text:
List of United States cities by area
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Population tables
of U.S. cities
Cities
Population
Area
Density
Ethnic identity
Foreign-born
Income
Spanish speakers
By decade
Urban areas
Populous cities and metropolitan areas
Metropolitan areas
574 Primary Statistical Areas
174 Combined Statistical Areas
929 Core Based Statistical Areas
389 Metropolitan Statistical Areas
541 Micropolitan Statistical Areas
Megaregions
See also
North American metro areas
World cities
v
t
e
This list ranks the top 150 U. S. cities by land area. Total areas including water are also given, but note that, when ranked by total area, a number of coastal cities appear disproportionately larger. San Francisco is an extreme example: water makes up nearly 80% of its total area of 232 square miles (601 km²). Note also that in many cases a city may be geographically large primarily because its municipal government has merged with the government of the surrounding county. In some cases the county no longer exists, while in others the arrangement has formed a consolidated city–county (or city-borough in Alaska, or city-parish in Louisiana); these are shown in bold. Cities that are not consolidated with or part of any county are independent cities, indicated with two asterisks (**). All data is from the 2010 United States Census.[1]
Rank
City
State
Land area (sq mi)
Land area (km²)
Water area (sq mi)
Water area (km²)
Total area (sq mi)
Total area (km²)
Population (2010)
1 Sitka Alaska 2,870.3 7,434 1,941.0 5,027 4,811.4 12,461 8,881
2 Juneau Alaska 2,701.9 6,998 552.0 1,430 3,253.9 8,428 31,275
3 Wrangell Alaska 2,541.5 6,582 920.6 2,384 3,462.1 8,967 2,369
4 Anchorage Alaska 1,704.7 4,415 256.3 664 1,961.0 5,079 291,826
5 Jacksonville Florida 747.0 1,935 127.6 330 874.6 2,265 821,784
6 Anaconda Montana 736.5 1,908 4.7 12 741.2 1,920 9,298
7 Butte Montana 716.2 1,855 0.6 1.6 716.8 1,857 33,525
8 Oklahoma City Oklahoma 606.4 1,571 14.4 37 620.8 1,608 579,999
9 Houston Texas 599.6 1,553 27.9 72 627.5 1,625 2,099,451
10 Phoenix Arizona 516.7 1,338 1.2 3.1 517.9 1,341 1,445,632
11 Nashville Tennessee 475.1 1,231 21.7 56 496.8 1,287 601,222
12 Los Angeles California 468.7 1,214 34.0 88 502.7 1,302 3,792,621
13 San Antonio Texas 460.9 1,194 5.8 15 466.7 1,209 1,327,407
14 Suffolk [note 1]** Virginia 400.2 1,037 28.9 75 429.1 1,111 84,585
15 Buckeye Arizona 375.3 972 0.1 0.26 375.4 972 50,876
16 Indianapolis Indiana 361.4 936 6.6 17 368.0 953 820,445
17 Chesapeake [note 2]** Virginia 340.8 883 10.1 26 350.9 909 222,209
18 Dallas Texas 340.5 882 45.3 117 385.8 999 1,197,816
19 Fort Worth Texas 339.8 880 8.0 21 347.9 901 741,206
20 Louisville Kentucky 325.2 842 17.0 44 342.2 886 597,337
21 San Diego California 325.2 842 47.2 122 372.4 965 1,307,402
22 Memphis Tennessee 315.1 816 8.9 23 324.0 839 646,889
23 Kansas City Missouri 315.0 816 4.1 11 319.0 826 459,787
24 New York City New York 302.6 784 165.8 429 468.5 1,213 8,175,133
25 Augusta Georgia 302.5 783 4.2 11 306.7 794 195,844
26 Austin Texas 297.9 772 7.2 19 305.1 790 790,390
27 Charlotte North Carolina 297.7 771 2.0 5.2 299.7 776 731,424
28 Lexington Kentucky 283.6 735 1.9 4.9 285.6 740 295,803
29 El Paso Texas 255.2 661 1.0 2.6 256.3 664 649,121
30 Virginia Beach [note 3]** Virginia 249.0 645 248.3 643 497.3 1,288 437,994
31 Cusseta Georgia 248.7 644 2.4 6.2 251.2 651 11,267
32 Chicago Illinois 227.6 589 6.5 17 234.1 606 2,695,598
33 Tucson Arizona 226.7 587 0.3 0.78 227.0 588 520,116
34 Columbus Ohio 217.2 563 5.9 15 223.1 578 787,033
35 Columbus Georgia 216.4 560 4.6 12 221.0 572 189,885
36 Valdez Alaska 216.2 560 59.6 154 275.9 715 3,976
37 Preston Georgia 209.1 542 1.1 2.8 210.3 545 2,799
38 Huntsville Alabama 209.1 542 1.3 3.4 210.4 545 180,105
39 Boulder City Nevada 208.5 540 0.0 0 208.6 540 15,023
40 California City California 203.5 527 0.1 0.26 203.6 527 14,120
41 Tulsa Oklahoma 196.8 510 4.2 11 201.0 521 391,906
42 Colorado Springs Colorado 194.5 504 0.4 1.0 194.9 505 416,427
43 Goodyear Arizona 191.5 496 0.0 0 191.5 496 65,275
44 Albuquerque New Mexico 187.7 486 1.8 4.7 189.5 491 545,852
45 Scottsdale Arizona 183.9 476 0.5 1.3 184.4 478 217,385
46 Hibbing Minnesota 181.8 471 4.6 12 186.4 483 16,361
47 Norman Oklahoma 178.8 463 10.7 28 189.4 491 110,925
48 San Jose California 176.5 457 3.4 8.8 180.0 466 945,942
49 Peoria Arizona 174.4 452 3.6 9.3 178.0 461 154,065
50 New Orleans Louisiana 169.4 439 180.8 468 350.2 907 343,829
51 Corpus Christi Texas 160.6 416 329.0 852 489.6 1,268 305,215
52 Montgomery Alabama 159.6 413 2.4 6.2 161.9 419 205,764
53 Wichita Kansas 159.3 413 4.3 11 163.6 424 382,368
54 Aurora Colorado 154.7 401 0.7 1.8 155.4 402 325,078
55 Denver Colorado 153.0 396 1.6 4.1 154.6 400 600,158
56 Sierra Vista Arizona 152.3 394 0.3 0.78 152.5 395 43,888
57 Georgetown Georgia 151.2 392 9.3 24 160.6 416 2,513
58 Birmingham Alabama 146.1 378 2.5 6.5 148.6 385 212,237
59 Fayetteville North Carolina 145.8 378 1.9 4.9 147.7 383 200,564
60 Carson City [note 4]** Nevada 144.7 375 12.6 33 157.2 407 55,274
61 Raleigh North Carolina 142.9 370 1.1 2.8 144.0 373 403,892
62 Bakersfield California 142.2 368 1.4 3.6 143.6 372 347,483
63 Mobile Alabama 139.1 360 40.7 105 179.8 466 195,111
64 Detroit Michigan 138.8 359 4.1 11 142.9 370 713,777
65 Bunnell Florida 137.5 356 1.1 2.8 138.6 359 2,676
66 Chattanooga Tennessee 137.2 355 7.4 19 144.5 374 167,674
67 Mesa Arizona 136.5 354 0.6 1.6 137.1 355 439,041
68 Las Vegas Nevada 135.8 352 0.1 0.26 135.9 352 583,756
69 Philadelphia Pennsylvania 134.1 347 8.6 22 142.7 370 1,526,006
70 Portland Oregon 133.4 346 11.7 30 145.1 376 583,776
71 Atlanta Georgia 133.2 345 0.9 2.3 134.0 347 420,003
72 Winston-Salem North Carolina 132.4 343 1.2 3.1 133.7 346 229,617
73 Brownsville Texas 132.3 343 14.0 36 146.3 379 175,023
74 Columbia South Carolina 132.2 342 2.7 7.0 134.9 349 129,272
75 Lynchburg Tennessee 129.2 335 1.2 3.1 130.4 338 6,362
76 Omaha Nebraska 127.1 329 3.5 9.1 130.6 338 408,958
77 Greensboro North Carolina 126.5 328 5.3 14 131.8 341 269,666
78 Kansas City Kansas 124.8 323 3.6 9.3 128.4 333 145,786
79 Lubbock Texas 122.4 317 1.1 2.8 123.6 320 229,573
80 Fernley Nevada 122.1 316 6.7 17 128.9 334 19,368
81 Marana Arizona 121.5 315 0.7 1.8 122.2 316 34,961
82 Yuma Arizona 120.3 312 0.1 0.26 120.4 312 93,064
83 Little Rock Arkansas 119.2 309 1.8 4.7 121.0 313 193,524
84 Athens Georgia 116.4 301 1.8 4.7 118.2 306 115,452
85 Hartsville Tennessee 114.2 296 2.4 6.2 116.6 302 7,870
86 Port St. Lucie Florida 114.0 295 1.3 3.4 115.2 298 164,603
87 Tampa Florida 113.4 294 61.8 160 175.2 454 335,709
88 Fresno California 112.0 290 0.4 1.0 112.3 291 494,665
89 Unalaska Alaska 111.8 290 100.9 261 212.7 551 4,376
90 Eloy Arizona 111.5 289 0.1 0.26 111.6 289 16,631
91 Salt Lake City Utah 111.1 288 0.6 1.6 111.7 289 186,440
92 Jackson Mississippi 111.0 287 2.2 5.7 113.2 293 173,514
93 Fort Wayne Indiana 110.6 286 0.2 0.52 110.8 287 253,691
94 Casa Grande Arizona 109.7 284 0.0 0 109.7 284 48,571
95 Charleston South Carolina 109.0 282 18.5 48 127.5 330 120,083
96 Henderson Nevada 107.7 279 0.0 0 107.7 279 257,729
97 Durham North Carolina 107.4 278 0.9 2.3 108.3 280 228,330
98 Abilene Texas 106.8 277 5.4 14 112.2 291 117,063
99 Palmdale California 106.0 275 0.3 0.78 106.2 275 152,750
100 Babbitt Minnesota 105.9 274 0.8 2.1 106.7 276 1,475
101 Surprise Arizona 105.7 274 0.1 0.26 105.9 274 117,517
102 Cape Coral Florida 105.7 274 14.9 39 120.6 312 154,305
103 Shreveport Louisiana 105.4 273 15.5 40 120.8 313 199,311
104 Rio Rancho New Mexico 103.4 268 0.3 0.78 103.7 269 87,521
105 Savannah Georgia 103.2 267 5.6 15 108.7 282 136,286
106 Reno Nevada 103.0 267 2.9 7.5 105.9 274 225,221
107 Orlando Florida 102.4 265 8.3 21 110.7 287 238,300
108 North Las Vegas Nevada 101.3 262 0.0 0 101.4 263 216,961
109 Tallahassee Florida 100.2 260 3.2 8.3 103.5 268 181,376
110 North Port Florida 99.6 258 4.6 12 104.2 270 57,357
111 Amarillo Texas 99.5 258 1.7 4.4 101.2 262 190,695
112 St. Marys Pennsylvania 99.3 257 0.2 0.52 99.5 258 13,070
113 Knoxville Tennessee 98.5 255 5.6 15 104.2 270 178,874
114 Sacramento California 97.9 254 2.2 5.7 100.1 259 466,488
115 Clarksville Tennessee 97.6 253 0.7 1.8 98.3 255 132,929
116 Nightmute Alaska 96.9 251 4.0 10 100.9 261 280
117 Milwaukee Wisconsin 96.1 249 0.7 1.8 96.8 251 594,833
118 Arlington Texas 95.9 248 3.7 9.6 99.6 258 365,438
119 Lancaster California 94.3 244 0.3 0.78 94.5 245 156,633
120 Palm Springs California 94.1 244 0.9 2.3 95.0 246 44,552
121 Palm Coast Florida 89.9 233 1.0 2.6 90.8 235 75,180
122 Dothan Alabama 89.4 232 0.3 0.78 89.7 232 65,496
123 Lincoln Nebraska 89.1 231 1.2 3.1 90.4 234 258,379
124 Waco Texas 89.0 231 12.3 32 101.3 262 124,805
125 Laredo Texas 88.9 230 1.4 3.6 90.4 234 236,091
126 Denton Texas 88.0 228 1.4 3.6 89.3 231 113,383
127 Oak Ridge Tennessee 85.3 221 4.7 12 90.0 233 29,330
128 Edmond Oklahoma 84.7 219 3.2 8.3 87.9 228 81,405
129 Seattle Washington 83.9 217 58.7 152 142.7 370 608,660
130 Beaumont Texas 82.8 214 3.0 7.8 85.8 222 118,296
131 Springfield Missouri 81.7 212 0.6 1.6 82.3 213 159,498
132 Riverside California 81.1 210 0.3 0.78 81.4 211 303,871
133 Lawton Oklahoma 81.0 210 0.0 0 81.0 210 96,867
134 Baltimore ** Maryland 80.9 210 11.1 29 92.1 239 620,961
135 Des Moines Iowa 80.9 210 1.7 4.4 82.6 214 203,433
136 Toledo Ohio 80.7 209 3.4 8.8 84.1 218 287,208
137 Jonesboro Arkansas 79.9 207 0.6 1.6 80.4 208 67,263
138 Boise Idaho 79.4 206 0.7 1.8 80.0 207 205,671
139 Ellsworth Maine 79.3 205 14.6 38 93.9 243 7,741
140 Caribou Maine 79.3 205 0.8 2.1 80.1 207 8,189
141 El Reno Oklahoma 79.2 205 0.6 1.6 79.8 207 16,749
142 Cincinnati Ohio 77.9 202 1.6 4.1 79.5 206 296,943
143 Cleveland Ohio 77.7 201 4.8 12 82.5 214 396,815
144 Independence Missouri 77.6 201 0.7 1.8 78.2 203 116,830
145 Fremont California 77.5 201 10.2 26 87.6 227 214,089
146 Baton Rouge Louisiana 76.9 199 2.2 5.7 79.1 205 229,493
147 Port Arthur Texas 76.9 199 67.1 174 144.0 373 53,818
148 Madison Wisconsin 76.8 199 17.2 45 94.0 243 233,209
149 Las Cruces New Mexico 76.5 198 0.1 0.26 76.6 198 97,618
150 Presque Isle Maine 75.8 196 1.8 4.7 77.6 201 9,692
Contents
[hide]
1 Notes
2 Gallery
3 See also
4 References
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Consolidated with independent city of Nansemond in 1974, which had been Nansemond County until 1972.
Jump up ^ Consolidated with remaining unincorporated portions of Norfolk County in 1963.
Jump up ^ Consolidated with Princess Anne County in 1963.
Jump up ^ Consolidated with Ormsby County in 1969.
Gallery[edit]
2 - Juneau, Alaska
3 - Wrangell, Alaska
4 - Anchorage, Alaska
5 - Jacksonville, Florida
6 - Anaconda, Montana
7 - Butte, Montana
8 - Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
9 - Houston, Texas
10 - Phoenix, Arizona
11 - Nashville, Tennessee
12 - Los Angeles, California
13 - San Antonio, Texas
14 - Suffolk, Virginia
15 - Buckeye, Arizona
16 - Indianapolis, Indiana
17 - Chesapeake, Virginia
18 - Dallas, Texas
19 - Fort Worth, Texas
20 - Louisville, Kentucky
21 - San Diego, California
22 - Memphis, Tennessee
23 - Kansas City, Missouri
24 - New York City, New York
25 - Augusta, Georgia
See also[edit]
Geography portal
North America portal
United States portal
United States of America
Outline of the United States
Index of United States-related articles
Book:United States
United States Census Bureau
Demographics of the United States
Urbanization in the United States
List of US states and territories by population
List of US cities by population
Lists of US cities and metropolitan areas
United States Office of Management and Budget
United States statistical area
The 1067 US statistical areas comprise 366 MSAs, 576 μSAs, and 125 CSAs
United States primary statistical area
List of the 718 US PSAs
United States combined statistical area
List of the 125 US CSAs
United States core based statistical area
List of the 942 US CBSAs
United States metropolitan statistical area
List of the 366 US MSAs
List of the 366 US MSAs by GDP
United States micropolitan statistical area
List of the 576 US μSAs
Largest cities in the United States by population by decade
List of cities proper by population (most populous cities in the World)
List of lists of settlements in the United States
List of United States cities by population density
List of United States urban areas
References[edit]
Jump up ^ 2010 Census Gazetteer Files
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_United_States_cities_by_area&oldid=836493665"
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Sthānakavāsī
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Dhundhiya, a Sthānakavāsī monk. Tashrih al-aqvam (1825)
Painting of a Sthānakavāsī monk
Sthānakavāsī is a sect of Śvētāmbara Jainism founded by a merchant named Lavaji in 1653 AD. It believes that idol worship is not essential in the path of soul purification and attainment of Nirvana/Moksha. The sect is essentially a reformation of the one founded on teachings of Lonka, a fifteenth-century Jain reformer. Sthānakavāsins accept thirty-two of the Jain Agamas, the Śvētāmbara canon. Śvētāmbarins who are not Sthānakavāsins are mostly part of the Murtipujaka sect.
Contents
1 Saints
1.1 Subsects
2 Notes
3 References
Saints[edit]
Monks belonging to Sthanakvasi sect of Jainism
Saints (ascetic Sthanakvasins, called maharaj saheb's) wear white clothes and cover their mouths with a square white cloth or muhapatti intended to minimize the risk of inhaling small insects or other airborne life forms, which Sthanakvasins see as a violation of ahimsa "non-violence". They eat food collected from followers' houses and do not save edibles beyond the next meal and water is not kept even for a single night. All eating and drinking has to be done between sunrise and sunset.
Saints do not stay at one place for too long except for the four monsoon months, the chaturmas. Saints are also called dhundhiya "searchers" for their early practice of searching out and staying in abandoned or neglected structures to avoid disturbance from the public. Saints own no possessions except for a few books, a couple sets of clothes and carrying utensils made of a special natural material.
Sthanakwasi : The Sthanakwasi arose not directly from the Shwetambars but as reformers of an older reforming sect, viz., the Lonka sect of Jainism. This Lonka sect was founded in about 1474 A.D. by Lonkashah, a rich and well-read merchant of Ahmedabad.
The main principle of this sect was not to practice idol-worship. Later on, some of the members of the Lonka sect disapproved of the ways of life of their current ascetics, declaring that they lived less strictly than Mahavira would have wished. A Lonka sect layman, Viraji of Surat, received initiation as a Yati, i.e., an ascetic, and won great admiration on account of the strictness of his life. Many people of the Lonka sect joined this reformer and they took the name of Sthanakwasi, thereby intending to strictly follow on the principles of Lord Mahavir. Sthanakvasi means those who do not have their religious activities in temples but carry on their religious duties in places known as Sthanakas which are like prayer-halls.
The Sthanakwasis are also called by terms as
(a) Dhundhiya (searchers) or
(b) Sadhumargi (followers of Sadhus i.e., ascetics)
Except on the crucial point of idol-worship, Sthanakwasi do not differ much from other Shwetambar Jains and hence now-a-days they invariably call themselves as Shwetambar Sthanakwasi. However, there are some differences between the Sthanakwasi and the Murtipujak Shwetambars in the observance of some religious practices. The Sthanakwasi do not believe in idol-worship at all. As such they do not have temples but only sthanakas, that is, prayer halls, where they carry on their religious fasts, festivals, practices, prayers, discourses, etc.
Further, the ascetics of Sthanakwasi cover their mouths with strips of cloth for all the time and they do not use the cloth of yellow or any other colour(of course, except white). Moreover, the Sthanakwasi admit the authenticity of only 32 of the scriptures of Shwetambars. Furthermore, the Sthanakwasis do not participate in the religious festivals (that related to temples and idol worship) of Murtipujak Shwetambars.
Subsects[edit]
There are Various organized sub-sects in Shwetambar Sthankawasi order
Gyan Gaccha led by param pujya shrutdhar (active listner) pandit ratna 1008 shri Prakash Muni Ji M.S.
Shraman sangh / Baaees sampraday led by Acharya Dr. Shiv Muniji Maharaj Saheb.
Shant kranti Jain sangh led by Param Pujya Acharya 1008 Shri Vijay Raj ji Maharaj Saheb
Sadhu Margi Sampraday led by Param Pujya Acharya 1008 Shri Ramlalji Maharaj Saheb
Ratna Vansh Sampraday led by P.P. Acharya Shri hirachand ji M.S.
Samrath Gachchha Sampraday led by P.P.Gachchhadhipati Uttamchandji M.S.
Ajaramar Sampraday
Gondal Sampraday led by Gachchhadipati Vaani Bhushan Param Pujya Shri Girish Muni Maharaj Saheb.
Dariyapuri Sampraday
Botad Sampraday
Khambhat Sampraday
Kutch 8 Koti Sampraday
Kutch 6 Koti Sampraday
Barvala Sampraday
Limbdi Gopal Sampraday
and few more. The Shwetambar Sthanakwasi are also spread in different business centers in India but they are found mainly in Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra Punjab, Harayana, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.
The two non-idolatrous sub-sects, viz., Taranapanthis among the Digambars and Sthanakwasi among the Shwetambars, came very late in the history of the Jain.
About 1474 A.D. the Lonka sect, the first of the non-idolatrous Jain sects, arose and was followed by the Dhundhiya or Sthanakwasi sect about 1653 A.D. dates which coincide strikingly with the Lutheran and Puritan movements in Europe.
The Shraman sangh of Sthanakvasi sect was formed in 1952 to unite all the ascetics under one Acharya. This is the largest Sthanakvasi group. Acharya Shiv Muni who is the leader of shraman sangh has regularly travelled all over India to impart the values of Jainism.
Notes[edit]
References[edit]
Dundas, Paul (2002), The Jains, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-26605-5
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Quit India Movement
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The Quit India Movement or the India August Movement, was a movement launched at the Bombay session of the All-India Congress Committee by Mahatma Gandhi on 8 August 1942, during World War II, demanding an end to British Rule of India.[1] The Cripps Mission had failed, and on 8 August 1942, Gandhi made a call to Do or Die in his Quit India speech delivered in Bombay at the Gowalia Tank Maidan. The All-India Congress Committee launched a mass protest demanding what Gandhi called "An Orderly British Withdrawal" from India. Even though it was wartime, the British were prepared to act. Almost the entire leadership of the INC was imprisoned without trial within hours of Gandhi's speech. Most spent the rest of the war in prison and out of contact with the masses. The British had the support of the Viceroy's Council (which had a majority of Indians), of the All India Muslim League, the princely states, the Indian Imperial Police, the British Indian Army and the Indian Civil Service. Many Indian businessmen profiting from heavy wartime spending did not support Quit India Movement. Many students paid more attention to Subhas Chandra Bose, who was in exile and supporting the Axis Powers. The only outside support came from the Americans, as President Franklin D. Roosevelt pressured Prime Minister Winston Churchill to give in to some of the Indian demands. The Quit India campaign was effectively crushed.[2] The British refused to grant immediate independence, saying it could happen only after the war had ended.
Procession in Bangalore during the Quit India Movement
Sporadic small-scale violence took place around the country and the British arrested tens thousands of leaders, keeping them imprisoned until 1945. In terms of immediate objectives Quit India failed because of heavy-handed suppression, weak co-ordination and the lack of a clear-cut programme of action. However, the British government realized that India was ungovernable in the long run due to the cost of World War II, and the question for postwar became how to exit gracefully and peacefully.
In 1992 Reserve Bank of India issued an one Rupee commemorative coin to mark the Golden Jubilee of the Quit India Movement.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 World War II and Indian involvement
1.1 Cripps' Mission
1.2 Factors contributing to the movement's launch
2 Resolution for immediate independence
3 Opposition to the Quit India Movement
3.1 Muslim League
3.2 Hindu Mahasabha
3.3 Communist Party of India
3.4 Princely States
4 No support to the Quit India Movement
4.1 Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh
5 Local violence
6 Suppression of the movement
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
World War II and Indian involvement[edit]
In 1939, Indian nationalists were angry that British Governor-General of India, Lord Linlithgow, had without consultation with them brought India into the war. The Muslim League supported the war, but Congress was divided.
Public lecture at Basavanagudi, Bengaluru with Charles Freer Andrews
At the outbreak of war, the Congress Party had passed a resolution during the Wardha meeting of the working-committee in September 1939, conditionally supporting the fight against fascism,[4] but were rebuffed when they asked for independence in return. Gandhi had not supported this initiative, as he could not reconcile an endorsement for war (he was a committed believer in non-violent resistance, used in the Indian Independence Movement and proposed even against Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini, and Hideki Tojo). However, at the height of the Battle of Britain, Gandhi had stated his support for the fight against racism and of the British war effort, stating he did not seek to raise an independent India from the ashes of Britain. However, opinions remained divided.
After the onset of the war, only a group led by Subhas Chandra Bose took any decisive action. Bose organised the Indian Legion in Germany and reorganised the Indian National Army with Japanese assistance, and, soliciting help from the Axis Powers, conducted a guerrilla war against the British authorities.
Cripps' Mission[edit]
Stafford Cripps, on the March 1942, faced with an increasingly dissatisfied sub-continent only reluctantly participating in the war and deterioration in the war situation in Europe and with growing dissatisfaction among Indian troops—especially in Africa—and among the civilian population in the sub-continent, the British government sent a delegation to India under Stafford Cripps, the Leader of the House of Commons, in what came to be known as the Cripps mission. The purpose of the mission was to negotiate with the Indian National Congress a deal to obtain total co-operation during the war, in return for progressive devolution and distribution of power from the crown and the Viceroy to an elected Indian legislature. The talks failed, as they did not address the key demand of a timetable of self-government and of definition of the powers to be relinquished, essentially making an offer of limited dominion-status that was wholly unacceptable to the Indian movement.[5]
Factors contributing to the movement's launch[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
In 1939, with the outbreak of war between Germany and Britain, India was announced to be a party to the war for being a constituent component of the British Empire. Following this declaration, the Congress Working Committee at its meeting on 10 October 1939, passed a resolution condemning the aggressive activities of the Germans. At the same time the resolution also stated that India could not associate herself with war unless it was consulted first. Responding to this declaration, the Viceroy issued a statement on 17 October wherein he claimed that Britain is waging a war driven by the motif to strengthen peace in the world. He also stated that after the war, the government would initiate modifications in the Act of 1935, in accordance to the desires of the Indians.
Gandhi's reaction to this statement was; "the old policy of divide and rule is to continue. The Congress has asked for bread and it has got stone." According to the instructions issued by High Command, the Congress ministers were directed to resign immediately. Congress ministers from eight provinces resigned following the instructions. The resignation of the ministers was an occasion of great joy and rejoicing for leader of the Muslim League, Mohammad Ali Jinnah. He called the day of 22 December 1939 'The Day of Deliverance'. Gandhi urged Jinnah against the celebration of this day, however, it was futile. At the Muslim League Lahore Session held in March 1940, Jinnah declared in his presidential address that the Muslims of the country wanted a separate homeland, Pakistan.
In the meanwhile, crucial political events took place in England. Chamberlain was succeeded by Churchill as the Prime Minister and the Conservatives, who assumed power in England, did not have a sympathetic stance towards the claims made by the Congress. In order to pacify the Indians in the circumstance of worsening war situation, the Conservatives were forced to concede some of the demands made by the Indians. On 8 August, the Viceroy issued a statement that has come to be referred as the "August Offer". However, the Congress rejected the offer followed by the Muslim League.
In the context of widespread dissatisfaction that prevailed over the rejection of the demands made by the Congress, Gandhi at the meeting of the Congress Working Committee in Wardha revealed his plan to launch Individual Civil Disobedience. Once again, the weapon of satyagraha found popular acceptance as the best means to wage a crusade against the British. It was widely used as a mark of protest against the unwavering stance assumed by the British. Vinoba Bhave, a follower of Gandhi, was selected by him to initiate the movement. Anti war speeches ricocheted in all corners of the country, with the satyagrahis earnestly appealing to the people of the nation not to support the Government in its war endeavors. The consequence of this satyagrahi campaign was the arrest of almost fourteen thousand satyagrahis. On 3 December 1941, the Viceroy ordered the acquittal of all the satyagrahis. In Europe the war situation became more critical with the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and the Congress realised the necessity for appraising their program. Subsequently, the movement was withdrawn.
The Cripps' Mission and its failure also played an important role in Gandhi's call for The Quit India Movement. In order to end the deadlock, the British government on 22 March 1942, sent Sir Stafford Cripps to talk terms with the Indian political parties and secure their support in Britain's war efforts. A Draft Declaration of the British Government was presented, which included terms like establishment of Dominion, establishment of a Constituent Assembly and right of the Provinces to make separate constitutions. These would be, however, granted after the cessation of the Second World War. According to the Congress this Declaration only offered India a promise that was to be fulfilled in the future. Commenting on this Gandhi said; "It is a post dated cheque on a crashing bank." Other factors that contributed were the threat of Japanese invasion of India and realisation of the national leaders of the incapacity of the British to defend India.
Resolution for immediate independence[edit]
The Congress Working Committee meeting at Wardha (14 July 1942) passed a resolution demanding complete independence from the British government. The draft proposed massive civil disobedience if the British did not accede to the demands.
However, it proved to be controversial within the party. A prominent Congress national leader Chakravarti Rajgopalachari quit the Congress over this decision, and so did some local and regional level organisers. Jawaharlal Nehru and Maulana Azad were apprehensive and critical of the call, but backed it and stuck with Gandhi's leadership until the end. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Rajendra Prasad and Anugrah Narayan Sinha openly and enthusiastically supported such a disobedience movement, as did many veteran Gandhians and socialists like Asoka Mehta and Jayaprakash Narayan.
Allama Mashriqi (head of the Khaksar Tehrik) was called by Jawaharlal Nehru to join the Quit India Movement. Mashriqi was apprehensive of its outcome and did not agree with the Congress Working Committee's resolution. On 28 July 1942, Allama Mashriqi sent the following telegram to Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, Mahatma Gandhi, C. Rajagopalachari, Jawaharlal Nehru, Rajendra Prasad and Pattabhi Sitaramayya. He also sent a copy to Bulusu Sambamurti (former Speaker of the Madras Assembly). The telegram was published in the press, and it stated:
I am in receipt of Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru's letter of 8 July. My honest opinion is that Civil Disobedience Movement is a little pre-mature. The Congress should first concede openheartedly and with handshake to Muslim League the theoretical Pakistan, and thereafter all parties unitedly make demand of Quit India. If the British refuse, start total disobedience.[6]
The resolution said:
The committee, therefore, resolves to sanction for the vindication of India's inalienable right to freedom and independence, the starting of a mass struggle on non-violent lines on the widest possible scale, so that the country might utilise all the non-violent strength it has gathered during the last 22 years of peaceful struggle...they [the people] must remember that non-violence is the basis of the movement.
Opposition to the Quit India Movement[edit]
Several political groups active during the Indian Independence Movement were opposed to the Quit India Movement. These included the Muslim League, the Hindu Mahasabha, the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, the Communist Party of India and the princely states as below:
Muslim League[edit]
The Muslim League opposed the Quit India Movement as it was of the view that if the British left India in its current state, Muslims as a minority would be oppressed by the Hindu majority. Muhammad Ali Jinnah's opposition to Gandhi's call led to large numbers of Muslims cooperating with the British, and enlisting in the army.[7] The Muslim League gained large numbers of new members. Congress members heeding Gandhi's call resigned from provincial legislatures, enabling the Muslim League, in alliance with the Hindu Mahasabha, to take control in Sindh, Bengal and Northwest Frontier.[8][9]
Hindu Mahasabha[edit]
Hindu nationalist parties like the Hindu Mahasabha openly opposed the call for the Quit India Movement and boycotted it officially.[10] Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, the president of the Hindu Mahasabha at that time, even went to the extent of writing a letter titled "Stick to your Posts", in which he instructed Hindu Sabhaites who happened to be "members of municipalities, local bodies, legislatures or those serving in the army...to stick to their posts" across the country, and not to join the Quit India Movement at any cost.[10]
Following the Hindu Mahasabha's official decision to boycott the Quit India movement,[10]Syama Prasad Mukherjee, leader of the Hindu Mahasabha in Bengal, (which was a part of the ruling coalition in Bengal led by Krishak Praja Party of Fazlul Haq), wrote a letter to the British Government as to how they should respond, if the Congress gave a call to the British rulers to Quit India. In this letter, dated July 26, 1942 he wrote:
“Let me now refer to the situation that may be created in the province as a result of any widespread movement launched by the Congress. Anybody, who during the war, plans to stir up mass feeling, resulting internal disturbances or insecurity, must be resisted by any Government that may function for the time being” [11][12]
Mookerjee in this letter reiterated that the Fazlul Haq led Bengal Government, along with its alliance partner Hindu Mahasabha would make every possible effort to defeat the Quit India Movement in the province of Bengal and made a concrete proposal as regards this:
“The question is how to combat this movement (Quit India) in Bengal? The administration of the province should be carried on in such a manner that in spite of the best efforts of the Congress, this movement will fail to take root in the province. It should be possible for us, especially responsible Ministers, to be able to tell the public that the freedom for which the Congress has started the movement, already belongs to the representatives of the people. In some spheres it might be limited during the emergency. Indian have to trust the British, not for the sake for Britain, not for any advantage that the British might gain, but for the maintenance of the defense and freedom of the province itself. You, as Governor, will function as the constitutional head of the province and will be guided entirely on the advice of your Minister.[12]
Even the Indian historian R.C. Majumdar noted this fact and states:
"Shyam Prasad ended the letter with a discussion of the mass movement organised by the Congress. He expressed the apprehension that the movement would create internal disorder and will endanger internal security during the war by exciting popular feeling and he opined that any government in power has to suppress it, but that according to him could not be done only by persecution.... In that letter he mentioned item wise the steps to be taken for dealing with the situation .... " [13]
Communist Party of India[edit]
The Communist Party of India was banned at that time by the British government. In order to get the ban lifted, as well as to assist the Soviet Union in its war against Nazi Germany, it supported the British war effort, despite support for Quit India by many industrial workers. In response the British lifted the ban on the party.[14]
Princely States[edit]
The movement had less support in the princely states, as the princes were strongly opposed and funded the opposition.[15]
The Indian nationalists had very little international support. They knew that the United States strongly supported Indian independence, in principle, and believed the U.S. was an ally. However, after Churchill threatened to resign if pushed too hard, the U.S. quietly supported him while bombarding Indians with propaganda designed to strengthen public support of the war effort. The poorly run American operation annoyed both the British and the Indians.[16]
No support to the Quit India Movement[edit]
Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh[edit]
Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) kept aloof from the Congress-led anti-British Indian independence movement since its founding by K.B. Hedgewar in 1925. In 1942, the RSS, under M.S. Golwalkar refused to join in the Quit India Movement. The Bombay government appreciated the RSS position by noting that,
"the Sangh has scrupulously kept itself within the law, and in particular, has refrained from taking part in the disturbances that broke out in August 1942".".[17][18][19][20]
The British Government also asserted that at Sangh meetings organized during the times of anti-British movements started and fought by the Indian National Congress,
"speakers urged the Sangh members to keep aloof from the congress movement and these instructions were generally observed".[21]
The RSS head (sarsanghchalak) during that time, M.S. Golwalkar later stated that the RSS did not support the Quit India Movement. Such a non-committal attitude during the Indian freedom movement also led to the Sangh being viewed with distrust and anger, both by the general Indian public, as well as certain members of the organization itself. In Golwalkar’s own words,
“In 1942 also, there was a strong sentiment in the hearts of many. At that time too, the routine work of the Sangh continued. Sangh decided not to do anything directly. ‘Sangh is the organization of inactive people, their talks have no substance’ was the opinion uttered not only by outsiders but also our own swayamsevaks””[22][23][24]
The British Government stated that the RSS was not at all supporting any civil disobedience against them, and as such their other political activities could be overlooked.[25]The Home Department was thereby of the opinion that the RSS did not constitute a menace to law and order in British India.[26][27]The Bombay government reported that the RSS had not, in any way, infringed upon government orders and had always shown a willingness to comply with the law. The same Bombay Government report further noted that in December 1940, orders had been issued to the provincial RSS leaders to desist from any activities that the British Government considered objectionable, and the RSS, in turn, had assured the British authorities that "it had no intentions of offending against the orders of the Government". [28][29]
Local violence[edit]
According to John F. Riddick, from 9 August 1942 to 21 September 1942, the Quit India movement:
attacked 550 post offices, 250 railway stations, damaged many rail lines, destroyed 70 police stations, and burned or damaged 85 other government buildings. There were about 2,500 instances of telegraph wires being cut. The greatest level of violence occurred in Bihar. The Government of India deployed 57 battalions of British troops to restore order.[30]
At the national level the lack of leadership meant the ability to galvanise rebellion was limited. The movement had a local impact in some areas. especially at Satara in Maharashtra, Talcher in Odisha, and Midnapore.[31] In Tamluk and Contai subdivisions of Midnapore, the local populace were successful in establishing parallel governments, which continued to function, until Gandhi personally requested the leaders to disband in 1944.[31] A minor uprising took place in Ballia, now the easternmost district of Uttar Pradesh. People overthrew the district administration, broke open the jail, released the arrested Congress leaders and established their own independent rule. It took weeks before the British could reestablish their writ in the district. Of special importance in Saurashtra (in western Gujarat) was the role of the region's 'baharvatiya' tradition (i.e. going outside the law) which abetted the sabotage activities of the movement there.[32] In rural west Bengal, the Quit India Movement was fueled by peasants' resentment against the new war taxes and the forced rice exports. There was open resistance to the point of rebellion in 1942 until the great famine of 1943 suspended the movement.[33]
Suppression of the movement[edit]
Picketing in front of Medical School at Bengaluru
One of the important achievements of the movement was to keep the Congress party united through all the trials and tribulations that followed. The British, already alarmed by the advance of the Japanese army to the India-Burma border, responded by imprisoning Gandhi. All the members of the Party's Working Committee (national leadership) were imprisoned as well. Due to the arrest of major leaders, a young and till then relatively unknown Aruna Asaf Ali presided over the AICC session on 9 August and hoisted the flag; later the Congress party was banned. These actions only created sympathy for the cause among the population. Despite lack of direct leadership, large protests and demonstrations were held all over the country. Workers remained absent en masse and strikes were called. Not all demonstrations were peaceful, at some places bombs exploded, government buildings were set on fire, electricity was cut and transport and communication lines were severed.[citation needed]
Play media
Video footage of the days during Quit India Movement
The British swiftly responded with mass detentions. Over 100,000 arrests were made, mass fines were levied and demonstrators were subjected to public flogging.[34] Hundreds of civilians were killed in violence many shot by the police army. Many national leaders went underground and continued their struggle by broadcasting messages over clandestine radio stations, distributing pamphlets and establishing parallel governments. The British sense of crisis was strong enough that a battleship was specifically set aside to take Gandhi and the Congress leaders out of India, possibly to South Africa or Yemen but ultimately did not take that step out of fear of intensifying the revolt.[35]
The Congress leadership was cut off from the rest of the world for over three years. Gandhi's wife Kasturbai Gandhi and his personal secretary Mahadev Desai died in months and Gandhi's health was failing, despite this Gandhi went on a 21-day fast and maintained his resolve to continuous resistance. Although the British released Gandhi on account of his health in 1944, Gandhi kept up the resistance, demanding the release of the Congress leadership.
By early 1944, India was mostly peaceful again, while the Congress leadership was still incarcerated. A sense that the movement had failed depressed many nationalists, while Jinnah and the Muslim League, as well as Congress opponents like the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and the Hindu Mahasabha sought to gain political mileage, criticizing Gandhi and the Congress Party.
See also[edit]
British Raj
Indian Independence Movement
Non-Cooperation Movement
Indian nationalism
Government of Azad Hind
Kallara-Pangode Struggle
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/1942-quit-india-movement
Jump up ^ Arthur Herman (2008). Gandhi & Churchill: The Epic Rivalry That Destroyed an Empire and Forged Our Age. Random House Digital. pp. 494–99. ISBN 9780553804638.
Jump up ^ 1 Rupee Coin of 1992 - Quit India Movement Golden Jubilee, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A2bWubXDYWU
Jump up ^ Official Website of the Indian National Congress, sub-link to article titled The Second World War and the Congress. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 5 October 2006. Retrieved 28 August 2006. URL accessed on 20-Jul-2006
Jump up ^ Barkawi, Tarak. Culture and Combat in the Colonies. The Indian Army in the Second World War. Journal of Contemporary History. 10000(2). pp. 325–355.
Jump up ^ Nasim Yousaf Hidden facts behind British India's freedom : a scholarly look into Allama Mashraqi and Quaid-e-Azam's political conflict, p.137.
Jump up ^ Wolpert, Jinnah of Pakistan (1984) pp 209, 215
Jump up ^ Martin Sieff, Shifting superpowers: the new and emerging relationship between the United States, China, and India (2009) p 21
Jump up ^ Syed Nesar Ahmad, Origins of Muslim consciousness in India: a world-system perspective (Greenwood Publishing Group, 1991) pp 213–15
^ Jump up to: a b c Prabhu Bapu (2013). Hindu Mahasabha in Colonial North India, 1915–1930: Constructing Nation and History. Routledge. pp. 103–. ISBN 978-0-415-67165-1.
Jump up ^ Mookherjee, Shyama Prasad. Leaves from a Dairy. Oxford University Press. p. 179.
^ Jump up to: a b Abdul Gafoor Abdul Majeed Noorani (2000), The RSS and the BJP: A Division of Labour, LeftWord Books, pp. 56–, ISBN 978-81-87496-13-7
Jump up ^ Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra (1978). History of Modern Bengal. Oxford University Press. p. 179.
Jump up ^ K. Venugopal Reddy, "Working Class in ‘Quit India’ Movement," Indian Historical Review (2010) 37#2 pp275-289
Jump up ^ Stanley Wolpert, Jinnah of Pakistan (1984) p 210
Jump up ^ Eric D. Pullin, "'Noise and Flutter': American Propaganda Strategy and Operation in India during World War II," Diplomatic History, (April 2010) 34#2 pp 275–298 online at Academic Search Premier
Jump up ^ Andersen & Damle 1987, p. 44.
Jump up ^ Śekhara Bandyopādhyāẏa (1 January 2004). From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India. Orient Blackswan. pp. 422–. ISBN 978-81-250-2596-2.
Jump up ^ Bipan Chandra, Communalism 2008, p. 141.
Jump up ^ Noorani, RSS and the BJP 2000, p. 60.
Jump up ^ Bipan Chandra (2008). Communalism in Modern India. Har-Anand. pp. 140–. ISBN 978-81-241-1416-2.
Jump up ^ M.S. Golwalkar (1974). Shri Guruji Samagra Darshan, Volume 4. Bharatiya Vichar Sadhana.
Jump up ^ Ram Puniyani (21 July 2005). Religion, Power and Violence: Expression of Politics in Contemporary Times. SAGE Publications. pp. 134–. ISBN 978-0-7619-3338-0.
Jump up ^ Shamsul Islam (2006). Religious Dimensions of Indian Nationalism: A Study of RSS. Media House. pp. 187–. ISBN 978-81-7495-236-3.
Jump up ^ Bipan Chandra, Communalism 2008, p. 140.
Jump up ^ Andersen & Damle 1987.
Jump up ^ Noorani, RSS and the BJP 2000, p. 46.
Jump up ^ Sumit Sarkar (2005). Beyond Nationalist Frames: Relocating Postmodernism, Hindutva, History. Permanent Black. pp. 258–. ISBN 978-81-7824-086-2.
Jump up ^ Partha Sarathi Gupta (1997). Towards Freedom 1943–44,Part III. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 3058–9. ISBN 978-0195638684.
Jump up ^ John F. Riddick, The History of British India: A Chronology (2006) p 115
^ Jump up to: a b Chakraborty, Bidyut Local Politics and Indian Nationalism: Midnapur (1919–1944).. Manohar. 1997.
Jump up ^ Jaykumar R. Shukla, "The Quit India Movement on Saurashtra," Quarterly Review of Historical Studies, 1981, 21#1 pp 3–8
Jump up ^ Sunil Sen, "Popular Participation in the Quit India Movement: Midnapur, 1942–44," Indian Historical Review, (Jan 1985) Vol. 12 Issue 1/2, pp 300–316
Jump up ^ D, Fisher D; Read A (1998). The Proudest Day: India's Long Road to Independence. WW Norton. p. 330.
Jump up ^ D, Fisher D; Read A (1998). The Proudest Day: India's Long Road to Independence. WW Norton. p. 329.
Further reading[edit]
Andersen, Walter K.; Damle, Shridhar D. (1987). The brotherhood in saffron: the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and Hindu revivalism. Westview Press.
Akbar, M.J. Nehru: The Making of India (Viking, 1988), popular biography
Buchanan, Andrew N. "The War Crisis and the Decolonization of India, December 1941–September 1942: A Political and Military Dilemma." Global War Studies 8.2 (2011): 5-31.
Chakrabarty, Bidyut. "Political Mobilization in the Localities: The 1942 Quit India Movement in Midnapur," Modern Asian Studies (1992) 26#4 pp. 791–814 in JSTOR
Chakrabarty, Bidyut. "Defiance and Confrontation: The 1942 Quit India Movement in Midnapur," Social Scientist (1992) Vol. 20, No. 7/8 in JSTOR
Chopra, P. N."'Quit India' Movement of 1942," Journal of Indian History, (1971) Vol. 49 Issue 145/147, pp 1–56
Clymer, Kenton J. Quest for Freedom: The United States and India's Independence (Columbia University Press, 1995) online edition
Greenough, Paul R. "Political Mobilization and the Underground Literature of the Quit India Movement, 1942–44," Modern Asian Studies, (1983) 17#3 pp. 353–386 in JSTOR
Herman, Arthur (2008). Gandhi & Churchill: The Epic Rivalry That Destroyed an Empire and Forged Our Age. Random House Digital. ISBN 9780553804638.
Hutchins, Francis G. India's Revolution: Gandhi and the Quit India Movement (1973)
Johnson, Robert. "The Army in India and Responses to Low-Intensity Conflict, 1936-1946." Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research 89.358 (2011): 159.
Krishan, Shri. "Crowd vigour and social identity: The Quit India Movement in western India." Indian Economic & Social History Review 33.4 (1996): 459-479.
Panigrahi; D. N. India's Partition: The Story of Imperialism in Retreat (Routledge, 2004) online edition
Pati, Biswamoy. "The climax of popular protest: The Quit India Movement in Orissa." Indian Economic & Social History Review 29.1 (1992): 1-35.
Patil, V. I. Gandhiji, Nehruji and the Quit India Movement (1984)
Read, Anthony, and David Fisher; The Proudest Day: India's Long Road to Independence (W. W. Norton, 1999) online edition; detailed scholarly history
Venkataramani, M. S.; Shrivastava, B. K. Quit India: The American Response to the 1942 Struggle (1979)
Zaidi, A. Moin (1973). The way out to freedom: an inquiry into the Quit India Movement conducted by participants. Orientalia (India). p. 85.
Mansergh, Nicholas, and E. W. R. Lumby, eds. India: The Transfer of Power 1942-7. Vol. II. 'Quit India' 30 April-21 September 1942 (London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1971), 1044pp
Muni, S. D. "The Quit India Movement: A Review Article," International Studies, (Jan 1977,) 16#1 pp 157–168,
Pran Nath Chopra; Shri Ram Bakshi (1986). Quit India Movement: British secret documents, Vol. 1. Interprint. p. 17. ISBN 81-85017-32-8.
External links[edit]
Rejected 'Quit India' resolution drafted by Mohandas K. Gandhi 27 April 1942
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values: ভারত ছাড়ো আন্দোলন – Bangla

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