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Checking (ice hockey)
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Checking in ice hockey is any one of a number of defensive techniques, aimed at disrupting an opponent with possession of the puck, or separating them from the puck entirely. It is usually not a penalty.
Contents
1 Types
2 Rules on checking
2.1 Illegal checking
2.2 New NHL standard of rule enforcement, 2005–06
2.3 New USA Hockey rules on checking, 2011–12
3 References
Types[edit]
Young boys are taught proper body checking technique.
Body checking
A player drives the shoulder, upper arm and hip and elbow, equally into the opponent to separate them from the puck, using the body to knock an opponent against the boards or to the ice. This is often referred to as simply checking or hitting and is only permitted against an opponent with possession of the puck. Body checking can be penalized when performed recklessly. It is considered an "illegal hit" in IIHF women's hockey and is punishable by a minor penalty, major penalty and automatic game misconduct, or match penalty.[1]
Hip-checking
When a player drops to a near-crouching stance and swings his hips toward an opposing player, sending the opponent off balance, often falling to the ice. Mostly done up against the boards. A hit at or below the knees is considered an infraction in the National Hockey League, and called "clipping".
Shoulder-checking
A player puts his shoulder into his opponent to muscle the opponent out of position. The elbow must be tucked in, or the player risks taking a penalty for elbowing.
Poke checking
Using the stick to poke the puck away from an opponent. Mostly done while the defensive player goes straight at the puck carrier and hitting the puck out of his possession before making physical contact.
Sweep checking
Using the stick in a sweeping motion to knock the puck away from opponents or deter them from passing.
Stick checking
Using the stick to interfere with an opponent's stick.
Forechecking
It refers to skating done in the offensive zone, often to recover possession of the puck after a dump in or turnover.
Backchecking
Rushing back to the defensive zone in response to an opposing team's attack. Players often try to 'rub up' behind the player with the puck to bother them. At the same time they try to hit the puck away with their stick.
Cross-checking
The act of checking an opponent with the shaft of the stick held in both hands and with arms extended. This is illegal and earns a minor or major penalty depending on the severity of the infraction.
Lift checking
A player lifts or knocks an opponent's stick upwards with his/her stick followed immediately by an attempt to steal the puck. This may also be used by a defenseman to keep an opposing player from deflecting shots when both players are positioned in front of the net.
Press checking
A type of hockey stick check used to stop or control the movement of an opponent's stick by placing stick pressure over the top of the opponent's stick.
Rules on checking[edit]
Illegal checking[edit]
Charging, hitting from behind and boarding are examples of illegal hits. Charging occurs when a player takes three or more strides going into the check, and sometimes includes leaving the feet to deliver the hit. Boarding is when a check violently throws a defenseless player into the boards.[2] Due to their dangerous nature and increased likelihood of causing serious injury, these hits can have penalties ranging from a minor two-minute penalty to a major and game misconduct, along with a $100 fine in the NHL.[2] In women's ice hockey, any body checking is a penalty and is also not allowed in leagues with young children. Men's amateur leagues typically allow checking unless stipulated otherwise in league rules. Some intramural university leagues do not permit body checking, in order to avoid injury and incidents of fighting. "Leaning" against opponents is an alternative to body checking but can be penalized for holding if abused. Many studies have been done regarding injuries in hockey that have caused stricter rule enforcement in the past few years.[3][4] There have been decreases in number of concussions and other serious injuries that brought about these changes.
Beginning with the 2010-11 NHL season, any form of "lateral or blind side hit to an opponent, where the player's head is targeted and/or the principal point of contact" (which is known as an illegal check to the head) became prohibited. An illegal check to the head is punishable with either a two-minute minor penalty, a combination five-minute major penalty and game misconduct, or a match penalty.[5] This new rule was instituted as a result of concussion injuries to NHL players in previous seasons.
New NHL standard of rule enforcement, 2005–06[edit]
For the 2005–06 season, the NHL instituted stricter enforcement of many checking violations that in previous seasons would not have been penalized. The intent of the new standard of enforcement was to fundamentally alter the way ice hockey is played, rewarding speed and agility over brute strength, as well as increasing opportunities for scoring and minimizing stoppage of play. However, it is unclear how expanding the definition of a penalty will minimize the stoppage of play, as penalty calls entail play stoppage. One explanation may be that more clearly defined rules gives players more distinct boundaries on penalties, resulting in fewer penalties. The intended result is a faster-paced game with generally higher scores than in previous years.[6]
New USA Hockey rules on checking, 2011–12[edit]
Beginning in the 2011–12 season, USA Hockey moved the age of legal body checking from 12U to 14U.[7] The discussion of this rule change began with a look into Peewee (12U) and Squirt (10U) levels of hockey. Through observation, it was clear that Squirts skate more aggressively and try to play in the correct manner. Peewees in similar situations would either let the opponent get the puck first so they can check them or hold back so they don’t get hit themselves. Injury wasn’t an initial concern but with the research being done today it was brought into the discussion. Research shows that the 11-year-old brain has not developed skills to anticipate. As a result, Peewees acquire injuries four times more in checking vs. non-checking hockey.[8]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Rule 169 – Illegal Hit (Women)" (PDF). IIHF Official Rule Book 2014–2018. International Ice Hockey Federation. p. 96. Retrieved April 8, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Rule 41 - Boarding". National Hockey League. Retrieved 1 August 2014.
Jump up ^ Lorentzon, MD, PhD, Ronny; Wedrèn, MD, Hans; Pietilä, RPT, Tom. "Incidence, nature, and causes of ice hockey injuries A three-year prospective study of a Swedish elite ice hockey team". Retrieved 1 August 2014. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Flik, MD, Kyle; Lyman, PhD, Stephen; Marx, MD, MSc, FRCSC, Robert. "American Collegiate Men's Ice Hockey: An Analysis of Injuries". Retrieved 1 August 2014. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Rule 48 – Illegal Check to the Head, Official Rules, NHL.com
Jump up ^ [NHL] Rules Changes: Probing The Brave New Hockey World
Jump up ^ [USA Hockey] Body Checking Rule, archived from the original on January 3, 2012
Jump up ^ [USA Hockey] Body Checking Rule Change Proposal [dead link]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Checking_(ice_hockey)&oldid=836131408"
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Seismic risk
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Main article: Earthquake engineering
Seismic risk refers to the risk of damage from earthquake to a building, system, or other entity. Seismic risk has been defined, for most management purposes, as the potential economic, social and environmental consequences of hazardous events that may occur in a specified period of time. [1] A building located in a region of high seismic hazard is at lower risk if it is built to sound seismic engineering principles. On the other hand, a building located in a region with a history of minor seismicity, in a brick building located on fill subject to liquifaction can be as high or higher risk.
A special subset is urban seismic risk which looks at the specific issues of cities. Risk determination and emergency response can be also be determined through the use of an Earthquake scenario.
Contents
1 Determination of seismic risk
2 Reduction of seismic risk
3 See also
4 Notes
5 External links
Determination of seismic risk[edit]
The determination of seismic risk is the foundation for risk mitigation decision-making, a key step in risk management. Large corporations and other enterprises (e.g., local governments) analyze their 'portfolio' of properties, to determine how to best allocate limited funds for structural strengthening of buildings, or other risk reduction measures such as emergency planning. In calculating the risk of each facility in the 'portfolio', potential life safety and economic losses due not only to structural damage, but also to equipment, contents and business interruption are considered. Public agencies (local, state governments and federal agencies) similarly analyze their portfolios. The interconnections of infrastructures such as water, road and highway, and electric power systems are also considered. Insurance companies routinely employ estimates of seismic risk in their operations, to determine appropriate insurance rates, to monitor over-accumulation of policies in a small area, and to purchase reinsurance. A simplified method of calculating seismic risk for a given city, involves the use of a street survey. [2] If you know the level of seismic hazard, the damage generally follows established patterns.
Seismic risk is often determined using a seismic modeling computer programs which uses the seismic hazard inputs and combines them with the known susceptibilities of structures and facilities, such as buildings, bridges, electrical power switching stations, etc. The result gives probabilities for economic damage or casualties, for example the HAZUS computer program [3]. While the results can be used as a general measure of seismic risk for types of buildings, the actual seismic risk for any individual building may vary considerably and will depend upon its exact configuration and condition. Acquiring and analyzing the specific data for an individual building or facility is one of the most expensive and daunting aspects of seismic risk estimation. Progress is made if one can calculate the 'fragility' or seismic capacity of the components within a structure. [4]
In 1999, ASTM produced guidelines for reporting seismic loss estimates on commercial properties, commonly known as Probable Maximum Loss or PML reviews. These guidelines specify the scope of work, qualifications of the reviewer, and proper nomenclature for reporting loss estimates.[5]
Reduction of seismic risk[edit]
Seismic risk can be reduced by active programs that improve emergency response, and improve basic infrastructure. The concepts of earthquake preparedness can help plan for emergencies arising from an earthquake. Building codes are intended to help to manage seismic risk and are updated as more is learned about the effects of seismic ground motion on buildings. This type of active improvement of mitigation of damage from earthquakes is known as seismic retrofit.[6] However, the changes generally do not immediately improve seismic risk in a community since existing buildings are rarely required to be upgraded to meet the revisions.
See also[edit]
Probabilistic risk assessment
Probable Maximum Loss
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Seismic risk evaluation for an urban centre. 250TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE 1755 LISBON EARTHQUAKE
Jump up ^ Simple Survey Procedures for Seismic Risk Assessment In Urban Building Stocks
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ [2]
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-09-14. Retrieved 2013-02-26.
Jump up ^ Craig Taylor and Erik VanMarcke, ed. (2002). Acceptable Risk Processes: Lifeline and Natural Hazards. Reston, VA: ASCE, TCLEE. ISBN 9780784406236. Archived from the original on 2013-12-03.
External links[edit]
C. Allin Cornell
HAZUS - Seismic Risk Program for the US
An All HAZUS Web Space
HAZUS Community website
Infrastructure Risk Research Project at The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
OIKOS - Educational European project based on Google Maps Mashups
EMSC : Seismic real-time information
Diagnose the impact of global earthquakes from direct and indirect eyewitnesses contributions
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seismic_risk&oldid=840522638"
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