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Timeline of operating systems
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This article presents a timeline of events in the history of computer operating systems from 1951 to the current day. For a narrative explaining the overall developments, see the History of operating systems.
Contents
[hide]
1 1950s
2 1960s
3 1970s
4 1980s
5 1990s
6 2000s
7 2010s
8 See also
8.1 Category links
9 References
10 External links
1950s[edit]
1951
LEO I 'Lyons Electronic Office'[1] was the commercial development of EDSAC computing platform, supported by British firm J. Lyons and Co.
1953
DYSEAC[2] – an early machine capable of distributing computing
1954
MIT's Tape Director operating system made for UNIVAC 1103[3][4]
1955
General Motors Operating System made for IBM 701[5]
1956
GM-NAA I/O for IBM 704, based on General Motors Operating System
1957
Atlas Supervisor (Manchester University) (Atlas computer project start)
BESYS (Bell Labs), for IBM 7090 and IBM 7094
1958
University of Michigan Executive System (UMES), for IBM 704, 709, and 7090
1959
SHARE Operating System (SOS), based on GM-NAA I/O
1960s[edit]
1960
IBSYS (IBM for its 7090 and 7094)
1961
CTSS (MIT's Compatible Time-Sharing System for the IBM 7094)
MCP (Burroughs Master Control Program)
1962
Atlas Supervisor (Manchester University) (Atlas computer commissioned)
GCOS (GE's General Comprehensive Operating System, originally GECOS, General Electric Comprehensive Operating Supervisor)
1963
AN/FSQ-32, another early time-sharing system begun
Titan Supervisor, early time-sharing system begun
1964
KDF9 Timesharing Director (English Electric) – an early, fully hardware secured, fully pre-emptive process switching, multi-programming operating system for KDF9 (originally announced in 1960)
Berkeley Timesharing System (for Scientific Data Systems' SDS 940)
Dartmouth Time Sharing System (Dartmouth College's DTSS for GE computers)
OS/360 (IBM's primary OS for its S/360 series) (announced)
SCOPE (CDC 3000 series)
TOPS-10 (DEC, the name TOPS-10 wasn't adopted until 1970)
EXEC 8 (UNIVAC)
1965
THE multiprogramming system (Technische Hogeschool Eindhoven)
Multics (MIT, GE, Bell Labs for the GE-645) (announced)
BOS/360 (IBM's Basic Operating System)
TOS/360 (IBM's Tape Operating System)
TSOS (later VMOS) (RCA)
Pick operating system
1966
OS/360 (IBM's primary OS for its S/360 series) PCP and MFT (shipped)
DOS/360 (IBM's Disk Operating System)
MS/8 (Richard F. Lary's DEC PDP-8 system)
GEORGE 1 & 2 For ICT 1900 series
1967
CP-40, predecessor to CP-67 on modified IBM System/360 Model 40
CP-67 (IBM, also known as CP/CMS)
Michigan Terminal System (MTS)[6] (time-sharing system for the IBM S/360-67 and successors)
ITS (MIT's Incompatible Timesharing System for the DEC PDP-6 and PDP-10)
ORVYL (Stanford University's time-sharing system for the IBM S/360)
TSS/360 (IBM's Time-sharing System for the S/360-67, never officially released, canceled in 1969 and again in 1971)
OS/360 MVT
WAITS (SAIL, Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, time-sharing system for DEC PDP-6 and PDP-10, later TOPS-10)
1968
Airline Control Program (ACP) (IBM)
THE multiprogramming system (Eindhoven University of Technology)
TSS-8 (DEC for the PDP-8)
1969
TENEX (Bolt, Beranek and Newman for DEC systems, later TOPS-20)
Unics (later Unix) (AT&T, initially on DEC computers)
RC 4000 Multiprogramming System (RC)
Multics (MIT, GE, Bell Labs for the GE-645 and later the Honeywell 6180) (opened for paying customers in October[7])
GEORGE 3 For ICL 1900 series
1970s[edit]
1970
DOS-11 (PDP-11)
1971
RSTS-11 2A-19 (First released version; PDP-11)
OS/8
1972
Data General RDOS
Operating System/Virtual Storage 1 (OS/VS1)
Operating System/Virtual Storage 2 R1 (OS/VS2 SVS)
Virtual Machine Facility/370 (VM/370), sometimes known as VM/CMS
Virtual Machine/Basic Extended Product (BSEPP)
Virtual Machine/Extended Product (SEPP)
MUSIC/SP
PRIMOS (written in FORTRAN IV, that didn't have pointers, while later versions, around version 18, written in a version of PL/1, called PL/P)
1973
Эльбрус-1 (Elbrus-1) – Soviet computer – created using high-level language uЭль-76 (AL-76/ALGOL 68)
VME – implementation language S3 (ALGOL 68)
RSX-11D
RT-11
Alto OS
1974
DOS-11 V09-20C (Last stable release, June 1974)
Sintran III
MONECS
Multi-Programming Executive (MPE) – Hewlett-Packard
Hydra[8] – capability-based, multiprocessing OS kernel
Operating System/Virtual Storage 2 R2 (MVS)
1975
CP/M
BS2000 V2.0 (First released version)
Version 6 Unix
1976
Cambridge CAP computer[9] – all operating system procedures written in ALGOL 68C, with some closely associated protected procedures in BCPL
Cray Operating System
FLEX[10]
TOPS-20
Tandem Nonstop OS v1
1977
1BSD
KERNAL
OASIS operating system
TRSDOS
Virtual Memory System (VMS) V1.0 (Initial commercial release, October 25)
1978
2BSD
Apple DOS
HDOS
TRIPOS
UCSD p-System (First released version)
Lisp machine (CADR)
KVM/370[11] – security retro-fit of IBM VM/370
KSOS[12] – secure OS design from Ford Aerospace
MVS/System Extensions (MVS/SE)
1979
Atari DOS
POS
NLTSS
UNIX/32V
Version 7 Unix
UCLA Secure UNIX[13] – an early secure UNIX OS based on security kernel
MVS/System Extensions R2 (MVS/SE2)
1980s[edit]
1980
86-DOS
CTOS[14]
NewDos/80
OS-9
SOS
MVS/System Product (MVS/SP) V1
Virtual Machine/System Product (VM/SP)
Xenix
1981
Acorn MOS
Xinu first release
Business Operating System
Aegis SR1 (First Apollo/DOMAIN systems shipped on March 27[15])
PC DOS
Pilot (Xerox Star operating system)
MS-DOS
UTS
iMAX – OS for Intel's iAPX 432 capability machine
1982
Commodore DOS
LDOS (By Logical Systems, Inc. – for the Radio Shack TRS-80 Models I, II & III)
QNX
Sun UNIX (later SunOS) 0.7
Ultrix
Stratus VOS[16]
Unix System III
1983
Lisa Office System 7/7
Coherent
GNU (project start)
Novell NetWare (S-Net)
ProDOS
SunOS 1.0
STOP[17] – TCSEC A1-class, secure OS for SCOMP hardware
LOCUS[18] – UNIX compatible, high reliability, distributed OS
DNIX
MVS/Extended Architecture (MVS/XA)
1984
Mac OS (System 1.0)
MSX-DOS
PC/IX
Sinclair QDOS
QNX
UNICOS
Venix 2.0
Virtual Machine/Extended Architecture Migration Assistance (VM/XA MA)
1985
Windows 1.0
AmigaOS
Atari TOS
DG/UX
MIPS RISC/os
Oberon – written in Oberon
SunOS 2.0
Version 8 Unix
Windows 1.01
Xenix 2.0
Virtual Machine/Extended Architecture System Facility (VM/XA SF)
1986
AIX 1.0
GS-OS
Genera 7.0
HP-UX
SunOS 3.0
GEOS
Version 9 Unix
GEMSOS[19] – TCSEC A1-class, secure kernel for BLACKER VPN & GTNP
Cronus distributed OS[20]
1987
Topaz[21] – semi-distributed OS for DEC Firefly workstation written in Modula-2+ and garbage collected
Arthur
IRIX (3.0 is first SGI version)
MINIX 1.0
BS2000 V9.0
OS/2 (1.0)
PC-MOS/386
Windows 2.0
1988
A/UX (Apple Computer)
RISC iX
KeyKOS – capability-based microkernel for IBM mainframes with automated persistence of app data
LynxOS
CP/M rebranded as DR-DOS
Mac OS (System 6)
MVS/Enterprise Systems Architecture (MVS/ESA)
OS/2 (1.1)
OS/400
SpartaDOS X
SunOS 4.0
TOPS-10 7.04 (Last stable release, July 1988)
HeliOS 1.0
VAX VMM[22] – TCSEC A1-class, VMM for VAX computers (limited use before cancellation)
Flex machine – tagged, capability machine with OS and other software written in ALGOL 68RS
Virtual Machine/Extended Architecture System Product (VM/XA SP)
1989
EPOC
NeXTSTEP (1.0)
OS/2 (1.2)
RISC OS (First release was to be called Arthur 2, but was renamed to RISC OS 2, and was first sold as RISC OS 2.00 in April 1989)
SCO UNIX (Release 3)
TSX-32
Version 10 Unix
Xenix 2.3.4 (Last stable release)
ASOS[23] – TCSEC A1-class secure, real-time OS for Ada applications
1990s[edit]
1990
AmigaOS 2.0
BeOS (v1)
Genera 8.0
OS/2 1.3
OSF/1
AIX 3.0
Windows 3.0
LOCK[24] – TCSEC A1-class secure system with kernel & hardware support for Type enforcement
Virtual Machine/Enterprise Systems Architecture (VM/XA ESA)
PC/GEOS
1991
Linux 0.01-0.1
Mac OS (System 7)
MINIX 1.5
PenPoint OS
RISC OS 3[25]
Trusted Xenix[26] – rewritten & security enhanced Xenix evaluated at TCSEC B2-class
Amoeba – microkernel-based, POSIX-compliant, distributed OS
1992
386BSD 0.1
AmigaOS 3.0
Amiga Unix 2.01 (Latest stable release)
RSTS/E 10.1 (Last stable release, September 1992)
SLS
Solaris 2.0 (Successor to SunOS 4.x; based on SVR4 instead of BSD)
OpenVMS V1.0 (First OpenVMS AXP (Alpha) specific version, November 1992)
OS/2 2.0 (First i386 32-bit based version)
Plan 9 First Edition (First public release was made available to universities)
Windows 3.1
LGX
1993
FreeBSD
NetBSD
Newton OS
Windows NT 3.1 (First Windows NT kernel public release)
Open Genera 1.0
IBM 4690 Operating System
Novell NetWare 4
OS/2 2.1
Slackware 1.0
Spring
1994
AIX 4.0, 4.1
OS/2 3.0
RISC OS 3.5
NetBSD 1.0 (First multi-platform release, October 1994)
SPIN – extensible OS written in Modula-3
Red Hat
1995
Digital UNIX (aka Tru64 UNIX)
OpenBSD
OS/390
Plan 9 Second Edition (Commercial second release version was made available to the general public.)
Ultrix 4.5 (Last major release)
Windows 95
1996
Mac OS 7.6 (First officially-named Mac OS)
Windows NT 4.0
RISC OS 3.6
AIX 4.2
OS/2 4.0
Palm OS
Debian 1.1
JN[27] – microkernel OS for embedded, Java apps
1997
Inferno
Mac OS 8
SkyOS
MINIX 2.0
RISC OS 3.7
AIX 4.3
Nemesis[28]
1998
Solaris 7 (first 64-bit Solaris release – names from this point drop "2.", otherwise would've been Solaris 2.7)
Windows 98
RT-11 5.7 (Last stable release, October 1998)
Novell NetWare 5
Junos
1999
AROS (Boot for the first time in Stand Alone version)
RISC OS 4
Mac OS 9
OS/2 4.5
Windows 98 (2nd edition)
Inferno Second Edition (Last distribution (Release 2.3, c. July 1999) from Lucent's Inferno Business Unit)[29]
2000s[edit]
Year–month
Windows
Apple
BSD
Linux
Others
2000–? z/OS
2000–? z/VM
2000–01
2000–02 Windows 2000[30] Solaris 8
2000–03 FreeBSD 4.0 Red Hat Linux 6.2E AtheOS
BeOS R5
2000–04
2000–05
2000–06 OpenBSD 2.7 Plan 9 Third Edition[31]
2000–07
2000–08 Debian 2.2 MorphOS 0.1[32]
2000–09 Windows Millennium Edition[33] SUSE Linux 7.0
2000–10 z/OS
MorphOS 0.2
2000–11
2000–12 NetBSD 1.5
OpenBSD 2.8 AmigaOS 3.9[34]
HP-UX 11i
2001–01
2001–02 MorphOS 0.4[35]
2001–03 Mac OS X Cheetah (v10.0)
2001–04
2001–05 AIX 5L 5.1
2001–06 OpenBSD 2.9
2001–07 eComStation 1.0
2001–08 Haiku[36]
2001–09 Mac OS X Puma (v10.1)
2001–10 Windows XP[37]
Windows XP 64-bit Edition 2002[38] Novell NetWare 6.0
2001–11
2001–12 OpenBSD 3.0 OS/2 4.52
2002–01 JX microkernel for Java
Sanos microkernel[39] for net appliances
K42 microkernel for NUMA machines
2002–02
2002–03 Red Hat Enterprise Linux 2.1 AS
2002–04 SUSE Linux 8.0 Plan 9 Fourth Edition[40]
2002–05 OpenBSD 3.1 Solaris 9 (SPARC)
2002–06
2002–07 Debian 3.0 Syllable 0.4.0[41]
2002–08 Mac OS X Jaguar[42] (v10.2)
2002–09 Windows XP Service Pack 1 NetBSD 1.6
2002–10 AIX 5.2
2002–11 OpenBSD 3.2 MorphOS 1.0
2002–12 MorphOS 1.1
2003–01 FreeBSD 5.0 Solaris 9 (x86)
JNode[43] – JavaOS successor
2003–02 MorphOS 1.2
ReactOS 0.1.0
2003–03 Windows XP 64-bit Edition 2003[44] MorphOS 1.3
2003–04 Windows Server 2003
2003–05 OpenBSD 3.3 Red Hat Enterprise Linux 2.1 ES
2003–06 OpenVMS 8.0
2003–07
2003–08 Novell NetWare 6.5
MorphOS 1.4
2003–09 HP-UX 11i v2
2003–10 Mac OS X Panther (v10.3) Red Hat Enterprise Linux 3
SUSE Linux 9.0
2003–11 OpenBSD 3.4 Fedora Core 1
2003–12 Linux 2.6.0[45]
2004–01 Linux 2.6.1 ReactOS 0.2.0
2004–02 Linux 2.6.2, 2.6.3
2004–03 Linux 2.6.4 ReactOS 0.2.1
2004–04 Linux 2.6.5 ReactOS 0.2.2
2004–05 OpenBSD 3.5 Linux 2.6.6
Fedora Core 2
2004–06 ReactOS 0.2.3
2004–07 DragonFly BSD 1.0
2004–08 Windows XP Service Pack 2 Linux 2.6.8 AIX 5.3
2004–09 ReactOS 0.2.4
2004–10 Linux 2.6.9
Ubuntu 4.10
2004–11 OpenBSD 3.6 Fedora Core 3
2004–12 NetBSD 2.0 Linux 2.6.10
2005–01 Solaris 10
ReactOS 0.2.5
2005–02 Red Hat Enterprise Linux 4 OpenVMS 8.2
2005–03 Windows Server 2003 Service Pack 1
Windows XP Professional x64 Edition Linux 2.6.11
Novell Open Enterprise Server MorphOS 1.4.4
2005–04 Mac OS X Tiger (v10.4) DragonFly BSD 1.2 Ubuntu 5.04 ReactOS 0.2.6
MorphOS 1.4.5
2005–05 OpenBSD 3.7
2005–06 Linux 2.6.12
Fedora Core 4
Debian 3.1
2005–07
2005–08 Linux 2.6.13 ReactOS 0.2.7
MorphOS 1.4.5 Classic
2005–09
2005–10 Linux 2.6.14
Ubuntu 5.10
SUSE Linux 10.0 ReactOS 0.2.8
2005–11 FreeBSD 6.0
OpenBSD 3.8
2005–12 NetBSD 3.0 ReactOS 0.2.9
2006–01 DragonFly BSD 1.4 Linux 2.6.15 Solaris 10 1/06
2006–02
2006–03 Windows Server 2003 R2 Linux 2.6.16
Fedora Core 5
2006–04
2006–05 OpenBSD 3.9 SymbOS
MINIX 3.1.2
2006–06 Linux 2.6.17
Ubuntu 6.06 (LTS) Solaris 10 6/06
2006–07 DragonFly BSD 1.6
2006–08 BS2000/OSD v7.0[46]
ReactOS 0.3.0
2006–09 Linux 2.6.18 FreeDOS 1.0
OpenVMS8.3
2006–10 Fedora Core 6
Ubuntu 6.10
Slackware 11.0
2006–11 Windows Vista OpenBSD 4.0 Linux 2.6.19 AmigaOS 4.0
Solaris 10 11/06
2006–12
2007–01 DragonFly BSD 1.8 Bharat Operating System Solutions
2007–02 Linux 2.6.20 Inferno Fourth Edition
2007–03 Windows Server 2003 Service Pack 2 Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5 ReactOS 0.3.1
2007–04 Linux 2.6.21
Ubuntu 7.04
Debian 4.0
2007–05 iPhone OS 1 OpenBSD 4.1 Fedora 7
2002–06
2007–07 Linux 2.6.22
Slackware 12.0
2007–08 DragonFly BSD 1.10 Solaris 10 8/07
2007–09 HP-UX 11i v3
ReactOS 0.3.3
2007–10 Mac OS X Leopard (v10.5) Linux 2.6.23
Ubuntu 7.10 OpenVMS 8.3-1H1
2007–11 Windows Home Server OpenBSD 4.2 Fedora 8
gOS AIX 6.1,
2007–12 NetBSD 4.0
2008–01 Linux 2.6.24 ReactOS 0.3.4
2008–02 Windows Vista Service Pack 1
Windows Server 2008 DragonFly BSD 1.12
FreeBSD 7.0
2008–03 Singularity 1.1
2008–04 Windows XP Service Pack 3 Linux 2.6.25
Ubuntu 8.04 (LTS)
2008–05 OpenBSD 4.3 Fedora 9
Slackware 12.1 Solaris 10 5/08
OpenSolaris 2008.05
BS2000/OSD v8.0A
2008–06 SUSE Linux 11.0 MorphOS 2.0
ReactOS 0.3.5
2008–07 iPhone OS 2 DragonFly BSD 2.0 Linux 2.6.26
2008–08 STOP 6.5
ReactOS 0.3.6
2008–09 AmigaOS 4.1
z/OS V1R10
MorphOS 2.1
2008–10 Linux 2.6.27
Ubuntu 8.10
Android 1.0 Solaris 10 10/08
OKL4 3.0
2008–11 OpenBSD 4.4 Fedora 10 Singularity 2.0
ReactOS 0.3.7
2008–12 Linux 2.6.28
Slackware 12.2 MorphOS 2.2
OpenSolaris 2008.11
2009–01
2009–02 DragonFly BSD 2.2 Debian 5.0
Android 1.1 ReactOS 0.3.8
2009–03 Linux 2.6.29
2009–04 NetBSD 5.0 Ubuntu 9.04
Android 1.5 ReactOS 0.3.9
2009–05 Windows Vista Service Pack 2 OpenBSD 4.5 Solaris 10 5/09
2009–06 iPhone OS 3 Linux 2.6.30
Fedora 11
Palm webOS 1 AmigaOS 4.1
OpenSolaris 2009.06
2009–07 ReactOS 0.3.10
2009–08 Mac OS X Snow Leopard (v10.6) Slackware 13.0 MorphOS 2.3
2009–09 DragonFly BSD 2.4 Linux 2.6.31
Android 1.6
2009–10 Windows 7
Windows Server 2008 R2 OpenBSD 4.6 Ubuntu 9.10
Android 2.0 Solaris 10 10/09
MorphOS 2.4
2009–11 FreeBSD 8.0 Fedora 12
openSUSE 11.2
2009–12 Linux 2.6.32 ReactOS 0.3.11
2010s[edit]
Year–month
Windows
Apple
BSD
Linux
Others
2010–01 Android 2.1 AmigaOS 4.1 Upd. 1
2010–02 Linux 2.6.33
2010–03
2010–04 DragonFly BSD 2.6 Ubuntu 10.04 (LTS) AmigaOS 4.1 Upd. 2
2010–05 OpenBSD 4.7 Linux 2.6.34
Fedora 13
Android 2.2
2010–06 iOS 4 MorphOS 2.5
OpenVMS 8.4
2010–07 openSUSE 11.3
2010–08 Linux 2.6.35
2010–09 Solaris 10 9/10
AIX 7.1
2010–10 Windows Phone 7 DragonFly BSD 2.8 Linux 2.6.36
Fedora 14
Ubuntu 10.10 MorphOS 2.6
ReactOS 0.3.12
2010–11 NetBSD 5.1
OpenBSD 4.8 Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
2010–12 Android 2.3 MorphOS 2.7
2011–01 Linux 2.6.37
2011–02 Windows 7 Service Pack 1 Debian 6.0
Android 3.0
2011–03 Linux 2.6.38
openSUSE 11.4 ReactOS 0.3.13
2011–04 DragonFly BSD 2.10 Ubuntu 11.04
Slackware 13.37
2011–05 OpenBSD 4.9 Linux 2.6.39
Fedora 15
Android 3.1 AmigaOS 4.1 Upd. 1 (for Classic)
2011–06 iOS 5 Google Chrome OS (first shipped) 9front
2011–07 Mac OS X Lion (v10.7) Linux 3.0
Android 3.2
HP webOS 3 AmigaOS 4.1 Upd. 3
2011–08
2011–09 Windows Phone 7.5
2011–10 Linux 3.1
Ubuntu 11.10
Android 4.0
2011–11 OpenBSD 5.0 Fedora 16
openSUSE 12.1 BS2000/OSD 9.0
Solaris 11 11/11
2011–12 AmigaOS 4.1 Upd. 4
2012–01 FreeBSD 9.0 Linux 3.2 FreeDOS 1.1
2012–02 DragonFly BSD 3.0 ReactOS 0.3.14
Minix 3.2
2012–03 Linux 3.3
Android 4.0.4
2012–04 Ubuntu 12.04 (LTS)
2012–05 OpenBSD 5.1 Linux 3.4
Fedora 17 DexOS
2012–06 MorphOS 3.0
2012–07 Mac OS X Mountain Lion (v10.8) Linux 3.5
Android 4.1
openSUSE 12.2 MorphOS 3.1
AmigaOS 4.1 Upd. 5
2012–08
2012–09 Windows Server 2012 iOS 6 Linux 3.6
Slackware 14.0
QubesOS
2012–10 Windows 8
Windows Phone 8 NetBSD 6.0
OpenBSD 5.2 Ubuntu 12.10 Solaris 11.1
2012–11 DragonFly BSD 3.2 Android 4.2 Haiku R1 Alpha 4
2012–12 FreeBSD 9.1
2013-01 Fedora 18 BlackBerry 10
Solaris 10 1/13
2013-02 Windows Phone 7.8
2013-03 openSUSE 12.3
2013-04 DragonFly BSD 3.4 Linux 3.9
Ubuntu 13.04
2013-05 NetBSD 6.1
OpenBSD 5.3 Debian 7.0 ReactOS 0.3.15
MorphOS 3.2
2013-06 Linux 3.10
2013-07 Fedora 19
Android 4.3
2013-08
2013-09 iOS 7 FreeBSD 9.2 Linux 3.11 MorphOS 3.3
z/OS Version 2.1
2013-10 Windows 8.1
Windows Server 2012 R2 OS X Mavericks (v10.9) Ubuntu 13.10
2013-11 DragonFly BSD 3.6
OpenBSD 5.4 Fedora 19
Slackware 14.1
openSUSE 13.1
Android 4.4
Linux 3.12
2013-12 Fedora 20 MorphOS 3.4
Muen[47] separation kernel
2014-01 FreeBSD 10.0 Linux 3.13
2014-02 ReactOS 0.3.16
MorphOS 3.5
2014-03 Linux 3.14
2014-04 Windows Phone 8.1 Ubuntu 14.04 (LTS) Solaris 11.2
2014-05 OpenBSD 5.5
2014-06 DragonFly BSD 3.8 Linux 3.15
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 MorphOS 3.6
2014-07
2014-08 Linux 3.16 MorphOS 3.7
2014-09 iOS 8 Minix 3.3
2014-10 OS X Yosemite (v10.10) Ubuntu 14.10
Linux 3.17
2014-11 OpenBSD 5.6
FreeBSD 10.1
DragonFly BSD 4.0 openSUSE 13.2
Android 5.0 ReactOS 0.3.17
2014-12 Linux 3.18
2015-01
2015-02 Linux 3.19
2015-03
2015-04 watchOS 1 Linux 4.0
Debian 8.0
Ubuntu 15.04 Redox OS
2015-05
2015-06 Linux 4.1 MorphOS 3.9
2015-07 Windows 10
2015-08 FreeBSD 10.2 Linux 4.2 Genode OS Framework 15.08[48]
2015-09 OS X El Capitan (v10.11)
iOS 9
watchOS 2 z/OS Version 2.2 [49]
2015-10 Android 6.0
Ubuntu 15.10 AIX 7.2 [50]
Solaris 11.3 [51]
2015-11 Windows 10 Mobile Linux 4.3
openSUSE Leap 42.1
2015-12
2016-01 Linux 4.4 Minix 3.4
2016-02 ReactOS 0.4
2016-03 OpenBSD 5.9
FreeBSD 10.3 Linux 4.5
2016-04 Ubuntu 16.04 ReactOS 0.4.1
2016-05 Linux 4.6
2016-06 Slackware 14.2
Fedora 24
Linux Mint 18
2016-07 Linux 4.7
2016-08 Windows 10 Anniversary Update
Windows 10 Mobile Anniversary Update DragonFly BSD 4.6 Android 7.0
ReactOS 0.4.2
2016-09 macOS Sierra (v10.12)
iOS 10
watchOS 3 OpenBSD 6.0 Linux 4.8
2016-10 NetBSD 7.0.2
FreeBSD 11 Android 7.1
Ubuntu 16.10
2016-11 Oracle Linux 7.3
Fedora 25
openSUSE Leap 42.2 ReactOS 0.4.3
2016-12 Linux 4.9
Linux Mint 18.1
2017-01
2017-02 Linux 4.10 ReactOS 0.4.4
2017-03 DragonFly BSD 4.8
NetBSD 7.1
2017-04 Windows 10 Creators Update
Windows 10 Mobile Creators Update OpenBSD 6.1 Linux 4.11
Ubuntu 17.04
2017-05 ReactOS 0.4.5
2017-06
2017-07 Linux 4.12
openSUSE Leap 42.3
2017-08 Android 8.0
2017-09 macOS High Sierra (v10.13) Linux 4.13
2017-10 Windows 10 Fall Creators Update (1709)
Windows 10 Mobile Fall Creators Update (1709) Ubuntu 17.10
See also[edit]
Comparison of operating systems
List of operating systems
Comparison of real-time operating systems
Timeline of DOS operating systems
Timeline of Linux distributions (Diagram 1992–2010)
Category links[edit]
Operating systems
Real-time operating systems
Embedded operating systems
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ Douglas Ross. 1986. A personal view of the personal work station: some firsts in the Fifties. In Proceedings of the ACM Conference on The history of personal workstations (HPW '86), John R White and Kathi Anderson (Eds.). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 19–48. DOI=10.1145/12178.12180 http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/12178.12180
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Jump up ^ "Michigan Terminal System: Time Line". Clock.org. Retrieved 2012-10-19.
Jump up ^ "Multics History". Retrieved March 15, 2015.
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Jump up ^ Ian P. Blythe. "FLEX User Group - History". Retrieved March 15, 2015.
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Jump up ^ [1] Archived August 28, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Apollo/DOMAIN Computers". Retrieved March 15, 2015.
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Jump up ^ "A Brief History of RISC OS", Wakefield RISC OS Computer Club, retrieved 2011-11-19
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Jump up ^ "AmigaOS 3.9 release", Amiga History (UK), 2000-12-04, retrieved 2012-07-22
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Jump up ^ "Jaguar "Unleashed" at 10:20 p.m. Tonight", Apple Inc., 2002-08-23, retrieved 2011-11-19
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Jump up ^ "IBM z/OS Version 2 Release 2 Announcement Letter". 28 July 2015. Retrieved 2015-08-23.
Jump up ^ http://www-01.ibm.com/common/ssi/cgi-bin/ssialias?infotype=AN&subtype=CA&htmlfid=897/ENUS215-393&appname=USN
Jump up ^ https://docs.oracle.com/cd/E53394_01/html/E54847/index.html
External links[edit]
http://www.levenez.com/unix/ – a timeline of UNIX 1969 and its descendants at present
Concise Microsoft O.S. Timeline – a color-coded concise timeline for various Microsoft operating systems (1981–present)
Bitsavers – an effort to capture, salvage, and archive historical computer software and manuals from minicomputers and mainframes of the 1950s, 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s
A brief history of operating systems
Microsoft operating system time-line
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_operating_systems&oldid=812332000"
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War scythe
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Illustration from Chrystian Piotr Aigner's "Krótka nauka o kosach i pikach" ("A Brief Treatise on Scythes and Pikes"), 1794
A war scythe or military scythe is a form of pole weapon with a curving single-edged blade with the cutting edge on the concave side of the blade. Its blade bears some superficial resemblance to that of an agricultural scythe from which it likely evolved, but the war scythe is otherwise unrelated to agricultural tools and is a purpose-built infantry melee weapon. The blade of a war scythe has regularly proportioned flats, a thickness comparable to that of a spear or sword blade, and slightly curves along its edge as it tapers to its point. This is very different from farming scythes, which have very thin and irregularly curved blades, specialised for mowing grass and wheat only, unsuitable as blades for improvised spears or polearms.
Compared to a fauchard (which is believed to have evolved from the war scythe), the blade of the war scythe has the cutting edge on the concave side like the agricultural tool whereas the fauchard has the edge along the convex side.[1]
As an infantry weapon, the military scythe had practical applications both in offensive actions against enemy infantry and as a defensive measure against enemy cavalry.
17th Century Scottish war scythe
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Specifics
3 Gallery
4 See also
5 References
History[edit]
Scythemen during Poland's January 1863 Uprising
The scythe and pitchfork, farming tools, have frequently been used as a weapon by those who couldn't afford or didn't have access to more expensive weapons such as pikes, swords, or later, guns. Scythes and pitchforks were stereotypically carried by angry mobs or gangs of enraged peasants.[2] The process usually involved reforging the blade of a scythe at a 90 degree angle, strengthening the joint between the blade and the shaft with an additional metal pipe or bolts and reinforcing the shaft to better protect it against cuts from enemy blades.[citation needed] At times, instead of a scythe blade, a blade from a hand-operated chaff cutter was used.
War scythes were a popular weapon of choice and opportunity of many peasant uprisings throughout history. The ancient Greek historian Xenophon describes in his work (Anabasis) the chariots of Artaxerxes II, which had projecting scythes fitted. Later, Jan Žižka's Hussite warriors, recruited mostly from peasantry, used modified scythes. Called originally 'kůsa -scythe' and later "sudlice", it doubled as both a stabbing and cutting weapon, developing later into the "ušatá sudlice"—Bohemian earspoon, more suitable for combat—thanks to side spikes (ears), acting as end stops, it did not penetrate too deep, and so was easier to draw from fallen foes. War scythes were widely used by Polish and Lithuanian peasants during revolts in the 18th and 19th centuries.[citation needed] Polish peasants used war scythes during the 17th-century Swedish invasion (The Deluge). In the 1685 battle of Sedgemoor, James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth, fielded a 5000 strong peasant unit armed with war scythes. They were used in the 1784 Transylvanian peasants' Revolt of Horea, Cloşca and Crişan, in the war in the Vendée by royalist peasant troops, in the 1st War of Schleswig in 1848 in Denmark, and again in various Polish uprisings: the Kościuszko Uprising in 1794 and the battle of Racławice, in which scythe wielders successfully charged and captured Russian artillery. In that year Chrystian Piotr Aigner published a field manual, Short Treatise on Pikes and Scythes, detailing the training and operation of scythe-equipped forces, the first and probably only such book in the history of warfare. War scythes were later used in the November Uprising in 1831, January Uprising in 1863, and Silesian Uprising in 1921. The description of a fighting unit as "scythemen" was used in Poland as late as 1939; however, the Gdynia "kosynierzy" were armed with hunting guns rather than scythes.
Specifics[edit]
As a pole weapon, the war scythe is characterised by long range and powerful force (due to leverage): there are documented instances where a scythe cut through a metal helmet. They could be used, depending on construction and tactics, to make slashing or stabbing attacks, and with their uncommon appearance and considerable strength could have a psychological impact on an unprepared enemy. However, like most pole weapons, their disadvantages were weight (which could quickly exhaust the user) and slow speed. After the German Peasants' War during 1524–1525, a fencing book edited by Paulus Hector Mair described in 1542 techniques how to fence using a scythe.[3]
Gallery[edit]
Mort de Bara by Jean-Joseph Weerts (1883), illustrating the use of the scythe
Artur Grottger, "Kucie kos" ("Forging of Scythes") during the January Uprising
Roundel of the Polish 7th Air Escadrille, featuring crossed war scythes
Polish soldiers of the January Uprising
Persian scythed chariot
See also[edit]
Fauchard
Kama – Japanese hand scythe, sometimes also adapted to combat
Falx – A sword with an inward curved blade
Rhomphaia – Larger variant of the falx, much more similar to the war scythe
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Paul, Martin (1967). ARMES et ARMURES de Charlemagne à Louis XIV. Fribourg: Office du Livre. p. 235.
Jump up ^ "Medieval Men". Medieval-Period.com. Retrieved 2014-02-13.
Jump up ^ Mair, Paul Hector (c. 1542). "Sichelfechten (Sickle Fencing)". De arte athletica I (in German and Latin). Augsburg. pp. 204r–208r. Duæ incisiones supernæ falcis foe
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