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English football clubs in international competitions
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English football clubs have entered European association football competitions (UEFA Champions League/European Cup, UEFA Cup/Inter-Cities Fairs Cup and the now defunct UEFA Intertoto Cup and UEFA Cup Winners' Cup) since 1955, when Birmingham City and a London XI took part in the inaugural Inter-Cities Fairs Cup. English clubs have also taken part in the FIFA Club World Cup on four occasions and the Intercontinental Cup on six occasions.
The European Cup began in 1955–56, but there was no English representative during that inaugural season as reigning champions Chelsea had been persuaded to withdraw by The Football League. The first English side to participate in the following edition was Manchester United, who were also the first English winners in 1968, ten years after their first attempt to win the cup had effectively ended when eight of their players died in the Munich air disaster when flying home from Belgrade after qualifying for the 1957–58 semi-final. Tottenham Hotspur won the Cup Winners' Cup in 1963.
Prior to that, England had been pioneers in establishing international competitions, with the Sir Thomas Lipton Trophy, which was won by West Auckland when they defeated Italian side Juventus in 1909. English teams have participated in UEFA competitions every year save for the years between 1985–1990, when in the aftermath of the Heysel Stadium disaster, all English clubs were banned from Europe by UEFA; Liverpool, who had been playing at the Heysel Stadium against Juventus, were banned for six years, until 1991. Several teams have managed to play in Europe while being outside the top flight, including more recently Birmingham City and Wigan Athletic.
Contents
[hide]
1 Who qualifies for UEFA competitions
2 Multiple European competition winners from England
3 European and World competition winners
4 Full European record
4.1 UEFA Champions League/European Cup
4.2 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup/UEFA Cup/UEFA Europa League
4.3 UEFA Intertoto Cup
5 Premier League international performance
5.1 European Cup and UEFA Champions League
5.1.1 English finalists of European Cup and UEFA Champions League
5.1.2 Premier League rise to European dominance and subsequent decline
5.2 FIFA Club World Cup
5.2.1 Premier League Club World Cup finalists
5.3 Intercontinental Cup
5.3.1 Premier League clubs in the Intercontinental Cup
5.3.2 English clubs in the Intercontinental Cup before the Premier League era
5.3.2.1 Two-legged finals
5.3.2.2 Single match finals
5.4 Intercontinental Cup and FIFA Club World Cup combined
6 References
Who qualifies for UEFA competitions[edit]
From the 2015–16 season, the various permutations allow for a maximum of five English clubs to qualify for the UEFA Champions League and five for the UEFA Europa League.[1] From the 2018-19 season, the top four clubs in Europe's four highest ranked leagues will qualify directly to the group stages.[2] These leagues are currently England, Germany, Italy, and Spain. The minimum quota is for four English clubs to qualify for the UEFA Champions League and three for the UEFA Europa League.
Competition
Who qualifies
Notes
UEFA Champions League group stage Club finishing 1st in the Premier League
Club finishing 2nd in the Premier League
Club finishing 3rd in the Premier League
Club finishing 4th in the Premier League
UEFA Champions League Winners From the 2015–16 season, the UEFA Champions League Winners will gain entry to the UEFA Champions League. If the UEFA Champions League Winners (irrespective of nationality) qualify for the UEFA Champions League through their domestic league this entry will be in the group stages; otherwise it will be in the play-off round.
UEFA Champions League play-off round for non-champions UEFA Europa League Winners Prior to the 2015-16 season, there was a limit of four clubs from each association entering the Champions League. If a club outside of England's top four won the Champions League, the 4th placed club would be demoted to the Europa League in the following season. This occurred in the 2011–12 season when Chelsea won the Champions League but only finished sixth in the Premier League. They replaced Tottenham Hotspur in the Champions League, who were demoted to the Europa League as the final English representative in the Champions League.
From the 2015–16 season the UEFA Europa League winners will gain entry to the UEFA Champions League. If the UEFA Champions League winners (irrespective of nationality) qualify for the UEFA Champions League through their domestic league this entry will be in the group stages; otherwise it will be in the play-off round.
From the 2015–16 season, if English clubs win both the UEFA Champions League and UEFA Europa League, and neither finish the Premier League in a position that qualifies them for the UEFA Champions League, the following will happen:
The club that won the UEFA Champions League will go straight into the group stage
The UEFA Europa League winners will go into the UEFA Champions League play-offs
The club that finished fourth in the Premier League will transfer into the UEFA Europa League
UEFA Europa League group stage FA Cup winners If the FA Cup winners qualify for the UEFA Champions League or the UEFA Europa League via the domestic championship, by Regulation 3.04,[3] the highest ranking non-qualified league club qualifies, taking the lowest Europa League spot (the League Cup spot – the League Cup inherits the League spot, and the League inherits the FA Cup spot).
UEFA Europa League play-off round Club finishing fifth in the Premier League If the fifth-placed club has already qualified for Europe through the FA Cup, then the next-highest Premier League finishers get this place
UEFA Europa League third qualifying round League Cup winners If the League Cup winners have already qualified for Europe by a high Premier League finish, then the next highest-finishing Premier League club gets this place
UEFA Europa League first qualifying round Premier League club with the best UEFA Fair Play ranking that has not already qualified for Europe, but only if England has one of the top three positions and has a fair play score of above eight. As of 2015, Fair Play no longer earns this Europa League spot. Instead, such teams will be awarded in cash prizes, with the monies to be spent on "fair play or respect themed projects".[4]
Multiple European competition winners from England[edit]
Team
Number of Wins
Years
Liverpool 11 1973, 1976, 1977 (2), 1978, 1981, 1984, 2001 (2), 2005 (2)
Manchester United 6 1968, 1991 (2), 1999, 2008, 2017
Chelsea 5 1971, 1998 (2), 2012, 2013
Tottenham Hotspur 3 1963, 1972, 1984
Nottingham Forest 3 1979 (2), 1980
Aston Villa 3 1982 (2), 2001
West Ham United 2 1965, 1999
Arsenal 2 1970, 1994
Leeds United 2 1968, 1971
Newcastle United 2 1969, 2006
European and World competition winners[edit]
European Cup/
Champions League
UEFA Cup/Europa League
Inter-Cities Fairs Cup
Intertoto Cup
Cup Winners Cup
Super Cup
Intercontinental Cup and FIFA Club World Cup
2011–12 – Chelsea 2016–17 – Manchester United 1970–71 – Leeds United 2006 – Newcastle United 1997–98 – Chelsea 2005 – Liverpool 2008 - Manchester United
2007–08 – Manchester United 2012–13 – Chelsea 1969–70 – Arsenal 2002 – Fulham 1993–94 – Arsenal 2001 – Liverpool 1999 - Manchester United
2004–05 – Liverpool 2000–01 – Liverpool 1968–69 – Newcastle United 2001 – Aston Villa 1990–91 – Manchester United 1998 – Chelsea
1998–99 – Manchester United 1983–84 – Tottenham Hotspur 1967–68 – Leeds United 1999 – West Ham United 1984–85 – Everton 1991 – Manchester United
1983–84 – Liverpool 1980–81 – Ipswich Town 1970–71 – Chelsea 1982 – Aston Villa
1981–82 – Aston Villa 1975–76 – Liverpool 1969–70 – Manchester City 1979 – Nottingham Forest
1980–81 – Liverpool 1972–73 – Liverpool 1964–65 – West Ham United 1977 – Liverpool
1979–80 – Nottingham Forest 1971–72 – Tottenham Hotspur 1962–63 – Tottenham Hotspur
1978–79 – Nottingham Forest
1977–78 – Liverpool
1976–77 – Liverpool
1967–68 – Manchester United
Full European record[edit]
UEFA Champions League/European Cup[edit]
English teams have won the competition 12 times and been in the final on 8 more occasions as of 3 May 2018 (result of 2018 final to be decided),
Year
Team
Progress
Score
Opponents
Venue(s)
1955–56 None entered
1956–57 Manchester United Semi-finals 3–5 Real Madrid 1–3 at Santiago Bernabéu Stadium, 2–2 at Old Trafford
1957–58 Manchester United Semi-finals 2–5 Milan 2–1 at Old Trafford, 0–4 at San Siro
1958–59 Manchester United First round BSC Young Boys Walkover – Manchester United withdrew
Wolverhampton Wanderers First round 3–4 Schalke 04 2–2 at Molineux, 1–2 at Glückauf-Kampfbahn
1959–60 Wolverhampton Wanderers Quarter-finals 2–9 Barcelona 0–4 at Camp Nou, 2–5 at Molineux
1960–61 Burnley Quarter-finals 4–5 Hamburger SV 3–1 at Turf Moor, 1–4 at Volksparkstadion
1961–62 Tottenham Hotspur Semi-finals 3–4 Benfica 1–3 at Estádio da Luz, 2–1 at White Hart Lane
1962–63 Ipswich Town First round 2–4 Milan 0–3 at San Siro, 2–1 at Portman Road
1963–64 Everton Preliminary round 0–1 Internazionale 0–0 at Goodison Park, 0–1 at San Siro
1964–65 Liverpool Semi-finals 3–4 Internazionale 3–1 at Anfield, 0–3 at San Siro
1965–66 Manchester United Semi-finals 1–2 Partizan 0–1 at Partizan, 1–0 at Old Trafford
1966–67 Liverpool Second round 3–7 Ajax 1–5 at De Meer, 2–2 at Anfield
1967–68 Manchester United Winners 4–1 Benfica Wembley Stadium
1968–69 Manchester City First round 1–2 Fenerbahçe 0–0 at Maine Road, 1–2 at Şükrü Saracoğlu Stadium
Manchester United Semi-finals 1–2 Milan 0–2 at San Siro, 1–0 at Old Trafford
1969–70 Leeds United Semi-finals 1–3 Celtic 0–1 at Elland Road, 1–2 at Hampden Park
1970–71 Everton Quarter-finals 1–1 (a) Panathinaikos 1–1 at Goodison Park, 0–0 at Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium
1971–72 Arsenal Quarter-finals 1–3 Ajax 1–2 at De Meer Stadion, 0–1 at Highbury Stadium
1972–73 Derby County Semi-finals 1–3 Juventus 1–3 at Stadio Comunale, 0–0 at Baseball Ground
1973–74 Liverpool Second round 2–4 Red Star Belgrade 1–2 at Red Star Stadium, 1–2 at Anfield
1974–75 Leeds United Final 0–2 Bayern Munich Parc des Princes
1975–76 Derby County Second round 5–6 (aet) Real Madrid 4–1 at Baseball Ground, 1–5 at Santiago Bernabéu Stadium
1976–77 Liverpool Winners 3–1 Borussia Mönchengladbach Stadio Olimpico
1977–78 Liverpool Winners 1–0 Club Brugge Wembley Stadium
1978–79 Liverpool First round 0–2 Nottingham Forest 0–2 at City Ground, 0–0 at Anfield
Nottingham Forest Winners 1–0 Malmö FF Olympiastadion
1979–80 Liverpool First round 2–4 Dinamo Tbilisi 2–1 at Anfield, 0–3 at Boris Paichadze Stadium
Nottingham Forest Winners 1–0 Hamburger SV Santiago Bernabéu Stadium
1980–81 Nottingham Forest First round 0–2 CSKA Sofia 0–1 at Balgarska Armia Stadium, 0–1 at City Ground
Liverpool Winners 1–0 Real Madrid Parc des Princes
1981–82 Liverpool Quarter-finals 1–2 (aet) CSKA Sofia 0–1 at Anfield, 2–0 at Balgarska Armia Stadium
Aston Villa Winners 1–0 Bayern Munich De Kuip
1982–83 Liverpool Quarter-finals 3–4 Widzew Łódź 0–2 at Stadion Widzewa, 3–2 at Anfield
Aston Villa Quarter-finals 2–5 Juventus 1–2 at Villa Park, 3–1 at Stadio Olimpico di Torino
1983–84 Liverpool Winners 1–1 (4–2p) Roma Stadio Olimpico
1984–85 Liverpool Final 0–1 Juventus Heysel Stadium
1985–86 Banned (Everton)
1986–87 Banned (Liverpool)
1987–88 Banned (Everton)
1988–89 Banned (Liverpool)
1989–90 Banned (Arsenal)
1990–91 Banned (Liverpool)
1991–92 Arsenal Second round 2–4 (aet) Benfica 1–1 at Estádio da Luz, 1–3 at Highbury
1992–93 Leeds United Second round 2–4 Rangers 1–2 at Elland Road, 1–2 at Ibrox
1993–94 Manchester United Second round 3–3 (a) Galatasaray 3–3 at Old Trafford, 0–0 at Ali Sami Yen Stadium
1994–95 Manchester United 3rd in group stage N/A IFK Göteborg, Barcelona, Galatasaray
1995–96 Blackburn Rovers 4th in group stage N/A Spartak Moscow, Legia Warsaw, Rosenborg
1996–97 Manchester United Semi-finals 0–2 Borussia Dortmund 0–1 at Signal Iduna Park, 0–1 at Old Trafford
1997–98 Newcastle United 3rd in group stage N/A Dynamo Kyiv, PSV, Barcelona
Manchester United Quarter-finals 1–1 (a) Monaco 0–0 at Stade Louis II, 1–1 at Old Trafford
1998–99 Arsenal 3rd in group stage N/A Dynamo Kyiv, Lens, Panathinaikos
Manchester United Winners 2–1 Bayern Munich Camp Nou
1999–2000 Arsenal 3rd in first group stage UEFA Barcelona, Fiorentina, AIK
Chelsea Quarter-finals 4–6 (aet) Barcelona 3–1 at Stamford Bridge, 1–5 at Camp Nou
Manchester United Quarter-finals 2–3 Real Madrid 0–0 at Santiago Bernabéu Stadium, 2–3 at Old Trafford
2000–01 Arsenal Quarter-finals 2–2 (a) Valencia 2–1 at Highbury, 0–1 at Mestalla Stadium
Manchester United Quarter-finals 1–3 Bayern Munich 0–1 at Old Trafford, 1–2 at Olympiastadion
Leeds United Semi-finals 0–3 Valencia 0–0 at Elland Road, 0–3 at Mestalla Stadium
2001–02 Arsenal 3rd in second group stage N/A Bayer Leverkusen, Deportivo La Coruña, Juventus
Liverpool Quarter-finals 3–4 Bayer Leverkusen 1–0 at Anfield, 2–4 at BayArena
Manchester United Semi-finals 3–3 (a) Bayer Leverkusen 2–2 at Old Trafford, 1–1 at BayArena
2002–03 Liverpool 3rd in first group stage UEFA Valencia, Basel, Spartak Moscow
Newcastle United 3rd in second group stage N/A Barcelona, Internazionale, Bayer Leverkusen
Arsenal 3rd in second group stage N/A Valencia, Ajax, Roma
Manchester United Quarter-finals 5–6 Real Madrid 1–3 at Santiago Bernabéu Stadium, 4–3 at Old Trafford
2003–04 Newcastle United Third qualifying round 1–1 (4–3p)
(UEFA) Partizan 1–0 at Partizan Stadium, 0–1 at St James' Park
Manchester United Quarter-finals 2–3 Porto 2–1 at Estádio do Dragão, 1–1 at Old Trafford
Arsenal Quarter-finals 2–3 Chelsea 1–1 at Stamford Bridge, 1–1 at Highbury
Chelsea Semi-finals 5–3 Monaco 1–3 at Stade Louis II, 2–2 at Stamford Bridge
2004–05 Manchester United Round of 16 0–2 Milan 0–1 at Old Trafford, 0–1 at San Siro
Arsenal Round of 16 2–3 Bayern Munich 1–3 at Allianz Arena, 1–0 at Highbury
Chelsea Semi-finals 0–1 Liverpool 0–0 at Stamford Bridge, 0–1 at Anfield
Liverpool Winners 3–3 (3–2p) Milan Atatürk Olympic Stadium
2005–06 Everton Third qualifying round 2–4
UEFA Villarreal 1–2 at Goodison Park, 1–2 at Estadio El Madrigal
Manchester United 4th in group stage N/A
Villarreal, Benfica, Lille
Chelsea Round of 16 2–3 Barcelona 1–2 at Stamford Bridge, 0–1 at Camp Nou
Liverpool Round of 16 0–3 Benfica 0–1 at Estádio da Luz, 0–2 at Anfield
Arsenal Final 1–2 Barcelona Stade de France
2006–07 Arsenal Round of 16 1–2 PSV 0–1 at Philips Stadion, 1–1 at Emirates Stadium
Chelsea Semi-finals 1–1 (1–4p) Liverpool 1–0 at Stamford Bridge, 0–1 at Anfield
Manchester United Semi-finals 3–5 Milan 3–2 at Old Trafford, 0–3 at San Siro
Liverpool Final 1–2 Milan Olympic Stadium
2007–08 Arsenal Quarter-finals 3–5 Liverpool 1–1 at Emirates Stadium, 2–4 at Anfield
Liverpool Semi-finals 3–4 (aet) Chelsea 1–1 at Anfield, 2–3 at Stamford Bridge
Chelsea Final 1–1 (5–6p) Manchester United Luzhniki Stadium
Manchester United Winners 1–1 (6–5p) Chelsea Luzhniki Stadium
2008–09 Liverpool Quarter-finals 5–7 Chelsea 1–3 at Anfield, 4–4 at Stamford Bridge
Chelsea Semi-finals 1–1 (a) Barcelona 0–0 at Camp Nou, 1–1 at Stamford Bridge
Arsenal Semi-finals 1–4 Manchester United 0–1 at Old Trafford, 1–3 at Emirates Stadium
Manchester United Final 0–2 Barcelona Stadio Olimpico
2009–10 Liverpool 3rd in group stage UEFA
Fiorentina, Lyon, Debrecen
Chelsea Round of 16 1–3 Internazionale 1–2 at San Siro, 0–1 at Stamford Bridge
Arsenal Quarter-finals 3–6 Barcelona 2–2 at Emirates Stadium, 1–4 at Camp Nou
Manchester United Quarter-finals 4–4 (a) Bayern Munich 1–2 at Allianz Arena, 3–2 at Old Trafford
2010–11 Arsenal Round of 16 3–4 Barcelona 2–1 at Emirates Stadium, 1–3 at Camp Nou
Chelsea Quarter-finals 1–3 Manchester United 0–1 at Stamford Bridge, 1–2 at Old Trafford
Tottenham Hotspur Quarter-finals 0–5 Real Madrid 0–4 at Santiago Bernabéu Stadium, 0–1 at White Hart Lane
Manchester United Final 1–3 Barcelona Wembley Stadium
2011–12 Manchester City 3rd in group stage UEFA Bayern Munich, Napoli, Villarreal
Manchester United 3rd in group stage UEFA Benfica, Basel, Oțelul Galați
Arsenal Round of 16 3–4 Milan 0–4 at San Siro, 3–0 at Emirates Stadium
Chelsea Winners 1–1 (4–3p) Bayern Munich Allianz Arena
2012–13 Manchester City 4th in group stage N/A Borussia Dortmund, Real Madrid, Ajax
Chelsea 3rd in group stage UEFA Juventus, Shakhtar Donetsk, Nordsjælland
Manchester United Round of 16 2–3 Real Madrid 1–1 at Santiago Bernabéu Stadium, 1–2 at Old Trafford
Arsenal Round of 16 3–3 (a) Bayern Munich 1–3 at Emirates Stadium, 0–2 at Allianz Arena
2013–14 Arsenal Round of 16 1–3 Bayern Munich 0–2 at Emirates Stadium, 1–1 at Allianz Arena
Manchester City Round of 16 1–4 Barcelona 0–2 at Etihad Stadium, 1–2 at Camp Nou
Manchester United Quarter-finals 2–4 Bayern Munich 1–1 at Old Trafford, 1–3 at Allianz Arena
Chelsea Semi-finals 1–3 Atlético Madrid 0–0 at Vicente Calderón, 1–3 at Stamford Bridge
2014–15 Liverpool 3rd in group stage UEFA Real Madrid, Basel, Ludogorets Razgrad
Manchester City Round of 16 1–3 Barcelona 1–2 at Etihad Stadium, 0–1 at Camp Nou
Arsenal Round of 16 3–3 (a) Monaco 1–3 at Emirates Stadium, 2–0 at Stade Louis II
Chelsea Round of 16 3–3 (a, aet) Paris Saint-Germain 1–1 at Parc des Princes, 2–2 at Stamford Bridge
2015–16 Manchester United 3rd in group stage UEFA VfL Wolfsburg, PSV, CSKA Moscow
Arsenal Round of 16 1–5 Barcelona 0–2 at Emirates Stadium, 1–3 at Camp Nou
Chelsea Round of 16 2-4 Paris Saint-Germain 2–1 at Parc des Princes, 1–2 at Stamford Bridge
Manchester City Semi-finals 0–1 Real Madrid 0–0 at Etihad Stadium, 0–1 at Santiago Bernabéu Stadium
2016–17 Tottenham Hotspur 3rd in group stage UEFA Monaco, Bayer Leverkusen, CSKA Moscow
Arsenal Round of 16 2-10 Bayern Munich 5–1 at Allianz Arena, 1-5 at Emirates Stadium
Manchester City Round of 16 6–6 (a) Monaco 5–3 at Etihad Stadium, 3–1 at Stade Louis II
Leicester City Quarter-finals 1-2 Atlético Madrid 1–0 at Vicente Calderón, 1–1 at King Power Stadium
Note: UEFA denotes qualified for the UEFA Cup/Europa League.
Inter-Cities Fairs Cup/UEFA Cup/UEFA Europa League[edit]
English teams have won the competition 12 times and reached the final on 10 other occasions.
Year
Team
Progress
Score
Opponents
Venue(s)
1955–58 Birmingham City Semi-finals 1–2 (Playoff) Barcelona Nuevo Estadio
London XI Final 2–6 Barcelona 2–0 at Stamford Bridge, 0–6 at Nuevo Estadio
1958–60 Chelsea Quarter-finals 2–4 Belgrade XI 1–0 at Stamford Bridge, 1–4 at Belgrade
Birmingham City Final 1–4 Barcelona 0–0 at St Andrew's, 1–4 at Camp Nou
1960–61 Birmingham City Final 2–4 Roma 2–2 at St Andrew's, 0–2 at Stadio Olimpico
1961–62 Nottingham Forest First round 1–7 Valencia 0–2 at Mestalla Stadium, 1–5 at City Ground
Birmingham City Second round 3–5 Espanyol 2–5 at Estadi de Sarrià, 1–0 at St Andrew's
Sheffield Wednesday Quarter-finals 3–4 Barcelona 3–2 at Hillsborough Stadium, 0–2 at Camp Nou
1962–63 Everton First round 1–2 Dunfermline Athletic 1–0 at Goodison Park, 0–2 at East End Park
1963–64 Arsenal Second round 2–4 RFC Liège 1–1 at Highbury, 1–3 at Liège
Sheffield Wednesday Second round 3–5 1. FC Köln 2–3 at Müngersdorfer Stadion, 1–2 at Hillsborough Stadium
1964–65 Everton Third round 2–3 Manchester United 1–1 at Old Trafford, 1–2 at Goodison Park
Manchester United Semi-finals 1–2 (play-off) Ferencváros Stadion Albert Flórián
1965–66 Everton Second round 2–4 Újpesti Dozsa 0–3 at Szusza Ferenc Stadium, 2–1 at Goodison Park
Chelsea Semi-finals 0–5 (play-off) Barcelona Camp Nou
Leeds United Semi-finals 1–3 (play-off) Real Zaragoza Elland Road
1966–67 West Bromwich Albion Third round 1–6 Bologna 0–3 at Stadio Renato Dall'Ara, 1–3 at The Hawthorns
Burnley Quarter-finals 2–3 Eintracht Frankfurt 1–1 at Waldstadion, 1–2 at Turf Moor
Leeds United Final 0–2 Dinamo Zagreb 0–2 at Maksimir Stadium, 0–0 at Elland Road
1967–68 Nottingham Forest Second round 2–2 (a) Zürich 2–1 at City Ground, 0–1 at Letzigrund
Liverpool Third round 0–2 Ferencváros 0–1 at Stadion Albert Flórián, 0–1 at Anfield
Leeds United Winners 1–0 Ferencváros 1–0 at Elland Road, 0–0 at Népstadion
1968–69 Liverpool First round 3–3 (coin toss) Athletic Bilbao 1–2 at San Mamés Stadium, 2–1 at Anfield
Chelsea Second round 0–0 (coin toss) DWS 0–0 at Stamford Bridge, 0–0 at Spieringhorn
Leeds United Second round 0–3 Újpesti Dozsa 0–1 at Elland Road, 0–2 at Szusza Ferenc Stadium
Newcastle United Winners 6–2 Újpesti Dozsa 3–0 at St James' Park, 3–2 at Szusza Ferenc Stadium
1969–70 Liverpool Second round 3–3 (a) Vitória de Setúbal 0–1 at Estádio do Bonfim, 3–2 at Anfield
Southampton Third round 1–1 (a) Newcastle United 0–0 at St James' Park, 1–1 at The Dell
Newcastle United Quarter-finals 3–3 (a) Anderlecht 0–2 at Parc Astrid, 3–1 at St James' Park
Arsenal Winners 4–3 Anderlecht 1–3 at Parc Astrid, 3–0 at Highbury
1970–71 Coventry City Second round 3–7 Bayern Munich 1–6 at Grünwalder Stadion, 2–1 at Highfield Road
Newcastle United Second round 2–2 (2–5p) Pécsi Dózsa 2–0 at St James' Park, 0–2 at Stadion PMFC
Arsenal Quarter-finals 2–2 (a) 1. FC Köln 2–1 at Highbury, 0–1 at Müngersdorfer Stadion
Liverpool Semi-finals 0–1 Leeds United 0–1 at Anfield, 0–0 at Elland Road
Leeds United Winners 3–3 (a) Juventus 2–2 at Stadio Comunale di Torino, 1–1 at Elland Road
1971–72 Southampton First round 2–3 Athletic Bilbao 2–1 at The Dell, 0–2 at San Mamés Stadium
Leeds United First round 2–4 Lierse 2–0 at Lierse, 0–4 at Elland Road
Wolverhampton Wanderers Final 2–3 Tottenham Hotspur 1–2 at Molineux, 1–1 at White Hart Lane
Tottenham Hotspur Winners 3–2 Wolverhampton Wanderers 2–1 at Molineux, 1–1 at White Hart Lane
1972–73 Manchester City First round 3–4 Valencia 2–2 at Maine Road, 1–2 at Mestalla Stadium
Stoke City First round 3–5 1. FC Kaiserslautern 3–1 at Victoria Ground, 0–4 at Fritz-Walter-Stadion
Tottenham Hotspur Semi-finals 2–2 (a) Liverpool 0–1 at Anfield, 2–1 at White Hart Lane
Liverpool Winners 3–2 Borussia Mönchengladbach 3–0 at Anfield, 0–2 at Bökelbergstadion
1973–74 Wolverhampton Wanderers Second round 4–4 (a) Lokomotive Leipzig 0–3 at Bruno-Plache-Stadion, 4–1 at Molineux
Leeds United Third round 2–3 Vitória de Setúbal 1–0 at Elland Road, 1–3 at Estádio do Bonfim
Ipswich Town Quarter-finals 1–1 (3–4p) Lokomotive Leipzig 1–0 at Portman Road, 0–1 at Bruno-Plache-Stadion
Tottenham Hotspur Final 2–4 Feyenoord 2–2 at White Hart Lane, 0–2 at De Kuip
1974–75 Ipswich Town First round 3–3 (a) Twente 2–2 at Portman Road, 1–1 at Diekman Stadion
Stoke City First round 1–1 (a) Ajax 1–1 at Victoria Ground, 0–0 at De Meer Stadion
Wolverhampton Wanderers First round 4–5 Porto 1–4 at Estádio das Antas, 3–1 at Molineux
Derby County Third round 4–5 Velež Mostar 3–1 at Baseball Ground, 1–4 at Bijeli Brijeg Stadium
1975–76 Aston Villa First round 1–5 Royal Antwerp 1–4 at Bosuilstadion, 0–1 at Villa Park
Everton First round 0–1 Milan 0–0 at Goodison Park, 0–1 at San Siro
Ipswich Town First round 3–4 Club Brugge 3–0 at Portman Road, 0–4 at Olympiastadion
Liverpool Winners 4–3 Club Brugge 3–2 at Anfield, 1–1 at Olympiastadion
1976–77 Manchester City First round 1–2 Juventus 1–0 at City Ground, 0–2 at Stadio Comunale di Torino
Derby County Second round 2–5 AEK Athens 0–2 at Nikos Goumas Stadium, 2–3 at Baseball Ground
Manchester United Second round 1–3 Juventus 1–0 at Old Trafford, 0–3 at Stadio Comunale di Torino
Queen's Park Rangers Quarter-finals 3–3 (6–7p) AEK Athens 3–0 at Loftus Road, 0–3 at Nikos Goumas Stadium
1977–78 Manchester City First round 2–2 (a) Widzew Łódź 2–2 at Maine Road, 0–0 at Stadion Widzewa
Newcastle United Second round 2–5 (a) Bastia 1–2 at Stade Armand Cesari, 1–3 at St James' Park
Ipswich Town Third round 3–3 (1–3p) Barcelona 3–0 at Portman Road, 0–3 at Camp Nou
Aston Villa Quarter-finals 3–4 Barcelona 2–2 at Villa Park, 1–2 at Camp Nou
1978–79 Everton Second round 2–2 (a) Dukla Prague 2–1 at Goodison Park, 0–1 at Stadion Juliska
Arsenal Third round 1–2 Red Star Belgrade 0–1 at Red Star Stadium, 1–1 at Highbury
West Bromwich Albion Quarter-finals 1–2 Red Star Belgrade 0–1 at Red Star Stadium, 1–1 at The Hawthorns
Manchester City Quarter-finals 2–4 Borussia Mönchengladbach 1–1 at Maine Road, 1–3 at Bökelbergstadion
1979–80 West Bromwich Albion First round 1–4 Carl Zeiss Jena 0–2 at Ernst-Abbe-Sportfeld, 1–2 at The Hawthorns
Everton First round 0–2 Feyenoord 0–1 at Feyenoord Stadion, 0–1 at Goodison Park
Leeds United Second round 0–4 Universitatea Craiova 0–2 at Central Stadium, 0–2 at Elland Road
Ipswich Town Second round 1–1 (a) Grasshopper 0–0 at Hardturm, 1–1 at Portman Road
1980–81 Wolverhampton Wanderers First round 2–3 PSV 1–3 at Philips Stadion, 1–0 at Molineux
Manchester United First round 1–1 (a) Widzew Łódź 1–1 at Old Trafford, 0–0 at Stadion Widzewa
Ipswich Town Winners 5–4 AZ 3–0 at Portman Road, 2–4 at Olympic Stadium
1981–82 West Bromwich Albion First round 1–4 Grasshopper 0–1 at Hardturm, 1–3 at The Hawthorns
Ipswich Town First round 2–4 Aberdeen 1–1 at Portman Road, 1–3 at Pittodrie Stadium
Southampton Second round 2–4 Sporting CP 2–4 at The Dell, 0–0 at Estádio José Alvalade
Arsenal Second round 2–2 (a) SV Winterslag 0–1 at Genk, 2–1 at Highbury
1982–83 Arsenal First round 4–8 Spartak Moscow 2–3 at Luzhniki Stadium, 2–5 at Highbury
Manchester United First round 1–2 Valencia 0–0 at Old Trafford, 1–2 at Mestalla Stadium
Ipswich Town First round 3–4 Roma 0–3 at Stadio Olimpico, 3–1 at Portman Road
Southampton First round 2–2 (a) IFK Norrköping 2–2 at The Dell, 0–0 at Idrottsparken
1983–84 Aston Villa Second round 3–4 Spartak Moscow 2–2 at Luzhniki Stadium, 1–2 at Villa Park
Watford Third round 2–7 Sparta Prague 2–3 at Vicarage Road, 0–4 at Letná Stadium
Nottingham Forest Semi-finals 2–3 Anderlecht 2–0 at City Ground, 0–3 at Constant Vanden Stock Stadium
Tottenham Hotspur Winners 2–2 (4–3p) Anderlecht 1–1 at Constant Vanden Stock Stadium, 1–1 at White Hart Lane
1984–85 Nottingham Forest First round 0–1 Club Brugge 0–0 at City Ground, 0–1 at Olympiastadion
Southampton First round 0–2 Hamburger SV 0–0 at The Dell, 0–1 at Volksparkstadion
Queen's Park Rangers Second round 6–6 (a) Partizan 6–2 at Loftus Road, 0–4 at Partizan Stadium
Tottenham Hotspur Quarter-finals 0–1 Real Madrid 0–1 at White Hart Lane, 0–0 at Santiago Bernabéu Stadium
Manchester United Quarter-finals 1–1 (4–5p) Videoton 1–0 at Old Trafford, 0–1 at Stadion Sostoi
1985–86 Banned (Liverpool, Tottenham Hotspur, Southampton, Norwich City)
1986–87 Banned (West Ham United, Manchester United, Sheffield Wednesday, Oxford United)
1987–88 Banned (Liverpool, Tottenham Hotspur, Arsenal, Norwich City)
1988–89 Banned (Manchester United, Nottingham Forest, Everton, Luton Town)
1989–90 Banned (Nottingham Forest, Norwich City, Derby County, Tottenham Hotspur)
1990–91[a] Aston Villa Second round 2–3 Internazionale 2–0 at Villa Park, 0–3 at San Siro
1991–92[b] Liverpool Quarter-finals 1–4 Genoa 0–2 at Stadio Luigi Ferraris, 1–2 at Anfield
1992–93[c] Manchester United First round 0–0 (3–4p) Torpedo Moscow 0–0 at Old Trafford, 0–0 at Luzhniki Stadium
Sheffield Wednesday Second round 3–5 1. FC Kaiserslautern 1–3 at Fritz Walter Stadion, 2–2 at Hillsborough Stadium
1993–94 [d] Aston Villa Second round 1–2 Deportivo La Coruña 1–1 at Estadio Riazor, 0–1 at Villa Park
Norwich City Third round 0–2 Internazionale 0–1 at Carrow Road, 0–1 at San Siro
1994–95[e] Blackburn Rovers First round 2–3 Trelleborgs FF 0–1 at Ewood Park, 2–2 at Vångavallen
Newcastle United Second round 3–3 (a) Athletic Bilbao 2–3 at St James' Park, 1–0 at San Mamés Stadium
Aston Villa Second round 2–2 (a) Trabzonspor 0–1 at Hüseyin Avni Aker Stadium, 2–1 at Villa Park
1995–96 Manchester United First round 2–2 (a) Rotor Volgograd 0–0 at Rotor Stadium, 2–2 at Old Trafford
Liverpool Second round 0–1 Brøndby 0–0 at Brøndby Stadium, 0–1 at Anfield
Leeds United Second round 3–8 PSV 3–5 at Elland Road, 0–3 at Philips Stadion
Nottingham Forest Quarter-finals 2–7 Bayern Munich 1–2 at Olympic Stadium, 1–5 at City Ground
1996–97 Arsenal First round 4–6 Borussia Mönchengladbach 2–3 at Highbury, 2–3 at Müngersdorfer Stadion
Aston Villa First round 1–1 (a) Helsingborgs IF 1–1 at Villa Park, 0–0 at Olympia
Newcastle United Quarter-finals 0–4 Monaco 0–1 at St James' Park, 0–3 at Stade Louis II
1997–98 Arsenal First round 1–2 PAOK 0–1 at Toumba Stadium, 1–1 at Highbury
Leicester City First round 1–4 Atlético Madrid 1–2 at Vicente Calderón Stadium, 0–2 at Old Trafford
Liverpool Second round 2–3 Strasbourg 0–3 at Stade de la Meinau, 2–0 at Anfield
Aston Villa Second round 2–2 (a) Atlético Madrid 0–1 at Vicente Calderón Stadium, 2–1 at Villa Park
1998–99 Blackburn Rovers First round 2–3 Lyon 0–1 at Ewood Park, 2–2 at Stade de Gerland
Leeds United Second round 0–1 Roma 0–1 at Stadio Olimpico, 0–0 at Elland Road
Aston Villa Second round 2–3 Celta Vigo 1–0 at Villa Park, 1–3 at Balaídos
Liverpool Third round 2–3 Celta Vigo 1–3 at Balaídos, 1–0 at Anfield
1999–2000 West Ham United Second round 0–2 Steaua București 0–2 at Stadionul Steaua, 0–0 at Boleyn Ground
Tottenham Hotspur Second round 1–2 1. FC Kaiserslautern 1–0 at White Hart Lane, 0–2 at Fritz Walter Stadion
Newcastle United Third round 0–1 Roma 0–1 at Stadio Olimpico, 0–0 at St James' Park
Leeds United Semi-finals 2–4 Galatasaray 0–2 at Ali Sami Yen Stadium, 2–2 at Elland Road
Arsenal Final 0–0 (1–4p) Galatasaray Parken Stadium
2000–01 Leicester City First round 2–4 Red Star Belgrade 1–1 at Filbert Street, 1–3 at Wien
Chelsea Quarter-finals 1–2 St. Gallen 1–0 at Stamford Bridge, 0–2 at Espenmoos
Liverpool Winners 5–4 (asdet) Alavés Westfalenstadion
2001–02 Aston Villa First round 3–3 (a) Varteks Varazdin 2–3 at Villa Park, 1–0 at Stadion Varteks
Chelsea Second round 1–3 Hapoel Tel Aviv 0–2 at Bloomfield Stadium, 1–1 at Stamford Bridge
Ipswich Town Third round 2–4 Internazionale 1–0 at Portman Road, 1–4 at San Siro
Leeds United Fourth round 0–1 PSV 0–0 at Philips Stadion, 0–1 at Elland Road
2002–03 Chelsea First round 4–5 Viking 2–1 at Stamford Bridge, 2–4 at Stavanger Stadion
Ipswich Town Second round 1–1 (2–4p) Slovan Liberec 1–0 at Portman Road, 0–1 at U Nisy Stadium
Blackburn Rovers Second round 0–3 Celtic 0–1 at Celtic Park, 0–2 at Ewood Park
Leeds United Third round 1–2 Málaga 0–0 at La Rosaleda Stadium, 1–2 at Elland Road
Fulham Third round 1–2 Hertha BSC 1–2 at Olympic Stadium, 0–0 at Craven Cottage
Liverpool Quarter-finals 1–3 Celtic 1–1 at Celtic Park, 0–2 at Anfield
2003–04 Blackburn Rovers First round 2–4 Gençlerbirliği 1–3 at Ankara 19 Mayıs Stadium, 1–1 at Ewood Park
Southampton First round 1–2 Steaua București 1–1 at St Mary's Stadium, 0–1 at Stadionul Steaua
Manchester City Second round 1–1 (a) Dyskobolia Grodzisk Wielkopolski 1–1 at City of Manchester Stadium, 0–0 at Stadion Dyskobolia
Liverpool Fourth round 2–3 Marseille 1–1 at Anfield, 1–2 at Stade Vélodrome
Newcastle United Semi-finals 0–2 Marseille 0–0 at St James' Park, 0–2 at Stade Vélodrome
2004–05 Millwall First round 2–4 Ferencváros 1–1 at The Old Den, 1–3 at Stadion Albert Flórián
Middlesbrough Intermediate round 2–4 Sporting CP 2–3 at Riverside Stadium, 0–1 at Estádio José Alvalade
Newcastle United Quarter-finals 2–4 Sporting CP 1–0 at St James' Park, 1–4 at Estádio José Alvalade
2005–06 Everton First round 2–5 Dinamo București 1–5 at Stadionul Dinamo, 1–0 at Goodison Park
Bolton Wanderers Intermediate round 1–2 Marseille 0–0 at Reebok Stadium, 1–2 at Stade Vélodrome
Middlesbrough Final 0–4 Sevilla Philips Stadion
2006–07 West Ham United First round 0–4 Palermo 0–1 at Boleyn Ground, 0–3 at Stadio Renzo Barbera
Blackburn Rovers Intermediate round 2–3 Bayer Leverkusen 2–3 at BayArena, 0–0 at Ewood Park
Newcastle United Round of 16 4–4 (a) AZ 4–2 at St James' Park, 0–2 at DSB Stadion
Tottenham Hotspur Quarter-finals 3–4 Sevilla 1–2 at Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán Stadium, 2–2 at White Hart Lane
2007–08 Blackburn Rovers First round 2–3 AEL Larissa 0–2 at Alcazar Stadium, 2–1 at Ewood Park
Everton Round of 16 2–2 (2–4p) Fiorentina 0–2 at Stadio Artemio Franchi, 2–0 at Goodison Park
Bolton Wanderers Round of 16 1–2 Sporting CP 1–1 at Reebok Stadium, 0–1 at Estádio José Alvalade
Tottenham Hotspur Round of 16 1–1 (5–6p) PSV 0–1 at White Hart Lane, 1–0 at Philips Stadion
2008–09 Everton First round 3–4 Standard Liège 2–2 at Goodison Park, 1–2 at Stade Maurice Dufrasne
Portsmouth 3rd in group stage N/A VfL Wolfsburg, Milan, Braga, Heerenveen
Aston Villa Intermediate round 1–3 CSKA Moscow 1–1 at Villa Park, 0–2 at Luzhniki Stadium
Tottenham Hotspur Intermediate round 1–3 Shakhtar Donetsk 0–2 at Donbass Arena, 1–1 at White Hart Lane
Manchester City Quarter-finals 3–4 Hamburger SV 1–3 at HSH Nordbank Arena, 2–1 at City of Manchester Stadium
2009–10 Aston Villa Play-off round 2–2 (a) Rapid Wien 0–1 at Gerhard Hanappi Stadium, 2–1 at Villa Park
Everton Round of 32 2–4 Sporting CP 2–1 at Goodison Park, 0–3 at Estádio José Alvalade
Liverpool Semi-finals 2–2 (a) Atlético Madrid 0–1 at Vicente Calderón Stadium, 2–1 (aet) at Anfield
Fulham Final 2–1 (aet) Atlético Madrid HSH Nordbank Arena
2010–11 Aston Villa Play-off round 3–4 Rapid Wien 1–1 at Gerhard Hanappi Stadium, 2–3 at Villa Park
Liverpool Round of 16 0–1 Braga 0–1 at Estádio Municipal de Braga, 0–0 at Anfield
Manchester City Round of 16 1–2 Dynamo Kyiv 0–2 at Valeriy Lobanovskyi Dynamo Stadium, 1–0 at City of Manchester Stadium
2011–12 Tottenham Hotspur 3rd in group stage N/A PAOK, Rubin Kazan, Shamrock Rovers
Birmingham City 3rd in group stage N/A Club Brugge, Braga, Maribor
Fulham 3rd in group stage N/A Twente, Wisła Kraków, Odense
Stoke City Round of 32 0–2 Valencia 0–1 at Britannia Stadium, 0–1 at Mestalla Stadium
Manchester United Round of 16 3–5 Athletic Bilbao 2–3 at Old Trafford, 1–2 at San Mamés Stadium
Manchester City Round of 16 3–3 (a) Sporting CP 0–1 at Estádio José Alvalade, 3–2 at City of Manchester Stadium
2012–13 Liverpool Round of 32 3–3 (a) Zenit Saint Petersburg 0–2 at Petrovsky Stadium, 3–1 at Anfield
Newcastle United Quarter Finals 2–4 Benfica 1–3 Estádio da Luz, 1–1 at St. James Park
Tottenham Hotspur Quarter Finals 4–4 (1–4p) Basel 2–2 at White Hart Lane, 2–2 at St. Jakob-Park
Chelsea Winners 2–1 Benfica Amsterdam Arena
2013–14 Wigan Athletic 4th in group stage N/A Rubin Kazan, Maribor, Zulte Waregem
Swansea City Round of 32 1–3 Napoli 0–0 Liberty Stadium, 1–3 at Stadio San Paolo
Tottenham Hotspur Round of 16 3–5 Benfica 1–3 at White Hart Lane, 2–2 at Estádio da Luz
2014–15 Hull City Play-off round 2–2 (a) Lokeren 0–1 Daknamstadion, 2–1 at KC Stadium
Tottenham Hotspur Round of 32 1–3 Fiorentina 1–1 White Hart Lane, 0–2 at Stadio Artemio Franchi
Liverpool Round of 32 1–1 (4–5p) Beşiktaş 1–0 Anfield, 0–1 at Atatürk Olympic Stadium
Everton Round of 16 4–6 Dynamo Kyiv 2–1 at Goodison Park, 2–5 at Olympic Stadium
2015–16 West Ham United Third qualifying round 3–4 Astra Giurgiu 2–2 Boleyn Ground, 2–1 at Stadionul Marin Anastasovici
Southampton Play-off round 1–2 Midtjylland 1–1 St Mary's Stadium, 1–0 at MCH Arena
Tottenham Hotspur Round of 16 1–5 Borussia Dortmund 3-0 at Signal Iduna Park, 1–2 at White Hart Lane
Manchester United Round of 16 1–3 Liverpool 2–0 at [Anfield], 1-1 at Old Trafford
Liverpool Final 1–3 Sevilla St. Jakob-Park
2016–17 West Ham United Play-off round 1–2 Astra Giurgiu 1-1 at Stadionul Marin Anastasovici, 0-1 at Olympic Stadium (London)
Southampton 3rd in group stage N/A Sparta Prague, Hapoel Be'er Sheva, Internazionale
Tottenham Hotspur Round of 32 2–3 Gent 1-0 at Ghelamco Arena, 2-2 at Wembley Stadium
Manchester United Winners 2–0 Ajax Friends Arena
Jump up ^ England had no coefficient points as a resulted of the Heysel ban, so only one club was granted entry. Under normal circumstances, Tottenham Hotspur, Arsenal and Nottingham Forest would also have entered.
Jump up ^ England had only one year of coefficient points as a result of the Heysel ban, so only one club was granted entry. Under normal circumstances, Crystal Palace, Leeds United and Sheffield Wednesday would also have entered.
Jump up ^ England had only two years of coefficient points as a result of the Heysel ban, so only two clubs were granted entry. Under normal circumstances, Arsenal and Manchester City F.C. would also have entered.
Jump up ^ England had only three years of coefficient points as a result of the Heysel ban, so only two clubs were granted entry. Under normal circumstances, Blackburn Rovers and Queens Park Rangers F.C. would also have entered.
Jump up ^ England had only four years of coefficient points as a result of the Heysel ban, so only three clubs were granted entry. Under normal circumstances, Leeds United would also have entered.
UEFA Intertoto Cup[edit]
Year
Team
Progress
Score
Opponents
Venue(s)
1995 Sheffield Wednesday 2nd in group stage N/A Karlsruher SC, Basel, AGF, Górnik Zabrze
Tottenham Hotspur 4th in group stage N/A 1. FC Köln, Luzern, Östers IF, Rudar Velenje
Wimbledon 4th in group stage N/A Bursaspor, Košice, Charleroi, Beitar Jerusalem
1996 No entrants
1997 No entrants
1998 Crystal Palace Third round 0–4 Samsunspor 0–2 at Selhurst Park, 0–2 at Samsun 19 Mayıs Stadium
1999 West Ham United Winners 3–2 Metz 0–1 at Boleyn Ground, 3–1 at Stade Saint-Symphorien
2000 Bradford City Fourth round 0–4 Zenit Saint Petersburg 0–1 at Petrovsky Stadium, 0–3 at Valley Parade
Aston Villa Fourth round 1–3 Celta Vigo 0–1 at Balaídos, 1–2 at Villa Park
2001 Newcastle United Final 4–4 (a) Troyes 0–0 at Stade de l'Aube, 4–4 at St James' Park
Aston Villa Winners 5–2 Basel 1–1 at St. Jakob-Park, 4–1 at Villa Park
2002 Aston Villa Fourth round 1–3 Lille 1–1 at Stade Grimonprez-Jooris, 0–2 at Villa Park
Fulham Winners 5–3 Bologna 2–2 at Stadio Renato Dall'Ara, 3–1 at Craven Cottage
2003 No entrants
2004 No entrants
2005 Newcastle United Fourth round 2–4 Deportivo La Coruña 1–2 at Estadio Riazor, 1–2 at St James' Park
2006 Newcastle United Winners 4–1 Lillestrøm 1–1 at St James' Park, 3–0 at Åråsen Stadion
2007 Blackburn Rovers Won in third round 6–0 Vėtra 2–0 at Vėtra Stadium, 4–0 at Ewood Park
2008 Aston Villa Won in third round 3–2 Odense 2–2 at Fionia Park, 1–0 at Villa Park
Premier League international performance[edit]
Between the 1992–93 and 2012–13 seasons, Premier League clubs had won the UEFA Champions League four times (as well as supplying five of the runners-up), behind Spain's La Liga with six wins, and Italy's Serie A with five wins, and ahead of, among others, Germany's Bundesliga with three wins (see table here). The FIFA Club World Cup (or the FIFA Club World Championship, as it was originally called) has been won by Premier league clubs once (Manchester United in 2008),[5] and they have also been runners-up twice,[6][7] behind Brazil's Série A with four wins,[6][7][8][9] and Spain's La Liga[10][11] and Italy's Serie A[12][13] with two wins each (see table here).
Note that some Premier League clubs are not based in England. Because they are members of the Football Association of Wales (FAW), the question of which country clubs like Cardiff City and Swansea City should represent in European competitions has caused long-running discussions in UEFA. Despite being a member of the FAW, Swansea took up one of England's three available places in the UEFA Europa League in 2013–14, thanks to winning the League Cup in 2012–13. The right of Welsh clubs to take up such English places was in doubt until UEFA clarified the matter in March 2012.[14]
European Cup and UEFA Champions League[edit]
See also: List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League finals
Note: The European Cup began in 1955–56 (abbreviated here to 1956) and was renamed the UEFA Champions League in 1992-93 (abbreviated here to 1993). The Premier League also began in 1992–93, so teams from the Premier League were playing in Europe in that season (abbreviated here to 1993), even though they had actually qualified for Europe through the old English First Division the previous season.
English finalists of European Cup and UEFA Champions League[edit]
This table combines the English totals before and during the Premier League era. It shows that Liverpool lead, with five wins. Manchester United won the unofficial club world championship, the Intercontinental Cup, in 1999, and the official FIFA Club World Cup in 2008.[5]
Performance by clubs
Club
Winners
Runners-up
Years won
Years runners-up
Liverpool 5 3 1977, 1978, 1981, 1984, 2005 1985, 2007, 2018
Manchester United 3 2 1968, 1999, 2008 2009, 2011
Nottingham Forest 2 0 1979, 1980
Chelsea 1 1 2012 2008
Aston Villa 1 0 1982
Leeds United 0 1 1975
Arsenal 0 1 2006
Premier League rise to European dominance and subsequent decline[edit]
For details, see entries for the 1992-93 season (abbreviated here as 1993) and subsequent seasons in this table.
Premier League teams gradually improved their performance in the Champions League until a peak centred on the 2008 season, followed by a significant decline thereafter. They had no semi-finalists for the first four seasons (1993 to 1996). They then had four semi-finalists (Manchester United in 1997, 1999, and 2002, and Leeds United in 2001) over the next seven seasons (1997 to 2003), one of whom went on to become champions (Manchester United in 1999). They then had four semi-finalists (Chelsea in 2004 and 2005, Liverpool in 2005, and Arsenal in 2006) in the next three seasons (2004 to 2006), with Arsenal going on to be runners-up in 2006 and Liverpool winning in 2005.
They then peaked with nine semi-finalists (Chelsea, Manchester United and Liverpool in both 2007 and 2008, and Chelsea, Manchester United and Arsenal in 2009) in the next three seasons (2007 to 2009), with Liverpool (2007), Chelsea (2008), and Manchester United (2009) going on to be runners-up, and Manchester United going on to win an all-English final against Chelsea in 2008, a year in which none of the four English teams were eliminated by anybody except another English team. Around this time, then-UEFA president Michel Platini began to make statements which resulted in a widespread perception that he was anti-English,[15] which some attributed to his alleged fear of English domination in European club competition.[16][17]
However, this dominance did not produce a corresponding number of titles. At its most dominant, from 2007 to 2009, the Premier League had 75% (9 out of 12) of the semi-finalists, 67% (4 out of 6) of the finalists, 100% (3 out of 3) of the runners-up, but only 33% (1 out of 3) of the winners (Manchester United in 2008), with the other two titles going to Milan in 2007 and Barcelona in 2009. And English dominance did not last, with the Premier League managing only two semi-finalists (Manchester United in 2011, and Chelsea in 2012) over the next four seasons (2010 to 2013), although Manchester United went on to be runners-up in 2011, and Chelsea won in 2012. In 2013, no Premier League side reached the last eight for the first time since 1996 (back in a time when England were only entitled to one Champions League place compared to four today), only two (Manchester United and Arsenal) made it to the last 16, and Chelsea became the first defending champions to fail to make it past the group stage of the Champions League,[18] although by finishing third in their group they did manage to qualify for the UEFA Europa League, which they went on to win.
If the decline were to get worse for long enough, it could in theory eventually deprive the Premier League of its current entitlement to have four teams in the Champions League each year, which it has had since 2005, but the current coefficients table gives little cause for concern from an English perspective, as all England's relevant coefficients are currently ahead of fourth-placed Italy's.
FIFA Club World Cup[edit]
See also: List of FIFA Club World Cup finals
The FIFA Club World Cup (or the FIFA Club World Championship, as it was originally called) has been won by Premier league clubs once (Manchester United in 2008),[5] and they have also been runners-up twice,[6][7] behind Spain's La Liga[10][11] with six wins, Brazil's Série A with four wins,[6][7][8][9] and Italy's Serie A[12][13] with two wins.
Premier League Club World Cup finalists[edit]
Manchester United lead this table, just as they lead the equivalent table for English Champions League finalists in the Premier League era. Manchester United defeated LDU Quito of Ecuador 1–0 in Yokohama, Japan, in 2008. Liverpool lost to São Paulo of Brazil 1–0 in the same stadium in 2005. Chelsea lost to Corinthians of Brazil 1–0 in the same stadium in 2012. Manchester United also took part in the first FIFA Club World Championship in 2000, but were eliminated at the group stage after finishing third in their group.[19][20]
Performance by club
Nation
Club
Won
Runner-up
Years won
Years runners-up
Manchester United 1 0 2008[5] &
—
Liverpool 0 1 &
—
2005[6]
Chelsea 0 1 &
—
2012[7]
Intercontinental Cup[edit]
See also: Intercontinental Cup (football)
Before being supplanted by the FIFA Club World Cup, the now defunct Intercontinental Cup served as an de facto annual world club championship contested by the European South American club champions. Manchester United won it in 1999, the only time a Premier League club took part in the cup. This was a marked improvement on the performance of English teams before the Premier League era, when English clubs contested the cup on five occasions (1968, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1984), losing each time, and allowing South America to finish with 22 wins, one ahead of Europe's 21 (see table here).
Additionally, English clubs have initially qualified for the Intercontinental Cup but withdrew from participation, namely Liverpool in 1977 and Nottingham Forest in 1979. Both berths were eventually taken by the respective European Cup losing finalists. Liverpool also qualified for the 1978 edition but they and opponents Boca Juniors declined to play each other, making it a no contest.
Premier League clubs in the Intercontinental Cup[edit]
Year
Country
Winner
Score
Runner-up
Country
Venue
Notes
1999 ENG Manchester United 1–0 Palmeiras BRA National Stadium, Tokyo
English clubs in the Intercontinental Cup before the Premier League era[edit]
Two-legged finals[edit]
Year
Country
Home team
Score
Away team
Country
Venue
Location
Refs
1968 ARG Estudiantes La Plata 1–0 Manchester United ENG Estadio Boca Juniors Buenos Aires, Argentina
ENG Manchester United 1–1 Estudiantes La Plata ARG Old Trafford Manchester, England
Estudiantes won 2-1 on aggregate.
Single match finals[edit]
Year
Country
Winner
Score
Runner-up
Country
Venue
Notes
1980 URU Nacional 1–0 Nottingham Forest ENG National Stadium, Tokyo
1981 BRA Flamengo 3–0 Liverpool ENG National Stadium, Tokyo
1982 URU Peñarol 2–0 Aston Villa ENG National Stadium, Tokyo
1984 ARG Independiente 1–0 Liverpool ENG National Stadium, Tokyo
Intercontinental Cup and FIFA Club World Cup combined[edit]
In the Premier League era, Manchester United under Sir Alex Ferguson have a 67% success rate, having participated in 3 (Intercontinental Cup in 1999, FIFA Club World Cups in 2000[19][20] and 2008[5]), and won 2 (Intercontinental Cup 1999, FIFA Club World Cup 2008[5]).
This 67% success rate compares favourably with the all-time European average of 53.6% success - having participated in 57, and won 31 (having won 21 out of 43 Intercontinental Cups - see table here, and 10 out of 14 FIFA Club World Cups - see table here). It also compares favourably with the European average in the Premier League era (1993 onwards) of 69.2% success - having participated in 26 (12 Intercontinental Cups from 1993 to 2004 - full details here, 14 FIFA Club World Cups - full details here), and won 18 (8 Intercontinental Cups in 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2004, and 10 FIFA Club World Cups in 2007,[12] 2008,[5] 2009,[10] 2010,[13] 2011,[11] 2013[21]). 2014[22]). 2015[23]). 2016,[24] 2017).
In marked contrast, all other English clubs, including Manchester United in 1968 (before the Premier League and Alex Ferguson eras) have a record of 0% success - participating in 7, winning none, losing 5 Intercontinental Cups before the Premier League era (Manchester United in 1968, Nottingham Forest in 1980, Liverpool in 1981, Aston Villa in 1982, Liverpool in 1984), and losing two FIFA Club World Cups in the Premier League era (Liverpool in 2005,[6] Chelsea in 2012[7]).
The above data means that when one includes Sir Alex Ferguson's Manchester United, English clubs have success rates of 40% (2 out of 5) in the Premier League era, 0% (0 out of 5) before the Premier League era, and 20% (2 out of 10) overall.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/news/newsid=2215121.html". uefa.com. UEFA. External link in |title= (help)
Jump up ^ "https://www.uefa.com/insideuefa/mediaservices/newsid=2399126.html". uefa.com. UEFA. External link in |title= (help)
Jump up ^ "Regulations of the UEFA Europa League 2015-18 Cycle" (PDF). Retrieved 29 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "UEFA Respect Fair Play ranking". 2016-12-10.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "Red Devils rule in Japan". Fédération Internationale de Football Association. December 21, 2008. Retrieved March 6, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Sao Paulo FC–Liverpool FC". FIFA.com. Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 18 December 2005. Retrieved 6 March 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Guerrero the hero as Corinthians crowned". Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 16 December 2012. Retrieved 6 March 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Corinthians–Vasco da Gama". Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 14 January 2000. Retrieved 6 March 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Sport Clube Internacional–FC Barcelona". FIFA.com. Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 17 December 2006. Retrieved 6 March 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Club Estudiates de la Plata - FC Barcelona". Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 19 December 2009. Retrieved 6 March 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Santos humbled by brilliant Barcelona". Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 18 December 2011. Retrieved 6 March 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Boca Juniors - AC Milan". Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 16 December 2007. Retrieved 6 March 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Internazionale on top of the world". Fédération Internationale de Football Association. December 18, 2010. Retrieved March 6, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Uefa give Swansea and Cardiff European assurance". BBC Sport. British Broadcasting Corporation. 21 March 2012. Retrieved 24 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "Uefa president Michel Platini dismisses anti-English reputation". Goal. Retrieved 2013-05-22.
Jump up ^ "Platini placated as English sides bow out?". BBC. Retrieved 2013-05-22.
Jump up ^ Conn, David (21 May 2008). "Platini takes issue with Moscow parade of English riches". The Guardian. Retrieved 2013-06-10. Tonight's final is a coup for Premier League capitalism but the Uefa president is far from impressed
Jump up ^ "Chelsea suffers Champions League KO". CNN. 5 December 2012. Retrieved 2013-06-10. Chelsea became the first defending champion to crash out at the Group Stage of the Champions League -- despite thrashing Danish side Nordsjaelland 6-1 at Stamford Bridge.
^ Jump up to: a b FIFA Club World Championship Brazil 2000 - Overview, FIFA.com
^ Jump up to: a b FIFA Club World Championship Brazil 2000 - Matches, FIFA.com
Jump up ^ "Bayern München – Raja Club Athletic". FIFA.com. Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 21 December 2013. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Real Madrid – San Lorenzo". FIFA.com. Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 20 December 2014. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "River Plate – FC Barcelona". FIFA.com. Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 20 December 2015. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Real Madrid – Kashima Antlers". FIFA.com. Fédération Internationale de Football Association. 18 December 2016. Retrieved 18 December 2016.
hide
v
t
e
English football clubs in international competitions
Arsenal
Aston Villa
Birmingham City
Blackburn Rovers
Bolton Wanderers
Bradford City
Burnley
Chelsea
Coventry City
Crystal Palace
Derby County
Everton
Fulham
Hull City
Ipswich Town
Leeds United
Leicester City
Liverpool
London XI
Manchester City
Manchester United
Middlesbrough
Millwall
Newcastle United
Norwich City
Nottingham Forest
Portsmouth
Queens Park Rangers
Sheffield Wednesday
Southampton
Stoke City
Sunderland
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Synaptic pruning
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
A model view of the synapse.
Synaptic pruning, which includes both axon and dendrite pruning, is the process of synapse elimination that occurs between early childhood and the onset of puberty in many mammals, including humans.[1] Pruning starts near the time of birth and is completed by the time of sexual maturation in humans.[2] The infant brain will increase in size by a factor of up to 5 by adulthood, reaching a final size of approximately 86 (± 8) billion neurons.[3] Two factors contribute to this growth: the growth of synaptic connections between neurons, and the myelination of nerve fibers; the total number of neurons, however, remains the same.[4] Pruning is influenced by environmental factors and is widely thought to represent learning.[4] After adolescence, the volume of the synaptic connections decreases again due to synaptic pruning.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Variations
1.1 Regulatory pruning
1.2 Pruning in the maturing brain
2 Mechanisms
2.1 Axon degeneration
2.2 Axon retraction
2.3 Axon shedding
3 See also
4 References
Variations[edit]
Regulatory pruning[edit]
At birth, the neurons in the visual and motor cortices have connections to the superior colliculus, spinal cord, and pons. The neurons in each cortex are selectively pruned, leaving connections that are made with the functionally appropriate processing centers. Therefore, the neurons in the visual cortex prune the synapses with neurons in the spinal cord, and the motor cortex severs connections with the superior colliculus. This variation of pruning is known as large-scaled stereotyped axon pruning. Neurons send long axon branches to appropriate and inappropriate target areas, and the inappropriate connections are eventually pruned away.[5]
Regressive events refine the abundance of connections, seen in neurogenesis, to create a specific and mature circuitry. Apoptosis and pruning are the two main methods of severing the undesired connections. In apoptosis, the neuron is killed and all connections associated with the neuron are also eliminated. In contrast, the neuron does not die in pruning, but requires the retraction of axons from synaptic connections that are not functionally appropriate.
It is believed that the purpose of synaptic pruning is to remove unnecessary neuronal structures from the brain; as the human brain develops, the need to understand more complex structures becomes much more pertinent, and simpler associations formed at childhood are thought to be replaced by complex structures.[6]
Despite the fact it has several connotations with regulation of cognitive childhood development, pruning is thought to be a process of removing neurons which may have become damaged or degraded in order to further improve the "networking" capacity of a particular area of the brain.[6] Furthermore, it has been stipulated that the mechanism not only works in regard to development and reparation, but also as a means of continually maintaining more efficient brain function by removing neurons by their synaptic efficiency.[6]
Pruning in the maturing brain[edit]
The pruning that is associated with learning is known as small-scale axon terminal arbor pruning. Axons extend short axon terminal arbors toward neurons within a target area. Certain terminal arbors are pruned by competition. The selection of the pruned terminal arbors follow the "use it or lose it" principle seen in synaptic plasticity. This means synapses that are frequently used have strong connections while the rarely used synapses are eliminated. Examples seen in vertebrate include pruning of axon terminals in the neuromuscular junction in the peripheral nervous system and the pruning of climbing fiber inputs to the cerebellum in the central nervous system.[5]
In terms of humans, synaptic pruning has been observed through the inference of differences in the estimated numbers of glial cells and neurons between children and adults, which differs greatly in the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus.
In a study conducted in 2007 by Oxford University, researchers compared 8 newborn human brains with those of 8 adults using estimates based upon size and evidence gathered from stereological fractionation. They showed that, on average, estimates of adult neuron populations were 41% lower than those of the newborns in the region they measured, the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus.[7]
However, in terms of glial cells, adults had far larger estimates than those in newborns; 36.3 million on average in adult brains, compared to 10.6 million in the newborn samples.[7] The structure of the brain is thought to change when degeneration and deafferentation occur in postnatal situations, although these phenomena have not been observed in some studies.[7] In the case of development, neurons which are in the process of loss via programmed cell death are unlikely to be re-used, but rather replaced by new neuronal structures or synaptic structures, and have been found to occur alongside the structural change in the sub-cortical gray matter.
Synaptic pruning is classified separately from the regressive events seen during older ages. While developmental pruning is experience dependent, the deteriorating connections that are synonymous with old age are not. The stereotyped pruning can be related to the chiseling and molding of stone into a statue. Once the statue is complete, the weather will begin to erode the statue and this represents the experience independent deletion of connections.
Mechanisms[edit]
The three models explaining synaptic pruning are axon degeneration, axon retraction, and axon shedding. In all cases, the synapses are formed by a transient axon terminal, and synapse elimination is caused by the axon pruning. Each model offers a different method in which the axon is removed to delete the synapse. In small-scale axon arbor pruning, neural activity is thought to be an important regulator,[citation needed] but the molecular mechanism remains unclear. Hormones and trophic factors are thought to be the main extrinsic factors regulating large-scale stereotyped axon pruning.[5]
Axon degeneration[edit]
In Drosophila, there are extensive changes made to the nervous system during metamorphosis. Metamorphosis is triggered by ecdysone, and during this period, extensive pruning and reorganization of the neural network occurs. Therefore, it is theorized that pruning in Drosophila is triggered by the activation of ecdysone receptors. Denervation studies at the neuromuscular junction of vertebrates have shown that the axon removal mechanism closely resembles Wallerian degeneration.[8] However, the global and simultaneous pruning seen in Drosophilia differs from the mammalian nervous system pruning, which occurs locally and over multiple stages of development.[5]
Axon retraction[edit]
Axon branches retract in a distal to proximal manner. The axonal contents that are retracted are thought to be recycled to other parts of the axon. The biological mechanism with which axonal pruning occurs still remains unclear for the mammalian central nervous system. However, pruning has been associated with guidance molecules in mice. Guidance molecules serve to control axon pathfinding through repulsion, and also initiate pruning of exuberant synaptic connections. Semaphorin ligands and the receptors neuropilins and plexins are used to induce retraction of the axons to initiate hippocampo-septal and infrapyramidal bundle (IPB) pruning. Stereotyped pruning of the hippocampal projections have been found to be significantly impaired in mice that have a Plexin-A3 defect. Specifically, axons that are connected to a transient target will retract once the Plexin-A3 receptors are activated by class 3 semaphorin ligands. In IPB, the expression of mRNA for Sema3F is present in the hippocampus prenatally, lost postnatally and returns in the stratum oriens. Coincidentally, onset IPB pruning occurs around the same time. In the case of the hippocampal-septal projections, expression of mRNA for Sema3A was followed by the initiation of pruning after 3 days. This suggests that pruning is triggered once the ligand reaches threshold protein levels within a few days after detectable mRNA expression.[9] Pruning of axons along the visual corticospinal tract (CST) is defective in neuropilin-2 mutants and plexin-A3 and plexin-A4 double mutant mice. Sema3F is also expressed in the dorsal spinal cord during the pruning process. There is no motor CST pruning defect observed in these mutants.[5]
Stereotyped pruning has also been observed in the tailoring of overextended axon branches from the retinotopy formation. Ephrin and the ephrin receptors, Eph, have been found to regulate and direct retinal axon branches. Forward signaling between Ephrin-A and EphA, along the anterior-posterior axis, has been found to inhibit retinal axon branch formation posterior to a terminal zone. The forward signaling also promotes pruning of the axons that have reached into the terminal zone. However, it remains unclear whether the retraction mechanism seen in IPB pruning is applied in retinal axons.[10]
Reverse signaling between ephrin-B proteins and their Eph receptor tyrosine kinases have been found to initiate the retraction mechanism in the IPB. Ephrin-B3 is observed to transduce tyrosine phosphorylation-dependent reverse signals into hippocampal axons that trigger pruning of excessive IPB fibers. The proposed pathway involves EphB being expressed on the surface of target cells that results in tyrosine phosphorylation of Ephrin-B3. Ensuing binding of Ephrin-B3 to the cytoplasmic adaptor protein, Grb4, leads to the recruitment and binding of Dock180 and p21 activated kinases (PAK). The binding of Dock180 increases Rac-GTP levels, and PAK mediates the downstream signaling of active Rac that leads to the retraction of the axon and eventual pruning.[11]
Axon shedding[edit]
Time-lapse imaging of retreating axons in neuromuscular junctions of mice have shown axonal shedding as a possible mechanism of pruning. The retreating axon moved in a distal to proximal order and resembled retraction. However, there were many cases in which remnants were shed as the axons were retracting. The remnants, named axosomes, contained the same organelles seen in the bulbs attached to the end of axons and were commonly found around the proximity of the bulbs. This indicates that axosomes are derived from the bulbs. Furthermore, axosomes did not have electron-dense cytoplasms or disrupted mitochondria indicating that they were not formed through Wallerian degeneration.[12]
See also[edit]
Neuroplasticity
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Chechik, G; Meilijson, I; Ruppin, E (1998). "Synaptic pruning in development: a computational account.". Neural computation. 10 (7): 1759–77. PMID 9744896. doi:10.1162/089976698300017124.
Jump up ^ Iglesias, J.; Eriksson, J.; Grize, F.; Tomassini, M.; Villa, A. (2005). "Dynamics of pruning in simulated large-scale spiking neural networks". BioSystems. 79 (9): 11–20. PMID 15649585. doi:10.1016/j.biosystems.2004.09.016.
Jump up ^ "Equal numbers of neuronal and nonneuronal cells make the human brain an isometrically scaled-up primate brain". 513 (5). 2009: 532–41. PMID 19226510. doi:10.1002/cne.21974.
^ Jump up to: a b c Craik, F.; Bialystok, E. (2006). "Cognition through the lifespan:mechanisms of change". Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 10 (3): 131–138. ISSN 1364-6613. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2006.01.007.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Vanderhaeghen, P.; Cheng, HJ. (2010). "Guidance Molecules in Axon Pruning and Cell Death". Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology. 2 (6): 1–18. PMC 2869516  . PMID 20516131. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a001859.
^ Jump up to: a b c Chechik, Gal; Meilijison, Isaac; Ruppin, Eytan (1999). "Neuronal Regulation: a mechanism for synaptic pruning during brain maturation". Neural Computation. 11 (8): 2061–80. PMID 10578044. doi:10.1162/089976699300016089.
^ Jump up to: a b c Abitz, Damgaard; et al. (2007). "Excess of neurons in the human newborn mediodorsal thalamus compared with that of the adult". Cerebral Cortex. 17 (11): 2573–2578. PMID 17218480. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhl163.
Jump up ^ Low, LK.; Cheng, HJ. (2006). "Axon pruning: an essential step underlying the developmental plasticity of neuronal connections". Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 361: 1531–1544. doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1883.
Jump up ^ Bagri, Anil; Cheng, Hwai-Jong; Yaron, Avraham; Pleasure, Samuel J.; Tessier-Lavigne, Marc (2003). "Stereotyped Pruning of Long Hippocampal Axon Branches Triggered by Retraction Inducers of the Semaphorin Family". Cell. 113 (3): 285–299. PMID 12732138. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(03)00267-8.
Jump up ^ Luo, L.; Flanagan, G (2007). "Development of Continuous and Discrete Neural Maps". Neuron. 56 (2): 284–300. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2007.10.014.
Jump up ^ Xu, N.; Henkemeyer, M. (2009). "Ephrin-B3 reverse signaling through Grb4 and cytoskeletal regulators mediates axon pruning". Nature Neuroscience. 12: 268–276. PMC 2661084  . PMID 19182796. doi:10.1038/nn.2254.
Jump up ^ Bishop, DL.; Misgeld, T.; Walsh, MK.; Gan, WB.; Lichtman, JW. (2004). "Axon Branch Removal at Developing Synapses by Axosome Shedding". Neuron. 44 (4): 651–661. PMID 15541313. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2004.10.026.
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