text:
Silk
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about an animal fiber and the textile woven from it. For other uses, see Silk (disambiguation).
"Chinese silk" redirects here. For the Chinese silk chicken, see Silkie.
"Pure silk" redirects here. For women's professional golf tournament, see Pure Silk-Bahamas LPGA Classic.
Four of the most important domesticated silk moths. Top to bottom:
Bombyx mori, Hyalophora cecropia, Antheraea pernyi, Samia cynthia.
From Meyers Konversations-Lexikon (1885–1892)
Silk
"Silk" in seal script (top), Traditional (middle), and Simplified (bottom) Chinese
Traditional Chinese
絲
Simplified Chinese
丝
[show]Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin
sī
Wade–Giles
ssŭ1
IPA
[sɨ́]
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanization
sī
IPA
[síː]
Jyutping
si1
Southern Min
Tâi-lô
si
Middle Chinese
Middle Chinese
si
Old Chinese
Baxter–Sagart (2014)
*[s]ə
Play media
A silk-producing raspy cricket
Silk is a natural protein fiber, some forms of which can be woven into textiles. The protein fiber of silk is composed mainly of fibroin and is produced by certain insect larvae to form cocoons.[1] The best-known silk is obtained from the cocoons of the larvae of the mulberry silkworm Bombyx mori reared in captivity (sericulture). The shimmering appearance of silk is due to the triangular prism-like structure of the silk fibre, which allows silk cloth to refract incoming light at different angles, thus producing different colors.
Silk is produced by several insects, but generally only the silk of moth caterpillars has been used for textile manufacturing. There has been some research into other types of silk, which differ at the molecular level.[2] Silk is mainly produced by the larvae of insects undergoing complete metamorphosis, but some insects such as webspinners and raspy crickets produce silk throughout their lives.[3] Silk production also occurs in Hymenoptera (bees, wasps, and ants), silverfish, mayflies, thrips, leafhoppers, beetles, lacewings, fleas, flies, and midges.[2] Other types of arthropod produce silk, most notably various arachnids such as spiders.
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 History
2.1 Wild silk
2.2 China
2.3 India
2.4 Thailand
2.5 Bangladesh
2.6 Ancient Mediterranean
2.7 Middle East
2.8 Medieval and modern Europe
2.9 North America
2.10 Malaysia
2.11 Vietnam
3 Production process
4 Properties
4.1 Physical properties
4.2 Chemical properties
5 Uses
5.1 Applications as a biomaterial
5.1.1 Biocompatibility
5.1.2 Biodegradability
6 Cultivation
7 Animal rights
8 See also
9 References
10 Cited sources
11 Further reading
12 External links
Etymology[edit]
The word silk comes from Old English sioloc, from Greek σηρικός serikos, "silken", ultimately from an Asian source (cf. Chinese si "silk", Manchurian sirghe, Mongolian sirkek).[4]
History[edit]
Main article: History of silk
Wild silk[edit]
Woven silk textile from tomb no 1. at Mawangdui in Changsha, Hunan province, China, from the Western Han Dynasty, 2nd century BC
Several kinds of wild silk, which are produced by caterpillars other than the mulberry silkworm, have been known and used in China, South Asia, and Europe since ancient times. However, the scale of production was always far smaller than for cultivated silks. There are several reasons for this: first, they differ from the domesticated varieties in colour and texture and are therefore less uniform; second, cocoons gathered in the wild have usually had the pupa emerge from them before being discovered so the silk thread that makes up the cocoon has been torn into shorter lengths; and third, many wild cocoons are covered in a mineral layer that prevents attempts to reel from them long strands of silk.[5] Thus, the only way to obtain silk suitable for spinning into textiles in areas where commercial silks are not cultivated was by tedious and labor-intensive carding.
Commercial silks originate from reared silkworm pupae, which are bred to produce a white-colored silk thread with no mineral on the surface. The pupae are killed by either dipping them in boiling water before the adult moths emerge or by piercing them with a needle. These factors all contribute to the ability of the whole cocoon to be unravelled as one continuous thread, permitting a much stronger cloth to be woven from the silk. Wild silks also tend to be more difficult to dye than silk from the cultivated silkworm.[6][7] A technique known as demineralizing allows the mineral layer around the cocoon of wild silk moths to be removed,[8] leaving only variability in color as a barrier to creating a commercial silk industry based on wild silks in the parts of the world where wild silk moths thrive, such as in Africa and South America.
Genetic modification of domesticated silkworms is used to facilitate the production of more useful types of silk.[9]
China[edit]
A painting depicting women inspecting silk, early 12th century, ink and color on silk, by Emperor Huizong of Song.
Portrait of a silk merchant in Guangzhou, Qing dynasty, from Peabody Essex Museum
Silk was first developed in ancient China.[10][11]
The earliest example of silk has been found in tombs at the neolithic site Jiahu in Henan, and dates back 8,500 years.[12][13] Silk fabric from 3630 BC was used as wrapping for the body of a child from a Yangshao culture site in Qingtaicun at Xingyang, Henan.[10][14]
Legend gives credit for developing silk to a Chinese empress, Leizu (Hsi-Ling-Shih, Lei-Tzu). Silks were originally reserved for the Emperors of China for their own use and gifts to others, but spread gradually through Chinese culture and trade both geographically and socially, and then to many regions of Asia. Because of its texture and lustre, silk rapidly became a popular luxury fabric in the many areas accessible to Chinese merchants. Silk was in great demand, and became a staple of pre-industrial international trade. In July 2007, archaeologists discovered intricately woven and dyed silk textiles in a tomb in Jiangxi province, dated to the Eastern Zhou Dynasty roughly 2,500 years ago.[15] Although historians have suspected a long history of a formative textile industry in ancient China, this find of silk textiles employing "complicated techniques" of weaving and dyeing provides direct evidence for silks dating before the Mawangdui-discovery and other silks dating to the Han Dynasty (202 BC-220 AD).[15]
Silk is described in a chapter on mulberry planting by Si Shengzhi of the Western Han (206 BC – 9 AD). There is a surviving calendar for silk production in an Eastern Han (25–220 AD) document. The two other known works on silk from the Han period are lost.[10] The first evidence of the long distance silk trade is the finding of silk in the hair of an Egyptian mummy of the 21st dynasty, c.1070 BC.[16] The silk trade reached as far as the Indian subcontinent, the Middle East, Europe, and North Africa. This trade was so extensive that the major set of trade routes between Europe and Asia came to be known as the Silk Road.
The Emperors of China strove to keep knowledge of sericulture secret to maintain the Chinese monopoly. Nonetheless sericulture reached Korea with technological aid from China around 200 BC[17] the ancient Kingdom of Khotan by AD 50,[18] and India by AD 140.[19]
In the ancient era, silk from China was the most lucrative and sought-after luxury item traded across the Eurasian continent,[20] and many civilizations, such as the ancient Persians, benefited economically from trade.[20]
Chinese silk making process
The silkworms and mulberry leaves are placed on trays.
Twig frames for the silkworms are prepared.
The cocoons are weighed.
The cocoons are soaked and the silk is wound on spools.
The silk is woven using a loom.
India[edit]
Main article: Silk in the Indian subcontinent
Silk sari weaving at Kanchipuram
Silk has a long history in India. It is known as Resham in eastern and north India, and Pattu in southern parts of India. Recent archaeological discoveries in Harappa and Chanhu-daro suggest that sericulture, employing wild silk threads from native silkworm species, existed in South Asia during the time of the Indus Valley Civilization (now in Pakistan) dating between 2450 BC and 2000 BC, while "hard and fast evidence" for silk production in China dates back to around 2570 BC.[21][22] Shelagh Vainker, a silk expert at the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford, who sees evidence for silk production in China "significantly earlier" than 2500–2000 BC, suggests, "people of the Indus civilization either harvested silkworm cocoons or traded with people who did, and that they knew a considerable amount about silk."[21]
India is the second largest producer of silk in the world after China. About 97% of the raw mulberry silk comes from five Indian states, namely, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Jammu and Kashmir, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal.[23] North Bangalore, the upcoming site of a $20 million "Silk City" Ramanagara and Mysore, contribute to a majority of silk production in Karnataka.[24]
Antheraea assamensis, the endemic species in the state of Assam, India
A traditional Banarasi sari with gold brocade
In Tamil Nadu, mulberry cultivation is concentrated in the Coimbatore, Erode, Tiruppur, Salem and Dharmapuri districts. Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, and Gobichettipalayam, Tamil Nadu, were the first locations to have automated silk reeling units in India.[25]
India is also the largest consumer of silk in the world. The tradition of wearing silk sarees for marriages and other auspicious ceremonies is a custom in Assam and southern parts of India. Silk is considered to be a symbol of royalty, and, historically, silk was used primarily by the upper classes. Silk garments and sarees produced in Kanchipuram, Pochampally, Dharmavaram, Mysore, Arani in the south, Banaras in the north, Bhagalpur and Murshidabad in the east are well recognized. In the northeastern state of Assam, three different types of silk are produced, collectively called Assam silk: Muga, Eri and Pat silk. Muga, the golden silk, and Eri are produced by silkworms that are native only to Assam.
Thailand[edit]
Main article: Thai silk
Silk is produced year-round in Thailand by two types of silkworms, the cultured Bombycidae and wild Saturniidae. Most production is after the rice harvest in the southern and northeastern parts of the country. Women traditionally weave silk on hand looms and pass the skill on to their daughters, as weaving is considered to be a sign of maturity and eligibility for marriage. Thai silk textiles often use complicated patterns in various colours and styles. Most regions of Thailand have their own typical silks. A single thread filament is too thin to use on its own so women combine many threads to produce a thicker, usable fiber. They do this by hand-reeling the threads onto a wooden spindle to produce a uniform strand of raw silk. The process takes around 40 hours to produce a half kilogram of silk. Many local operations use a reeling machine for this task, but some silk threads are still hand-reeled. The difference is that hand-reeled threads produce three grades of silk: two fine grades that are ideal for lightweight fabrics, and a thick grade for heavier material.
The silk fabric is soaked in extremely cold water and bleached before dyeing to remove the natural yellow coloring of Thai silk yarn. To do this, skeins of silk thread are immersed in large tubs of hydrogen peroxide. Once washed and dried, the silk is woven on a traditional hand-operated loom.[26]
Bangladesh[edit]
Main article: Rajshahi silk
The Rajshahi Division of northern Bangladesh is the hub of the country's silk industry. There are three types of silk produced in the region: mulberry, endi and tassar. Bengali silk was a major item of international trade for centuries. It was known as Ganges silk in medieval Europe. Bengal was the leading exporter of silk between the 16th and 19th centuries.[27]
Ancient Mediterranean[edit]
The Gunthertuch, an 11th-century silk celebrating a Byzantine emperor's triumph
In the Odyssey, 19.233, when Odysseus, while pretending to be someone else, is questioned by Penelope about her husband's clothing, he says that he wore a shirt "gleaming like the skin of a dried onion" (varies with translations, literal translation here)[28] which could refer to the lustrous quality of silk fabric. Aristotle wrote of Coa vestis, a wild silk textile from Kos. Sea silk from certain large sea shells was also valued. The Roman Empire knew of and traded in silk, and Chinese silk was the most highly priced luxury good imported by them.[20] During the reign of emperor Tiberius, sumptuary laws were passed that forbade men from wearing silk garments, but these proved ineffectual.[29] The Historia Augusta mentions that the 3rd Century AD emperor Elagabalus was the first Roman to wear garments of pure silk, whereas it had been customary to wear fabrics of silk/cotton or silk/linen blends.[30] Despite the popularity of silk, the secret of silk-making only reached Europe around AD 550, via the Byzantine Empire. Legend has it that monks working for the emperor Justinian I smuggled silkworm eggs to Constantinople in hollow canes from China. All top-quality looms and weavers were located inside the Great Palace complex in Constantinople, and the cloth produced was used in imperial robes or in diplomacy, as gifts to foreign dignitaries. The remainder was sold at very high prices.
Middle East[edit]
In the Torah, a scarlet cloth item called in Hebrew "sheni tola'at" שני תולעת – literally "crimson of the worm" – is described as being used in purification ceremonies, such as those following a leprosy outbreak (Leviticus 14), alongside cedar wood and hyssop (za'atar). Eminent scholar and leading medieval translator of Jewish sources and books of the Bible into Arabic, Rabbi Saadia Gaon, translates this phrase explicitly as "crimson silk" – חריר קרמז حرير قرمز.
In Islamic teachings, Muslim men are forbidden to wear silk. Many religious jurists believe the reasoning behind the prohibition lies in avoiding clothing for men that can be considered feminine or extravagant.[31] There are disputes regarding the amount of silk a fabric can consist of (e.g., whether a small decorative silk piece on a cotton caftan is permissible or not) for it to be lawful for men to wear, but the dominant opinion of most Muslim scholars is that the wearing of silk by men is forbidden. Modern attire has raised a number of issues, including, for instance, the permissibility of wearing silk neckties, which are masculine articles of clothing.
Despite injunctions against silk for men, silk has retained its popularity in the Islamic world because of its permissibility for women, and due to the presence of non-Muslim communities. The Muslim Moors brought silk with them to Spain during their conquest of the Iberian Peninsula.
Medieval and modern Europe[edit]
Silk satin leaf, wood sticks and guards, c. 1890
Italy was the most important producer of silk during the Medieval age. The first center to introduce silk production to Italy was the city of Catanzaro during the 11th century in the region of Calabria. The silk of Catanzaro supplied almost all of Europe and was sold in a large market fair in the port of Reggio Calabria, to Spanish, Venetian, Genovese and Dutch merchants. Catanzaro became the lace capital of the world with a large silkworm breeding facility that produced all the laces and linens used in the Vatican. The city was world-famous for its fine fabrication of silks, velvets, damasks and brocades.[32]
Another notable center was the Italian city-state of Lucca which largely financed itself through silk-production and silk-trading, beginning in the 12th century. Other Italian cities involved in silk production were Genoa, Venice and Florence.
The Silk Exchange in Valencia from the 15th century—where previously in 1348 also perxal (percale) was traded as some kind of silk—illustrates the power and wealth of one of the great Mediterranean mercantile cities.[33][34]
Silk was produced in and exported from the province of Granada, Spain, especially the Alpujarras region, until the Moriscos, whose industry it was, were expelled from Granada in 1571.[35][36]
Since the 15th century, silk production in France has been centered around the city of Lyon where many mechanic tools for mass production were first introduced in the 17th century.
"La charmante rencontre", rare 18th century embroidery in silk of Lyon (private collection)
James I attempted to establish silk production in England, purchasing and planting 100,000 mulberry trees, some on land adjacent to Hampton Court Palace, but they were of a species unsuited to the silk worms, and the attempt failed. In 1732 John Guardivaglio set up a silk throwing enterprise at Logwood mill in Stockport; in 1744, Burton Mill was erected in Macclesfield; and in 1753 Old Mill was built in Congleton.[37] These three towns remained the centre of the English silk throwing industry until silk throwing was replaced by silk waste spinning. British enterprise also established silk filature in Cyprus in 1928. In England in the mid-20th century, raw silk was produced at Lullingstone Castle in Kent. Silkworms were raised and reeled under the direction of Zoe Lady Hart Dyke, later moving to Ayot St Lawrence in Hertfordshire in 1956.[38]
Medieval and modern Europe
Dress made from silk.
Bed covered with silk
A hundred year old pattern of silk called "Almgrensrosen"
The necktie originates from the cravat, a neckband made from silk[39][40][41]
Yếm – the traditional silken bra in Vietnam
North America[edit]
King James I introduced silk-growing to the American colonies around 1619, ostensibly to discourage tobacco planting. The Shakers in Kentucky adopted the practice. In the 19th century a new attempt at a silk industry began with European-born workers in Paterson, New Jersey, and the city became a silk center in the United States. Manchester, Connecticut emerged as center of the silk industry in America from the late 19th through the mid-20th century. The Cheney Brothers Historic District showcases mills refurbished as apartments and includes nearby museums.
World War II interrupted the silk trade from Asia, and silk prices increased dramatically.[42] U.S. industry began to look for substitutes, which led to the use of synthetics such as nylon. Synthetic silks have also been made from lyocell, a type of cellulose fiber, and are often difficult to distinguish from real silk (see spider silk for more on synthetic silks).
Malaysia[edit]
In Terengganu, which is now part of Malaysia, a second generation of silkworm was being imported as early as 1764 for the country's silk textile industry, especially songket.[43] However, since the 1980s, Malaysia is no longer engaged in sericulture but does plant mulberry trees.
Vietnam[edit]
In Vietnamese legend, silk appeared in the sixth dynasty of Hùng Vương.
Production process[edit]
The process of silk production is known as sericulture.[44] The entire production process of silk can be divided into several steps which are typically handled by different entities[clarification needed]. Extracting raw silk starts by cultivating the silkworms on mulberry leaves. Once the worms start pupating in their cocoons, these are dissolved in boiling water in order for individual long fibres to be extracted and fed into the spinning reel.[45]
To produce 1 kg of silk, 104 kg of mulberry leaves must be eaten by 3000 silkworms. It takes about 5000 silkworms to make a pure silk kimono.[46]:104 The major silk producers are China (54%) and India (14%).[47] Other statistics:[48]
Top Ten Cocoons (Reelable) Producers — 2005
Country
Production (Int $1000)
Footnote
Production (1000 kg)
Footnote
People's Republic of China 978,013 C 290,003 F
India 259,679 C 77,000 F
Uzbekistan 57,332 C 17,000 F
Brazil 37,097 C 11,000 F
Iran 20,235 C 6,088 F
Thailand 16,862 C 5,000 F
Vietnam 10,117 C 3,000 F
Democratic People's Republic of Korea 5,059 C 1,500 F
Romania 3,372 C 1,000 F
Japan 2,023 C 600 F
No symbol = official figure, F = FAO estimate,*= Unofficial figure, C = Calculated figure;
Production in Int $1000 have been calculated based on 1999–2001 international prices
Source: Food And Agricultural Organization of United Nations: Economic And Social Department: The Statistical Division
The environmental impact of silk production is potentially large when compared with other natural fibers. A life cycle assessment of Indian silk production shows that the production process has a large carbon and water footprint, mainly due to the fact that it is an animal-derived fiber and more inputs such as fertilizer and water are needed per unit of fiber produced.[49]
Properties[edit]
Models in silk dresses at the MoMo Falana fashion show
Physical properties[edit]
Silk fibers from the Bombyx mori silkworm have a triangular cross section with rounded corners, 5–10 μm wide. The fibroin-heavy chain is composed mostly of beta-sheets, due to a 59-mer amino acid repeat sequence with some variations.[50] The flat surfaces of the fibrils reflect light at many angles, giving silk a natural sheen. The cross-section from other silkworms can vary in shape and diameter: crescent-like for Anaphe and elongated wedge for tussah. Silkworm fibers are naturally extruded from two silkworm glands as a pair of primary filaments (brin), which are stuck together, with sericin proteins that act like glue, to form a bave. Bave diameters for tussah silk can reach 65 μm. See cited reference for cross-sectional SEM photographs.[51]
Raw silk of domesticated silk worms, showing its natural shine.
Silk has a smooth, soft texture that is not slippery, unlike many synthetic fibers.
Silk is one of the strongest natural fibers, but it loses up to 20% of its strength when wet. It has a good moisture regain of 11%. Its elasticity is moderate to poor: if elongated even a small amount, it remains stretched. It can be weakened if exposed to too much sunlight. It may also be attacked by insects, especially if left dirty.
One example of the durable nature of silk over other fabrics is demonstrated by the recovery in 1840 of silk garments from a wreck of 1782: 'The most durable article found has been silk; for besides pieces of cloaks and lace, a pair of black satin breeches, and a large satin waistcoat with flaps, were got up, of which the silk was perfect, but the lining entirely gone ... from the thread giving way ... No articles of dress of woollen cloth have yet been found.'[52]
Silk is a poor conductor of electricity and thus susceptible to static cling.
Unwashed silk chiffon may shrink up to 8% due to a relaxation of the fiber macrostructure, so silk should either be washed prior to garment construction, or dry cleaned. Dry cleaning may still shrink the chiffon up to 4%. Occasionally, this shrinkage can be reversed by a gentle steaming with a press cloth. There is almost no gradual shrinkage nor shrinkage due to molecular-level deformation.
Natural and synthetic silk is known to manifest piezoelectric properties in proteins, probably due to its molecular structure.[53]
Silkworm silk was used as the standard for the denier, a measurement of linear density in fibers. Silkworm silk therefore has a linear density of approximately 1 den, or 1.1 dtex.
Comparison of silk fibers[54]
Linear density (dtex)
Diameter (μm)
Coeff. variation
Moth: Bombyx mori 1.17 12.9 24.8%
Spider: Argiope aurentia 0.14 3.57 14.8%
Chemical properties[edit]
Silk emitted by the silkworm consists of two main proteins, sericin and fibroin, fibroin being the structural center of the silk, and serecin being the sticky material surrounding it. Fibroin is made up of the amino acids Gly-Ser-Gly-Ala-Gly-Ala and forms beta pleated sheets. Hydrogen bonds form between chains, and side chains form above and below the plane of the hydrogen bond network.
The high proportion (50%) of glycine allows tight packing. This is because glycine's R group is only a hydrogen and so is not as sterically constrained. The addition of alanine and serine makes the fibres strong and resistant to breaking. This tensile strength is due to the many interceded hydrogen bonds, and when stretched the force is applied to these numerous bonds and they do not break.
Silk is resistant to most mineral acids, except for sulfuric acid, which dissolves it. It is yellowed by perspiration. Chlorine bleach will also destroy silk fabrics.
Uses[edit]
Silk filaments being unravelled from silk cocoons, Cappadocia, Turkey, 2007.
Silk's absorbency makes it comfortable to wear in warm weather and while active. Its low conductivity keeps warm air close to the skin during cold weather. It is often used for clothing such as shirts, ties, blouses, formal dresses, high fashion clothes, lining, lingerie, pajamas, robes, dress suits, sun dresses and Eastern folk costumes. For practical use, silk is excellent as clothing that protects from many biting insects that would ordinarily pierce clothing, such as mosquitoes and horseflies. Silk's attractive lustre and drape makes it suitable for many furnishing applications. It is used for upholstery, wall coverings, window treatments (if blended with another fiber), rugs, bedding and wall hangings.[citation needed] While on the decline now, due to artificial fibers, silk has had many industrial and commercial uses, such as in parachutes, bicycle tires, comforter filling and artillery gunpowder bags.[55]
Fabrics that are often made from silk include charmeuse, habutai, chiffon, taffeta, crepe de chine, dupioni, noil, tussah, and shantung, among others.
A special manufacturing process removes the outer sericin coating of the silk, which makes it suitable as non-absorbable surgical sutures. This process has also recently led to the introduction of specialist silk underclothing, which has been used for skin conditions including eczema.[56][57] New uses and manufacturing techniques have been found for silk for making everything from disposable cups to drug delivery systems and holograms.[58]
Applications as a biomaterial[edit]
Silk has been considered as a luxurious textile since 3630 BC. However, it started to serve also as a biomedical material for suture in surgeries decades ago. In the past 30 years, it has been widely studied and used as a biomaterial, which refers to materials used for medical applications in organisms, due to its excellent properties, including remarkable mechanical properties, comparative biocompatibility, tunable degradation rates in vitro and in vivo, the ease to load cellular growth factors (for example, BMP-2), and the ability to be processed into several other formats such as films, gels, particles, and scaffolds.[59] Silks from Bombyx mori, a kind of cultivated silkworm, are the most widely investigated silks.[60]
Silks derived from Bombyx mori are generally made of two parts: the silk fibroin fiber which contains a light chain of 25kDa and a heavy chain of 350kDa (or 390kDa[61]) linked by a single disulfide bond[62] and a glue-like protein, sericin, comprising 25 to 30 percentage by weight. Silk fibroin contains hydrophobic Beta sheet blocks, interrupted by small hydrophilic groups. And the beta-sheets contribute much to the high mechanical strength of silk fibers, which achieves 740 MPa, tens of times that of poly(lactic acid) and hundreds of times that of collagen. This impressive mechanical strength has made silk fibroin very competitive for applications in biomaterials. Indeed, silk fibers have found their way into tendon tissue engineering,[63] where mechanical properties matter greatly. In addition, mechanical properties of silks from various kinds of silkworms vary widely, which provides more choices for their use in tissue engineering.
Most products fabricated from regenerated silk are weak and brittle, with only ~1–2% of the mechanical strength of native silk fibers due to the absence of appropriate secondary and hierarchical structure,
Source Organisms[64]
Tensile strength
(g/den)
Tensile modulus
(g/den)
Breaking
strain (%)
Bombyx mori 4.3–5.2 84–121 10.0–23.4
Antheraea mylitta 2.5–4.5 66–70 26–39
Philosamia cynthia ricini 1.9–3.5 29–31 28.0–24.0
Coscinocera hercules 5 ± 1 87 ± 17 12 ± 5
Hyalophora euryalus 2.7 ± 0.9 59 ± 18 11 ± 6
Rothschildia hesperis 3.3 ± 0.8 71 ± 16 10 ± 4
Eupackardia calleta 2.8 ± 0.7 58 ± 18 12 ± 6
Rothschildia lebeau 3.1 ± 0.8 54 ± 14 16 ± 7
Antheraea oculea 3.1 ± 0.8 57 ± 15 15 ± 7
Hyalophora gloveri 2.8 ± 0.4 48 ± 13 19 ± 7
Copaxa multifenestrata 0.9 ± 0.2 39 ± 6 4 ± 3
Biocompatibility[edit]
Biocompatibility, i.e., the ability to what level the silk will cause an immune response, is definitely a critical issue for biomaterials. The biocompatibility of silk arose during its increasing clinical use. Indeed, wax or silicone is usually used as a coating to avoid fraying and potential immune responses[59] when silk fibers serve as suture materials. Although the lack of detailed characterization of silk fibers, such as the extent of the removal of sericin, the surface chemical properties of coating material, and the process used, make it difficult to determine the real immune response of silk fibers in literature, it is generally believed that sericin is the major cause of immune response. Thus, the removal of sericin is an essential step to assure biocompatibility in biomaterial applications of silk. However, further research fails to prove clearly the contribution of sericin to inflammatory responses based on isolated sericin and sericin based biomaterials.[65] In addition, silk fibroin exhibits an inflammatory response similar to that of tissue culture plastic in vitro[66][67] when assessed with human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) or lower than collagen and PLA when implant rat MSCs with silk fibroin films in vivo.[67] Thus, appropriate degumming and sterilization will assure the biocompatibility of silk fibroin, which is further validated by in vivo experiments on rats and pigs.[68] There are still concerns about the long-term safety of silk-based biomaterials in the human body in contrast to these promising results. Even though silk sutures serve well, they exist and interact within a limited period depending on the recovery of wounds (several weeks), much shorter than that in tissue engineering. Another concern arises from biodegradation because the biocompatibility of silk fibroin does not necessarily assure the biocompatibility of the decomposed products. In fact, different levels of immune responses[69][70] and diseases[71] have been triggered by the degraded products of silk fibroin.
Biodegradability[edit]
Biodegradability (also known as biodegradation)--the ability to be disintegrated by biological approaches, including bacteria, fungi, and cells—is another significant property of biomaterials today. Biodegradable materials can minimize the pain of patients from surgeries, especially in tissue engineering, there is no need of surgery in order to remove the scaffold implanted. Wang et al.[72] showed the in vivo degradation of silk via aqueous 3-D scaffolds implanted into Lewis rats. Enzymes are the means used to achieve degradation of silk in vitro. Protease XIV from Streptomyces griseus and α-chymotrypsin from bovine pancreases are the two popular enzymes for silk degradation. In addition, gamma-radiation, as well as cell metabolism, can also regulate the degradation of silk.
Compared with synthetic biomaterials such as polyglycolides and polylactides, silk is obviously advantageous in some aspects in biodegradation. The acidic degraded products of polyglycolides and polylactides will decrease the pH of the ambient environment and thus adversely influence the metabolism of cells, which is not an issue for silk. In addition, silk materials can retain strength over a desired period from weeks to months as needed by mediating the content of beta sheets.
Cultivation[edit]
Thai man spools silk
Cocoon
Silk moths lay eggs on specially prepared paper. The eggs hatch and the caterpillars (silkworms) are fed fresh mulberry leaves. After about 35 days and 4 moltings, the caterpillars are 10,000 times heavier than when hatched and are ready to begin spinning a cocoon. A straw frame is placed over the tray of caterpillars, and each caterpillar begins spinning a cocoon by moving its head in a pattern. Two glands produce liquid silk and force it through openings in the head called spinnerets. Liquid silk is coated in sericin, a water-soluble protective gum, and solidifies on contact with the air. Within 2–3 days, the caterpillar spins about 1 mile of filament and is completely encased in a cocoon. The silk farmers then heat the cocoons to kill them, leaving some to metamorphose into moths to breed the next generation of caterpillars. Harvested cocoons are then soaked in boiling water to soften the sericin holding the silk fibers together in a cocoon shape. The fibers are then unwound to produce a continuous thread. Since a single thread is too fine and fragile for commercial use, anywhere from three to ten strands are spun together to form a single thread of silk.[73]
Animal rights[edit]
As the process of harvesting the silk from the cocoon kills the larvae by boiling them, sericulture has been criticized by animal welfare and rights activists.[74] Mohandas Gandhi was critical of silk production based on the Ahimsa philosophy which led to promotion of cotton and Ahimsa silk, a type of wild silk made from the cocoons of wild and semi-wild silk moths.[75] Since silk cultivation kills silkworms, possibly painfully,[76][better source needed] People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) urges people not to buy silk items.[77]
See also[edit]
Art silk
Mommes
Rayon
Sea silk
Silk waste
Spider silk
International Year of Natural Fibres
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Silk". The Free Dictionary By Farlex. Retrieved 2012-05-23.
^ Jump up to: a b Sutherland TD, Young JH, Weisman S, Hayashi CY, Merritt DJ (2010). "Insect silk: one name, many materials". Annual Review of Entomology. 55: 171–88. PMID 19728833. doi:10.1146/annurev-ento-112408-085401.
Jump up ^ Walker AA, Weisman S, Church JS, Merritt DJ, Mudie ST, Sutherland TD (2012). "Silk from Crickets: A New Twist on Spinning". PLoS ONE. 7 (2): e30408. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...730408W. PMC 3280245  . PMID 22355311. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0030408.
Jump up ^ "Silk". Etymonline. Retrieved 2012-08-27.
Jump up ^ Sindya N. Bhanoo (20 May 2011). "Silk Production Takes a Walk on the Wild Side". New York Times. Retrieved 26 May 2011.
Jump up ^ Hill (2004). Appendix E.
Jump up ^ Hill (2009), "Appendix C: Wild Silks," pp.477–480.
Jump up ^ Gheysens, T; Collins, A; Raina, S; Vollrath, F; Knight, D (2011). "Demineralization enables reeling of Wild Silkmoth cocoons" (PDF). Biomacromolecules. American Chemical Society. 12 (6): 2257–66. PMID 21491856. doi:10.1021/bm2003362.
Jump up ^ Kojima, K.; Kuwana, Y.; Sezutsu, H.; Kobayashi, I.; Uchino, K.; Tamura, T.; Tamada, Y. (2007). "A new method for the modification of fibroin heavy chain protein in the transgenic silkworm". Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 71 (12): 2943–2951. PMID 18071257. doi:10.1271/bbb.70353.
^ Jump up to: a b c Vainker, Shelagh (2004). Chinese Silk: A Cultural History. Rutgers University Press. pp. 20, 17. ISBN 0813534461.
Jump up ^ "Silk: History". Columbia Encyclopedia Sixth Edition.
Jump up ^ "Oldest Evidence of Silk Found in 8,500-Year-Old Tombs". Live Science. Retrieved 13 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Prehistoric silk found in Henan". The Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (IA CASS). Retrieved 4 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Textile Exhibition: Introduction". Asian art.
^ Jump up to: a b "Chinese archaeologists make ground-breaking textile discovery in 2,500-year-old tomb". People's Daily Online. Retrieved 26 August 2007.
Jump up ^ Lubec, G.; J. Holaubek; C. Feldl; B. Lubec; E. Strouhal (4 March 1993). "Use of silk in ancient Egypt". Nature. 362 (6415): 25. Bibcode:1993Natur.362...25L. doi:10.1038/362025b0. (also available here [1])
Jump up ^ Kindu S. (2014) Silk Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine. Elsevier, pp. 3–4.
Jump up ^ Hill, John E. (2009) Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty, 1st to 2nd Centuries CE. BookSurge, Charleston, South Carolina. ISBN 978-1-4392-2134-1. Appendix A: "Introduction of Silk Cultivation to Khotan in the 1st Century CE," pp. 466–467.
Jump up ^ "History of Sericulture" (PDF). Government of Andhra Pradesh (India) – Department of Sericulture. Retrieved 7 November 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c Garthwaite, Gene Ralph (2005). The Persians. Oxford & Carlton: Blackwell Publishing, Ltd. p. 78. ISBN 1-55786-860-3.
^ Jump up to: a b Abbott, Phill (17 February 2009). "Rethinking silk's origins : Nature News". Nature. doi:10.1038/457945a. Missing or empty |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Good, I.L.; Kenoyer, J.M.; Meadow, R.H. (2009). "New evidence for early silk in the Indus civilization". Archaeometry. 50 (3): 457. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4754.2008.00454.x.
Jump up ^ Tn Sericulture. Tn Sericulture (2014-06-30).
Jump up ^ "Silk city to come up near B'lore". Deccan Herald. Retrieved 22 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "Tamil Nadu News : Tamil Nadu’s first automatic silk reeling unit opened". The Hindu. 2008-08-24. Retrieved 2013-11-09.
Jump up ^ About Thai silk from World of Thai Silk (commercial)
Jump up ^ Silk – Banglapedia. En.banglapedia.org (2015-03-10). Retrieved on 2016-08-02.
Jump up ^ Odyssey 19 233–234: τὸν δὲ χιτῶν' ἐνόησα περὶ χροῒ σιγαλόεντα, οἷόν τε κρομύοιο λοπὸν κάτα ἰσχαλέοιο· = "And I [= Odysseus
Jump up ^ Tacitus. Annals. ISBN 0-521-31543-3.
Jump up ^ Historia Augusta Vita Heliogabali. p. XXVI.1.
Jump up ^ "Silk: Why It Is Haram for Men". 23 September 2003. Archived from the original on 2 March 2007. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
Jump up ^ "Office of Tourism – Italy – Calabria, Catanzaro".
Jump up ^ "La Lonja de la Seda de Valencia – UNESCO World Heritage Centre". Whc.unesco.org. Retrieved 2011-04-10.
Jump up ^ Diccionari Aguiló: materials lexicogràfics / aplegats per Marià Aguiló i Fuster; revisats i publicats sota la cura de Pompeu Fabra i Manuel de Montoliu, page 134, Institut d'Estudis Catalans, Barcelona 1929.
Jump up ^ Delgado, José Luis (October 8, 2012) "La seda de Granada era la mejor", Granada Hoy
Jump up ^ Intxausti, Aurora (May 1, 2013) "La Alpujarra poseía 4.000 telares de seda antes de la expulsión de los moriscos", El País.
Jump up ^ Callandine 1993
Jump up ^ "Lullingstone Silk Farm". www.lullingstonecastle.co.uk. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
Jump up ^ Nash, Eric P. (30 July 1995). "STYLE; Dressed to Kill". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ Huzjan, Vladimir (July 2008). "Pokušaj otkrivanja nastanka i razvoja kravate kao riječi i odjevnoga predmeta" [The origin and development of the tie (kravata) as a word and as a garment]. Povijesni prilozi (in Croatian). Croatian Institute of History. 34 (34): 103–120. ISSN 0351-9767. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Silk Production in Konavle". Retrieved 22 April 2015.
Jump up ^ Weatherford, D (2009). American Women During World War II: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 97. ISBN 0415994756.
Jump up ^ The Malayhandloom weavers:a study of the rise and decline of traditional. Books.google.com.my. 1996. ISBN 9789813016996. Retrieved 2013-11-09.
Jump up ^ Pedigo, Larry P.; Rice, Marlin E. (2014-12-22). Entomology and Pest Management: Sixth Edition. Waveland Press. ISBN 9781478627708.
Jump up ^ Bezzina, Neville. "Silk Production Process". senature.com.
Jump up ^ Fritz, Anne and Cant, Jennifer (1986). Consumer Textiles. Oxford University Press Australia. Reprint 1987. ISBN 0-19-554647-4.
Jump up ^ "Mulberry Silk – Textile Fibres – Handloom Textiles | Handwoven Fabrics | Natural Fabrics | Cotton clothes in Chennai". Brasstacksmadras.com. Retrieved 2013-11-09.
Jump up ^ "Statistics". inserco.org.
Jump up ^ Astudillo, Miguel F.; Thalwitz, Gunnar; Vollrath, Fritz (October 2014). "Life cycle assessment of Indian silk". Journal of Cleaner Production. 81: 158–167. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.06.007.
Jump up ^ "Handbook of Fiber Chemistry", Menachem Lewin, Editor, 3rd ed., 2006, CRC press, ISBN 0-8247-2565-4
Jump up ^ "Handbook of Fiber Chemistry", Menachem Lewin, Editor, 2nd ed.,1998, Marcel Dekker, pp. 438–441, ISBN 0-8247-9471-0
Jump up ^ The Times, London, article CS117993292, 12 October 1840.
Jump up ^ "Piezoelectricity in Natural and Synthetic Silks" (PDF). Retrieved 28 April 2010.
Jump up ^ Ko, Frank K.; Kawabata, Sueo; Inoue, Mari; Niwa, Masako. "Engineering Properties of Spider Silk" (PDF). Retrieved 9 July 2010.
Jump up ^ "Silk Powder or Cartridge Bag Cloth". americanhistory.si.edu. Retrieved 2017-05-30.
Jump up ^ Ricci, G; Patrizi, A; Bendandi, B; Menna, G; Varotti, E; Masi, M (2004). "Clinical effectiveness of a silk fabric in the treatment of atopic dermatitis". The British journal of dermatology. 150 (1): 127–31. PMID 14746626.
Jump up ^ Senti, G; Steinmann, L. S.; Fischer, B; Kurmann, R; Storni, T; Johansen, P; Schmid-Grendelmeier, P; Wuthrich, B; Kundig, T. M. (2006). "Antimicrobial silk clothing in the treatment of atopic dermatitis proves comparable to topical corticosteroid treatment". Dermatology. 213 (3): 228–33. PMID 17033173. doi:10.1159/000095041.
Jump up ^ Omenetto, Fiorenzo. "Silk, the ancient material of the future - Talk Video - TED.com". ted.com.
^ Jump up to: a b Rockwood, Danielle N; Preda, Rucsanda C; Yücel, Tuna; Wang, Xiaoqin; Lovett, Michael L; Kaplan, David L (2011). "Materials fabrication from Bombyx mori silk fibroin". Nature Protocols. 6 (10): 1612–1631. PMC 3808976  . PMID 21959241. doi:10.1038/nprot.2011.379.
Jump up ^ Altman, Gregory H; Diaz, Frank; Jakuba, Caroline; Calabro, Tara; Horan, Rebecca L; Chen, Jingsong; Lu, Helen; Richmond, John; Kaplan, David L (2003-02-01). "Silk-based biomaterials". Biomaterials. 24 (3): 401–416. doi:10.1016/S0142-9612(02)00353-8.
Jump up ^ Vepari, Charu; Kaplan, David L. (2007-08-01). "Silk as a biomaterial". Progress in Polymer Science. Polymers in Biomedical Applications. 32 (8–9): 991–1007. PMC 2699289  . PMID 19543442. doi:10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2007.05.013.
Jump up ^ Zhou, Cong-Zhao; Confalonieri, Fabrice; Medina, Nadine; Zivanovic, Yvan; Esnault, Catherine; Yang, Tie; Jacquet, Michel; Janin, Joel; Duguet, Michel (2000-06-15). "Fine organization of Bombyx mori fibroin heavy chain gene". Nucleic Acids Research. 28 (12): 2413–2419. PMC 102737  . PMID 10871375.
Jump up ^ Kardestuncer, T; McCarthy, M B; Karageorgiou, V; Kaplan, D; Gronowicz, G (2006). "RGD-tethered Silk Substrate Stimulates the Differentiation of Human Tendon Cells". Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 448: 234–239. doi:10.1097/01.blo.0000205879.50834.fe.
Jump up ^ Kundu, Banani; Rajkhowa, Rangam; Kundu, Subhas C.; Wang, Xungai (2013-04-01). "Silk fibroin biomaterials for tissue regenerations". Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. Bionics – Biologically inspired smart materials. 65 (4): 457–470. doi:10.1016/j.addr.2012.09.043.
Jump up ^ Zhang, Yaopeng; Yang, Hongxia; Shao, Huili; Hu, Xuechao (2010-05-05). "Antheraea pernyiSilk Fiber: A Potential Resource for Artificially Biospinning Spider Dragline Silk". Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology. 2010: 1–8. PMC 2864894  . PMID 20454537. doi:10.1155/2010/683962.
Jump up ^ Wray, Lindsay S.; Hu, Xiao; Gallego, Jabier; Georgakoudi, Irene; Omenetto, Fiorenzo G.; Schmidt, Daniel; Kaplan, David L. (2011-10-01). "Effect of processing on silk-based biomaterials: Reproducibility and biocompatibility". Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials. 99B (1): 89–101. PMC 3418605  . PMID 21695778. doi:10.1002/jbm.b.31875.
^ Jump up to: a b Meinel, Lorenz; Hofmann, Sandra; Karageorgiou, Vassilis; Kirker-Head, Carl; McCool, John; Gronowicz, Gloria; Zichner, Ludwig; Langer, Robert; Vunjak-Novakovic, Gordana (2005-01-01). "The inflammatory responses to silk films in vitro and in vivo". Biomaterials. 26 (2): 147–155. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.02.047.
Jump up ^ Fan, Hongbin; Liu, Haifeng; Toh, Siew L.; Goh, James C.H. (2009). "Anterior cruciate ligament regeneration using mesenchymal stem cells and silk scaffold in large animal model". Biomaterials. 30 (28): 4967–4977. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.05.048.
Jump up ^ Minoura, N.; Aiba, S.; Higuchi, M.; Gotoh, Y.; Tsukada, M.; Imai, Y. (1995-03-17). "Attachment and growth of fibroblast cells on silk fibroin". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 208 (2): 511–516. PMID 7695601.
Jump up ^ Gellynck, Kris; Verdonk, Peter C. M.; Van Nimmen, Els; Almqvist, Karl F.; Gheysens, Tom; Schoukens, Gustaaf; Van Langenhove, Lieva; Kiekens, Paul; Mertens, Johan (2008-11-01). "Silkworm and spider silk scaffolds for chondrocyte support". Journal of Materials Science. Materials in Medicine. 19 (11): 3399–3409. PMID 18545943. doi:10.1007/s10856-008-3474-6.
Jump up ^ Lundmark, Katarzyna; Westermark, Gunilla T.; Olsén, Arne; Westermark, Per (2005-04-26). "Protein fibrils in nature can enhance amyloid protein A amyloidosis in mice: Cross-seeding as a disease mechanism". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 102 (17): 6098–6102. Bibcode:2005PNAS..102.6098L. PMC 1087940  . PMID 15829582. doi:10.1073/pnas.0501814102.
Jump up ^ Wang, Yongzhong; Rudym, Darya D.; Walsh, Ashley; Abrahamsen, Lauren; Kim, Hyeon-Joo; Kim, Hyun S.; Kirker-Head, Carl; Kaplan, David L. (2008). "In vivo degradation of three-dimensional silk fibroin scaffolds". Biomaterials. 29 (24–25): 3415–3428. PMC 3206261  . PMID 18502501. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.05.002.
Jump up ^ Gleason, Carrie (2006) The Biography of Silk. Crabtree Publishing Company. p. 12. ISBN 0778724875.
Jump up ^ Stancati, Margherita (4 Jan 2011). "Taking the Violence Out of Silk". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 22 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Mahatma Gandhi: 100 years", 1968, p. 349
Jump up ^ Geer, Abigail (2013-06-21). "The Dark and Disturbing World of Silk". Care2. Retrieved 2014-01-23. [silkworms] have the capacity to feel and the right to live free from pain and suffering.
Jump up ^ "Down and Silk: Birds and Insects Exploited for Feathers and Fabric". PETA. Retrieved 2014-01-23. Silk Production Causes Painful Death for Insects
Cited sources[edit]
Hill, John E. 2004. The Peoples of the West from the Weilüe 魏略 by Yu Huan 魚豢: A Third Century Chinese Account Composed between 239 and 265 AD. Draft annotated English translation. Appendix E.
Magie, David. 1924. Historia Augusta Life of Heliogabalus. Loeb Classical Texts No. 140: Harvard University Press.ISBN 978-0674991552.
Further reading[edit]
Callandine, Anthony (1993). "Lombe's Mill: An Exercise in reconstruction". Industrial Archaeology Review. Maney Publishing. XVI (1). ISSN 0309-0728.
Feltwell, John. 1990. The Story of Silk. Alan Sutton Publishing ISBN 0-86299-611-2
Good, Irene. 1995. "On the question of silk in pre-Han Eurasia" Antiquity Vol. 69, Number 266, December 1995, pp. 959–968
Kuhn, Dieter. 1995. "Silk Weaving in Ancient China: From Geometric Figures to Patterns of Pictorial Likeness." Chinese Science 12 (1995): pp. 77–114.
Liu, Xinru (1996). Silk and Religion: An Exploration of Material Life and the Thought of People, AD 600–1200. Oxford University Press.
Liu, Xinru (2010). The Silk Road in World History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-516174-8; ISBN 978-0-19-533810-2 (pbk).
Rayner, Hollins (1903). Silk throwing and waste silk spinning. Scott, Greenwood, Van Nostrand.
Sung, Ying-Hsing. 1637. Chinese Technology in the Seventeenth Century – T'ien-kung K'ai-wu. Translated and annotated by E-tu Zen Sun and Shiou-chuan Sun. Pennsylvania State University Press, 1966. Reprint: Dover, 1997. Chap. 2. Clothing materials.
Kadolph, Sara J. Textiles. 10th ed. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2007. 76–81.
Ricci, G, et al. "Clinical Effectiveness of a Silk Fabric in the Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis", British Journal of Dermatology (2004) Issue 150. Pages 127 – 131
External links[edit]
Look up silk in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Silk.
References to silk by Roman and Byzantine writers
A series of maps depicting the global trade in silk
History of traditional silk in martial arts uniforms
Raising silkworms in classrooms for educational purposes (with photos)
New thread in fabric of insect silks|physorg.com
[show]
v
t
e
Silk
General
History of silk
Magnanery
Sericulture
Silk Road
Silk waste
Types
Ahimsa silk
Assam silk
Atlas silk
Byzantine silk
Eri silk
Japanese silk
Lao silk
Mysore silk
Rajshahi silk
Thai silk
Tussar silk
Wild silk
Industries
Silk in the Indian subcontinent
Silk industry in China
Silk industry of Cheshire
Products
Saree
Tenun Pahang Diraja
[show]
v
t
e
Fibers
Natural
Plant
Abacá
Bagasse
Bamboo
Coir
Cotton
Fique
Flax
Linen
Hemp
Jute
Kapok
Kenaf
Piña
Pine
Raffia
Ramie
Rattan
Sisal
Wood
Animal
Alpaca
Angora
Byssus
Camel hair
Cashmere
Catgut
Chiengora
Guanaco
Hair
Llama
Mohair
Pashmina
Qiviut
Rabbit
Silk
Tendon
Spider silk
Wool
Vicuña
Yak
Mineral
Asbestos
Man-made
Regenerated
Art silk
Semi-synthetic
Acetate
Diacetate
Lyocell
Modal
Rayon
Triacetate
Synthetic
Mineral
Glass
Carbon
Tenax
Basalt
Metallic
Polymer
Acrylic
Aramid
Twaron
Kevlar
Technora
Nomex
Microfiber
Modacrylic
Nylon
Olefin
Polyester
Polyethylene
Dyneema
Spectra
Spandex
Vinylon
Vinyon
Zylon
Category
Commons
[show]
v
t
e
Fabric
Woven
Aertex
Airdura
Airguard
Barathea
Barkcloth
Batiste
Bedford cord
Bengaline
Beta cloth
Bombazine
Brilliantine
Broadcloth
Buckram
Bunting
Burlap
C change
Calico
Cambric
Canvas
Chambray
Capilene
Cedar bark
Challis
Char cloth
Charmeuse
Charvet
Cheesecloth
Chiffon
Chino
Chintz
Cloqué
Cloth of gold
Cordura
Corduroy
Duck
Coutil
Crape
Crêpe
Cretonne
Dazzle
Denim
Dimity
Donegal tweed
Dornix
Dowlas
Drill
Drugget
Eolienne
Flannel
Foulard
Fustian
Gabardine
Gauze
Gazar
Georgette
Ghalamkar
Gingham
Grenadine
Grenfell Cloth
Grosgrain
Habutai
Haircloth
Harris Tweed
Herringbone
Himroo
Hodden
Irish linen
Jamdani
Kerseymere
Khādī
Khaki drill
Kente cloth
Lamé
Lawn
Linsey-woolsey
Loden
Longcloth
Mackinaw
Madapolam
Madras
Moleskin
Muslin
Nainsook
Nankeen
Ninon
Oilskin
Organdy
Organza
Osnaburg
Ottoman
Oxford
Paduasoy
Percale
Pongee
Poplin
Rakematiz
Rayadillo
Rep
Rinzu
Ripstop
Russell cord
Saga Nishiki
Samite
Sateen
Satin
Saye
Scarlet
Seersucker
Sendal
Serge
Scrim
Shot silk
Stuff
Taffeta
Tais
Toile
Tucuyo
Tweed
Twill
Ultrasuede
Vegetable flannel
Ventile
Vinyl coated polyester
Viyella
Voile
Wadmal
Wigan
Whipcord
Zephyr
Zorbeez
Figured woven
Brocade
Camlet
Damask
Lampas
Songket
Pile woven
Baize
Chenille
Corduroy
Crimplene
Fustian
Mockado
Moquette
Plush
Polar fleece
Terrycloth
Velours du Kasaï
Velvet
Velveteen
Zibeline
Nonwoven
Felt
Cedar bark
Knitted
Boiled wool
Coolmax
Machine knitting
Milliskin
Jersey
Velour
Netted
Bobbinet
Carbon fiber
Lace
Mesh
Needlerun net
Ninon
Tulle
Technical
Ballistic nylon
Ban-Lon
Conductive
Darlexx
E-textiles
Gannex
Gore-Tex
Silnylon
Spandex
Stub-tex
SympaTex
Windstopper
Patterns
Argyle
Bizarre silk
Chiné
Herringbone
Houndstooth
Paisley
Pin stripes
Polka dot
Shweshwe
Tartan (plaid)
Tattersall
Textile fibers
Acrylic
Alpaca
Angora
Cashmere
Coir
Cotton
Eisengarn
Hemp
Jute
Kevlar
Linen
Mohair
Nylon
Microfiber
Olefin
Pashmina
Polyester
Piña
Ramie
Rayon
Sea silk
Silk
Sisal
Spandex
Spider silk
Wool
Finishing and
printing
Androsia
Batik
Beetling
Bingata
Bògòlanfini
Burnout
Calendering
Decatising
Devoré
Finishing
Fulling
Heatsetting
Mercerization
Moire
Nap
Rogan printing
Rōketsuzome
Roller printing
Sanforization
Tenterhook
Textile printing
Warp printing
Waxed cotton
Woodblock printing
Indienne
Fabric mills
Carlo Barbera
Cerruti
Dormeuil
Drago
Ermenegildo Zegna
E. Thomas
Holland & Sherry
Larusmiani
Loro Piana
Reda
Scabal
Vitale Barberis Canonico
Related
Dyeing
Fiber
History of textiles
History of silk
Knitting
Pandy
Shrinkage
Swatches and strike-offs
Synthetic fabric
Terminology
Manufacturing
Preservation
Weaving
Yarn
[show]
v
t
e
Clothing materials and parts
Garment Structures
Armscye
Collar
Cuff
Dart
Facing
Fly
Lapel
Gore
Hem
Lining
Placket
Pleat
Pocket
Revers
Ruffle
Shoulder pad
Strap
Sleeve
Train
Waistband
Yoke
Cloth materials
Cotton
Elastic
Fur
Linen
Nylon
Polyester
Rayon
Silk
Spandex
Wool
Skins
Artificial
Calf
Cattle
Deer
Goat
Kangaroo
Ostrich
Seal
Shark
Sheep
Snake
Fasteners
Back closure
Belt hook
Buckle
Button
Buttonhole
Frog
Shank
Hook-and-eye
Hook and loop
Velcro
Snap
Zipper
Seams
Neckline
Bustline
Waistline
Hemline
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silk&oldid=808601813"
Categories:
Silk
Silk Road
Woven fabrics
Chinese inventions
Animal glandular products
Insect products
Biomaterials
Hidden categories:
Pages using web citations with no URL
CS1 Croatian-language sources (hr)
Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text
Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text
Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2014
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from March 2009
All articles lacking reliable references
Articles lacking reliable references from January 2017
Use dmy dates from September 2010
Articles containing video clips
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikiquote
Languages
Alemannisch
Ænglisc
العربية
অসমীয়া
Asturianu
Azərbaycanca
বাংলা
Bahasa Banjar
Беларуская
Български
Bosanski
Brezhoneg
Català
Чӑвашла
Čeština
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Frysk
Gaeilge
Galego
ગુજરાતી
한국어
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Ido
Bahasa Indonesia
Interlingua
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
Basa Jawa
ಕನ್ನಡ
ქართული
Қазақша
Kiswahili
Kreyòl ayisyen
Кыргызча
Latina
Latviešu
Lietuvių
Lumbaart
Magyar
മലയാളം
मराठी
მარგალური
Bahasa Melayu
မြန်မာဘာသာ
Nederlands
日本語
Nordfriisk
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Occitan
Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
پنجابی
Polski
Português
Română
Runa Simi
Русский
Scots
Shqip
Sicilianu
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Basa Sunda
Suomi
Svenska
Tagalog
தமிழ்
ไทย
Тоҷикӣ
Türkçe
Українська
اردو
Tiếng Việt
Winaray
吴语
粵語
Žemaitėška
中文
Kabɩyɛ
Edit links
This page was last edited on 3 November 2017, at 22:05.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values:
/wiki/Silk_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Silk (disambiguation)

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: text-align:center;font-size: 125%; background-color: #b0c4de;

values: text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;font-size: 100%; text-align: left; background-color: #f9ffbc;

values:
/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin
mw-redirect
Hanyu Pinyin

values:
/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Cantonese
mw-redirect
Help:IPA for Cantonese

values: Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

values: <video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Silk-from-Crickets-A-New-Twist-on-Spinning-pone.0030408.s003.ogv/640px--Silk-from-Crickets-A-New-Twist-on-Spinning-pone.0030408.s003.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" autoplay="" style="width:640px;height:480px" class="kskin" data-durationhint="56.066031746032" data-startoffset="0" data-mwtitle="Silk-from-Crickets-A-New-Twist-on-Spinning-pone.0030408.s003.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Silk-from-Crickets-A-New-Twist-on-Spinning-pone.0030408.s003.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-title="Original Ogg file, 640 × 480 (616 kbps)" data-shorttitle="Ogg source" data-width="640" data-height="480" data-bandwidth="616172" data-framerate="25"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d3/Silk-from-Crickets-A-New-Twist-on-Spinning-pone.0030408.s003.ogv/Silk-from-Crickets-A-New-Twist-on-Spinning-pone.0030408.s003.ogv.480p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="SD WebM (480P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 480P" data-transcodekey="480p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" data-bandwidth="1011504" data-framerate="25"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d3/Silk-from-Crickets-A-New-Twist-on-Spinning-pone.0030408.s003.ogv/Silk-from-Crickets-A-New-Twist-on-Spinning-pone.0030408.s003.ogv.160p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Low bandwidth WebM (160P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 160P" data-transcodekey="160p.webm" data-width="214" data-height="160" data-bandwidth="128072" data-framerate="25"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d3/Silk-from-Crickets-A-New-Twist-on-Spinning-pone.0030408.s003.ogv/Silk-from-Crickets-A-New-Twist-on-Spinning-pone.0030408.s003.ogv.240p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="Small WebM (240P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 240P" data-transcodekey="240p.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" data-bandwidth="254216" data-framerate="25"/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d3/Silk-from-Crickets-A-New-Twist-on-Spinning-pone.0030408.s003.ogv/Silk-from-Crickets-A-New-Twist-on-Spinning-pone.0030408.s003.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-title="WebM (360P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 360P" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" data-bandwidth="507408" data-framerate="25"/></video>

values:
/wiki/Raspy_cricket
mw-redirect
Raspy cricket

values:
/wiki/Cocoon_(silk)
mw-redirect
Cocoon (silk)

values:
/wiki/Prism_(optics)
mw-redirect
Prism (optics)

values:
/wiki/Western_Han_Dynasty
mw-redirect
Western Han Dynasty

values:
/wiki/Genetic_modification
mw-redirect
Genetic modification

values:
/wiki/Industrial_revolution
mw-redirect
Industrial revolution

values:
/wiki/Zhou_Dynasty
mw-redirect
Zhou Dynasty

values:
/wiki/Han_Dynasty
mw-redirect
Han Dynasty

values:
/wiki/Emperors_of_China
mw-redirect
Emperors of China

values:
/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilization
mw-redirect
Indus Valley Civilization

values:
/wiki/Hyderabad,_India
mw-redirect
Hyderabad, India

values:
/wiki/Bhoodhan_Pochampally
mw-redirect
Bhoodhan Pochampally

values:
/wiki/Dharmavaram,_Anantapur
mw-redirect
Dharmavaram, Anantapur

values:
/wiki/Byzantine_emperor
mw-redirect
Byzantine emperor

values:
/wiki/Sumptuary_laws
mw-redirect
Sumptuary laws

values:
/wiki/Historia_Augusta
mw-redirect
Historia Augusta

values: Smuggling of silkworm eggs into the Byzantine Empire

values: Edit section: Medieval and modern Europe

values:
/wiki/Morisco_rebellions_in_Granada
mw-redirect
Morisco rebellions in Granada

values:
/wiki/Lyon,_France
mw-redirect
Lyon, France

values:
/wiki/James_I_of_England
mw-redirect
James I of England

values:
gallery mw-gallery-traditional
max-width: 1215px;_width: 1215px;

values:
/wiki/H%C3%B9ng_V%C6%B0%C6%A1ng
mw-redirect
Hùng Vương

values: The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (November 2014)

values:
noprint Inline-Template
margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;

values:
wikitable
width:100%; float:left; clear:left;

values:
/wiki/Moisture_regain
mw-redirect
Moisture regain

values:
/wiki/Denier_(measure)
mw-redirect
Denier (measure)

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2009)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: Edit section: Applications as a biomaterial

values:
/wiki/Silk_fibroin
mw-redirect
Silk fibroin

values:
/wiki/Gamma_Radiation
mw-redirect
Gamma Radiation

values:
/wiki/Cell_metabolism
mw-redirect
Cell metabolism

values:
/wiki/Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhi
mw-redirect
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi

values: This claim needs references to better sources. (January 2017)

values: noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact

values: People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/silk

values:
/wiki/Annual_Review_of_Entomology
mw-redirect
Annual Review of Entomology

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19728833

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22355311

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21491856

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1021%2Fbm2003362

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18071257

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1271%2Fbbb.70353

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1038%2F362025b0

values:
/wiki/Blackwell_Publishing_Ltd
mw-redirect
Blackwell Publishing Ltd

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1038%2F457945a

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/7959

values:
nofollow
external text
http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/782

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0351-9767

values:
nofollow
external text
http://inserco.org/en/?q=statistics

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14746626

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17033173

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1159%2F000095041

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21959241

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1038%2Fnprot.2011.379

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19543442

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10871375

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.addr.2012.09.043

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20454537

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1155%2F2010%2F683962

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21695778

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1002%2Fjbm.b.31875

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7695601

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18545943

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15829582

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0501814102

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18502501

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0309-0728

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.suekayton.com/silk.htm

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
/wiki/Mineral_fiber
mw-redirect
Mineral fiber

values:
/wiki/Man-made_fiber
mw-redirect
Man-made fiber

values:
/wiki/Regenerated_fiber
mw-redirect
Regenerated fiber

values:
/wiki/Semi-synthetic_fiber
mw-redirect
Semi-synthetic fiber

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
/wiki/Hessian_(cloth)
mw-redirect
Hessian (cloth)

values:
/wiki/Calico_(textile)
mw-redirect
Calico (textile)

values: MacLachlan hunting tartan (D. W. Stewart).svg

values:
navbox-image
12
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values:
/wiki/Carbon_(fiber)
mw-redirect
Carbon (fiber)

values:
/wiki/Tulle_netting
mw-redirect
Tulle netting

values:
/wiki/Carlo_Barbera
mw-redirect
Carlo Barbera

values:
/wiki/Fulling_mill
mw-redirect
Fulling mill

values:
/wiki/Textile_preservation
mw-redirect
Textile preservation

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: Template talk:Clothing materials and parts

values: Category:Pages using web citations with no URL

values: Category:CS1 Croatian-language sources (hr)

values: Category:Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text

values: Category:Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text

values: Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2014

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2009

values: Category:All articles lacking reliable references

values: Category:Articles lacking reliable references from January 2017

values: Category:Use dmy dates from September 2010

values: Category:Articles containing video clips

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Silk
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
/w/index.php?title=Silk&action=edit
Edit this page [ctrl-alt-e]
e

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seide
Seide – Alemannisch
als
als
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seda
Seda – Asturian
ast
ast
interlanguage-link-target

values: রেশম তন্তু – Bangla

values:
https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalamas
Lalamas – Banjar
bjn
bjn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svila
Svila – Bosnian
bs
bs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seiz
Seiz – Breton
br
br
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seda
Seda – Catalan
ca
ca
interlanguage-link-target

values: Пурçăн – Chuvash

values:
https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidan
Sidan – Welsh
cy
cy
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silke
Silke – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seide
Seide – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siid
Siid – Estonian
et
et
interlanguage-link-target

values: Μετάξι – Greek

values:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seda
Seda – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silko
Silko – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

values: ابریشم – Persian

values:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soie
Soie – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seda
Seda – Galician
gl
gl
interlanguage-link-target

values: रेशम – Hindi

values:
https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svila
Svila – Croatian
hr
hr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silko
Silko – Ido
io
io
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutra
Sutra – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seta
Seta – Interlingua
ia
ia
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silki
Silki – Icelandic
is
is
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seta
Seta – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutra
Sutra – Javanese
jv
jv
interlanguage-link-target

values: ರೇಷ್ಮೆ – Kannada

values: აბრეშუმი – Georgian

values: Жібек – Kazakh

values:
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hariri
Hariri – Swahili
sw
sw
interlanguage-link-target

values: Жибек – Kyrgyz

values:
https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sericum
Sericum – Latin
la
la
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C4%ABds
Zīds – Latvian
lv
lv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seda
Seda – Lombard
lmo
lmo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selyem
Selyem – Hungarian
hu
hu
interlanguage-link-target

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values:
https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutera
Sutera – Malay
ms
ms
interlanguage-link-target

values: ပိုးခြည် – Burmese

values:
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B5%B9
絹 – Japanese
ja
ja
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siisen
Siisen – Northern Frisian
frr
frr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silke
Silke – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silke
Silke – Norwegian Nynorsk
nn
nn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seda
Seda – Occitan
oc
oc
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipak
Ipak – Uzbek
uz
uz
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jedwab
Jedwab – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seda
Seda – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soie
Soie – Scots
sco
sco
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sita
Sita – Sicilian
scn
scn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk
Silk – Simple English
simple
simple
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svila
Svila – Slovenian
sl
sl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svila
Svila – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutra
Sutra – Sundanese
su
su
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silkki
Silkki – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silke
Silke – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutla
Sutla – Tagalog
tl
tl
interlanguage-link-target

values: பட்டு – Tamil

values: ไหม (วัสดุ) – Thai

values: Абрешим – Tajik

values:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0pek
İpek – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sida
Sida – Waray
war
war
interlanguage-link-target

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Silk rootpage-Silk vector-experimental-print-styles vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view