text:
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1990 film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
North American release poster
Directed by
Steve Barron
Produced by
Simon Fields
David Chan
Kim Dawson
Screenplay by
Todd W. Langen
Bobby Herbeck
Story by
Bobby Herbeck
Based on
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
by Kevin Eastman
Peter Laird
Starring
Judith Hoag
Elias Koteas
Music by
John Du Prez
Cinematography
John Fenner
Edited by
William D. Gordean
Sally Menke
James R. Symons
Production
companies
Golden Harvest
Limelight Entertainment
888 Productions
Mirage Enterprises
Northshore Investments
Distributed by
New Line Cinema[1]
Release date
March 30, 1990 (1990-03-30)
Running time
93 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$13.5 million[2]
Box office
$202 million
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles is a 1990 American superhero film directed by Steve Barron, based on the comic book characters of the same name. The story follows Splinter and the turtles, their meeting April O'Neil and Casey Jones, and their confrontation with Shredder and his Foot Clan. It stars Judith Hoag, Elias Koteas, and the voices of Brian Tochi, Robbie Rist, Corey Feldman, and Josh Pais.
The film is an adaptation of the early Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles comics, with several elements taken from the animated TV series airing at the time. The turtle costumes were developed by Jim Henson's Creature Shop, one of Henson's last projects before his death shortly after the premiere.
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles became the highest-grossing independent film at the time,[3] the ninth-highest-grossing film worldwide of 1990, and the highest-grossing film in the series until the 2014 reboot. It was followed by two sequels, The Secret of the Ooze in 1991 and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III in 1993.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
2.1 Live-action actors
2.2 Voice cast
2.3 Puppeteers
3 Production
4 Marketing
5 Alternate versions
6 Reception
6.1 Box office
7 Home release
8 Soundtrack
9 Legacy
10 References
11 External links
Plot[edit]
As a crime wave rises in New York City, reporter April O'Neil covers the mysterious ninja Foot Clan. The Shredder, the Foot leader, orders April silenced. She is attacked by the Foot in a subway and knocked unconscious. Raphael, one of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, emerges from the shadows, defeats the Foot, and carries her to the turtles' hideout, unaware that one of the Foot is following him. Splinter, their rat master, explains to April that he and the turtles were once ordinary animals, but were mutated into intelligent creatures by toxic waste. After the turtles escort April home, they find their hideout ransacked and Splinter kidnapped. They return to April's apartment and spend the night there.
Danny Pennington, the delinquent son of April's supervisor Charles Pennington, is recruited by the Foot. After bailing Danny out of jail for robbery, Charles stops at April's apartment, where Danny glimpses one of the turtles hiding. He reports this to Shredder.
At April's apartment, Raphael and Leonardo argue. Raphael goes to the roof, where the Foot ambush him. He is knocked unconscious and the turtles scramble to defend themselves, assisted by the vigilante Casey Jones. The building catches fire during the melee, and the turtles retreat to a farm belonging to April's family. Raphael recovers and the turtles train while April and Casey fall in love. Leo contacts Splinter through meditation, and the turtles return to New York to rescue him.
Danny has secretly been taking counsel from Splinter, who tells him the story of his master Hamato Yoshi's murder by a rival ninja, Oroku Saki, over the love of a woman, while Splinter was an ordinary rat. During the struggle, Splinter's cage was broken and he lunged at Saki's face, clawing and biting him. Saki, enraged, sliced off part of his ear with a katana. When Danny learns Shredder intends to have Splinter killed, he and Casey set him free.
The turtles engage the Foot in battle, but the Shredder defeats them. As the Shredder prepares to kill Leonardo, Splinter appears and challenges him to a fight. Splinter names Shredder as Oroku Saki; Saki removes his mask and touches his scar, remembering how Splinter gave it to him. He charges Splinter, who ensnares the Shredder's yari with Michelangelo's nunchaku, leaving him dangling over the roof's edge. Shredder throws a knife from his belt, but when Splinter reaches to catch it, his grip is released and Saki falls into a garbage truck. Casey pulls the lever to activate the compactor, crushing the Shredder. As the police arrive, the teens tell them where the stolen goods are. Reunited with Splinter, the turtles watch as April and Casey kiss.
Cast[edit]
Live-action actors[edit]
Judith Hoag as April O'Neil, a reporter for Channel 3 News
Elias Koteas as Casey Jones, a streetwise vigilante and former ice hockey player who becomes an ally of the turtles
Michael Turney as Danny Pennington, Charles's teenage son and a member of The Foot
Jay Patterson as Charles Pennington, April's boss
Raymond Serra as Chief Sterns, the Police Chief of New York City
James Saito as Oroku Saki / The Shredder, the founder of a network of runaways-turned-thieves and the main antagonist of the film
Toshishiro Obata as Tatsu, Shredder's second-in-command
Sam Rockwell as Head Thug
Skeet Ulrich and Scott Wolf appear, uncredited, as members of the Foot.
Voice cast[edit]
Josh Pais as Raphael, the rebellious and angry Turtle[3]
Robbie Rist as Michelangelo, the fun-loving, party Turtle
Brian Tochi as Leonardo, the leader of the Turtles and the closest to Splinter
Corey Feldman as Donatello, the brains of the Turtles[3]
Kevin Clash as Splinter, the Turtles' master.
David McCharen as Oroku Saki / The Shredder
Michael McConnohie as Tatsu
Puppeteers[edit]
David Greenaway as Raphael (facial assistant)
Josh Pais as Raphael (in-suit performer)
Mak Wilson as Michelangelo (facial assistant)
Michelan Sisti as Michaelangelo (in-suit performer)
David Rudman as Donatello (facial assistant)
Leif Tilden as Donatello (in-suit performer)
Ernie Reyes, Jr. as Donatello in-suit martial arts stunt double
Martin P. Robinson as Leonardo (facial assistant)
David Forman as Leonardo (in-suit performer)
Kevin Clash as Splinter (puppeteer)
Rickey Boyd as Splinter (facial assistant)
Robert Tygner as Splinter (assistant puppeteer)
All four actors who played the in-suit turtles also appeared in cameos, with David Forman (Leonardo) as a gang member, Michelan Sisti (Michaelangelo) as a pizza delivery man, Leif Tilden (Donatello) as a messenger of The Foot and Josh Pais (Raphael) as a passenger in a taxi. Pais was the only actor to portray a Turtle on screen and provide his voice.
Production[edit]
Jim Henson on set with the suit actors. The film was released less than two months before Henson's death.
The script is based mainly on the early Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles comics, including the stories of the turtles' origins, rooftop battle, sojourn to the farmhouse, and battle with Shredder.[4] Elements were taken from the 1980s animated series, such as the Turtles' colored bandanas and love of pizza, elements of Michelangelo's character, and April O'Neil as a television reporter instead of a lab assistant.[4]
The film's budget was $13.5 million.[2] Much of the production took place in North Carolina, with a couple of location shoots in New York City during the summer of 1989 to capture famous landmark areas, such as Times Square, the Empire State Building, and the Hudson River.[3] Filming in North Carolina took place at the North Carolina Film Studios, where New York rooftop sets were created. Production designer Roy Forge Smith and his art director, Gary Wissner, went to New York City four months prior to filming and took still photographs of rooftops and other various locations. While in NYC, Smith and Wissner were allowed to explore an abandoned Brooklyn subway line, as they could not gain access to a city sewer, but the structure of the subway had the same principle as a sewer. They also went to a water tunnel which had large pipes running through it.[5]
After design sketches were created, the construction team used the studios' backlot to create some of the sets. There were problems with the manholes that led to the turtles' home, in that an eight-foot square room had to be constructed beneath them, but found water at about five-feet, and thus had to pour concrete into the underground rooms to keep the water out. In order to make the sewer authentic, a tide-mark was given, and it was covered with brick, plaster and stucco paint to give the walls a realistic look. The turtles were created by Jim Henson's Creature Shop in London.[3] Jim Henson said that the creatures were the most advanced that he had ever worked with. The creatures were first made out of fiberglass, and then remolded out of clay.[6] They were produced as molds to cast the whole body in foam rubber latex. The work at the Shop was completed within 18 weeks.[5]
Many major studios, such as Walt Disney Pictures, Columbia Pictures, MGM/UA, Orion Pictures, Paramount (whose parent company Viacom would acquire the TMNT property in 2009), and Warner Bros. turned down the film for distribution; they were worried that despite the popularity of the cartoon and the toy line, the film could potentially be a box office disappointment, like Masters of the Universe was just a couple years prior.[3] The film found distribution roughly halfway through the initial production, via the then small and independent production company New Line Cinema, which had been known for distributing low budget B movies and arthouse fare.[3]
According to Brian Henson, the film was finished in post-production largely without Barron. Editor Sally Menke, who later edited many films by Quentin Tarantino, was removed as production company Golden Harvest did not like her work.[7]
Marketing[edit]
Live Entertainment Inc. announced that the film would go to VHS via its Family Home Entertainment label on October 4,[citation needed] 1990. The suggested price was $24.99 per cassette. Pizza Hut engaged in a $20 million marketing campaign tied into the film (despite the fact that Domino's Pizza was used as product placement in the film itself). Items included advertising in print, radio and television, and several rebate coupons.[8]
Alternate versions[edit]
The UK version removed Eastern fighting weapons like the nunchaku, using alternate shots of Michaelangelo in order to conceal his nunchaku weapon, or omitting the show-off duel between Michaelangelo and a member of the Foot clan. Also, the scene of Shredder in the garbage shred was heavily edited and the Turtle Power song was edited to change the word 'ninja' to 'hero' as per the UK TV series. The unedited version was released on DVD in 2004 in the UK.[9]
The German theatrical voice-dubbed version is identical to the UK version, i.e. it omits the usage of the nunchaku. Furthermore, the German dubbing audio track contains several "cartoon-like" sounds in order to soften the violence of the fight scenes. Although the German dub of the film was released with unedited pictures on DVD, the German dub audio version with the "funny noises" was still kept, because they were permanently merged into the German voice-dubbing audio.
Reception[edit]
On the film's initial release, Owen Gleiberman, writing for Entertainment Weekly, gave the movie an F rating, finding that none of the four turtles or Splinter had any personality, and felt that a young audience might enjoy the film, noting that the reviewer might have "gone for it too had I been raised on Nintendo games and the robotic animation that passes for entertainment on today's Saturday-morning TV."[10] Kim Newman wrote in the Monthly Film Bulletin that he found the characters reminiscent of the early '70s Godzilla film series, describing the turtles as "loveable monsters in baggy foam rubber suits" who "befriended lost children and smashed things up in orgies of destruction that somehow never hurt anyone,"[11] and that the turtles "drop the occasional teenage buzzword but are never remotely convincing as teenagers, mutants, ninjas or turtles, leaving them stranded on the screen as big green Muppets with different coloured headbands."[11]
Voth Gleiberman and Maslin praised the work of Jim Henson's Creature Shop, with Maslin stating "without which there would have been no film at all".[10][12] Variety praised the film's tongue-in-cheek humor and the "amusingly outlandish" martial arts sequences.[13] Roger Ebert concluded that the film is "nowhere near as bad as it might have been, and probably is the best possible Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtle movie. It supplies, in other words, more or less what Turtle fans will expect."[14]
Maslin of The New York Times criticized the cinematography, stating that it was so "poorly photographed that the red-masked turtle looks almost exactly like the orange-masked one."[12] Variety described the film as "visually rough around the edges... sometimes sluggish in its plotting".[13] Ebert stated that the "most interesting part of the film for a non-Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtle fan is the production design", which he described as a "low-rent version of Batman or Metropolis."[14]
Variety, the New York Times, and the Monthly Film Bulletin all noted the Asian villains of the film; Variety described "overtones of racism in its use of Oriental villains", while the Times' Janet Maslin stated "The story's villainous types are Asian, and the film plays the yellow-peril aspects of this to the hilt."[11][12][13] Newman noted a racist joke in April O'Neil's response to the Foot Clan, "What's the matter, did I fall behind on my Sony payments?", finding that the film expressed a "resentment of Japan's economic strength even while the film is plundering Japan's popular culture."[11] Ebert felt there was "no racism" in the film.[14]
The film has a 40% rating on the rotten tomatoes rating aggregator website, making it the highest rated film in the series.[15]
Box office[edit]
The film opened in North America on March 30, 1990, coming in at #1 at the box office over the weekend, with more than $25 million.[16] The film turned out to be a huge success at the box office, eventually making over $135 million in North America, and over $66 million outside North America, for a worldwide total of over $200 million, making it the ninth highest-grossing film of 1990 worldwide.[2] The film was also nominated for awards by The Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy and Horror Films.[17]
Home release[edit]
In 1990, the film was released to VHS[18] and reached No. 4 in the home video market.[19] The film was released to DVD in Region 1 on September 3, 2002; it includes only minor special features, such as a trailer and interactive menus. The film was also released in the MiniDVD format.[citation needed]
On August 11, 2009, the film was included in a special 25th anniversary box set (25th anniversary of the original comic book, not the movie), released to both DVD and Blu-Ray formats. It also contained Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: The Secret of the Ooze, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III, and 2007's animated release, TMNT. No additional features, other than theatical trailers, were included.
In Germany, however, a "Special Edition" was released on March 12, 2010 with additional features, including an audio commentary by director Steve Barron, an alternate ending, and alternate takes from the original German release, where Michelangelo's nunchaku had been edited out.[20]
Warner Home Video released the film along with Secret of the Ooze and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III as part of a "Triple Feature" on Blu-ray in June 2012, minus the fourth film TMNT. Warner Home Video released the film separately on Blu-ray on December 18, 2012.
Soundtrack[edit]
Main article: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
Legacy[edit]
Following the huge success of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles at the box office, several sequels were created. A year later, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: The Secret of the Ooze was released in theaters, and was a commercial success. In 1993, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III was released in theaters, to a smaller box office take. After a 14-year absence from theaters, a fourth film, TMNT, was released in 2007, though unlike the first three, this was a CGI animated film. Seven years later, a reboot, also with the title Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, was released in 2014, and a sequel titled Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows was released in theaters on June 3, 2016.[21]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Detail view of Movies Page". Afi.com. Retrieved 2016-07-22.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1990) / Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2005)". Boxofficemojo.com. Retrieved September 24, 2006.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "'Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles': Untold Story of the Movie "Every Studio in Hollywood" Rejected". The Hollywood Reporter. 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2016-07-22.
^ Jump up to: a b "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The Comic Book Roots of the First TMNT Movie". Den of Geek. Retrieved 2018-03-26.
^ Jump up to: a b "TMNT I". ninjaturtles.com. Retrieved September 24, 2006.
Jump up ^ "Mock Turtle Suits". Entertainment Weekly. March 30, 1990. Retrieved 2010-12-07.
Jump up ^ "The Original Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Movie Is Still Amazing". Den of Geek. Retrieved 2018-03-26.
Jump up ^ Pendleton, Jennifer. "RELEASE OF `NINJA TURTLES' WILL FUEL BUSY VIDEO-BUYING SEASON THIS FALL." Los Angeles Daily News at The Deseret News. July 22, 1990. Retrieved on September 6, 2011.
Jump up ^ Gerald Wurm. "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - The Movie (Comparison: BBFC PG VHS - BBFC PG DVD) - Movie-Censorship.com". movie-censorship.com.
^ Jump up to: a b Gleiberman, Owen (March 30, 1990). "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved August 17, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Newman, Kim (December 1990). "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles". Monthly Film Bulletin. London. LVII (683): 344–345.
^ Jump up to: a b c Maslin, Janet (March 30, 1990). "Review/Film; Nonstop Action in 'Mutant Ninja Turtles'". The New York Times. Retrieved August 17, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles". Variety. Retrieved August 17, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c Ebert, Roger (March 30, 1990). "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles". rogerebert.com. Retrieved August 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The Movie, retrieved 2017-11-25
Jump up ^ Broeske, Pat H. (April 3, 1990). "Turtles Wax the Opposition at Box Office : Film: Moviegoers spent more than $25 million on the opening weekend of the New Line Cinema movie". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2010-11-09.
Jump up ^ "Ninja Turtle Movie Honored by Sci-Fi Academy". The Los Angeles Times. March 8, 1990. Retrieved 2010-11-09.
Jump up ^ "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles". Worldcat. 1990. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Hunt, Dennis (October 18, 1990). "Ninja Turtles Barrels Up Rental Chart". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2010-11-09.
Jump up ^ "'Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles' Alternative Extended Ending". /Film. Retrieved 2010-11-09.
Jump up ^ "'Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles' Reboot Finally Gets An Official Title". Inquisitr.com. April 23, 2013. Retrieved January 12, 2016.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1990 film).
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles on IMDb
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles at AllMovie
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles at Box Office Mojo
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles at Rotten Tomatoes
[show]
v
t
e
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
Created by
Kevin Eastman
Peter Laird
Characters and (appearances)
Turtles
Leonardo
Donatello
Michelangelo
Raphael
Supporting
Splinter
Hamato Yoshi
April O'Neil
Casey Jones
Leatherhead
Metalhead
Miyamoto Usagi
Mighty Mutanimals
Venus
Antagonists
Shredder
Foot Clan
Karai
Baxter Stockman
Bebop and Rocksteady
Krang
Purple Dragons
Rat King
Slash
Tokka and Rahzar
Comics
Mirage comic series
Tales of the TMNT
TMNT Adventures
Mighty Mutanimals
Daily comic strip
Dreamwave comics series
IDW comic series
Television
1987 series
Episodes
Season 1
Season 2
Season 3
Season 4
Season 5
Season 6
Season 7
Season 8
Season 9
Season 10
Mutant Turtles: Superman Legend
Next Mutation
Episodes
Villains
2003 series
Episodes
Season 1
Season 2
Season 3
Season 4
Season 5
Season 6
Season 7
Turtles Forever
Home video
2012 series
Characters
Episodes
Season 1
Season 2
Season 3
Season 4
Season 5
Rise of the TMNT
-
Films
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1990)
soundtrack
II: The Secret of the Ooze (1991)
soundtrack
III (1993)
soundtrack
TMNT (2007)
soundtrack
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2014)
soundtrack
Out of the Shadows (2016)
Games
Role-playing games
Video games
Other
Action figures
Lego
Alien races
Casey Jones (fan film)
Food tie-ins
Cartoon All-Stars to the Rescue
"Turtle Power!"
"Spin That Wheel"
Dimension X
Technodrome
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Shell Shock
Turtle Power: The Definitive History of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
Category
[show]
v
t
e
Films directed by Steve Barron
Electric Dreams (1984)
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1990)
Coneheads (1993)
The Adventures of Pinocchio (1996)
Merlin (1998)
Rat (2000)
Mike Bassett: England Manager (2001)
Dreamkeeper (2003)
Choking Man (2006)
Film in the United States portal
1990s portal
Superhero fiction portal
Comedy portal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles_(1990_film)&oldid=843659119"
Categories:
1990 films
English-language films
American films
1990s action films
1990s comedy films
1990s martial arts films
1990s science fiction films
1990s superhero films
American action comedy films
Superhero comedy films
American independent films
Films featuring anthropomorphic characters
Fictional portrayals of the New York City Police Department
Films about revenge
Films based on American comics
Live-action films based on comics
Films set in New York City
Films shot in North Carolina
Films shot in New York City
Martial arts comedy films
Martial arts science fiction films
Ninja films
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles films
Golden Harvest films
Films directed by Steve Barron
Films produced by David Chan
Films produced by Kim Dawson
Films produced by Simon Fields
Films scored by John Du Prez
Hidden categories:
Use mdy dates from June 2013
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016
Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikiquote
Languages
العربية
Azərbaycanca
Català
Dansk
Deutsch
Español
فارسی
Français
한국어
Hrvatski
Italiano
עברית
ქართული
Magyar
Nederlands
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
Українська
中文
18 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 30 May 2018, at 16:02.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

value: i

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: th

attrs: colspan class style

value: tr

value: img

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1990 film) poster.jpg

attrs: href class

value: td

attrs: colspan style

attrs: scope style

attrs: href title

value: li

values: Casey Jones (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles)

values: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (Mirage Studios)

values: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1987 TV series)

values: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (film series)

values: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2014 film)

values: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: The Secret of the Ooze

values: Michelangelo (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles)

values: Donatello (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles)

values:
/wiki/Ernie_Reyes,_Jr.
mw-redirect
Ernie Reyes, Jr.

values:
/wiki/Family_Home_Entertainment
mw-redirect
Family Home Entertainment

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2016)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Turtle_Power
mw-redirect
Turtle Power

values:
/wiki/Monthly_Film_Bulletin
mw-redirect
Monthly Film Bulletin

values:
/wiki/Batman_(1989)
mw-redirect
Batman (1989)

values:
/wiki/New_York_Times
mw-redirect
New York Times

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2013)

values: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows (film)

values:
/wiki/The_Deseret_News
mw-redirect
The Deseret News

values: q:Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1990 film)

values: commons:Category:Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1990 film)

values:
nofollow
https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0100758/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v120119

values: Template talk:Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles

values:
navbox-abovebelow
2
background: #CDF89F;

values: List of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles characters

values: Table of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles character appearances

values: Leatherhead (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles)

values: Metalhead (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles)

values: Tales of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles

values: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (comic strip)

values: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (Dreamwave Productions)

values: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (IDW Publishing)

values: List of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1987 TV series) episodes

values: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1987 TV series) (season 1)

values: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1987 TV series) (season 2)

values: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1987 TV series) (season 3)

values: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1987 TV series) (season 4)

values: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1987 TV series) (season 5)

values: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1987 TV series) (season 6)

values: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1987 TV series) (season 7)

values: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1987 TV series) (season 8)

values: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1987 TV series) (season 9)

values: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1987 TV series) (season 10)

values: List of Ninja Turtles: The Next Mutation episodes

values: List of Ninja Turtles: The Next Mutation villains

values: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2003 TV series)

values: List of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2003 TV series) episodes

values: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2003 TV series) (season 1)

values: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2003 TV series) (season 2)

values: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2003 TV series) (season 3)

values: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2003 TV series) (season 4)

values: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2003 TV series) (season 5)

values: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2003 TV series) (season 6)

values: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2003 TV series) (season 7)

values: List of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2003) home video releases

values: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2012 TV series)

values: List of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2012 TV series) characters

values: List of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2012 TV series) episodes

values: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2012 TV series) (season 1)

values: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2012 TV series) (season 2)

values: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2012 TV series) (season 3)

values: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2012 TV series) (season 4)

values: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2012 TV series) (season 5)

values: Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles

values: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: The Secret of the Ooze: The Original Motion Picture Soundtrack

values: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack

values: TMNT: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (soundtrack)

values: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows

values: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles & Other Strangeness

values: List of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles video games

values: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles action figures

values: List of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles alien races

values: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles food tie-ins

values: Dimension X (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles)

values: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Shell Shock

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
noprint metadata navbox
navigation
Portals
font-weight:bold;padding:0.4em 2em

values: Category:Films featuring anthropomorphic characters

values: Category:Fictional portrayals of the New York City Police Department

values: Category:Live-action films based on comics

values: Category:Martial arts science fiction films

values: Category:Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles films

values: Category:Films produced by David Chan (page does not exist)

values: Category:Films produced by Kim Dawson (page does not exist)

values: Category:Films produced by Simon Fields (page does not exist)

values: Category:Films scored by John Du Prez (page does not exist)

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: سلاحف النينجا (فيلم) – Arabic

values: Nindza tısbağalar (film, 1990) – Azerbaijani

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

values: Les Tortugues Ninja (pel·lícula de 1990) – Catalan

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (film fra 1990) – Danish

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values: لاک‌پشت‌های نینجا (فیلم ۱۹۹۰) – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values: 닌자 거북이 (영화) – Korean

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values: Tartarughe Ninja alla riscossa (film) – Italian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values: კუ ნინძები (ფილმი) – Georgian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values: Tini nindzsa teknőcök (film, 1990) – Hungarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (film uit 1990) – Dutch

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1990) – Norwegian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1990) – Norwegian Nynorsk

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values: Wojownicze Żółwie Ninja (film 1990) – Polish

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1990) – Portuguese

values: Țestoasele Ninja (film din 1990) – Romanian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Черепашки-ниндзя (фильм, 1990) – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (film) – Serbo-Croatian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values: Teini-ikäiset mutanttininjakilpikonnat (vuoden 1990 elokuva) – Finnish

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (film, 1990) – Swedish

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: Черепашки-ніндзя (фільм, 1990) – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles_1990_film rootpage-Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles_1990_film skin-vector action-view


text:
Daniel in the lions' den
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the Rubens painting, see Daniel in the Lions' Den (painting).
Daniel in the lions' den
Daniel's age
Briton Rivière, 1890
Although Peter Paul Rubens' depiction shows Daniel as a young man,[1] Daniel would have been over eighty years old at the time of this incident.[2]
The story of Daniel in the lions' den (chapter 6 in the Book of Daniel) tells how Daniel is raised to high office by his royal master Darius the Mede, but jealous rivals trick Darius into issuing a decree which condemns Daniel to death. Hoping for Daniel's deliverance, but unable to save him, the king has him cast into the pit of lions. At daybreak he hurries back, asking if God had saved his friend. Daniel replies that God had sent an angel to close the jaws of the lions, "because I was found blameless before him." The king has those who had conspired against Daniel, and their wives and children, thrown to the lions in his place, and commands to all the people of the whole world to "tremble and fear before the God of Daniel".[3]
Modern scholarship agrees that Daniel is a legendary figure.[4] The book of which he is the hero comprises two parts, a set of tales in chapters 1–6, and the series of visions in chapters 7–12:[5] the tales are no earlier than the Hellenistic period, and the visions date from the Maccabean era (the mid-2nd century BC).[4] The stories were probably originally independent, but were collected in the mid-2nd century by the author of chapter 7 and expanded again shortly afterwards with the visions in chapters 8-12 to produce the modern book.[6]
Chapter 6, the story of Daniel in the lions' den, parallels chapter 3, the story of the "fiery furnace": each begins with the jealousy of non-Jews towards successful Jews and an imperial edict requiring the Jews to compromise their religion, and concludes with divine deliverance and a king who confesses the greatness of the God of the Jews and issues an edict of royal protection.[7]
Contents
[hide]
1 Summary
2 Composition and structure
3 Rabbinic literature
4 Artistic representations
4.1 In visual arts
4.2 In music
5 See also
6 References
6.1 Citations
6.2 Bibliography
Summary[edit]
Chapters of the Book of Daniel
Chapter 1: Induction into Babylon
Chapter 2: Nebuchadnezzar's Dream
Chapter 3: The Fiery Furnace
Chapter 4: Nebuchadnezzar's Madness
Chapter 5: Belshazzar's Feast
Chapter 6: Daniel in the Lions's Den
Chapter 7: The Four Beasts
Chapter 8: The Ram, He-Goat and Horn
Chapter 9: The Seventy Weeks
Chapters 10-12: Daniel's final vision
Additions to Daniel
Song of the Three Holy Children
Susanna and the Elders
Bel and the Dragon
v
t
e
Daniel is raised to high office by his royal master Darius the Mede. Daniel's jealous rivals trick Darius into issuing a decree that for thirty days no prayers should be addressed to any god or man but Darius himself; any who break this are to be thrown to the lions. Daniel continues to pray to the God of Israel, and the king, although deeply distressed, must condemn Daniel to death, for the edicts of the Medes and Persians cannot be altered. Hoping for Daniel's deliverance, he has him cast into the pit. At daybreak the king hurries to the place and cries out anxiously, asking if God had saved his friend. Daniel replies that his God had sent an angel to close the jaws of the lions, "because I was found blameless before him." The king commands that those who had conspired against Daniel should be thrown to the lions in his place, along with their wives and children, and writes to all the people of the whole world commanding that all should tremble and fear before the God of Daniel.[3]
Composition and structure[edit]
It is generally accepted that the Book of Daniel originated as a collection of folktales among the Babylonian diaspora, the Jewish community living in Babylon and Mesopotamia in the Persian and Hellenistic periods (5th to 2nd centuries BC).[8] Chapters 4–6, which includes the tale of Daniel in the lions' den, may belong to the earliest stage, as these differ quite markedly in the oldest texts.[9] Although the entire book is traditionally ascribed to Daniel the seer, the tales of chapters 1-6, including the story of the lion's den, are the voice of an anonymous narrator (except for chapter 4 which is in the form of a letter from king Nebuchadnezzar).[10] It is possible that the name of Daniel was chosen for the hero because of his reputation as a wise seer in Hebrew tradition.[11]
Chapters 2-7 are in Aramaic, and are in the clear form of a chiasm (a poetic structure in which the main point or message of a passage is placed in the centre and framed by further repetitions on either side):[12]
A. (2:4b-49) – A dream of four kingdoms replaced by a fifth
B. (3:1–30) – Daniel's three friends in the fiery furnace
C. (4:1–37) – Daniel interprets a dream for Nebuchadnezzar
C'. (5:1–31) – Daniel interprets the handwriting on the wall for Belshazzar
B'. (6:1–28) – Daniel in the lions' den
A'. (7:1–28) – A vision of four world kingdoms replaced by a fifth
The story of Daniel in the lions' den in chapter 6 is paired with the story of Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego and the "fiery furnace" in Daniel 3. The parallels include the jealousy of non-Jews, an imperial edict requiring Jews to compromise their religion on pain of death, and divine deliverance. Each story climaxes with the king confessing the greatness of the God of the Jews and issuing an edict of royal protection. In each case life is preserved through divine presence in the fire or the pit.[7]
The structure of Daniel 6 itself is also in the form of a chiasm:[13]
A. Introduction: Daniel’s success (vv.1-3)
B. Darius’s edict and Daniel’s response (vv.4-10)
C. Daniel’s opponents plot his death (vv.11-15)
D. Darius hopes for Daniel’s deliverance (vv.16-18)
D'. Darius witnesses Daniel’s deliverance (vv.19-23)
C'. Daniel’s opponents sentenced to death (v.24)
B'. Darius’s edict and doxology (v.25-27)
A'. Conclusion: Daniel’s success (v.28)
Rabbinic literature[edit]
Daniel in the lions' den saved by Habakkuk, as described in rabbinic literature (France, 15th century).
Further information: Daniel in rabbinic literature
According to Josippon, "the beasts in the den received Daniel as faithful dogs might receive their returning master, wagging their tails and licking him." The Midrash Tehillim says that "the mouth of the den was closed with a huge stone, which had rolled of itself from Palestine to Babylon for that purpose" and that "upon this stone sat an angel in the shape of a lion, so that Daniel's enemies might not harass him."[14]
Artistic representations[edit]
In visual arts[edit]
Although Daniel is sometimes depicted as a young man in illustrations of the incident, James Montgomery Boice points out that he would have been over eighty years old at the time.[15]
Painters who have depicted this incident include:
Jan Brueghel the Younger, Daniel in the Lions' Den
Briton Rivière, Daniel's Answer to the King
Peter Paul Rubens, Daniel in the Lions' Den
Henry Ossawa Tanner, Daniel in the Lions' Den
David Teniers the Younger, Daniel in the Lions' Den
In music[edit]
The 1929 gospel blues song "I've Got the Key to the Kingdom" by Washington Phillips retells the story
The 1964 Broadway Musical Fiddler on the Roof by Jerry Bock and Sheldon Harnick includes a song called "Miracle of Miracles", in which Motel, the tailor, sings "Wonder of wonders; miracle of miracles; God took a Daniel once again, turned him around and, miracle of miracles, walked him through the lion's den."
The 1982 song "Daniel" by Raffi on his Rise and Shine album
The 1982 song "Lion's Den" by Bruce Springsteen, first released on the 1998 album Tracks, alludes to the story
The 2013 album Bad Blood by Bastille includes a track called "Daniel in the Den"
The 2016 album Arts & Leisure by Walter Martin (formerly of The Walkmen) includes a track called "Daniel in the Lion's Den"
The 2017 album Fear Not Fantasy by Joe Ransom (an unknown songwriter of Australia, residing in Honduras) will include a track called "Science Teacher" which begins with a reference to Daniel in the Lions' Den
Paul White's 'Accelerator' EP features a track called Lion's Den. In the chorus featuring rapper Danny Brown references "Daniel in the lion's den".
See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Daniel in the lions' den.
List of Hebrew Bible events
References[edit]
Citations[edit]
Jump up ^ "Daniel in the Lions' Den". National Gallery of Art. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
Jump up ^ Boice.
^ Jump up to: a b Seow 2003, p. 85-86.
^ Jump up to: a b Collins 1984, p. 28.
Jump up ^ Collins 2002, p. 2.
Jump up ^ Seow 2003, p. 7-8.
^ Jump up to: a b Seow 2003, p. 86-88.
Jump up ^ Collins 1984, p. 29,34-35.
Jump up ^ Redditt 2008, p. 176-177.
Jump up ^ Wesselius 2002, p. 295.
Jump up ^ Redditt 2008, p. 180.
Jump up ^ Redditt 2009, p. 177.
Jump up ^ Goldingay 1989, p. 124.
Jump up ^ Daniel, Jewish Encyclopedia.
Jump up ^ Boice 2006, p. 68.
Bibliography[edit]
Boice, James Montgomery (2006). Daniel: An Expositional Commentary. Baker Books. ISBN 9780801066412.
Collins, John J. (1984). Daniel: With an Introduction to Apocalyptic Literature. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802800206.
Collins, John J. (2002). "Current Issues in the Study of Daniel". In Collins, John J.; Flint, Peter W.; VanEpps, Cameron. The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception. BRILL. ISBN 9004116753.
Goldingay, John E. (1989). Daniel. Word Books.
Redditt, Paul L. (2009). Introduction to the Prophets. Eerdmans. ISBN 9780802828965.
Redditt, Paul L. (1999). Daniel: based on the New Revised Standard Version. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-84127-009-8.
Seow, C.L. (2003). Daniel. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 9780664256753.
Wesselius, Jan-Wim (2002). "The Writing of Daniel". In Collins, John J.; Flint, Peter W.; VanEpps, Cameron. The Book of Daniel: Composition and Reception. BRILL. ISBN 0391041282.
[hide]
v
t
e
Book of Daniel
Bible
Daniel 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Additions to Daniel
Places
Babylon
Susa
People
Abednego
Belshazzar
Cyrus
Daniel
Darius
Gabriel
Meshach
Michael
Nebuchadnezzar
Shadrach
Jehoiakim
Terms
Abomination of desolation
Belshazzar's feast
Four kingdoms
Lion's den
Prophecy of Seventy Weeks
Territorial spirit
Writing on the wall
Sources
Hebrew Bible
Septuagint
Latin Vulgate
Wycliffe Version
King James Version
American Standard Version
World English Version
← Book of Ezekiel (chapter 48)
Book of Hosea (chapter 1) →
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daniel_in_the_lions%27_den&oldid=815934216"
Categories:
Angelic apparitions in the Bible
Book of Daniel
Daniel
Lions in art
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Français
Bahasa Indonesia
עברית
Português
Edit links
This page was last edited on 18 December 2017, at 04:28.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: sub

attrs: class style

values: thumbcaption clear:left

value: sup

values: Daniel's Answer to the King by Briton Rivière

values: The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children

values: padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;text-align:left; line-height:1.5em;padding-top:0.3em;

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%

values:
/wiki/Raffi_(musician)
mw-redirect
Raffi (musician)

values: commons:Category:Daniel in the lions' den

values: -moz-column-width: 25em; -webkit-column-width: 25em; column-width: 25em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
/wiki/Baker_Books
mw-redirect
Baker Books

values:
/wiki/The_writing_on_the_wall
mw-redirect
The writing on the wall

values: wikisource:la:Biblia Sacra Vulgata (Stuttgartensia)/Daniel

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Angelic apparitions in the Bible

values:
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
interface

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Daniel_in_the_lions%27_den
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_6
Daniel 6 – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

values: דניאל בגוב האריות – Hebrew

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Daniel_in_the_lions_den rootpage-Daniel_in_the_lions_den skin-vector action-view


text:
War Powers Resolution
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
War Powers Resolution
Long title
Joint resolution concerning the war powers of Congress and the President.
Enacted by
the 93rd United States Congress
Effective
November 7, 1973
Citations
Public law
93-148
Statutes at Large
87 Stat. 555
Legislative history
Introduced in the House as H.J.Res. 542 by Clement J. Zablocki (D-WI) on May 3, 1973
Committee consideration by House Foreign Affairs
Passed the House on July 10, 1973 (244–170)
Passed the Senate on July 20, 1973 (75–20)
Reported by the joint conference committee on October 4, 1973; agreed to by the Senate on October 10, 1973 (75–20) and by the House on October 12, 1973 (238–122)
Vetoed by President Richard Nixon on October 24, 1973
Overridden by the House on November 7, 1973 (284–135)
Overridden by the Senate and became law on November 7, 1973 (75–18)
U.S. Congressional opposition
to American involvement in
wars and interventions
1812 North America
House Federalists’ Address
1847 Mexican–American War
Spot Resolutions
1917 World War I
Filibuster of the Armed Ship Bill
1935–1939
Neutrality Acts
1935–1940
Ludlow Amendment
1970 Vietnam
McGovern–Hatfield Amendment
1970 Southeast Asia
Cooper–Church Amendment
1971 Vietnam
Repeal of Tonkin Gulf Resolution
1973 Southeast Asia
Case–Church Amendment
1973
War Powers Resolution
1974
Hughes–Ryan Amendment
1976 Angola
Clark Amendment
1982 Nicaragua
Boland Amendment
2007 Iraq
House Concurrent Resolution 63
v
t
e
The War Powers Resolution (also known as the War Powers Resolution of 1973 or the War Powers Act) (50 U.S.C. 1541–1548)[1] is a federal law intended to check the president's power to commit the United States to an armed conflict without the consent of the U.S. Congress. The Resolution was adopted in the form of a United States Congress joint resolution. It provides that the U.S. President can send U.S. Armed Forces into action abroad only by declaration of war by Congress, "statutory authorization," or in case of "a national emergency created by attack upon the United States, its territories or possessions, or its armed forces."
The War Powers Resolution requires the President to notify Congress within 48 hours of committing armed forces to military action and forbids armed forces from remaining for more than 60 days, with a further 30-day withdrawal period, without a Congressional authorization for use of military force (AUMF) or a declaration of war by the United States. The resolution was passed by two-thirds of Congress, overriding the veto of the bill from President Nixon.
It has been alleged that the War Powers Resolution has been violated in the past – for example, by President Bill Clinton in 1999, during the bombing campaign in Kosovo. Congress has disapproved all such incidents, but none has resulted in any successful legal actions being taken against the president for alleged violations.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 History
2.1 Background and passage
2.2 Implementation, 1993–2002
2.3 Libya intervention in 2011
2.4 Syrian 2012-2017
3 Questions regarding constitutionality
4 Footnotes
5 References
6 External links
Background[edit]
Under the United States Constitution, war powers are divided. Under Article I, Section 8, Congress has the power to:
declare War;
grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal (i.e., license private citizens to capture enemy vessels);
raise and support Armies (for terms up to two years at a time);
provide and maintain a Navy;
make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces;
provide for calling forth the Militia;
make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water;
provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the Militia; and
govern such Part of [the militia] as may be employed in the Service of the United States.
Section 8 further provides that the states have the power to:
Appoint the Officers of the militia; and
train the Militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress.
Article II, Section 2 provides that:
"The president shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service of the United States;"
It is generally agreed that the commander-in-chief role gives the President power to repel attacks against the United States[3][4] and makes the President responsible for leading the armed forces. The President has the right to sign or veto congressional acts, such as a declaration of war, and Congress may override any such presidential veto. Additionally, when the president's actions (or inactions) provide "Aid and Comfort" to enemies or levy war against the United States, then Congress has the power to impeach and remove (convict) the president for treason. For actions short of treason, they can remove the president for "Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors", the definition of which the Supreme Court has left up to Congress. Therefore, the war power was intentionally split between Congress and the Executive to prevent unilateral executive action that is contrary to the wishes of Congress.
History[edit]
Background and passage[edit]
During the Korean and Vietnam wars, the United States found itself involved for many years in situations of intense conflict without a declaration of war. Many members of Congress became concerned with the erosion of congressional authority to decide when the United States should become involved in a war or the use of armed forces that might lead to war. It was prompted by news leaking out that President Nixon conducted secret bombings of Cambodia during the Vietnam War without notifying Congress.
The War Powers Resolution was passed by both the House of Representatives and Senate but was vetoed by President Richard Nixon. By a two-thirds vote in each house, Congress overrode the veto and enacted the joint resolution into law on November 7, 1973.
Implementation, 1993–2002[edit]
Presidents have submitted 130[5] reports to Congress as a result of the War Powers Resolution, although only one (the Mayagüez incident) cited Section 4(a)(1) and specifically stated that forces had been introduced into hostilities or imminent danger.
Congress invoked the War Powers Resolution in the Multinational Force in Lebanon Act (P.L. 98-119), which authorized the Marines to remain in Lebanon for 18 months during 1982 and 1983. In addition, the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 1991 (Pub.L. 102–1) which authorized United States combat operations against Iraqi forces during the 1991 Gulf War, stated that it constituted specific statutory authorization within the meaning of the War Powers Resolution.
On November 9, 1994, the House used a section of the War Powers Resolution to state that U.S. forces should be withdrawn from Somalia by March 31, 1994; Congress had already taken this action in appropriations legislation. More recently under President Clinton, war powers were at issue in former Yugoslavia, Bosnia, Kosovo, Iraq, and Haiti, and under President George W. Bush in responding to terrorist attacks against the U.S. after September 11, 2001. "[I]n 1999, President Clinton kept the bombing campaign in Kosovo going for more than two weeks after the 60-day deadline had passed. Even then, however, the Clinton legal team opined that its actions were consistent with the War Powers Resolution because Congress had approved a bill funding the operation, which they argued constituted implicit authorization. That theory was controversial because the War Powers Resolution specifically says that such funding does not constitute authorization."[6] Clinton's actions in Kosovo were challenged by a member of Congress as a violation of the War Powers Resolution in the D.C. Circuit case Campbell v. Clinton, but the court found the issue was a non-justiciable political question.[7] It was also accepted that because Clinton had withdrawn from the region 12 days prior the 90-day required deadline, he had managed to comply with the act.[8]
After the 1991 Gulf War, the use of force to obtain Iraqi compliance with United Nations resolutions, particularly through enforcement of Iraqi no-fly zones, remained a war powers issue. In October 2002 Congress enacted the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Pub.L. 107–243 which authorized President George W. Bush to use force as necessary to defend the United States against Iraq and enforce relevant United Nations Security Council Resolutions.[9] This was in addition to the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists enacted in 2001.
Libya intervention in 2011[edit]
Secretary of State Hillary Clinton testified to Congress in March 2011 that the administration did not need congressional authorization for its military intervention in Libya or for further decisions about it, despite congressional objections from members of both parties that the administration was violating the War Powers Resolution.[10][11] During that classified briefing, she reportedly indicated that the administration would sidestep the Resolution's provision regarding a 60-day limit on unauthorized military actions.[12] Months later, she stated that, with respect to the military operation in Libya, the United States was still flying a quarter of the sorties, and the New York Times reported that, while many presidents had bypassed other sections of the War Powers Resolution, there was little precedent for exceeding the 60-day statutory limit on unauthorized military actions – a limit which the Justice Department had said in 1980 was constitutional.[13][14] The State Department publicly took the position in June 2011 that there was no "hostility" in Libya within the meaning of the War Powers Resolution, contrary to legal interpretations in 2011 by the Department of Defense and the Department of Justice Office of Legal Counsel.[15][16][17]
May 20, 2011, marked the 60th day of US combat in Libya (as part of the UN resolution) but the deadline arrived without President Obama seeking specific authorization from the US Congress.[18] President Obama notified Congress that no authorization was needed,[19] since the US leadership had been transferred to NATO,[20] and since US involvement was somewhat "limited". In fact, as of April 28, 2011, the US had conducted 75 percent of all aerial refueling sorties, supplied 70 percent of the operation's intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance, and contributed 24 percent of the total aircraft used in the operation.[21] By September, the US had conducted 26 percent of all military sorties, contributing more resources to Operation Unified Protector than any other NATO country.[22] The State Department requested (but never received) express congressional authorization.[16][23]
On Friday, June 3, 2011, the US House of Representatives voted to rebuke President Obama for maintaining an American presence in the NATO operations in Libya, which they considered a violation of the War Powers Resolution.[24][25] In The New York Times, an opinion piece by Yale Law Professor Bruce Ackerman stated that Obama's position "lacks a solid legal foundation. And by adopting it, the White House has shattered the traditional legal process the executive branch has developed to sustain the rule of law over the past 75 years."[26]
Syrian 2012-2017[edit]
See also: 2017 Shayrat missile strike, Syrian Train and Equip Program, and Timber Sycamore
In or about 2013, at the direction of U.S. President Barack Obama, the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) was put in charge of a covert program to arm and train the rebels who were fighting against Syrian President Assad,[27] while the State Department supplied the moderate rebels of the Free Syrian Army with non-lethal aid. The Assad regime used chemical weapons on several occasions during the civil war, including a well publicized attack in Ghouta on 21 August 2013. Following the attacks, Obama asked Congress for authorization to use military force in Syria, which Congress rejected. Instead, Congress passed a bill that specified that the Defense Secretary was authorized "...to provide assistance, including training, equipment, supplies, and sustainment, to appropriately vetted elements of the Syrian opposition and other appropriately vetted Syrian groups and individuals..." The bill specifically prohibited the introduction of U.S. troops or other U.S. forces into hostilities. The bill said:
“Nothing in this section shall be construed to constitute a specific statutory authorization for the introduction of United States Armed Forces into hostilities or into situations wherein hostilities are clearly indicated by the circumstances.”[28]
In spite of the prohibition, President Obama, and later Trump, introduced ground forces into Syria and the United States became fully engaged in the country. On April 6, 2017, the United States launched 59 BGM-109 Tomahawk missiles at Shayrat airbase in Syria in response to Syria's alleged use of chemical weapons. Constitutional scholar and law professor Stephen Vladeck has noted that the strike potentially violated the War Powers Resolution.[29]
Questions regarding constitutionality[edit]
See also: Separation of powers under the United States Constitution and War Powers Clause
The War Powers Resolution has been controversial since it was passed.[30] In passing the resolution, Congress specifically cites the Necessary and Proper Clause for its authority.[31] Under the Necessary and Proper Clause, it is specifically provided that the Congress shall have the power to make all laws necessary and proper for carrying into execution, not only its own powers but also all other powers vested by the Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof.
Because the Constitution Article 1 Section 8 limits the President's authority in the use of force without a declaration of war by Congress, there is controversy as to whether the provisions of the resolution are consistent with the Constitution. Presidents have therefore drafted reports to Congress required of the President to state that they are "consistent with" the War Powers Resolution rather than "pursuant to" so as to take into account the presidential position that the resolution is unconstitutional.
One argument for the unconstitutionality of the War Powers Resolution by Philip Bobbitt[32] argues "The power to make war is not an enumerated power" and the notion that to "declare" war is to "commence" war is a "contemporary textual preconception". Bobbitt contends that the Framers of the Constitution believed that statutory authorization was the route by which the United States would be committed to war, and that 'declaration' was meant for only total wars, as shown by the history of the Quasi-War with France (1798–1800). In general, constitutional powers are not so much separated as "linked and sequenced"; Congress's control over the armed forces is "structured" by appropriation, while the President commands; thus the act of declaring war should not be fetishized.[clarification needed] Bobbitt also argues that "A democracy cannot ... tolerate secret policies" because they undermine the legitimacy of governmental action.
A second argument concerns a possible breach of the 'separation of powers' doctrine, and whether the resolution changes the balance between the Legislative and Executive functions. This type of constitutional controversy is similar to one that occurred under President Andrew Johnson with the Tenure of Office Act (1867). In that prior instance, the Congress passed a law (over the veto of the then-President) that required the President to secure Congressional approval for the removal of Cabinet members and other executive branch officers. The Act was not declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of the United States until 1926.[33] When Andrew Johnson violated the Act, the House of Representatives impeached him; action in the Senate to remove him failed by one vote.
Here, the separation of powers issue is whether the War Powers Resolution requirements for Congressional approval and presidential reporting to Congress change the constitutional balance established in Articles I and II, namely that Congress is explicitly granted the sole authority to "declare war", "make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces" (Article 1, Section 8), and to control the funding of those same forces, while the Executive has inherent authority as Commander in Chief. This argument does not address the other reporting requirements imposed on other executive officials and agencies by other statutes, nor does it address the provisions of Article I, Section 8 that explicitly gives Congress the authority to "make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces".
The constitution specifically states that Congress is authorized "to provide and maintain a Navy" (Article 1 Section 8). The idea of "maintenance" of a Navy implies that Naval Forces would be a permanent fixture of national defense. Two types of Land Forces are described by the Constitution (Article 1 Section 8): the Militia (armed citizenry organized into local defense forces and state volunteer regiments) which Congress can "call forth" and prescribe the "organizing, arming, and disciplining [training]" of, as Congress did in the Militia acts of 1792; and the Army, which Congress can "raise and support", through regular appropriation acts limited to no more than two years. This division matches how the Revolutionary War was fought, by the Continental Army, raised and supported by the Continental Congress, and local Militias and Volunteer Regiments, raised by the separate Colonies. After the war, under the Articles of Confederation, a small standing Army, the First American Regiment was raised and gradually increased in size over time by Congress before, following the Constitution's ratification, being transformed into the Regular Army. The availability of a standing Army, and the President of the United States being authorized as "Commander in Chief", implies his ability as a military commander to employ forces necessary to fulfill his oath to defend the constitution.
There is also an unresolved legal question, discussed by Justice White in INS v. Chadha of whether a "key provision of the War Powers Resolution", namely 50 U.S.C. 1544(c), constitutes an improper legislative veto. (See Chadha, 462 U.S. 919, 971.) That section 1544(c) states "such forces shall be removed by the President if the Congress so directs by concurrent resolution". Justice White argues in his dissent in Chadha that, under the Chadha ruling, 1544(c) would be a violation of the Presentment Clause. The majority in Chadha does not resolve the issue. Justice White does not address or evaluate in his dissent whether that section would fall within the inherent Congressional authority under Article I Section 8 to "make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces".[citation needed]
Footnotes[edit]
Jump up ^ "50 U.S. Code Chapter 33 - WAR POWERS RESOLUTION".
Jump up ^ "War Powers - Law Library of Congress - Library of Congress".
Jump up ^ The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, at 318-19 (Max Farrand ed., rev. ed. 1966)(1911)
Jump up ^ [1] Archived December 15, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ U.S. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. War Powers Resolution: Presidential Compliance. Washington: The Service, 2011 (RL33532), Summary.
Jump up ^ Savage, Charlie (2011-04-01) Clock Ticking on War Powers Resolution, The New York Times The Caucus Blog
Jump up ^ Campbell v. Clinton, 203, February 18, 2000, p. 19, retrieved 2017-02-23
Jump up ^ How War Powers, Congressional Action have Intersected Over Time The Wall Street Journal (2013-09-02)
Jump up ^ 107th Congress (October 10, 2002). "Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002" (text). United States Government Printing Office. Retrieved 2008-12-08.
Jump up ^ "Congress members grill administration officials on Libya mission". CNN. March 31, 2011.
Jump up ^ Lillis, Mike; et al. (March 30, 2011). "White House briefing changes few minds on Libya involvement". The Hill.
Jump up ^ Crabtree, Susan (March 30, 2011). "Clinton To Congress: Obama Would Ignore Your War Resolutions". Talking Points Memo.
Jump up ^ Charlie Savage (May 26, 2011). "Libya Effort Is Called Violation of War Act". The New York Times. p. A8.
Jump up ^ Savage, Charlie (June 18, 2011). "2 Top Lawyers Lost to Obama in Libya War Policy Debate". The New York Times. p. A1.
Jump up ^ Savage, Charlie (June 18, 2011). "President overruled 2 key lawyers on debate over Libya war policy". The Seattle Times.
^ Jump up to: a b Cosgrove, Maureen. "State Department legal adviser: Obama acting lawfully in Libya", JURIST (June 28, 2011).
Jump up ^ "War Powers Act of 1973", The New York Times (June 29, 2011).
Jump up ^ Libya War Deadline Arrives Fox News
Jump up ^ "White House on War Powers Deadline: 'Limited' US Role in Libya Means No Need to Get Congressional Authorization", ABC News, May 20, 2011
Jump up ^ "Libya: Nato assumes control of military operation". BBC News. March 27, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on October 5, 2015. Retrieved October 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on October 16, 2015. Retrieved October 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ Owen, Robert (2015). "The U.S. Experience: National Strategy and Campaign Support". In Karl Mueller. Precision and Purpose: Airpower in the Libyan Civil War. Rand Corporation. p. 105.
Jump up ^ Dinan, Stephen, "Bipartisan Congress rebuffs Obama on Libya mission". The Washington Times, Saturday, June 4, 2011
Jump up ^ Steinhauer, Jennifer (June 3, 2011). "House Rebukes Obama for Continuing Libyan Mission Without Its Consent". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Ackerman, Bruce. "Legal Acrobatics, Illegal War", The New York Times (June 21, 2011). Page A27.
Jump up ^ Barnes, Julian E.; Entous, Adam (February 17, 2015). "U.S. to Give Some Syria Rebels Ability to Call Airstrikes". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved February 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ September 19 2014. Congressional Record. https://www.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-joint-resolution/124/text?overview=closed
Jump up ^ "Was Trump's Syria Strike Legal? An Expert Weighs In". Retrieved 7 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "The war powers resolution". US Department of State Bulletin. 1988-09-15. Retrieved 2008-07-09. "The War Powers Resolution has been controversial from the day it was adopted over President Nixon's veto. Since 1973, executive officials and many Members of Congress have criticized various aspects of the law repeatedly."
Jump up ^ War Powers Joint Resolution, §2(b).
Jump up ^ "War Powers: An Essay on John Hart Ely's War and Responsibility: Constitutional Lessons of Vietnam and Its Aftermath," Michigan Law Quarterly 92, no. 6 (May 1994): 1364–1400.
Jump up ^ "Myers v. United States, 272 U. S. 52 (1926)".
References[edit]
Grimmett, Richard Z. (February 14, 2006). "CRS Report for Congress: War Powers Resolution: Presidential Compliance" (PDF). Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved 2007-09-30.
United States Congress (November 7, 1973). "War Powers Resolution of 1973 (Public Law 93-148)". The Center for Regulatory Effectiveness. Retrieved 2007-09-30.
United States Congress (October 31, 1998). "H.R.4655: Iraq Liberation Act of 1998 (Public Law 105-338)". IraqWatch.org. Archived from the original on June 30, 2009. Retrieved September 30, 2007.
United States Congress (September 18, 2001). "Public Law 107-40: Joint Resolution: To authorize the use of United States Armed Forces against those responsible for the recent attacks launched against the United States (S.J. Res. 23)" (text). United States Government Printing Office. Retrieved 2007-09-30.
United States Congress (October 16, 2002). "Public Law 107-243: Authorization for the Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002 (H. J. Res. 114)" (text). United States Government Printing Office. Retrieved 2007-09-30.
Kinkopf, Neil. "The Congress as Surge Protector" (PDF). American Constitution Society for Law and Policy. p. 2. Retrieved 2007-09-30. The Supreme Court has been clear and unambiguous. When Congress, acting in the vast areas of overlapping power, tells the President 'no', the President must comply.
Doumar, Robert G. (January 8, 2003). "Hamdi v. Rumsfeld Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, at Norfolk (CA-02-439-2)" (PDF). United States Judiciary. Retrieved 2007-09-30.
Young, D. Lindley (February 24, 2003). "Amicus Curiae Brief in Support of Plaintiff's Appeal" (PDF). United States Judiciary. Retrieved 2011-12-06.
Library of Congress (March 12, 2012). "Research Help: War Powers" (text). United States Government Library of Congress. Retrieved 2012-05-04.
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
War Powers Resolution
Avalon Project - War Powers Resolution
The War Powers Resolution: After Twenty-Eight Years November 15, 2001 PDF
The War Powers Resolution: Concepts and Practice March 28, 2017 PDF
War Powers Resolution: Presidential Compliance September 11, 2001 HTML
War Powers Resolution: Presidential Compliance January 8, 2002 PDF
War Powers Resolution : Presidential Compliance March 16, 2004 PDF
War Powers Resolution: Presidential Compliance November 15, 2004 PDF
The War Powers Resolution: After Thirty Years
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
GND: 4492905-5
LCCN: n78062856
VIAF: 185882082
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_Powers_Resolution&oldid=843531002"
Categories:
Congressional opposition to the Vietnam War
United States federal defense and national security legislation
1973 in law
1973 in military history
1973 in the United States
Military history of the United States
Nixon administration controversies
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
Use mdy dates from September 2016
Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2015
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Български
Deutsch
Français
Íslenska
日本語
Edit links
This page was last edited on 29 May 2018, at 19:04.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: caption

values:
nofollow
external text
http://legislink.org/us/stat-87-555

values: United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs

values: padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em;font-size:115%; line-height:1.4em;

values: Opposition to the War of 1812 in the United States

values:
/wiki/Neutrality_Acts_of_1930s
mw-redirect
Neutrality Acts of 1930s

values:
/wiki/Hughes%E2%80%93Ryan_Act
mw-redirect
Hughes–Ryan Act

values: Template:U.S. Congressional opposition to war

values: Template talk:U.S. Congressional opposition to war

values: text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding-top:0.2em; border-top:1px solid #aaa;

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-spacing:0.2em 0;

values:
/wiki/U.S._President
mw-redirect
U.S. President

values:
/wiki/Armed_conflict
mw-redirect
Armed conflict

values: Article One of the United States Constitution

values: Article Two of the United States Constitution

values:
/wiki/Veto_override
mw-redirect
Veto override

values:
/wiki/Mayag%C3%BCez_incident
mw-redirect
Mayagüez incident

values:
nofollow
external text
http://legislink.org/us/pl-102-1

values:
/wiki/Bombing_of_Iraq_(December_1998)
mw-redirect
Bombing of Iraq (December 1998)

values:
/wiki/1999_NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia
mw-redirect
1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia

values:
nofollow
external text
http://legislink.org/us/pl-107-243

values: Edit section: Libya intervention in 2011

values:
/wiki/New_York_Times
mw-redirect
New York Times

values: Edit section: Questions regarding constitutionality

values:
/wiki/Enumerated_power
mw-redirect
Enumerated power

values: The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (March 2015)

values:
noprint Inline-Template
margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court
mw-redirect
U.S. Supreme Court

values:
/wiki/Byron_Raymond_White
mw-redirect
Byron Raymond White

values: Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Chadha

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2016)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://loc.gov/law/help/war-powers.php

values:
/wiki/107th_Congress
mw-redirect
107th Congress

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: United States Government Printing Office

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/4492905-5

values:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/185882082

values: Category:Congressional opposition to the Vietnam War

values: Category:United States federal defense and national security legislation

values: Category:Military history of the United States

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Use mdy dates from September 2016

values: Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2015

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/War_Powers_Resolution
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: Резолюция за военни правомощия – Bulgarian

values: Ályktunin um beitingu hervalds – Icelandic

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-War_Powers_Resolution rootpage-War_Powers_Resolution skin-vector action-view


text:
Free energy
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Free energy may refer to:
Contents
1 Science
2 Pseudoscience
3 Other uses
4 See also
Science[edit]
Thermodynamic free energy, the energy in a physical system that can be converted to do work, in particular:
Helmholtz free energy
Gibbs free energy
Landau free energy
Variational free energy, a construct from information theory that is used in variational Bayesian methods
Pseudoscience[edit]
Free energy device, a hypothetical perpetual motion device that creates energy, thereby contradicting the laws of thermodynamics
Free energy suppression conspiracy theory, in which advanced energy technologies are suppressed by governments or special interest groups
Other uses[edit]
In economics, energy from sources that do not require an input which has to be paid for (usually a sub-set of renewable energy)
Free Energy (band), a 5-piece rock band on DFA Records
See also[edit]
Free-energy relationship, a relation between the reaction rate or equilibrium constants of two series of chemical reactions
Free energy perturbation, a method based on statistical mechanics that is used in computational chemistry for computing free energy differences
Free energy principle, a variational formulation of self-organisation in biological systems, applied in particular to neuroscience
Principle of minimum energy, a thermodynamic formulation based on the second law
Disambiguation page providing links to articles with similar titles
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Free energy.
If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Free_energy&oldid=865964563"
Categories:
Disambiguation pages
Hidden categories:
Disambiguation pages with short description
All article disambiguation pages
All disambiguation pages
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
Български
Čeština
Español
فارسی
한국어
עברית
Português
Română
Edit links
This page was last edited on 27 October 2018, at 10:03 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: b

value: p

value: input

attrs: type role id class style

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

value: label

attrs: class for

values: toctogglelabel toctogglecheckbox

value: span

attrs: class dir

values: toctitle ltr

values: clear: right; margin-bottom: .5em; float: right; padding: .5em 0 .8em 1.4em; background: none; width: auto;

values: Landau free energy (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Variational_free_energy
mw-redirect
Variational free energy

values: shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux

values: padding: 0.25em 0.4em; font-style: italic;

values: metadata plainlinks dmbox dmbox-disambig

values: Category:Disambiguation pages with short description

values: Category:All article disambiguation pages

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Free_energy
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: طاقة حرة (توضيح) – Arabic

values: Свободна енергия – Bulgarian

values: انرژی آزاد (ابهام‌زدایی) – Persian

values: 자유 에너지 – Korean

values: אנרגיה חופשית (פירושונים) – Hebrew

values: Energie liberă (dezambiguizare) – Romanian

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Free_energy rootpage-Free_energy skin-vector action-view