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I Love Rock 'n' Roll
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For other uses, see I Love Rock 'n' Roll (disambiguation).
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"I Love Rock 'n' Roll"
2004 re-issue
Single by the Arrows
B-side
"Broken Down Heart"
Released
July 1975
Format
7-inch single
Recorded
1975
Genre
Hard rock
Length
2:48
Label
RAK
Songwriter(s)
Alan Merrill, Jake Hooker
Producer(s)
Mickie Most
the Arrows singles chronology
"Hard Hearted"
(1975) "I Love Rock 'n' Roll"
(1975) "Once Upon a Time"
(1976)
"Hard Hearted"
(1975) "I Love Rock 'n Roll"
(1975) "Once Upon a Time"
(1976)
"I Love Rock 'n' Roll" is a rock song written in 1975 by Alan Merrill of the Arrows, who recorded the first released version.[1] The song was later made famous by Joan Jett & the Blackhearts in 1982.[2] Alan Merrill still plays the song live in Europe, Japan and most often in his home town New York City.[3]
Contents
1 The Arrows original version
2 Joan Jett cover version
2.1 Music video
2.2 Critical reception
2.3 Chart performance
2.4 Weekly charts
2.5 Year-end charts
3 Britney Spears version
3.1 Background, release and composition
3.2 Reception
3.2.1 Critical
3.2.2 Commercial
3.3 Music video
3.4 Live performances
3.5 Track listings
3.6 Charts and certifications
3.6.1 Weekly charts
3.6.2 Year-end charts
3.6.3 Certifications
3.7 Release history
4 Alex Gaudino and Jason Rooney version
4.1 Track listing
4.2 Chart performance
4.3 Release history
5 Other cover versions
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
The Arrows original version[edit]
The song was originally recorded and released by the Arrows in 1975 on Rak Records, with lead vocals, guitar, music & lyrics written by Alan Merrill and produced by Mickie Most. In an interview with Songfacts, Merrill said he wrote it as "a knee-jerk response to the Rolling Stones' 'It's Only Rock 'n Roll (But I Like It)'."[2][4] This version was first released as a B-side, but was soon re-recorded and flipped to A-side status on a subsequent pressing of the record. The Arrows performed the song in 1975 on the Muriel Young-produced show 45, after which Young offered the Arrows a weekly UK television series, Arrows, which was broadcast on ITV starting in March 1976.[5]
Joan Jett cover version[edit]
"I Love Rock 'n Roll"
Single by Joan Jett and the Blackhearts
from the album I Love Rock 'n Roll
B-side
"You Don't Know What You've Got"
Released
January 19, 1982
Format
7-inch single, 12-inch single
Recorded
1981
Genre
Hard rock[6][7]
Length
2:56
Label
Boardwalk
Songwriter(s)
Alan Merrill, Jake Hooker
Producer(s)
Ritchie Cordell, Kenny Laguna
Joan Jett and the Blackhearts singles chronology
"Bad Reputation"
(1981) "I Love Rock 'n Roll"
(1982) "Crimson and Clover"
(1982)
"I Love Rock N Roll"
Joan Jett and the Blackhearts' "I Love Rock N Roll" from I Love Rock 'n Roll
Problems playing this file? See media help.
Joan Jett saw the Arrows perform "I Love Rock 'n Roll" on their weekly UK television series Arrows[2] when she was touring England with the Runaways in 1976.[5] She first recorded the song in 1979 with two of the Sex Pistols: Steve Jones and Paul Cook. This first version was released on vinyl in 1979 on Vertigo records as a B-side to "You Don't Own Me". In 1981, Jett re-recorded the song, this time with her band, the Blackhearts. This recording became a U.S. Billboard Hot 100 number-one single for seven weeks.[8] Billboard ranked it at the No. 3 song for 1982. The single was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America, representing two million units shipped to stores with Jett's I Love Rock 'n Roll album reaching number two on the Billboard 200. Joan Jett's version was ranked No. 89 in the list 100 Greatest Guitar Songs of Rolling Stone[9] and has also been inducted into the Grammys Hall of Fame in 2016.[10]
Music video[edit]
"I Love Rock 'n Roll"'s black-and-white music video received heavy play from the just-launched MTV network. In it, Jett and the Blackhearts travel to a small, dingy bar and proceed to excite the drunken crowd by performing the song and yelling out its chorus. A snippet of Jett's 1981 hit "Bad Reputation" can be heard at the beginning of the video. The video was originally in color, but it was converted to black and white because Jett hated the look of her red leather jumpsuit in color.
In 1993 Joan Jett & the Blackhearts made another music video for the song as part of the Wayne's World 2 soundtrack. In the video appear several scenes from the movie with Mike Myers and Dana Carvey mixed with footage of Jett and her band in concert. It was again released as a single by Warner/Reprise with "Activity Grrrl" as the B-side.
Critical reception[edit]
Jett's version has received many accolades, including:
Ranking No. 85 on Q magazine March 2005 list of the 100 Greatest Guitar Tracks
Ranking No. 491 on the Rolling Stone magazine's list of "the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time"
Ranking No. 56 in Billboard's Greatest Songs of all time.[11]
Chart performance[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1982)
Peak
position
Australia (Kent Music Report)[12] 1
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[13] 4
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[14] 2
Canadian RPM Top Singles[15] 1
France (SNEP)[16] 4
Germany (Official German Charts)[17] 6
Ireland (IRMA)[18] 2
Italy (FIMI)[19] 42
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[20] 1
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[21] 1
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[22] 1
South African Chart[23] 1
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[24] 1
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[25] 3
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[26] 4
US Billboard Hot 100[27] 1
US Dance Club Songs (Billboard)[28] 31
US Mainstream Rock (Billboard)[29] 1
US Cash Box Top 100[30] 1
Chart (2015)
Peak
position
Poland (Polish Airplay Top 100)[31] 81
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1982)
Rank
Australia [32] 7
Canada [33] 1
Netherlands [34] 25
New Zealand [35] 7
U.S. Billboard Hot 100[36] 3
U.S. Cash Box [37] 5
Britney Spears version[edit]
"I Love Rock 'n' Roll"
Single by Britney Spears
from the album Britney and Crossroads (Music from the Major Motion Picture)
Released
27 May 2002 (2002-05-27)[38]
Format
Cassette single
CD single
Recorded
2001
Genre
Pop rock
Length
3:06
Label
Jive
Songwriter(s)
Alan Merrill, Jake Hooker
Producer(s)
Rodney Jerkins
Britney Spears singles chronology
"I'm Not a Girl, Not Yet a Woman"
(2002) "I Love Rock 'n' Roll"
(2002) "Anticipating"
(2002)
"I'm Not a Girl, Not Yet a Woman"
(2002) "I Love Rock 'n' Roll"
(2002) "Anticipating"
(2002)
Music video
"I Love Rock 'N' Roll" on YouTube
Background, release and composition[edit]
"I Love Rock 'n' Roll" is the fourth European single released by pop singer Britney Spears from the album Britney on 27 May 2002. The song was used in her 2002 movie Crossroads. Spears's character, Lucy, performs it in a karaoke bar. Spears said of the song, "They asked me to sing karaoke in the movie Crossroads and I've actually sung I Love Rock 'n' Roll in a lot of clubs that I've been to."[39] Spears has publicly admitted the original song to be one of her favorites. Spears listened to the original Arrows Mickie Most-produced version just before she recorded the song, according to Jive A&R representative Steve Lunt. The scratches performed on this song were performed by Corey Chase, at Hit Factory Miami. When promoting the single's release she mistakenly attributed the hit version of the song to Pat Benatar instead of Joan Jett.[40]
Reception[edit]
Critical[edit]
Spears' cover was met with mostly favorable reviews. NME's Ted Kessler wrote that Britney "still works best when making a good pop cheese and dance sandwich: there's the ace Rodney Jerkins-produced version of Joan Jett's 'I Love Rock'n'Roll', which does exactly what is says on the tin."[41] Rolling Stone's Barry Walters wrote that "producer Rodney Jerkins' hip-hop blaspheming of Joan Jett's "I Love Rock 'n' Roll" doesn't go as far as it should (is a Limp Bizkit remix in its future?), but it certainly beats what her earlier studio architects did to those Sonny and Cher ("The Beat Goes On" on ...Baby One More Time) and Stones ("(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction" on Oops!... I Did It Again) songs."[42] Another positive reception came from PopMatters's editor Nikki Tranter, who enjoyed that the song is "different from the average run-of-the-mill pop offering," and praised that "she does strange justice to the tune, vamping up her vocals and turning out something, that while silly and camp, is actually a fun listen."[43] In contrast, David Browne wrote for Entertainment Weekly that "her remake is neither imaginative (it simply xeroxes Joan Jett's arrangement) nor all that believable."[44]
Commercial[edit]
"I Love Rock 'n' Roll" charted moderately upon release, reaching the top twenty in most regions. The song was moderately successful in the UK, where it peaked at number thirteen (which, at the time, was her lowest peak for a single released there, until "Radar" only managed to reach number forty-six in 2009, and then "I Wanna Go, which peaked at one-hundred and eleven). The single sold a total of 65,000 copies.[45] It was also certified Gold in Australia.
Music video[edit]
Spears performing ′′I Love Rock ′n′ Roll′′ at the Dream Within a Dream Tour.
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Directed by Chris Applebaum, the music video for "I Love Rock 'n' Roll" shows Spears with her own band, a stack of speakers, and flashing lights. It was shot at The Inn, a bar in Long Beach, New York. The video was ranked at No. 2 on the 100 Best Videos of 2002 at MTV Latin America's countdown. The Director's Cut version of the video was later leaked; it included previously unseen scenes from the video.
Live performances[edit]
The song was performed live during Spears's Dream Within a Dream Tour (2001–02). In 2016, it was added to the revamped set list of her Las Vegas residency show, Britney: Piece of Me (2016–17), marking the first time Spears performed the song in 14 years. During the performance, Britney Spears rides a mechanical electric guitar, which simulates a mechanical bull, as it rotates on stage. The same prop electric guitar was previously used during her Femme Fatale Tour (2011) for a segment in which she covered the song "Burning Up" by Madonna. In the 2016 Billboard Music Awards, the song was performed as part of a medley, using the same guitar proposed
Track listings[edit]
European 2 tracks CD single
"I Love Rock 'n' Roll" (Album Version) — 3:06
"Overprotected" (Darkchild Remix) — 3:18
European/Australian CD single
"I Love Rock 'n' Roll" (Album Version) — 3:08
"I Love Rock 'n' Roll" (Karaoke Version) — 3:06
"Overprotected" (Darkchild Remix) — 3:20
"I'm Not a Girl, Not Yet a Woman" (Metro Remix) — 5:26
German 2 tracks CD single
"I Love Rock 'n' Roll" (Album Version) — 3:07
"I Love Rock 'n' Roll" (Karaoke Version) — 3:05
German CD single
"I Love Rock 'n' Roll" (Album Version) — 3:07
"I Love Rock 'n' Roll" (Karaoke Version) — 3:05
"Overprotected" (Riprock 'N Alex G Remix) — 3:25
"I'm Not a Girl, Not Yet a Woman" (Metro Remix) — 5:24
Japanese CD maxi single
"I Love Rock 'n' Roll" (Album Version) — 3:06
"I Love Rock 'n' Roll" (Karaoke Version) — 3:04
"Overprotected" (Darkchild Remix) — 3:20
"I'm Not a Girl, Not Yet a Woman" (Metro Remix) — 5:25
"I'm a Slave 4 U" (Thunderpuss Radio Mix) — 3:18
"I'm a Slave 4 U" (Miguel Migs Petalpusher Vocal) — 5:30
"I'm Not a Girl, Not Yet a Woman" (Spanish Fly Dub Mix) — 5:55
UK CD maxi single
"I Love Rock 'n' Roll" (Album Version) — 3:06
"I Love Rock 'n' Roll" (Karaoke Version) — 3:04
"Overprotected (Darkchild Remix Radio Edit)" — 3:06
"I Love Rock 'n' Roll" (Video) — 3:06
Cassette single
"I Love Rock 'n' Roll" (Album Version) — 3:06
"I Love Rock 'n' Roll" (Karaoke Version) — 3:04
"Overprotected" (Darkchild Remix Radio Edit) — 3:06
Digital download (Digital 45)
"I Love Rock 'n' Roll" — 3:07
"I'm Not a Girl, Not Yet a Woman" (Metro Remix Radio Edit) — 3:29
Charts and certifications[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (2002)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[46] 13
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[47] 9
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[48] 15
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[49] 27
Finland (Suomen virallinen lista)[50] 19
Germany (Official German Charts)[51] 7
Hungarian Singles Chart[52] 6
Irish Singles Chart[53] 8
Italy (FIMI)[54] 20
Japan (Oricon) 26
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[55] 17
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[56] 18
Portugal (Portuguese Singles Chart)[57] 4
Scotland (Official Charts Company)[58] 7
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[59] 15
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[60] 15
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[61] 13
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (2002)
Position
Australian Singles Chart[62] 68
Belgium Singles Chart (Flanders)[63] 76
German Singles Chart[64] 96
Swedish Singles Chart[65] 85
Swiss Singles Chart[66] 81
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Australia (ARIA)[67]
Gold 35,000^
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
Release history[edit]
Country
Date
Format
Label
Germany[68]
27 May 2002 Maxi single JIVE
Japan[69]
19 June 2002 Sony
United Kingdom[70]
1 July 2002 JIVE
Alex Gaudino and Jason Rooney version[edit]
"I Love Rock 'n' Roll"
Promotional single by Alex Gaudino & Jason Rooney
Released
3 December 2008
Recorded
2008
Length
3:37
Label
541/NEWS
Songwriter(s)
Alan Merrill, Jake Hooker
Alex Gaudino singles chronology
"Watch Out"
(2008) Watch Out2008 "I Love Rock 'n' Roll"
(2008) I Love Rock 'n' Roll2008 "I'm in Love (I Wanna Do It)"
(2010) I'm in Love (I Wanna Do It)2010
The Alex Gaudino & Jason Rooney cover version was released in 2008.
Track listing[edit]
UK Digital download
No.
Title
Length
1. "I Love Rock 'n' Roll" (Radio Edit) 3:37
2. "I Love Rock 'n' Roll" (Extended Mix) 7:43
3. "I Love Rock 'n' Roll" (Dabruck, Klein Remix) 6:01
4. "I Love Rock 'n' Roll" (Nari & Milani Remix) 5:35
5. "I Love Rock 'n' Roll" (Disko Kriminals Remix) 7:05
Credits and personnel
Lead vocals – Alex Gaudino
Music – Alan Merrill, Jake Hooker
Lyrics – Alan Merrill, Jake Hooker
Scratches – Corey Chase
Label: 541/NEWS
Chart performance[edit]
Chart (2008)
Peak
position
Belgium (Ultratip Wallonia)[71] 10
Release history[edit]
Region
Date
Format
United Kingdom 3 December 2008 Digital download[72]
Other cover versions[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

"I Love Rock 'n' Roll" is an often-covered song, and has been notably recorded by such artists as:
Singer Tiny Tim covered it in 1980 on his album Chameleon.
L'Arc~En~Ciel released the song as a single internationally in 2011 and it was used in a Pepsi commercial in Japan.
Lee Da-hae released the song as a single in 2007, with versions in both English and Korean.
Boy band Five sampled the song for "Everybody Get Up".
Reverend Run sampled the song for his song "Mind on the Road" on his solo album Distortion.
"Weird Al" Yankovic (parody, as "I Love Rocky Road")
The group Forever Young covered the song in 2003 and made the French top 30 peaking at #27 in 2003.[73]
Fast Forward Highway covered Joan Jett's version for the video game Just Dance 2017.
American rapper Eminem sampled the instrumental for his song "Remind Me" on his ninth studio album Revival.
Finnish group Lipsaset released a version in Finnish "Aina rock'n'roll" as a single in 2014.[74]
See also[edit]
List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of 1982
References[edit]
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External links[edit]
History of the song "I Love Rock 'n Roll"
Bill Harry's Merseybeat article
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
show
v
t
e
Joan Jett / Joan Jett and the Blackhearts
Studio albums
Joan Jett / Bad Reputation
I Love Rock 'n Roll
Album
Glorious Results of a Misspent Youth
Good Music
Up Your Alley
The Hit List
Notorious
Pure and Simple
Naked
Sinner
Unvarnished
Compilation albums
Do You Wanna Touch Me
Flashback
Great Hits
Fit to Be Tied
Fetish
Jett Rock
Greatest Hits
EPs
I Love Rock 'n' Roll 92
1979
Cherry Bomb
Unfinished Business
Singles
"Bad Reputation"
"Do You Wanna Touch Me (Oh Yeah)"
"I Love Rock 'n' Roll"
"Crimson and Clover"
"Everyday People"
"I Love You Love Me Love"
"Cherry Bomb"
"Roadrunner"
"Light of Day"
"I Hate Myself for Loving You"
"Dirty Deeds"
"Love Hurts"
"Have You Ever Seen the Rain?"
"Androgynous"
Related articles
Discography
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Evil Stig
Book:Joan Jett
show
v
t
e
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"From the Bottom of My Broken Heart"
"The Beat Goes On"
Oops!... I Did It Again
"Oops!... I Did It Again"
"Stronger"
"(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction"
"Don't Let Me Be the Last to Know"
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Walton family
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This article is about the family of Sam and Bud Walton, founders of Walmart. For the television program, see The Waltons.
Sam Walton, founder of Walmart
The Walton family is an American family whose collective fortune makes them among the richest families in the world.[1][2][3][4] The majority of their wealth derives from the heritage of Bud and Sam Walton, who were the co-founders of the world's largest retailer, Walmart.[5] The three most prominent living members (Jim, Rob and Alice) have consistently been in the top ten of the Forbes 400 since 2001, as were John (d. 2005) and Helen (d. 2007) prior to their deaths. Christy Walton took her husband John's place in that ranking after his death.
As of December 2014[update], the Waltons collectively owned 50.8 percent of the company,[6] and were worth a combined total of about US$170 billion.[3][7]
Walton family fortune[edit]
The Walton family fortune totaling US$145.3 billion[8] according to Forbes magazine, as of August 19, 2017[update]:
Jim Walton $48.4 billion[9]
S. Robson Walton $48.2 billion[10]
Alice Walton $48.1 billion[11]
Lukas Walton $15.6 billion[12]
Ann Walton Kroenke $6.6 billion[13]
Christy Walton $6.7 billion[14]
Nancy Walton Laurie $5.7 billion[15]
[show]
v
t
e
Walton family tree
Samuel Robson (Rob) Walton
(b. 1944)
three children
Carolyn Funk (divorced)
John Thomas Walton
(8 October 1946 – 27 June 2005)
Lukas Walton
Samuel Moore (Sam) Walton
(29 March 1918 – 6 April 1992)
Christy Walton
Helen Robson Kemper
(3 December 1919 - 19 April 2007)
Alice Louise Walton
(b. 7 October 1949)
unknown (divorced)
James Carr (Jim) Walton
(b. 1948)
four children
Lynne McNabb
Ann Walton Kroenke
(b. 1949)
Josh Kroenke
James Lawrence (“Bud”) Walton
(20 December 1921 – 21 March 1995)
Whitney Ann Kroenke
Audrey Walton
E. Stanley Kroenke
Nancy Walton Laurie
(b. 1952)
Elizabeth Paige Laurie
Bill Laurie
Notes:
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Richest Family in the World – Walton Family, Koch and t". Techscio. Retrieved May 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ Bryan Rich. "Christy Walton & family". Forbes. Retrieved May 10, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Jerin Mathew. "Walton family are richest in the US with $149bn net worth – Forbes". International Business Times UK. Retrieved May 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Richest Family In The World 2011 – Worth $93 billion". TheRichest. Retrieved May 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Richest Family In The World 2011 – Worth $93 billion". The Richest].
Jump up ^ "Wal-Mart says Walton family to sell shares to keep lid on stake". Reuters. April 11, 2015.
Jump up ^ Kroll, Lulsa. "America's richest families". Yahoo Finance. Retrieved July 9, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Walton family". Forbes.
Jump up ^ https://www.forbes.com/profile/jim-walton/
Jump up ^ https://www.forbes.com/profile/s-robson-walton/
Jump up ^ Bartie Scott. "Alice Walton". Forbes. Retrieved May 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ https://www.forbes.com/profile/lukas-walton/
Jump up ^ Morgan Brennan. "Ann Walton Kroenke". Forbes. Retrieved May 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Christy Walton". Forbes. Retrieved March 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ https://www.forbes.com/profile/nancy-walton-laurie/
External links[edit]
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e
Walmart
Walton family
1st generation
Sam Walton
Helen Walton
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2nd generation
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Former assets
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Supermercado de Walmart
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See also
Criticism of Walmart
Wal-Mart: The High Cost of Low Price
People of Walmart
History of Walmart
List of assets owned by Walmart
Why Wal-Mart Works; and Why That Drives Some People C-R-A-Z-Y
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walton_family&oldid=832755539"
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text:
S phase
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
S phase (synthesis phase) is the part of the cell cycle in which DNA is replicated, occurring between G1 phase and G2 phase. Precise and accurate DNA replication is necessary to prevent genetic abnormalities which often lead to cell death or disease. Due to the importance, the regulatory pathways that govern this event in eukaryotes are highly conserved. This conservation makes the study of S-phase in model organisms such as Xenopus laevis embryos and budding yeast relevant to higher organisms.
Contents
[hide]
1 Regulation
2 DNA replication
3 DNA damage
4 See also
5 References
Regulation[edit]
The G1/S transition is a major checkpoint in the regulation of the cell cycle. To produce two similar daughter cells, the centrosome and complete DNA instructions in the cell must be duplicated.[1] DNA replication occurs during this S (synthesis) phase. Depending on levels of nutrients, energy and external factors, cells must decide to enter the cell cycle or move into a non-dividing state known as G0 phase. This transition, as with all of the major checkpoint transitions in the cell cycle, is signaled by cyclins and cyclin dependent kinase (CDKs). The pulse of G1/S cyclins causes CLN3-Cdk1 to activate Cln1/2 (start point), as well as Clb5/6 at the initiation of S-phase. This pathway contains 2 positive feedback loops, allowing for rapid, unidirectional movement into S-phase. Redundant pathways like this are not uncommon because they allow for tuning the output of the system and often lead to faster genetic evolution.[2]
DNA replication[edit]
The major event in S-phase is DNA replication. The goal of this process is to create exactly two identical semi-conserved chromosomes. The cell prevents more than one replication from occurring by loading pre-replication complexes onto the DNA at replication origins during G1 phase which are dismantled in S-phase as replication begins. In synthesis, the enzyme helicase unwinds the DNA double helix, and the enzyme DNA polymerase re-binds free-floating nucleotides to the separate DNA single strands in accordance with the complementary base pairing rule. DNA synthesis can occur as fast as 2000 nucleotides/second [3] and must create fewer than 2 errors (I.e., wrong bases) in 1010 nucleotide additions.[citation needed]
DNA damage[edit]
Damage to DNA is detected and fixed during S-phase. When the replication fork comes upon damaged DNA, ATR, a protein kinase is activated. This kinase initiates several complex downstream pathways, which causes a halt in the initiation of new replication origins, prevention of mitosis and replication fork stabilization in order to keep the replication bubble open and DNA polymerase complex attached while the damage is being fixed.[4]
See also[edit]
S phase index (SPI)
S-fraction or S-phase fraction (oncology/pathology prognosis)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Alberts, Bruce; Bray, Dennis; Hopkin, Karen; Johnson, Alexander; Lewis, Julian; Raff, Martin; Roberts, Keith; Walter, Peter (2014). Essential Cell Biology (Fourth ed.). New York, New York, USA: Garland Science. p. 642. ISBN 978-0-8153-4454-4. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Bell, S.P. and Dutta, A.: DNA replication in eukaryotic cells. Annu.Rev.Biochem. 2002,71:333–374.
Jump up ^ Cooper, S. and Helmstetter, C. E. 1968 DNA synthesis during the division cycle of rapidly growing Escherichia coli. Journal of Molecular Biology, 31(3):507–518.
Jump up ^ Branzei, D and Foiani, M.: The DNA damage response during DNA replication. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 2005, 17:568–575.
[hide]
v
t
e
Cell cycle proteins
Cyclin
A (A1, A2)
B (B1, B2, B3)
D (D1, D2, D3)
E (E1, E2)
CDK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
CDK-activating kinase
CDK inhibitor
INK4a/ARF (p14arf/p16, p15, p18, p19)
cip/kip (p21, p27, p57)
P53 p63 p73 family
p53
p63
p73
Other
Cdc2
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Cdc42
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Wee
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Phases and
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Metaphase
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Cytokinesis
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Other cellular phases
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