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Notre-Dame de Paris
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For the Victor Hugo novel, see The Hunchback of Notre-Dame.
For other uses, see Notre Dame (disambiguation) and Notre Dame de Paris (disambiguation).
Church in Paris, France
Notre-Dame de Paris
Our Lady of Paris
Cathedral of Our Lady of Paris (English)
Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Paris (French)
48°51′11″N 2°20′59″E / 48.8530°N 2.3498°E / 48.8530; 2.3498Coordinates: 48°51′11″N 2°20′59″E / 48.8530°N 2.3498°E / 48.8530; 2.3498
Location
Parvis Notre-Dame – place Jean-Paul-II, Paris, France
Denomination
Roman Catholic
Website
www.notredamedeparis.fr
History
Status
Cathedral
Architecture
Functional status
Active
Style
French Gothic
Groundbreaking
1163 (1163)
Completed
1345 (1345)
Specifications
Length
128 metres (420 ft)
Width
48 metres (157 ft)
Number of towers
2
Tower height
69 metres (226 ft)
Number of spires
1
Spire height
90 metres (300 ft)
Bells
10
Administration
Archdiocese
Paris
Clergy
Archbishop
Michel Aupetit
Rector
Patrick Jacquin
Dean
Patrick Chauvet
Laity
Director of music
Sylvain Dieudonné[1]
Monument historique
Official name: Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Paris
Type
Cathédrale
Designated
1862[2]
Reference no.
PA00086250
Notre-Dame de Paris (French: [nɔtʁə dam də paʁi] ( listen); meaning "Our Lady of Paris"), also known as Notre-Dame Cathedral or simply Notre-Dame, is a medieval Catholic cathedral on the Île de la Cité in the fourth arrondissement of Paris, France.[3] The cathedral is widely considered to be one of the finest examples of French Gothic architecture. The innovative use of the rib vault and flying buttress, the enormous and colorful rose windows, and the naturalism and abundance of its sculptural decoration all set it apart from earlier Romanesque architecture.[4]
The cathedral was begun in 1160 and largely completed by 1260, though it was modified frequently in the following centuries. In the 1790s, Notre-Dame suffered desecration during the French Revolution when much of its religious imagery was damaged or destroyed. Soon after the publication of Victor Hugo's novel The Hunchback of Notre Dame in 1831, popular interest in the building revived. A major restoration project supervised by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc began in 1845 and continued for twenty-five years. Beginning in 1963, the facade of the Cathedral was cleaned of centuries of soot and grime, returning it to its original color. Another campaign of cleaning and restoration was carried out from 1991-2000. [5]
As the cathedral of the Archdiocese of Paris, Notre-Dame contains the cathedra of the Archbishop of Paris, currently Michel Aupetit.
Contents
1 History
1.1 Construction
1.2 Timeline of construction
1.3 Modern history
2 Towers and the Spire
3 Iconography - the "poor people's book"
4 Stained glass - rose windows
5 Crypt
6 Contemporary critical reception
7 Organ
8 Organ and organists
8.1 Organists
9 Bells
10 Ownership
11 Events in the Cathedral
12 Gallery
13 See also
14 References
15 Bibliography
16 External links
History[edit]
Construction[edit]
The Cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris was built on a site which in Roman Lutetia is believed to have been occupied by a pagan temple, and then by a romanesque church, the Basilica of Saint Étienne, built between the 4th century and 7th century. The basilica was about forty meters west of the current cathedral, and was wider and lower, and roughly half its size. [6]
King Louis VII of France (reigned 1137-1180) wanted to build monuments to show that Paris was the political, economic, and cultural capital of France. In this context, Maurice de Sully, who had been elevated Bishop in 1160, had the old basilica torn down to its foundations, and began to build a larger and taller cathedral.
The cornerstone was laid in 1163 in the presence of Pope Alexander III. The design followed the traditional plan, with the ambulatory and choir, where the altar was located, to the east, and the entrance, facing the setting sun, to the west. By long tradition, the choir, where the altar was located, was constructed first, so that the church could be consecrated and used long before it was completed. The original plan was for a long nave, four levels high, with no transept. The flying buttress was not yet in use, so the walls were thick and reinforced by solid stone abutments placed against them on the outside, and later by chapels placed between the abutments.
The roof of the nave was constructed with a new technology, the rib vault, which had earlier been used in the Basilica of Saint Denis. The roof of the nave was supported by crossed ribs which divided each vault into six compartments. The pointed arches were stronger than the earlier romanesque arches, and carried the weight of the roof outwards and downwards to rows of pillars, and out to the abutments against the walls. Construction of the choir took from 1163 until around 1177. The High Altar was consecrated in 1182. Between 1182 and 1190 the first three traverses of the nave were built up to the level of tribunes. Beginning in 1190, the bases of the facade were put in place, and the first traverses were completed.[7]
The decision was made to add a transept at the choir, where the altar was located, in order to bring more light into the center of the church. The use of simpler four-part rather than six-part rib vaults meant that the roofs were stronger and could be higher. After Bishop Maurice de Sully's death in 1196, his successor, Eudes de Sully (unrelated to the previous Bishop) oversaw the completion of the transepts, and continued work on the nave, which was nearing completion at the time of his own death in 1208. By this time, the western facade was already largely built, though it was not completed until around the mid-1240s. Between 1225 and 1250 the upper gallery of the nave was constructed, along with the two towers on the west facade.[8]
Another significant change came in the mid 13th century, when the transepts were remodeled in the latest Rayonnant style; in the late 1240s Jean de Chelles added a gabled portal to the north transept topped off by a spectacular rose window. Shortly afterwards (from 1258) Pierre de Montreuil executed a similar scheme on the southern transept. Both these transept portals were richly embellished with sculpture; the south portal features scenes from the lives of St Stephen and of various local saints, while the north portal featured the infancy of Christ and the story of Theophilus in the tympanum, with a highly influential statue of the Virgin and Child in the trumeau.[9][10]
An important innovation in the 13th century was the introduction of the flying buttress. Before the buttresses, all of the weight of the roof pressed outward and down to the walls, and the abutments supporting them. With the flying buttress, the weight was carried by the ribs of the vault entirely outside the structure to a series of counter-supports, which were topped with stone pinnacles which gave them greater weight. The buttresses meant that the walls could be higher and thinner, and could have much larger windows. The date of the first buttresses is not known with any precision; they were installed some time in the 13th century. The first buttresses were replaced by larger and stronger ones in the 14th century; these had a reach of fifteen meters between the walls and counter-supports. [11]
Timeline of construction[edit]
1160 Maurice de Sully (named Bishop of Paris) orders the original cathedral demolished.
1163 Cornerstone laid for Notre-Dame de Paris; construction begins.
1182 Apse and choir completed.
1196 Bishop Maurice de Sully dies.
c.1200 Work begins on western facade.
1208 Bishop Eudes de Sully dies. Nave vaults nearing completion.
1225 Western facade completed.
1250 Western towers and north rose window completed.
c.1245–1260s Transepts remodelled in the rayonnant style by Jean de Chelles then Pierre de Montreuil.
14th century New flying buttresses added to apse and choir.
Plan of the Cathedral made by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc in the 19th century. Portals and nave to the left, choir in the center, and apse and ambulatory to the right.
Early six-part rib vaults of the nave. The ribs transferred the thrust of the weight of the roof downward and outwards to the pillars and the supporting buttresses.
Cross-section of the double supporting arches and buttresses of the nave (13th century) drawn by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc.
The massive buttresses which counter the outward thrust from the rib vaults of the nave.
Later flying buttresses of the apse of Notre-Dame (14th century) reached 15 meters from the wall to the counter-supports.
Modern history[edit]
In 1548, rioting Huguenots damaged some of the statues of Notre-Dame, considering them idolatrous.[12] During the reigns of Louis XIV and Louis XV, the cathedral underwent numerous alterations to comply with the more classical style of the period. The sanctuary was re-arranged; the choir was largely rebuilt in marble, and many of the stained glass windows from the 12th and 13th century were removed and replaced with white glass windows, to bring more light into the church. A colossal statue of St Christopher, standing against a pillar near the western entrance and dating from 1413, was destroyed in 1786. The spire, which had been damaged by the wind, was removed in the second part of the 18th century.
In 1793, during the French Revolution, the cathedral was rededicated to the Cult of Reason, and then to the Cult of the Supreme Being. During this time, many of the treasures of the cathedral were either destroyed or plundered. The twenty-eight statues of biblical kings located at the west facade, mistaken for statues of French kings, were beheaded.[13] Many of the heads were found during a 1977 excavation nearby, and are on display at the Musée de Cluny. For a time the Goddess of Liberty replaced the Virgin Mary on several altars.[14] The cathedral's great bells escaped being melted down. All of the other large statues on the facade, with the exception of the statue of the Virgin Mary on the portal of the cloister, were destroyed.[15] The cathedral came to be used as a warehouse for the storage of food and other non-religious purposes.[12]
In July 1801, the new ruler, Napoleon Bonaparte, signed an agreement to restore the cathedral to the Church. It was formally transferred on April 18, 1802. It was the setting of Napoleon's coronation as Emperor on December 2, 1804, and of his marriage to Marie-Louise of Austria in 1810.
The cathedral was functioning in the early 19th century, but was half-ruined inside and battered without. In 1831, the novel Notre-Dame de Paris by Victor Hugo, published in English as The Hunchback of Notre-Dame had an enormous success, and brought the cathedral new attention. In 1844 King Louis Philippe ordered that the church be restored. The commission for the restoration was won by two architects, Jean-Baptiste-Antoine Lassus and Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, who was then just 31 years old. They supervised a large team of sculptors, glass makers and other craftsmen who remade, working from drawings or engravings, the original decoration, or, if they did not have a model, adding new elements they felt were in the spirit of the original style. They made a taller and more ornate reconstruction of the original spire (including a statue of Saint Thomas that resembles Viollet-le-Duc), as well as adding the sculpture of mythical creatures on the Galerie des Chimères. The restoration lasted twenty five years. [12]
During the liberation of Paris in August 1944, the cathedral suffered some minor damage from stray bullets. Some of the medieval glass was damaged, and was replaced by glass with modern abstract designs. On August 26, a special mass was held in the cathedral to celebrate the liberation of Paris from the Germans; it was attended by General Charles De Gaulle and General Philippe Leclerc.
In the 1963, on the initiative of culture minister André Malraux and to mark the 800th anniversary of the Cathedral, the facade was cleaned of the centuries of soot and grime, restoring it to its original off-white color. [16]
Stones damaged by air pollution were replaced, and a discreet system of electrical wires, not visible from below, was installed on the roof to deter pigeons. Another major cleaning and restoration program was commenced in 1991.
Towers and the Spire[edit]
Towers on west facade. (1220-1250). The north tower (left) is slightly larger.
Spire of the Cathedral, originally in place 13th-18th century, recreated in the 19th century.
Spire viewed from above
Statue of Thomas the Apostle, with the features of restorer Viollet-le-Duc, at the base of the spire
The two towers are sixty-nine meters high, and were the tallest structures in Paris until the completion of the Eiffel Tower in 1889. The towers were the last major element of the Cathedral to be constructed. The south tower was built first, between 1220 and 1240, and the north tower between 1235 and 1250. The newer north tower is slightly larger, as can be seen when they viewed from directly in front of the church. The contrefort or buttress of the north tower is also larger. [17]
The north tower is accessible to visitors by a stairway, whose entrance is on the north side of the tower. The stairway has 387 steps, and has a stop at at the Gothic hall the level of the rose window, where visitors can look over the parvis and see a collection of paintings and sculpture from earlier periods of the Cathedral's history.
The ten bells of the Cathedral are located in the south tower. (see Bells below)
A water reservoir, covered with a lead roof, is located between the two towers, behind the colonnade and the gallery and in front of the nave and the pignon. It can be used to quickly extinguish a fire.
The Flèche or Spire of the Cathedral is located over the transept and altar. The original spire was constructed in the 13th century, probably between 1220 and 1230. It was battered, weakened and bent by the wind over five centuries, and finally was removed in 1786. During the 19th century restoration, Eugène Viollet-le-Duc decided to recreate it, making a new version of oak covered with lead. The entire spire weights 750 tons. Following Viollet-le-Duc's plans, the spire is surrounded by copper statues of the twelve Apostles, in four groups of three, one group at each point of the compass. Each of the four groups is preceded by an animal symbolizing one of the four Apostles; a steer for Saint Luke; a Lion for Saint Mark, an Eagle for Saint John; and angel for Saint Matthew. All of the statues are looking at Paris, except one; the statue of Saint Thomas, the patron saint of architects, is looking at the spire, and has the features of Viollet-le-Duc.
The rooster at the summit of the spire contains three relics; a tiny piece of the Crown of Thorns, located in the treasury of the Cathedral; and relics of Denis and Saint Genevieve, patron saints of Paris. They were placed there in 1935 by the Archibishop Verdier, to protect the congregation from lightning or other harm.
Iconography - the "poor people's book"[edit]
Illustration of the Last Judgement, central portal of west facade
The martyr Saint Denis, holding his head, over the Portal of the Virgin
The serpent tempts Adam and Eve; part of the Last Judgement on the central portal of west facade
Archangel Gabriel and Satan weighing souls during the Last Judgement (central portal, west facade)
A stryge on west facade
Gargoyles were the rainspouts of the Cathedral
Chimera on the facade
Allegory of alchemy, central portal
The Gothic cathedral was a liber pauperum, a "poor people's book", covered with sculpture vividly illustrating biblical stories, for the vast majority of parishioners who were illiterate. To add to the effect, all of the sculpture on the facades was originally painted and gilded.[18] The tympanum over the central portal on the west facade, facing the square, vividly illustrates the Last Judgement, with figures of sinners being led off to hell, and good Christians taken to heaven. The sculpture of the right portal shows the coronation of the Virgin Mary, and the left portal shows the lives of saints who were important to Parisians, particularly Saint Anne, the mother of the Virgin Mary.[19]
The exteriors of cathedrals and other Gothic churches were also decorated with sculptures of a variety of fabulous and frightening grotesques or monsters. These included the gargoyle, the chimera, a mythical hybrid creature which usually had the body of a lion and the head of a goat, and the Strix or stryge, a creature resembling an owl or bat, which was said to eat human flesh. The strix appeared in classical Roman literature; it was described by the Roman poet Ovid, who was widely read in the Middle Ages, as a large-headed bird with transfixed eyes, rapacious beak, and greyish white wings. [20] They were part of the visual message for the illiterate worshipers, symbols of the evil and danger that threatened those who did not follow the teachings of the church. [21]
The gargoyles, which were added in about 1240, had a more practical purpose. They were the rain spouts of the cathedral, designed to divide the torrent of water which poured from the roof after rain, and to project it outwards as far as possible from the buttresses and the walls and windows where it might erode the mortar binding the stone. To produce many thin streams rather than a torrent of water, a large number of gargoyles were used, so they were also designed to be a decorative element of the architecture. The rainwater ran from the roof into lead gutters, then down channels on the flying buttresses, then along a channel cut in the back of the gargoyle and out of the mouth away from the cathedral. [22]
Amid all the religious figures, some of the sculptural decoration was devoted to illustrating medieval science and philosophy. The central portal of the west facade is decorated with carved figures holding circular plaques with symbols of transformation taken from alchemy. The central pillar of the central door of Notre-Dame features a statue of a woman on a throne holding a scepter in her left hand, and in her right hand, two books, one open (symbol of public knowledge), and the other closed (esoteric knowledge), along with a ladder with seven steps, symbolizing the seven steps alchemists followed in their scientific quest of trying to transform ordinary metals into gold. [23]
Many of the statues, particularly the grotesques, were removed from facade in the 17th and 18th century, or were destroyed during the French Revolution. They were replaced with figures in the Gothic style, designed by Eugene Viollet-le-Duc, during the 19th century restoration.
Stained glass - rose windows[edit]
The earliest rose window, on the west facade (about 1225)
The west Rose window (about 1225)
North rose window (about 1250)
South rose window (about 1260)
The stained glass windows of Notre-Dame, particularly the three rose windows, are among the most famous features of the cathedral. The west rose window, over the portals, was the first and smallest of the roses in Notre-Dame. It is 9.6 meters in diameter, and was made in about 1225, with the pieces of glass set in a thick circular stone frame. None of the original glass remains in this window; it was recreated in the 19th century. [24]
The two transept windows are larger and contain a greater proportion of glass than the rose on the west facade, because the new system of buttresses made the nave walls thinner and stronger. The north rose was created in about 1250, and the south rose in about 1260. The south rose in the transept is particularly notable for its size and artistry. It is 12.9 meters in diameter; with the claire-voie surrounding it, a total of 19 meters. It was given to the Cathedral by King Louis IX of France, known as Saint Louis. [25]
The south rose has 94 medallions, arranged in four circles, depicting scenes from the life of Christ and those who witnessed his time on earth. The inner circle has twelve medallions showing the twelve apostles. (During later restorations, some of these original medallions were moved to circles farther out). The next two circles depict celebrated martyrs and virgins. The fourth circle shows twenty angels, as well as saints important to Paris, notably Saint Denis, Margaret the Virgin with a dragon, and Saint Eustace. The third and fourth circles also have some depictions of Old Testament subjects. The third circle has some medallions with scenes from the New Testament Gospel of Matthew which date from the last quarter of the 12th century. These are the oldest glass in the window.[26]
Additional scenes in the corners around the rose window include Jesus' Descent into Hell, Adam and Eve, the Resurrection of Christ. Saint Peter and Saint Paul are at the bottom of the window, and Mary Magdalene and John the Apostle at the top.
Above the rose is a window depicting Christ triumphant seated in the sky, surrounded by his Apostles. Below are sixteen windows with painted images of Prophets. These were not part of the original window; they were painted during the restoration in the 19th century by Alfred Gérenthe, under the direction of Eugene Viollet-le-Duc, based upon a similar window at Chartres Cathedral. [27]
The south rose had a difficult history. In 1543 it was damaged by the settling of the masonry walls, and not restored until 1725-1727. It was seriously damaged in the French Revolution of 1830. Rioters burned the residence of the archbishop, next to the cathedral, and many of the panes were destroyed. The window was entirely rebuilt by Viollet-le-Duc in 1861. He rotated the window by fifteen degrees to give it a clear vertical and horizontal axis, and replaced the destroyed pieces of glass with new glass in the same style. The window today contains both of medieval and 19th century glass. [28]
In the 1960s, after three decades of debate, it was decided to replace many of the 19th-century grisaille windows in the nave designed by by Viollet-le-Duc with new windows. The new windows, made by Jacques Le Chevallier, are without human figures and use abstract grisaille designs and color to try to recreate the luminosity in the Cathedral in the 13th century.
Crypt[edit]
The Archaeological Crypt of Notre-Dame de Paris.
The Archaeological Crypt (Crypte archéologique de l'île de la Cité) was created in 1965 to protect a range of historical ruins, discovered during construction work and spanning from the earliest settlement in Paris to the modern day. The crypt is managed by the Musée Carnavalet, and contains a large exhibit, detailed models of the architecture of different time periods, and how they can be viewed within the ruins. The main feature still visible is the under-floor heating installed during the Roman occupation.[29]
Contemporary critical reception[edit]
John of Jandun recognized the cathedral as one of Paris's three most important buildings [prominent structures] in his 1323 Treatise on the Praises of Paris:
“ That most glorious church of the most glorious Virgin Mary, mother of God, deservedly shines out, like the sun among stars. And although some speakers, by their own free judgment, because [they are] able to see only a few things easily, may say that some other is more beautiful, I believe however, respectfully, that, if they attend more diligently to the whole and the parts, they will quickly retract this opinion. Where indeed, I ask, would they find two towers of such magnificence and perfection, so high, so large, so strong, clothed round about with such a multiple variety of ornaments? Where, I ask, would they find such a multipartite arrangement of so many lateral vaults, above and below? Where, I ask, would they find such light-filled amenities as the many surrounding chapels? Furthermore, let them tell me in what church I may see such a large cross, of which one arm separates the choir from the nave. Finally, I would willingly learn where [there are] two such circles, situated opposite each other in a straight line, which on account of their appearance are given the name of the fourth vowel [O] ; among which smaller orbs and circlets, with wondrous artifice, so that some arranged circularly, others angularly, surround windows ruddy with precious colors and beautiful with the most subtle figures of the pictures. In fact I believe that this church offers the carefully discerning such cause for admiration that its inspection can scarcely sate the soul. ”
— Jean de Jandun, Tractatus de laudibus Parisius[30]
Organ[edit]
One of the earliest organs at Notre-Dame, built in 1403 by Friedrich Schambantz, was replaced between 1730 and 1738 by François Thierry. During the restoration of the cathedral by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, Aristide Cavaillé-Coll built a new organ, using pipe work from the former instruments. The organ was dedicated in 1868. In 1904, Charles Mutin modified and added several stops; in 1924, an electric blower was installed. An extensive restoration and cleaning was carried out by Joseph Beuchet in 1932. Between 1959 and 1963, the mechanical action with barker machines was replaced by an electric action by Jean Hermann, and a new organ console was installed. During the following years, the stoplist was gradually modified by Robert Boisseau (who added three chamade stops 8', 4', and 2'/16' in 1968) and Jean-Loup Boisseau after 1975, respectively. In fall 1983, the electric combination system was disconnected due to short-circuit risk. Between 1990 and 1992, Jean-Loup Boisseau, Bertrand Cattiaux, Philippe Émeriau, Michel Giroud, and the Société Synaptel revised and augmented the instrument throughout. A new console was installed, using the stop knobs, pedal and manual keyboards, foot pistons and balance pedals from the Jean Hermann console. Between 2012 and 2014, Bertrand Cattiaux and Pascal Quoirin restored, cleaned, and modified the organ. The stop and key action was upgraded, a new console was built, (again using the stop keys, pedal board, foot pistons and balance pedals of the 1992 console), a new enclosed division ("Résonnance expressive", using pipework from the former "Petite Pédale" by Boisseau, which can now be used as a floating division), the organ case and the facade pipes were restored, and a general tuning was carried out. The current organ has 115 stops (156 ranks) on five manuals and pedal, and more than 8,000 pipes.
Organ and organists[edit]
The organ of Notre-Dame de Paris

I. Grand-Orgue
C–g3
II. Positif
C–g3
III. Récit
C–g3
IV. Solo
C–g3
V. Grand-Chœur
C–g3
Pédale
C–f1
Résonnance expressive
C–g3
Violon Basse 16
Bourdon 16
Montre 8
Viole de Gambe 8
Flûte harmonique 8
Bourdon 8
Prestant 4
Octave 4
Doublette 2
Fourniture harmonique II-V
Cymbale harmonique II-V
Bombarde 16
Trompette 8
Clairon 4
Chamades:
Chamade 8
Chamade 4
Chamade REC 8
Cornet REC
Montre 16
Bourdon 16
Salicional 8
Flûte harmonique 8
Bourdon 8
Unda maris 8
Prestant 4
Flûte douce 4
Nazard 2 2/3
Doublette 2
Tierce 1 3/5
Fourniture V
Cymbale V
Clarinette basse 16
Clarinette 8
Clarinette aiguë 4
Récit expressif:
Quintaton 16
Diapason 8
Flûte traversière 8
Viole de Gambe 8
Bourdon céleste 8
Voix céleste 8
Octave 4
Flûte Octaviante 4
Quinte 2 2/3
Octavin 2
Bombarde 16
Trompette 8
Basson Hautbois 8
Clarinette 8
Voix humaine 8
Clairon 4
Récit classique:
Cornet V
Hautbois 8
Chamades:
Basse Chamade 8
Dessus Chamade 8
Chamade 4
Chamade Régale 8
Basse Chamade GO 8
Dessus Chamade GO 8
Chamade GO 4
Trémolo
Bourdon 32
Principal 16
Montre 8
Flûte harmonique 8
Quinte 5 1/3
Prestant 4
Tierce 3 1/5
Nazard 2 2/3
Septième 2 2/7
Doublette 2
Cornet II-V
Grande Fourniture II
Fourniture V
Cymbale V
Cromorne 8
Chamade GO 8
Chamade GO 4
Cornet REC
Hautbois REC 8
Principal 8
Bourdon 8 *
Prestant 4 *
Quinte 2 2/3 *
Doublette 2 *
Tierce 1 3/5 *
Larigot 1 1/3
Septième 1 1/7
Piccolo 1
Plein jeu III-V
Cornet V (= *)
Tuba magna 16
Trompette 8
Clairon 4
Principal 32
Contrebasse 16
Soubasse 16
Quinte 10 2/3
Flûte 8
Violoncelle 8
Tierce 6 2/5
Quinte 5 1/3
Septième 4 4/7
Octave 4
Contre Bombarde 32
Bombarde 16
Basson 16
Trompette 8
Basson 8
Clairon 4
Chamade GO 8
Chamade GO 4
Chamade Régale 8
Chamade REC 8
Chamade REC 4
Bourdon 16
Principal 8
Bourdon 8
Prestant 4
Flûte 4
Neuvième 3 5/9
Tierce 3 1/5
Onzième 2 10/11
Nazard 2 2/3
Flûte 2
Tierce 1 3/5
Larigot 1 1/3
Flageolet 1
Fourniture III
Cymbale III
Basson 16
Basson 8
Voix humaine 8
Chimes
Tremblant
Couplers: II/I, III/I, IV/I, V/I; III/II, IV/II, V/II; IV/III, V/III; V/IV, Octave grave général, inversion Positif/Grand-orgue, Tirasses (Grand-orgue, Positif, Récit, Solo, Grand-Chœur en 8; Grand-Orgue en 4, Positif en 4, Récit en 4, Solo en 4, Grand-Chœur en 4), Sub- und Super octave couplers and Unison Off for all manuals (Octaves graves, octaves aiguës, annulation 8'). Octaves aiguës Pédalier. Additional features: Coupure Pédalier. Coupure Chamade. Appel Résonnance. Sostenuto for all manuals and the pedal. Cancel buttons for each division. 50,000 combinations (5,000 groups each). Replay system.
Organists[edit]
The position of titular organist ("head" or "chief" organist; French: titulaires des grands orgues) at Notre-Dame is considered one of the most prestigious organist posts in France, along with the post of titular organist of Saint Sulpice in Paris, Cavaillé-Coll's largest instrument.
Guillaume Maingot (1600–1609)
Jean-Jacques Petitjean (1609–1610)
Charles Thibault (1610–1616)
Charles Racquet (1618–1643)
Jean Racquet (ca. 1643–1689)
Médéric Corneille (1689–1730)
Guillaume-Antoine Calvière (1730–1755)
René Drouard de Bousset (1755–1760)
Charles Alexandre Jolage (1755–1761)
Louis-Claude Daquin (1755–1772)
Armand-Louis Couperin (1755–1789)
Claude Balbastre (1760–1793)
Pierre-Claude Fouquet (1761–1772)
Nicholas Séjan (1772–1793)
Claude-Etienne Luce (1772–1783)
Jean-Jacques Beauvarlet-Charpentier (1783–1793)
Antoine Desprez (1802–1806)
M.-S. Blin (1806–1834)
Joseph Pollet (1834–1840)
Félix Danjou (1840–1847)
Eugène Sergent (1847–1900)
Louis Vierne (1900–1937)
Léonce de Saint-Martin (1937–1954)
Pierre Cochereau (1955–1984)
Yves Devernay (1985–1990)
Jean-Pierre Leguay (1985–2015)
Philippe Lefebvre (fr) (since 1985)
Olivier Latry (since 1985)
Vincent Dubois (since 2016)
Bells[edit]
The new bell, Marie, ringing in the nave
The new bells of Notre-Dame de Paris Cathedral on public display in the nave in February 2013
19th-century vestments
The cathedral has 10 bells. The largest, Emmanuel, original to 1681, is located in the south tower and weighs just over 13 tons and is tolled to mark the hours of the day and for various occasions and services. This bell is always rung first, at least 5 seconds before the rest. Until recently, there were four additional 19th-century bells on wheels in the north tower, which were swing chimed. These bells were meant to replace nine which were removed from the cathedral during the Revolution and were rung for various services and festivals. The bells were once rung by hand before electric motors allowed them to be rung without manual labor. When it was discovered that the size of the bells could cause the entire building to vibrate, threatening its structural integrity, they were taken out of use. The bells also had external hammers for tune playing from a small clavier.
On the night of 24 August 1944 as the Île de la Cité was taken by an advance column of French and Allied armoured troops and elements of the Resistance, it was the tolling of the Emmanuel that announced to the city that its liberation was under way.
In early 2012, as part of a €2 million project, the four old bells in the north tower were deemed unsatisfactory and removed. The plan originally was to melt them down and recast new bells from the material. However, a legal challenge resulted in the bells being saved in extremis at the foundry.[31] As of early 2013, they are still merely set aside until their fate is decided. A set of 8 new bells was cast by the same foundry, Cornille-Havard, in Normandy that had cast the four in 1856. At the same time, a much larger bell called Marie was cast in Asten, Netherlands by Royal Eijsbouts — it now hangs with Emmanuel in the south tower. The 9 new bells, which were delivered to the cathedral at the same time (31 January 2013),[32] are designed to replicate the quality and tone of the cathedral's original bells.
Bells of Notre-Dame de Paris[33]
Name
Mass
Diameter
Note
Emmanuel 13271 kg 261 cm F♯2
Marie 6023 kg 206.5 cm G♯2
Gabriel 4162 kg 182.8 cm A♯2
Anne Geneviève 3477 kg 172.5 cm B2
Denis 2502 kg 153.6 cm C♯3
Marcel 1925 kg 139.3 cm D♯3
Étienne 1494 kg 126.7 cm E♯3
Benoît-Joseph 1309 kg 120.7 cm F♯3
Maurice 1011 kg 109.7 cm G♯3
Jean-Marie 782 kg 99.7 cm A♯3
Ownership[edit]
Under a 1905 law, Notre-Dame de Paris is among seventy churches in Paris built before that year that are owned by the French State. While the building itself is owned by the state, the Catholic Church is the designated beneficiary, having the exclusive right to use it for religious purpose in perpetuity. The archdiocese is responsible for paying the employees, security, heating and cleaning, and assuring that the cathedral is open free to visitors. The archdiocese does not receive subsidies from the French State.[34]
Events in the Cathedral[edit]
Henry VI of England is crowned King of France at Notre-Dame (16 December 1431) during the Hundred Years' War
A Te Deum in the Choir of the Church in 1669, in reign of Louis XIV. The choir was redesigned make room for more lavish ceremonies
Cult of Reason is celebrated at Notre-Dame during the French Revolution (1793)
The coronation of Napoleon I, on 2 December 1804 at Notre-Dame, as portrayed in the 1807 painting The Coronation of Napoleon by Jacques-Louis David
1170: Existence of a cathedral school operating at Notre-Dame. This corporation of teachers and students will evolve in 1200 into the University of Paris in an edict by King Philippe-Auguste.
1185: Heraclius of Caesarea calls for the Third Crusade from the still-incomplete cathedral.
1239: The Crown of Thorns is placed in the cathedral by St. Louis during the construction of the Sainte-Chapelle.
1302: Philip the Fair opens the first Estates General.
16 December 1431: Henry VI of England is crowned King of France.[35]
7 November 1455: Isabelle Romée, the mother of Joan of Arc, petitions a papal delegation to overturn her daughter's conviction for heresy.
1 January 1537: James V of Scotland is married to Madeleine of France
24 April 1558: Mary, Queen of Scots is married to the Dauphin Francis (later Francis II of France), son of Henry II of France.
18 August 1572: Henry of Navarre (later Henry IV of France) marries Margaret of Valois. The marriage takes place not in the cathedral but on the parvis of the cathedral, as Henry IV is Protestant.[36]
10 September 1573: The Cathedral was the site of a vow made by Henry of Valois following the interregnum of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth that he would both respect traditional liberties and the recently passed religious freedom law.[37]
10 November 1793: the Festival of Reason.
2 December 1804: the coronation ceremony of Napoleon I and his wife Joséphine, with Pope Pius VII officiating.
1831: The novel The Hunchback of Notre-Dame was published by French author Victor Hugo.
1900: Louis Vierne is appointed organist of Notre-Dame de Paris after a heavy competition (with judges including Charles-Marie Widor) against the 500 most talented organ players of the era. On 2 June 1937 Louis Vierne dies at the cathedral organ (as was his lifelong wish) near the end of his 1750th concert.
11 February 1931: Antonieta Rivas Mercado shot herself at the altar with a pistol that was the property of her lover Jose Vasconcelos. She died instantly.
26 August 1944: The Te Deum Mass takes place in the cathedral to celebrate the liberation of Paris. (According to some accounts the Mass was interrupted by sniper fire from both the internal and external galleries.)
12 November 1970: The Requiem Mass of General Charles de Gaulle is held.
26 June 1971: Philippe Petit surreptitiously strings a wire between the two towers of Notre-Dame and tight-rope walks across it. Petit later performed a similar act between the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center.
31 May 1980: After the Magnificat of this day, Pope John Paul II celebrates Mass on the parvis of the cathedral.
January 1996: The Requiem Mass of François Mitterrand is held.
10 August 2007: The Requiem Mass of Cardinal Jean-Marie Lustiger, former Archbishop of Paris and famous Jewish convert to Catholicism, is held.
12 December 2012:The Notre-Dame Cathedral begins a year long celebration of the 850th anniversary of the laying of the first building block for the cathedral.[38]
21 May 2013: Around 1,500 visitors were evacuated from Notre-Dame Cathedral after Dominique Venner, a historian, placed a letter on the Church altar and shot himself. He died immediately.[39][40]
8 September 2016: Notre Dame Cathedral bombing attempt. Arrests made after an explosives-filled car was discovered parked alongside the cathedral.
10 February 2017 Police arrested 4 people in Montpellier, France, including a 16-year-old girl and a 20-year-old man already known by authorities to have ties to extremist Islamist organizations, on charges of plotting to travel to Paris and attack the cathedral.[41]
The cathedral is renowned for its Lent sermons founded by the famous Dominican Jean-Baptiste Henri Lacordaire in the 1860s. In recent years, however, an increasing number have been given by leading public figures and state employed academics.
Gallery[edit]
bourdon
A wide angle view of Notre-Dame's western façade
Notre-Dame's facade showing the Portal of the Virgin, Portal of the Last Judgment, and Portal of St-Anne
A view of Notre-Dame from Montparnasse Tower
A wide angle view of Notre-Dame's western facade
The Statue of Virgin and Child inside Notre-Dame de Paris
Notre-Dame's high altar with the kneeling statues of Louis XIII and Louis XIV
South rose window of Notre-Dame de Paris
Notre-Dame at the end of the 19th century
Flying buttresses of Notre-Dame
Memorial tablet to the British Empire dead of the First World War
Tympanum of the Last Judgment
Statue of Joan of Arc in Notre-Dame de Paris cathedral interior
Close look of the details on the Tympanum of the Last Judgment (2016)
Facade of Notre-Dame de Paris.
An 1853 photo by Charles Nègre of Henri Le Secq next to Le Stryge
See also[edit]
Paris portal
Catholicism portal
French Gothic architecture
Architecture of Paris
List of tallest buildings and structures in the Paris region
Musée de Notre-Dame de Paris
Roman Catholic Marian churches
May (painting)
Virgin of Paris
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Les chefs de chœurs & organistes de Notre-Dame de Paris (Choir directors & organists)
Jump up ^ Mérimée database 1993
Jump up ^ The name Notre Dame, meaning "Our Lady" in French, is frequently used in the names of churches including the cathedrals of Chartres, Rheims and Rouen.
Jump up ^ Ducher 1988, pp. 46-62.
Jump up ^ "History of the Construction of Notre Dame de Paris" (in French).
Jump up ^ "History of the Construction of Notre Dame de Paris" (in French).
Jump up ^ "History of the Construction of Notre Dame de Paris" (in French).
Jump up ^ Caroline Bruzelius, The Construction of Notre-Dame in Paris, in The Art Bulletin, Vol. 69, No. 69 (Dec. 1987), pp. 540–569.
Jump up ^ Paul Williamson (10 April 1995). Gothic Sculpture, 1140–1300. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-030006-338-7.
Jump up ^ Caroline Bruzelius, The Construction of Notre-Dame in Paris, in The Art Bulletin, Vol. 69, No. 69 (Dec. 1987), pp. 540–569.
Jump up ^ "History of the Construction of Notre Dame de Paris" (in French).
^ Jump up to: a b c Jason Chavis. "Facts on the Notre Dame Cathedral in France". USA Today. Retrieved 3 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "Visiting the Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Paris: Attractions, Tips & Tours". planetware. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
Jump up ^ James A. Herrick, The Making of the New Spirituality, InterVarsity Press, 2004 ISBN 0-8308-3279-3, p. 75-76
Jump up ^ "History of the Construction of Notre Dame de Paris" (in French).
Jump up ^ Laurent, Xavier and Leniaud, Jean Michel, Grandeur et misère du patrimoine, d'André Malraux à Jacques Duhamel (1959-1973), (2003), Librarie Droz, ISBN=9782900791608
Jump up ^ Marcel Aubert, Notre-Dame de Paris : sa place dans l'histoire de l'architecture du xiie au xive siècle, H. Laurens, 1920, p. 133. (in French)
Jump up ^ Viollet-le-Duc, Eugéne, Dictionnaire Raisonné de l'architecture Française du XIe au XVI siecle, Volume 6. (Project Gutenburg).
Jump up ^ Renault and Lazé (2006), page 35
Jump up ^ Frazer, James George (1933) ed., Ovid, Fasti VI. 131–, Riley (1851), p. 216, tr.
Jump up ^ Wenzler (2018), pages 97-99
Jump up ^ Viollet-le-Duc, Eugéne, Dictionnaire Raisonné de l'architecture Française du XIe au XVI siecle, Volume 6. (Project Gutenburg).
Jump up ^ Wenzler (2018), pages 97-99
Jump up ^ "West rose window of Notre Dame de Paris, Notre Dame Cathedral West Rose Window, Detail, Digital and Special Collections, Georgetown University Library".
Jump up ^ "The South Rose- official site of Notre Dame de Paris -" (in French).
Jump up ^ "The South Rose- official site of Notre Dame de Paris -" (in French).
Jump up ^ "The South Rose- official site of Notre Dame de Paris -" (in French).
Jump up ^ "The South Rose- official site of Notre Dame de Paris -" (in French).
Jump up ^ Crypte archéologique du parvis Notre-Dame website Retrieved 15 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Erik Inglis, "Gothic Architecture and a Scholastic: Jean de Jandun's Tractatus de laudibus Parisius (1323)," Gesta, XLII/1 (2003), 63–85.
Jump up ^ "Le Figaro article from 9 November 2012 (in French)". Le Figaro. Retrieved 3 March 2013.
Jump up ^ "Les Neuf Cloches Geantes Sont Arrivees A Notre Dame De Paris". L'Express (in French). 31 January 2012. Retrieved 3 March 2013.
Jump up ^ Sonnerie des nouvelles cloches de Notre-Dame de Paris Archived 28 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine. (notredameparis.fr)
Jump up ^ Communique of the Press and Communication Service of the Cathedral of Notre-Dame-de-Paris, November 2014.
Jump up ^ Jean-Baptiste Lebigue, "L'ordo du sacre d'Henri VI à Notre-Dame de Paris (16 décembre 1431)", Notre-Dame de Paris 1163–2013, ed. Cédric Giraud, Turnhout : Brepols, 2013, p. 319-363. Archived 4 April 2014 at Archive.is
Jump up ^ Hiatt, Charles, Notre Dame de Paris: a short history & description of the cathedral, (George Bell & Sons, 1902), 12.
Jump up ^ Daniel Stone (2001). The Polish–Lithuanian State, 1386–1795. Warsaw: University of Washington Press. p. 119. ISBN 0-295-98093-1. Retrieved 23 July 2008.
Jump up ^ "Paris's Notre Dame cathedral celebrates 850 years". GIE ATOUT FRANCE. Retrieved 7 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Notre-Dame Cathedral evacuated after man commits suicide". Fox News Channel. 21 May 2013. Retrieved 21 May 2013.
Jump up ^ Frémont, Anne-Laure. "Un historien d'extrême droite se suicide à Notre-Dame". Le Figaro (in French). Retrieved 21 May 2013.
Jump up ^ McAuley, James (10 February 2016). "After Louvre attack, France foils another terrorist plot". Washington Post. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
Bibliography[edit]
Bruzelius, Caroline. "The Construction of Notre-Dame in Paris." Art Bulletin (1987): 540–569 in JSTOR.
Davis, Michael T. "Splendor and Peril: The Cathedral of Paris, 1290–1350." The Art Bulletin (1998) 80#1 pp: 34–66.
Ducher, Robert, Caractéristique des Styles, (1988), Flammarion, Paris (in French); ISBN 2-08-011539-1
Jacobs, Jay, ed. The Horizon Book of Great Cathedrals. New York City: American Heritage Publishing, 1968
Janson, H.W. History of Art. 3rd Edition. New York City: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1986
Myers, Bernard S. Art and Civilization. New York City: McGraw-Hill, 1957
Michelin Travel Publications. The Green Guide Paris. Hertfordshire, UK: Michelin Travel Publications, 2003
Renault, Christophe and Lazé, Christophe, Les Styles de l'architectue et du mobilier, (2006), Gisserot, (in French); ISBN 9-782877-474658
Temko, Allan. Notre-Dame of Paris (Viking Press, 1955)
Tonazzi, Pascal. Florilège de Notre-Dame de Paris (anthologie), Editions Arléa, Paris, 2007, ISBN 2-86959-795-9
Wenzler, Claude (2018), Cathédales Cothiques - un Défi Médiéval, Éditions Ouest-France, Rennes (in French) ISBN 978-2-7373-7712-9
Wright, Craig. Music and ceremony at Notre Dame of Paris, 500–1550 (Cambridge University Press, 2008)
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Paris.
"Monument historique – PA00086250". Mérimée database of Monuments Historiques (in French). France: Ministère de la Culture. 1993. Retrieved 17 July 2011.
Official website of Notre-Dame de Paris (in French) (in English)
List of Facts about the Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris
Notre-Dame de Paris's Singers
Official site of Music at Notre-Dame de Paris
Panoramic view
Further information on the Organ with specifications of the Grandes Orgues and the Orgue de Choeur
Photos: Notre-Dame de Paris - The Gothic Cathedral, Flickr
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text:
Yellowstone (U.S. TV series)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Yellowstone
Genre
Drama
Created by
Taylor Sheridan
John Linson
Written by
Taylor Sheridan
Directed by
Taylor Sheridan
Starring
Kevin Costner
Luke Grimes
Kelly Reilly
Wes Bentley
Cole Hauser
Kelsey Asbille
Brecken Merrill
Jefferson White
Danny Huston
Gil Birmingham
Composer(s)
Brian Tyler
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
1
No. of episodes
7 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
John Linson
Art Linson
Taylor Sheridan
Kevin Costner
David C. Glasser
Producer(s)
John Vohlers
Cinematography
Ben Richardson
Editor(s)
Gary D. Roach
Evan Ahlgren
Camera setup
Single-camera
Running time
42–92 minutes
Production company(s)
Linson Entertainment
Bosque Ranch Productions
Treehouse Films
Release
Original network
Paramount Network
Original release
June 20, 2018 (2018-06-20) – present (present)
External links
Official website
Yellowstone is an American drama television series created by Taylor Sheridan and John Linson that premiered on June 20, 2018 on Paramount Network. It stars Kevin Costner, Wes Bentley, Kelly Reilly, Luke Grimes, Cole Hauser, Dave Annable and Gil Birmingham. The series follows the conflicts along the shared borders of a large cattle ranch, an Indian reservation, land developers and Yellowstone National Park. On July 24, 2018, it was announced that Paramount Network had renewed the series for a second season.
Contents
1 Premise
2 Cast and characters
2.1 Main
2.2 Recurring
2.3 Guest
3 Episodes
4 Production
4.1 Development
4.2 Casting
4.3 Filming
5 Release
5.1 Marketing
5.2 Premiere
6 Reception
6.1 Critical response
6.2 Ratings
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
Premise[edit]
Yellowstone follows "the Dutton family, led by John Dutton, who controls the largest contiguous ranch in the United States, under constant attack by those it borders — land developers, an Indian reservation, and America’s first National Park. It is an intense study of a violent world far from media scrutiny — where land grabs make developers billions, and politicians are bought and sold by the world’s largest oil and lumber corporations. Where drinking water poisoned by fracking wells and unsolved murders are not news: they are a consequence of living in the new frontier. It is the best and worst of America seen through the eyes of a family that represents both."[1]
Cast and characters[edit]
Main[edit]
Kevin Costner as John Dutton, the 6th generation patriarch of the Dutton family which controls the largest contiguous ranch in the United States. He is confronted with challenge of defending his land from those who would seek to take it from him while also overcoming the recent death of his son and a recent diagnosis of colon cancer. Josh Lucas portrays a young John Dutton in a recurring role.
Luke Grimes as Kayce Dutton, a former US Navy SEAL and one of John and Evelyn's sons. He lives on the local Indian reservation with his wife and son. Rhys Alterman portrays a young Kayce in a recurring role.
Kelly Reilly as Beth Dutton, a financier and the daughter of John and Evelyn. She is educated, highly intelligent, and a master manipulator. She is also, however, very unstable and suffers from a substance abuse problem. Kylie Rogers portrays a young Beth in a recurring role.
Wes Bentley as Jamie Dutton, an attorney, aspiring politician, and one of John and Evelyn's sons. Although completely loyal to his father and family, he is constantly frustrated at the current state of his family. He also has an intense love/hate relationship with his sister Beth.
Cole Hauser as Rip Wheeler, the ranch foreman at Yellowstone and John's right-hand man and enforcer. Rip has worked on the ranch for many years and is fiercely loyal to John. He has an on-again, off-again relationship with Beth.
Kelsey Asbille as Monica Dutton, Kayce's Native American wife with whom he lives on the local reservation. She is a teacher at the school on the local Indian reservation.
Brecken Merrill as Tate Dutton, the son of Kayce and Monica and John's only grandchild.
Jefferson White as Jimmy Hurdstrom, a ranch hand at Yellowstone.
Danny Huston as Dan Jenkins, a land developer with aspirations of building on parts of Yellowstone.
Gil Birmingham as Chief Thomas Rainwater, the chief of the nearby Indian reservation.
Recurring[edit]
Wendy Moniz as Governor Lynelle Perry, the Governor of Montana.
Ian Bohen as Ryan, a cowboy wrangler
Denim Richards as Colby, a cowboy wrangler
Forrie J. Smith as Lloyd
Atticus Todd as Ben Waters
Timothy Carhart as A.G. Stewart
Luke Peckinpah as Fred Meyers
Tokala Black Elk as Sam Stands Alone
Walter C. Taylor III as Emmett Walsh
Fredric Lehne as Carl Reynolds
Rudy Ramos as Felix Long
Savonna Spracklin as Alice Wahl
Robert Mirabal as Principle Littlefield
Heather Hemmens as Melody Prescott
John Aylward as Father Bob
Morningstar Angeline as Samantha Long
Bill Tangradi as Alan Keene
Michael Nouri as Bob Schwartz
Gretchen Mol as Evelyn Dutton, the late wife of John Dutton and mother to Kayce, Beth, Jamie, and Lee.
Ryan Bingham as Walker
Michaela Conlin as Sarah Nguyen
Barret Swatek as Victoria Jenkins, the wife of Dan Jenkins.
Golden Brooks as Geraldine Rainwater, wife of Thomas Rainwater.
Guest[edit]
Dave Annable as Lee Dutton ("Daybreak")
Jill Hennessy as Senator Huntington ("Daybreak"), an ally of Chief Rainwater.
Jeremiah Bitsui as Robert Long ("Daybreak")
Geno Segers as Danny Trudeau ("No Good Horses")
Taylor Sheridan as Travis Wheatley ("Coming Home")
Ryan Bingham as Walker ("Coming Home")
Tinsel Korey as Emily Sessions ("A Monster Is Among Us")
Mike Faiola as Dr. Fielding ("A Monster Is Among Us")
Brian Unger as Dr. Stafford ("A Monster Is Among Us")
Episodes[edit]
No.
Title [2]
Directed by
Written by
Original air date [2]
U.S. viewers
(millions)
1
"Daybreak" Taylor Sheridan Story by : Taylor Sheridan & John Linson
Teleplay by : Taylor Sheridan June 20, 2018 (2018-06-20) 2.83[3]
2
"Kill the Messenger" Taylor Sheridan Story by : Taylor Sheridan & John Linson
Teleplay by : Taylor Sheridan June 27, 2018 (2018-06-27) 2.07[4]
3
"No Good Horses" Taylor Sheridan Taylor Sheridan July 11, 2018 (2018-07-11) 2.17[5]
4
"The Long Black Train" Taylor Sheridan Taylor Sheridan July 18, 2018 (2018-07-18) 1.89[6]
5
"Coming Home" Taylor Sheridan Taylor Sheridan July 25, 2018 (2018-07-25) 1.95[7]
6
"The Remembering" Taylor Sheridan Taylor Sheridan August 1, 2018 (2018-08-01) 2.10[8]
7
"A Monster Is Among Us" Taylor Sheridan Taylor Sheridan August 8, 2018 (2018-08-08) 2.08[9]
8
"The Unravelling: Pt. 1" TBA TBA August 15, 2018 (2018-08-15) TBD
9
"The Unravelling: Pt. 2" TBA TBA August 22, 2018 (2018-08-22) TBD
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
In 2013, Taylor Sheridan began work on the series, having recently grown tired of acting and begun writing screenplays. Having lived in the rural parts of states such as Texas and Wyoming, Sheridan purposely set the series in Montana and went about writing the first scripts in Livingston.[10]
On May 3, 2017, it was announced that the Paramount Network had greenlit its first scripted series, Yellowstone. Paramount issued a series order for a first season consisting of ten episodes. The series was set to be written, directed, and executive-produced by Sheridan. Other executive producers were to include John Linson, Art Linson, Harvey Weinstein, and David Glasser. Production companies involved with the series were set to consist of Linson Entertainment and The Weinstein Company.[1]
On October 12, 2017, it was announced that following reports of sexual abuse allegations against producer Harvey Weinstein, his name would be removed from the series' credits as would The Weinstein Company as well.[11] On January 15, 2018, Kevin Kay, president of Paramount Network, clarified during the annual Television Critics Association's winter press tour that Yellowstone will not have The Weinstein Company's credits or logo on them, even though that company was involved in production. Furthermore, he stated that their intent is to replace Weinstein Television with the company’s new name in the show's credits when available.[12] That same day, it was also announced that the series would premiere on June 20, 2018.[13]
On July 24, 2018, it was announced that Paramount Network had renewed the series for a second season.[14]
Casting[edit]
On May 15, 2017, it was announced that Kevin Costner had been cast in the series lead role of John Dutton.[15] In June 2017, it was reported that Luke Grimes, Cole Hauser, Wes Bentley, and Kelly Reilly had joined the cast as series regulars.[16][17] On July 13, 2017, it was announced that Kelsey Asbille had been cast in a main role.[18] In August 2017, it was reported that Dave Annable, Gil Birmingham, and Jefferson White had been added to the main cast while Wendy Moniz, Gretchen Mol, Jill Hennessy, Patrick St. Esprit, Ian Bohen, Denim Richards, and Golden Brooks were joining the cast in a recurring capacity.[19][20][21][22] In November 2017, it was announced that Michaela Conlin and Josh Lucas had been added to the cast in recurring roles.[23][24] On December 19, 2017, it was reported that Heather Hemmens was joining the cast in a recurring capacity.[25] On June 13, 2018, it was announced that Barret Swatek had been cast in a recurring role.[26]
Filming[edit]
Principal photography for the series began in August 2017 at the Chief Joseph Ranch in Darby, Montana, which stands in as the home of John Dutton. Filming also took place that month near Park City, Utah. The production used all three soundstages at the Utah Film Studio in Park City, which is a total of 45,000 square feet. The building also houses offices, editing, a huge wardrobe department and construction shops. By November 2017, the series had filmed in more than twenty locations in Utah, including the Salt Flats and Spanish Fork. Additionally, filming also took place at various locations in Montana. Production was reportedly set to last until December 2017.[27][28]
Release[edit]
Marketing[edit]
On February 28, 2018, a teaser trailer for the series was released.[29] On April 26, 2018, the first full trailer was released.[30]
Premiere[edit]
On June 25, 2018, the series held a screening at Seriesfest, an annual international television festival, at the Red Rocks Amphitheatre in Denver, Colorado.[31][32]
Reception[edit]
Critical response[edit]
The series has been met with a mixed response from critics upon its premiere. On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the first season holds a 50% approval rating with an average rating of 5.86 out of 10 based on 34 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, "Yellowstone proves too melodramatic to be taken seriously, diminishing the effects of the talented cast and beautiful backdrops."[33] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the season a score of 53 out of 100 based on 26 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews."[34]
Ratings[edit]
The two-hour series premiere of Yellowstone averaged 2.8 million viewers in live + same day and became the most-watched original scripted series telecast ever on Paramount Network (or its predecessor Spike). The premiere audience grows to nearly 4 million when the two encore airings of the premiere are factored in. The premiere audience more than doubled that of Paramount Network’s first scripted drama series, Waco and more than tripled the debut viewership of Paramount Network's new comedy series, American Woman.[35] It was later reported that the premiere's Live+3 Nielsen ratings revealed that 4.8 million viewers ultimately watched the premiere after delayed viewing was factored in.[36] By the series' third episode, it was reported that the show had become the second most watched television series on ad-supported cable to air in 2018, only behind AMC's The Walking Dead.[37]
No.
Title
Air date
Rating
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)
1 "Daybreak" June 20, 2018 0.4 2.83[3] 0.5 2.48 0.9 5.31[38]
2 "Kill the Messenger" June 27, 2018 0.3 2.07[4] 0.4 2.22 0.7 4.29[39][a]
3 "No Good Horses" July 11, 2018 0.4 2.17[5] 0.5 3.05 0.9 5.22[40]
4 "The Long Black Train" July 18, 2018 0.3 1.89[6] 0.5 2.75 0.8 4.64[41]
5 "Coming Home" July 25, 2018 0.3 1.95[7] 0.6 3.03 0.9 4.98[42]
6 "The Remembering" August 1, 2018 0.4 2.10[8] TBD TBD TBD TBD
7 "A Monster Is Among Us" August 8, 2018 0.4 2.08[9] TBD TBD TBD TBD
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Live +7 ratings were not available, so Live +3 ratings have been used instead.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Andreeva, Nellie (May 3, 2017). "Paramount Network Orders First Scripted Drama Series: Family Saga 'Yellowstone' From Taylor Sheridan & Weinstein Co". Deadline. Retrieved January 11, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Yellowstone: Episode Guide". Zap2it. Retrieved June 21, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (June 21, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 6.20.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved June 21, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (June 28, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 6.27.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved June 28, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (July 12, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 7.11.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved July 12, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (July 19, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 7.18.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved July 19, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (July 26, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 7.25.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved July 26, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (August 2, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 8.1.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved August 2, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Metcalf, Mitch (August 9, 2018). "Updated: ShowBuzzDaily's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 8.8.2018". Showbuzz Daily. Retrieved August 9, 2018.
Jump up ^ Walsh, Cory (December 10, 2017). "Costner: 'Yellowstone' TV series will be 'postcard for Montana'". Missoulian. Retrieved February 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ Pierce, Scott (October 12, 2017). "Harvey Weinstein's name removed from credits as made-in-Utah TV show 'Yellowstone' kicks off cast auditions". The Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved January 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (January 15, 2018). "Paramount Network Boss Addresses Harvey Weinstein's Involvement In TWC Series 'Waco' & 'Yellowstone'". Deadline. Retrieved January 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (January 15, 2018). "'Yellowstone': Taylor Sheridan On Working After 'Wind River' & Paramount Network Boss On Moving Away From Weinstein Co". Deadline. Retrieved January 15, 2018.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (July 24, 2018). "'Yellowstone' Renewed For Second Season By Paramount Network". Deadline. Retrieved July 24, 2018.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (May 15, 2017). "Kevin Costner To Topline Par Network Drama Series 'Yellowstone' From Taylor Sheridan & The Weinstein Co". Deadline. Retrieved January 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ Lang, Brent (June 23, 2017). "Luke Grimes Starring in 'Yellowstone' With Kevin Costner (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Retrieved March 31, 2018.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (June 28, 2017). "Cole Hauser, Wes Bentley & Kelly Reilly Join Paramount Network's 'Yellowstone'". Deadline. Retrieved January 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ Hipes, Patrick (July 13, 2017). "Kelsey Asbille Joins Paramount Network's 'Yellowstone' In Reteam With Taylor Sheridan". Deadline. Retrieved January 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (August 3, 2017). "'Yellowstone': Dave Annable, Gil Birmingham Set As Leads, Wendy Moniz To Recur In Paramount Network Series". Deadline. Retrieved January 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (August 11, 2017). "'Yellowstone': Jefferson White Cast As Regular, Gretchen Mol To Recur In Paramount Network Series". Deadline. Retrieved January 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (August 14, 2017). "'Yellowstone': Jill Hennessy, Patrick St. Esprit, More Set To Recur In Paramount Network Series". Deadline. Retrieved January 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ Otterson, Joe (August 10, 2017). "Paramount Network's 'Yellowstone' Casts 'Girlfriends' Alum Golden Brooks (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Retrieved March 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (November 3, 2017). "Michaela Conlin Joins 'Yellowstone'; 'Carnival Row' Casts Ariyon Bakare". Deadline. Retrieved January 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (November 30, 2017). "'Yellowstone': Josh Lucas Set To Recur In Paramount Network Series". Deadline. Retrieved January 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (December 19, 2017). "'Yellowstone' Casts Heather Hemmens; Mike Dopud Joins 'The 100'". Deadline. Retrieved January 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (June 13, 2018). "Barret Swatek Joins 'Yellowstone'; Tony Curran In 'Ray Donovan'". Deadline. Retrieved June 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ Pierce, Scott (August 17, 2017). "Kevin Costner's new TV series begins production in Utah". The Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved January 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ Pierce, Scott (November 17, 2017). "Kevin Costner's new TV series 'Yellowstone' is filming, and spending tons of money, all over Utah". The Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved January 11, 2018.
Jump up ^ Ramos, Dino-Ray (February 28, 2018). "'Yellowstone' Trailer: Kevin Costner Navigates The Best And Worst Of Frontier Life In Paramount Network Drama". Deadline. Retrieved February 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ Pedersen, Erik (April 26, 2018). "'Yellowstone' Trailer: Kevin Costner's Back Home On The Range In Paramount Network's Neo-Western Drama". Deadline. Retrieved April 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ Wenzel, John (May 15, 2018). "Lady Antebellum will make its Red Rocks debut as part of this year's SeriesFest". The Know. Retrieved May 29, 2018.
Jump up ^ Ramos, Dino-Ray (May 30, 2018). "SeriesFest Unveils Initial Lineup, Sets World Premiere Of NBC Drama 'New Amsterdam'". Deadline. Retrieved May 31, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Yellowstone: Season 1 - Rotten Tomatoes". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango. Retrieved July 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Yellowstone: Season 1 - Metacritic". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved July 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (June 22, 2018). "'Yellowstone' Premiere Draws All-Time High Viewership For Paramount Network". Deadline. Retrieved June 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ Otterson, Joe (June 25, 2018). "'Yellowstone' Premiere Ratings Nearly Double in Delayed Viewing". Variety. Retrieved June 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (July 16, 2018). "'Yellowstone' Becomes Second Most Watched Scripted Series On Basic Cable, Hits New Ratings Highs". Deadline. Retrieved July 16, 2018.
Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (July 5, 2018). "'Yellowstone' premiere scores in cable Live +7 ratings for June 18-24". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ Pucci, Douglas (July 6, 2018). "Live+3 Weekly Ratings: 'Code Black' Leads All Telecasts in Viewer Lifts; 'Big Brother 20' Debuts in Three of Top 4 Among Adults 18-49 Gains". Programming Insider. Retrieved July 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (July 29, 2018). "'Yellowstone' and 'Preacher' score big gains in cable Live +7 ratings for July 9-15". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved July 29, 2018.
Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (August 2, 2018). "'Teen Mom II' doubles in 18-49, 'Snowfall' gets big viewers boost cable Live +7 ratings for July 16-22". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (August 11, 2018). "'American Woman' scores big viewer gains in cable Live +7 ratings for July 23-29". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 11, 2018.
External links[edit]
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Yellowstone on IMDb
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