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Eighth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland
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Eighth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland
To recognise the equal right to life of the mother and the unborn
Location
Ireland
Date
7 September 1983 (1983-09-07)
Results
Votes
%
Yes 841,233 7001669000000000000♠66.90%
No 416,136 7001331000000000000♠33.10%
Valid votes 1,257,369 7001993200000099999♠99.32%
Invalid or blank votes 8,625 6999680000000000000♠0.68%
Total votes 1,265,994 100.00%
Registered voters/turnout 2,358,651 7001536700000000000♠53.67%
The Eighth Amendment of the Constitution Act 1983 amended the Constitution of Ireland by inserting a subsection recognising the equal right to life of the pregnant woman and the unborn. Abortion had been subject to criminal penalty in Ireland since 1861; the amendment ensured that legislation or judicial interpretation would be restricted to allowing abortion in circumstances where the life of a pregnant woman was at risk. It was approved by referendum on 7 September 1983 and signed into law on 7 October 1983.
The amendment was adopted during the Fine Gael–Labour Party coalition government led by Garret FitzGerald but was drafted and first suggested by the previous Fianna Fáil government of Charles Haughey. The amendment was supported by Fianna Fáil and some of Fine Gael, and was generally opposed by the political left. Most of those opposed to the amendment, insisted that they were not in favour of legalising abortion. The Catholic hierarchy and many lay Catholics supported the amendment, but it was opposed by the authorities of other mainstream churches.[1] After a bitter referendum campaign, the amendment was passed by 67% voting in favour to 33% voting against.
On 25 May 2018, a referendum was passed overwhelmingly to delete the constitutional ban on abortion, and is awaiting being signed into the law.
Contents
1 Changes to the text
2 Background
3 Oireachtas debate
4 Referendum campaign
5 Result
6 Judicial interpretation
7 Later referendums
8 Maastricht protocol
9 Legislation
10 Campaign to Repeal the Eighth Amendment
11 See also
12 References
12.1 Oireachtas debates
12.2 Notes
13 External links
Changes to the text[edit]
The Amendment inserted a new sub-section after section 3 of Article 40. The resulting Article 40.3.3º read:
The State acknowledges the right to life of the unborn and, with due regard to the equal right to life of the mother, guarantees in its laws to respect, and, as far as practicable, by its laws to defend and vindicate that right.
Background[edit]
Under sections 58 and 59 of the Offences against the Person Act 1861, abortion was already illegal in Ireland. However, pro-life campaigners feared the possibility of a judicial ruling in favour of allowing abortion. In McGee v. Attorney General (1973), the Supreme Court of Ireland had ruled against provisions of the Criminal Law Amendment Act 1935 prohibiting the sale and importation of contraception on the grounds that the reference in Article 41 to the "imprescriptable rights, antecedent and superior to all positive law" of the family conferred upon spouses a broad right to privacy in marital affairs.
The Pro-Life Amendment Campaign (PLAC) was founded in 1981 to campaign against a ruling in Ireland similar to Roe v. Wade.[2] Prior to the 1981 general election, PLAC lobbied the major Irish political parties – Fianna Fáil, Fine Gael and the Labour Party – to urge the introduction of a Bill to allow the amendment to the constitution to prevent the Irish Supreme Court so interpreting the constitution as giving a right to abortion. The leaders of the three parties – respectively Charles Haughey, Garret FitzGerald and Frank Cluskey – agreed although there was little consultation with any of their parties' ordinary members.[3] All three parties were in government over the following eighteen months but it was only in late 1982, just before the collapse of a Fianna Fáil minority government, that a proposed wording for the amendment was produced.
Oireachtas debate[edit]
The Eighth Amendment of the Constitution Bill 1982 was introduced on 2 November 1982 by Minister for Health Michael Woods. The bill introduced by the Fianna Fáil minority government proposed to add Article 40.3.3º to the Constitution, with the wording shown above.
On 4 November, the Fianna Fáil government led by Charles Haughey as Taoiseach lost a motion of confidence in the Dáil, leading to the November 1982 general election. After the election, a coalition government of Fine Gael and the Labour Party was formed, with Garret FitzGerald as Taoiseach. Minister for Health Barry Desmond declined to reintroduce the amendment; instead, it was Minister for Justice Michael Noonan who on 2 February moved to restore the Eighth Amendment to the Order Paper.[4]
Attorney General Peter Sutherland advised that the wording as proposed was dangerously flawed. Speaking against the original wording during the Dáil debate Alan Shatter argued:
The irony is that I have no doubt, not merely from the interpretation the Attorney General has given but from the other interpretations that can be validly taken from the amendment, that if it in its present form becomes part of our Constitution it will essentially secure a constitutional judgment in the not too distant future requiring the House to enact legislation to permit women to have abortions.
—  Dáil Eireann Debate Vol. 340 No. 3 Col. 533.[5]
To remedy the perceived weaknesses in the original wording of the amendment bill, the government proposed an amendment to the bill during the committee stage with the following alternative wording:
3° Nothing in this Constitution shall be invoked to invalidate, or to deprive of force or effect, any provision of a law on the ground that it prohibits abortion.
This alternative wording was criticised by the opposition for not being "pro-life". Speaking against the alternative wording Michael Woods said:
The amendment proposed by Fine Gael would not protect the constitutional right to life of the mother against attack by any future legislation which sought to prohibit abortion in all circumstances even when the life of the mother was at risk. This is a defect which could be important in the future. Such legislation could not be declared unconstitutional on the grounds that it ignored a mother's right to life because the Fine Gael wording provides that nothing in the Constitution may be invoked to invalidate any law which prohibits abortion.
—  Dáil Éireann Debate Vol. 341 No. 10 Col. 2021[5]
A number of backbench Fine Gael TDs supported the Fianna Fáil wording, and voted against the government amendment, which was defeated by 87 to 65. The majority of Fine Gael TDs then abstained in subsequent votes. The original wording proposed by Fianna Fáil was then approved by 85 votes to 11 votes in the Dáil and by 14 votes to 6 in the Seanad and put to a referendum.
Dáil vote on Final Reading of Eighth Amendment of the Constitution Bill, 1982
Absolute majority: 83/166
Vote Parties Votes
Yes Fianna Fáil (73), Fine Gael (7), Labour Party (5), Independent Fianna Fáil (1)
85 / 165
No Labour Party (8), Workers' Party (2), Independent (1)
11 / 165
Not voting Fine Gael (63), Labour Party (3), Fianna Fáil (1), Ceann Comhairle (1)
70 / 165
Source: Eighth Amendment of the Constitution Bill, 1982: Committee Stage (Resumed) and Final Stages.
Referendum campaign[edit]
The referendum was supported by PLAC, Fianna Fáil, some members of Fine Gael, the Catholic hierarchy and opposed by various groups under the umbrella name of the Anti-Amendment Campaign (AAC), including Labour senator (and future President of Ireland) Mary Robinson,[6] feminist campaigners, and trade unions.[6][7][8] Few in Fine Gael or Labour campaigned against the referendum, and before the vote, Garret FitzGerald declared that he would vote against it. Sinn Féin[9] and the Workers' Party opposed the amendment[10] and the Irish Council of Churches (representing the main Protestant churches) campaigned against it.[11]
Anti-Amendment campaigners warned the vague nature of the amendment,[7] the sectarian nature of it, the possible risk to the health treatment to pregnant women,[12] and to the possible legal consequences for contraception, which the Pro-Life Amendment Campaign denied.[13]
The Amendment passed on 7 September 1983 endorsed by 67% of those who voted.
Result[edit]
Eighth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland referendum[14]
Choice
Votes
%
Yes 841,233 66.90
No 416,136 33.10
Valid votes 1,257,369 99.32
Invalid or blank votes 8,625 0.68
Total votes 1,265,994 100.00
Registered voters and turnout 2,358,651 53.67
Results by constituency[14]
Constituency
Electorate
Turnout (%)
Votes
Proportion of votes
Yes
No
Yes
No
Carlow–Kilkenny 75,490 52.0% 26,751 12,134 68.8% 31.2%
Cavan–Monaghan 74,237 55.3% 33,165 7,556 81.4% 18.6%
Clare 61,747 48.9% 22,136 7,838 73.8% 26.2%
Cork East 54,309 57.1% 22,131 8,657 71.8% 28.2%
Cork North-Central 63,272 49.0% 19,877 10,862 64.6% 35.4%
Cork North-West 40,873 62.3% 20,554 4,694 81.4% 18.6%
Cork South-Central 69,102 55.7% 21,342 16,909 55.8% 44.2%
Cork South-West 41,614 58.0% 18,446 5,510 77.0% 23.0%
Donegal North-East 42,203 53.1% 18,475 3,807 82.9% 17.1%
Donegal South-West 45,823 47.2% 17,693 3,838 82.2% 17.8%
Dublin Central 70,403 49.6% 21,508 13,174 62.0% 38.0%
Dublin North 41,713 53.2% 11,898 10,228 53.7% 46.3%
Dublin North-Central 55,426 60.7% 19,203 14,301 57.3% 42.7%
Dublin North-East 46,686 58.6% 13,393 13,831 49.2% 50.8%
Dublin North-West 51,277 49.9% 13,354 12,105 52.5% 47.5%
Dublin South 72,964 62.2% 20,517 24,659 45.4% 54.6%
Dublin South-Central 73,510 51.0% 21,016 16,170 56.5% 43.5%
Dublin South-East 64,222 53.4% 16,814 17,292 49.3% 50.7%
Dublin South-West 58,429 55.3% 15,794 16,294 49.2% 50.8%
Dublin West 72,040 52.3% 20,510 16,960 54.7% 45.3%
Dún Laoghaire 73,030 58.6% 17,876 24,651 42.0% 58.0%
Galway East 43,043 50.0% 17,166 4,219 80.3% 19.7%
Galway West 78,497 41.0% 20,624 11,353 64.5% 35.5%
Kerry North 43,752 54.0% 18,027 5,383 77.0% 23.0%
Kerry South 41,929 54.3% 18,458 4,112 81.8% 18.2%
Kildare 69,559 48.4% 19,856 13,551 59.4% 40.6%
Laois–Offaly 73,073 55.0% 31,017 8,859 77.8% 22.2%
Limerick East 65,823 55.7% 24,963 11,520 68.4% 31.6%
Limerick West 42,822 54.3% 18,296 4,768 79.3% 20.7%
Longford–Westmeath 59,062 53.1% 23,665 7,363 76.3% 23.7%
Louth 59,415 55.0% 22,828 9,647 70.3% 29.7%
Mayo East 41,861 52.4% 18,261 3,534 83.8% 16.2%
Mayo West 41,445 47.9% 16,040 3,705 81.2% 18.8%
Meath 69,136 54.1% 27,117 10,054 72.9% 27.1%
Roscommon 41,302 54.6% 18,738 3,626 83.8% 16.2%
Sligo–Leitrim 59,682 54.5% 24,891 7,379 77.1% 22.9%
Tipperary North 41,069 58.5% 18,911 4,905 79.4% 20.6%
Tipperary South 54,267 53.8% 22,041 6,907 76.1% 23.9%
Waterford 57,531 53.2% 20,917 9,481 68.8% 31.2%
Wexford 67,557 59.0% 28,843 10,752 72.8% 27.2%
Wicklow 59,456 53.6% 18,121 13,548 57.2% 42.8%
Total 2,358,651 53.7% 841,233 416,136 66.9% 33.1%
Judicial interpretation[edit]
In a number of cases, the Supreme Court had held that this provision of the Constitution prohibited information within the state on the availability of abortion services outside of the state. In AG (SPUC) v Open Door Counselling Ltd. (1988), the courts injunction restraining two counseling agencies from assisting women to travel abroad to obtain abortions or informing them of the methods of communications with such clinics, and in SPUC v Grogan (1989), the courts granted an injunction restraining three students' unions from distributing information in relation to abortion available outside the state. These rulings were overturned by the Thirteenth Amendment and Fourteenth Amendment in 1992, which explicitly gave people the right to travel abroad for an abortion, and to receive information in Ireland about abortion available abroad.
In Attorney General v. X (the X Case) in early 1992, the High Court granted an injunction to the Attorney General restraining a fourteen-year-old girl who had been raped from obtaining an abortion in England. On appeal, Supreme Court found that as the girl had shown a risk of suicide, to safeguard "the equal right to life of the mother" in Article 40.3.3º, abortion was permissible in this instance.
The Pro Life Campaign, a successor to PLAC, accused the Supreme Court of misinterpreting both the law and the will of the people. The Government and former Attorney-General Peter Sutherland dismissed such claims, arguing that, as they had claimed in 1983, the 'Pro-Life Amendment' was so poorly worded and ambiguous that it could facilitate either pro-choice or anti-abortion interpretations in different circumstances. The Amendment was not reinterpreted by the Supreme Court on the grounds originally voiced by Peter Sutherland that it would lead to abortion prior to viability or kill women by refusing standard treatments for ectopic pregnancies, cancerous wombs, etc. There was no medical evidence called during the X case hearings.
In PP v. HSE (2014), the High Court held that the constitution did not require a woman who was medically brain dead to be kept on life support to keep the foetus within her alive, because the chance of the foetus being born alive were "virtually non-existent". It is unclear how the case would have been decided if the pregnancy was further along.[15]
In HSE v. B. (2016), the High Court declined to grant an order sought by the Health Service Executive permitting it to carry out a caesarean section against the will of a pregnant mother.[16][17][18]
In an application for leave seeking judicial review of an order for deportation of a Nigerian man, Humphreys J held for the High Court in August 2016 that leave should be granted, in part on the family rights of the unborn child at the time of the deportation.[19] The state appealed this decision. On 7 March 2018, the Supreme Court upheld the High Court and dismissed the state's appeal in a unanimous decision that the Minister is obliged to take into account the fact of pregnancy; however, it reversed other sections of the High Court and ruled the Minister is accordingly not obliged to treat the unborn as having constitutional rights other than the rights contained in Article 40.3.3º.[20]
Later referendums[edit]
Three referendums were held in November 1992. The Twelfth Amendment of the Constitution Bill, 1992 sought to exclude "a risk of self-destruction" as grounds for abortion, to overturn the central element of the decision in the X Case. This was rejected by 65% to 35%. The Thirteenth Amendment, permitting travel to obtain abortion in another jurisdiction, was approved by 62% to 38%. The Fourteenth Amendment, permitting information about services in other countries, was approved by 60% to 40%.
After these amendments, Article 40.3.3º now reads,
The State acknowledges the right to life of the unborn and, with due regard to the equal right to life of the mother, guarantees in its laws to respect, and, as far as practicable, by its laws to defend and vindicate that right.
This subsection shall not limit freedom to travel between the State and another state.
This subsection shall not limit freedom to obtain or make available, in the State, subject to such conditions as may be laid down by law, information relating to services lawfully available in another state.
A further referendum which proposed to insert legislation into the Constitution which would permit abortion where there was a threat to life but not where there was a risk of suicide, the Twenty-fifth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland Bill 2002, was narrowly defeated by 50.4% to 49.6%.
Maastricht protocol[edit]
The Treaty on European Union, or the Maastricht Treaty, was signed on 7 February 1992. To assuage fears that free movement of services would lead to access in Ireland to abortion services, the government secured a protocol to the Treaty protecting the constitutional provision.[21] The Maastricht Treaty was approved in a referendum in June 1992 by 69% to 31%. Following amendments to the Treaty on European Union affected by the Lisbon Treaty in 2009, this provision now reads:[22]
Nothing in the Treaties, or in the Treaty establishing the European Atomic Energy Community, or in the Treaties or Acts modifying or supplementing those Treaties, shall affect the application in Ireland of Article 40.3.3º of the Constitution of Ireland.
Legislation[edit]
The Protection of Life During Pregnancy Act 2013 replaced the abortion offences in the Offences against the Person Act 1861 and made statutory provision for the limited right to abortion established by the X Case. It replaced the offence of "unlawfully procuring a miscarriage" punishable to life imprisonment with the offence of "destruction of unborn human life", punishable by up to 14 years' imprisonment.[23][24]
Campaign to Repeal the Eighth Amendment[edit]
Main article: Thirty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution Bill 2018
The Campaign to Repeal the Eighth Amendment has its roots in the unsuccessful Anti-Amendment Campaign in 1983. There was a campaign to Repeal the Eight Amendment after the X Case in 1992, and the three abortion referendums which followed it (the 12th, 13th and 14th).[25][26][27][28] The campaign lay dormant for more than 20 years until the death of Savita Halappanavar in 2012.[29][30][31] The Abortion Rights Campaign was founded in 2012. The #RepealThe8th hashtag was started on Twitter in 2012.[32]
This campaign is led by a coalition of pro-choice groups including the Coalition to Repeal the Eighth, the Abortion Rights Campaign, Doctors for Choice, the Termination for Medical Reasons group, etc., and has support from a number of legal academics and members of the medical profession, including the Institute of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists.[33][34][35] In the run up to the 2016 general election, a number of parties committed to a referendum to repeal the Eighth Amendment (Labour,[36] Green Party,[37] Social Democrats,[38] Sinn Féin[39] and Workers' Party)[40] as well as a group of feminist law academics published model legislation to show what a post-Eighth Amendment abortion law could look like.[41] In June 2016, Minister for Health Simon Harris stated his support for a referendum on repealing the 8th.[42]
On 27 July 2016, the government appointed Supreme Court judge Mary Laffoy as chair of a Citizens' Assembly to consider a number of topics, including the Eighth Amendment.[43] The Assembly recommended a referendum to remove and replace the 8th Amendment. In September 2017 the Oireachtas Committee on the 8th Amendment began its work considering how to give effect to this recommendation.
The 5th Annual March for Choice, organised by the Abortion Rights Campaign, took place in Dublin on Saturday 24 September 2016 marking the Global Day of Action for Access to Safe and Legal Abortion. The theme of the rally was Rise and Repeal. The attendance was estimated to be around 20,000.[44] The 2017 March for Choice attracted 40,000 marchers, according to organisers.[45]
On Saturday 21 July 2017, the Rally for Life was organised by prominent pro-life groups including the Life Institute, Youth Defence, and the Northern Ireland group Precious Life, in opposition to the campaign.[46] A march held on 10 March 2018 at Merrion Square was estimated to have had a turnout of 15,000,[47][48] although organisers claim up to 100,000 attended.[49]
On 14 June 2017, the Taoiseach Leo Varadkar announced his government's intention to bring forward legislation to facilitate the holding of a referendum on abortion in 2018.[50] On 9 March 2018, debate began in the Dáil on the Thirty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution Bill 2018, which would replace the current provisions on Article 40.3.3º with the following clause:
Provision may be made by law for the regulation of termination of pregnancy.
On 25 May 2018, the Irish people voted by 66.4% to remove the Eighth Amendment, choosing to replace it with the above text as a part of the Thirty-sixth Amendment to the Constitution, permitting the Oireachtas (parliament) to legislate for the regulation of termination of pregnancy. When signed in to law by the President of Ireland, it will supersede the 8th, 13th and 14th amendments. 39 of the 40 Constituencies voted in favour, the constituency of Donegal being the only one to vote against.[51]
See also[edit]
Abortion in the Republic of Ireland
Contraception in the Republic of Ireland
A, B and C v Ireland (2010), a case decided by the European Court of Human Rights
Attorney General v. X (1992), a decision of the Supreme Court of Ireland
Constitution of Ireland
Foetal rights
Thirty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution Bill 2018
References[edit]
Fiona de Londras, Mairead Enright Repealing the 8th: Reforming Abortion Law in Ireland
Oireachtas debates[edit]
House
1st stage
2nd stage
Committee stage
Report stage
Final stage
Dáil 2 Nov 1982; 2 Feb 1983 Feb 9, 17 (1) 17 (2), 23; Mar 2, 8, 24 Apr 27 (1), 27 (2) Apr 27
Seanad May 4, 5, 10, 11 May 18, 19 (1), 19 (2) May 25 (1) 25 (2) 25 (3), 26 May 26
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Walsh, Dick (6 April 1983). "Bishop defends Hierarchy on amendment". Irish Times. p. 11. the views expressed by the Church of Ireland Primate, Dr Armstrong, on Sunday, about the divisive and denominational nature of the proposed constitutional amendment. … What was being attempted, he [Dr. Armstrong] said, was to force the theological thinking of one Church on all the people.
Jump up ^ Government of Ireland. All-Party Oireachtas Committee on the Constitution, ed. Green Paper on Abortion (PDF). Fifth Progress Report: Abortion. Dublin: Stationery Office. p. A589. ISBN 0-7076-6161-7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2011.
Jump up ^ Barry Gilheany (1998). Vicky Randall, ed. The state and the discursive construction of abortion. Gender, Politics and the State (Reprint ed.). Routledge. p. 72. ISBN 9780415164023.
Jump up ^ O'Regan, Michael (19 February 2018). "FitzGerald 'railroaded' into 1983 abortion referendum, Barry Desmond claims". The Irish Times. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Dáil Eireann Debate ''Vol. 340 No. 3'' Col. 533". Oireachtasdebates.oireachtas.ie. 2015-04-21. Retrieved 2018-04-09.
^ Jump up to: a b Walsh, Caroline (28 January 1983). "Group pledges fight to defeat amendment". The Irish Times. p. 4. Retrieved 5 August 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Abortion amendment 'dodges issue'". The Irish Times. 10 December 1982. p. 15. Retrieved 5 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "ICTU praised on amendment stand". The Irish Times. 7 January 1983. p. 6. Retrieved 5 August 2016. The Anti-Amendment Campaign yesterday welcomed the recent statement opposing the constitutional amendment on abortion made by the Irish Congress of Trade Unions
Jump up ^ Michael Foley and Colm Boland (1 November 1982). "Sinn Fein to build on electoral successes". The Irish Times. p. 16. It is understood that during the debate, which was closed to the media, delegates made it cleat that disapproval of the proposed amendmend did not mean that they were pro-abortion. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Maev Kennedy (23 May 1983). "Garland calls for CND support". The Irish Times. p. 6.
Jump up ^ "1982: Irish Council of Churches opposed anti-abortion amendment". The Journal. Retrieved 5 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Abortion poll date queried". The Irish Times. 22 January 1983. p. 17. Retrieved 5 August 2016. Dr Maura Woods said that treatment for women with cancer who became pregnant could be stopped if the amendment was passed
Jump up ^ Doherty, Judi (2 February 1983). "Referendum campaigners on both sides step up efforts". The Irish Times. p. 5. Retrieved 5 August 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Referendum Results 1937–2015" (PDF). Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government. p. 37. Retrieved 16 March 2018.
Jump up ^ Carolan, Mary (26 December 2014). "Court clears way for clinically dead pregnant woman to be taken off life support". The Irish Times. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Health Service Executive v. B [2016] IEHC 605". Irish Reports. 2: 350. 2016.
Jump up ^ Carolan, Mary (2 November 2016). "Judge refused to order woman to undergo Caesarean section". The Irish Times. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Forced C-section 'a step too far' court decides". Raidió Teilifís Éireann. 2 November 2016. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "'Unborn child' has significant legal rights, judge rules". The Irish Times. 2 August 2016. Retrieved 5 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "M -v- The Minister for Justice & ors [2018] IESC 14".
Jump up ^ "Official Journal of the European Communities, C 191, 29 July 1992". Retrieved 24 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Consolidated versions of the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union Consolidated version of the Treaty on European Union Consolidated version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union Protocols Annexes to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union Declarations annexed to the Final Act of the Intergovernmental Conference which adopted the Treaty of Lisbon, signed on 13 December 2007 Tables of equivalences". Retrieved 24 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Protection of Life During Pregnancy Act 2013, §22". Irish Statute Book. Attorney-General of Ireland. 30 July 2013. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Head 18: Repeal and Consequential Amendments and Head 19: Offence" (PDF). General Scheme of the Protection of Life During Pregnancy Bill 2013 (PDF)|format= requires |url= (help). Irish Government News Service. 30 April 2013. pp. 30–32. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Keena, Colm (9 April 1992). "Both sides in abortion row might vote "no"". The Irish Press. p. 4. The Repeal the Eight Amendment Campaign which was founded yesterday ... It also wants a referendum on the abortion issue to include the option of voting or the repeal of Article 40.3.3
Jump up ^ "REAC protest". Irish Examiner. 3 October 1992. p. 3. Members of the Repeal the Eight Amendment Campaign (REAC) from Dublin, Cork, Waterford and other towns will be on the streets with a variety of music, street theatre and colourful banners in protest
Jump up ^ Kahn, Frank (8 October 1992). "Repeal group says the wording must be changed". Irish Independent. p. 8.
Jump up ^ Mac Dubhgaill, Uinsionn (28 February 1992). "Campaign urges repeal of amendment". The Irish Times. p. 5. The Repeal the Eight Amendment Campaign is to hold a protest outside the GPO in DUblin at 6:30pm today, a spokeswoman for the campaign said. The campaign, which will be formally launched on Sunday week - International Women's Day
Jump up ^ Janet O'Sullivan [@Sharrow_ie] (11 September 2016). "@lalonde @chebegeek yes during and after the x case, then went dormant for nearly 20 years" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ Holland, Kitty (31 July 2013). "Enactment of Abortion Bill 'very sad day' for Ireland". The Irish Times. p. 7. Pro-choice groups will announce campaign in autumn to have amendment repealed...Pro-choice groups would announce details of a campaign to repeal the 1983 Eighth Amendment to the Constitution at the end of September, she said. Labour Party TD Aodhán Ó Riordáin said he and party colleague, Senator Ivana Bacik, would propose at the constitutional convention in the autumn that it recommend a referendum be held on repealing the Eighth Amendment
Jump up ^ Holland, Kitty (27 July 2013). "Abortion law: what comes next". The Irish Times. p. 39. plans are underway by numerous pro-choice groups for a campaign to get it repealed.
Jump up ^ @MsFrugalone (25 November 2012). "@MauriceDockrell I hope that happens too #RepealThe8th @savitaslaws @Berlinnaeus #marian" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ Hunter, Niall (13 November 2016). "Master calls for new termination law". IrishHealth.com.
Jump up ^ McMahon, Aine (20 November 2015). "Irish doctors call for decriminalisation of abortion". The Irish Times. Retrieved 29 September 2016. The letter has been signed by some of the leading figures in Irish healthcare, which include Dr Peter Boylan, Consultant Obstetrician and Gynaecologist at the National Maternity Hospital on Holles Street and Dr Veronica O’Keane, Professor in psychiatry at Trinity College Dublin and consultant psychiatrist. The letter warns that criminalising abortion puts women’s and girls’ health and lives at risk.
Jump up ^ McDonald, Henry (20 November 2015). "Doctors from 44 countries call on Ireland to relax abortion laws". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 September 2016. Some of Ireland’s most prominent physicians among hundreds of medics joining Amnesty campaign to decriminalise abortion
Jump up ^ "Reproductive Healthcare". Labour Party. Retrieved 5 August 2016. Our plan for the next five years: Hold a referendum to remove Article 40.3.3 (the 8th Amendment) from the Constitution
Jump up ^ "Reproductive Rights". Green Party. Retrieved 5 August 2016. The Green Party supports the holding of a referendum to allow the people of Ireland determine whether or not the 8th Amendment should be repealed.
Jump up ^ http://astaines.eu/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Social-Democrats-2016-Building-a-Better-Future-2016-2026-Social-Democr.pdf
Jump up ^ "Sinn Féin support the Amnesty Ireland Repeal the 8th Campaign- Lynn Boylan MEP". Sinn Féin. Retrieved 5 August 2016. Sinn Féin MEP Lynn Boylan joined Amnesty Ireland campaigners and her Sinn Féin colleagues outside Leinster House today calling for a referendum to repeal the 8th amendment.
Jump up ^ "Workers Party manifesto". Workers' Party.
Jump up ^ Enright, Mairead; Conway, Vicky; Londras, Fiona de; Donnelly, Mary; Fletcher, Ruth; McDonnell, Natalie; McGuinness, Sheelagh; Murray, Claire; Ring, Sinead (28 June 2015). "General Scheme of Access to Abortion Bill 2015". feminists@law. 5 (1). ISSN 2046-9551.
Jump up ^ "Simon Harris wants a referendum on repealing the 8th". Newstalk. 30 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Government appoints Chairperson to Citizens' Assembly". MerrionStreet.ie. 27 July 2016. Retrieved 5 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Thousands taking part in pro-choice rally in Dublin". The Irish Times. Retrieved 16 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Tens of thousands take part in March for Choice rally". RTÉ. 30 September 2017. Retrieved 6 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Thousands march in Dublin in support of Eighth Amendment". The Irish Times. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
Jump up ^ John Kilraine (10 March 2018). "Tens of thousands march in favour of Eighth Amendment". Rte.ie. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
Jump up ^ Drohan, Niamh (10 March 2018). "Thousands march in favour of keeping the Eighth Amendment at Dublin rally". Irish Mirror Online. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Huge crowds join pro-life march in city - Independent.ie".
Jump up ^ "Ireland's new leader announces abortion referendum despite Pope visit". 15 June 2017. Retrieved 4 July 2017.
Jump up ^ McCarthy, Justin (2018-05-26). "Landslide victory for Yes side in referendum". RTE.ie. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
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John Ross Bowie
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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John Ross Bowie
Bowie at the 2017 San Diego Comic-Con
Born
(1971-05-30) May 30, 1971 (age 47)
New York City, New York, U.S.
Occupation
Actor
Years active
1999–present
Spouse(s)
Jamie Denbo (m. 2004)
Children
2
John Ross Bowie (born May 30, 1971) is an American actor and comedian best known for playing Barry Kripke on The Big Bang Theory and, beginning in 2016, Jimmy DiMeo on Speechless.
He appeared in What The Bleep Do We Know? opposite Marlee Matlin and made guest appearances on shows such as Reno 911!, Curb Your Enthusiasm, Glee, and Good Luck Charlie. In March 2011 he began a run in a series of commercials for the Ford Motor Company.[1][2][3][4]
Bowie is a regular sketch comedy performer at the Upright Citizens Brigade Theater (UCBT) in New York and Los Angeles. At UCBT he was a member of the sketch troupe "The Naked Babies" with comedians Rob Corddry, Seth Morris, and Brian Huskey.[5] He had a recurring role in Corddry's Adult Swim series Childrens Hospital. A former member of New York pop punk band, Egghead, he worked with Big Bang Theory co-star Kevin Sussman to create two television comedies, The Ever After Part[6] and The Second Coming of Rob.[7]
Bowie has written for Go Metric and The New York Press, and has authored a book on the cult movie Heathers.[8]
Contents
1 Personal life
2 Filmography
2.1 Film
2.2 Television
3 References
4 External links
Personal life[edit]
A lapsed Episcopalian[9] of Scots-Irish descent,[9] he is married to comedian Jamie Denbo. They have a daughter and a son.[10]
He graduated from the Bayard Rustin High School for the Humanities in 1989, and holds a B.A. in English from Ithaca College.
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2000 Road Trip Waiter
2004 Blackballed: The Bobby Dukes Story Daniel Benjamin
What the Bleep Do We Know!? Elliot
2005 Life of the Party Bert
2006 The Santa Clause 3: The Escape Clause Rory
2007 Because I Said So Cute Food Spewing Guy
2008 Sex Drive Dr. Clark Teddescoe
2009 He's Just Not That into You Dan the Wiccan
2010 Fully Loaded Richard
2013 iSteve[11] John Sculley Internet movie
The Heat FBI Agent
2016 Pet Jessup
Between Us Patritzio
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1999–2000 Upright Citizens Brigade Various 3 episodes
2001 Undeclared Television Presenter Episode: "Sick in the Head"
2003 A.U.S.A. Wally Berman 8 episodes
2004 Happy Family CocoNate Episode: "The Juicer"
Joan of Arcadia Mr. Campbell Episode: "Do the Math"
CSI: NY Lester Jayne Episode: "American Dreamers"
Charmed Marcus Episode: "Once in a Blue Moon"
Kevin Hill Wayne Ellis Episode: "Making the Grade"
Girlfriends Ian Greenfield Episode: "Porn to Write"
2005 Las Vegas Adam Clemo Episode: "Hit Me!"
Cheap Seats: Without Ron Parker Client Episode: "1995 SuperDogs! Superjocks!"
2005–08 Reno 911! Various characters 4 episodes
2006 Psych George Cheslow Episode: "Weekend Warriors"
2007 Heroes Attorney Episode: "Godsend"
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation Peter Ellis Episode: "A La Cart"
2008 Monk Tom Donovan Episode: "Mr. Monk Joins a Cult"
The Mighty B! Integritone 2 (voice) 2 episodes
Worst Week Rob Episode: "The Apartment"
2009 Wizards Of Waverly Place Simon Episode: "Fairy Tale"
Trust Me Episode: "Way Beyond the Call"
Family Guy Unnamed character in Shoving Buddies (voice) Episode: "Peter's Progress"
Curb Your Enthusiasm John Fowler Episode: "Denise Handicapped"
Glee Dennis Episode: "Mattress"
2009–present The Big Bang Theory Barry Kripke Recurring Cast
2010 Party Down Stuart Episode: "Constance Carmell Wedding"
The Glades Joe Thomas Episode: "Doppelganger"
Weeds Contest Organiser Episode: "Pinwheels and Whirligigs"
Melissa & Joey Lewis Scanlon Episode: "A Fright in the Attic"
2010–11 Childrens Hospital Dr. Max von Sydow 4 episodes
2010–13 Good Luck Charlie Walter 2 episodes
2011 The Glee Project Dennis Episode: "Individuality"
State of Georgia Professor Episode: "Pilot"
Burn Notice Paul Burkowski Episode: "No Good Deed"
Bones Lawrence Deighton Episode: "The Prince in the Plastic"
2012 House of Lies Spalding Winter Episode: "Microphallus"
Happy Endings Michael Episode: "You Snooze, You Bruise"
Retired at 35 Jared 7 episodes
The League Dr. Pete Wyland Episode: "Bro-Lo El Cordero"
2012–14 The Exes Jeff 2 episodes
2013 Whitney Eddie Episode: "Two Broke Hearts"
Brooklyn Nine-Nine Sister Steve Episode: "Halloween"
2013–15 Sofia the First Sven the Seahorse (voice) 2 episodes
2014 Episodes Psychiatrist 5 episodes
About a Boy Fiona's Male Boss Episode: "About a Buble"
Riot Competitor Regular cast
Hot in Cleveland Benny Episode: "Undercover Lovers"
Newsreaders Pat Fenis Episode: "Roswell, New Mexico; Skip Goes to a Wedding"
The Wrong Mans David Kinsman 4 episodes
2014–15 Chasing Life Paul Peters 7 episodes
2014–16 @midnight Himself 2 episodes
2015 Marry Me What's-His-Name Episode: "Test Me"
Fresh Off the Boat Lance Episode: "We Done Son"
2016 Love Rob Episode: "It Begins"
Veep Focus Group Member Episode: "C**tgate"
2016–present Speechless Jimmy DiMeo Main cast
2017 Death in Paradise Tyler McCarthy Episode: "In the Footsteps of a Killer"
I'm Sorry Episode: "Butt Bumpers"
2018 Big Hero 6: The Series Dr. Mel Meyers (voice) Episode: "Aunt Cass Goes Out"
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Jeff Glucker (March 21, 2011). "Videos: Ford hires wisecracking, handsy puppet to promote 2012 Focus". autoblog.com. Retrieved October 18, 2012.
Jump up ^ Profile, Pulse2.com; accessed November 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ David Griner (March 22, 2011). "Lecherous Non-Human Pitching Ford Focus". adweek.blogs.com. Retrieved October 18, 2012.
Jump up ^ Profile, cincinnatiforddealerquotes.com; accessed September 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ Lies, Erica (March 20, 2012). "Talking to Seth Morris About Funny or Die, UCB, and First Dates with Toby Harris". splitsider.com. Retrieved October 18, 2012.
Jump up ^ Wightman, Catriona (October 19, 2011). "'Big Bang Theory' John Ross Bowie, Kevin Sussman developing Fox comedy". digitalspy.co.uk. Retrieved October 18, 2012.
Jump up ^ Goldberg, Lesley (August 29, 2012). "'Big Bang Theory' Duo Sell Semi-Autobiographical Comedy to CBS". hollywoodreporter.com. Retrieved October 18, 2012.
Jump up ^ Bowie, John Ross (2011). Heathers. Berkeley, CA: Soft Skull Press. ISBN 9781593764579.
^ Jump up to: a b "Bowieblog". Johnrossbowie.livejournal.com. Retrieved November 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ Denbo, Jamie. "Episode 60: Jamie Denbo". The Mental Illness Happy Hour. Paul Gilmartin. mentalpod.com. Retrieved April 15, 2015.
Jump up ^ Funny Or Die (April 15, 2013). "'iSteve". funnyordie.com. Retrieved November 13, 2016.
External links[edit]
John Ross Bowie on IMDb
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
ISNI: 0000 0000 4472 0641
LCCN: no2005068939
VIAF: 68666283
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Ross_Bowie&oldid=848314952"
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American people of Scottish descent
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Upright Citizens Brigade Theater performers
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