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Mamma Mia! (film)
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Mamma Mia!
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Phyllida Lloyd
Produced by
Judy Craymer
Gary Goetzman
Screenplay by
Catherine Johnson
Based on
Mamma Mia!
by Catherine Johnson
Starring
Meryl Streep
Pierce Brosnan
Colin Firth
Stellan Skarsgård
Julie Walters
Dominic Cooper
Amanda Seyfried
Christine Baranski
Music by
Benny Andersson
Björn Ulvaeus
Cinematography
Haris Zambarloukos
Edited by
Lesley Walker
Production
company
Relativity Media
Littlestar Productions
Playtone
Distributed by
Universal Pictures
Release date
June 30, 2008 (2008-06-30) (Leicester Square)
July 10, 2008 (2008-07-10) (United Kingdom)
July 17, 2008 (2008-07-17) (Germany)
July 18, 2008 (2008-07-18) (United States)
Running time
109 minutes
Country
United Kingdom
Germany
United States[1]
Language
English
Budget
$52 million[2]
Box office
$615.7 million[2]
Mamma Mia! (promoted as Mamma Mia! The Movie) is a British jukebox musical romantic comedy film directed by Phyllida Lloyd and written by Catherine Johnson based on the 1999 musical of the same name, also written by Johnson, which itself is based on the songs of pop group ABBA, including the title song, with additional music composed by ABBA member Benny Andersson. The film features an ensemble cast, including Christine Baranski, Pierce Brosnan, Dominic Cooper, Colin Firth, Amanda Seyfried, Stellan Skarsgård, Meryl Streep and Julie Walters. The plot follows a young bride-to-be who invites three men to her upcoming wedding, each one with the possibility of being her father. The film was an international co-production between Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States, and was co-produced by Relativity Media, Playtone and Littlestar Productions.
Principal photography primarily took place on the island of Skopelos, Greece from August to September 2007. The film was distributed by Universal Pictures. Mamma Mia! held its world premiere on June 30, 2008 at Leicester Square in London and premiered on July 4, 2008 in Stockholm, Sweden, with Andersson, Björn Ulvaeus, Anni-Frid Lyngstad and Agnetha Fältskog in attendance. The film was released theatrically on July 10 in the United Kingdom, on July 17 in Germany and on July 18 in the United States. It received mixed reviews from critics, who praised the musical numbers and production values, but criticized the plot and casting of inexperienced singers, in particular Brosnan and Skarsgård. Nonetheless, the film grossed $615 million worldwide on a $52 million budget, becoming the fifth highest-grossing film of 2008. A sequel, titled Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, was released on July 20, 2018, with most of the main cast returning.
Contents
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Musical numbers
4 Production
5 Release
5.1 Home media
6 Reception
6.1 Box office
6.2 Critical response
6.3 Accolades
7 Sequel
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
Plot[edit]
On the Greek island of Kalokairi, 20-year-old bride-to-be Sophie Sheridan reveals to her bridesmaids, Ali and Lisa, that she has secretly invited three men to her wedding without telling her mother, Donna. They are the men that her mother's diary reveals could have been her father: Irish-American architect Sam Carmichael, Swedish adventurer and writer Bill Anderson, and British banker Harry Bright. She dreams of being given away by her father at her wedding, and believes that after she spends time with them she will know which is her father.
Sophie's mother Donna, who owns a villa and runs it not very successfully as a hotel, is ecstatic to reunite with her former Dynamos bandmates, wisecracking author Rosie Mulligan and wealthy multiple divorcée Tanya Chesham-Leigh, and reveals her bafflement at her daughter's desire to get married. Donna shows off the villa to Rosie and Tanya. The three men arrive and Sophie smuggles them to their room. She doesn't reveal that she believes one of them is her father, but does explain that she and not her mother sent the invitations. She begs them to hide so Donna will be surprised by the old friends of whom she "so often" favorably speaks. They overhear Donna working and swear not to reveal Sophie's secret.
Donna spies them and is dumbfounded to find herself facing former lovers, demanding they leave. She confides in Tanya and Rosie that she truly does not know which of the three fathered Sophie. Tanya and Rosie rally her spirits by getting her to dance with an all female ensemble of staff and islanders. Sophie finds the men aboard Bill's yacht, and they sail around Kalokairi, telling stories of Donna's carefree youth. Sophie plans to tell her fiancé Sky about her ploy, but loses her nerve. Sky and Sophie sing to each other, but Sky is abducted for his bachelor party.
At Sophie's bachelorette party, Donna, Tanya, and Rosie perform. When Sam, Bill, and Harry arrive, Sophie decides to talk with each of them alone. While her girlfriends dance with the men, Sophie learns from Bill that Donna received the money for her villa from his great-aunt Sofia. Sophie guesses she must be Sofia's namesake. She asks him to give her away and keep their secret until the wedding. Sophie's happiness is short-lived as Sam and Harry each pull her aside to tell her they are her father and will give her away. Sophie, overwhelmed by the consequences of raising the hopes of all three "fathers", faints.
In the morning, Rosie and Tanya assure Donna they will take care of the men. Bill and Harry intend to tell each other what they learned the previous night, but Rosie interrupts them. Donna confronts Sophie, believing Sophie wants the wedding stopped. Sophie says that all she wants is to avoid her mother's mistakes. Sam accosts Donna, concerned about Sophie getting married so young. Donna confronts him and they realize they still have feelings for each other. Tanya and young Pepper continue flirtations from the previous night. Sophie confesses to Sky and asks for his help. He reacts angrily to Sophie's deception and she turns to her mother for support. As Donna helps her daughter dress for the wedding, their rift is healed and Donna reminisces about Sophie's childhood. Donna admits her mother disowned her when she became pregnant. Sophie asks Donna to give her away. As the bridal party walks to the chapel, Sam intercepts Donna, who reveals the pain she felt over losing him.
Sophie and Donna walk down the aisle as the band plays. Donna tells Sophie and all gathered that her father could be any of the three men. Sam reveals that while he left Donna to get married, he did not go through with it, but returned to find Donna with another man. The men do not want paternity confirmed, each agreeing to be one-third of a father for Sophie. She tells Sky they should postpone their wedding and travel the world. Sam proposes to Donna. She accepts and they are married. At the reception, Sam sings to Donna and Rosie makes a play for Bill. The couples proclaim their love. Sophie and Sky sail away.
Cast[edit]
ABBA appeared together with the film's cast in 2008. (Left to right: Benny Andersson, Pierce Brosnan, Amanda Seyfried, Meryl Streep, Agnetha Fältskog, Anni-Frid Lyngstad, Christine Baranski, Colin Firth, Catherine Johnson, Phyllida Lloyd, Judy Craymer, Björn Ulvaeus and Dominic Cooper)
Meryl Streep as Donna Sheridan-Carmichael, Sophie's mother, owner of the hotel Villa Donna.
Amanda Seyfried as Sophie Sheridan, Donna's 20-year-old daughter, Sky's fiancée.
Christine Baranski as Tanya Chesham-Leigh, Donna's other former bandmate; a rich three-time divorcee.
Julie Walters as Rosie Mulligan, one of Donna's former bandmates in Donna and the Dynamos; an unmarried fun-loving author.
Pierce Brosnan as Sam Carmichael, Sophie's possible father and an architect.
Colin Firth as Harry Bright, Sophie's possible father and a British banker.
Stellan Skarsgård as Bill Anderson, Sophie's possible father, a Swedish sailor and travel writer.
Dominic Cooper as Sky, Sophie's fiancé who is designing a website for the hotel.
Niall Buggy as Father Alex, the wedding priest.
Chris Jarvis as Eddie, a friend of Sky and Pepper.
Ashley Lilley as Ali, close friend of Sophie and her bridesmaid.
Rachel McDowall as Lisa, close friend of Sophie and her bridesmaid.
Philip Michael as Pepper, Sky's best man who likes Tanya; a bartender
Juan Pablo Di Pace as Petros
Enzo Squillino as Gregoris, one of Donna's employees.
Cameo appearances and uncredited roles
Benny Andersson as "Dancing Queen" piano player
Björn Ulvaeus as Greek god
Rita Wilson as Greek goddess
Musical numbers[edit]
See also: Mamma Mia! The Movie Soundtrack
A soundtrack album was released on July 7, 2008 by Decca and Polydor in the United States and internationally, respectively. The recording was produced by Benny Andersson. The album features sixteen musical numbers within the film, including a hidden track. The album was nominated at the 51st Annual Grammy Awards for Best Compilation Soundtrack Album for Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media. The deluxe edition of the soundtrack album was released on November 25, 2008.
"I Have a Dream" – Sophie
"Honey, Honey" – Sophie, Ali and Lisa
"Money, Money, Money" – Donna, Tanya and Rosie
"Mamma Mia" – Donna
"Chiquitita" – Rosie, Tanya and Donna†
"Dancing Queen" – Tanya, Rosie and Donna
"Our Last Summer" – Harry, Bill, Sam, Sophie and Donna
"Lay All Your Love on Me" – Sky and Sophie
"Super Trouper" – Donna, Tanya and Rosie
"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)" – Sophie, Ali and Lisa
"Voulez-Vous" – Donna, Sam, Tanya, Rosie, Harry, Bill, Sky, Ali, Lisa and Pepper
"The Name of the Game" – Sophie‡
"SOS" – Sam and Donna
"Does Your Mother Know" – Tanya and Pepper
"Slipping Through My Fingers" – Donna and Sophie
"The Winner Takes It All" – Donna
"I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do" – Sam and Donna†
"When All Is Said and Done" – Sam and Donna
"Take a Chance on Me" – Rosie, Bill, Tanya, Pepper and Harry
"Waterloo" – Donna, Rosie, Tanya, Sam, Bill, Harry, Sky and Sophie†
"Thank You for the Music" – Sophie§
† Featured in the film, but omitted from the soundtrack album.
‡ Included in the soundtrack album, but omitted from the film.
§ Included on the soundtrack album as a hidden track.
Production[edit]
The Agios Ioannis chapel during filming of the wedding scene for Mamma Mia!.
Most of the outdoor scenes were filmed on location at the small Greek island of Skopelos (during August 29-September 2007),[3] and the seaside hamlet of Damouchari in the Pelion area of Greece. On Skopelos, Kastani beach on the south west coast was the film's main location site.[3] The producers built a beach bar and jetty along the beach, but removed both set pieces after production wrapped.[3] A complete set for Donna's Greek villa was built at the 007 stage at Pinewood Studios and most of the film was shot there. Real trees were utilised for the set, watered daily through an automated watering system and given access to daylight in order to keep them growing.
The part of the film where Brosnan's character, Sam, leaves his New York office to go to the Greek Island was actually filmed at the Lloyd's Building on Lime Street in the City of London. He dashes down the escalators and through the porte-cochere, where yellow cabs and actors representing New York mounted police were used for authenticity.[4]
The movie was filmed in the Greek island of Skopelos
The Fernando, Bill Anderson's yacht (actually a ketch) in the film was the Tai-Mo-Shan built in 1934 by H. S. Rouse at the Hong Kong and Whampoa dockyards.[5][6]
Meryl Streep took opera singing lessons as a child, and as an adult, she previously sang in several films, including Postcards from the Edge, Silkwood, Death Becomes Her, and A Prairie Home Companion.[7] She was a fan of the stage show Mamma Mia! after seeing it on Broadway in September 2001, when she found the show to be an affirmation of life in the midst of the destruction of 9/11.[8]
Release[edit]
Though the world premiere of the film occurred elsewhere, most of the media attention was focused on the Swedish premiere, where Anni-Frid Lyngstad and Agnetha Fältskog joined Björn Ulvaeus and Benny Andersson with the cast at the Rival Theatre in Mariatorget, Stockholm, owned by Andersson, on July 4, 2008. It was the first time all four members of ABBA had been photographed together since 1986.[9]
Home media[edit]
In November 2008, Mamma Mia! became the fastest-selling DVD of all time in the UK, according to Official UK Charts Company figures. It sold 1,669,084 copies on its first day of release, breaking the previous record (held by Titanic) by 560,000 copies. By the end of 2008, the Official UK Charts Company declared that it had become the biggest selling DVD ever in the UK, with one in every four households owning a copy (over 5 million copies sold).[10] The record was previously held by Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl with sales of 4.7 million copies.
In the United States, the DVD made over $30 million on its first day of release.[11] By December 31, 2008, Mamma Mia! became the best-selling DVD of all time in Sweden with 545,000 copies sold.[12]
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
In the United Kingdom, Mamma Mia! has grossed £69.2 million as of January 23, 2009, and is the ninth highest-grossing film of all time at the UK box office.[13] The film opened at #1 in the U.K, taking £6.6 million on 496 screens. It managed to hold onto the top spot for 2 weeks, narrowly keeping Pixar's WALL-E from reaching #1 in its second week.[citation needed]
When released on July 3 in Greece, the film grossed $1.6 million in its opening weekend, ranking #1 at the Greek box office.[14]
Mamma Mia! grossed $144.1 million in the United States and $471.6 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $615.7 million, against a production budget of $52 million.[2] It became the highest grossing live-action musical of all time, until it was surpassed by Bill Condon's Beauty and the Beast in 2017. It was also the highest-grossing movie directed by a woman, until it was surpassed by Patty Jenkins' Wonder Woman in 2017.[15] It is the third highest-grossing film of 2008 internationally (i.e., outside North America) with an international total of $458.4 million and the thirteenth highest gross of 2008 in North America (the US and Canada) with $144.1 million.
The film made $9.6 million in its opening day in the United States and Canada, and $27.6 million in its opening weekend, ranking #2 at the box office, behind The Dark Knight.[16] At the time, it made Mamma Mia! the record-holder for the highest grossing opening weekend for a movie based on a Broadway musical, surpassing Hairspray's box office record in 2007 and later surpassed by Into the Woods.[17]
Critical response[edit]
Pierce Brosnan's singing was heavily panned by critics
On Rotten Tomatoes the film holds an approval rating of 55% based on 181 reviews, with an average rating of 5.5/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "This jukebox musical is full of fluffy fun but rough singing voices and a campy tone might not make you feel like 'You Can Dance' the whole 90 minutes."[18] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 51 out of 100, based on 37 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[19] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale.[citation needed]
BBC Radio 5 Live's film critic Mark Kermode admitted to enjoying the film, despite describing the experience as 'the closest you get to see A-List actors doing drunken karaoke'.[20] Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian was more negative, giving it one star, and expressed a "need to vomit".[21] Bob Chipman of Escape to the Movies said it was "so base, so shallow and so hinged on meaningless spectacle, it's amazing it wasn't made for men".[22] The Daily Telegraph stated that it was enjoyable but poorly put together: "Finding the film a total shambles was sort of a shame, but I have a sneaking suspicion I'll go to see it again anyway."[23] Angie Errigo of Empire said it was "cute, clean, camp fun, full of sunshine and toe tappers."[24]
The casting of actors not known for their singing abilities led to some mixed reviews. Variety stated that "some stars, especially the bouncy and rejuvenated Streep, seem better suited for musical comedy than others, including Brosnan and Skarsgård."[25] Brosnan, especially, was savaged by many critics: his singing was compared to "a water buffalo" (New York Magazine),[26] "a donkey braying" (The Philadelphia Inquirer)[27] and "a wounded raccoon" (The Miami Herald),[28] and Matt Brunson of Creative Loafing Charlotte said he "looks physically pained choking out the lyrics, as if he's being subjected to a prostate exam just outside of the camera's eye."[29]
Accolades[edit]
Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
Result
Ref.
ACE Eddie Awards February 15, 2009 Best Edited Feature Film – Comedy or Musical Lesley Walker Nominated [30]
British Academy Film Awards February 8, 2009 Outstanding British Film Mamma Mia! Nominated [31]
Best Film Music Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus Nominated
Carl Foreman Award for Special Achievement by a British Director, Writer or Producer for their First Feature Film Judy Craymer Nominated
Costume Designers Guild Awards February 17, 2009 Excellence in Contemporary Film Ann Roth Nominated [32]
Empire Awards March 29, 2009 Best Soundtrack Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus Won [33]
Golden Globe Awards January 11, 2009 Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy Mamma Mia! Nominated [34]
Best Actress – Motion Picture Comedy or Musical Meryl Streep Nominated
Golden Raspberry Awards February 21, 2009 Worst Supporting Actor Pierce Brosnan Won [35]
Golden Reel Awards February 21, 2009 Best Sound Editing – Music in a Musical Feature Film Tony Lewis, Martin Lowe, Robert Houston Won [36]
Grammy Awards February 8, 2009 Best Compilation Soundtrack Album for Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media Various Artists Nominated [37]
Irish Film and Television Awards February 14, 2009 Best International Actress Meryl Streep Won [38]
MTV Movie Awards May 31, 2009 Best Breakthrough Female Performance Amanda Seyfried Nominated [39]
National Movie Awards September 8, 2008 Best Musical[40] Mamma Mia! Won [40]
Best Female Performance Meryl Streep Won
Best Male Performance Pierce Brosnan Nominated
Colin Firth Nominated
People's Choice Awards January 7, 2009 Favorite Movie Comedy Mamma Mia! Nominated [41]
Favorite Cast Mamma Mia! Nominated
Favorite Song from a Soundtrack "Mamma Mia" Won
Rembrandt Awards March 9, 2009 Best Female Actress Meryl Streep Won [42]
Best International Actress Won
Best International Film Phyllida Lloyd Won
Satellite Awards December 14, 2008 Best Actress in a Motion Picture, Comedy or Musical Meryl Streep Nominated [43]
Sequel[edit]
Main article: Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again
Because of the film's financial success, Hollywood studio chief David Linde, the co-chairman of Universal Studios, said that it would take a while, but there would be a sequel. He stated that he would be delighted if Judy Craymer, Catherine Johnson, Phyllida Lloyd, Benny Andersson, and Björn Ulvaeus agreed to the project, noting that there were still plenty of ABBA songs to use.[44] Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again was announced on May 19, 2017, with a planned release date of July 20, 2018.[45] It was written and directed by Ol Parker.[46] It was announced that Seyfried,[47] Cooper, Streep, Firth and Brosnan would be returning.[48] In July 2017, Lily James was confirmed to portray young Donna.[49]
References[edit]
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Further reading[edit]
Louise FitzGerald, Melanie Williams: Mamma Mia! The Movie: Exploring a Cultural Phenomenon. I.B. Tauris, 2013, ISBN 9781848859425
External links[edit]
Official website
Mamma Mia! on IMDb
Mamma Mia! at AllMovie
Mamma Mia! at Box Office Mojo
Mamma Mia! at Rotten Tomatoes
Mamma Mia! at Metacritic
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Network virtualization
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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In computing, network virtualization or network virtualisation is the process of combining hardware and software network resources and network functionality into a single, software-based administrative entity, a virtual network. Network virtualization involves platform virtualization, often combined with resource virtualization.
Network virtualization is categorized as either external virtualization, combining many networks or parts of networks into a virtual unit, or internal virtualization, providing network-like functionality to software containers on a single network server.
In software testing, software developers use network virtualization to test software which are under development in a simulation of the network environments in which the software is intended to operate. As a component of application performance engineering, network virtualization enables developers to emulate connections between applications, services, dependencies, and end users in a test environment without having to physically test the software on all possible hardware or system software. The validity of the test depends on the accuracy of the network virtualization in emulating real hardware and operating systems.
Contents
1 Components
2 External virtualization
3 Internal virtualization
3.1 Examples
4 Use in testing
5 Wireless network virtualization
6 Performance
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
Components[edit]
Various equipment and software vendors offer network virtualization by combining any of the following:
Network hardware, such as switches and network adapters, also known as network interface cards (NICs)
Network elements, such as firewalls and load balancers
Networks, such as virtual LANs (VLANs) and containers such as virtual machines (VMs)
Network storage devices
Network machine-to-machine elements, such as telecommunications devices
Network mobile elements, such as laptop computers, tablet computers, and smart phones
Network media, such as Ethernet and Fibre Channel
External virtualization[edit]
External network virtualization combines or subdivides one or more local area networks (LANs) into virtual networks to improve a large network's or data center's efficiency. A virtual local area network (VLAN) and network switch comprise the key components. Using this technology, a system administrator can configure systems physically attached to the same local network into separate virtual networks. Conversely, an administrator can combine systems on separate local area networks (LANs) into a single VLAN spanning segments of a large network.
Internal virtualization[edit]
Internal network virtualization configures a single system with software containers, such as Xen hypervisor control programs, or pseudo-interfaces, such as a VNIC, to emulate a physical network with software. This can improve a single system's efficiency by isolating applications to separate containers or pseudo-interfaces.[1]
Examples[edit]
Citrix and Vyatta have built a virtual network protocol stack combining Vyatta's routing, firewall, and VPN functions with Citrix's Netscaler load balancer, branch repeater wide area network (WAN) optimization, and secure sockets layer VPN.
OpenSolaris network virtualization provides a so-called "network in a box" (see OpenSolaris Network Virtualization and Resource Control).
Microsoft Virtual Server uses virtual machines to make a "network in a box" for x86 systems. These containers can run different operating systems, such as Microsoft Windows or Linux, either associated with or independent of a specific network interface controller (NIC).
Use in testing[edit]
Network virtualization may be used in application development and testing to mimic real-world hardware and system software. In application performance engineering, network virtualization enables emulation of connections between applications, services, dependencies, and end users for software testing.
Wireless network virtualization[edit]
Wireless network virtualization can have a very broad scope ranging from spectrum sharing, infrastructure virtualization, to air interface virtualization. Similar to wired network virtualization, in which physical infrastructure owned by one or more providers can be shared among multiple service providers, wireless network virtualization needs the physical wireless infrastructure and radio resources to be abstracted and isolated to a number of virtual resources, which then can be offered to different service providers. In other words, virtualization, regardless of wired or wireless networks, can be considered as a process splitting the entire network system.However, the distinctive properties of the wireless environment, in terms of time-various channels, attenuation, mobility, broadcast, etc., make the problem more complicated. Furthermore, wireless network virtualization depends on specific access technologies, and wireless network contains much more access technologies compared to wired network virtualization and each access technology has its particular characteristics, which makes convergence, sharing and abstraction difficult to achieve. Therefore, it may be inaccurate to consider wireless network virtualization as a subset of network virtualization.[2]
Performance[edit]
Until 1 Gbit/s networks, Network virtualization was not suffering from the overhead of the software layers or hypervisor layers providing the interconnects. With the rise of high bandwidth, 10 Gbit/s and beyond, the rates of packets exceed the capabilities of processing of the networking stacks.[citation needed] In order to keep offering high throughput processing, some combinations of software and hardware helpers are deployed in the so-called "network in a box" associated with either a hardware dependent network interface controller (NIC) using SRIOV extensions of the hypervisor or either using a fast path technology between the NIC and the payloads (virtual machines or containers).
For example, in case of Openstack, network is provided by Neutron which leverages many features from the Linux kernel for networking: iptables, iproute2, L2 bridge, L3 routing or OVS. Since the Linux kernel cannot sustain the 10G packet rate, then some bypass technologies for a fast path are used. The main bypass technologies are either based on a limited set of features such as Open vSwitch (OVS) with its DPDK user space implementation or based on a full feature and offload of Linux processing such as 6WIND Virtual Accelerator.
See also[edit]
2X Software
AKARI Project
Application performance engineering
Avocent
Future Internet Research and Experimentation
Global Environment for Network Innovations
IEEE 802.1aq – Shortest Path Bridging (SPB)
I/O virtualization
Network functions virtualization
NVGRE
Overlay network
OVN
Platform virtualization
Virtual circuit
Virtual firewall
Virtual private network
VXLAN
References[edit]
Victor Moreno and Kumar Reddy (2006). Network Virtualization. Indianapolis: Cisco Press.
Jump up ^ A. Galis, S. Clayman, A. Fischer, A. Paler, Y. Al-Hazmi, H. De Meer, A. Cheniour, O. Mornard, J. Patrick Gelas and L. Lefevre, et al. "Future Internet Management Platforms for Network Virtualisation and Service Clouds"- ServiceWave 2010, December 2010, http://servicewave.eu/2010/joint-demonstration-evening/ and in "Towards A Service-Based Internet" Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2010, Volume 6481/2010, 235-237, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-17694-4_39
Jump up ^ Liang, C.; Yu, F. R. "Wireless Network Virtualization: A Survey, Some Research Issues and Challenges". IEEE Communications Surveys Tutorials. 17 (1): 358–380. doi:10.1109/COMST.2014.2352118 – via IEEE Xplore.
Further reading[edit]
Esposito, Flavio; Matta, Ibrahim; Ishakian, Vatche (2011). "Slice Embedding Solutions for Distributed Service Architectures" (PDF). ACM Computing Surveys. 46 (1): 1–29. doi:10.1145/2522968.2522974. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
Chowdhury, N.M. Mosharaf Kabir; Boutaba, Raouf (2010). "A survey of network virtualization". Computer Networks. 54 (5): 862–876. doi:10.1016/j.comnet.2009.10.017. ISSN 1389-1286.
Berl, Andreas; Fischer, Andreas; de Meer, Hermann (2009). "Using System Virtualization to Create Virtualized Networks". Electronic Communications of the EASST. 17: 1–12. ISSN 1863-2122.
Fischer, Andreas; Botero, Juan Felipe; Beck, Michael Till; de Meer, Hermann; Hesselbach, Xavier (2013). "Virtual Network Embedding: A Survey". IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials. 15: 1–19. doi:10.1109/SURV.2013.013013.00155. ISSN 1553-877X.
External links[edit]
NetworkVirtualization.com | News retrieved 3 June 2008
RAD VPLS Tutorial
Types of VPNs
VMware Virtual Networking Concepts retrieved 26 October 2008
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Network_virtualization&oldid=843515650"
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Virtualization software
Internet Protocol based network software
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Bed size
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Single size bed
Standard bed sizes are based on standard mattress sizes, which vary from country to country. Bed sizes also vary according to the size and degree of ornamentation of the bed frame. Dimensions and names vary considerably around the world, with most countries having their own standards and terminology. In addition, two mattresses with the same nominal size may still have slightly different dimensions, due to manufacturing tolerances, amount of padding, and support type.
Contents
[hide]
1 Table of common sizes
2 Canada and United States
2.1 Standard sizes
2.2 Other sizes
3 Europe
3.1 UK and Ireland
3.2 France
3.3 Italy
3.4 Northern Europe
3.5 Portugal
3.6 Spain
3.7 Switzerland
4 Australia
5 New Zealand
6 South Africa
7 Singapore and Malaysia
8 China
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
Table of common sizes[edit]
See also: Bedding § Bedding sizes
Modern manufacturing conventions have produced many standard mattress and box spring sizes. Beds vary by country of origin as per the table below. These dimensions are for the mattress – actual bed frames are a little larger to accommodate the mattress. Mattress thickness varies considerably.
Mattress size (width × length)
US & Canada
Australia
Ireland & UK
New Zealand
Continental Europe
Japan
China
Thailand
Singapore
Small single
or Cot
30 in × 75 in
76 cm × 191 cm 60 cm × 190 cm
24 in × 75 in 80 cm × 190 cm
31 in × 75 in 85 cm × 195 cm
33 in × 77 in 91 cm × 188 cm
36 in × 74 in
Single, Twin,
or Bunk
38[1] in × 75 in
97 cm × 191 cm 92 cm × 188 cm
36 in × 74 in 90 cm × 190 cm
35 in × 75 in 91 cm × 188 cm
36 in × 74 in 90 cm × 200 cm
35 in × 79 in 97 cm × 195 cm
38 in × 77 in 106 cm × 188 cm
42 in × 74 in 107 cm × 198 cm
42 in × 78 in 91 cm × 191 cm
36 in × 75 in
Twin extra long
38[2] in × 80 in
97 cm × 203 cm 91 cm × 203 cm
36 in × 80 in 90 cm × 210 cm
35 in × 83 in 97 cm × 205 cm
38 in × 81 in
King single
or Super single
107 cm × 203 cm
42 in × 80 in 107 cm × 203 cm
42 in × 80 in 120 cm × 200 cm
47 in × 79 in 110 cm × 195 cm
43 in × 77 in 107 cm × 191 cm
42 in × 75 in
Small double
or Three-quarter
48 in × 75 in
122 cm × 191 cm 120 cm × 190 cm
47 in × 75 in 122 cm × 195 cm
48 in × 77 in
Double or Full
54 in × 75 in
137 cm × 191 cm 138 cm × 188 cm
54 in × 74 in 135 cm × 190 cm
53 in × 75 in 137 cm × 188 cm
54 in × 74 in 140 cm × 200 cm
55 in × 79 in 140 cm × 195 cm
55 in × 77 in 152 cm × 188 cm
60 in × 74 in 122 cm × 198 cm
48 in × 78 in
Double extra long
54 in × 80 in
137 cm × 203 cm 140 cm × 205 cm
55 in × 81 in
Queen
60 in × 80 in
152 cm × 203 cm 153 cm × 203 cm
60 in × 80 in 153 cm × 203 cm
60 in × 80 in 154 cm × 195 cm
61 in × 77 in 182 cm × 188 cm
72 in × 74 in 152 cm × 198 cm
60 in × 78 in 152 cm × 191 cm
60 in × 75 in
Expanded, Super,
or Olympic queen
66 in × 80 in
168 cm × 203 cm
King
76 in × 80 in
193 cm × 203 cm or 78 in
198 cm square 183 cm × 203 cm
72 in × 80 in 152 cm × 198 cm
60 in × 78 in 167 cm × 203 cm
66 in × 80 in 160 cm × 200 cm
63 in × 79 in 170 cm × 195 cm
67 in × 77 in 182 cm × 212 cm
72 in × 83 in 183 cm × 198 cm
72 in × 78 in 183 cm × 191 cm
72 in × 75 in
California king
or King long
72 in × 84 in
183 cm × 213 cm 72 in × 84 in
183 cm × 213 cm 80 in × 80 in
203 cm × 203 cm 170 cm × 205 cm
67 in × 81 in
Grand king,
Super king,
Athletic King
or Texas king
80 in × 98 in
203 cm × 249 cm 203 cm × 203 cm
80 in × 80 in 180 cm × 200 cm
71 in × 79 in 183 cm × 203 cm
72 in × 80 in 180 cm × 200 cm
71 in × 79 in
194 cm × 205 cm
76 in × 81 in
Canada and United States[edit]
Standard North American sizes
A pillowtop queen-size mattress.
Standard sizes[edit]
Standard bed sizes in the US and Canada are:
Twin or single
38 in × 75 in (97 cm × 191 cm)
It is an untrue rumor that a single bed is sometimes smaller than a twin.[3]
Full or double
54 in × 75 in (137 cm × 191 cm)
Queen
60 in × 80 in (152 cm × 203 cm)
King
76 in × 80 in (193 cm × 203 cm)
Foundation or box spring size can be of two single L or twin XL.
California king
72 in × 84 in (183 cm × 213 cm): A good choice for adjustable beds [1]
Other sizes[edit]
Single L or twin XL
39 in × 80 in (99 cm × 203 cm)[4]
Three-quarters
48 in × 75 in (122 cm × 191 cm)[5]
Full XL
54 in × 80 in (137 cm × 203 cm)
Texas (or athletic) king
80 in × 98 in (203 cm × 249 cm)
California queen waterbed insert
Used for conventional mattresses inside a waterbed frame. Subtract 2.0 inches from California queen waterbed size.
58 in × 82 in (147 cm × 208 cm)
California king waterbed insert
Used for conventional mattresses inside a waterbed frame. Subtract 2.0 inches from California king waterbed size.
70 in × 82 in (178 cm × 208 cm)
Europe[edit]
UK and Ireland[edit]
Most modern beds/mattresses sold in the UK and Ireland are constructed using metric dimensions.
Size
Dimensions
Notes
Small-single 75 cm × 190 cm (30 in × 75 in)[citation needed] Common UK size for hospitality (zip & link) twin beds as beds can be combined to make a king bed.[citation needed]
European single 75 cm × 190 cm (30 in × 75 in)[citation needed]
Standard single 90 cm × 190 cm (35 in × 75 in)[citation needed] Ireland standard hospitality sized single, two mattresses can be zip linked to make a Super king bed.
Small-double (Three Quarter)/Queen 120 cm × 190 cm (47 in × 75 in)[citation needed]
Standard Double 135 cm × 190 cm (53 in × 75 in)[citation needed]
King 152 cm × 198 cm (60 in × 78 in)[citation needed]
Extra-king 180 cm × 190 cm (71 in × 75 in)[citation needed] Hospitality size formed by zip & linking two standard single beds together.[citation needed]
Superking 180 cm × 200 cm (71 in × 79 in)[citation needed] Also known as "European King".
Eastern King 200 cm × 210 cm (79 in × 83 in)[citation needed]
Emperor 215 cm × 215 cm (85 in × 85 in)[citation needed]
Caesar 245 cm × 220 cm (96 in × 87 in)[citation needed]
It is worth noting that "bed size" in the UK generally refers to mattress size. This is because mattresses have a standard size grading, whereas bed frames do not. While many companies in the UK do offer bespoke bed making services, most mass-produced bed linens, bed frames and mattresses fit only the standard bed sizes above. It should be noted that a Queen size mattress in the UK is often misunderstood to be one of the larger sizes as is the case in many other parts of the world. However, at 120cm in width, it is smaller than a UK double. Another common mistake is to use a mattress size as the required space for the full dimensions of the bed and mattress.
France[edit]
Single size beds are usually 90 cm wide by 190 cm long.
Most common sizes for double beds are:
140 cm wide by 190 cm long
160 cm wide by 200 cm long
180 cm wide by 200 cm long (less common, but increasing popularity).
Due to the popularity of imported beds (especially from IKEA), the 200 cm length is becoming more common.[citation needed]
Italy[edit]
In Italy, beds are classified by name and use the term Piazza as in "one place" Standard sizes are:[citation needed]
Una piazza or singolo ("single")
80 cm (31.5 inches) wide by 190 cm long
Una piazza e mezza (1½)
120 cm (47.2 inches) wide by 190 cm long
Due piazze or letto matrimoniale
160 cm (62.99 inches) wide by 190 cm long
Less common:[citation needed]
Piazza francese or "Piazza e Mezza francese"
140 cm x 190 cm
Due to the popularity of imported beds (especially from IKEA), the 200 cm length is becoming more common.[citation needed]
Northern Europe[edit]
These sizes are for Germany, Poland, Netherlands, Belgium, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Iceland, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. There are some variations between the Nordic countries and the Baltic nations, but these are the most common sizes:
Single:
80 cm × 190 cm (31 in × 75 in), traditional standard for bunk beds in Germany
90 cm × 190 cm (35 in × 75 in), traditional standard in Germany
75 cm × 200 cm (30 in × 79 in), standard in Norway[citation needed]
80 cm × 200 cm (31 in × 79 in)
90 cm × 200 cm (35 in × 79 in), standard single bed in Sweden and Germany.
90 cm × 210 cm (35 in × 83 in), common variant in Finland[citation needed]
90 cm × 200 cm (35 in × 79 in), common variant in The Netherlands
90 cm × 220 cm (35 in × 87 in), Xlarge variant in The Netherlands
100 cm × 200 cm (39 in × 79 in), now very common in Germany
105 cm × 200 cm (41 in × 79 in)
120 cm × 200 cm (47 in × 79 in)[citation needed]
Double:
120 cm × 200 cm (47 in × 79 in), referred to as a "doubter" in the Netherlands, somewhat common for younger people
140 cm × 200 cm (55 in × 79 in)
150 cm × 200 cm (59 in × 79 in), common
160 cm × 200 cm (63 in × 79 in), very common[citation needed]
180 cm × 200 cm (71 in × 79 in), very common double bed in current Swedish and Norwegian standards[citation needed]
180 cm × 210 cm (71 in × 83 in), common variant in Finland[citation needed]
200 cm × 200 cm (79 in × 79 in) (very wide)
Most beds are 200 cm (79 in) cm long. Extra long beds are usually 220 cm (87 in), but they are rare.
Portugal[edit]
In Portugal the most common sizes for beds are:
Solteiro (single) 80 cm (31.5 inches) wide by 190 cm long (can go up to 105 cm wide by 200 cm long)
Casal (double) 140 cm (55 in) wide by 190, 195 or 200 cm long
Queen Size 160 cm (63 inches) or 180 cm (71 inches) wide by 190, 195 or 200 cm long
King Size 180 cm (71 inches) wide by 190, 195 or 200 cm long
Super King Size 200 cm (78.74 inches) wide by 200 cm long
Spain[edit]
In Spain the most common sizes are:
180/190/200 cm long
80/90/105/120/135/150 cm wide, the most common:
"Individual" (single) = 90 cm wide
"Matrimonio" (marital) = 135/150 cm wide
Switzerland[edit]
Single:
70 cm × 200 cm (28 in × 79 in), only used for double beds with two separate mattresses
80 cm × 200 cm (31 in × 79 in), only used for double beds with two separate mattresses
90 cm × 200 cm (35 in × 79 in), common single bed
120 cm × 200 cm (47 in × 79 in), uncommon, mainly available as European-style futon beds that are sold with mattress, slats and frame
140 cm × 200 cm (55 in × 79 in), common, especially among young people
Double:
160 cm × 200 cm (63 in × 79 in), common
180 cm × 200 cm (71 in × 79 in), common
200 cm × 200 cm (79 in × 79 in), proposed when enough space is available
Australia[edit]
The following bed sizes are available in Australia
Single
92cm x 188cm (36in x 74in)
Long Single
92cm x 204cm (36in x 80in)
Three-quarter (obsolete, but still present)
120 cm × 188 cm (47in x 74in)
King Single
107cm x 203cm (42in x 80in)
Double
138cm x 188cm (54in x 74in)
Queen
153cm x 203cm (60in x 80in - Same as American Queen)
King
183cm x 203cm (72in x 80in)
California King
183cm x 213cm (72in x 82in)
Super King
204 cm x 204cm (80in x 80in)
New Zealand[edit]
The following bed sizes are available in New Zealand
Single
91cm x 188cm
Single XL
91cm x 203cm
Three-quarter (uncommon)
120 cm × 188 cm
King Single
107cm x 203cm
Double
137cm x 188cm
Queen
153cm x 203cm
King
167cm x 203cm
Super King
183cm x 203cm
Californian King
203cm x 203cm
Water Bed King
213cm x 203cm
South Africa[edit]
The following bed sizes are available in South Africa:
Single
92 cm × 188 cm
Three-quarter
107 cm × 188 cm
Double
137 cm × 188 cm
Queen
152 cm × 188 cm
King
183 cm × 188 cm (equals two single mattresses)
Beds are also available in extra length, which is 200 cm.
Singapore and Malaysia[edit]
The following bed sizes are available in Singapore and Malaysia:
Single
36 in × 75 in (91 cm x 191 cm)
Super single
42 in × 75 in (107 cm × 191 cm)
Queen (double)
60 in × 75 in (152 cm × 191 cm)
King (double)
72 in × 75 in (183 cm × 191 cm)
China[edit]
In China, the regulation standard has following sizes available:[6]
Length: 1900 mm, 1950 mm, 2000 mm, 2100 mm;
Width: Single: 800 mm, 900 mm, 1000 mm, 1100 mm, 1200 mm;
Width: Double: 1350 mm, 1400 mm, 1500 mm, 1800 mm.
In practice, bed sizes are usually categorized by the width. The length is typically two meters, but may vary. The most common sizes are:
1.2 m
120 cm × 200 cm (47 in × 79 in)
1.5 m
150 cm × 200 cm (59 in × 79 in)
1.8 m
180 cm × 200 cm (71 in × 79 in)
There are also extra size beds available, but they are less common.
See also[edit]
Design portal
Infant bed
Bed sheet
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://bettersleep.org/mattresses-and-more/mattress-sizes
Jump up ^ http://bettersleep.org/mattresses-and-more/mattress-sizes
Jump up ^ Apodaca, Frank (25 March 2017). "Single vs Twin Bed Size". The Sleep Judge. Retrieved 2 April 2017.
Jump up ^ Auer, Joe (22 December 2016). "Mattress Sizes And Dimensions- A Comprehensive Overview". Mattress Clarity. Retrieved 2 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "What size is a three-quarter bed?". Reference. Retrieved 2 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "中华人民共和国轻工业标准 QB/T1952.2—99 -- 弹 簧 软 床 垫". 国家轻工业局. 1999-07-12. Retrieved 2015-10-11.
External links[edit]
Media related to Beds at Wikimedia Commons
Media related to Mattresses at Wikimedia Commons
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