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Italy at the Olympics
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Italy at the
Summer Olympics
IOC code
ITA
NOC
Italian National Olympic Committee
Website
www.coni.it (in Italian)
Medals
Ranked 6th
Gold
246
Silver
214
Bronze
241
Total
701
Summer appearances
1896
1900
1904
1908
1912
1920
1924
1928
1932
1936
1948
1952
1956
1960
1964
1968
1972
1976
1980
1984
1988
1992
1996
2000
2004
2008
2012
2016
Winter appearances
1924
1928
1932
1936
1948
1952
1956
1960
1964
1968
1972
1976
1980
1984
1988
1992
1994
1998
2002
2006
2010
2014
2018
Other related appearances
1906 Intercalated Games
Italy has competed at all the modern Olympic Games[1][2][3]
Italy has taken part in all the Winter Olympic Games, winning 124 medals, and 577 medals at the Summer Olympic Games. Italy has won a total of 246 gold medals which makes them the 6th most successful country in Olympic history, after the USA, the Soviet Union, Germany, Great Britain and France. Italy has the sixth highest medal total of all time with 701.
The Italian National Olympic Committee was created in 1908 and recognized in 1913. The Italian Olympic Team has also competed in the Mediterranean Games where they have won a total of 1,786 medals, the most in the games' history. As of 2016 they are the most successful nation at fencing in Olympic history.
Contents
[hide]
1 Hosted Games
2 Medal tables
2.1 Medals by Summer Games
2.2 Medals by Winter Games
2.3 Medals by summer sport
2.4 Medals by winter sport
3 Athletes with most appearances
4 Athletes with most medals
5 Men gold medalist
6 Women gold medalist
7 See also
8 Notes and references
9 External links
Hosted Games[edit]
Italy has hosted the Games on three occasions.
Games
Host city
Dates
Nations
Participants
Events
1956 Winter Olympics Cortina d'Ampezzo 26 January – 5 February 32 821 24
1960 Summer Olympics Rome 25 August – 11 September 83 5,338 150
2006 Winter Olympics Turin 10 – 26 February 80 2,508 84
Medal tables[edit]
Flag used from 1896 to 1946
See also: All-time Olympic Games medal count
Italy has finished in the top 5 of the medal count 11 times in the Summer Olympic Games and 3 times in the Winter Olympic Games. In total Italy has finished in the top 5 of the medal count 14 times. Italy has also finished in the top 10 of the medal count 20 times in the Summer Olympic Games and 13 times in the Winter Olympic Games. In total Italy has finished in the top 10 of the medal count 33 times.
According to the official count of the International Olympic Committee, Italy has won 577 medals at Summer Olympics.[4]
*Red border color indicates tournament was held on home soil.
Medals by Summer Games[edit]
Games
Athletes
Gold Silver Bronze
Total
Rank
1896 Athens 1 0 0 0 0 –
1900 Paris 24 2[a] 2 0 4 8
1904 St. Louis 1 0 0 0 0 -
1908 London 68 2 2 0 4 9
1912 Stockholm 61 3 1 2 6 11
1920 Antwerp 174 13 5 5 23 7
1924 Paris 200 8 3 5 16 5
1928 Amsterdam 174 7 5 7 19 5
1932 Los Angeles 112 12 12 12 36 2
1936 Berlin 243 8 9 5 22 4
1948 London 213 8 11 8 27 5
1952 Helsinki 231 8 9 4 21 5
1956 Melbourne 129 8 8 9 25 5
1960 Rome 280 13 10 13 36 3
1964 Tokyo 168 10 10 7 27 5
1968 Mexico City 167 3 4 9 16 13
1972 Munich 224 5 3 10 18 10
1976 Montreal 210 2 7 4 13 14
1980 Moscow 159 8 3 4 15 5
1984 Los Angeles 268 14 6 12 32 5
1988 Seoul 253 6 4 4 14 10
1992 Barcelona 304 6 5 8 19 12
1996 Atlanta 340 13 10 12 35 6
2000 Sydney 361 13 8 13 34 7
2004 Athens 364 10 11 11 32 8
2008 Beijing 344 8 9 10 27 9
2012 London 285 8 9 11 28 9
2016 Rio de Janeiro 314 8 12 8 28 9
2020 Tokyo Future event
2024 Paris Future event
2028 Los Angeles Future event
Total
206
178
193
577
6
Medals by Winter Games[edit]
Games
Athletes
Gold Silver Bronze
Total
Rank
1924 Chamonix 23 0 0 0 0 –
1928 St. Moritz 13 0 0 0 0 –
1932 Lake Placid 12 0 0 0 0 –
1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen 40 0 0 0 0 –
1948 St. Moritz 57 1 0 0 1 10
1952 Oslo 33 1 0 1 2 6
1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo 65 1 2 0 3 8
1960 Squaw Valley 28 0 0 1 1 14
1964 Innsbruck 61 0 1 3 4 12
1968 Grenoble 52 4 0 0 4 4
1972 Sapporo 44 2 2 1 5 8
1976 Innsbruck 58 1 2 1 4 10
1980 Lake Placid 46 0 2 0 2 13
1984 Sarajevo 74 2 0 0 2 10
1988 Calgary 58 2 1 2 5 10
1992 Albertville 107 4 6 4 14 6
1994 Lillehammer 104 7 5 8 20 4
1998 Nagano 113 2 6 2 10 10
2002 Salt Lake City 112 4 4 5 13 7
2006 Turin 185 5 0 6 11 9
2010 Vancouver 114 1 1 3 5 16
2014 Sochi 113 0 2 6 8 22
2018 Pyeongchang 122 3 2 5 10 12
2022 Beijing Future event
Total
40
36
48
124
12
Medals by summer sport[edit]
Leading in that sport
Sport
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total
Rank
Details
Fencing 49 43 33 125 1
medals
Cycling 33[a] 16 10 59 2 medals
Athletics 19 15 26 60 13 medals
Boxing 15 15 17 47 4
Gymnastics 14 6 10 30 8
Shooting 16 15 11 42 4 medals
Rowing 10 14 14 38 9
Equestrian 7 9 7 23 8 medals
Wrestling 7 4 10 21 14
Canoeing 6 6 4 16 11
Weightlifting 5 4 5 14 12
Swimming 5 5 12 22 17 medals
Water polo 4 3 3 10 2 medals
Diving 3 5 3 11 6 medals
Sailing 3 3 8 14 15
Judo 4 4 7 15 8
Modern pentathlon 2 2 3 7 6
Archery 2 2 3 7 6
Taekwondo 1 1 1 3 11
Football 1 0 2 3 19 medals
Volleyball 0 3 3 6 11 medals
Basketball 0 2 0 2 9 medals
Beach volleyball 0 1 0 1 6
Tennis 0 0 1 1 30
Total
206
178
193
577
Medals by winter sport[edit]
Sport
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total
Alpine skiing 14 9 9 32
Cross country skiing 9 13 13 35
Luge 7 4 6 17
Bobsleigh 4 4 4 12
Short track speed skating 2 4 5 11
Speed skating 2 0 2 4
Snowboarding 1 1 1 3
Skeleton 1 0 0 1
Biathlon 0 1 5 6
Figure skating 0 0 2 2
Nordic combined 0 0 1 1
Total
40
36
48
124
Athletes with most appearances[edit]
See also: List of athletes with the most appearances at Olympic Games
Partecip.
Athlete
Born
Edition
Period
(age 1st / last)
Sport
Tot.
8 Piero D'Inzeo 1923 1948/1976 28 years (25/53) Equestrian 0 2 4 6
Raimondo D'Inzeo 1925 1948/1976 28 years (23/51) Equestrian 1 2 3 6
Josefa Idem[5] 1964 1984/2012 28 years (20/48) Canoeing 1 2 2 5
7 Giovanni Pellielo 1970 1992/2016 24 years (22/46) Shooting 0 3 1 4
6 Angelo Mazzoni 1961 1980/2000 20 years (19/39) Fencing 2 0 1 3
Andrea Benelli 1960 1988/2008 20 years (28/48) Shooting 1 0 1 2
Ilario Di Buò 1965 1984/2008 20 years (19/43) Archery 0 2 0 2
Wilfried Huber 1970 1988/2006 18 years (18/36) Luge 1 0 0 1
Alessandra Sensini 1970 1992/2012 20 years (22/42) Sailing 1 1 2 4
Gerda Weissensteiner 1969 1988/2006 18 years (19/37) Luge & Bobsleigh 1 0 1 2
Armin Zöggeler 1974 1994/2014 29 years (20/40) Luge 2 1 3 6
Notes: in pink color the women athletes.
Athletes with most medals[edit]
See also: List of multiple Olympic medalists
The Italian athlete who won the most medals in the history of the Olympic Games, is the fencer Edoardo Mangiarotti.[6]
Still in activity
Athlete
Sport
Games
Total
Edoardo Mangiarotti Fencing 1936–1948–1952–1956–1960 6 5 2 13
Stefania Belmondo Cross country skiing 1992–1994–1998–2002 2 3 5 10
Valentina Vezzali Fencing 1996–2000–2004–2008–2012 6 1 2 9
Giulio Gaudini Fencing 1928–1932–1936 3 4 2 9
Giovanna Trillini Fencing 1992–1996–2000–2004–2008 4 1 3 8
Arianna Fontana Short track speed skating 2006–2010–2014–2018 1 2 5 8
Gustavo Marzi Fencing 1928–1932–1936 2 5 0 7
Manuela Di Centa Cross country skiing 1992–1994–1998 2 2 3 7
Nedo Nadi Fencing 1912–1920 6 0 0 6
Giuseppe Delfino Fencing 1952–1956–1960–1964 4 2 0 6
Armin Zöggeler Luge 1994–1998–2002–2006–2010–2014 2 1 3 6
Eugenio Monti Bobsleigh 1956–1964–1968 2 2 2 6
Raimondo D'Inzeo Equestrian 1956–1960–1964–1972 1 2 3 6
Piero D'Inzeo Equestrian 1956–1960–1964–1972 0 2 4 6
Oreste Puliti Fencing 1920–1924–1928 4 1 0 5
Giorgio Zampori Gymnastics 1912–1920–1924 4 0 1 5
Gabriella Paruzzi Cross country skiing 1992–1994–1998–2002–2006 1 0 4 5
Klaus Dibiasi Diving 1964–1968–1972–1976 3 2 0 5
Alberto Tomba Alpine skiing 1988–1992–1994 3 2 0 5
Antonio Rossi Canoeing 1992–1996–2000–2004 3 1 1 5
Giancarlo Cornaggia Fencing 1928–1932–1936 3 1 1 5
Manlio Di Rosa Fencing 1936–1948–1952–1956 2 2 1 5
Carlo Massullo Modern pentathlon 1984–1988–1992 1 2 2 5
Silvio Fauner Cross country skiing 1992–1994–1998 1 2 2 5
Franco Menichelli Artistic gymnastics 1960–1964 1 1 3 5
Marco Albarello Cross country skiing 1992–1994–1998 1 3 1 5
Men gold medalist[edit]
In this table (sorted by individual totals gold medals), the men who have won gold individual medals at the Olympics (but also at the World Championships).
Still in activity
Athlete
Sport
Born
Period
Individual
Team
Total
Olympics
World Ch.
Olympics
World Ch.
Individual
Team
Individual + Team
Tot.
1
Armin Zöggeler Luge 1974 1994–2014 2 1 3 6 3 1 0 0 0 0 2 4 8 4 4 0 2 4 8 6 8 22
2
Jury Chechi Gymnastics 1969 1989–2004 1 0 1 5 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 3 0 0 0 6 0 3 9
3
Klaus Dibiasi Diving 1946 1964–1976 3 2 0 2 2 0 – – – - - - 5 4 0 - - - 5 4 0 9
4
Alberto Tomba Alpine skiing 1966 1987–1996 3 2 0 2 0 2 – – – - - - 5 2 2 - - - 5 2 2 9
5
Gustav Thöni Alpine skiing 1951 1972–1976 1 2 0 4 0 0 – – – - - - 5 2 0 - - - 5 2 0 7
6
Giorgio Zampori Gymnastics 1887 1909–1913 1 0 1 4 1 1 3 0 1 0 0 2 5 1 2 3 0 3 8 1 5 14
7
Leandro Faggin Cycling 1933 1956–1968 1 0 0 3 3 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 3 3 1 0 0 5 3 3 11
8
Vincenzo Maenza Wrestling 1962 1982–1992 2 1 0 2 1 0 – – – - - - 4 2 0 - - - 4 2 0 6
9
Edoardo Mangiarotti Fencing 1919 1936–1960 1 1 2 2 5 2 5 4 0 11 3 3 3 6 4 16 7 3 19 13 7 39
10
Sante Gaiardoni Cycling 1939 1960–1970 2 0 0 1 3 2 – – – - - - 3 3 2 - - - 3 3 2 8
11
Raimondo D'Inzeo Equestrian 1925 1955–1972 1 1 0 2 1 1 0 1 3 0 0 0 3 2 1 0 1 3 3 3 4 10
12
Andrea Benelli Shooting 1960 1981–2006 1 0 1 2 1 1 – – – 7 3 2 3 1 2 7 3 2 10 4 4 18
Roberto Cammarelle Boxing 1980 2004–2012 1 1 1 2 0 1 – – – - - - 3 1 2 - - - 3 1 2 6
14
Paolo Bettini Cycling 1974 2001–2007 1 0 0 2 1 0 – – – - - - 3 1 0 - - - 3 1 0 4
Zeno Colò Alpine skiing 1920 1950–1952 1 0 0 2 1 0 – – – - - - 3 1 0 - - - 3 1 0 4
16
Maurizio Damilano Athletics 1957 1980–1991 1 0 2 2 0 0 – – – - - - 3 0 2 - - - 3 0 2 5
Ercole Baldini Cycling 1933 1956–1964 1 0 0 2 0 2 – – – - - - 3 0 2 - - - 3 0 2 5
18
Silvio Martinello Cycling 1963 1995–2000 1 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 1 3 2 0 3 0 1 3 2 1 6 2 2 10
Ennio Mattarelli Shooting 1928 1961–1973 1 0 0 2 0 1 – – – 0 0 0 3 0 1 0 0 0 3 0 1 4
20
Luciano Giovannetti Shooting 1945 1979–1986 2 0 0 1 0 0 – – – 3 1 0 3 0 0 3 1 0 6 1 0 7
21
Massimiliano Rosolino Swimming 1978 1998–2007 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 2 0 2 2 2 0 2 1 2 4 3 9
22
Carlo Pavesi Fencing 1923 1950–1960 1 0 0 1 2 1 3 0 0 4 1 0 2 2 1 7 1 0 9 3 1 13
Daniele Masala Modern pentathlon 1955 1979–1988 1 0 0 1 2 1 1 1 0 1 0 3 2 2 1 2 1 3 4 3 4 11
24
Mauro Numa Fencing 1961 1979–1990 1 0 0 1 1 2 1 0 0 3 2 2 2 1 2 4 2 2 6 3 4 11
Paul Hildgartner Luge 1952 1972-1988 2 1 0 2 0 3 - - - - - - - - - - - - 4 1 3 8
26
Aldo Montano Fencing 1978 2002–2012 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 0 4 2 2 1 0 0 5 4 2 6 4 12
27
Alberto Cova Athletics 1958 1983–1984 1 0 0 1 0 0 – – – - - - 2 0 0 - - - 2 0 0 2
Athletes in team sports
1
Eugenio Monti Bobsleigh 1928 1956–1968 – – – - - - 2 2 2 9 1 0 – – – 11 3 2 11 3 2 16
2
Carmine Abbagnale Rowing 1962 1981–1993 – – – - - - 2 1 0 7 4 1 – – – 9 5 1 9 5 1 15
3
Giuseppe Abbagnale Rowing 1959 1981–1993 – – – - - - 2 1 0 7 3 1 – – – 9 4 1 9 4 1 14
4
Antonio Rossi Canoeing 1968 1992–2004 – – – - - - 3 1 1 3 3 1 – – – 6 4 2 6 4 2 12
5
Agostino Straulino Sailing 1914 1939–1965 – – – - - - 1 1 0 4 2 1 – – – 5 3 1 5 3 1 9
6
Rossano Galtarossa Rowing 1972 1992–2012 – – – - - - 1 1 2 4 1 3 – – – 5 2 5 5 2 5 12
7
Agostino Abbagnale Rowing 1962 1985–2002 – – – - - - 3 0 0 2 2 0 – – – 5 2 0 5 2 0 7
Notes: in Khaki the athletes still in activity. For Cycling was considered for world championships, only professional events.
Women gold medalist[edit]
The most successful Italian female athletes.
Valentina Vezzali
Josefa Idem
In this table, the women who have won gold individual medals at the Olympics and also at the World Championships. Updated to 22 February 2018.
Still in activity
#
Athlete
Sport
Born
Period
Olympics
World Ch.
Total
Tot. Tot. Tot.
1
Valentina Vezzali[7] Fencing 1974 1994–2016 3 1 1 5 6 2 4 12 9 3 5 17
2
Josefa Idem[8] Canoeing 1964 1990–2009 1 2 1 4 5 9 6 20 6 11 7 24
3
Stefania Belmondo[9] Cross-country skiing 1969 1992–2002 2 3 2 7 4 4 1 9 6 5 3 16
4
Federica Pellegrini[10] Y Swimming 1988 2004–2017 1 1 0 2 5 4 1 10 6 5 1 12
5
Deborah Compagnoni Alpine skiing 1970 1992–1998 3 1 0 4 3 0 0 3 6 1 0 7
6
Alessandra Sensini Windsurf 1970 1996–2012 1 1 2 4 4 3 1 8 5 4 3 12
7
Paola Pezzo[11] Mountain bike 1969 1993–2000 2 0 0 2 2 0 2 4 4 0 2 6
8
Giovanna Trillini[12] Fencing 1970 1992–2007 1 1 2 4 2 2 3 7 3 3 5 11
9
Arianna Fontana Y Short track 1990 2006–2018 1 2 5 8 1 6 7 14 2 8 12 22
10
Gerda Weissensteiner[13][14] Luge 1969 1993–2006 1 0 0 1 1 1 2 4 2 1 2 5
11
Chiara Cainero[15] Y Shooting 1978 2006–2016 1 1 0 2 1 0 1 2 2 1 1 5
12
Irene Camber[16] Fencing 1926 1952–1960 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 2 2 0 1 3
Others notables (at least one gold medal at the Olympics or World Championships and at least one medal in the other competition)
12
Deborah Gelisio Shooting 1976 1993–2007 0 1 0 1 4 1 0 5 4 2 0 6
13
Manuela Di Centa[17][18] Cross-country skiing 1964 1991–1995 2 2 0 4 0 2 3 5 2 4 3 9
14
Isolde Kostner Alpine skiing 1975 1994–2002 0 1 2 3 1 2 0 3 2 2 2 6
15
Fiona May[19] Athletics 1969 1995–2001 0 2 0 2 2 1 1 3 2 3 1 6
16
Antonella Bellutti Track cycling 1968 1995–2000 2 0 0 2 0 2 0 2 2 2 0 4
17
Tania Cagnotto[20] Diving 1985 2004-2016 0 1 0 1 1 1 5 7 1 2 5 8
18
Sara Simeoni[21][22] Athletics 1953 1976–1984 1 2 0 3 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 3
19
Novella Calligaris[23] Swimming 1954 1968–1973 0 1 2 3 1 0 2 3 1 1 4 6
20
Antonella Ragno[24] Fencing 1940 1960–1972 1 0 1 2 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 3
21
Dorina Vaccaroni Fencing 1963 1982-1993 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 2 1 1 1 3
22
Sofia Goggia Y Alpine skiing 1992 2017-2018 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 2
23
Carolina Kostner Y Figure skating 1987 2002-2018 0 0 1 1 1 2 3 6 1 2 4 7
See also[edit]
List of flag bearers for Italy at the Olympics
Category:Olympic competitors for Italy
Italy at the Paralympics
Italy national athletics team
Naturalized athletes of Italy
Notes and references[edit]
Jump up ^ Until 2009 it was believed that Italy did not take part at the 1904 Olympics. It was discovered by Olympic historians later on that cyclist Frank Bizzoni thought as an American national was still an Italian citizen at the time of the games.
Jump up ^ "Frank Bizzoni Olympic Results". sports-reference.com. Archived from the original on 3 February 2013. Retrieved 2013-05-02.
Jump up ^ "Historical Dictionary of the Olympic Movement – Italy".
Jump up ^ "Italy – Olympic Summer Games". olympic.org. Retrieved 15 May 2012.
Jump up ^ Five for Italy and two for West Germany
Jump up ^ "Italy at the Olympics". sports-reference.com. Archived from the original on 12 October 2012. Retrieved 6 May 2012.
Jump up ^ She won also 2 gold and 1 bronze at the Olympics and 5 gold 2 silver at the World Championships with the team.
Jump up ^ She won also 1 bronze at the Olympics and 2 bronze at the World Championshimps for the West Germany.
Jump up ^ She won also 2 bronze e 3 silver at the Olympics and 1 bronze at the World Championshimps with the team.
Jump up ^ She is 2 swimming world records holder.
Jump up ^ She won also 1 times la Mountain Bike World Cup on her sport.
Jump up ^ She won also 3 gold and 1 bronze at the Olympics and 7 gold, 3 silver and 2 bronze at the World Championships with the team.
Jump up ^ She won also 2 times la Luge World Cup on her sport.
Jump up ^ She won 1 gold also a bronze in bobsleigh double at 2006 Winter Olympics, 1 gold, 2 silver and 4 bronze in team events at World Luge Championships.
Jump up ^ She won also 1 bronze at the Olympics and 1 gold, 1 silver and 4 bronze at the World Championships with the team.
Jump up ^ She won also 1 bronze at the Olympics and 1 gold, 1 silver and 4 bronze at the World Championships with the team.
Jump up ^ She won also 3 bronze ath the Olympics and 2 silver at the World Championships with the team.
Jump up ^ She won also 2 Cross-Country World Cup in her sport.
Jump up ^ Born in United Kingdom, but italian for wedding.
Jump up ^ First italian diver to win an olympic medals.
Jump up ^ She was the world record holder in high jump
Jump up ^ She was able top participate just 1 edition of World Championships, because it was not held before 1983.
Jump up ^ First italian swimmer to win an olympic medals.
Jump up ^ She won also 1 bronze at the Olympics and 3 bronze at the World Championships with the team.
a b Not counting Enrico Brusoni gold medal at the 1900 Summer Olympics in Cycling Points Race, this medal is not recognized by IOC, but is recognized by Italian National Olympic Committee.
External links[edit]
"Italy". International Olympic Committee.
"Results and Medalists — Italy". Olympic.org. International Olympic Committee.
"Olympic Medal Winners". International Olympic Committee.
"Italy". Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on 29 April 2012.
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Italy hosted the 1960 Summer Olympics, as well as the 1956 and 2006 Winter Olympics.
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Advice and consent
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For the novel, see Advise and Consent. For the 1962 film starring Henry Fonda and Don Murray, see Advise & Consent.
Advice and consent is an English phrase frequently used in enacting formulae of bills and in other legal or constitutional contexts. It may describe two situations, either where a weak executive branch of a government enacts something previously approved of by the legislative branch or where the legislative branch concurs and approves something previously enacted by a strong executive branch.
Contents
1 General
2 United Kingdom
3 United States
3.1 Constitutional provision
3.2 Historical development of power
3.3 Use today
4 See also
5 References
General[edit]
The concept serves to moderate the power of one branch of government by requiring the concurrence of another branch for selected actions. The expression is frequently used in weak executive systems where the head of state has little practical power, and in practice the important part of the passage of a law is in its adoption by the legislature.
United Kingdom[edit]
In the United Kingdom, a constitutional monarchy, bills are headed:
BE IT ENACTED by the Queen's most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:
This enacting formula emphasizes that, although legally the bill is being enacted by the Queen of the United Kingdom (specifically, by the Queen-in-Parliament), it is not through her initiative but through that of Parliament that legislation is created.
United States[edit]
This article is part of a series on the
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History of the United States Senate
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Further information: List of positions filled by presidential appointment with Senate confirmation
In the United States, "advice and consent" is a power of the United States Senate to be consulted on and approve treaties signed and appointments made by the President of the United States to public positions, including Cabinet secretaries, federal judges, United States Attorneys, and ambassadors. This power is also held by several state Senates, which are consulted on and approve various appointments made by the state's chief executive, such as some statewide officials, state departmental heads in the Governor's cabinet, and state judges (in some states).
Constitutional provision[edit]
Main article: Appointments Clause
The term "advice and consent" first appears in the United States Constitution in Article II, Section 2, Clause 2, referring to the senate's role in the signing and ratification of treaties. This term is then used again, to describe the Senate's role in the appointment of public officials, immediately after describing the president's duty to nominate officials. Article II, Section 2, paragraph 2 of the United States Constitution states:
[The President] shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the Supreme Court, and all other Officers of the United States, whose Appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by Law: but the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads of Departments.
This language was written at the Constitutional Convention as part of a delicate compromise concerning the balance of power in the federal government. Many delegates preferred to develop a strong executive control vested in the president, while others, worried about authoritarian control, preferred to strengthen the Congress. Requiring the president to gain the advice and consent of the Senate achieved both goals without hindering the business of government.
Under the Twenty-fifth Amendment, appointments to the office of Vice President are confirmed by a majority vote in both Houses of Congress, instead of just the Senate.
Historical development of power[edit]
While several framers of the U.S. Constitution, such as the Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, believed that the required role of the Senate is to advise the President after the nomination has been made by the President,[1][2] Roger Sherman believed that advice before nomination could still be helpful.[3] President George Washington took the position that pre-nomination advice was allowable but not mandatory.[4] The notion that pre-nomination advice is optional has developed into the unification of the "advice" portion of the power with the "consent" portion, although several Presidents have consulted informally with Senators over nominations and treaties.
Use today[edit]
Typically, a congressional hearing is held to question an appointee prior to a committee vote. If the nominee is approved by the relevant committee, the nomination is sent to the full Senate for a confirmation vote. The actual motion adopted by the Senate when exercising the power is "to advise and consent".[5][6] For appointments, a majority of Senators present are needed to pass a motion "to advise and consent". A filibuster requiring a three-fifths vote to override, as well as other similar delaying tactics, have been used to require higher vote tallies in the past.
On November 21, 2013, the Democratic Party, led by then-Majority Leader Harry Reid, overrode the filibuster of a nomination with a simple majority vote to change the rules.[7] As a result, for instance, judicial nominees to federal courts and a president's executive-branch nominations can be freed up for a confirmation vote by a simple majority vote of the Senate. However, he left the filibuster in place for Supreme Court nominees.
In April 2017, the Republican Party, led by Majority Leader Mitch McConnell, did the same for Supreme Court nominations, allowing Associate Justice Neil Gorsuch on the bench, despite a successful Democratic filibuster.
See also[edit]
Promulgation
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Currie, David. The Constitution in Congress: The Federalist Period, 1789–1801, page 25 (University of Chicago Press 1997) via Google Books: "Madison, Jefferson, and Jay all advised Washington not to consult the Senate before making nominations."
Jump up ^ Hamilton, Alexander. Federalist No. 76 Archived October 23, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. (1788): “In the act of nomination, his judgment alone will be exercised.”
Jump up ^ Letter from Roger Sherman to John Adams (July 1789) in The Founders Constitution: "their advice may enable him to make such judicious appointments."
Jump up ^ U.S. Senate history on the power to advise and consent: "In selecting nominees, Washington turned to his closest advisers and to members of Congress, but the president resolutely insisted that he alone would be responsible for the final selection. He shared a common view that the Senate's constitutionally mandated 'advice' was to come after the nomination was made."
Jump up ^ U.S. Senate Rule 30: "On the final question to advise and consent to the ratification in the form agreed to, the concurrence of two-thirds of the Senators present shall be necessary to determine it in the affirmative."
Jump up ^ U.S. Senate Rule 31: "the final question on every nomination shall be, 'Will the Senate advise and consent to this nomination?'"
Jump up ^ Plumer, Brad (November 21, 2013). "It's official: The Senate just got rid of part of the filibuster". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 1, 2014.
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Christianity in Africa
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Church of Saint George, Lalibela, Ethiopia
Christianity in Africa began in Egypt in the middle of the 1st century. By the end of the 2nd century it had reached the region around Carthage. Important Africans who influenced the early development of Christianity include Tertullian, Perpetua, Felicity, Clement of Alexandria, Origen of Alexandria, Cyprian, Athanasius and Augustine of Hippo.
The spread of Islam into North Africa reduced the size of Christian congregations as well as their number, so that of the original churches, only the Coptic Church in Egypt, the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church and the Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church in the Horn of Africa remain. Both the Ethiopian and Eritrean Orthodox churches profess their own distinct religious customs, a unique canon of the Bible and unique architectures. Neither of these communities of Christians in the Horn of Africa are the product of European missionary work, but were founded prior to missionary work by any European countries.[1]
Christianity is embraced by the majority of the population in most Southern African, Southeast African, and Central African states and others in some parts of Northeast and West Africa. The Coptic Christians make up a significant minority in Egypt. The World Book Encyclopedia has estimated that in 2002 Christians formed 80% of the continent's population, with Muslims forming 20%. In a relatively short time, Africa has gone from having a majority of followers of indigenous, traditional religions, to being predominantly a continent of Christians and Muslims. Since 2013, traditional African religions are declared as the majority religion only in Togo. Importantly, today within most self-declared Christian communities in Africa, there is significant and sustained syncretism with African Traditional Religious beliefs and practices.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 After the Muslim conquest of Eastern Roman-ruled north Africa
3 Current status
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
Christianity by country
Africa[show]
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Central African Republic
Chad
Comoros
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Republic of Congo
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Ivory Coast
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
São Tomé and Príncipe
Senegal
Seychelles
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Sudan
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Tanzania
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Full list
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Mark the Evangelist became the first bishop of the Orthodox Church of Alexandria in about the year 43.[3] At first the church in Alexandria was mainly Greek-speaking. By the end of the 2nd century the scriptures and liturgy had been translated into three local languages. Christianity in Sudan also spread in the early 1st century, and the Nubian churches there were linked to those of Egypt.[4]
Christianity also grew in northwestern Africa (today known as the Maghreb). The churches there were linked to the Church of Rome and provided Pope Gelasius I, Pope Miltiades and Pope Victor I, all of them Christian Berbers like Saint Augustine and his mother Saint Monica.
At the beginning of the 3rd century the church in Alexandria expanded rapidly, with five new suffragan bishoprics. At this time, the Bishop of Alexandria began to be called Pope, as the senior bishop in Egypt. In the middle of the 3rd century the church in Egypt suffered severely in the persecution under the Emperor Decius. Many Christians fled from the towns into the desert. When the persecution died down, however, some remained in the desert as hermits to pray. This was the beginning of Christian monasticism, which over the following years spread from Africa to other parts of the Gohar, and Europe through France and Ireland.
The early 4th century in Egypt began with renewed persecution under the Emperor Diocletian. In the Ethiopian/Eritrean Kingdom of Aksum, King Ezana declared Christianity the official religion after having been converted by Frumentius, resulting in the foundation of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church.
In these first few centuries, African Christian leaders such as Origen, Lactantius, Augustine, Tertullian, Marius Victorinus, Pachomius, Didymus the Blind, Ticonius, Cyprian, Athanasius and Cyril (along with rivals Valentinus, Plotinus, Arius and Donatus Magnus) influenced the Christian world outside Africa with responses to Gnosticism, Arianism, Montanism, Marcionism, Pelagianism and Manichaeism, and the idea of the University (after the Library of Alexandria), understanding of the Trinity, Vetus Latina translations, methods of exegesis and biblical interpretation, ecumenical councils, monasticism, Neoplatonism and African literary, dialectical and rhetorical traditions.[5]
After the Muslim conquest of Eastern Roman-ruled north Africa[edit]
The basilica of Our Lady of Africa in Algiers
The conventional historical view is that the conquest of North Africa by the Islamic Umayyad Caliphate between AD 647–709 effectively ended Catholicism in Africa for several centuries.[6] The prevailing view is that the Church at that time lacked the backbone of a monastic tradition and was still suffering from the aftermath of heresies including the so-called Donatist heresy, and this contributed to the earlier obliteration of the Church in the present day Maghreb.[7] Some historians contrast this with the strong monastic tradition in Coptic Egypt, which is credited as a factor that allowed the Coptic Church to remain the majority faith in that country until around or after the 14th century (the existence and threat of Christian Nubian kingdoms helped the survival of Egyptian Christianity especially in the south of the country).
However, new scholarship has appeared that disputes this. There are reports that the Roman Catholic faith persisted in the region from Tripolitania (present-day western Libya) to present-day Morocco for several centuries after the completion of the Arab conquest by 700.[8] A Christian community is recorded in 1114 in Qal'a in central Algeria. There is also evidence of religious pilgrimages after 850 to tombs of Catholic saints outside the city of Carthage, and evidence of religious contacts with Christians of Muslim Spain. In addition, calendar reforms adopted in Europe at this time were disseminated amongst the indigenous Christians of Tunis, which would have not been possible had there been an absence of contact with Rome.
Local Catholicism came under pressure when the Muslim regimes of the Almohads and Almoravids came into power, and the record shows demands made that the local Christians of Tunis convert to Islam. There are reports of Christian inhabitants and a bishop in the city of Kairouan around 1150 AD - a significant event, since this city was founded by Arab Muslims around 680 AD as their administrative center after their conquest. A letter in Catholic Church archives from the 14th century shows that there were still four bishoprics left in North Africa, admittedly a sharp decline from the over four hundred bishoprics in existence at the time of the Arab conquest.[9] Berber Christians continued to live in Tunis and Nefzaoua in the south of Tunisia up until the early 15th century, and in the first quarter of the 15th century we even read that the native Christians of Tunis, though much assimilated, extended their church, perhaps because the last Christians from all over the Maghreb had gathered there.[10]
By 1830, when the French came as colonial conquerors to Algeria and Tunis, local Catholicism had been extinguished. The growth of Catholicism in the region after the French conquest was built on European colonizers and settlers, and these immigrants and their descendants mostly left when the countries of the region became independent. As of the last census in Algeria, taken on 1 June 1960, there were 1,050,000 non-Muslim civilians (mostly Catholic) in Algeria (10 percent of the total population including 130,000 Algerian Jews).[11]
Roman Catholic Cathedral of Rabat
In 2009, the UNO counted 45,000 Roman Catholics and 50,000 to 100,000 Protestants in Algeria. Conversions to Christianity have been most common in Kabylie, especially in the wilaya of Tizi Ouzou.[12] In that wilaya, the proportion of Christians has been estimated to be between 1% and 5%. A 2015 study estimates 380,000 Muslims converted to Christianity in Algeria.[13]
In Morocco the expatriate Christian community (Roman Catholic and Protestant) consists of 5,000 practicing members, although estimates of Christians residing in the country at any particular time range up to 25,000. Most Christians reside in the Casablanca, Tangier and Rabat urban areas.[14] The majority of Christians in Morocco are foreigners, although Voice of the Martyrs reports there is a growing number of native Moroccans (45,000) converting to Christianity, especially in the rural areas. Many of the converts are baptized secretly in Morocco’s churches.[15]
The Christian community in Tunisia, composed of indigenous residents, Tunisians of Italian and French descent, and a large group of native-born citizens of Berber and Arab descent, numbers 25,000 and is dispersed throughout the country.[16]
Current status[edit]
Christianity is now one of the two most widely practiced religions in Africa. There has been tremendous growth in the number of Christians in Africa - coupled by a relative decline in adherence to traditional African religions. Only nine million Christians were in Africa in 1900, but by the year 2000, there were an estimated 380 million Christians. According to a 2006 Pew Forum on Religion and Public life study, 147 million African Christians were "renewalists" (Pentecostals and Charismatics).[17] According to David Barrett, most of the 552,000 congregations in 11,500 denominations throughout Africa in 1995 are completely unknown in the West.[18] Much of the recent Christian growth in Africa is now due to African evangelism and high birth rates, rather than European missionaries. Christianity in Africa shows tremendous variety, from the ancient forms of Oriental Orthodox Christianity in Egypt, Ethiopia, and Eritrea to the newest African-Christian denominations of Nigeria, a country that has experienced large conversion to Christianity in recent times. Several syncretistic and messianic sections have formed throughout much of the continent, including the Nazareth Baptist Church in South Africa and the Aladura churches in Nigeria. There are also fairly widespread populations of Seventh-day Adventists and Jehovah's Witnesses.
Some experts predict the shift of Christianity's center from the European industrialized nations to Africa and Asia in modern times. Yale University historian Lamin Sanneh stated that "African Christianity was not just an exotic, curious phenomenon in an obscure part of the world, but that African Christianity might be the shape of things to come."[19] The statistics from the World Christian Encyclopedia (David Barrett) illustrate the emerging trend of dramatic Christian growth on the continent and supposes, that in 2025 there will be 633 million Christians in Africa.[20]
A 2015 study estimates 2,161,000 Christian believers are from a Muslim background in Africa, most of them belonging to some form of Protestantism.[21]
See also[edit]
African theology
Afrikaner Calvinism
Christian mysticism in ancient Africa
Roman Catholicism in Africa
Traditional African religion
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.africanchristian.org African Christianity
Jump up ^ Rosalind Shaw, Charles Stewart, Syncretism/Anti-Syncretism: The Politics of Religious Synthesis (1994)
Jump up ^ Eusebius of Caesarea, the author of Ecclesiastical History in the 4th century, states that St. Mark came to Egypt in the first or third year of the reign of Emperor Claudius, i.e. 41 or 43 A.D. "Two Thousand years of Coptic Christianity", Otto F.A. Meinardus, p.28.
Jump up ^ Jakobielski, S. Christian Nubia at the Height of its Civilization (Chapter 8). UNESCO. University of California Press. San Francisco, 1992. ISBN 9780520066984
Jump up ^ Oden, Thomas C. How Africa shaped the Christian Mind, IVP 2007.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2001-07-30. Retrieved 2016-04-11.
Jump up ^ "The Disappearance of Christianity from North Africa in the Wake of the Rise of Islam", C. J. Speel, II Church History, Vol. 29, No. 4 (Dec., 1960), pp. 379-397
Jump up ^ "The last native Christian communities of North Africa" (in French)
Jump up ^ http://www.orthodoxengland.org.uk/maghreb.htm
Jump up ^ http://www.orthodoxengland.org.uk/maghreb.htm
Jump up ^ Cook, Bernard A. (2001). Europe since 1945: an encyclopedia. New York: Garland. p. 398. ISBN 0-8153-4057-5.
Jump up ^ *(in French) Sadek Lekdja, Christianity in Kabylie, Radio France Internationale, 7 mai 2001
Jump up ^ "Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census | Duane A Miller Botero - Academia.edu". academia.edu. Retrieved 27 March 2016.
Jump up ^ International Religious Freedom Report 2008, U.S Department of State
Jump up ^ Converted Christians in Morocco Need Prayers Archived 2013-02-21 at Archive.is
Jump up ^ International Religious Freedom Report 2010: Tunisia. United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor (November 17, 2010). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
Jump up ^ "Gospel Riches, Africa's rapid embrace of prosperity Pentecostalism provokes concern and hope", Christianity Today, July 2007
Jump up ^ See "Ecclesiastical Cartography and the Invisible Continent: The Dictionary of African Christian Biography" at http://www.dacb.org/xnmaps.html.
Jump up ^ "Historian Ahead of His Time", Christianity Today, February 2007
Jump up ^ World Council of Churches Report, August 2004
Jump up ^ Johnstone, Patrick; Miller, Duane (2015). "Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census". IJRR. 11: 14. Retrieved 20 November 2015.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Christianity in Africa.
BBC - The Story of Africa and Christianity
African Christian
African Christianity Faq
Modern Evangelical African Theologians: A Primer
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Christianity in Africa
Sovereign states
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Religion in Africa
Religions
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See also: Afro-American religion
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Protestant missions to Africa
People
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Joseph Hardcastle
Joseph Crane Hartzell
Johannes Ittmann
Franz Heinrich Kleinschmidt
Johann Ludwig Krapf
Margaret Nicholl Laird
Christian Ignatius Latrobe
David Livingstone
Mary Livingstone
Alexander Murdoch Mackay
Joseph Merrick
Robert Moffat
Andrew Murray
Helen Roseveare
Hans Paludan Smith Schreuder
John Philip
Martti Rautanen
Orishatukeh Faduma
Alfred Saker
Heinrich Schmelen
William Henry Sheppard
Mary Slessor
John McKendree Springer
Marion Scott Stevenson
Charles Studd
Hulda Stumpf
William Taylor
Gottlieb Viehe
Missionary
agencies
American Board
Africa Inland Mission
Berlin Missionary Society
Bethel Mission
BMS World Mission
Congo-Balolo Mission
Christian and Missionary Alliance
Church Mission Society
Echoes of Service
Finnish Missionary Society
Heart of Africa Mission
Livingstone Inland Mission
London Missionary Society
Mission Africa
Mission to the World
Paris Evangelical Missionary Society
Rhenish Missionary Society
USPG
WEC International
Wycliffe Global Alliance
Pivotal events
Slave Trade Act 1807
Slavery Abolition Act 1833
See also
Christianity in Africa
Timeline of Christian missions
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