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What You Won't Do for Love (song)
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"What You Won't Do for Love"
U.S. red heart-shaped vinyl limited edition
Single by Bobby Caldwell
from the album Bobby Caldwell
B-side
"Love Won't Wait"
Released
December 1978
Recorded
1978
Genre
Blue-eyed soul
smooth jazz
R&B
quiet storm
Length
4:45
Label
Clouds (U.S.)
TK (international)
Songwriter(s)
Bobby Caldwell, Alfons Kettner
Producer(s)
Ann Holloway
Bobby Caldwell singles chronology
"What You Won't Do for Love"
(1978) "My Flame"
(1979)
"What You Won't Do for Love"
(1978) "My Flame"
(1979)
"What You Won't Do for Love" is a blue-eyed soul-styled single written by Bobby Caldwell with Alfons Kettner, which Caldwell recorded for his eponymous debut album, released in 1978 by Clouds Records domestically, and by TK Records internationally.
Contents
[hide]
1 Recording
2 Release
3 Personnel
4 Covers
4.1 Go West
4.2 Boyz II Men
4.3 Other cover versions
5 Samples
6 Interpolations
7 Soundtrack appearances
8 References
9 External links
Recording[edit]
After gaining a reputation in Miami clubs as a talented musician, Caldwell was signed to an exclusive contract with TK Records in 1978 by TK Records president Henry Stone. Heading to the studio, Caldwell recorded his first album, which was given a redo after Stone felt the album was good but "didn't have a hit". Caldwell returned to the studio and came up with the final product, which included "What You Won't Do for Love". The song's horn arrangement was written and recorded by Miami arranger Mike Lewis.
Release[edit]
Caldwell wanted the song to be the sixth track on the album since he figured the song's second track, "My Flame", which featured him playing guitar, would be the hit. However, TK Records felt confident that "What You Won't Do for Love" would be the breakout hit. When it was released to R&B radio, TK Records did its best to shield Caldwell's identity (Caucasian) hoping not to alienate its predominantly black audience. However, when Caldwell began making performances live on stage, it only increased demand. The song would become Caldwell's most successful single and also his signature song reaching number 9 on the Billboard Hot 100, number 6 on the Hot Selling Soul Singles chart, and number 10 on the Easy Listening chart.[1]
According to the broadcast of American Top 40 for the week ending February 3, 1979, the week in which the song debuted at #38 on the Top 40, a heart-shaped pressing of the single was the most expensive single up to that point. The heart-shaped single was originally released as a promotional item only, but public demand led to 50,000 copies being pressed in time for Valentine's Day 1979 with a retail price of $7.98—about the price of a full LP album at the time.[2] The single was also available on standard round vinyl as well.
Personnel[edit]
Bobby Caldwell - Keyboards, Synthesizer, Lead and Backing Vocals
Richie Valesquez - Bass
Harold Seay - Drums
Steve Mealy - Guitar
Benny Latimore - Keyboards
Covers[edit]
Go West[edit]
Go West recorded a version on their 1992 album Indian Summer that was released as a single.
Year
Song
UK Singles chart
1993
"What You Won't Do For Love" 15
Boyz II Men[edit]
The vocal group Boyz II Men released a cover of the song on their 2004 album Throwback, Vol. 1, featuring rapper MC Lyte.
Year
Song
Hot R&B Singles
2004
"What You Won't Do For Love" 60
Other cover versions[edit]
Peabo Bryson and Natalie Cole, on We're the Best of Friends (1979)
Roy Ayers, on No Stranger to Love (1980)
Phyllis Hyman, on Living All Alone (1986)
Peter Mann (1992) (as "Do For Love")[3]
Luciano, on Don't Get Crazy (1994) (as "Got A Thing For You")[4]
Montell Jordan (unreleased, played on the soundtrack of New York Undercover)
Intro, on New Life (1995)
Hiram Bullock, on Carrasco (1997)
Tupac Shakur, on "Do 4 Love", produced by *J Dilla
Victor Wooten, on What Did He Say? (1997)
Goldie, on Ring of Saturn (1998)
Michael Bolton, on Timeless: The Classics Vol. 2 (1999)
Fuel (2002) (as "Do 4 Love")
Jay R, on Soul in Love (2008)[5]
Daniel Evans featuring Snake Davis, on No Easy Way (2010)
Jessie Ware, on Devotion (2012) (bonus track only)
Lina Nikol, on Your Love (2015)
Junior Boys, on Big Black Coat (2016)
Elliott Yamin also performed the song as a contestant on American Idol Season 5 in 2006.
Barry Black also performed the song as a contestant on The Voice Season 5 in 2012.
Samples[edit]
"What You Won't Do for Love" has been sampled on the following songs, among others:
Aaliyah - "Age Ain't Nothing but a Number" (Vocal Interpolation)
Mona Lisa - "Just Wanna Please U"
Alfonzo Blackwell - "Love No Limit"
Charles Hamilton - "Where I've Been"
Charles Hamilton - "Him"
Esham - "24/7"
DJ Rashad - Ghetto Tekz Runnin It
Guru - "Something in the Past"
Kool G Rap - "Blowin' up in the World"
Luniz - "Playa Hata" (Vocal and Audio Sample)
Mary J. Blige - "Love No Limit" (Uncredited)
Master P - "If I Could Change"
Tatyana Ali - "Boy You Knock Me Out" (Audio Sample)
2Pac - "Do for Love" (Vocal Sample)
2Pac - "Heaven Ain't Hard 2 Find"
2Pac - "What I Won't Do For Love" (Unreleased)
Young Zee - "Everybody Get High"
DJ Jazzy Jeff - "My Soul's Not 4 Sale (feat. Raheem DeVaughn)"
Sa-Deuce - "Don't waste my time"
Foesum - "In the Wind"
Z-Ro- "So Much" [6]
Brown Eyed Soul - "Candy"
Obeth Pacatang- cover version ( Live The Breakout )
Jessie Ware- cover version
Interpolations[edit]
Songs with vocal interpolations of "What You Won't Do For Love" include the following:
Afroman- "Do for Bud"
Mariah Carey, Da Brat & Elephant Man - "Got a Thing 4 You" [7]
Max B featuring French Montana - "Do 4 Drugs"
Soundtrack appearances[edit]
Caldwell's recording of the song was featured in the film Donnie Brasco (1997).
The song was featured in a 2014 commercial for the Mitsubishi Outlander Sport.[8]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). Top R&B/Hip-Hop Singles: 1942-2004. Record Research. p. 97.
Jump up ^ "American Top 40," Week Ending February 3, 1979, replayed February 8, 2014, SiriusXM Radio
Jump up ^ Video on YouTube
Jump up ^ "Don't Get Crazy by Luciano | Album | Listen for Free on Myspace". Myspace.com. 1995-02-07. Retrieved 2016-10-14.
Jump up ^ Video on YouTube
Jump up ^ Video on YouTube
Jump up ^ Video on YouTube
Jump up ^ "2014 Mitsubishi Outlander Sport TV Spot, 'New Beauty' Song Bobby Caldwell". iSpot.tv. Retrieved 26 October 2013.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
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Stop Draggin' My Heart Around
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Stop Draggin' My Heart Around"
Single by Stevie Nicks & Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers
from the album Bella Donna
B-side
"Kind of Woman"
Released
July 8, 1981
Format
7"
Recorded
1981
Genre
Blues rock, heartland rock
Length
4:03
Label
Modern
Songwriter(s)
Tom Petty, Mike Campbell
Producer(s)
Jimmy Iovine, Tom Petty
Stevie Nicks & Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers singles chronology
"Stop Draggin' My Heart Around"
(1981) "Leather and Lace"
(1981)
"Stop Draggin' My Heart Around"
(1981) "Leather and Lace"
(1981)
"Stop Draggin' My Heart Around" was the first single from Stevie Nicks' debut solo album, Bella Donna (1981). The track is the album's only song that was neither written nor co-written by Nicks. Written by Tom Petty and Mike Campbell as a Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers song, Jimmy Iovine, who was also working for Stevie Nicks at the time, arranged for her to sing on it.[1] Petty sang with Nicks in the chorus and bridge, while his entire band (save Ron Blair, whose bass track was played by Donald "Duck" Dunn instead) played on the song.
A performance of the song in the studio was used as the promotional video. The video was the 25th video to be played on MTV's launch date on August 1, 1981.[2] Petty and Nicks also sang together on the songs "Insider" (from Petty's 1981 album, Hard Promises) and "I Will Run to You" (from Nicks' 1983 album, The Wild Heart), and frequently performed impromptu live versions of these and 1960s classic "Needles and Pins" in many shows throughout the 1980s.
As of 2017, "Stop Draggin' My Heart Around" remains a mainstay of Stevie Nicks's solo performances, and on July 9, 2017, Nicks performed the song together with Petty and the Heartbreakers at the British Summer Time festival at Hyde Park in London,[3] in what turned out to be their final performance of the song together before Petty's death in October 2017.
The song peaked at No. 3 on the American Billboard Hot 100 for six consecutive weeks. However, in the UK, the song only managed to peak at No. 50. The song also appeared in the 1981 film Taps.
Contents
1 Content
2 Single release formats
3 Personnel
4 Charts
4.1 Weekly charts
4.2 Year-end charts
5 Cover versions
6 Rock Band 3
7 References
8 External links
Content[edit]
In a November 2003 interview with Songfacts, Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers guitarist and primary songwriter Mike Campbell explained the song's origins:
"Stop Draggin' My Heart Around" was a song that I had written the music and Tom had written the words. The Heartbreakers had recorded a version of it with Jimmy Iovine, and Jimmy being the entrepreneur that he was, he was working with Stevie, and I guess he asked Tom if she could try it, and it just developed from there.
We cut the track as a Heartbreakers record and when she decided to do it we used that track and she came in and sang over it. It became a duet. It's basically all the Heartbreakers on that record.[4]
The lyrics are about a woman who feels weighed down by relationships and wants to part despite a strong sentimental attachment to her lover. The melody is described by All Music as "dark and sinister",[5] probably because of the dense drumming of Stan Lynch which is the most prominent feature of the song's rhythm. Apart from the intro before the first verse and a solo following the second verse (where there is some fairly heavy riffing), however, the guitar sound is laid-back in typical Heartbreakers style. The song was originally recorded for Petty's album Hard Promises, but the producers felt the song came from a female point of view and it was left unreleased until it was agreed to be put on the Bella Donna album instead. A demo version of the song, recorded without Nicks, was eventually released on Petty's boxed set Playback in 1995.
Single release formats[edit]
"Stop Draggin' My Heart Around" was released as a 7" vinyl single in the picture sleeve featured above in many territories. Promo 7" singles were also released in some territories, including the US, in the same picture sleeve, but the disc featured the title track on both sides.
A highly collectable 12" promo single in a unique glossy sleeve was released in the US.[citation needed]
Personnel[edit]
Band
Stevie Nicks – lead vocals
Lori Perry – backing vocals
Sharon Celani – backing vocals
Tom Petty – vocals, guitar
Michael Campbell – guitar
Benmont Tench – organ
Stan Lynch – drums
Additional musicians
Donald "Duck" Dunn – bass guitar
Phil Jones – percussion
Charts[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1981)
Peak
position
Australia (Kent Music Report)[6]
10
Canada (RPM)[7]
5
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[8]
11
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[9]
43
South Africa
4
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[10]
50
US Billboard Hot 100[11]
3
US Mainstream Rock (Billboard)[12]
2
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1981)
Rank
Canada (RPM)[13]
31
US Billboard Hot 100[14]
59
Cover versions[edit]
The song was parodied by "Weird Al" Yankovic as "Stop Draggin' My Car Around" on his debut album, "Weird Al" Yankovic (1983).
My Morning Jacket and Neko Case covered the song during My Morning Jacket's Circuital tour in 2011.
The song was also covered by the post-grunge band Puddle of Mudd for their 2011 cover album, Re:(disc)overed.
American singer-songwriter Sharon Van Etten and American indie rock band Shearwater performed a version of the song in March 2012 for The A.V. Club's "A.V. Undercover" series.[15]
Tim Rogers and Rebecca Barnard covered the song in series 4 (2006) of Rockwiz.
J Mascis and Adalita Srsen performed the song in 2013 on RocKwiz's "Episode 146".[16]
Phillip Phillips and Elise Testone performed the song on the 11th season of American Idol.[17] Caleb Johnson and Jessica Meuse performed the song on the 13th season.[18] Carrie Underwood and Keith Urban performed the song on the series finale.
Jimmy Fallon and Stevie Nicks performed the song in a humorous recreation of the 1981 music video on The Tonight Show on April 9, 2014.[19]
Rock Band 3[edit]
It was made available to download on February 11, 2011, for use in the Rock Band 3 music gaming platform in both Basic rhythm, and PRO mode which utilizes real guitar/bass guitar, and MIDI compatible electronic drum kits/keyboards in addition to vocals.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Stop Draggin' My Heart Around by Stevie Nicks and Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers". Songfacts.com. Retrieved 2016-10-25.
Jump up ^ Graham, Mark. "The First 30 Videos That Played On MTV". Vh1.com. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
Jump up ^ "Fans delirious as Stevie Nicks joins Tom Petty on stage". BBC News. Retrieved July 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Mike Campbell". Songfacts. Retrieved January 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ Matthew Greenwald. "Stop Draggin' My Heart Around - Stevie Nicks | Song Info". AllMusic. Retrieved 2016-10-25.
Jump up ^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992. St Ives, New South Wales: Australian Chart Book. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.
Jump up ^ "50 Singles". RPM. Toronto. 35 (10). October 3, 1981. Retrieved July 19, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Charts.nz – Stevie Nicks with Tom Petty & The Heartbreakers – Stop Draggin' My Heart Around". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved July 19, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Stevie Nicks with Tom Petty & The Heartbreakers – Stop Draggin' My Heart Around" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved July 19, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Stevie Nicks". Official Charts Company. Retrieved July 19, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Stevie Nicks Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved May 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Stevie NIcks – Awards". AllMusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved July 19, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Singles of 1981". RPM. Toronto. 35 (22). December 26, 1981. Retrieved July 19, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Billboard Hot 100 1981". Billboard. New York. 93 (51): 60. December 26, 1981. Retrieved July 19, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Sharon Van Etten and Shearwater cover "Stop Draggin' My Heart Around"". Avclub.com. Retrieved March 25, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2013-06-29. CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)
Jump up ^ "Stop Draggin' My Heart Around - Phillip Phillips & Elise Testone (American Idol Performance)". YouTube. 2012-11-04. Retrieved 2016-10-25.
Jump up ^ "YouTube". YouTube. Retrieved 2016-10-25.
Jump up ^ "YouTube". YouTube. Retrieved 2016-10-25.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
show
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Stevie Nicks
Studio albums
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Street Angel
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In Your Dreams
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Compilation albums
Timespace: The Best of Stevie Nicks
Enchanted
The Divine Stevie Nicks
Crystal Visions – The Very Best of Stevie Nicks
Singles
"Stop Draggin' My Heart Around"
"Leather and Lace"
"Edge of Seventeen"
"After the Glitter Fades"
"Stand Back"
"If Anyone Falls"
"Nightbird"
"I Will Run to You"
"Beauty and the Beast"
"Talk to Me"
"I Can't Wait"
"Has Anyone Ever Written Anything for You?"
"Rooms on Fire"
"Long Way to Go"
"Two Kinds of Love"
"Whole Lotta Trouble"
"Sometimes It's a Bitch"
"Maybe Love Will Change Your Mind"
"Blue Denim"
"Reconsider Me"
"Every Day"
"Planets of the Universe"
"Sorcerer"
"Stand Back"
"Crash into Me"
"Secret Love"
"For What It's Worth"
"You Can't Fix This"
"Golden"
"Lady"
Videos releases
Live at Red Rocks
Crystal Visions – The Very Best of Stevie Nicks
Live in Chicago
Related
Discography
Buckingham Nicks
Mirror, Mirror
Fleetwood Mac
Sandy Stewart
show
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Tom Petty
Discography
Awards and nominations
Songs
Studio albums
Full Moon Fever (1989)
Wildflowers (1994)
Highway Companion (2006)
Singles
"Stop Draggin' My Heart Around"
"I Won't Back Down"
"Runnin' Down a Dream"
"Free Fallin'"
"A Face in the Crowd"
"Yer So Bad"
"You Don't Know How It Feels"
"You Wreck Me"
"Saving Grace"
Other songs
"Wildflowers"
"Square One"
Related articles
Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers
Blue Stingrays
Mudcrutch
Traveling Wilburys
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stop_Draggin%27_My_Heart_Around&oldid=852737783"
Categories:
1981 songs
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Tom Petty songs
Songs written by Tom Petty
Debut singles
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Song recordings produced by Jimmy Iovine
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System bus
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Example of a single system computer bus
A system bus is a single computer bus that connects the major components of a computer system, combining the functions of a data bus to carry information, an address bus to determine where it should be sent, and a control bus to determine its operation. The technique was developed to reduce costs and improve modularity, and although popular in the 1970s and 1980s, more modern computers use a variety of separate buses adapted to more specific needs.
Contents
1 Background scenario
2 Description
3 Dual Independent Bus
4 See also
5 References
Background scenario[edit]
Many of the computers were based on the First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC report published in 1945. In what became known as the Von Neumann architecture, a central control unit and arithmetic logic unit (ALU, which he called the central arithmetic part) were combined with computer memory and input and output functions to form a stored program computer.[1] The Report presented a general organization and theoretical model of the computer, however, not the implementation of that model.[2] Soon designs integrated the control unit and ALU into what became known as the central processing unit (CPU).
Computers in the 1950s and 1960s were generally constructed in an ad-hoc fashion. For example, the CPU, memory, and input/output units were each one or more cabinets connected by cables. Engineers used the common techniques of standardized bundles of wires and extended the concept as backplanes were used to hold printed circuit boards in these early machines. The name "bus" was already used for "bus bars" that carried electrical power to the various parts of electric machines, including early mechanical calculators.[3] The advent of integrated circuits vastly reduced the size of each computer unit, and buses became more standardized.[4] Standard modules could be interconnected in more uniform ways and were easier to develop and maintain.
Description[edit]
To provide even more modularity with reduced cost, memory and I/O buses (and the required control and power buses) were sometimes combined into a single unified system bus.[5] Modularity and cost became important as computers became small enough to fit in a single cabinet (and customers expected similar price reductions). Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) further reduced cost for mass-produced minicomputers, and memory-mapped I/O into the memory bus, so that the devices appeared to be memory locations. This was implemented in the Unibus of the PDP-11 around 1969, eliminating the need for a separate I/O bus.[6] Even computers such as the PDP-8 without memory-mapped I/O were soon implemented with a system bus, which allowed modules to be plugged into any slot.[7] Some authors called this a new streamlined "model" of computer architecture.[8]
Many early microcomputers (with a CPU generally on a single integrated circuit) were built with a single system bus, starting with the S-100 bus in the Altair 8800 computer system in about 1975.[9] The IBM PC used the Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bus as its system bus in 1981. The passive backplanes of early models were replaced with the standard of putting the CPU and RAM on a motherboard, with only optional daughterboards or expansion cards in system bus slots.
Simple symmetric multiprocessing using a system bus
The Multibus became a standard of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers as IEEE standard 796 in 1983.[10] Sun Microsystems developed the SBus in 1989 to support smaller expansion cards.[11] The easiest way to implement symmetric multiprocessing was to plug in more than one CPU into the shared system bus, which was used through the 1980s. However, the shared bus quickly became the bottleneck and more sophisticated connection techniques were explored.[12]
Even in very simple systems, at various times the data bus is driven by the program memory, by RAM, and by I/O devices. To prevent bus contention on the data bus, at any one instant only one device drives the data bus. In very simple systems, only the data bus is required to be a bidirectional bus. In very simple systems, the memory address register always drives the address bus, the control unit always drives the control bus, and an address decoder selects which particular device is allowed to drive the data bus during this bus cycle. In very simple systems, every instruction cycle starts with a READ memory cycle where program memory drives the instruction onto the data bus while the instruction register latches that instruction from the data bus. Some instructions continue with a WRITE memory cycle where the memory data register drives data onto the data bus into the chosen RAM or I/O device. Other instructions continue with another READ memory cycle where the chosen RAM, program memory, or I/O device drives data onto the data bus while the memory data register latches that data from the data bus.
More complex systems have a multi-master bus -- not only do they have many devices that each drive the data bus, but also have many bus masters that each drive the address bus. The address bus as well as the data bus in bus snooping systems is required to be a bidirectional bus, often implemented as a three-state bus. To prevent bus contention on the address bus, a bus arbiter selects which particular bus master is allowed to drive the address bus during this bus cycle.
Dual Independent Bus[edit]
As CPU design evolved into using faster local buses and slower peripheral buses, Intel adopted the dual independent bus (DIB) terminology[which?], using the external front-side bus to the main system memory, and the internal back-side bus between one or more CPUs and the CPU caches. This was introduced in the Pentium Pro and Pentium II products in the mid to late 1990s.[13] The primary bus for communicating data between the CPU and main memory and input and output devices is called the front-side bus, and the back-side bus accesses the level 2 cache.
Since 2005/2006, considering an architecture in which 4 processors share a chipset, the DIB is composed by two busses, each of them is shared among two CPUs. The theoretical bandwidth is doubled compared to a shared front-side bus up to 12.8 GB/s in the best case. However, the snoop information useful to guarantee the cache coherence of shared data located in different caches have to be sent in broadcast, reducing the available bandwidth. To mitigate this limitation, a snoop filter was inserted in the chipset, in order to cache the snoop information. [14]
Modern personal and server computers use higher-performance interconnection technologies such as HyperTransport and Intel QuickPath Interconnect, while the system bus architecture continued to be used on simpler embedded microprocessors. The systems bus can even be internal to a single integrated circuit, producing a system-on-a-chip. Examples include AMBA, CoreConnect, and Wishbone.[15]
See also[edit]
Bus (computing)
External Bus Interface
Expansion bus
References[edit]
Jump up ^ John von Neumann (June 30, 1945). "First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 14, 2013. Retrieved May 27, 2011. Introduction and editing by Michael D. Godfrey, Stanford University, November 1992.
Jump up ^ Michael D. Godfrey; D. F. Hendry (1993). "The Computer as von Neumann Planned It" (PDF). IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 15 (1): 11–21. doi:10.1109/85.194088. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-08-25.
Jump up ^ U.S. Patent 3,470,421 "Continuous Bus Bar for Connector Plate Back Panel Machine Wiring" Donald L. Shore et al., Filed August 30, 1967, issued September 30, 1969.
Jump up ^ U.S. Patent 3,462,742 "Computer System Adapted to be Constructed of Large Integrated Circuit Arrays" Henry S. Miller et al., Filed December 21, 1966, issued August 19, 1969.
Jump up ^ Linda Null; Julia Lobur (2010). The essentials of computer organization and architecture (3rd ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning. pp. 36,199–203. ISBN 978-1-4496-0006-8.
Jump up ^ C. Gordon Bell; R. Cady; H. McFarland; B. Delagi; J. O'Laughlin; R. Noonan; W. Wulf (1970). "A New Architecture for Mini-Computers—The DEC PDP-11" (PDF). Spring Joint Computer Conference: 657–675.
Jump up ^ Small Computer Handbook (PDF). Digital Equipment Corporation. 1973. pp. 2–9.
Jump up ^ Miles J. Murdocca; Vincent P. Heuring (2007). Computer architecture and organization: an integrated approach. John Wiley & Sons. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-471-73388-1.
Jump up ^ Herbert R. Johnson. "Origins of S-100 computers".
Jump up ^ "796-1983 — IEEE Standard Microcomputer System Bus". Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. 1983. Retrieved May 25, 2011.
Jump up ^ Edward H. Frank (February 26, 1990). "The SBus: Sun's high performance system bus for RISC workstations". Compcon Spring '90: Intellectual Leverage. Thirty-Fifth IEEE Computer Society International Conference: 189–194. doi:10.1109/CMPCON.1990.63672.
Jump up ^ Donald Charles Winsor (1989). Bus and Cache Memory Organization for Multiprocessors (PDF). University of Michigan Electrical Engineering department. Ph.D. dissertation.
Jump up ^ Todd Langley and Rob Kowalczyk (January 2009). "Introduction to Intel Architecture: The Basics" (PDF). "White paper". Intel Corporation. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 7, 2011. Retrieved May 25, 2011.
Jump up ^ An Introduction to the Intel® QuickPath Interconnect, Figure 4 https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/io/quickpath-technology/quick-path-interconnect-introduction-paper.html
Jump up ^ Rudolf Usselmann (January 9, 2001). "OpenCores SoC Bus Review" (PDF). Retrieved May 30, 2011.
hide
v
t
e
Technical and de facto standards for wired computer buses
General
System bus
Front-side bus
Back-side bus
Daisy chain
Control bus
Address bus
Bus contention
Bus mastering
Network on a chip
Plug and play
List of bus bandwidths
Standards
SS-50 bus
S-100 bus
Multibus
Unibus
VAXBI
MBus
STD Bus
SMBus
Q-Bus
Europe Card Bus
ISA
STEbus
Zorro II
Zorro III
CAMAC
FASTBUS
LPC
HP Precision Bus
EISA
VME
VXI
VXS
NuBus
TURBOchannel
MCA
SBus
VLB
PCI
PXI
HP GSC bus
InfiniBand
UPA
PCI Extended (PCI-X)
AGP
PCI Express (PCIe)
Direct Media Interface (DMI)
RapidIO
Intel QuickPath Interconnect
NVLink
HyperTransport
Infinity Fabric
Intel UltraPath Interconnect
Storage
ST-506
ESDI
IPI
SMD
Parallel ATA (PATA)
SSA
DSSI
HIPPI
Serial ATA (SATA)
SCSI
Parallel
SAS
Fibre Channel
SATAe
PCI Express (via AHCI or NVMe logical device interface)
Peripheral
Apple Desktop Bus
DCB
HP-IL
HIL
MIDI
RS-232
RS-422
RS-423
RS-485
DMX512-A
IEEE-488 (GPIB)
IEEE-1284 (parallel port)
UNI/O
ACCESS.bus
1-Wire
D²B
I²C
SPI
Parallel SCSI
Profibus
IEEE 1394 (FireWire)
USB
Camera Link
External PCIe
Thunderbolt
Audio
ADAT Lightpipe
AES3
Intel HD Audio
I²S
MADI
McASP
S/PDIF
TOSLINK
Portable
PC Card
ExpressCard
Embedded
Multidrop bus
CoreConnect
AMBA
Wishbone
SLIMbus
Interfaces are listed by their speed in the (roughly) ascending order, so the interface at the end of each section should be the fastest.
Category
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Dominion of New England
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Dominion of New England in America
Colony of the Kingdom of England
↓ 1686 (1686)–1689 (1689) ↓
Seal
Motto
"Nunquam libertas gratior extat"
"Never does liberty appear in a more gracious form"
Map of the Dominion, as of 1688
Capital Boston, Massachusetts
42°21′N 71°3′W / 42.350°N 71.050°W / 42.350; -71.050Coordinates: 42°21′N 71°3′W / 42.350°N 71.050°W / 42.350; -71.050
Government Constitutional monarchy
Governor
• 1686 (1686) Joseph Dudley
• 1686 (1686)–1689 (1689) Edmund Andros
Lieutenant Governor
• 1688 (1688)–1689 (1689) Francis Nicholson
Legislature Council of New England
Historical era Colonial history of the United States
• Established 1686 (1686)
• Boston revolt April 18, 1689 (1689-04-18)
• New York revolt May 31, 1689 (1689-05-31)
• Disestablished 1689 (1689)
Preceded by Succeeded by
Massachusetts Bay Colony
Province of New Hampshire
Connecticut Colony
Plymouth Colony
Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations
Province of New York
Province of East Jersey
Province of West Jersey
Massachusetts Bay Colony
Province of New Hampshire
Connecticut Colony
Plymouth Colony
Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations
Province of New York
Province of East Jersey
Province of West Jersey
Today part of United States
The Dominion of New England in America (1686–89) was an administrative union of English colonies covering New England and the Mid-Atlantic Colonies (except for the Colony of Pennsylvania). Its political structure represented centralized control similar to the model used by the Spanish monarchy through the Viceroyalty of New Spain. The dominion was unacceptable to most colonists, because they deeply resented being stripped of their rights and having their colonial charter revoked. Governor Sir Edmund Andros tried to make legal and structural changes, but most of these were undone and the Dominion was overthrown as soon as word was received that King James had left the throne in England. One notable change was the introduction of the Church of England into Massachusetts, whose Puritan leaders had previously refused to allow it any sort of foothold.
The Dominion encompassed a very large area from the Delaware River in the south to Penobscot Bay in the north, composed of present-day New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, and New Jersey, plus a small portion of Maine. It was too large for a single governor to manage. Governor Andros was highly unpopular, and was seen as a threat by most political factions. News of the Glorious Revolution in England reached Boston in 1689, and the Puritans launched a revolt against Andros, arresting him and his officers.
Leisler's Rebellion in New York City deposed the dominion's lieutenant governor Francis Nicholson. After these events, the colonies that had been assembled into the dominion reverted to their previous forms of government, although some governed formally without a charter. New charters were eventually issued by the new joint rulers William III of England and Queen Mary II.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Establishment
3 Dudley administration
4 Andros administration
4.1 Church of England
4.2 Revenue laws
4.3 Town meeting laws
4.4 Land titles and taxes
4.5 Connecticut charter
4.6 Inclusion of New York and the Jerseys
4.7 Indian diplomacy
5 Glorious Revolution and dissolution
5.1 Massachusetts and Plymouth
6 Administrators of the Dominion of New England in America
7 See also
8 Further reading
9 References
Background[edit]
A number of English colonies were established in North America and in the West Indies during the first half of the 17th century, with varying attributes. Some originated as commercial ventures, such as the Virginia Colony, while others were founded for religious reasons, such as Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay. The governments of the colonies also varied. Virginia became a crown colony, despite its corporate beginning, while Massachusetts and other New England colonies had corporate charters and a great deal of administrative freedom. Other areas were proprietary colonies, such as Maryland and Carolina, owned and operated by one or a few individuals.
Following the English Restoration in 1660, King Charles II sought to streamline the administration of these colonial territories. Charles and his government began a process that brought a number of the colonies under direct crown control. One reason for these actions was the cost of administration of individual colonies; another significant reason was the regulation of trade. Throughout the 1660s, the English Parliament passed a number of laws to regulate the trade of the colonies, collectively called the Navigation Acts. These laws were resisted, particularly in the New England colonies which had established significant trading networks with other English colonies and with other European countries and their colonies, especially Spain and the Dutch Republic. The laws outlawed some existing New England practices, in effect turning merchants into smugglers, and the payment of additional duties would have significantly increased their shipping costs.[citation needed]
Some of the New England colonies presented specific problems for the king, and combining those colonies into a single administrative entity was seen as a way to resolve those problems. The Plymouth Colony had never been formally chartered, and the New Haven Colony had sheltered two of the regicides of Charles I, the king's father. The territory of Maine was disputed by competing grantees and by Massachusetts, and New Hampshire was a very small, recently established crown colony.
Massachusetts had a long history of virtually theocratic rule, in addition to their widespread resistance to the Navigation Acts, and they exhibited little tolerance for non-Puritans, including supporters of the Church of England (which was most important for the king). Charles II repeatedly sought to change the Massachusetts government, but they resisted all substantive attempts at reform. In 1683, legal proceedings began to vacate the Massachusetts charter; it was formally annulled in June 1684.[1]
The primary motivation in London was not to attain efficiency in administration, but to guarantee that the purpose of the colonies was to make England richer. England's desire for colonies that produced agricultural staples worked well for the southern colonies, which produced tobacco, rice, and indigo, but not so well for New England due to the geology of the region. Lacking a suitable staple, the New Englanders engaged in trade and became successful competitors to English merchants. They were now starting to develop workshops that threatened to deprive England of its lucrative colonial market for manufactured articles: textiles, leather goods, and ironware. The plan, therefore, was to establish a uniform all-powerful government over the northern colonies so that the people would be diverted away from manufacturing and foreign trade.[2]
Establishment[edit]
Following the revocation of the Massachusetts charter, Charles II and the Lords of Trade moved forward with plans to establish a unified administration over at least some of the New England colonies. The specific objectives of the dominion included the regulation of trade, reformation of land title practices to conform more to English methods and practices, coordination on matters of defense, and a streamlining of the administration into fewer centers. The Dominion initially comprised the territories of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, the Plymouth Colony, the Province of New Hampshire, the Province of Maine, and the Narraganset Country (present-day Washington County, Rhode Island).
King James II
Charles II had chosen Colonel Percy Kirke to govern the dominion, but Charles died before the commission was approved. King James II approved Kirke's commission in 1685, but Kirke came under harsh criticism for his role in putting down Monmouth's Rebellion, and his commission was withdrawn.[3] A provisional commission was issued on October 8, 1685 to Massachusetts Bay native Joseph Dudley as President of the Council of New England, due to delays in developing the commission for Kirke's intended successor Sir Edmund Andros.[4]
Dudley's limited commission specified that he would rule with an appointed council and no representative legislature.[5] The councillors named as members of this body included a cross-section of politically moderate men from the old colonial governments. Edward Randolph had served as the crown agent investigating affairs in New England, and he was appointed to the council, as well.[6] Randolph was also commissioned with a long list of other posts, including secretary of the dominion, collector of customs, and deputy postmaster.[7]
Dudley administration[edit]
Dudley's charter arrived in Boston in May 14, 1686, and he formally took charge of Massachusetts on May 25.[8] His rule did not begin auspiciously, since a number of Massachusetts magistrates refused to serve who had been named to his council.[9] According to Edward Randolph, the Puritan magistrates "were of opinion that God would never suffer me to land again in this country, and thereupon began in a most arbitrary manner to assert their power higher than at any time before."[10] Elections of colonial military officers were also compromised when many of them refused to serve.[11] Dudley made a number of judicial appointments, generally favoring the political moderates who had supported accommodation of the king's wishes in the battle over the old charter.[12]
Joseph Dudley
Dudley was significantly hampered by the inability to raise revenues in the dominion. His commission did not allow the introduction of new revenue laws, and the Massachusetts government had repealed all such laws in 1683, anticipating the loss of the charter.[13] Furthermore, many refused to pay the few remaining taxes on the grounds that they had been enacted by the old government and were thus invalid.[14] Attempts by Dudley and Randolph were largely unsuccessful at introducing the Church of England due to a lack of funding, but were also hampered by the perceived political danger of imposing on the existing churches for their use.[15]
Dudley and Randolph enforced the Navigation Acts, although they did not adhere entirely to the laws. Some variations were overlooked, understanding that certain provisions of the acts were unfair (some resulted in the payments of multiple duties), and they suggested to the Lords of Trade that the laws be modified to ameliorate these conditions. However, the Massachusetts economy suffered, also negatively affected by external circumstances.[16] A dispute eventually occurred between Dudley and Randolph over matters related to trade.[17]
During Dudley's administration, the Lords of Trade decided on September 9, 1686 to include into the dominion the colonies of Rhode Island and Connecticut, based on a petition from Dudley's council. Andros's commission had been issued in June, and he was given an annex to his commission to incorporate them into the dominion.
Andros administration[edit]
Andros had previously been governor of New York; he arrived in Boston on December 20, 1686 and immediately assumed power.[18] He took a hard-line position, claiming that the colonists had left behind all their rights as Englishmen when they left England. The Reverend John Wise rallied his parishioners in 1687 to protest and resist taxes; Andros had him arrested, convicted, and fined. An Andros official explained, "Mr. Wise, you have no more privileges Left you then not to be Sold for Slaves."[19]
His commission called for governance by himself, again with a council. The initial composition of the council included representatives from each of the colonies which the dominion absorbed, but the council's quorums were dominated by representatives from Massachusetts and Plymouth because of the inconvenience of travel and the fact that travel costs were not reimbursed.
Sir Edmund Andros
Church of England[edit]
Shortly after his arrival, Andros asked each of the Puritan churches in Boston if its meetinghouse could be used for services of the Church of England,[18] but he was consistently rebuffed. He then demanded keys to Samuel Willard's Third Church in 1687,[20] and services were held there under the auspices of Robert Ratcliff until 1688, when King's Chapel was built.[21]
Revenue laws[edit]
After Andros' arrival, the council began a long process of harmonizing laws throughout the dominion to conform more closely to English laws. This work was so time-consuming that Andros issued a proclamation in March 1687 stating that pre-existing laws would remain in effect until they were revised. Massachusetts had no pre-existing tax laws, so a scheme of taxation was developed that would apply to the entire dominion, developed by a committee of landowners. The first proposal derived its revenues from import duties, principally alcohol. After much debate, a different proposal was abruptly put forward and adopted, in essence reviving previous Massachusetts tax laws. These laws had been unpopular with farmers who felt that the taxes were too high on livestock.[22] In order to bring in immediate revenue, Andros also received approval to increase the import duties on alcohol.[23]
The first attempts to enforce the revenue laws were met by stiff resistance from a number of Massachusetts communities. Several towns refused to choose commissioners to assess the town population and estates, and officials from a number of them were consequently arrested and brought to Boston. Some were fined and released, while others were imprisoned until they promised to perform their duties. The leaders of Ipswich had been most vocal in their opposition to the law; they were tried and convicted of misdemeanor offenses.[24]
The other provinces did not resist the imposition of the new law, even though the rates were higher than they had been under the previous colonial administration, at least in Rhode Island. Plymouth's relatively poor landowners were hard hit because of the high rates on livestock.
Town meeting laws[edit]
One consequence of the tax protest was that Andros sought to restrict town meetings, since these were where that protest had begun. He, therefore, introduced a law that limited meetings to a single annual meeting, solely for the purpose of electing officials, and explicitly banning meetings at other times for any reason. This loss of local power was widely hated. Many protests were made that the town meeting and tax laws were violations of the Magna Carta, which guaranteed taxation by representatives of the people.[25]
Land titles and taxes[edit]
Andros dealt a major blow to the colonists by challenging their title to the land; unlike England, the great majority of Americans were land-owners. Taylor says that, because they "regarded secure real estate as fundamental to their liberty, status, and prosperity, the colonists felt horrified by the sweeping and expensive challenge to their land titles."[26] Andros had been instructed to bring colonial land title practices more in line with those in England, and to introduce quit-rents as a means of raising colonial revenues.[27] Titles issued in Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Maine under the colonial administration often suffered from defects of form (for example, lacking an imprint of the colonial seal), and most of them did not include a quit-rent payment. Land grants in colonial Connecticut and Rhode Island had been made before either colony had a charter, and there were conflicting claims in a number of areas.[28]
The manner was doubly divisive in which Andros approached the issue, since it threatened any landowner whose title was in any way dubious. Some landowners went through the confirmation process, but many refused, since they did not want to face the possibility of losing their land, and they viewed the process as a thinly veiled land grab. The Puritans of Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay were among the latter, some of whom had extensive landholdings.[29] All of the existing land titles in Massachusetts had been granted under the now-vacated colonial charter; in essence, Andros declared them to be void, and required landowners to recertify their ownership, paying fees to the dominion and becoming subject to the charge of a quit-rent.
Andros attempted to compel the certification of ownership by issuing writs of intrusion, but large landowners who owned many parcels contested these individually, rather than recertifying all of their lands. The number was small of new titles issued during the Andros regime; 200 applications were made, but only about 20 of those were approved.[30]
Connecticut charter[edit]
Andros' commission included Connecticut, and he asked Connecticut Governor Robert Treat to surrender the colonial charter not long after his arrival in Boston. Connecticut officials formally acknowledged Andros' authority, unlike Rhode Island, whose officials acceded to the dominion but in fact did little to assist him. Connecticut continued to run their government according to the charter, holding quarterly meetings of the legislature and electing colony-wide officials, while Treat and Andros negotiated over the surrender of the charter. In October 1687, Andros finally decided to travel to Connecticut to personally see to the matter. He arrived in Hartford on October 31, accompanied by an honor guard, and met that evening with the colonial leadership. According to legend, the charter was laid out on the table for all to see during this meeting. The lights in the room unexpectedly went out and, when they were relit, the charter had disappeared. It was said to have been hidden in a nearby oak tree (referred to afterward as the Charter Oak) so that a search of nearby buildings could not locate the document.[31]
Francis Nicholson
Whatever the truth of the legend, Connecticut records show that its government formally surrendered its seals and ceased operation that day. Andros then traveled throughout the colony, making judicial and other appointments, before returning to Boston.[32] On December 29, 1687, the dominion council formally extended its laws over Connecticut, completing the assimilation of the New England colonies.[33]
Inclusion of New York and the Jerseys[edit]
On May 7, 1688, the provinces of New York, East Jersey, and West Jersey were added to the Dominion. They were remote from Boston where Andros had his seat, so New York and the Jerseys were run by Lieutenant Governor Francis Nicholson from New York City. Nicholson was an army captain and protégé of colonial secretary William Blathwayt who came to Boston in early 1687 as part of Andros' honor guard and had been promoted to his council.[34] During the summer of 1688, Andros traveled first to New York and then to the Jerseys to establish his commission. Dominion governance of the Jerseys was complicated by the fact that the proprietors' charters had been revoked, yet they had retained their property and petitioned Andros for what were traditional manorial rights.[35] The dominion period in the Jerseys was relatively uneventful because of their distance from the power centers and the unexpected end of the Dominion in 1689.[36]
Indian diplomacy[edit]
In 1687, governor of New France Jacques-René de Brisay de Denonville, Marquis de Denonville launched an attack against Seneca villages in what is now western New York. His objective was to disrupt trade between the English at Albany and the Iroquois confederation, to which the Seneca belonged, and to break the Covenant Chain, a peace that Andros had negotiated in 1677 while he was governor of New York.[37] New York Governor Thomas Dongan appealed for help, and King James ordered Andros to render assistance. James also entered into negotiations with Louis XIV of France, which resulted in an easing of tensions on the northwestern frontier.[38]
On New England's northeastern frontier, however, the Abenaki harbored grievances against English settlers, and they began an offensive in early 1688. Andros made an expedition into Maine early in the year, in which he raided a number of Indian settlements. He also raided the trading outpost and home of Jean-Vincent d'Abbadie de Saint-Castin on Penobscot Bay. His careful preservation of the Catholic Castin's chapel was a source of later accusations of "popery" against Andros.[39]
Andros took over the administration of New York in August 1688, and he met with the Iroquois at Albany to renew the covenant. In this meeting, he annoyed the Iroquois by referring to them as "children" (that is, subservient to the English) rather than "brethren" (that is, equals).[40] He returned to Boston amid further attacks on the New England frontier by Abenaki parties, who admitted that they were doing so in part because of French encouragement. The situation in Maine had also deteriorated again, with English colonists raiding Indian villages and shipping the captives to Boston. Andros castigated the Mainers for this unwarranted act and ordered the Indians released and returned to Maine, earning the hatred of the Maine settlers. He then returned to Maine with a significant force, and began the construction of additional fortifications to protect the settlers.[41] Andros spent the winter in Maine, and returned to Boston in March upon hearing rumors of revolution in England and discontent in Boston.
Glorious Revolution and dissolution[edit]
Main articles: Glorious Revolution, 1689 Boston revolt, and Leisler's Rebellion
The religious leaders of Massachusetts, led by Cotton and Increase Mather, were opposed to the rule of Andros, and organized dissent targeted to influence the court in London. After King James published the Declaration of Indulgence in May 1687, Increase Mather sent a letter to the king thanking him for the declaration, and then he suggested to his peers that they also express gratitude to the king as a means to gain favor and influence.[42] Ten pastors agreed to do so, and they decided to send Mather to England to press their case against Andros.[43] Edward Randolph attempted to stop him; Mather was arrested, tried, and exonerated on one charge, but Randolph made a second arrest warrant with new charges. Mather was clandestinely spirited aboard a ship bound for England in April 1688.[44] He and other Massachusetts agents were well received by James, who promised in October 1688 that the colony's concerns would be addressed.[45] However, the events of the Glorious Revolution took over, and by December James had been deposed by William III and Mary II.[46]
Engraving depicting Andros under arrest
The Massachusetts agents then petitioned the new monarchs and the Lords of Trade for restoration of the old Massachusetts charter. Mather furthermore convinced the Lords of Trade to delay notifying Andros of the revolution.[47] He had already dispatched a letter to previous colonial governor Simon Bradstreet containing news that a report (prepared before the revolution) stated that the charter had been illegally annulled, and that the magistrates should "prepare the minds of the people for a change."[48] News of the revolution apparently reached some individuals as early as late March,[49] and Bradstreet is one of several possible organizers of the mob that formed in Boston in April 18, 1689. He and other pre-Dominion magistrates and some members of Andros' council addressed an open letter to Andros on that day calling for his surrender in order to quiet the mob.[50] Andros, Randolph, Dudley, and other dominion supporters were arrested and imprisoned in Boston.[51]
In effect, the dominion then collapsed, as local authorities in each colony seized dominion representatives and reasserted their earlier power. In Plymouth, dominion councilor Nathaniel Clark was arrested on April 22, and previous governor Thomas Hinckley was reinstated. Rhode Island authorities organized a resumption of its charter with elections on May 1, but previous governor Walter Clarke refused to serve, and the colony continued without one. In Connecticut, the earlier government was also rapidly readopted.[52] New Hampshire was temporarily left without formal government, and came under de facto rule by Massachusetts Governor Simon Bradstreet.[53]
News of the Boston revolt reached New York by April 26, but Lieutenant Governor Nicholson did not take any immediate action.[54] Andros managed during his captivity to have a message sent to Nicholson. Nicholson received the request for assistance in mid-May, but he was unable to take any effective action due to rising tensions in New York, combined with the fact that most of Nicholson's troops had been sent to Maine.[55] At the end of May, Nicholson was overthrown by local colonists supported by the militia in Leisler's Rebellion, and he fled to England.[56] Leisler governed New York until 1691, when King William commissioned Colonel Henry Sloughter as its governor.[57] Sloughter had Leisler tried on charges of high treason; he was convicted[58] in a trial presided over by Joseph Dudley and then executed.[59]
Massachusetts and Plymouth[edit]
The dissolution of the dominion presented legal problems for both Massachusetts and Plymouth. Plymouth never had a royal charter, and that of Massachusetts had been legally vacated. As a result, the restored governments lacked legal foundations for their existence, an issue that the political opponents of the leadership made it a point to raise. This was particularly problematic in Massachusetts, whose long frontier with New France saw its defenders recalled in the aftermath of the revolt, and was exposed to French and Indian raids after the outbreak of King William's War in 1689. The cost of colonial defense resulted in a heavy tax burden, and the war also made it difficult to rebuild the colony's trade.[60]
Agents for both colonies worked in England to rectify the charter issues, with Increase Mather petitioning the Lords of Trade for a restoration of the old Massachusetts charter. (Massachusetts Bay's charter was issued in 1691 and began operating in 1692 under governor Sir William Phips.) King William was informed that this would result in a return of the hard-line Puritan government, and he acted to prevent that from happening. Instead, the Lords of Trade decided to solve the issue by combining the two provinces. The resulting Province of Massachusetts Bay combined the territories of those two provinces, along with the islands south of Cape Cod (Martha's Vineyard, Nantucket, and the Elizabeth Islands) that had been Dukes County in the colony of New York.[citation needed]
The word dominion was later used to describe the 1867 Dominion of Canada and other self-governing British colonies, although no precedent from the Dominion of New England was cited in these cases.[citation needed]
Administrators of the Dominion of New England in America[edit]
This is a list of the chief administrators of the Dominion of New England in America from 1684 to 1689:
Name
Title
Date of commission
Date office assumed
Date term ended
Percy Kirke Governor in Chief (designate) of the Dominion of New England 1684 Appointment withdrawn in 1685 Not applicable
Joseph Dudley President of the Council of New England October 8, 1685 May 25, 1686 December 20, 1686
Sir Edmund Andros Governor in Chief of the Dominion of New England June 3, 1686 December 20, 1686 April 18, 1689
See also[edit]
History of New England
New England Colonies
New England Confederation
Further reading[edit]
Adams, James Truslow (1921). The Founding of New England. Boston, MA: Atlantic Monthly Press.
Barnes, Viola Florence (1923). The Dominion of New England: A Study in British Colonial Policy. ISBN 978-0-8044-1065-6. OCLC 395292.
Dunn, Richard S. "The Glorious Revolution and America" in The Origins of Empire: British Overseas Enterprise to the Close of the Seventeenth Century ( The Oxford History of the British Empire, (1998) vol 1 pp 445–66.
Dunn, Randy (2007). "Patronage and Governance in Francis Nicholson's Empire". English Atlantics Revisited. Montreal: McGill-Queens Press. ISBN 978-0-7735-3219-9. OCLC 429487739.
Hall, Michael Garibaldi (1960). Edward Randolph and the American Colonies. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.
Hall, Michael Garibaldi (1988). The Last American Puritan: The Life of Increase Mather, 1639–1723. Wesleyan University Press. ISBN 978-0-8195-5128-3. OCLC 16578800.
Kimball, Everett (1911). The Public Life of Joseph Dudley. New York: Longmans, Green. OCLC 1876620.
Lovejoy, David (1987). The Glorious Revolution in America. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press. ISBN 978-0-8195-6177-0. OCLC 14212813.
Lustig, Mary Lou (2002). The Imperial Executive in America: Sir Edmund Andros, 1637–1714. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. ISBN 978-0-8386-3936-8. OCLC 470360764.
Miller, Guy Howard (May 1968). "Rebellion in Zion: The Overthrow of the Dominion of New England". Historian. 30 (3): 439–459. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6563.1968.tb00328.x.
Moore, Jacob Bailey (1851). Lives of the Governors of New Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay. Boston, MA: C. D. Strong. OCLC 11362972.
Palfrey, John (1864). History of New England: History of New England During the Stuart Dynasty. Boston: Little, Brown. OCLC 1658888.
Stanwood, Owen (2007). "The Protestant Moment: Antipopery, the Revolution of 1688–1689, and the Making of an Anglo-American Empire". Journal of British Studies. 46 (3): 481–508. JSTOR 10.1086/515441. doi:10.1086/515441.
Steele, Ian K (March 1989). "Origins of Boston's Revolutionary Declaration of 18 April 1689". New England Quarterly (Volume 62, No. 1): 75–81. JSTOR 366211.
Taylor, Alan, American Colonies: the Settling of North America, Penguin Books, 2001.
Tuttle, Charles Wesley (1880). New Hampshire Without Provincial Government, 1689–1690: an Historical Sketch. Cambridge, MA: J. Wilson and Son. OCLC 12783351.
Webb, Stephen Saunders. Lord Churchill's coup: the Anglo-American empire and the Glorious Revolution reconsidered (Syracuse University Press, 1998)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Hall, Michael G. (1979). "Origins in Massachusetts of the Constitutional Doctrine of Advice and Consent". Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, Third Series. Massachusetts Historical Society. 91: 5. JSTOR 25080845. Randolph's efforts at reporting unfavorably on the autonomous and "democratically government of Massachusetts brought about in 1684 total annulment of the first charter and in position of a new, arbitrary, prerogative government.
Jump up ^ Curtis P. Nettels, The Roots of American Civilization: A History of American Colonial Life (1938) p. 297.
Jump up ^ Barnes, p. 45
Jump up ^ Barnes, pp. 47–48
Jump up ^ Barnes, p. 48
Jump up ^ Barnes, p. 49
Jump up ^ Barnes, p. 50
Jump up ^ Barnes, pp. 50,54
Jump up ^ Barnes, p. 51
Jump up ^ Barnes, p. 53
Jump up ^ Barnes, p. 55
Jump up ^ Barnes, p. 56
Jump up ^ Barnes, p. 58
Jump up ^ Barnes, p. 59
Jump up ^ Barnes, p. 61
Jump up ^ Barnes, pp. 62–63
Jump up ^ Barnes, p. 68
^ Jump up to: a b Lustig, p. 141
Jump up ^ Alan Taylor, American Colonies: The Settling of North America (2001) p277
Jump up ^ Lustig, p. 164
Jump up ^ Lustig, p. 165
Jump up ^ Barnes, p. 84
Jump up ^ Barnes, p. 85
Jump up ^ Lovejoy, p. 184
Jump up ^ Barnes, p. 97
Jump up ^ Taylor, p 277
Jump up ^ Barnes, p. 176
Jump up ^ Barnes, p. 182, 187
Jump up ^ Barnes, pp. 189–193
Jump up ^ Barnes, pp. 199–201
Jump up ^ Federal Writers Project (1940). Connecticut: A Guide to Its Roads, Lore and People. p. 170.
Jump up ^ Palfrey, pp. 545–546
Jump up ^ Palfrey, p. 548
Jump up ^ Dunn, p. 64
Jump up ^ Lovejoy, p. 211
Jump up ^ Lovejoy, pp. 212–213
Jump up ^ Lustig, p. 171
Jump up ^ Lustig, p. 173
Jump up ^ Lustig, p. 174
Jump up ^ Lustig, p. 176
Jump up ^ Lustig, pp. 177–179
Jump up ^ Hall (1988), pp. 207–210
Jump up ^ Hall (1988), p. 210
Jump up ^ Hall (1988), pp. 210–211
Jump up ^ Hall (1988), p. 217
Jump up ^ Barnes, p. 234
Jump up ^ Barnes, pp. 234–235
Jump up ^ Barnes, p. 238
Jump up ^ Steele, p. 77
Jump up ^ Steele, p. 78
Jump up ^ Lovejoy, p. 241
Jump up ^ Palfrey, p. 596
Jump up ^ Tuttle, pp. 1–12
Jump up ^ Lovejoy, p. 252
Jump up ^ Lustig, p. 199
Jump up ^ Lovejoy, pp. 255–256
Jump up ^ Lovejoy, pp. 326–338
Jump up ^ Lovejoy, pp. 355–357
Jump up ^ Kimball, pp. 61–63
Jump up ^ Barnes, p. 257
[show]
v
t
e
Dominion of New England
Monarchs
Charles II of England
James II of England
William III and Mary II of England
Administrators
Colonel Percy Kirke
Joseph Dudley
Sir Edmund Andros
Francis Nicholson
Opponents
Simon Bradstreet
Jacob Leisler
Increase Mather
Cotton Mather
Sir William Phips
Background
New England Puritans
The Navigation Acts
Assimilated colonies
Massachusetts Bay
New Hampshire
Plymouth
Rhode Island
Connecticut
New York
East Jersey
West Jersey
Events
Creation of the dominion
Charter Oak incident
1689 Boston revolt
Leisler's Rebellion
[show]
v
t
e
British Empire
Legend
Current territory
Former territory
* Now a Commonwealth realm
Now a member of the Commonwealth of Nations
Historical flags of the British Empire
[show]
Europe
1542–1800 Ireland (integrated into UK)
1708–1757, 1763–1782 and 1798–1802 Minorca
Since 1713 Gibraltar
1800–1813 Malta (Protectorate)
1813–1964 Malta (Colony)
1807–1890 Heligoland
1809–1864 Ionian Islands
1878–1960 Cyprus
1921–1937 Irish Free State
[show]
North America
17th century and before 18th century 19th and 20th century
1579 New Albion
1583–1907 Newfoundland
1605–1979 *Saint Lucia
1607–1776 Virginia
Since 1619 Bermuda
1620–1691 Plymouth
1623–1883 Saint Kitts
1624–1966 *Barbados
1625–1650 Saint Croix
1627–1979 *Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
1628–1883 Nevis
1629–1691 Massachusetts Bay
1632–1776 Maryland
since 1632 Montserrat
1632–1860 Antigua
1636–1776 Connecticut
1636–1776 Rhode Island
1637–1662 New Haven
1643–1860 Bay Islands
Since 1650 Anguilla
1655–1850 Mosquito Coast
1655–1962 *Jamaica
1663–1712 Carolina
1664–1776 New York
1665–1674 and 1702–1776 New Jersey
Since 1666 Virgin Islands
Since 1670 Cayman Islands
1670–1973 *Bahamas
1670–1870 Rupert's Land
1671–1816 Leeward Islands
1674–1702 East Jersey
1674–1702 West Jersey
1680–1776 New Hampshire
1681–1776 Pennsylvania
1686–1689 New England
1691–1776 Massachusetts Bay
1701–1776 Delaware
1712–1776 North Carolina
1712–1776 South Carolina
1713–1867 Nova Scotia
1733–1776 Georgia
1754–1820 Cape Breton Island
1762–1974 *Grenada
1763–1978 Dominica
1763–1873 Prince Edward Island
1763–1791 Quebec
1763–1783 East Florida
1763–1783 West Florida
1784–1867 New Brunswick
1791–1841 Lower Canada
1791–1841 Upper Canada
Since 1799 Turks and Caicos Islands
1818–1846 Columbia District/Oregon Country1
1833–1960 Windward Islands
1833–1960 Leeward Islands
1841–1867 Canada
1849–1866 Vancouver Island
1853–1863 Queen Charlotte Islands
1858–1866 British Columbia
1859–1870 North-Western Territory
1860–1981 *British Antigua and Barbuda
1862–1863 Stickeen
1866–1871 British Columbia
1867–1931 *Dominion of Canada2
1871–1964 Honduras
1882–1983 *Saint Kitts and Nevis
1889–1962 Trinidad and Tobago
1907–1949 Newfoundland3
1958–1962 West Indies Federation
1. Occupied jointly with the United States.
2. In 1931, Canada and other British dominions obtained self-government through the Statute of Westminster. See Name of Canada.
3. Gave up self-rule in 1934, but remained a de jure Dominion until it joined Canada in 1949.
[show]
South America
1631–1641 Providence Island
1651–1667 Willoughbyland
1670–1688 Saint Andrew and Providence Islands4
1831–1966 Guiana
Since 1833 Falkland Islands5
Since 1908 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands5
4. Now a department of Colombia.
5. Occupied by Argentina during the Falklands War of April–June 1982.
[show]
Africa
17th and 18th centuries 19th century 20th century
Since 1658 Saint Helena14
1792–1961 Sierra Leone
1795–1803 Cape Colony
Since 1815 Ascension Island14
Since 1816 Tristan da Cunha14
1806–1910 Cape of Good Hope
1807–1808 Madeira
1810–1968 Mauritius
1816–1965 The Gambia
1856–1910 Natal
1862–1906 Lagos
1868–1966 Basutoland
1874–1957 Gold Coast
1882–1922 Egypt
1884–1900 Niger Coast
1884–1966 Bechuanaland
1884–1960 Somaliland
1887–1897 Zululand
1890–1962 Uganda
1890–1963 Zanzibar
1891–1964 Nyasaland
1891–1907 Central Africa
1893–1968 Swaziland
1895–1920 East Africa
1899–1956 Sudan
1900–1914 Northern Nigeria
1900–1914 Southern Nigeria
1900–1910 Orange River
1900–1910 Transvaal
1903–1976 Seychelles
1910–1931 South Africa
1914–1960 Nigeria
1915–1931 South-West Africa
1919–1961 Cameroons6
1920–1963 Kenya
1922–1961 Tanganyika6
1923–1965 and 1979–1980 Southern Rhodesia7
1924–1964 Northern Rhodesia
6. League of Nations mandate.
7. Self-governing Southern Rhodesia unilaterally declared independence in 1965 (as Rhodesia) and continued as an unrecognised state until the 1979 Lancaster House Agreement. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003.
[show]
Asia
17th and 18th century 19th century 20th century
1685–1824 Bencoolen
1702–1705 Pulo Condore
1757–1947 Bengal
1762–1764 Manila and Cavite
1781–1784 and 1795–1819 Padang
1786–1946 Penang
1795–1948 Ceylon
1796–1965 Maldives
1812–1824 Banka and Billiton
1819–1826 Malaya
1824–1948 Burma
1826–1946 Straits Settlements
1839–1967 Aden
1839–1842 Afghanistan
1841–1997 Hong Kong
1841–1946 Sarawak
1848–1946 Labuan
1858–1947 India
1874–1963 Borneo
1879–1919 Afghanistan (protectorate)
1882–1963 North Borneo
1885–1946 Unfederated Malay States
1888–1984 Brunei
1891–1971 Muscat and Oman
1892–1971 Trucial States
1895–1946 Federated Malay States
1898–1930 Weihai
1878–1960 Cyprus
1907–1949 Bhutan (protectorate)
1918–1961 Kuwait
1920–1932 Mesopotamia8
1921–1946 Transjordan8
1923–1948 Palestine8
1945–1946 South Vietnam
1946–1963 North Borneo
1946–1963 Sarawak
1946–1963 Singapore
1946–1948 Malayan Union
1948–1957 Federation of Malaya
Since 1960 Akrotiri and Dhekelia (before as part of Cyprus)
Since 1965 British Indian Ocean Territory (before as part of Mauritius and the Seychelles)
8 League of Nations mandate. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the Anglo-Iraqi Treaty
[show]
Oceania
18th and 19th centuries 20th century
1788–1901 New South Wales
1803–1901 Van Diemen's Land/Tasmania
1807–1863 Auckland Islands9
1824–1980 New Hebrides
1824–1901 Queensland
1829–1901 Swan River/Western Australia
1836–1901 South Australia
since 1838 Pitcairn Islands
1841–1907 New Zealand
1851–1901 Victoria
1874–1970 Fiji10
1877–1976 Western Pacific Territories
1884–1949 Papua
1888–1901 Rarotonga/Cook Islands9
1889–1948 Union Islands9
1892–1979 Gilbert and Ellice Islands11
1893–1978 Solomon Islands12
1900–1970 Tonga
1900–1974 Niue9
1901–1942 *Australia
1907–1953 *New Zealand
1919–1942 and 1945–1968 Nauru
1919–1949 New Guinea
1949–1975 Papua and New Guinea13
9. Now part of the *Realm of New Zealand.
10. Suspended member.
11. Now Kiribati and *Tuvalu.
12. Now the *Solomon Islands.
13. Now *Papua New Guinea.
[show]
Antarctica and South Atlantic
Since 1658 Saint Helena14
Since 1815 Ascension Island14
Since 1816 Tristan da Cunha14
Since 1908 British Antarctic Territory15
1841–1933 Australian Antarctic Territory (transferred to the Commonwealth of Australia)
1841–1947 Ross Dependency (transferred to the Realm of New Zealand)
14. Since 2009 part of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha; Ascension Island (1922–) and Tristan da Cunha (1938–) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena.
15. Both claimed in 1908; territories formed in 1962 (British Antarctic Territory) and 1985 (South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands).
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 157179803
LCCN: n85313484
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dominion_of_New_England&oldid=797863344"
Categories:
Dominion of New England
English colonization of the Americas
History of the Thirteen Colonies
1686 establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
States and territories established in 1686
Colonial United States (British)
History of New England
Pre-statehood history of New York (state)
Pre-statehood history of New Jersey
Former colonies in North America
States and territories disestablished in 1689
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