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Bert Lahr
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Bert Lahr
Bert Lahr, early in his career around 1936
Born
Irving Lahrheim
(1895-08-13)August 13, 1895
New York City, U.S.
Died
December 4, 1967(1967-12-04) (aged 72)
New York City, U.S.
Occupation
Actor, comedian
Years active
1925–1967
Spouse(s)
Mercedes Delpino (m. 1929; div. 1939)
Mildred Schroeder (m. 1940)
Children
3, including John Lahr and Jane Lahr
Signature
Bert Lahr (August 13, 1895 – December 4, 1967) was an American actor of stage and screen, vaudevillian and comedian. Lahr is best known for his role as the Cowardly Lion, as well as his counterpart Kansas farmworker Zeke, in The Wizard of Oz (1939). He was well known for his explosive humor, but also adapted well to dramatic roles and his work in burlesque, vaudeville, and on Broadway.
Contents
1 Early life
2 Film career
2.1 Cowardly Lion in The Wizard of Oz
2.2 Waiting for Godot
2.3 Television
2.4 Other work
3 Personal life
4 Death
5 Filmography
6 Stage productions
7 References
8 External links
Early life[edit]
Lahr was born as Irving Lahrheim, in New York City, the son of Augusta (1871-1932) and Jacob Lahrheim (1870-1947).[1] His parents were German Jewish immigrants. Lahr grew up in the Yorkville section of Manhattan.[2] Dropping out of school at 15 to join a juvenile vaudeville act, Lahr worked up to top billing on the Columbia Burlesque Circuit. In 1927 he debuted on Broadway in Delmar's Revels. He played to packed houses, performing classic routines such as "The Song of the Woodman" (which he reprised in the film Merry-Go-Round of 1938). Lahr had his first major success in a stage musical playing the prize fighter hero of Hold Everything! (1928–29). Other musicals followed, notably Flying High (1930), Florenz Ziegfeld's Hot-Cha! (1932) and The Show is On (1936) in which he co-starred with Beatrice Lillie. In 1939, he co-starred as Louis Blore alongside Ethel Merman in the Broadway production of DuBarry Was a Lady.
Film career[edit]
Lahr as the Cowardly Lion in the MGM feature film The Wizard of Oz, 1939
Lahr made his feature film debut in 1931's Flying High, playing the oddball aviator he had played on stage. He signed with New York-based Educational Pictures for a series of two-reel comedies. When that series ended, he went to Hollywood to work in feature films. Aside from The Wizard of Oz (1939), his movie career was limited. In the 1944 patriotic film Meet the People, Lahr uttered the phrase "Heavens to Murgatroyd!" later popularized by cartoon character Snagglepuss.
Cowardly Lion in The Wizard of Oz[edit]
Lahr's most famous role was that of the Cowardly Lion in Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer's 1939 adaptation of The Wizard of Oz. Lahr was signed to play the role on July 25, 1938. He starred opposite Judy Garland, Ray Bolger, Jack Haley, Frank Morgan, and Margaret Hamilton. Lahr's lion costume was composed of lion fur and, under the high-intensity lighting required for Oz's Technicolor scenes, the costume was unbearably hot. Lahr contributed ad-lib comedic lines for his character. Many of Lahr's scenes took several takes because other cast members, especially Garland, couldn't complete the scenes without laughing. The Cowardly Lion is the only character who sings two solo song numbers-"If I Only Had the Nerve", performed after the initial meeting with Dorothy, The Scarecrow, and The Tin Man in the forest, and "If I Were King of the Forest", performed while he and the others are awaiting their audience with the Wizard.
"The Wizard of Oz" was Lahr's 17th movie. When warned that Hollywood had a habit of typecasting actors, Lahr replied, "Yeah, but how many parts are there for lions?"
An original Cowardly Lion costume worn by Lahr in The Wizard of Oz is in the holdings of The Comisar Collection, which is also the largest collection of television artifacts and memorabilia in the world.[3]
In June 2013, Lahr's original reading script for The Wizard of Oz, bequeathed to his great-grandson, was appraised with an insurance value of $150,000 on PBS's Antiques Roadshow in an episode filmed in Detroit, Michigan.[4][5]
Waiting for Godot[edit]
Lahr later made the transition to straight theater. He got a script of Waiting for Godot, and was greatly impressed but unsure of how the revolutionary play would be received in the United States. It was performed in Europe to great acclaim, but was somewhat obscure and intellectual. He co-starred in the US premiere of Waiting for Godot in 1956 at the Coconut Grove Playhouse in Miami, Florida, playing Estragon to Tom Ewell's Vladimir. The performance bombed, with audience members walking out in large numbers, and the critics did not treat it kindly. In his book Notes on a Cowardly Lion, John Lahr (Bert's son) states that the problems were caused partly by the choices of the director, including the decision to limit Bert's movement on stage; filling the stage with platforms; and a misguided description of the play as a light comedy, along with other difficulties.[6]
Lahr reprised his role in a short-lived Broadway run, co-starring with E. G. Marshall as Vladimir. This time, it was with a new director, Herbert Berghof, who had met with Beckett in Europe and discussed the play. The set was cleared, and Bert was allowed more freedom in his performance. Advertisements were taken out urging intellectuals to support the play, which was a success and received enthusiastic ovations from the audience. Bert was praised and though he claimed he did not understand the play, others would disagree and say he understood it a great deal.[6]
Television[edit]
Lahr occasionally appeared on television, including NBC's live version of the Cole Porter musical Let's Face It (1954), the 1964 Hallmark Hall of Fame production of The Fantasticks, and occasional appearances as the mystery guest on What's My Line? (e.g. December 30, 1956).[7] He performed in commercials, including a memorable series for Lay's potato chips during its long-running "Betcha can't eat just one" campaign with Lahr appearing in multiple costumes. He was not afraid to take on the classics in television performances of Androcles and the Lion and the School for Wives (1956). He performed as Moonface Martin in a television version of Anything Goes, with Ethel Merman reprising her role as Reno Sweeney and Frank Sinatra as Billy Crocker. In 1959, he played Mr. O'Malley in an adaptation of Barnaby for General Electric Theater. In 1963, he appeared as Go-Go Garrity in the episode "Is Mr. Martian Coming Back" on NBC's medical drama The Eleventh Hour.
Other work[edit]
Lahr as Skid in the Broadway revival of Burlesque, 1946
Among his numerous Broadway roles, Lahr starred as Skid in the Broadway revival of Burlesque from 1946 to 1948 and played multiple roles, including Queen Victoria, in the original Broadway musical Two on the Aisle from 1951 to 1952. In late 1955 his name was mentioned by Larry Fine as a possible replacement for Shemp Howard, who had died suddenly, to be a part of the Three Stooges. Nothing came of it.[citation needed] In the late 1950s, he supplied the voice of a bloodhound in "Old Whiff," a short cartoon produced by Mike Todd which featured the olfactory Smell-O-Vision process developed for Todd's feature film Scent of Mystery (1960).
In 1964 he won the Tony Award for Best Leading Actor in a Musical for his role in the musical Foxy. At the American Shakespeare Festival he played Bottom in A Midsummer Night's Dream (1960), for which he received the Best Shakespearean Actor of the Year Award.
"Laughter is never too far away from tears," he reflected on his comedy. "You will cry at a pedlar much easier than you would cry at a woman dressed in ermine who had just lost her whole family."[2]
Personal life[edit]
Lahr's first wife, Mercedes Delpino, developed mental health problems that left her hospitalized. This complicated his relationship with his second wife, Mildred Schroeder, as he had legal problems with getting a divorce in New York State. She grew tired of waiting and became involved with another man and married him. Lahr was heartbroken but eventually won her back.[8] Lahr had three children, a son, Herbert, with Delpino, and a son and daughter with Schroeder. His younger son, John is a London-based drama critic and married to the actress and comedian Connie Booth (Fawlty Towers). His daughter Jane is an author and literary editor.
Death[edit]
Lahr was filming The Night They Raided Minsky's when he died on December 4, 1967 at the age of 72. The official cause of death was listed as pneumonia. Lahr had been hospitalized on November 21 for what was reported as a back ailment. In Notes on a Cowardly Lion: The Biography of Bert Lahr, John Lahr wrote: "Bert Lahr died in the early morning of December 4, 1967. Two weeks before, he had returned home at 2 a.m., chilled and feverish, from the damp studio where The Night They Raided Minsky's was being filmed. Ordinarily, a man of his age and reputation would not have had to perform that late into the night, but he had waived that proviso in his contract because of his trust in the producer and his need to work. The newspapers reported the cause of death as pneumonia; but he succumbed to cancer, a disease he feared but never knew he had." Most of Lahr's scenes had already been shot. Norman Lear told the New York Times that "through judicious editing we will be able to shoot the rest of the film so that his wonderful performance will remain intact." The producers used test footage of Lahr, plus an uncredited voice double and a body double, burlesque actor Joey Faye, to complete Lahr's role.[9]
Filmography[edit]
Faint Heart (1929, Short) - Rudolf
Flying High (1931) - Rusty
Mr. Broadway (1933) - Himself
Hizzoner (1933, Short) - Bert Lahr, Cop
Henry the Ache (1934, Short) - King Henry VIII
No More West (1934, Short) - Gunpowder Bert
Gold Bricks (1936, Short) - Bert
Boy, Oh Boy (1936, Short) - The Butler
Whose Baby Are You? (1936, Short) - Bert Halibut
Off the Horses (1937, Short) - Chester Twitt
Montague the Magnificent (1937, Short) - Egbert Bunting / Roland Montague
Merry Go Round of 1938 (1937) - Bert Lahr
Love and Hisses (1937) - Sugar Boles
Josette (1938) - Barney Barnaby
Just Around the Corner (1938) - Gus
Zaza (1939) - Cascart
The Wizard of Oz (1939) - 'Zeke' / The Cowardly Lion
Sing Your Worries Away (1942) - Clarence 'Chow' Brewster
Ship Ahoy (1942) - 'Skip' Owens
Meet the People (1944) - The Commander
Always Leave Them Laughing (1949) - Eddie Eagen
Mister Universe (1951) - Joe Pulaski
Rose Marie (1954) - Barney McCorkle
The Second Greatest Sex (1955) - Job McClure
The Night They Raided Minsky's (1968) - Professor Spats (final film role)
Stage productions[edit]
Lahr as Louis Blore in the Broadway production of DuBarry Was a Lady, 1939
Harry Delmar's Revels (1927)
Hold Everything! (1928)
Flying High (1930)
George White's Music Hall Varieties (1932)
Life Begins at 8:40 (1934)
George White's Scandals of 1936 (1936)
The Show is On (1936)
DuBarry Was a Lady (1939)
Seven Lively Arts (1944)
Burlesque (1946)
Two on the Aisle (1951)
Waiting for Godot (1956)
Hotel Paradiso (1957)
The Girls Against the Boys (1959)
The Beauty Part (1962)
Foxy (1964)
Never Too Late (1965)
The Birds (1966)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ American National Biography: Kurtzman-Lovecraft - John Arthur Garraty, Mark Christopher Carnes, American Council of Learned Societies - Google Books. Books.google.ca. Retrieved September 18, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Jacob Appel. St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture, 2002. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_g1epc/is_bio/ai_2419200675/pg_1
Jump up ^ The Today Show, Ann Curry onterview with James Comisar - http://www.tvtour.org/today.html
Jump up ^ PBS.org, "Bert Lahr's "Wizard of Oz" Script" (accessed 7 October 2017).
Jump up ^ Youtube.com, "Bert Lahr's "Wizard of Oz" Script | Owner Interview | Detroit", video uploaded by Antiques Roadshow PBS on 18 February 2014 (accessed 7 October 2017)
^ Jump up to: a b Notes on a Cowardly Lion, by John Lahr
Jump up ^ What's My Line? - The Harlem Globetrotters; Bert Lahr; Stubby Kaye (panel) (Dec 30, 1956)
Jump up ^ Notes on a Cowardly Lion by John Lahr.
Jump up ^ John Lahr; Notes on a Cowardly Lion
External links[edit]
Biography portal
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bert Lahr.
Bert Lahr at the Internet Broadway Database
Bert Lahr on IMDb
Bert Lahr at the TCM Movie Database
Bert Lahr at Find a Grave
Bert Lahr at Virtual History
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Rex Harrison (1957)
Robert Preston (1958)
Richard Kiley (1959)
Jackie Gleason (1960)
Richard Burton (1961)
Robert Morse (1962)
Zero Mostel (1963)
Bert Lahr (1964)
Zero Mostel (1965)
Richard Kiley (1966)
Robert Preston (1967)
Robert Goulet (1968)
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Martin Short (1999)
Brian Stokes Mitchell (2000)
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John Lithgow (2002)
Harvey Fierstein (2003)
Hugh Jackman (2004)
Norbert Leo Butz (2005)
John Lloyd Young (2006)
David Hyde Pierce (2007)
Paulo Szot (2008)
David Alvarez, Trent Kowalik and Kiril Kulish (2009)
Douglas Hodge (2010)
Norbert Leo Butz (2011)
Steve Kazee (2012)
Billy Porter (2013)
Neil Patrick Harris (2014)
Michael Cerveris (2015)
Leslie Odom Jr. (2016)
Ben Platt (2017)
Tony Shalhoub (2018)
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WorldCat Identities
BNF: cb13941605k (data)
GND: 134608119
ISNI: 0000 0003 6849 5612
LCCN: n82213991
MusicBrainz: de707a59-d914-4553-88e6-f09e1adf5690
NARA: 10569472
SNAC: w6b27xt6
VIAF: 37106579
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bert_Lahr&oldid=854017666"
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Surat Split
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The Indian National Congress(INC) which was established in 1885 was divided into two groups(in the year 1907) mainly by extremists and moderates at the Surat Session of the Congress.The period 1885-1905 was known as the period of the moderates as moderates dominated the INC. These Moderates used petition, prayers, meetings, leaflets and pamphlets memorandum and delegations to present their demands. Moderates were not able to achieve notable goals other than the expansion of the legislative council by the Indian Council Act of 1892. This created dis-satisfaction among the people. In 1907 the INC meeting was to be held in Pune and the extremists wanted Lala Lajpat Rai or Bal Gangadhar Tilak as president. But moderates wanted Rash Behari Ghosh to be president. Gopal Krishna Gokhale changed the meeting place from Pune to Surat fearing that if Pune was to be held as meeting place then Bal Gangadhar Tilak would become President. The partition of Bengal became the rise of extremism in INC.
As Surat was not hometown of Bal Gangadhar Tilak he could not preside over the meeting. Hence it was decided that Ghosh would be president. Extremists protested in the INC meeting as Bal Gangadhar Tilak was not given permission even to speak by pandit Madanmohan Malviya extremists then reacted by throwing eggs, footwear etc and wanted the meeting to be cancelled. Moderates then held a secret meeting and decided to abdicate extremists.
Background[edit]
Moderates believed in the policy of settlement of minor issues with the government by deliberations. But the extremists believed in agitation, strikes and boycotts to force their demands. Some nationalists led by Lokmanya Tilak agitated against the moderate behaviour of congress against British rule. The split between these two sections became outward at the end of Banaras Session of congress (1905). Lokmanya Tilak and his followers held a separate conference and declared the formation of the Extremist Party.[1] However they decided to work as a part of the Indian National Congress. Difference between moderates and extremists further widened in Calcutta Session of congress (1906) and there were attempts between them to elect one of them as the president of congress. The moderates opposed the resolutions on Swaraj, Swadeshi, Boycott of foreign goods and National Education and requested to withdraw from the policy laid down in the Calcutta session. But the extremists were not ready to do so.[2]
In Surat Session (1907), extremists wanted Lala Lajpat Rai or Bal Gangadhar Tilak as a President candidate of congress and Moderates supported Dr. Rashbihari Ghosh to be the President.[3] But Lala Lajpat Rai stepped down and Dr. Rashbihari Ghosh became the President. The British Government immediately launched a massive attack on the extremists and Extremist newspaper were suppressed. Lokmanya Tilak, their main leader, was sent to Mandalay jail for six years[4]
See also[edit]
Early Nationalists
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Surat Split 1907". ias.org.in. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "THE SURAT CONGRESS". Documents in the Life of Sri Aurobindo. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "Surat Session (1907)". Retrieved 24 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "Split in Congress - Part II". IndianSaga.com. Retrieved 24 August 2013.
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In God We Trust
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other uses, see In God We Trust (disambiguation).
"In God We Trust" on the back of a United States twenty-dollar bill
"In God We Trust" is the official motto of the United States. It was adopted as the nation's motto in 1956 as an alternative or replacement to the unofficial motto of E pluribus unum, which was adopted when the Great Seal of the United States was created and adopted in 1782.[1][2]
"In God We Trust" first appeared on the Two-cent piece in 1864[3] and has appeared on paper currency since 1957. A law passed in a Joint Resolution by the 84th Congress (P.L. 84-140) and approved by President Dwight Eisenhower on July 30, 1956, declared "In God We Trust" must appear on American currency. This phrase was first used on paper money in 1957, when it appeared on the one-dollar silver certificate. The first paper currency bearing the phrase entered circulation on October 1, 1957.[3] The 84th Congress later passed legislation (P.L. 84-851), also signed by President Eisenhower on July 30, 1956, declaring the phrase to be the national motto.
Some groups and people have expressed objections to its use, citing its religious reference that violates the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment[4]. These groups believe the phrase should be removed from currency and public property.
It is also the motto of the U.S. state of Florida. Its Spanish equivalent, En Dios Confiamos, is the motto of the Republic of Nicaragua.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Society and culture
2.1 Pop culture
2.2 License plates
3 Criticism
4 See also
5 Notes and references
6 External links
History[edit]
Salmon P. Chase, Treasury Secretary, scribes "In God is our Trust," scratches out "is our" and overwrites "We" to arrive at "In God We Trust" in a December 9, 1863, letter to James Pollock, Director of the Philadelphia Mint.[6]
The phrase appears to have originated in "The Star-Spangled Banner", written by Francis Scott Key during the War of 1812. The fourth stanza includes the phrase, "And this be our motto: 'In God is our Trust.'" This version of the motto made an early appearance on the twenty dollar interest bearing notes issued in 1864 along with the motto "God and our Right".
Francis Scott Key's "Defence of Fort M'Henry" poem, which soon became "The Star-Spangled Banner", includes the phrase "And this be our motto: In God is our Trust" in its fourth stanza
The Reverend M. R. Watkinson, in a letter dated November 13, 1861, petitioned the Treasury Department to add a statement recognizing "Almighty God in some form in our coins" in order to "relieve us from the ignominy of heathenism".[7] At least part of the motivation was to declare that God was on the Union side of the Civil War.[8] Treasury Secretary Salmon P. Chase acted on this proposal and directed the then-Philadelphia Director of the Mint, James Pollock, to begin drawing up possible designs that would include the religious phrase. Chase chose his favorite designs and presented a proposal to Congress for the new designs in late 1863.[9]
As Chase was preparing his recommendation to Congress, it was found that the Act of Congress dated January 18, 1837 prescribed the mottoes and devices that should be placed upon the coins of the United States. This meant that the mint could make no changes without the enactment of additional legislation by the Congress. Such legislation was introduced and passed on April 22, 1864, allowing the Secretary of the Treasury to authorize the inclusion of the phrase on one-cent and two-cent coins.[8]
An Act of Congress passed on March 3, 1865, allowed the Mint Director, with the Secretary's approval, to place the motto on all gold and silver coins that "shall admit the inscription thereon".[8][10] In 1873, Congress passed the Coinage Act, granting that the Secretary of the Treasury "may cause the motto IN GOD WE TRUST to be inscribed on such coins as shall admit of such motto".
The use of "In God We Trust" has been interrupted. The motto disappeared from the five-cent coin in 1883, and did not reappear until production of the Jefferson nickel began in 1938.[8] However, at least two other coins minted in every year in the interim still bore the motto,[citation needed] including the Morgan dollar and the Seated Liberty half dollar. In 1908, Congress made it mandatory that the phrase be printed on all coins upon which it had previously appeared. This decision was motivated after a public outcry following the release of a $20 coin which did not bear the motto.[11] The motto has been in continuous use on the one-cent coin since 1909, and on the ten-cent coin since 1916. It also has appeared on all gold coins and silver dollar coins, half-dollar coins, and quarter-dollar coins struck since July 1, 1908.[8] Since 1938, all US coins have borne the motto.
A quarter dollar with the United States' official motto "In God We Trust" on the obverse side
During the Cold War era, the government of the United States sought to distinguish itself from the Soviet Union, which promoted state atheism and thus implemented antireligious legislation.[12] The 84th Congress passed a joint resolution "declaring IN GOD WE TRUST the national motto of the United States". The law was signed by President Eisenhower on July 30, 1956.[13] The United States Code at 36 U.S.C. § 302, now states: "'In God we trust' is the national motto."
The same day, the President signed into law[14] a requirement that "In God We Trust" be printed on all U.S. currency and coins. On paper currency, it first appeared on the silver certificate in 1957, followed by other certificates. Federal Reserve Notes and United States Notes were circulated with the motto starting from 1964 to 1966, depending on the denomination.[8][15] (Of these, only Federal Reserve Notes are still circulated.)
Representative Charles Edward Bennett of Florida cited the Cold War when he introduced the bill in the House, saying "In these days when imperialistic and materialistic communism seeks to attack and destroy freedom, we should continually look for ways to strengthen the foundations of our freedom". [16]
A framed poster displaying the national motto of the United States in a New Philadelphia High School classroom
In 2006, on the 50th anniversary of its adoption, the Senate reaffirmed "In God We Trust" as the official national motto of the United States of America.[17] In 2011 the House of Representatives passed an additional resolution reaffirming "In God We Trust" as the official motto of the United States, in a 396–9 vote.[18][19] According to a 2003 joint poll by USA Today, CNN, and Gallup, 90% of Americans support the inscription "In God We Trust" on U.S. coins.[20]
The phrase has been incorporated in many hymns and religio-patriotic songs. During the American Civil War, the 125th Pennsylvania Infantry for the Union Army assumed the motto "In God we trust" in early August 1862.[21][22][23]
In Judaism and Christianity, the official motto "In God We Trust" resounds with several verses from the Bible, including Psalm 118:8, Psalm 40:3, Psalm 73:28, and Proverbs 29:25.[24] In Islam the word for the concept of reliance on God is called Tawakkul; the phrase "In God We Trust" is found in two places of the Koran, in Surah 10 Yunus, as well as Surah 7 Al-A'raf, although several other verses reinforce this concept.[25][not in citation given] Melkote Ramaswamy, a Hindu American scholar, writes that the presence of the phrase "In God We Trust" on American currency is a reminder that "there is God everywhere, whether we are conscious or not."[26]
After the September 11 attacks in 2001, many public schools across the United States posted "In God We Trust" framed posters in their "libraries, cafeterias and classrooms". The American Family Association supplied several 11-by-14-inch posters to school systems and vowed to defend any legal challenges to the displaying of the posters.[27]
Society and culture[edit]
Pop culture[edit]
An e-mail conspiracy theory is that "In God We Trust" was intentionally omitted from new U.S. dollar coins in 2007.[28] The first coins produced under the Presidential $1 Coin Program did indeed lack the "In God We Trust" inscription along their edges (along with the "E Pluribus Unum" inscription, the year of production, and the mint mark; these coins, unlike normal dollar coins, had completely blank edges), but these coins, known as "godless dollars", were the result of a minting error, not a deliberate omission.[29][30]
Marty Feldman's satirical comedy In God We Tru$t (1980).
The film They Live plays on the idea. Special sunglasses allow the wearers to see simple hidden messages instead of the signs they see without them. Advertising is seen as "OBEY", "CONSUME" and "MARRY AND REPRODUCE". Dollar bills are all marked "THIS IS YOUR GOD".[31]
License plates[edit]
'In God We Trust' optional license plate designed by Troy Wingard for the South Carolina Department of Public Safety in 2002
As of April 1, 2016 the following U.S. states currently offer an "In God We Trust" license plate as a speciality plate for an additional normal vehicle registration processing which vary from state to state: Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, Florida, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Utah, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wisconsin.
Florida (Which also offers a speciality plate) and Georgia which both display the county of issuance on their License Plate offer the option of "In God We Trust" in place of the County Name.
Criticism[edit]
Advocates of separation of church and state have questioned the legality of this motto, asserting that it is a violation of the United States Constitution, prohibiting the government from passing any law respecting the establishment of religion.[32] Religious accommodationists state that this entrenched practice has not historically presented any constitutional difficulty, is not coercive, and does not prefer one religious denomination over another.[32]
"In God We Trust" as a national motto and on U.S. currency has been the subject of numerous unsuccessful lawsuits.[33] The motto was first challenged in Aronow v. United States in 1970, but the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ruled: "It is quite obvious that the national motto and the slogan on coinage and currency 'In God We Trust' has nothing whatsoever to do with the establishment of religion. Its use is of patriotic or ceremonial character and bears no true resemblance to a governmental sponsorship of a religious exercise."[34] In Lynch v. Donnelly (1984), the Supreme Court wrote that acts of "ceremonial deism" are "protected from Establishment Clause scrutiny chiefly because they have lost through rote repetition any significant religious content".[35] In Zorach v. Clauson (1952), the Supreme Court also wrote that the nation's "institutions presuppose a Supreme Being" and that government recognition of God does not constitute the establishment of a state church as the Constitution's authors intended to prohibit.[36]
Aside from constitutional objections, President Theodore Roosevelt took issue with using the motto on coinage as he considered using God's name on money to be sacrilege.[37]
See also[edit]
Dieu et mon droit
God Save the Queen
May God have mercy upon your soul
So help me God
Gott mit uns
Deus seja louvado
Notes and references[edit]
Jump up ^ Annual report – American Civil Liberties Union, Volume 5. American Civil Liberties Union. 1951. Retrieved 1 May 2012. In 1956, an official national motto was adopted, "In God We Trust," replacing the unofficial "E Pluribus Unum."
Jump up ^ Refiguring Mass Communication: A History. University of Illinois Press. 24 March 2010. Retrieved 1 May 2012. He held high the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and the nation's unofficial motto, e pluribus unum, even as he was recoiling from the party system in which he had long participated.
^ Jump up to: a b U.S. Department of the Treasury (2011). "History of 'In God We Trust'". www.treasury.gov. Retrieved 2017-03-14.
Jump up ^ 12 Mar 2010 (2010-03-12). "Atheist in battle to remove 'In God We Trust' from US currency". London: Telegraph. Retrieved 2014-02-04.
Jump up ^ As shown on the Córdoba (bank notes and coins); see for example Banco Central de Nicaragua Archived 2012-05-06 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Chase, Salmon P (December 9, 1863). Letter to James Pollock. Document # RG 104_UD 87-A_Folder In God We Trust 1861_Part1. National Archives and Records Administration. p. 11.
Jump up ^ United States (1897). Congressional Serial Set. US: Government Printing Office, p. 260.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "History of 'In God We Trust'". treasury.gov. Retrieved 2016-04-29.
Jump up ^ Duncan, Ann W. (2008). Religion, Rhetoric, and Ritual in the U.S. Government," Church-state Issues in America Today. Westport CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, pp. 77.
Jump up ^ Congressional Record, 1956, p. 13917, via NonBeliever.org
Jump up ^ "10 Interesting Facts About Theodore Roosevelt". Republicanpresidents.net. Retrieved 2014-02-04.
Jump up ^ Merriman, Scott A. Religion and the Law in America: An Encyclopedia of Personal Belief and Public Policy. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2007. Print. "In 1956, the United States, changed its motto to "In God We Trust," in large part to differentiate itself from the Soviet Union, its Cold War enemy that was widely seen as promoting atheism."
Jump up ^ Public Law 84-851
Jump up ^ Public Law 84-140
Jump up ^ Steven B. Epstein, "Rethinking the Constitutionality of Ceremonial Deism" Columbia Law Review, Vol. 96, No. 8. (Dec., 1996), p. 2083–2174, quoting the peroration (abridged here) of the speech by Charles Edward Bennett, sponsor in the House, the only speech in either House of Congress on the subject. President Eisenhower and W. Randolph Burgess, Deputy to the Treasury for Monetary Affairs, had approved of the legislation! 101 Congressional Record pp. 4384 (quoted), 7796. (1955)
Jump up ^ "The legislation placing "In God We Trust" on national currency | US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives". history.house.gov. 1955-07-11. Retrieved 2017-05-13.
Jump up ^ Felicia Sonmez (1 November 2011). "Social issues return to fore with 'In God We Trust' resolution". The Washington Post. Retrieved 7 November 2011. In 2006, on the 50th anniversary of its adoption, the Senate reaffirmed 'In God We Trust' as the official national motto of the United States," Forbes said in a statement announcing the vote. "Tomorrow, the House of Representatives will have the same opportunity to reaffirm our national motto and directly confront a disturbing trend of inaccuracies and omissions, misunderstandings of church and state, rogue court challenges, and efforts to remove God from the public domain by unelected bureaucrats.
Jump up ^ Jennifer Steinhauer (3 November 2011). "In God We Trust, With the House's Help". The New York Times. Retrieved 7 November 2011. Citing a crisis of national identity and mass confusion among Americans about their nation's motto, the House on Tuesday voted on a resolution "reaffirming 'In God We Trust' as the official motto of the United States."
Jump up ^ Todd Starnes (3 November 2011). "See Which Congressmen Voted Against 'In God We Trust'". Fox News. Retrieved 7 November 2011. The House of Representatives passed a bi-partisan resolution Tuesday night reaffirming "In God We Trust" as the official motto of the United States. The 396–9 vote came at the request of Rep. Randy Forbes (R-VA).
Jump up ^ "USA TODAY/CNN/Gallup Poll results". USA Today. 2011. Retrieved 15 November 2011. C. The inscription "In God We Trust" on U.S. coins; 2003 Sep 19–21; Approve 90; Disapprove 8; No opinion 2
Jump up ^ The Regimental Committee, 125th PA Volunteers, 1862–1863 (2009). Regimental History. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Library. pp. 150–152. ISBN 978-1-112-13570-5.
Jump up ^ Alexander, ted (2011). The Battle of Antietam. Charleston, SC: The History Press. p. 76. ISBN 978-1-60949-179-6.
Jump up ^ 125th PA Vol. Infantry: IN GOD WE TRUST. YouTube. 28 June 2012.
Jump up ^ "In God We Trust: The Motto". All About History. Retrieved 2013-02-26.
Jump up ^ "Verses including the word Putting One's Trust in Allah (Tawakkul)". Quran Index. Retrieved 2016-06-16.
Jump up ^ Ramaswamy, Melkote (2012-08-11). "Faith/Values | Indianapolis Star". indystar.com. Retrieved 2014-02-04. [dead link]
Jump up ^ "USATODAY.com – 'In God We Trust' pressed for schools". usatoday.com. 19 February 2002.
Jump up ^ "Historic Change", Snopes, http://www.snopes.com/politics/religion/dollarcoin.asp
Jump up ^ David S Morgan (2007-03-07). ""Godless" Dollar Coins Slip Through Mint". CBS News. Retrieved 2010-11-03.
Jump up ^ Associated Press: Dollar Coins Missing 'In God We Trust', By David S Morgan, (Mar. 7, 2007), CBS News Archived March 19, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Empire of the Sunglasses: How 'They Live' Took on Republicans and Won", by Joshua Rothkopf, Rolling Stone
^ Jump up to: a b Richard H. Fallon (2004). The Dynamic Constitution: an Introduction to Americans Constitutional Law. Cambridge University Press. p. 60. ISBN 978-0-521-60078-1. "Strict separationists" believe that the government has no business supporting religious beliefs or institutions in any way – for example, by providing tax breaks to churches, assisting parochial schools, including prayers or benedictions in public ceremonies, or inscribing "In God We Trust" on the currency. Religious accommodationists can well explain why certain entrenched social practices (such as the inscription of "In God We Trust" on the currency) were not historically perceived as presenting constitutional difficulties: The relevant practices are not coercive and do not prefer one narrow sect over another.
Jump up ^ Markoe, Lauren (2014-05-29). "Atheists Lose Latest Battle To Remove 'In God We Trust' From U.S. Currency". huffingtonpost.com. Religion News Service. Retrieved 2014-10-09.
Jump up ^ Aronow, 432 F.2d at 243.
Jump up ^ LYNCH v. DONNELLY, 465 U.S. 668 (1984) U.S. Supreme Court
Jump up ^ ABA Journal Sep 1962. Much more recently, in 1952, speaking through Mr. Justice Douglas in Zorach v. Clauson, 343 U.S. 306, 313, the Supreme Court repeated the same sentiments, saying: We are a religious people whose institutions presuppose a Supreme Being. Mr. Justice Brewer in the Holy Trinity case, supra, mentioned many of these evidences of religion, and Mr. Justice Douglas in the Zorach case referred to ... [P]rayers in our legislative halls; the appeals to the Almighty in the messages of the Chief Executive; the proclamation making Thanksgiving Day a holiday; "So help me God" in our courtroom oaths – these and ... other references to the Almighty ... run through our laws, our public rituals, our ceremonies ... the supplication with which the Court opens each session: "God save the United States and this Honorable Court" (312–313). To this list may be added tax exemption of churches, chaplaincies in the armed forces, the "Pray for Peace" postmark, the widespread observance of Christmas holidays, and, in classrooms, singing the fourth stanza of America which is prayer invoking the protection of God, and the words "in God is our trust" as found in the National Anthem, and the reciting of the Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag, modified by an Act of Congress of June 14, 1954, to include the words "under God".
Jump up ^ "ROOSEVELT DROPPED 'IN GOD WE TRUST'; President Says Such a Motto on Coin Is Irreverence, Close to Sacrilege. NO LAW COMMANDS ITS USE He Trusts Congress Will Not Direct Him to Replace the Exalted Phrase That Invited Constant Levity". The New York Times. November 14, 1907. Retrieved 26 August 2010.
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Cast Away
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the 2000 film. For other uses, see Castaway (disambiguation).
Cast Away
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Robert Zemeckis
Produced by
Tom Hanks
Jack Rapke
Steve Starkey
Robert Zemeckis
Written by
William Broyles, Jr.
Starring
Tom Hanks
Helen Hunt
Nick Searcy
Music by
Alan Silvestri
Cinematography
Don Burgess
Edited by
Arthur Schmidt
Production
company
ImageMovers
Playtone
Distributed by
20th Century Fox
(North America)
DreamWorks Pictures
(International)
Release date
December 22, 2000 (2000-12-22)
Running time
143 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$90 million[1]
Box office
$429.6 million[1]
Cast Away is a 2000 American epic survival drama film directed and co-produced by Robert Zemeckis and starring Tom Hanks, Helen Hunt, and Nick Searcy. The film depicts a FedEx employee marooned on an uninhabited island after his plane crashes in the South Pacific and his attempts to survive on the island using remnants of his plane's cargo.
The film was released on December 22, 2000. It was a critical and commercial success, grossing $429 million worldwide, with Hanks being nominated for Best Actor in a Leading Role at the 73rd Academy Awards.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Development
3.2 Filming
3.3 Music
3.4 FedEx
3.5 Wilson the volleyball
4 Reception
4.1 Accolades
5 In popular culture
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Plot[edit]
In December 1995, Chuck Noland is a time-obsessed systems engineer, who travels worldwide resolving productivity problems at FedEx depots. He is in a long-term relationship with Kelly Frears, with whom he lives in Memphis, Tennessee. Although the couple wants to get married, Chuck's busy schedule interferes with their relationship. A Christmas with relatives is interrupted when Chuck is summoned to resolve a problem in Malaysia. While flying through a violent storm, his plane crashes into the Pacific Ocean. Chuck escapes the sinking plane and is saved by an inflatable life raft, but loses the emergency locator transmitter. He clings to the life raft, loses consciousness, and floats all night before washing up on an island. After he awakens, he explores the island and soon discovers that it is uninhabited.
Several FedEx packages from the crashed plane also wash up on the shore, as well as the corpse of one of the pilots, which he buries. He initially tries to signal for rescue and makes an escape attempt with the remnants of his life raft, but cannot pass the powerful surf and the coral reefs surrounding the island. He searches for food, water, and shelter, and opens the packages, finding a number of useful items. He leaves one package, which has a pair of angel wings stenciled on it, unopened. During a first attempt to make fire, Chuck receives a deep wound to his hand. In anger and pain, he throws several objects, including a Wilson volleyball from one of the packages. A short time later he draws a face in the bloody hand print on the ball, names it Wilson, and begins talking to it. One night, Chuck calculates that in order for the rescue workers to find the site of the plane crash, they will have to search an area twice the size of Texas, making him doubtful he will ever be found.
Four years later, Chuck has adapted to the island’s meager living conditions, having become adept at spearing fish and making fires. He also has regular conversations and arguments with Wilson, his only means of socialization. A large section of a portable toilet washes up on the island; Chuck uses it as a sail in the construction of a raft. After spending some time building and stocking the raft and deciding when weather conditions will be optimal (using an analemma he has created in his cave to monitor the time of year), he launches, using the sail to overcome the powerful surf. After some time on the ocean, a storm nearly tears his raft apart. The following day, as Chuck sleeps, Wilson becomes untethered and floats away from the raft. Chuck is wakened by the spray of a sounding whale, sees Wilson, and swims after him, but Wilson has gone too far to safely retrieve. Chuck returns to the raft and collapses in tears. Later, a passing cargo ship finds him, drifting.
Upon returning to civilization, Chuck learns that he has long been given up for dead; his family and acquaintances have held a funeral, and Kelly has since married Chuck's onetime dentist and has a daughter. After reuniting, the pair profess their love for each other but, realizing they cannot be together because of her commitment to her new family, they sadly part. Kelly gives Chuck the car they once shared.
Some time later, after buying a new volleyball, Chuck travels to Canadian, Texas, to return the unopened FedEx package with the angel wings to its sender, a woman named Bettina Peterson. No one is home, so he leaves the package at the door with a note saying that the package saved his life. He departs and stops at a remote crossroads. A friendly woman passing by in a pickup truck stops to explain where each road leads. As she drives away, Chuck notices the angel wings on the back of her truck are identical to those on the parcel. As Chuck is left standing at the crossroads he looks down each road, then smiles faintly as he looks in the direction of the woman's truck.
Cast[edit]
Tom Hanks as Chuck Noland
Helen Hunt as Kelly Frears
Nick Searcy as Stan
Jenifer Lewis as Becca Twig
Chris Noth as Jerry Lovett
Lari White as Bettina Peterson
Vince Martin as Albert "Al" Miller
Geoffrey Blake as Maynard Graham
Michael Forest as Jack
Jay Acovone as Petrov
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
Tom Hanks once stated in an Actor Roundtable with The Hollywood Reporter that "...I wanted to examine the concept of four years of hopelessness, in which you have none of the requirements for living — food, water, shelter, fire and company". But it took six years to put together the alliance that would actually examine that. [Hanks] only had a third of [the story], and [screenwriter] Bill Broyles only had a third of it, [director] Bob Zemeckis came along and provided that other third. Hanks also went on to say "I had that original idea. I was reading an article about FedEx, and I realized that 747s filled with packages fly across the Pacific three times a day. And I just thought, "What happens if that goes down?"[3]
Filming[edit]
The film's shooting occurred between 1998 and 2000, but was not shot consecutively. Hanks gained 50 pounds (23 kg) during pre-production, for the purpose of making his transformation more dramatic. After a majority of the film was shot, production was halted for a year so that he could lose the weight and grow his hair and beard to look like he had been living on the island for years. During the year-long hiatus, Zemeckis used the same film crew to make another film, What Lies Beneath.[2]
Cast Away was filmed on Monuriki, one of the Mamanuca Islands in Fiji.[4] It is in a subgroup of the Mamanuca archipelago, which is sited off the coast of Viti Levu, Fiji's largest island. The island became a tourist attraction following the film's release. After Chuck's return, it is identified by Kelly as being "about 600 miles south of the Cook Islands," but there is actually no land between the southernmost Cook Islands of Mangaia and Antarctica.
The film essentially begins and ends in the same location, on the Arrington Ranch in the Texas Panhandle south of the city of Canadian, Texas.[5]
Music[edit]
The film's minimal score was composed by Alan Silvestri for which he won a Grammy Award in 2002. The film's soundtrack is most notable for its lack of score and creature sound effects (such as bird song or insect sounds) while Chuck is on the island, which is intended to reinforce the feeling of isolation.[6] Cast Away contains no original musical score until Chuck escapes the island. However, there is a Russian choral piece heard near the start of the film that was not composed or even recorded by Silvestri, so it does not appear on the film's soundtrack list. It is a traditional Russian song written by Lev Knipper called "Oh, My Field" ("Polyushko, Polye") and it is available on various collections of Red Army hymns. The tracks in Silvestri's score are as follows:
"Cast Away" – 3:44
"Wilson, I'm Sorry" – 1:39
"Drive to Kelly's" – 3:54
"Love of My Life" – 1:47
"What the Tide Could Bring" – 3:39
"Crossroads" – 2:08
"End Credits" – 7:29
The official soundtrack CD is an anthology of musical pieces from all films up to that point directed by Zemeckis and scored by Silvestri. The only track from Cast Away itself is the theme from the end credits.[7]
FedEx[edit]
FedEx provided access to their facilities (Memphis, Los Angeles, and Moscow) as well as airplanes, trucks, uniforms, and logistical support. A team of FedEx marketers oversaw production through more than two years of filming.[8] FedEx CEO Fred Smith made an appearance as himself for the scene where Chuck is welcomed back, which was filmed on location at FedEx's home facilities in Memphis, Tennessee. The idea of a story based on a FedEx plane crashing gave the company "a heart attack at first," but the overall story was seen as positive. FedEx, which paid no money for product placement in the film,[9] saw an increase in brand awareness in Asia and Europe following the film's release.[10]
Wilson the volleyball[edit]
Wilson the volleyball
In the film, Wilson the volleyball serves as Chuck Noland's personified friend and only companion during the four years that Noland spends alone on a deserted island.[11][12][13] Named after the volleyball's manufacturer, Wilson Sporting Goods, the character was created by screenwriter William Broyles, Jr.. While researching for the film, he consulted with professional survival experts, and then chose to deliberately strand himself for one week on an isolated beach in the Gulf of California, to force himself to search for water and food, and obtain his own shelter. During this time, a volleyball washed up on shore. This was the inspiration for the film's inanimate companion. From a screenwriting point of view, Wilson also serves to realistically allow dialogue in a one-person-only situation.[14][15]
One of the original volleyball props was sold at auction for $18,500 to the ex-CEO of FedEx Office, Ken May. At the time of the film's release, Wilson launched its own joint promotion centered on the fact that one of its products was "co-starring" with Tom Hanks. Wilson manufactured a volleyball with a reproduction of the bloodied handprint face on one side. It was sold for a limited time during the film's initial release and continues to be offered on the company's website.[16]
Reception[edit]
On Rotten Tomatoes, Cast Away has an approval rating of 90% based on 154 reviews, with an average rating of 7.4/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Flawed but fascinating, Cast Away offers an intelligent script, some of Robert Zemeckis' most mature directing, and a showcase performance from Tom Hanks."[17] On Metacritic the film has a score of 73 out of 100, based on 32 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[18]
Cast Away opened in 2,774 theaters in North America and grossed $28,883,406 with an average of $10,412 per theater on its opening weekend.[19] For the four-day Christmas long holiday weekend, it took in a total of $39,852,075.[20] The film kept performing well and ended up earning $233,632,142 domestically and $196,000,000 internationally for a total of $429,632,142, well above its production budget of $90 million.[1]
Accolades[edit]
Award
Category
Recipients and nominees
Result
73rd Academy Awards[21] Best Actor Tom Hanks Nominated
Best Sound Randy Thom, Tom Johnson, Dennis S. Sands and William B. Kaplan Nominated
54th British Academy Film Awards[22] Best Actor Tom Hanks Nominated
6th Critics' Choice Awards[23] Best Inanimate Object Wilson Won
58th Golden Globe Awards[24] Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama Tom Hanks Won
2001 MTV Movie Awards Best Action Sequence Plane crash Nominated
Best Kiss Tom Hanks and Helen Hunt Nominated
Best Male Performance Tom Hanks Nominated
Best On-Screen Duo Tom Hanks and Wilson Nominated
7th Screen Actors Guild Awards[25] Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role Tom Hanks Nominated
In popular culture[edit]
A FedEx commercial during the 2003 Super Bowl parodied the final scene of the film, in which Chuck returns a package to its sender. In this version, the woman answers the door, and when Chuck asks what was in the box, the woman replies: "Just a satellite phone, GPS locator, fishing rod, water purifier, and some seeds. Just silly stuff."[26]
Media executive Lloyd Braun of ABC Studios first suggested the idea of a Cast Away–type television series at a dinner party in 2003.[27] Thom Sherman later pitched the idea for Cast Away – The Series, but never developed the idea.[27] The concept was later developed and pitched with the title Nowhere, which later turned into the ABC show Lost.[27]
See also[edit]
Survival film, about the film genre, with a list of related films
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "Cast Away (2000)". Box Office Mojo. January 1, 2001. Retrieved January 10, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "'Cast Away' Director Defies Categorizing". New York Times. 2000. Retrieved October 18, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Actor Roundtable: Tom Hanks, James Franco and More on "Predators Everywhere" and Secrets of "Legends"". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2017-12-08.
Jump up ^ Fiji. Korina Miller, Robyn Jones, Leonardo Pinheiro. Lonely Planet. 2003. p. 54. ISBN 1-74059-134-8.
Jump up ^ Carlson, Paul (August 2007). "Cast Away and the Texas Panhandle" (PDF). The Cyclone, Volume XIV, Issue 2. West Texas Historical Association. pp. 1–2. Retrieved January 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ Cast Away DVD director's commentary
Jump up ^ "Cast Away: The Films of Robert Zemeckis and the Music of Alan Silvestri". allmusic. Retrieved June 2, 2009.
Jump up ^ "`Cast Away' Delivers Goods For Fedex". Chicago Tribune. 2001.
Jump up ^ "Stranded: Behind-the-Scenes of Cast Away, A comprehensive behind-the-scenes look at Cast Away". Stumped Magazine. 2004. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved December 27, 2009.
Jump up ^ "A look at some of the biggest hits in film and TV product placement". The Hollywood Reporter. April 28, 2005. Archived from the original on September 3, 2006. Retrieved November 25, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Cast Away lets Hanks fend for himself". Detroit News. December 22, 2000. Retrieved November 26, 2008.
Jump up ^ Nate Smith (January 7, 2001). "Cast Away proves great films still exist". Daily Gazette. Retrieved November 26, 2008.
Jump up ^ Vanneman, Alan. "The Volleyball in the Void". Bright Lights Film Journal. Retrieved November 26, 2008.
Jump up ^ Hepola, Sarah (December 29, 2000). "Lost at Sea and Back Again". The Austin Chronicle.
Jump up ^ Natale, Richard (December 20, 2000). "Casting About". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Wilson Cast Away Volleyball". Wilson Sporting Goods. Retrieved April 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Cast Away". Rotten Tomatoes. December 22, 2000. Retrieved April 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Cast Away". Metacritic. Retrieved April 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Weekend Box Office Results for December 22-24, 2000". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved April 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Weekend Box Office Results for December 22-25, 2000". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved April 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "The 73rd Academy Awards (2001) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on April 14, 2012. Retrieved November 19, 2011.
Jump up ^ Wolf, Matt (February 26, 2001). "'Gladiator' Gets 5 British Awards". Topeka Capital-Journal. Associated Press. Retrieved October 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ "The 6th Critics' Choice Movie Awards Winners and Nominees". Broadcast Film Critics Association. Archived from the original on January 4, 2012.
Jump up ^ Breznican, Anthony (January 22, 2001). "A 'Gladiator's' Triumph; 'Famous,' Tom Hanks, Julia Roberts Also Win Golden Globes". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 9, 2013. (Subscription required (help)).
Jump up ^ Schaefer, Stephen (January 31, 2001). "SAG might shake up Oscar field". The Boston Herald. Retrieved October 9, 2013. (Subscription required (help)).
Jump up ^ "Why no matches in the FedEx box?: FedEx parody commercial makes deliberate decision not to help provide fire to its own castaway". CNN. January 27, 2003. Retrieved March 4, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Cast Away". Chicago. August 2007. Retrieved December 27, 2008.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cast Away.
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Cast Away
Cast Away on IMDb
Cast Away at Rotten Tomatoes
Cast Away at Metacritic
Cast Away at Box Office Mojo
show
v
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Films directed by Robert Zemeckis
I Wanna Hold Your Hand (1978)
Used Cars (1980)
Romancing the Stone (1984)
Back to the Future (1985)
Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988)
Back to the Future Part II (1989)
Back to the Future Part III (1990)
Two-Fisted Tales (1992)
Death Becomes Her (1992)
Forrest Gump (1994)
Contact (1997)
What Lies Beneath (2000)
Cast Away (2000)
The Polar Express (2004)
Beowulf (2007)
A Christmas Carol (2009)
Flight (2012)
The Walk (2015)
Doc Brown Saves the World (2015)
Allied (2016)
Welcome to Marwen (2018)
show
v
t
e
Tom Hanks
Director
That Thing You Do! (1996)
Larry Crowne (2011)
Producer
Cast Away (2000)
My Big Fat Greek Wedding (2002)
Connie and Carla (2004)
Magnificent Desolation: Walking on the Moon 3D (2005)
Neil Young: Heart of Gold (2006)
The Ant Bully (2006)
Starter for 10 (2006)
Charlie Wilson's War (2007)
The Great Buck Howard (2008)
City of Ember (2008)
Where the Wild Things Are (2009)
My Big Fat Greek Wedding 2 (2016)
The Circle (2017)
Greyhound (TBA)
Television
From the Earth to the Moon (1998)
Band of Brothers (2001)
Game Change (2012)
Related
Filmography
Playtone
Awards and nominations
Colin Hanks
Rita Wilson
Jim Hanks
David S. Pumpkins
show
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FedEx Corporation
Established 1971
Founder
Frederick W. Smith
Subsidiaries
Express
Ground
Freight
Custom Critical
Office
Trade Networks
Supply Chain
Corporate Services
TechConnect
SmartPost
Air hubs
Memphis
Indianapolis
Anchorage
Oakland
Newark
Fort Worth
Miami
Paris
Kansai
Guangzhou
Cologne
Toronto
Flight accidents
Flight 14
Flight 80
Flight 630
Flight 647
Flight 705
Flight 910
Related
Flying Tiger Line
American Freightways
Asia Airfreight
FedEx Institute of Technology
KIAC
FedEx Field
FedEx Forum
FedEx Racing
Zapmail
Cast Away
Annual Revenue
$50.3 billion USD (2016)
Employees
400,000 (2016)
Stock Symbol
FDX
Website
fedex.com
Products
Freight Forwarding Services, Logistics Services
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
GND: 7749819-7
LCCN: n2003038761
VIAF: 176340687
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cast_Away&oldid=846191048"
Categories:
2000 films
English-language films
2000s adventure films
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Cast Away – Danish
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Cast Away – Basque
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Cast Away – Galician
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Cast Away – Indonesian
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Cast Away – Italian
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Cast Away – Cornish
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Cast Away – Malay
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Cast Away – Dutch
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Cast Away – Norwegian
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Cast Away – Portuguese
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Cast Away – Swedish
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