vaccination will be offered to:
girls aged between 16 and 18 from autumn 2009, and
girls aged between 15 and 17 from autumn 2010.
By the end of the catch-up campaign, all girls under 18 will have been offered the HPV vaccine.
In September 2012, Gardasil replaced Cervarix as the HPV vaccination of choice due to its added protection against genital warts.
It will be many years before the vaccination program has an effect on cervical cancer incidence so women are advised to continue accepting their invitations for cervical screening.[113]
Boots UK made its private HPV vaccination service to boys and men aged 12–44 years in April 2017 at a cost of £150 per vaccination. Children aged 12–14 years require two vaccinations, while those aged 15–44 years require a course of three.[114]
United States[edit]
Adoption[edit]
As of late 2007[update], about one quarter of US females age 13–17 years had received at least one of the three HPV shots.[115] By 2014[update], the proportion of such females receiving a vaccination had risen to 38%.[116] The government began recommending vaccination for boys in 2011; by 2014[update], the vaccination rate among boys (at least one dose) had reached 35%.[116]
According to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), getting as many girls vaccinated as early and as quickly as possible will reduce the cases of cervical cancer among middle-aged women in 30 to 40 years and reduce the transmission of this highly communicable infection. Barriers include the limited understanding by many people that HPV causes cervical cancer, the difficulty of getting pre-teens and teens into the doctor's office to get a shot, and the high cost of the vaccine ($120/dose, $360 total for the three required doses, plus the cost of doctor visits).[30][117] Community-based interventions can increase the uptake of HPV vaccination among adolescents.[118]
A survey was conducted in 2009 to gather information about knowledge and adoption of the HPV vaccine. Thirty percent of 13- to 17-year-olds and 9% of 18- to 26-year-olds out of the total 1,011 young women surveyed reported receipt of at least one HPV injection. Knowledge about HPV varied; however, 5% or fewer subjects believed that the HPV vaccine precluded the need for regular cervical cancer screening or safe-sex practices. Few girls and young women overestimate the protection provided by the vaccine. Despite moderate uptake, many females at risk of acquiring HPV have not yet received the vaccine.[119] For example, young black women are less likely to receive HPV vaccines compared to young white women. Additionally, young women of all races and ethnicities without health insurance are less likely to initiate vaccine uptake.[120]
Since the approval of Gardasil in 2006 and despite low vaccine uptake, prevalence of HPV among teenagers aged 14–19 has been cut in half with an 88% reduction among vaccinated women. No decline in prevalence was observed in other age groups, indicating the vaccine to have been responsible for the sharp decline in cases. The drop in number of infections is expected to in turn lead to a decline in cervical and other HPV-related cancers in the future.[121][122]
Legislation[edit]
Shortly after the first HPV vaccine was approved, bills to make the vaccine mandatory for school attendance were introduced in many states.[123] Only two such bills passed (in Virginia and Washington DC) during the first four years after vaccine introduction.[123] Mandates have been effective at increasing uptake of other vaccines, such as mumps, measles, rubella, and hepatitis B (which is also sexually transmitted).[117] However most such efforts developed for five or more years after vaccine release, while financing and supply were arranged, further safety data was gathered, and education efforts increased understanding, before mandates were considered.[123] Most public policies including school mandates have not been effective in promoting HPV vaccination while receiving a recommendation from a physician increased the probability of vaccination.[124]
State-by-State[edit]
The National Conference of State Legislatures periodically issues summaries of HPV vaccine related legislation.[125]
Almost all pieces of legislation currently pending in the states that would make the vaccine mandatory for school entrance have an "opt-out" policy.[125]
In July, 2015, Rhode Island added an HPV vaccine requirement for admittance into public school. This mandate requires all students entering the 7th grade to receive one dose of the HPV vaccine starting in September, 2015.[126][127] No legislative action is required for the Rhode Island Department of Health to add new vaccine mandates. Rhode Island is the only state that requires the vaccine for both male and female 7th graders.[128][129]
Other states are also preparing bills regarding the HPV Vaccine.[125]
State
Proposal
Status
Alabama
HB 42 would allow parents the option of immunizing female students entering the sixth grade, and requires the Department of Health and Senior Services to directly mail age appropriate information to parents or guardians to those students regarding the connection between HPV and cervical cancer and the availability of the immunization. Passed
Alaska
Voluntary vaccination program Passed
Florida
SB 1116 Would require the Department of Health to adopt a rule adding HPV/cervical cancer to the list of communicable diseases for which immunizations are recommended; requires that schools provide the parents or guardians of certain public school students information regarding the disease and the availability of a vaccine; requires the department to prescribe the required information. Not passed
Georgia
HB 736 Would require public Schools to provide parents or guardians of sixth grade female students information concerning the infection and the immunization against the human papillomavirus.
Hawaii
HCR 71 Would request the Department of Health to make human papillomavirus immunization available to indigent patients and through the teen VAX program, and urging insurers to offer coverage for human papillomavirus immunization to female policyholders eleven to twenty-six years of age. Not Passed
Iowa
SSB 3097 Would create a study bill for a HPV public awareness program and make appropriations for the public awareness program, provision of vaccinations, and cervical cancer screenings. In committee
Kansas
HR 6019 Resolution would urge the FDA to use caution in approving new vaccines such as Gardasil which has had a number of health problems including some deaths associated with the use of this vaccine. In committee
Kentucky
HR 80 Would urge females ages 9 to 26 and males ages 11 to 26 to obtain the Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination and all citizens to become more knowledgeable about the benefits of HPV vaccination. Passed
Maryland
HB 411 Would require the Statewide Advisory Commission on Immunizations to study the safety of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine; requires the Commission to include specified components in the study, make recommendations, and report the results of its study. Passed
Minnesota
HF 1758 Would require the commissioner of health to prepare informational materials on vaccines including the HPV vaccines and encourages public and private schools with students in grades 6-12 to provide this information to parents in a cost-effective and programmatically effective manner. (Introduced 3/16/09)
Michigan
SB 1062 and SB 1063 Each would require health insurers to provide coverage for human papillomavirus screenings for cervical cancer. In committee
Mississippi
HB 1512 Would require health benefit plans to cover HPV screenings. Not Passed
Missouri
HB 1935 Would require health insurers to provide coverage for human papillomavirus screenings for cervical cancer. In committee
New Jersey
S 1163 Would require health insurers and State Health Benefits Program and SEHBP to provide coverage for screening for cervical cancer, including testing for HPV. (Sent to Committee 1/23/12)
A 2185 Would require insurers and State health care coverage programs to cover cost of HPV vaccine.
In committee
New York
SB 98 (same as AB 2360) Would encourage voluntary, informed vaccination against human papillomavirus (HPV). (Amended in Senate Committee on Health 1/5/12)
AB 699 Would require immunization against HPV for children born after Jan. 1, 1996. (Sent to Assembly Committee on Health 1/5/11) AB 1946 Would require insurance companies to provide coverage for the vaccine against human papilloma virus. (Sent to committee 1/12/11) AB 2360 Would encourage voluntary, informed vaccination against human papillomavirus (HPV) for school-aged children and their parents or guardians. (Sent to committee 1/18/11) SB 4708 Would require insurance companies to cover HPV vaccine.
In committee
Oregon
HB 2794 Would require health benefit plans to provide coverage of human papillomavirus vaccine for female beneficiaries who are 11 years of age or older. Passed
Pennsylvania
HB 524 Would require health insurance policies to provide coverage for vaccinations for human papilloma virus. In committee
South Carolina
HB 4497 Would enact the Cervical Cancer Prevention Act and allow the Department of Health and Environmental Control to offer the option of an HPV vaccine series to female students entering the seventh grade at the request of their parent or guardian pending state and federal funding. In committee
Texas
HB 2220 Would allow the Executive Commissioner of the Health and Human Services Commission to require immunization against human papillomavirus or other immunizations for a person's admission to elementary or secondary school. In committee
Virginia
HB 1419 Would repeal the HPV vaccination requirement for female children. (Passed House 1/21/11, Indefinitely passed by the Senate Committee 2/17/11)
HB 65 Would repeal the requirement for children to receive the HPV vaccination for school attendance. (Left in committee 2/14/12) HB 824 Would require that the Commonwealth shall assume liability for any injury resulting from administration of the human papillomavirus vaccine. HB 1112 Would eliminate the requirement for vaccination against human papillomavirus for female children.
Passed House and sent to Senate
Source: National Conference of State Legislatures
Immigrants[edit]
Between July 2008 and December 2009, proof of the first of three doses of HPV Gardasil vaccine was required for women ages 11–26 intending to legally enter the United States. This requirement stirred controversy because of the cost of the vaccine, and because all the other vaccines so required prevent diseases which are spread by respiratory route and considered highly contagious.[130] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention repealed all HPV vaccination directives for immigrants effective December 14, 2009.[131]
Coverage[edit]
Measures have been considered including requiring insurers to cover HPV vaccination, and funding HPV vaccines for those without insurance. The cost of the HPV vaccines for females under 18 who are uninsured is covered under the federal Vaccines for Children Program.[132] As of 23 September 2010, vaccines are required to be covered by insurers under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. HPV vaccines specifically are to be covered at no charge for women, including those who are pregnant or nursing.[133]
Medicaid covers HPV vaccination in accordance with the ACIP recommendations, and immunizations are a mandatory service under Medicaid for eligible individuals under age 21. [1][citation needed] In addition, Medicaid includes the Vaccines for Children Program. [1][citation needed] This program provides immunization services for children 18 and under who are Medicaid eligible, uninsured, underinsured, receiving immunizations through a Federally Qualified Health Center or Rural Health Clinic, or are Native American or Alaska Native.[1][citation needed]
The vaccine manufacturers also offer help for people who cannot afford HPV vaccination. GlaxoSmithKline's Vaccines Access Program[134] provides Cervarix[135] free of charge 1-877-VACC-911[136] to low income women, ages 19 to 25, who do not have insurance.[137] Merck's Vaccine Patient Assistance Program 1-800-293-3881[138] provides Gardasil free to low income women and men, ages 19 to 26, who do not have insurance, including immigrants who are legal residents.[139]
Opposition in the United States[edit]
See also: Vaccine controversy
Insurance companies[edit]
There has been significant opposition from health insurance companies to covering the cost of the vaccine ($360).[140][141][142]
Religious and conservative groups[edit]
Opposition due to the safety of the vaccine has been addressed through studies, leaving opposition focused on the sexual implications of the vaccine to remain. Conservative[143][who?] groups in the U.S. have opposed the concept of making HPV vaccination mandatory for pre-adolescent girls, asserting that making the vaccine mandatory is a violation of parental rights. They also say that it will lead to early sexual activity, giving a false sense of immunity to sexually transmitted disease. (See Peltzman effect) Both the Family Research Council and the group Focus on the Family support widespread (universal) availability of HPV vaccines but oppose mandatory HPV vaccinations for entry to public school.[144][145][146][147] Parents also express confusion over recent mandates for entry to public school pointing out that HPV is transmitted through sexual contact, not through attending school with other children.[148]
Conservative groups are concerned children will see the vaccine as a safeguard against STDs and will have sex sooner than they would without the vaccine while failing to use contraceptives.[148] However; Many organizations such as the American Academy of Pediatrics disagree with the argument that the vaccine increases sexual activity among teens.[149] Dr. Christine Peterson, director of the University of Virginia's Gynecology Clinic, said "The presence of seat belts in cars doesn't cause people to drive less safely. The presence of a vaccine in a person's body doesn't cause them to engage in risk-taking behavior they would not otherwise engage in."[150][151]
Parental opposition[edit]
Many parents opposed to providing the HPV vaccine to their pre-teens agree the vaccine is safe and effective, but find talking to their children about sex uncomfortable. Dr. Elizabeth Lange, of Waterman Pediatrics in Providence, RI, addresses this concern by emphasizing what the vaccine is doing for the child. Dr. Lange suggests parents should focus on the cancer prevention aspect without being distracted by words like 'sexually transmitted'. Everyone wants cancer prevention, yet here parents are denying their children a form of protection due to the nature of the cancer—Lagne suggests that this much controversy would not surround a breast cancer or colon cancer vaccine. The HPV vaccine is suggested for 11-year-olds because it should be administered before possible exposure to HPV, yes, but also because the immune system has the highest response for creating antibodies around this age. Dr. Lange also emphasized the studies showing that the HPV vaccine does not cause children to be more promiscuous than they would be without the vaccine.[148]
Controversy over the HPV vaccine remains present in the media. Parents in Rhode Island have created a Facebook group called "Rhode Islanders Against Mandated HPV Vaccinations" in response to Rhode Island's mandate that males and females entering the 7th grade, as of September 2015, be vaccinated for HPV before attending public school.[148]
Physician impact[edit]
The effectiveness of a physician's recommendation for the HPV vaccine also contributes to low vaccination rates and controversy surrounding the vaccine. A 2015 study of national physician communication and support for the HPV vaccine found physicians routinely recommend HPV vaccines less strongly than they recommend Tdap or meningitis vaccines, find the discussion about HPV to be long and burdensome, and discuss the HPV vaccine last, after all other vaccines. Researchers suggest these factors discourage patients and parents from setting up timely HPV vaccines. In order to increase vaccination rates, this issue must be addressed and physicians should be better trained to handle discussing the importance of the HPV vaccine with patients and their families.[152]
Research[edit]
There are high-risk HPV types, that are not affected by available vaccines.[27] Ongoing research is focused on the development of HPV vaccines that will offer protection against a broader range of HPV types. One such method is a vaccine based on the minor capsid protein L2, which is highly conserved across HPV genotypes.[153] Efforts for this have included boosting the immunogenicity of L2 by linking together short amino acid sequences of L2 from different oncogenic HPV types or by displaying L2 peptides on a more immunogenic carrier.[154] [155] There is also substantial research interest in the development of therapeutic vaccines, which seek to elicit immune responses against established HPV infections and HPV-induced cancers.[156]
Therapeutic vaccines[edit]
In addition to preventive vaccines, such as Gardasil and Cervarix, laboratory research and several human clinical trials are focused on the development of therapeutic HPV vaccines. In general, these vaccines focus on the main HPV oncogenes, E6 and E7. Since expression of E6 and E7 is required for promoting the growth of cervical cancer cells (and cells within warts), it is hoped that immune responses against the two oncogenes might eradicate established tumors.[157]
There is a working therapeutic HPV vaccine. It has gone through 3 clinical trials. The vaccine is officially called the MEL-1 vaccine but also known as the MVA-E2 vaccine. In a study it has been suggested that an immunogenic peptide pool containing epitopes that can be effective against all the high-risk HPV strains circulating globally and 14 conserved immunogenic peptide fragments from 4 early proteins (E1, E2, E6 and E7) of 16 high-risk HPV types providing CD8+ responses.[158][159][160][161][162]
Therapeutic DNA vaccine VGX-3100, which consists of plasmids pGX3001 and pGX3002, has been granted a waiver by the European Medicines Agency for pediatric treatment of squamous intraepithelial lesions of the cervix caused by HPV types 16 and 18.[163] According to an article published 16 Sep 2015 in The Lancet, which reviewed the safety, efficacy, and immunogenicity of VGX-3100 in a double-blind, randomized controlled trial (phase 2b) targeting HPV-16 and HPV-18 E6 and E7 proteins for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2/3, it is the first therapeutic vaccine to show efficacy against CIN 2/3 associated with HPV-16 and HPV-18.[164] In June, 2017, VGX-3100 entered a phase 3 clinical trial called REVEAL-1 for the treatment of HPV-induced high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions.[165] The estimated completion time for collecting primary clinical endpoint data is August, 2019.[166]
Awards[edit]
In 2009 as part of the Q150 celebrations, the cervical cancer vaccine was announced as one of the Q150 Icons of Queensland for its role in "innovation and invention".[167]
In 2017, National Cancer Institute scientists Douglas R. Lowy and John T. Schiller received the Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award for their contributions leading to the development of HPV vaccines.[168]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s World Health Organization (May 12, 2017). "Human papillomavirus vaccines: WHO position paper, May 2017" (PDF). Weekly epidemiological record. No 19, 2017, 92: 241–68. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ Kash, N; Lee, MA; Kollipara, R; Downing, C; Guidry, J; Tyring, SK (3 April 2015). "Safety and Efficacy Data on Vaccines and Immunization to Human Papillomavirus". Journal of Clinical Medicine. 4 (4): 614–33. doi:10.3390/jcm4040614. PMC 4470159  . PMID 26239350.
Jump up ^ De Vuyst, H; Clifford, GM; Nascimento, MC; Madeleine, MM; Franceschi, S (1 April 2009). "Prevalence and type distribution of human papillomavirus in carcinoma and intraepithelial neoplasia of the vulva, vagina and anus: a meta-analysis". International Journal of Cancer. 124 (7): 1626–36. doi:10.1002/ijc.24116. PMID 19115209.
Jump up ^ Takes, RP; Wierzbicka, M; D'Souza, G; Jackowska, J; Silver, CE; Rodrigo, JP; Dikkers, FG; Olsen, KD; Rinaldo, A; Brakenhoff, RH; Ferlito, A (December 2015). "HPV vaccination to prevent oropharyngeal carcinoma: What can be learned from anogenital vaccination programs?". Oral Oncology. 51 (12): 1057–60. doi:10.1016/j.oraloncology.2015.10.011. PMID 26520047.
Jump up ^ Thaxton, L; Waxman, AG (May 2015). "Cervical cancer prevention: immunization and screening 2015". Medical Clinics of North America. 99 (3): 469–77. doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2015.01.003. PMID 25841595.
Jump up ^ Saville, AM (30 November 2015). "Cervical cancer prevention in Australia: Planning for the future". Cancer Cytopathology. 124 (4): 235–40. doi:10.1002/cncy.21643. PMID 26619381.
Jump up ^ World Health Organization (May 2011). "The Immunological Basis for Immunization Series. Module 19: Human papillomavirus infection" (PDF). WHO the Immunological Basis for Immunization Series. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-09-08.
Jump up ^ "WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (19th List)" (PDF). World Health Organization. April 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 December 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Vaccine, Hpv". International Drug Price Indicator Guide. Retrieved 6 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Hamilton, Richart (2015). Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2015 Deluxe Lab-Coat Edition. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 314. ISBN 9781284057560.
Jump up ^ Fesenfeld, M; Hutubessy, R; Jit, M (20 August 2013). "Cost-effectiveness of human papillomavirus vaccination in low and middle income countries: a systematic review". Vaccine. 31 (37): 3786–804. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.06.060. PMID 23830973.
^ Jump up to: a b "Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccines: Q & A". Fact Sheets: Risk Factors and Possible Causes. National Cancer Institute (NCI). 2009-10-22. Archived from the original on 2008-06-21. Retrieved 2008-07-18.
^ Jump up to: a b c "FDA Approves New Indication for Gardasil to Prevent Genital Warts in Men and Boys" (Press release). U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Archived from the original on 2009-10-24. Retrieved 2009-10-30.
^ Jump up to: a b Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2010). "FDA licensure of quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine (HPV4, Gardasil) for use in males and guidance from the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)" (PDF). Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 59 (20): 630–32. PMID 20508594. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-09-24.
Jump up ^ Castle PE, Scarinci I (2009). "Should HPV vaccine be given to men?". BMJ. 339 (7726): 872–73. doi:10.1136/bmj.b4127. PMID 19815585.
Jump up ^ "FDA: Gardasil approved to prevent anal cancer". 2010. Archived from the original on December 18, 2014. Retrieved January 15, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Vaccine Information Statement | HPV Cervarix | VIS | CDC". www.cdc.gov. Archived from the original on 2015-11-21. Retrieved 2015-11-20.
Jump up ^ Rettner, Rachael. "Boys Should Get HPV Vaccine Too, CDC Says". LiveScience. Archived from the original on 3 July 2012. Retrieved 11 November 2011.
Jump up ^ "CDC panel recommends HPV vaccine for boys, too". October 26, 2011. Archived from the original on September 5, 2012.
Jump up ^ Rosenthal, Elisabeth (2008-08-19). "Drug Makers' Push Leads to Cancer Vaccines' Fast Rise". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2009-04-09. Retrieved 2008-08-20. Said Dr. Raffle, the British cervical cancer specialist: ‘Oh, dear. If we give it to boys, then all pretense of scientific worth and cost analysis goes out the window.’
^ Jump up to: a b Kim, J. J.; Goldie, S. J. (October 2009). "Cost effectiveness analysis of including boys in a human papillomavirus vaccination programme in the United States". British Medical Journal. 339 (7726): 909–19. doi:10.1136/bmj.b3884. PMC 2759438  . PMID 19815582. Archived from the original on 2011-06-14. Retrieved 2009-10-30.
Jump up ^ "Cancer Vaccines Get a Price Cut in Poor Nations". New York Times. 5 May 2013. Archived from the original on 23 November 2013. Retrieved 23 November 2013.
Jump up ^ "Gay men seeking HPV vaccine". Cancer Research UK. 23 February 2007. Archived from the original on 24 March 2010. Retrieved 30 October 2009.
Jump up ^ Moi, Harald; Iversen, Ole-Erik (2011-12-17). "Gi guttene jentevaksine". Dagens Næringsliv (in Norwegian). p. 32. Zur Haussen, som fikk Nobelprisen i 2009 for sin HPV-forskning, har lenge argumentert for vaksinasjon av gutter, både som egen beskyttelse og beskyttelse av kvinner.
Jump up ^ "HPV Vaccine Update". Your Cancer Today. 2007-12-11. Archived from the original on 2008-06-30.
Jump up ^ 5 November 2007, New Data Presented on GARDASIL, Merck's Cervical Cancer Vaccine, in Women Through Age 45. Retrieved through web archive on February 23, 2009
^ Jump up to: a b c Harper DM, Franco EL, Wheeler CM (April 2006). "Sustained efficacy up to 4.5 years of a bivalent L1 virus-like particle vaccine against human papillomavirus types 16 and 18: follow-up from a randomised control trial". Lancet. 367 (9518): 1247–55. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68439-0. PMID 16631880.
^ Jump up to: a b De Vincenzo, Rosa; et al. (3 December 2014). "Long-term efficacy and safety of human papillomavirus vaccination". Int. J. Women's Health. 6: 999–1010. doi:10.2147/IJWH.S50365. PMC 4262378  . PMID 25587221.
Jump up ^ "Committee opinion no. 467: human papillomavirus vaccination". Obstet. Gynecol. 116 (3): 800–03. September 2010. doi:10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181f680c8. PMID 20733476.
^ Jump up to: a b Markowitz, L. E.; Dunne, E. F.; Saraiya, M.; Lawson, H. W.; Chesson, H.; Unger, E. R.; Centers for Disease Control Prevention (CDC); Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) (2007). "Quadrivalent Human Papillomavirus Vaccine: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)" (PDF). Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 56 (RR-2): 1–24. PMID 17380109. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-09-24.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "HPV Vaccines". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2010-10-15. Archived from the original on 2015-10-04. Retrieved 2011-02-27.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e | Tay, S. K. (2012). "Cervical cancer in the human papillomavirus vaccination era". Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 24 (1): 3–7. doi:10.1097/GCO.0b013e32834daed9. PMID 22123221.
Jump up ^ Jit, M; Brisson, M; Laprise, J.-F; Choi, Y. H (7 January 2015). "Comparison of two dose and three dose human papillomavirus vaccine schedules: cost effectiveness analysis based on transmission model". BMJ. 350: g7584. doi:10.1136/bmj.g7584. PMC 4285892  . PMID 25567037.
Jump up ^ "Meeting of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)" (PDF). 14 October 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 October 2016. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Joura EA, Giuliano AR, Iversen OE, Bouchard C, Mao C, Mehlsen J, et al. (February 2015). "A 9-valent HPV vaccine against infection and intraepithelial neoplasia in women". The New England Journal of Medicine. 372 (8): 711–23. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1405044. PMID 25693011.
Jump up ^ Schuchat, Anne (2015). "HPV "Coverage"". N. Engl. J. Med. 372 (8): 775–76. doi:10.1056/NEJMe1415742.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Muñoz N, Bosch FX, Castellsagué X, Díaz M, de Sanjose S, Hammouda D, Shah KV, Meijer CJ (2004-08-20). "Against which human papillomavirus types shall we vaccinate and screen? The international perspective". Int. J. Cancer. 111 (2): 278–85. doi:10.1002/ijc.20244. PMID 15197783.
Jump up ^ Wittet S.; Tsu V. (2008). "Cervical cancer prevention and the Millennium Development Goals". Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 86 (6): 488–90. doi:10.2471/BLT.07.050450. PMC 2647477  . PMID 18568279.
Jump up ^ "ESGO Statement on Cervical Cancer Vaccination" (PDF). ESGO. 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-26.
^ Jump up to: a b "Cervarix Marketing in Kenya". Medical News Today. Archived from the original on 2009-01-03. Retrieved 2010-09-17.
Jump up ^ Gardasil Researcher Speaks Out Archived 2013-09-24 at the Wayback Machine., Sharyl Attkisson, CBS News, August 19, 2009
Jump up ^ Yerman, M. G. (28 December 2009). "An Interview with Dr. Diane M. Harper, HPV Expert". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 13 August 2013. Retrieved 28 August 2013.
Jump up ^ Haelle, Tara (February 23, 2016). "HPV Infection Rates Plummet In Young Women Due To Vaccine". Forbes. Retrieved February 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccines". Archived from the original on 2014-07-04.
^ Jump up to: a b "HPV Vaccine Information for Clinicians – Fact Sheet". CDC. Archived from the original on 2012-05-01.
^ Jump up to: a b "Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine Recommendations" (PDF). FDA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-03-07.
^ Jump up to: a b Merck Pregnancy Registries – GARDASIL Archived 2007-05-29 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Who Should NOT Get Vaccinated with these Vaccines?". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2010-06-10. Archived from the original on 2011-05-11. Retrieved 2011-02-27.
Jump up ^ "HPV Vaccine and Pregnancy". eMedTV. Archived from the original on 2012-07-24.
Jump up ^ "Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines for Australians" (PDF). National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance Factsheet. March 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-04-20.
Jump up ^ Arnheim-Dahlstrom, L.; Pasternak, B.; Svanström, H.; Sparén, P.; Hviid, A. (2013). "Autoimmune, neurological, and venous thromboembolic adverse events after immunisation of adolescent girls with quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine in Denmark and Sweden: Cohort study". BMJ. 347: f5906. doi:10.1136/bmj.f5906. PMC 3805482  . PMID 24108159.
Jump up ^ "GARDASIL®, Merck's HPV Vaccine, Available to Developing Countries through UNICEF Tender". BusinessWire. May 9, 2013. Archived from the original on December 18, 2014. Retrieved September 8, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Reports of Health Concerns Following HPV Vaccination". Vaccine Safety. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). November 5, 2009. Archived from the original on September 17, 2013. Retrieved September 8, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Review concludes evidence does not support that HPV vaccines cause CRPS or POTS" (PDF). European Medicines Agency. 5 November 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 February 2016. Retrieved 5 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "Information from FDA and CDC on Gardasil and its Safety". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2008-07-22. Archived from the original on 2013-09-02. Retrieved 2013-09-08.
Jump up ^ Moghtaderi, Ali; Dor, Avi (2016-08-01). "Immunization and Moral Hazard: The HPV Vaccine and Uptake of Cancer Screening". NBER Working Paper No. 22523. doi:10.3386/w22523.
^ Jump up to: a b c Arteaga, Arkaitz. "The Shape and Structure of hpv". Archived from the original on May 17, 2013. Retrieved January 15, 2015.
Jump up ^ "leftside". Ciitn.missouri.edu. 2007-01-22. Archived from the original on 2013-10-02. Retrieved 2013-12-29.
Jump up ^ Lowy DR, Schiller JT (May 2006). "Prophylactic human papillomavirus vaccines". Journal of Clinical Investigation. 116 (5): 1167–73. doi:10.1172/JCI28607. PMC 1451224  . PMID 16670757.
Jump up ^ "FDA Licenses New Vaccine for Prevention of Cervical Cancer and Other Diseases in Females Caused by Human Papillomavirus". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2006-06-08. Archived from the original on 2009-10-19. Retrieved 2009-11-13.
Jump up ^ McNeil C (April 2006). "Who invented the VLP cervical cancer vaccines?". J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 98 (7): 433. doi:10.1093/jnci/djj144. PMID 16595773.
Jump up ^ U.S. Patent 7,476,389, titled "Papilloma Virus Vaccines", was granted to co-inventors Ian Frazer and Jian Zhou (Zhou posthumously) on January 13, 2009. Its U.S. application was filed on January 19, 1994, but claimed priority under a July 20, 1992, PTC filing to the date of an initial [AU] Australian patent application filed on July 19, 1991.
Jump up ^ Merck Reports Double-Digit Earnings-Per-Share Growth for Second Quarter 2007 Archived 2007-10-12 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Glaxo prepares to launch Cervarix after EU okay". Reuters. 2007-09-24. Archived from the original on 2008-10-25. Retrieved 2008-07-18.
Jump up ^ "October 16, 2009 Approval Letter – Cervarix". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). October 16, 2009. Archived from the original on October 19, 2009. Retrieved 2009-11-13.
^ Jump up to: a b c "The Genital HPV Infection Fact Sheet". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2009-11-24. Archived from the original on 2013-06-28. Retrieved 2010-02-13.
^ Jump up to: a b "FDA approves Gardasil 9 for prevention of certain cancers caused by five additional types of HPV" (press release). 10 December 2014. Archived from the original on 10 January 2015. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
Jump up ^ Cutts FT, Franceschi S, Goldie S (2007). "Human papillomavirus and HPV vaccines: a review". Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 85 (9): 719–26. doi:10.2471/BLT.06.038414. PMC 2636411  . PMID 18026629. Archived from the original on 2008-10-12.
^ Jump up to: a b Professor Ian Frazercreator of the HPV vaccine. "Human papillomavirus vaccine – New and underused vaccines support – Types of support". GAVI Alliance. Archived from the original on 2014-01-18. Retrieved 2013-12-29.
^ Jump up to: a b c Tabrizi S. Brotherton J. Kaldor J et al. Fall in Human Papillomavirus Prevalence Following a National Vaccination Program. Journal of Infectious Diseases. October 24, 2012.
Jump up ^ Immunise Australia: Information about the HPV immunisation program Archived 2015-05-04 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Immunise Australia HPV Archived 2013-04-10 at the Wayback Machine..
Jump up ^ 2011 Annual Surveillance Report of [[HIV, viral hepatitis, STIs] Archived 2013-05-22 at the Wayback Machine.. (page 28)
Jump up ^ Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme Recommendations Archived 2013-04-19 at the Wayback Machine..
Jump up ^ Minister Plibersek announces HPV vaccination for boys.
Jump up ^ Tabrizi, Sepehr N; Brotherton, Julia M L; Kaldor, John M; Skinner, S Rachel; Liu, Bette; Bateson, Deborah; McNamee, Kathleen; Garefalakis, Maria; Phillips, Samuel; Cummins, Eleanor; Malloy, Michael; Garland, Suzanne M (October 2014). "Assessment of herd immunity and cross-protection after a human papillomavirus vaccination programme in Australia: a repeat cross-sectional study". The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 14 (10): 958–66. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(14)70841-2. PMID 25107680. Retrieved 3 February 2015.
Jump up ^ National Advisory Committee on Immunization. (2012). Update On Human Papillomavirus Vaccines. In Public Health Agency of Canada (Ed.), Canada Communicable Disease Report (Vol. 37, pp. 1–62)
^ Jump up to: a b Canadian Immunization Committee. Recommendations for human papillomavirus immunization programs. Canada Communicable Disease Report. 2014; 40(8). Public Health Agency of Canada. Publicly Funded Immunization Programs in Canada. 2014; "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-04-06. Retrieved 2015-04-06. fn 2, Bonanni P, Bechini A, Donato R, et al. Human papilloma virus vaccination: impact and recommendations across the world. Therapeutic Advances in Vaccines. 2014.
Jump up ^ "Sask. expands HPV vaccine program to include boys". CBC. 2017-03-23. Archived from the original on 2017-03-24.
Jump up ^ Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Prevention and HPV Vaccine: Questions and Answers Archived 2008-07-18 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ HPV Immunization Launched Archived 2007-10-13 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "McGuinty Government Launches Life-Saving HPV Immunization Program:". Premier of Ontario. 2007-08-02. Archived from the original on 2008-12-17. Retrieved 2007-12-02.
Jump up ^ "HPV Immunization Launched". Province of Nova Scotia. 2007-06-20. Archived from the original on 2007-10-13. Retrieved 2007-12-02.
Jump up ^ "British Columbia To Launch Program To Provide HPV Vaccine to Sixth-Grade Girls Next Fall if Approved, Official Says". Kaiser Daily Women's Health Policy. Kaiser Family Foundation. 2007-08-09. Archived from the original on 2007-10-13. Retrieved 2007-12-02.
Jump up ^ GSK announces Cervarix approved in China to help protect women from cervical cancer Archived 2016-08-22 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ CFDA approved Human Papillomavirus Absorbed Vaccine with the market authorization Archived 2016-08-15 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Carvajal (4 September 2012). "Girón ya está vacunando contra el papiloma humano". Vanguardia (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 29 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Vacuna contra el Papiloma Humano será gratuita". Caracol Radio (Actualidad). Prisa Radio. 3 May 2013. Retrieved 29 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "ABC VPH vaccine". www.minsalud.gov.co. Archived from the original on 4 August 2015. Retrieved 29 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "Impfkalender für Schulkinder". Archived from the original on 24 September 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "HPV vaccination: Coverage". National Institute for Health Data and Disease Control. 18 February 2010. Archived from the original on 18 December 2014. Retrieved 10 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "HPV vaccination: Coverage". Ministry of Social Affairs and Health. 18 February 2010. Archived from the original on 26 April 2017. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "Cancer of the cervix: reimbursement of Gardasil" (in French). 17 July 2007. Archived from the original on 18 December 2014. Retrieved 10 August 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Fagbire, O. J. (26 March 2007). "Gardasil, Merck HPV Vaccine, Gets German And Italian Approval For Girls". Vaccine Rx. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 10 August 2013.
Jump up ^ Karakitsos, P. (7 March 2008). "Vaccination against HPV in Greece" (in Greek). Archived from the original on 30 April 2013. Retrieved 10 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "The vaccine against cervical cancer and Cervarix vs Gardasil" (in Greek). 12 February 2008. Archived from the original on 13 June 2013. Retrieved 10 August 2013.
Jump up ^ antsz.hu Archived 2014-09-03 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Information om det allmänna barnvaccinationsprogrammet" (in Swedish). Smittskyddsinstitutet. Archived from the original on 17 May 2013. Retrieved 10 August 2013.
Jump up ^ health.gov.il Archived 2013-10-29 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Siegel, Judy. "Health Ministry decides to offer free HPV vaccine to 13-year-old girls | JPost | Israel News". JPost. Archived from the original on 2013-12-02. Retrieved 2013-12-29.
Jump up ^ Gilmour, S.; Kanda, M.; Kusumi, E.; Tanimoto, T.; Kami, M.; Shibuya, K. (2013). "HPV vaccination programme in Japan". The Lancet. 382 (9894): 768. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61831-0. PMID 23993189.
^ Jump up to: a b "New technologies for cervical cancer prevention: from scientific evidence to program planning". Pan American Health Organization. Archived from the original on 2012-05-09. Retrieved 2012-04-18.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Progress Toward Implementation of Human Papillomavirus Vaccination—the Americas, 2006–2010". Center for Disease and Control Prevention. Archived from the original on 2012-05-09. Retrieved 2012-04-18.
Jump up ^ "Questions and answers about HPV immunisation". Ministry of Health NZ. Retrieved 26 February 2018.
Jump up ^ > [permanent dead link]
^ Jump up to: a b Green, A. (7 June 2013). "Life saving cancer vaccine will be difficult to implement". Mail & Guardian. Archived from the original on 17 July 2013. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
Jump up ^ Botha, M. H.; Dochez, C. (2012). "Introducing human papillomavirus vaccines into the health system in South Africa". Vaccine. Elsevier Ltd. 30 (Suppl 3): C28–34. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.03.032. PMID 22939017.
^ Jump up to: a b SAPA (15 May 2013). "Schoolgirls to get cancer vaccine". ioL News. Archived from the original on 12 August 2013. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "가다실 제품 허가 공지". 2007-06-27. Archived from the original on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2007-08-06.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-02-03. Retrieved 2016-01-27.
Jump up ^ http://www.rapportian.com/n_news/news/view.html?no=26458
Jump up ^ Roberts, Michelle (2007-02-23). "Gay men seek 'female cancer' jab". BBC. Archived from the original on 2009-01-30.
Jump up ^ "NHS Cervical Screening Program". Archived from the original on 2008-09-14. Retrieved 2008-06-26.
Jump up ^ "Boots launches HPV vaccination for boys and men". Pharmaceutical Journal. 13 April 2017. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "1 in 4 US teen girls got cervical cancer shot". USA Today. Associated Press. 9 October 2008. Retrieved 10 August 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "More US Girls Now Getting Cervical Cancer Vaccine". Discovery and Development. Rockaway, NJ, US. Associated Press. 25 July 2014. Archived from the original on 26 July 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "HPV Vaccine Information For Young Women". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Archived from the original on 2009-06-28. Retrieved 2009-06-14.
Jump up ^ Niccolai, LM; Hansen, CE (1 July 2015). "Practice- and Community-Based Interventions to Increase Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Coverage: A Systematic Review". JAMA Pediatrics. 169 (7): 686–92. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.0310. PMC 4862306  . PMID 26010507.
Jump up ^ Caskey, R; Lindau, ST; Alexander, GC (November 2009). "Knowledge and early adoption of the HPV vaccine among girls and young women: results of a national survey". The Journal of Adolescent Health. 45 (5): 453–62. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.04.021. PMID 19837351. Archived from the original on October 17, 2014. Retrieved January 15, 2015.
Jump up ^ Fisher, Harriet; Trotter, Caroline L.; Audrey, Suzanne; MacDonald-Wallis, Kyle; Hickman, Matthew (2013-06-01). "Inequalities in the uptake of Human Papillomavirus Vaccination: a systematic review and meta-analysis". International Journal of Epidemiology. 42 (3): 896–908. doi:10.1093/ije/dyt049. ISSN 0300-5771. PMC 3733698  . PMID 23620381. Archived from the original on 2016-07-03.
Jump up ^ Stobbe, M (June 19, 2013). "Study: Vaccine against sexually transmitted HPV cut infections in teen girls by half". Star Tribune. Archived from the original on June 23, 2013. Retrieved August 7, 2013.
Jump up ^ Knox, R (June 19, 2013). "Vaccine Against HPV Has Cut Infections In Teenage Girls". NPR. Archived from the original on June 20, 2013. Retrieved June 21, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Schwartz (October 2010). "HPV Vaccination's Second Act: Promotion, Competition, and Compulsion". American Journal of Public Health. 100 (10): 1841–4. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2010.193060. PMC 2936995  . PMID 20724671.
Jump up ^ Moghtaderi, A; Adams, S (June 2016). "The Role of Physician Recommendations and Public Policy in Human Papillomavirus Vaccinations". Applied Health Economics and Health Policy. 14 (3): 349–59. doi:10.1007/s40258-016-0225-6. PMID 26873090.
^ Jump up to: a b c HPV Vaccine, NCSL, archived from the original on 2009-04-29 .
Jump up ^ "HPV Vaccine: State Legislation and Statutes". www.ncsl.org. Archived from the original on 2015-11-18. Retrieved 2015-11-20.
Jump up ^ "Immunization Information for Schools & Childcare Providers: Department of Health". www.health.ri.gov. Archived from the original on 2015-11-21. Retrieved 2015-11-20.
Jump up ^ "HPV Vaccine: State Legislation and Statutes". www.ncsl.org. Archived from the original on 2015-11-18. Retrieved 2015-11-20.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2017-05-28. Retrieved 2017-05-27.
Jump up ^ MIRIAM JORDAN (2008-10-01). "Gardasil Requirement for Immigrants Stirs Backlash". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 2014-12-18. Retrieved 2009-01-15.
Jump up ^ "Green card seekers won't have to get HPV vaccine". 2009-11-16. Archived from the original on 2011-09-27. Retrieved 2011-01-31.
Jump up ^ "Vaccines for Children Program (VFC)". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived from the original on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 10 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "ACA Preventative Services Benefits for Women and Pregnant Women". Immunization for Women. Archived from the original on 9 September 2013. Retrieved 10 August 2013.
Jump up ^ VAP Patient Eligibility – GlaxoSmithKline Archived 2016-04-09 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ See If You Qualify For The GSK Vaccines Access Program Archived 2016-07-15 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ (877-822-2911)
Jump up ^ GSK Vaccines Access Program Archived 2016-08-21 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ 1-800-727-5400
Jump up ^ Gardasil – Merck helps Archived 2016-06-05 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ HPV Vaccine—Why Your Doctor Doesn't Offer the HPV Vaccine—Gardasil Archived 2007-12-31 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Detroit News Examines Cost of HPV Vaccine Gardasil". Kaiser Family Foundation. March 29, 2007. Archived from the original on October 15, 2007.
Jump up ^ A question of protection Archived 2007-10-15 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ New York Times In Republican Race, a Heated Battle Over the HPV Vaccine Archived 2017-03-07 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Sprigg, Peter (2006-07-15). "Pro-Family, Pro-Vaccine—But Keep It Voluntary". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2012-11-05. Retrieved 2007-02-04.
Jump up ^ Coyne, Brendan (2005-11-02). "Cervical Cancer Vaccine Raises 'Promiscuity' Controversy". The New Standard. Archived from the original on 2006-08-07. Retrieved 2006-08-28.
Jump up ^ IF07B01, Family Research Council, February 7, 2008, archived from the original on August 4, 2007 .
Jump up ^ Position Statement: Human Papillomavirus Vaccines, Focus on the Family, archived from the original on 2008-08-30 .
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Opposition To HPV Vaccine Stirs Passion, Bewilderment". ripr.org. Archived from the original on 2015-11-21. Retrieved 2015-11-20.
Jump up ^ "HPV Vaccination Does Not Lead to Increased Sexual Activity" (press release). AAP. Archived from the original on 25 February 2014. Retrieved 3 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Lifesaving Politics", Ms. Magazine, pp. 12–13, Spring 2007 .
Jump up ^ Artega, Arkaitz. "The Shape and Structure of HPV". Zimbio. Archived from the original on 17 May 2013. Retrieved 7 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Gilkey, Melissa B.; Moss, Jennifer L.; Coyne-Beasley, Tamera; Hall, Megan E.; Shah, Parth D.; Brewer, Noel T. (2015). "Physician communication about adolescent vaccination: How is human papillomavirus vaccine different?". Preventive Medicine. 77: 181–185. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.05.024. PMC 4490050  . PMID 26051197.
Jump up ^ Ma, B.; Roden, R.; Wu, T. C. (2010). "Current status of human papillomavirus vaccines". Journal of the Formosan Medical Association. 109 (7): 481–483. doi:10.1016/S0929-6646(10)60081-2. PMC 2917202  . PMID 20677402.
Jump up ^ Jagu, S.; Karanam, B.; Gambhira, R.; Chivukula, S. V.; Chaganti, R. J.; Lowy, D. R.; Schiller, J. T.; Roden, R. B. S. (2009). "Concatenated Multitype L2 Fusion Proteins as Candidate Prophylactic Pan-Human Papillomavirus Vaccines". Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 101 (11): 782–792. doi:10.1093/jnci/djp106. PMC 2689872  . PMID 19470949.
Jump up ^ Tumban, E.; Peabody, J.; Tyler, M.; Peabody, D. S.; Chackerian, B. (2012). "VLPs displaying a single L2 epitope induce broadly cross-neutralizing antibodies against human papillomavirus". PLoS ONE. 7 (11): e49751. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...749751T. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0049751. PMC 3501453  . PMID 23185426.
Jump up ^ Van Driel, W. J.; Ressing, M. E.; Brandt, R. M.; Toes, R. E.; Fleuren, G. J.; Trimbos, J. B.; Kast, W. M.; Melief, C. J. (1996). "The current status of therapeutic HPV vaccine". Annals of Medicine. 28 (6): 471–477. doi:10.3109/07853899608999110. PMID 9017105.
Jump up ^ Roden RB, Ling M, Wu TC (August 2004). "Vaccination to prevent and treat cervical cancer". Human Pathology. 35 (8): 971–82. doi:10.1016/j.humpath.2004.04.007. PMID 15297964.
Jump up ^ Albarran y Carvajal, A.; De La Garza, A.; Cruz Quiroz, B. J.; Vazquez Zea, E.; d??Az Estrada, I.; Mendez Fuentez, E.; l??Pez Contreras, M.; Andrade-Manzano, A.; Padilla, S.; Varela, A. R.; Rosales, R. (2007). "MVA E2 recombinant vaccine in the treatment of human papillomavirus infection in men presenting intraurethral flat condyloma: A phase I/II study". BioDrugs. 21 (1): 47–59. doi:10.2165/00063030-200721010-00006. PMID 17263589.
Jump up ^ Corona Gutierrez, C. M.; Tinoco, A.; Navarro, T.; Contreras, M. L. P.; Cortes, R. R.; Calzado, P.; Reyes, L.; Posternak, R.; Morosoli, G.; Verde, M. L.; Rosales, R. (2004). "Therapeutic Vaccination with MVA E2 Can Eliminate Precancerous Lesions (CIN 1, CIN 2, and CIN 3) Associated with Infection by Oncogenic Human Papillomavirus". Human Gene Therapy. 15 (5): 421–431. doi:10.1089/10430340460745757. PMID 15144573.
Jump up ^ Albarran y Carvajal, A.; De La Garza, A.; Cruz Quiroz, B. J. C.; Vazquez Zea, E.; Díaz Estrada, I.; Mendez Fuentez, E.; López Contreras, M.; Andrade-Manzano, A.; Padilla, S.; Varela, A. R. ?R.; Rosales, R. (2007). "MVA E2 Recombinant Vaccine in the Treatment of Human Papillomavirus Infection in Men Presenting Intraurethral Flat Condyloma". BioDrugs. 21 (1): 47–59. doi:10.2165/00063030-200721010-00006. PMID 17263589.
Jump up ^ "Virolab, Inc. – FORM 8-K/A". Getfilings.com. June 24, 2011. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved 2013-12-29.
Jump up ^ Krishna P. Singh; Neeraj Verma; Bashir A. Akhoon; Vishal Bhatt; Shishir K. Gupta; Shailendra K. Gupta; Suchi Smita (2016). "Sequence-based approach for rapid identification of cross-clade CD8+ T-cell vaccine candidates from all high-risk HPV strains". 3 Biotech. Springer. 6 (1): 39. doi:10.1007/s13205-015-0352-z. PMC 4729761  .
Jump up ^ "European Medicines Agency decision P/0367/2016" (PDF). www.ema.europa.eu. European Medicines Agency. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 November 2017. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Trimble CL, Morrow MP, Kraynyak KA, Shen X, Dallas M, Yan J, et al. (November 2015). "Safety, efficacy, and immunogenicity of VGX-3100, a therapeutic synthetic DNA vaccine targeting human papillomavirus 16 and 18 E6 and E7 proteins for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2/3: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2b trial". Lancet. 386 (10008): 2078–2088. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00239-1. PMC 4888059  . PMID 26386540.
Jump up ^ "Inovio Begins Phase 3 Clinical Trial of VGX-3100 for the Treatment of HPV-Related Cervical Pre-Cancer". www.inovio.com. Inovio Pharmaceuticals. Archived from the original on 2 November 2017. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "REVEAL 1 (Evaluation of VGX-3100 and Electroporation for the Treatment of Cervical HSIL)". clinicaltrials.gov. The National Library of Medicine. Archived from the original on 2 November 2017. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Bligh, Anna (10 June 2009). "Premier Unveils Queensland's 150 Icons". Queensland Government. Archived from the original on 24 May 2017. Retrieved 24 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "NCI's Douglas R. Lowy and John T. Schiller to receive 2017 Lasker Award". National Institutes of Health. 3 September 2017.
External links[edit]
Information about the cervical cancer vaccine or HPV vaccine, Cancer Council Australia .
"HPV", MedlinePlus, NIH .
Human Papillomavirus (HPV), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) .
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccines (National Cancer Institute Fact Sheet), US: National Institutes of Health, October 22, 2009 .
[show]
v
t
e
Human papillomavirus
Related
diseases
Cancers
Cervical cancer
cancers
Anal
Vaginal
Vulvar
Penile
Head and neck cancer (HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer)
Warts
genital
plantar
flat
Laryngeal papillomatosis
Epidermodysplasia verruciformis
Focal epithelial hyperplasia
Papilloma
Others
Acrochordon (skin tags)
Vaccine
HPV vaccines
Cervarix
Gardasil
Screening
Pap test:
stain
Bethesda system
Cytopathology
Cytotechnology
Experimental techniques:
Speculoscopy
Cervicography
Colposcopy
Biopsy histology
Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)
Koilocyte
Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN)
Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN)
Treatment
Cervical conization
Loop electrical excision procedure (LEEP)
History
Georgios Papanikolaou
Harald zur Hausen
[show]
v
t
e
Artificial induction of immunity / Immunization: Vaccines, Vaccination, Infection, Inoculation (J07)
Development
Adjuvants
List of vaccine ingredients
Mathematical modelling
Timeline
Trials
Classes
Conjugate vaccine
DNA vaccination
Inactivated vaccine
Live vector vaccine
Attenuated vaccine
Heterologous vaccine
Subunit/component / Peptide / Virus-like particle
Toxoid
Administration
Global:
GAVI Alliance
Policy
Schedule
Vaccine injury
USA:
ACIP
Vaccine court
Vaccines for Children Program
VAERS
VSD
Vaccines
Bacterial
Anthrax
Brucellosis
Cholera#
Diphtheria#
Hib#
Leptospirosis
Lyme disease‡
Meningococcus#
MeNZB
NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135
Pertussis#
Plague
Pneumococcal#
PCV
PPSV
Q fever
Tetanus#
Tuberculosis
BCG#
Typhoid#
Ty21a
ViCPS
Typhus
combination: DTwP/DTaP
Viral
Adenovirus
Flu#
H1N1 (Pandemrix)
LAIV
Hantavirus
Hepatitis A#
Hepatitis B#
Hepatitis E
HPV
Cervarix
Gardasil
Japanese encephalitis#
Measles#
Mumps#
Mumpsvax
Polio#
Sabin
Salk
Rabies#
Rotavirus#
Rubella#
Smallpox
Dryvax
Tick-borne encephalitis
Varicella zoster
chicken pox#
Zoster vaccine
Yellow fever#
combination:
MMR
MMRV
research:
Chikungunya
Cytomegalovirus
Dengue
Ebola
Epstein–Barr virus
Hepatitis C
HIV
Protozoan
Malaria
RTS,S
research:
Trypanosomiasis
Helminthiasis
research:
Hookworm
Schistosomiasis
Other
Androvax (androstenedione albumin)
Cancer vaccines
ALVAC-CEA
Hepatitis B#
HPV
Cervarix
Gardasil
NicVAX
Ovandrotone albumin (Fecundin)
TA-CD
TA-NIC
Controversy
General
MMR
NCVIA
Pox party
Thiomersal
Andrew Wakefield
Cedillo v. Secretary of Health and Human Services
Alternative vaccination schedule
Related
Epidemiology
Eradication of infectious diseases
Every Child by Two
List of vaccine topics
#WHO-EM
‡Withdrawn from market
Clinical trials:
†Phase III
§Never to phase III
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HPV_vaccines&oldid=836275510"
Categories:
Gynaecological cancer
Papillomavirus
Vaccines
Cancer vaccines
Infectious causes of cancer
World Health Organization essential medicines (vaccines)
Hidden categories:
CS1 Norwegian-language sources (no)
Webarchive template wayback links
CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)
CS1 French-language sources (fr)
CS1 Greek-language sources (el)
CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)
All articles with dead external links
Articles with dead external links from October 2017
Articles with permanently dead external links
Wikipedia pending changes protected pages
Chemicals that do not have a ChemSpider ID assigned
Chemical articles without CAS registry number
Articles without EBI source
Chemical pages without DrugBank identifier
Articles without KEGG source
Articles without InChI source
Articles without UNII source
Drugboxes which contain changes to verified fields
Drugs that are a vaccine
Articles containing potentially dated statements from September 2013
All articles containing potentially dated statements
Articles containing potentially dated statements from September 2009
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015
Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2007
Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014
Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013
All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases
Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from July 2012
RTT
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
تۆرکجه
Català
Dansk
Deutsch
Ελληνικά
Español
فارسی
Français
Gaeilge
עברית
Lietuvių
മലയാളം
Bahasa Melayu
မြန်မာဘာသာ
日本語
ଓଡ଼ିଆ
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Suomi
ไทย
Українська
Tiếng Việt
Yorùbá
中文
18 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 13 April 2018, at 19:18.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: Page protected with pending changes level 1

values: All edits by unregistered and new users are subject to review prior to becoming visible to unregistered users

attrs: class id

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class src alt title

values: Changes must be reviewed before being displayed on this page.

attrs: id class src style alt

attrs: id style class

values: flaggedrevs_short flaggedrevs_stable_synced plainlinks noprint nomobile

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values: International nonproprietary name (INN): HPV vaccines

value: caption

values: Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System

values:
/wiki/Human_papillomavirus
mw-redirect
Human papillomavirus

values:
/wiki/Genital_warts
mw-redirect
Genital warts

values:
/wiki/Routine_vaccinations
mw-redirect
Routine vaccinations

values:
/wiki/Cervical_cancer_screening
mw-redirect
Cervical cancer screening

values: World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines

values:
/wiki/Developing_world
mw-redirect
Developing world

values: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

values: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

values:
/wiki/Cervical_dysplasia
mw-redirect
Cervical dysplasia

values:
/wiki/Type_1_hypersensitivity
mw-redirect
Type 1 hypersensitivity

values:
/wiki/Acute_illness
mw-redirect
Acute illness

values: plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update

values: Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome

values:
/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Medicine
mw-redirect
Nobel Prize in Medicine

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2015)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/GAVI_Alliance
mw-redirect
GAVI Alliance

values: The Journal of Infectious Disease (page does not exist)

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.australia.gov.au/hpv

values:
/wiki/Papanicolaou_test
mw-redirect
Papanicolaou test

values: Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2013)

values: Edit section: Opposition in the United States

values:
/wiki/Vaccine_controversy
mw-redirect
Vaccine controversy

values: Edit section: Religious and conservative groups

values: The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (July 2012)

values: Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch

values:
/wiki/Peltzman_effect
mw-redirect
Peltzman effect

values:
/wiki/Therapeutic_vaccine
mw-redirect
Therapeutic vaccine

values:
/wiki/DNA_vaccine
mw-redirect
DNA vaccine

values: Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.3390%2Fjcm4040614

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26239350

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1002%2Fijc.24116

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19115209

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26520047

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mcna.2015.01.003

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25841595

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1002%2Fcncy.21643

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26619381

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23830973

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20508594

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.b4127

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19815585

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.b3884

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19815582

values:
/wiki/New_York_Times
mw-redirect
New York Times

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16631880

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2147%2FIJWH.S50365

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25587221

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20733476

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17380109

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22123221

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.g7584

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25567037

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMoa1405044

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25693011

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMe1415742

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1002%2Fijc.20244

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15197783

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2471%2FBLT.07.050450

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18568279

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.f5906

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24108159

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.3386%2Fw22523

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1172%2FJCI28607

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16670757

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1093%2Fjnci%2Fdjj144

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16595773

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.google.com/patents/US7476389

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2471%2FBLT.06.038414

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18026629

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25107680

values:
/wiki/Province_of_Nova_Scotia
mw-redirect
Province of Nova Scotia

values:
nofollow
external text
http://stm.fi/en/hpv-vaccinations

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.antsz.hu/hpv

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23993189

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22939017

values:
/wiki/United_States_of_America
mw-redirect
United States of America

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26010507

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19837351

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1093%2Fije%2Fdyt049

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0300-5771

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23620381

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2105%2FAJPH.2010.193060

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20724671

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26873090

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.immunize.org/laws/hpv.asp

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.merckhelps.com/GARDASIL

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.frc.org/get.cfm?i=IF07B01

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ypmed.2015.05.024

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26051197

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20677402

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1093%2Fjnci%2Fdjp106

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19470949

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23185426

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9017105

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15297964

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17263589

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15144573

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1007%2Fs13205-015-0352-z

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26386540

values:
/wiki/Queensland_Government
mw-redirect
Queensland Government

values:
nofollow
https://www.cdc.gov/hpv/
external text

values:
/wiki/Squamous-cell_carcinoma
mw-redirect
Squamous-cell carcinoma

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Mathematical modelling of infectious disease

values: Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices

values:
/wiki/Leptospirosis_vaccine
mw-redirect
Leptospirosis vaccine

values:
/wiki/Lyme_disease_vaccine
mw-redirect
Lyme disease vaccine

values:
/wiki/Q_fever_vaccine
mw-redirect
Q fever vaccine

values:
/wiki/Hepatitis_E_vaccine
mw-redirect
Hepatitis E vaccine

values:
/wiki/Sabin_polio_vaccine
mw-redirect
Sabin polio vaccine

values:
/wiki/Salk_polio_vaccine
mw-redirect
Salk polio vaccine

values:
/wiki/Chikungunya_vaccine
mw-redirect
Chikungunya vaccine

values: Cedillo v. Secretary of Health and Human Services

values:
/wiki/Every_Child_by_Two
mw-redirect
Every Child by Two

values:
navbox-abovebelow
2
background: transparent; padding: 0px;

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: Category:World Health Organization essential medicines (vaccines)

values: Category:CS1 Norwegian-language sources (no)

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)

values: Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)

values: Category:CS1 Greek-language sources (el)

values: Category:CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)

values: Category:All articles with dead external links

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from October 2017

values: Category:Articles with permanently dead external links

values: Category:Wikipedia pending changes protected pages

values: Category:Chemicals that do not have a ChemSpider ID assigned

values: Category:Chemical articles without CAS registry number

values: Category:Chemical pages without DrugBank identifier

values: Category:Drugboxes which contain changes to verified fields

values: Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from September 2013

values: Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements

values: Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from September 2009

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015

values: Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2007

values: Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013

values: Category:All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases

values: Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from July 2012

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/HPV_vaccines
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values: لقاح فيروس الورم الحليمي البشري – Arabic

values: واکسن پاپیلوما ویروس انسانی – South Azerbaijani

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-azb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values: Απλά εμβόλια κατά του ιού HPV – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values: Vacuna contra el virus del papiloma humano – Spanish

values: واکسن پاپیلوما ویروس انسانی – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values: Vaccin contre les infections à papillomavirus humain – French

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ga
display: none;

values: חיסון לנגיף הפפילומה האנושי – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values: Žmogaus papilomos viruso vakcinos – Lithuanian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values: ഹ്യൂമൻ പാപ്പില്ലോമ വൈറസ് വാക്സിൻ – Malayalam

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

values: Vaksin virus papiloma manusia (HPV) – Malay

values: သားအိမ်ခေါင်းကင်ဆာရောဂါကာကွယ်ဆေး – Burmese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-my
display: none;

values: ヒトパピローマウイルスワクチン – Japanese

values: ଏଚପିଭି ଟିକା – Odia

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-or
display: none;

values: Szczepionka przeciw wirusowi brodawczaka ludzkiego – Polish

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Вакцина против вируса папилломы человека – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values: วัคซีนเอชพีวี – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values: Вакцина проти вірусу папіломи людини – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-yo
display: none;

values: 人类乳头瘤病毒疫苗 – Chinese

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-HPV_vaccines rootpage-HPV_vaccines skin-vector action-view