text:
Get Him to the Greek
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Get Him to the Greek
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Nicholas Stoller
Produced by
Judd Apatow
Joshua Blake
David Bushell
Rodney Rothman
Nicholas Stoller
Written by
Nicholas Stoller
Based on
Characters
by Jason Segel
Starring
Jonah Hill
Russell Brand
Music by
Lyle Workman
Cinematography
Robert Yeoman
Edited by
William Kerr
Michael Sale
Production
companies
Apatow Productions
Relativity Media
Spyglass Entertainment
Distributed by
Universal Pictures
Release date
June 4, 2010 (2010-06-04)
Running time
109 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$40 million[2]
Box office
$91.3 million[3]
Get Him to the Greek is a 2010 American black comedy film written, produced and directed by Nicholas Stoller and starring Russell Brand and Jonah Hill. Released on June 4, 2010, the film serves as a spin-off sequel of Stoller's 2008 film Forgetting Sarah Marshall, reuniting director Stoller with stars Hill and Brand and producer Judd Apatow. Brand reprises his role as character Aldous Snow from Forgetting Sarah Marshall, while Hill plays an entirely new character. The film also stars Elisabeth Moss, Rose Byrne, Sean "Diddy" Combs, and Colm Meaney.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
2.1 Cameo guest stars
3 Production
3.1 Development
3.2 Filming
4 Release
4.1 Box office
4.2 Critical reception
4.3 Home media
5 Music
5.1 Soundtrack
6 References
7 External links
Plot[edit]
In 2009, British rock star Aldous Snow (Russell Brand) releases an album and a titular single, "African Child", which is a commercial and critical failure. In an interview, Aldous' girlfriend, Jackie Q (Rose Byrne), drunkenly declares they have a boring life. Aldous relapses, ending their relationship. He also loses custody of his son, Naples. Meanwhile, in Los Angeles, Aaron Green (Jonah Hill) works as a talent scout at Pinnacle Records, a record company. He lives with his girlfriend, Daphne (Elisabeth Moss). Pinnacle Records is performing poorly, and the head of the company, Sergio Roma (Sean Combs), asks for ideas. Aaron suggests that Aldous play at the Greek Theatre on the tenth anniversary of a performance there in 1999.
Sergio sends Aaron to London to escort Aldous to Los Angeles. Daphne informs Aaron that she has received a job offer in Seattle and that they are moving there. They argue and apparently break up. Aaron meets Aldous and learns that he had not been expecting him, thinking that the concert was not for two months. They bar-hop across the city as Aaron tries to get Aldous to catch a flight to New York. Daphne calls Aaron to apologize, only to learn that Aaron believes they broke up. While partying, Aaron's phone accidentally calls Daphne, informing her of Aaron's activities. Aaron and Aldous travel to New York for Aldous's appearance on Today. To keep Aldous sober, Aaron imbibes all of Aldous's whiskey and marijuana. While performing live on Good Morning America, Aldous is unable to remember the lyrics to his recent song, "African Child", and replaces it with an old hit, "The Clap", to cheers from the audience.
During their flight to Los Angeles, Aaron learns that Aldous has become depressed, as he misses his son and has been alienated from his own father, Jonathan (Colm Meaney), for years. Aaron suggests he visit him after the show; instead, Aldous insists they go to Las Vegas to see Jonathan. Sergio hooks up Aaron with a sexually violent girl, Destiny (Carla Gallo), who takes him to a hotel room and rapes him. After Aaron tells Aldous that he has been raped, Aldous gives him drugs to calm him down. Aaron starts to have a bad trip and believes he is having a heart attack. Jonathan agrees Aaron is having a heart attack, while Aldous attempts to calm Aaron down. Aldous fights with Jonathan; Sergio jumps into the fight, inadvertently setting the lounge on fire.
Aldous attempts to help Aaron by giving him an adrenaline shot. They run out of the hotel, chased by Sergio. Aldous and Aaron flee to Los Angeles, where Aaron convinces Aldous to visit Jackie Q. Jackie has been sleeping with Metallica's drummer, Lars Ulrich (playing himself), and confesses that Naples is not actually Aldous' biological son. Meanwhile, Aaron goes to his home to apologize to Daphne. They are interrupted when Aldous arrives and proposes that they engage in a threesome. Daphne agrees and Aaron hesitantly goes along. Aaron angrily decides to kiss Aldous, ending the threesome. Daphne and Aaron both immediately regret it, and Aaron angrily tells Aldous to go, criticizing his mental state. Instead of preparing for his show, Aldous goes to the rooftop of the Standard Hotel, and calls Aaron, threatening to jump. Aaron rushes to the hotel and attempts to talk Aldous down.
Instead, Aldous jumps into a pool several floors down, breaking his arm. Aldous tells Aaron that he is lonely, sad, and embarrassed, but Aaron reminds Aldous that thousands of fans love him and are waiting to see him. Aldous decides to perform at the Greek Theatre, even though Aaron pleads for him to go to the hospital. Upon their arrival, Sergio offers Aaron drugs to give to Aldous so he will not cancel the concert. Aaron, tired of Sergio's abuse, quits on the spot. Aaron walks stage-side with Aldous, trying to convince him to go to the hospital. However, Aaron sees how happy Aldous is while performing and heads home to reconcile with Daphne. Months later, Aldous, sober again, has returned to fame with a single (produced by Aaron) based on events from their night in Las Vegas.
Cast[edit]
Hill at a panel for the film at the Alamo Drafthouse in Austin, Texas in May 2010
Jonah Hill as Aaron Green, a record company employee
Russell Brand as Aldous Snow, a free-spirited rock star with a faltering career who first appears in Forgetting Sarah Marshall
Elisabeth Moss as Daphne Binks, Aaron's girlfriend
Rose Byrne as Jackie Q, a scandalous pop star, Aldous' on and off girlfriend and Naples' mother
Sean Combs as Sergio Roma, a record company owner and Aaron's boss who assigns him to manage Aldous
Colm Meaney as Jonathan Snow, Aldous' father
Kali Hawk as Kali Coleman, one of Aaron's co-workers
Aziz Ansari as Matty Briggs, one of Aaron's co-workers
Nick Kroll as Kevin McLean, one of Aaron's co-workers
Ellie Kemper as one of Aaron's co-workers
Jake Johnson as Jazz Man, one of Aaron's co-workers
Karl Theobald as Aldous' assistant
Carla Gallo as Destiny, a groupie
T. J. Miller as Brian, a hotel clerk
Lino Facioli as Naples, Jackie Q and Aldous' son, later revealed to have been fathered by a photographer
Kristen Schaal as a Today Show production assistant
Kristen Bell as Sarah Marshall, an actress and Aldous' former girlfriend (cameo)
Lindsey Broad as Pocket Dial Girl
Dinah Stabb as Lena Snow, Aldous' mother
Lars Ulrich as himself
Cameo guest stars[edit]
Tom Felton
Christina Aguilera
Pink
Kurt F. Loder
Meredith Vieira
Mario Lopez
Pharrell Williams
Paul Krugman
Lars Ulrich
Rick Schroder
Zöe Salmon
Katy Perry (deleted scenes)
Dee Snider (uncredited)
Holly Weber (uncredited)
Billy Bush
Rachel Roberts
Brand's friends Karl Theobald, Greg "Mr Gee" Sekweyama and Jamie Sives also appear in the film.
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
A week after the release of Forgetting Sarah Marshall, Universal Studios announced a new film Get Him to the Greek, reuniting Jonah Hill and Russell Brand with writer/director Nicholas Stoller and producer Judd Apatow.[4] Variety initially announced the project would focus on "fresh-out-of-college insurance adjuster (Hill) who is hired to accompany an out-of-control rock star (Brand) from London to a gig at L.A.'s Greek Theatre."[4] In July 2008, Brand mentioned that he would be reprising his Aldous Snow role from Forgetting Sarah Marshall, in a new film from Apatow in which the character was back on drugs.[5]
In an interview with CHUD.com, Apatow would later reveal that Get Him to the Greek was indeed a spin-off of Forgetting Sarah Marshall with Brand again playing a no-longer-sober Aldous Snow while in a different interview Nicholas Stoller said that Jonah Hill will play a different character named Aaron Green, a young music executive.[6][7]
Filming[edit]
Filming in Cavendish Square, London.
While Brand was backstage at the Paramount studio lot preparing to present the 2008 MTV Video Music Awards, he approached Christina Aguilera, Pink, and Katy Perry about filming cameos for Get Him to the Greek.[8][9]
Rehearsals began on April 27, 2009 and filming began on May 12 of that year. The film was shot in New York City, Las Vegas, Los Angeles and London.[6] While filming in Trafalgar Square, Brand was pushed into a fountain by a passerby.[10]
Release[edit]
Box office[edit]
Get Him to the Greek grossed $61 million in the United States and Canada and $30.3 million overseas bringing its worldwide total to $91.3 million, against a production budget of $40 million.[3]
In its opening weekend, the film debuted second at the box office behind Shrek Forever After with a gross of $17.6 million.[11] The film fell to fourth the following week with a weekend gross of $10.1 million.
In the UK, Get Him to the Greek opened at No. 1 grossing £1.6 million in its first week before dropping to No. 2 the following week with takings of £1 million.
Critical reception[edit]
On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes Get Him to the Greek has an approval rating of 72% based on 191 reviews, with an average rating of 6.3/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Thanks to a suitably raunchy script and a pair of winning performances from Jonah Hill and Russell Brand, Get Him to the Greek is one of the year's funniest comedies."[12] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 65 out of 100, based on 39 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[13]
Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film three out of four stars, writing: "under the cover of slapstick, cheap laughs, raunchy humor, gross-out physical comedy and sheer exploitation, Get Him to the Greek also is fundamentally a sound movie."[14]
Home media[edit]
A 2-disc and 1-disc unrated and theatrical version of the film was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc on September 28, 2010.
Music[edit]
Soundtrack[edit]
Get Him to the Greek: Soundtrack
Soundtrack album by Infant Sorrow
Released
June 1, 2010
Genre
Soundtrack
Label
Universal Republic
Professional ratings
Review scores
Source
Rating
allmusic [15]
Pitchfork 5.5/10[16]
Kim Garner, the senior vice president of marketing and artist development at Universal Republic Records, said that Brand and Universal Pictures "felt very strongly about doing something like this as opposed to a traditional soundtrack," and that they "wanted to release it like we would an actual rock band's album."[17]
Track listing
No.
Title
Lyrics
Artist
Length
1. "Just Say Yes" Jarvis Cocker, Jason Buckle, Tim McCall, Ross Orton Infant Sorrow 2:18
2. "Gang of Lust" Carl Barat Infant Sorrow 2:03
3. "Furry Walls" Dan Bern, Mike Viola, Judd Apatow Infant Sorrow 3:07
4. "Going Up" Jason Segel, Lyle Workman Infant Sorrow 4:06
5. "Bangers, Beans and Mash" Jason Segel, Lyle Workman Infant Sorrow 3:32
6. "The Clap" Dan Bern, Mike Viola Infant Sorrow 2:44
7. "I Am Jesus" Jason Segel, Lyle Workman Infant Sorrow 2:39
8. "Riding Daphne" Jason Segel, Lyle Workman Infant Sorrow 3:28
9. "F.O.H." Jarvis Cocker, Chilly Gonzales Infant Sorrow 3:52
10. "Yeah Yeah Oi Oi" Dan Bern, Mitch Marine Infant Sorrow 2:52
11. "African Child (Trapped in Me)" Mike Viola Infant Sorrow 3:06
12. "Little Bird" Mike Viola Infant Sorrow 3:24
13. "Searching for a Father" Jason Segel, Lyle Workman Infant Sorrow 3:43
14. "Supertight" Jason Segel, Lyle Workman, Russell Brand Jackie Q featuring Aldous Snow 2:37
15. "Ring Round" Greg Kurstin, Inara George Jackie Q 2:25
Total length: 46:10
Deluxe edition bonus tracks
No.
Title
Lyrics
Artist
Length
16. "Jackie Q" Carl Barat Infant Sorrow 3:41
17. "Pound Me in the Buttox" Paul Clarke, Matthew Dick Jackie Q featuring Aldous Snow 3:31
18. "Chocolate Daddy" Lyle Workman, Rodney Rothman Chocolate Daddy 2:54
19. "Fuck Your Shit Up" Lyle Workman Jumbo Shrimp 2:28
The following songs were featured in the film, but not included in the soundtrack:
"And Ghosted Pouts (Take the Veil Cerpin Taxt)" by The Mars Volta
"London Calling" by The Clash
"Anarchy in the U.K." by The Sex Pistols
"20th Century Boy" by T.Rex
"Rocks Off" by The Rolling Stones
"Another Girl, Another Planet" by The Only Ones
"Strict Machine" by Goldfrapp
"Ghosts N Stuff" by Deadmau5 featuring Rob Swire
"Personality Crisis" by The New York Dolls
"Girls on the Dance Floor" by Far East Movement
"Heureux Tous Les Deux" by Franck Alamo
"Come on Eileen" by Dexys Midnight Runners
"Cretin Hop" by The Ramones
"Stop Drop and Roll" by Foxboro Hot Tubs
"Touch My Body" by Mariah Carey
"Love Today" by Mika
"Fuck Me I'm Famous" by DJ Dougal and Gammer
"What Planet You On" by Bodyrox featuring Luciana
"Inside of You" by Infant Sorrow (which was originally featured in Forgetting Sarah Marshall).
"Licky feat. Princess Superstar (Herve Remix)" by Larry Tee
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "GET HIM TO THE GREEK (15)". British Board of Film Classification. April 19, 2010. Retrieved July 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ Fritz, Ben (June 3, 2010). "Movie projector: 'Get Him to the Greek' and 'Killers' aiming for No. 2 against 'Shrek'". Los Angeles Times. Tribune Company. Retrieved June 4, 2010. Greek cost Universal and its financing partners Relativity Media and Spyglass Entertainment about $40 million to make.
^ Jump up to: a b "Get Him to the Greek Box Office Mojo". boxofficemojo.com. Amazon.com. Retrieved 2010-09-14.
^ Jump up to: a b Siegel, Tatiana (April 22, 2008). "Apatow, Stoller speak 'Greek'". Variety. Retrieved 2008-07-31.
Jump up ^ "Brand's Booky Wook not a Filmy Wilm". The Press Association. July 7, 2008. Archived from the original on July 12, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b "Exclusive Nick Stoller Interview". Collider.com. 2008-12-17. Retrieved 2011-08-24.
Jump up ^ Faraci, Devin (July 29, 2008). "Spinning off from sarah marshall". Cinematic Happenings Under Development. Archived from the original on November 23, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Christina Aguilera Kissed Russell Brand?". Aguilerabuff.com. September 7, 2008. Archived from the original on July 31, 2009. Retrieved 2011-08-24.
Jump up ^ Hogan, Dave (September 10, 2008). "Brand: MTV want me back next year". The Sun. Retrieved May 29, 2011.
Jump up ^ Firth, Niall (August 8, 2009). "That's not in the script: Russell Brand pushed into fountain by passer-by while filming movie". The Daily Mail.
Jump up ^ ""Shrek" laughs its way past two new comedies". yahoo.com. 2010-06-06. Retrieved 2010-06-06.
Jump up ^ "Get Him to the Greek Movie Reviews, Pictures". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2010-07-11.
Jump up ^ "Get Him to the Greek (2010): Reviews". CBS. Amazon.com. Retrieved 2010-05-05.
Jump up ^ Roger Ebert. "Ebert reviews Get Him to the Greek". Chicago Sun Times.
Jump up ^ http://www.allmusic.com/album/r1805463
Jump up ^ "Infant Sorrow Get Him to the Greek OST". Pitchfork Media. Retrieved February 10, 2012.
Jump up ^ Harding, Cortney (June 11, 2010). "Russell Brand Is A Man of Infant Sorrow". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved November 16, 2013.
External links[edit]
2010s portal
Film in the United States portal
Comedy portal
Official website
Get Him to the Greek on IMDb
Get Him to the Greek at Box Office Mojo
Get Him to the Greek at Rotten Tomatoes
Get Him to the Greek at Metacritic
Get Him to the Greek Production Notes
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Get Him to the Greek
[show]
v
t
e
Films directed by Nicholas Stoller
Forgetting Sarah Marshall (2008)
Get Him to the Greek (2010)
The Five-Year Engagement (2012)
Neighbors (2014)
Neighbors 2: Sorority Rising (2016)
Storks (2016)
[show]
v
t
e
Judd Apatow
Director
The 40-Year-Old Virgin (2005)
Knocked Up (2007)
Funny People (2009)
This Is 40 (2012)
Trainwreck (2015)
Writer only
Heavyweights (1995)
Celtic Pride (1996)
Fun with Dick and Jane (2005)
Walk Hard: The Dewey Cox Story (2007)
You Don't Mess with the Zohan (2008)
Producer only
The Cable Guy (1996)
Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy (2004)
Wake Up, Ron Burgundy: The Lost Movie (2004)
Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby (2006)
Superbad (2007)
Drillbit Taylor (2008)
Forgetting Sarah Marshall (2008)
Step Brothers (2008)
Pineapple Express (2008)
Year One (2009)
Get Him to the Greek (2010)
Bridesmaids (2011)
Wanderlust (2012)
The Five-Year Engagement (2012)
Anchorman 2: The Legend Continues (2013)
Begin Again (2013)
Pee-wee's Big Holiday (2016)
Popstar: Never Stop Never Stopping (2016)
The Big Sick (2017)
Television
The Ben Stiller Show (1992–93)
Freaks and Geeks (1999–2000)
Undeclared (2001–02)
"Bart's New Friend" (2015)
Love (2016–present)
Related articles
Apatow Productions
Casting in films
40 Odd Years
[show]
v
t
e
Russell Brand
Television/Online
RE:Brand
Russell Brand's Got Issues
The Russell Brand Show
Russell Brand's Ponderland
Brand X with Russell Brand
The Trews
Radio/Podcast
The Russell Brand Show
Films
Brand: A Second Coming
The Emperor's New Clothes
Books
My Booky Wook
Articles of Faith
Booky Wook 2: This Time It's Personal
Revolution
Related articles
Matt Morgan
2008 prank telephone calls controversy
Katy Perry (former wife)
Trew Era Cafe
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Get_Him_to_the_Greek&oldid=798707603"
Categories:
2010 films
English-language films
American films
2010s comedy films
American comedy films
Film spin-offs
Films about music and musicians
Films directed by Nicholas Stoller
Films produced by Judd Apatow
Films set in the Las Vegas Valley
Films set in London
Films set in Los Angeles
Films shot in the Las Vegas Valley
Films shot in London
Films shot in Los Angeles
Films shot in New York City
Screenplays by Nicholas Stoller
Apatow Productions films
Relativity Media films
Spyglass Entertainment films
Universal Pictures films
Hidden categories:
Use mdy dates from July 2015
Articles with hAudio microformats
Album infoboxes lacking a cover
Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters
Track listings with deprecated parameters
Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikiquote
Languages
Deutsch
Español
فارسی
Français
Gaeilge
한국어
Italiano
Latviešu
Македонски
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Polski
Português
Русский
Svenska
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
Edit links
This page was last edited on 3 September 2017, at 09:48.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: li

values:
/wiki/Black_comedy_film
mw-redirect
Black comedy film

values:
/wiki/Today_(NBC_program)
mw-redirect
Today (NBC program)

values:
/wiki/Las_Vegas,_Nevada
mw-redirect
Las Vegas, Nevada

values:
/wiki/Female-male_rape
mw-redirect
Female-male rape

values:
/wiki/Heart_attack
mw-redirect
Heart attack

values:
/wiki/Standard_Hotel
mw-redirect
Standard Hotel

values:
/wiki/T._J._Miller
mw-redirect
T. J. Miller

values: div-col columns column-count column-count-2

values: -moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;

values:
/wiki/Rick_Schroder
mw-redirect
Rick Schroder

values: div-col columns column-count column-count-3

values: -moz-column-count: 3; -webkit-column-count: 3; column-count: 3;

values:
/wiki/Universal_Studios
mw-redirect
Universal Studios

values:
/wiki/Daily_Variety
mw-redirect
Daily Variety

values:
/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc
mw-redirect
Blu-ray Disc

values: text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;font-style: italic; background-color: gainsboro

values:
/wiki/Universal_Republic
mw-redirect
Universal Republic

values:
/wiki/Pitchfork_Media
mw-redirect
Pitchfork Media

values: float:right;width:24.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:center;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;padding:0;border-spacing:0

values:
tlheader mbox-text
5
text-align:left;background-color:#fff

values:
/wiki/Mitch_Marine
mw-redirect
Mitch Marine

values: padding:0 10px 0 0;text-align:right;background-color:#eee

values:
/wiki/The_Sex_Pistols
mw-redirect
The Sex Pistols

values:
/wiki/Ghosts_N_Stuff
mw-redirect
Ghosts N Stuff

values:
/wiki/The_New_York_Dolls
mw-redirect
The New York Dolls

values:
/wiki/Come_on_Eileen
mw-redirect
Come on Eileen

values:
/wiki/The_Ramones
mw-redirect
The Ramones

values:
/wiki/Stop_Drop_and_Roll
mw-redirect
Stop Drop and Roll

values:
/wiki/Touch_My_Body_(Mariah_Carey_song)
mw-redirect
Touch My Body (Mariah Carey song)

values:
/wiki/Tribune_Company
mw-redirect
Tribune Company

values:
/wiki/The_Press_Association
mw-redirect
The Press Association

values:
/wiki/The_Daily_Mail
mw-redirect
The Daily Mail

values:
nofollow
external free
http://www.allmusic.com/album/r1805463

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
noprint metadata navbox
navigation
Portals
font-weight:bold;padding:0.4em 2em

values:
nofollow
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1226229/
external text

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: The Russell Brand Show prank telephone calls row

values: Category:Films about music and musicians

values: Category:Films directed by Nicholas Stoller

values: Category:Films set in the Las Vegas Valley

values: Category:Films shot in the Las Vegas Valley

values: Category:Screenplays by Nicholas Stoller

values: Category:Articles with hAudio microformats

values: Category:Album infoboxes lacking a cover

values: Category:Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters

values: Category:Track listings with deprecated parameters

values: Category:Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Get_Him_to_the_Greek
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: بیارش گریک – Persian

values: 컴 백 록스타 – Korean

values: 伝説のロックスター再生計画! – Japanese

values: Побег из Вегаса – Russian

values: จับร็อคซ่าส์มาโชว์เฟี้ยว – Thai

values: Зірковий ескорт – Ukrainian

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Get_Him_to_the_Greek rootpage-Get_Him_to_the_Greek vector-experimental-print-styles vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view


text:
America's Cup
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the international yachting trophy. For other uses, see America's Cup (disambiguation).
For the recent race, see 2017 America's Cup.
America's Cup
The America’s Cup ewer
Sport
Sailing match race
Founded
1851
Most recent
champion(s)
Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron
Most titles
New York Yacht Club (25 titles)
Official website
AmericasCup.com
The America's Cup, affectionately known as the "Auld Mug", is a trophy awarded to the winner of the America's Cup match races between two sailing yachts. One yacht, known as the defender, represents the yacht club that currently holds the America's Cup and the second yacht, known as the challenger, represents the yacht club that is challenging for the cup. The timing of each match is determined by an agreement between the defender and the challenger. The America's Cup is the oldest international sporting trophy.[1][2][3] It will next be raced for in the southern summer, in the early part of 2021.[4]
The cup was originally awarded in 1851 by the Royal Yacht Squadron for a race around the Isle of Wight in England, which was won by the schooner America. The trophy, originally named the '£100 Cup', was renamed the America's Cup after the yacht and was donated to the New York Yacht Club (NYYC) under the terms of the Deed of Gift, which made the cup available for perpetual international competition.
Any yacht club that meets the requirements specified in the deed of gift has the right to challenge the yacht club that holds the cup. If the challenging club wins the match, it gains stewardship of the cup.
The history and prestige associated with the America's Cup attracts not only the world's top sailors and yacht designers but also the involvement of wealthy entrepreneurs and sponsors. It is a test not only of sailing skill and boat and sail design, but also of fundraising and management skills.
The trophy was held by the NYYC from 1857 (when the syndicate that won the cup donated the trophy to the club) until 1983. The NYYC successfully defended the trophy twenty-four times in a row before being defeated by the Royal Perth Yacht Club, represented by the yacht Australia II. The NYYC's reign was the longest winning streak (in terms of date) in the history of all sports.[5]
From the first defense of the cup in 1870 through the twentieth defense in 1967, there was always only one challenger. In 1970, for the first time, there were multiple challengers, so the NYYC agreed that the challengers could run a selection series with the winner becoming the official challenger and competing against the defender in the America's Cup match. Since 1983, Louis Vuitton has sponsored the Louis Vuitton Cup as a prize for the winner of the challenger selection series.
Early matches for the cup were raced between yachts 65–90 ft (20–27 m) on the waterline owned by wealthy sportsmen. This culminated with the J-Class regattas of the 1930s. After World War II and almost twenty years without a challenge, the NYYC made changes to the deed of gift to allow smaller, less expensive 12-metre class yachts to compete; this class was used until it was replaced in 1990 by the International America’s Cup Class which was used until 2007.
After a long legal battle, the 2010 America's Cup was raced in 90 ft (27 m) lwl multihull yachts in a best of three "deed of gift" match in Valencia, Spain. The victorious Golden Gate Yacht Club then elected to race the 2013 America's Cup in AC72 foiling, wing-sail catamarans. Golden Gate Yacht Club successfully defended the cup. The 35th America's Cup match was announced to be sailed in 50 ft foiling catamarans.[6]
The history of the America's Cup has included legal battles and disputes over rule changes including most recently over the rule changes for the 2017 America's Cup.[7]
The America's Cup is currently held by the Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron,[8] who will defend the Cup in the 36th time.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 1851: America wins the Cup
1.2 1870–1881: First challenges
1.3 1885–1887: The NYYC Rule
1.4 1889–1903: The Seawanhaka Rule
1.5 1914–1937: The Universal Rule
1.6 1956–1987: The Twelve-Metre Rule
1.6.1 1962–1983: The Australian challengers
1.6.2 1983: Australia II wins the Cup
1.6.3 1987: Technology and professionalism are increasingly important
1.7 1988: The Mercury Bay Challenge
1.8 1992–2007: The IACC rule
1.9 2010: The Golden Gate Challenge
1.10 2013: The AC72 rule
1.11 2017 America's Cup
1.12 2021 America's Cup
2 Challengers and Defenders
3 All-time finals records of Clubs that have won the Cup
4 In the media
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
The Yacht "America" Winning the International Race, by Fitz Henry Lane, 1851
The Cup is an ornate sterling silver bottomless ewer crafted in 1848 by Garrard & Co.[9] Henry William Paget, 1st Marquess of Anglesey bought one and donated it for the Royal Yacht Squadron's 1851 Annual Regatta around the Isle of Wight.
It was originally known as the "R.Y.S. £100 Cup", standing for a cup of a hundred GB Pounds or "sovereigns" in value. The cup was subsequently mistakenly engraved[10] as the "100 Guinea Cup" by the America syndicate, but was also referred to as the "Queen's Cup" (a guinea is an old monetary unit of one pound and one shilling, now £1.05). Today, the trophy is officially known as the "America's Cup" after the 1851 winning yacht, and is affectionately called the "Auld Mug" by the sailing community. It is inscribed with names of the yachts that competed for it,[10] and has been modified twice by adding matching bases to accommodate more names.
1851: America wins the Cup[edit]
Main article: 1851 America's Cup
In 1851 Commodore John Cox Stevens, a charter member of the fledgling New York Yacht Club (NYYC), formed a six-person syndicate to build a yacht with intention of taking her to England and making some money competing in yachting regattas and match races. The syndicate contracted with pilot boat designer George Steers for a 101 ft (30.78 m) schooner, which was christened America and launched on 3 May 1851.
On 22 August 1851, America raced against 15 yachts of the Royal Yacht Squadron in the Club's annual 53-nautical-mile (98 km) regatta around the Isle of Wight. America won, finishing 8 minutes ahead of the closest rival. Apocryphally, Queen Victoria, who was watching at the finish line, was reported to have asked who was second, the famous answer being: "Ah, Your Majesty, there is no second."[11]
The surviving members of the America syndicate donated the cup via the Deed of Gift of the America's Cup to the NYYC on 8 July 1857, specifying that it be held in trust as a perpetual challenge trophy to promote friendly competition among nations.
1870–1881: First challenges[edit]
Defender Columbia, 1871
No challenge to race for the Cup was issued until British railway tycoon James Lloyd Ashbury's topsail schooner Cambria (188 tons, 1868 design) beat the Yankee schooner Sappho (274.4 tons, 1867 design) in the Solent in 1868.[12] This success encouraged the Royal Thames Yacht Club in believing that the cup could be brought back home, and officially placed the first challenge in 1870. Ashbury entered Cambria in the NYYC Queen's Cup race in New York City on 8 August against a fleet of seventeen schooners, with time allowed based on their tonnage. The Cambria only placed eighth, behind the aging America (178.6 tons, 1851) in fourth place and Franklin Osgood's Magic (92.2 tons, 1857)[13] in the fleet's lead.[14]
Trying again, Ashbury offered a best-of-seven match race challenge for October 1871, which the NYYC accepted provided a defending yacht could be chosen on the morning of each race. Ashbury's new yacht Livonia (264 tons) was beaten twice in a row by Osgood's new centreboard schooner Columbia (220 tons), which withdrew in the third race after dismasting. The yacht Sappho then stepped in as defender to win the fourth and fifth races, thereby successfully defending the cup.[15]
The next challenge came from the Royal Canadian Yacht Club and was the first to be disputed between two yachts only. The schooner Madeleine (148.2 tons, 1868), a previous defender from the 1870 fleet race, easily defeated the challenger Countess of Dufferin (221 tons, 1876 design by Alexander Cuthbert). Cuthbert filed the second Canadian challenge, bankrolling, designing and sailing the first sloop challenge for the America's Cup in 1881. The small 65 ft (19.81 m) Canadian challenger Atalanta[16] (84 tons, 1881), representing the Bay of Quinte Yacht Club, suffered from lack of funds, unfinished build and a difficult delivery through the Erie Canal from Lake Ontario to New York. In contrast, the NYYC cautiously prepared its first selection trials. The iron sloop Mischief (79 tons, 1879 design by Archibald Cary Smith) was chosen from four sloop candidates, and successfully defended the cup.
1885–1887: The NYYC Rule[edit]
Defender Volunteer, 1887
In response to the incompetent Canadian challenges, the Deed of Gift was amended in 1881 to require that challenges be accepted only from yacht clubs on the sea and that challenger yachts must sail to the venue on their own hull. Furthermore, Archibald Cary Smith and the NYYC committee devised a new rating rule that would govern the next races. They included sail area and waterline length into the handicap, with penalties on waterlines longer than 85 ft (25.91 m). Irish yacht designer John Beavor-Webb launched the challengers Genesta (1884) and Galatea (1885), which would define the British "plank-on-edge" design of a heavy, deep and narrow-keel hull, making for very stiff yachts ideal for the British breeze.[17] The boats came to New York in 1885 and 1886 respectively, but neither would best the sloops Puritan or Mayflower, whose success in selection trials against many other candidates proved Boston designer Edward Burgess was the master of the "compromise sloop"[18] (lightweight, wide and shallow hull with centerboard). This design paradigm proved ideal for the light Yankee airs.[19]
In 1887, Edward Burgess repeated his success with the Volunteer against Scottish yacht designer George Lennox Watson's challenger Thistle, which was built in secret. Even when the Thistle was drydocked in New York before the races, her hull was draped to protect the secret of her lines, which borrowed from American design. Both Volunteer and Thistle were completely unfurnished below decks to save weight.[20]
1889–1903: The Seawanhaka Rule[edit]
In 1887, the NYYC adopted the Seawanhaka Corinthian Yacht Club's rating rule, in which Bristol, RI naval architect Nathanael Herreshoff found loopholes that he would use to make dramatic improvements in yacht design and to shape the America's Cup's largest and most extreme contenders. Both Herreshoff and Watson proceeded to merge Yankee sloop design and British cutter design to make very deep S-shape fin-keeled hulls. Using steel, tobin bronze, aluminium, and even nickel for novel construction, they significantly lengthened bow and stern overhangs, further extending the sailing waterline as their boats heeled over, thus increasing their speed.[citation needed]
Challenger Valkyrie II, 1893
Columbia & Shamrock, 1899
The next America's Cup challenge was initially limited to 70 ft (21.34 m) waterline in 1889, but the mutual-agreement clauses of a new 1887 Deed of Gift caused the Royal Yacht Squadron to withdraw the Earl of Dunraven's promising Watson designed challenger Valkyrie while she was crossing the Atlantic. Dunraven challenged again in 1893, pleading for a return to the longer 85 ft (26 m) limit. In a cup-crazed Britain, its four largest cutters ever were being built, including Watson's Valkyrie II for Dunraven's challenge. Meanwhile, the NYYC's wealthiest members ordered two cup candidates from Herreshoff, and two more from Boston yacht designers. Charles Oliver Iselin, who was running the syndicate behind one of the Herreshoff designs called Vigilant, gave the naval architect leave to design the yacht entirely as he willed. Herreshoff helmed Vigilant himself and beat all his rivals in selection trials, and defended the cup successfully from Valkyrie II.[21]
Urged to challenge again in yet larger boat sizes, Dunraven challenged again in 1895 with a 90 ft (27.43 m) waterline limit. The Watson designed challenger Valkyrie III received many innovations: She would be wider than the defender, and featured the first steel mast.[22] The NYYC ordered another defender from Herreshoff, which he had built in a closed off hangar and launched at night so as to conceal her construction: Defender used an aluminium topside riveted to steel frames and manganese bronze below waters. This saved 17 tons of displacement, but later subjected the boat to extreme electrolysis after the Cup races. Valkyrie III lost the first race, was deemed disqualified in the second race following a collision with Defender before the start line despite finishing first, and in turn withdrew from the contest. The unraveling of the races left Dunraven in a bitter disagreement with all parties over fairness of the cup committee concerning claims. After he asserted that he had been cheated, his honorary membership of the NYYC was revoked.[23] Henry "Hank" Coleman Haff, was inducted into America's Cup Hall of Fame in 2004 for his sailing of Defender in 1895 and bringing the cup back. At age 58, Hank Haff was the oldest cup winner in the history of the race.[24]
The climate was estranged until Scottish businessman Sir Thomas Lipton became the financial backer for the Royal Ulster Yacht Club's 1899 challenge. William Fife was chosen to design the challenging yacht because of past success in American waters.[25] The yachts increased yet again in size, and this time Herreshoff fitted a telescopic steel mast to his defender Columbia, but his largest contribution was to recruit Scottish-American skipper Charlie Barr. The latter had helmed Fife designs[26] in Yankee waters before, and he had shown perfect coordination with his hand-picked Scandinavian crew. Barr successfully helmed Columbia to victory, and Lipton's noted fair play provided unprecedented popular appeal to the sport and to his tea brand.
Although upset with the Shamrock, Lipton challenged again in 1901, turning this time to George Lennox Watson for a "cup-lifter": Shamrock II, Watson's fourth and final challenger, was the first cup contender to be thoroughly tank-tested. To defend the Cup, businessman Thomas W. Lawson funded for Boston designer Bowdoin B. Crowninshield a daring project: his yacht Independence was capable of unrivaled performance because of her extremely long sailing waterline, but she was largely overpowered and unbalanced and suffered from structural issues. Furthermore, Lawson's failure to commit to the NYYC's terms for defending the Cup defaulted the Independenceʼs elimination. Herreshoff had again received a commission from the NYYC, but had failed to secure Charlie Barr to skipper his new yacht Constitution. Instead, the Columbiaʼs syndicate kept Barr's crew and tried another defense. Unexpectedly, Barr led the Columbiaʼs crew to win the selection trials, and to successfully defend the cup again.
Lipton persisted in a third challenge in 1903. With the aim to fend off Lipton's challenges indefinitely, the NYYC garnered a huge budget for a single cup contender, whose design would be commissioned to Herreshoff again. Improving on the Independence and his previous designs, the new defender Reliance remains the largest race sloop ever built. She featured a ballasted rudder, dual-speed winches below decks, and a cork-decked aluminium topside that hid running rigging. The design focus on balance was exemplary, but the extreme yacht also required the skills of an excellent skipper, which defaulted choice options to Charlie Barr. Facing the equally bold challenger Shamrock III, Barr led the Reliance to victory in just three races.[27]
1914–1937: The Universal Rule[edit]
Despite the immense success of the Reliance, she was used only one season, her design and maintenance keeping her from being used for any other purpose than for a cup defense. The extremity of both 1903 cup contenders encouraged Nathanael Herreshoff to make boats more wholesome and durable by devising a new rule. Proposing in the same year the Universal Rule, he added the elements of overall length and displacement into the rating, to the benefit of heavy, voluminous hulls and also divided boats into classes, without handicapping sail area. This went against the American Yacht Clubs' and the British Yacht Racing Association's general desire to promote speed at all costs for cup boats, but the NYYC adopted Herreshoff's proposal. Lipton long pleaded for a smaller size of yachts in the new rule, and the NYYC conceded to seventy-five footers in 1914. Lipton turned to Charles Ernest Nicholson for his fourth challenge, and got a superb design under the inauspicious shape of Shamrock IV, with a flat transom.[28] She was the most powerful yacht that year, and the NYYC turned out three cup candidates to defend the cup: of George Owen's Defiance and William Gardner's Vanitie, it was Herreshoff who designed the wisest of all contenders.[29] His last design for the cup, the Resolute, was small, which earned significant time allowance over other yachts. Barr had died, but his crew manned the Resolute, which faced stiff competition from Vanitie, but went on to win the selection trials, before the Cup was suspended as World War I broke out.
Shamrock IV was crossing the Atlantic with the steam yacht Erin, destined for Bermuda, when Britain declared war on Germany on 5 August 1914. Harold Stirling Vanderbilt, the Commodore of the New York Yacht Club, sent his own yacht, the Vagrant, from Rhode Island to Bermuda to meet them and escort them to the US. The Vagrant arrived on the 8th. Having no radio, the crew were unaware of the declaration of war. Finding all navigational markers missing, they attempted to pick their own way in through the barrier reef. St. David's Battery fired a warning shot to bring them to a halt. Shamrock IV and Erin arrived the next day. The America's Cup was cancelled for that year.
The Shamrock IV and Erin proceeded to New York, from where the Erin returned to Britain while Shamrock IV was laid up in the Erie Basin dry dock until 1920, when she received some adjustments to her build and ballast, just before the races were held. Despite Shamrock IV's severe rating, she took the first two races from the defender Resolute, and came closer to winning back the Cup than any previous challenger. The Resolute won every subsequent race of the event.[30]
Harold Vanderbilt, Enterprise's skipper, 1930
Shamrock IV was never raced again, but the universal rule drew significant appeal, especially in the small M-Class. Believing that the new rule offered a serious opportunity for the British to take the Cup, Lipton challenged for the fifth and last time at age 79, in 1929. The J-Class was chosen for the contest, to which were added Lloyds' A1 scantling rules in order to ensure that the yachts would be seaworthy and evenly matched, given the Deed of Gift requirement for yachts to sail to the match on their "own bottom." The waterline length was set between 76 ft (23.16 m) and 88 ft (26.82 m), and there would be no time allowance. Novel rigging technology now permitted the Bermuda rig to replace the gaff rig. Nicholson was chosen to design challenger Shamrock V, and despite the Wall Street Crash, four NYYC syndicates responded to the threat and built a cup contender each.[31] The venue was moved to Newport, Rhode Island, where, the Herreshoff Manufacturing Company's new naval architect Starling Burgess used his success in the M-Class and his experience as a wartime plane designer to build the Vanderbilt syndicate's defender Enterprise, the smallest J-Class. Meanwhile, Herreshoff's son, Lewis Francis Herreshoff, designed a radical boat: The Whirlwind, despite being the most advanced boat with her double-ended "canoe" build and electronic instruments, maneuvered too clumsily. The old 75-footers Resolute and Vanitie were rebuilt and converted to the J-Class to serve as trial horses. The Enterprise's skipper Harold Vanderbilt won the selection trials with great difficulty. When Shamrock V was revealed, she was an outdated wooden boat with a wooden mast and performed poorly to windward. Enterprise was then fitted with the World's first duralumin mast, very lightweight at 4,000 lb (1,800 kg), and beat her opponent soundly.[32]
Lipton died in 1931, and English aviation industrialist Sir Thomas Sopwith bought Shamrock V with the intent of preparing the next challenge. To Nicholson's skills, he added aeronautical expertise and materials that would intensify the rivalry into a technological race. In 1934, the Royal Yacht Squadron issued a challenge for Sopwith's newly built challenger Endeavour. Being steel-plated, she was less disfavoured than Shamrock V, especially after a minimum mast weight limit was set to 5,500 lb (2,500 kg), as this made American duralumin technology less advantageous for this contest. Endeavour received significant innovations, but Sopwith failed to secure the services of his entire Shamrock V professional crew due to a pay strike. He hired amateurs to complete his team, and while the Endeavour was described unanimously as the faster boat in the Cup, taking the first two races, failed tactics and crew inexperience lost her the following four races to Vanderbilt's new defender Rainbow.[33]
To challenge again, Sopwith prepared himself a year early. In 1936 Nicholson designed and built the Endeavour II to the maximum waterline length allowed, and numerous updates to the rig made her even faster than her predecessor. A change in the America's Cup rules now allowed a contending yacht to be declared 30 days before the races, so both the Endeavour and Endeavour II were shipped to Newport, where the RYS held selection series before declaring Endeavour II as the challenger. Meanwhile, Harold S. Vanderbilt, taking all syndicate defense costs to himself, commissioned Starling Burgess and the young designer Olin Stephens to provide designs. They anonymously produced three designs each, and thoroughly tank-tested boat models of the six designs, until model 77-C was selected for its projected performance in light airs. The resulting defender Ranger was even more accomplished than her challenger, and Vanderbilt steered his last J-Class boat to a straight victory.[34][35]
1956–1987: The Twelve-Metre Rule[edit]
President Kennedy and wife watching the America's Cup, 1962
The J-class yachts from the 1930s remained the default for the cup, but post-war economic realities meant that no-one could afford to challenge in this hugely expensive class. As twenty years had passed since the last challenge, the NYYC looked for a cheaper alternative in order to restart interest in the cup. In 1956 Henry Sears[36] led an effort to replace the J-class yachts with 12-metre class yachts, which are approximately 65 to 75 feet (20 to 23 m) in overall length.
The first post-war challenge was in 1958, again from the British. Briggs Cunningham, the inventor of the cunningham sail control device, as skipper with Sears as navigator led Columbia to victory against Sceptre, which was designed by David Boyd at Alexander Robertson and Sons Ltd (Yachtbuilders), for a Royal Yacht Squadron Syndicate, chaired by Hugh Goodson.
1962–1983: The Australian challengers[edit]
The first Australian challenge was in 1962, when Gretel lost to the NYYC's Weatherly, designed by Philip Rhodes.
A second Boyd/Robertson challenger, Sovereign, lost to the Olin Stephens–designed Constellation in 1964. In 1967, another Australian challenger, Dame Pattie, lost to the innovative Olin Stephens design Intrepid (which won again in 1970, to become the second yacht, after Columbia, to defend the Cup twice).
Defender Freedom, 1980
For the 1970 America's Cup, interest in challenging was so high that the NYYC allowed the Challenger of Record (the original yacht club presenting the challenge accepted for the match) to organize a regatta among multiple challengers with the winner being substituted as challenger and going on to the cup match. This innovation has been used ever since, except for the default deed of gift matches in 1988 and 2010.
Alan Bond, an Australian businessman, made three unsuccessful challenges between 1974 and 1980. In 1974 the cup was successfully defended by Courageous, which successfully defended again in 1977, at which time she was skippered by Ted Turner. In 1980 the Cup was defended by Freedom.
1983: Australia II wins the Cup[edit]
Main article: 1983 America's Cup
The winged keel of the victorious challenger Australia II, 1983
Bond returned in 1983 for a fourth challenge, complete with a symbolic golden wrench which he claimed would be used to unbolt the cup from its plinth, so that he could take it back to Australia. In 1983 there were seven challengers for the cup competing for the inaugural Louis Vuitton Cup, the winner of which would go on to the America's Cup match against the NYYC's yacht selected in their trials. Bond's yacht, Australia II, designed by Ben Lexcen, skippered by John Bertrand, and representing the Royal Perth Yacht Club, easily won the Louis Vuitton challenger series, and Dennis Conner in Liberty was selected for the Cup defense.[citation needed]
Sporting the now famous Boxing Kangaroo flag and the controversial winged keel designed by Ben Lexcen, the hull of Australia II was kept under wraps between races and was subject to attempts by the NYYC to disqualify the boat. In the cup races, the Australians got off to a bad start with equipment failures and false starts giving the defenders a head start. But it was not to be a repeat of the last 132 years: the Australians came back to win the 1983 America's Cup 4–3 in a best-of-seven format. This was the first time the NYYC had lost the cup in 132 years and 26 challenges. Alan Bond joked that the cup would be renamed "The Australia's Cup".[citation needed]
1987: Technology and professionalism are increasingly important[edit]
Main article: 1987 America's Cup
For the first time since its inception the America's Cup was defended outside of the US off the coast of Fremantle. This was a new era for the cup with interest in competing being shown by many countries.
Representing the San Diego Yacht Club, Conner returned to win the 1987 America's Cup. His yacht Stars & Stripes 87 earned the right to challenge by winning the 1987 Louis Vuitton Cup against an unprecedented field of 13 challenger syndicates. In the America's Cup regatta he faced defender Iain Murray sailing Kookaburra III, who had defeated Alan Bond's Australia IV in the defender selection trials. Stars & Stripes 87 defeated Kookaburra III four races to nil.
Technology was now playing an increasing role in yacht design. The 1983 winner, Australia II, had sported the revolutionary winged keel, and the New Zealand boat that Conner had beaten in the Louis Vuitton Cup final in Fremantle was the first 12-metre class to have a hull of fiberglass, rather than aluminum or wood.
The 12-metre class rules stipulated that the hull had to be the same thickness throughout and could not be made lighter in the bow and stern. The other challengers demanded that core samples be taken from the plastic hull to show its thickness. At one press conference Dennis Conner asked, "Why would you build a plastic yacht ... unless you wanted to cheat?" Despite attempts to defuse the situation, the "cheating comment" added to the controversy surrounding the Louis Vuitton challenge races. Chris Dickson, skipper of the Kiwi Magic (KZ 7), took the controversy in stride and with humor, and Conner has subsequently stated his regret over his comment.[37] New Zealand syndicate head Sir Michael Fay's comment was that core samples would be taken "over my dead body". Eventually some small holes were drilled to test the hull, and ultrasonic testing was done to rule out air pockets in the construction. The boat was found to be within class rules, and the issue was set aside. Fay ceremoniously lay down in front of the measurer before the samples were taken.
1988: The Mercury Bay Challenge[edit]
Main article: 1988 America's Cup
In 1987, soon after Conner had won back the cup with Stars and Stripes but before the San Diego Yacht Club had publicly issued terms for the next regatta, a New Zealand syndicate, again led by merchant banker Sir Michael Fay, lodged a surprise challenge. Fay challenged with a gigantic yacht named New Zealand (KZ1) or the Big Boat, which with a 90-foot (27 m) waterline, was the largest single masted yacht possible under the original rules of the cup trust deed. This was an unwelcome challenge to the San Diego Yacht Club, who wanted to continue to run Cup regattas using 12-metre yachts.[38] A legal battle ensued over the challenge, with Justice Carmen Ciparick of the New York State Supreme (trial) Court (which administers the Deed of Gift) ruling that Fay's challenge on behalf of Mercury Bay Boating Club (MBBC) was valid. The court ordered SDYC to accept it and negotiate mutually agreeable terms for a match, or to race under the default provisions of the Deed, or to forfeit the cup to MBBC.
Forced to race, and lacking time for preparation, Conner and SDYC looked for a way to prevail. They recognized that a catamaran was not expressly prohibited under the rules. Multihulls, due to a lower wetted surface area and vastly lower mass, are inherently faster than equal-length monohulls. Conner, however, left nothing to chance and commissioned a cutting edge design with a wing sail, named—as his 12-metre yachts had been—Stars and Stripes.
The two yachts raced under the simple terms of the deed in September, 1988. New Zealand predictably lost by a huge margin. Fay then took SDYC back to court, arguing that the race had been unfair, certainly not the "friendly competition between nations", envisaged in the Deed of Gift. Ciparick agreed and awarded New Zealand the Cup. However, Ciparick's decision was overturned on appeal and SDYC's win was reinstated. Fay then appealed to New York's highest court and lost. Thus SDYC successfully defended the cup in what observers described as the most controversial cup match to that point.[39] (The 2010 America's Cup was a direct descendant of the 1988 cup, as it featured two gigantic multi-hull yachts and generated even more legal activity and controversy ).
1992–2007: The IACC rule[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Defender America3, 1992
Defender SUI-100, 2007
In the wake of the 1988 controversies, the International America's Cup Class (IACC) was introduced, replacing the 12-metre class that had been used since 1958.
In 1992, USA-23 of the America³ team, skippered by billionaire Bill Koch and sailing legend Harry “Buddy” Melges, defeated the Italian challenger Il Moro ITA-25, owned by billionaire Raul Gardini's Il Moro di Venezia, 4–1.
In 1995, the Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron syndicate Team New Zealand, skippered by Russell Coutts, first won the challenger series in NZL 32, dubbed "Black Magic" because of her black hull and uncanny speed. Black Magic then easily defeated Dennis Connor's Stars & Stripes team, 5–0, to win the cup for New Zealand. Although team Young America's cup candidate yacht USA-36 was defeated in defender trials by Stars & Stripes' USA-34, the San Diego Yacht Club elected to defend the cup with USA-36 crewed by Stars & Stripes. The run-up to the 1995 Cup was notable for the televised sinking of oneAustralia during the fourth round robin of the Louis Vuitton challenger selection series, with all hands escaping uninjured. The 1995 defender selection series also had the first mostly female (with one man) crew sailing the yacht USA-43, nicknamed "Mighty Mary".
On 14 March 1996, a man entered the Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron's clubroom and damaged the America's Cup with a sledgehammer. The man, Benjamin Peri Nathan, was subsequently found guilty of criminal damage and sentenced to 18 months imprisonment (reduced from 34 months on appeal). The damage was so severe that it was feared that the cup was irreparable. London's Garrards silversmiths, who had manufactured the cup in 1848, painstakingly restored the trophy to its original condition over three months, free of charge. In 2003, an extra 20 cm was added to the cup's base to accommodate the names of future winners.
At Auckland in 1999–2000, Team New Zealand, led by Sir Peter Blake, and again skippered by Russell Coutts, defeated the Italian Prada Challenge from the Yacht Club Punta Ala. The Italians had previously beaten the AmericaOne syndicate from the St Francis Yacht Club in the Louis Vuitton Cup final. This was the first America's Cup to be contested without an American challenger or defender.
During the Twelve-Metre era, the New York Yacht Club, citing the Deed language that the Cup should be "perpetually a Challenge Cup for friendly competition between foreign countries", had adopted several interpretive resolutions intended to strengthen nationality requirements. By 1980, these resolutions specified that besides being constructed in the country of the challenger or defender, a yacht had to be designed by and crewed by nationals of the country where the yacht club was located. Globalization made it increasingly impractical to enforce design nationality rules, and starting in 1984, the Royal Perth Yacht Club began relaxing this requirement. Numerous members of the New Zealand AC 2000 team became key members of the Swiss 2003 Alinghi challenge, led by biotechnology entrepreneur Ernesto Bertarelli. To satisfy the crew nationality requirements, New Zealand team members of Alinghi took up residence in Switzerland.
In 2003, several strong challengers vied for the right to sail for the cup in Auckland during the challenger selection series. Bertarelli's team representing the Swiss yacht club, Société Nautique de Genève (SNG), beat all her rivals in the Louis Vuitton Cup and in turn won the America's Cup 5–0. In doing so, Alinghi became the first European team in 152 years of the event’s history to win the cup.
For the 2007 challenge, SNG rescinded all interpretive resolutions to the deed, essentially leaving "constructed in country" as the only remaining nationality requirement. The 2007 defense of the cup was held in Valencia, Spain. This was the first time since the original 1851 Isle of Wight race that the America's Cup regatta had been held in Europe, or in a country different from that of the defender (necessary because Switzerland, despite having huge lakes and a national passion for sailing, does not border a "sea or arm of the sea" as specified in the Deed). Eleven challenging yacht clubs from 9 countries submitted formal entries. The challenger selection series, the Louis Vuitton Cup 2007, ran from 16 April to 6 June 2007. Emirates Team New Zealand won the challenger series finale 5–0 against Italians Luna Rossa and met Alinghi between 23 June and 3 July 2007. Ernesto Bertarelli's Team- Alinghi successfully defended the America's Cup 5–2, under the colors of SNG.
2010: The Golden Gate Challenge[edit]
Challenger USA-17, 2010
Main article: 2010 America's Cup
After Société Nautique de Genève successfully defended the trophy in the 32nd America's Cup, they accepted a challenge from Club Náutico Español de Vela, a Spanish yacht club formed expressly for the purpose of challenging for the cup and keeping the regatta in Valencia. When SNG and CNEV published their protocol for the 33rd America's Cup, there was criticism over its terms, with some teams and yacht clubs calling it the worst protocol in the history of the event.[40] Golden Gate Yacht Club (GGYC) then filed its own challenge for the cup and also filed a court case asking that CNEV be removed as being unqualified under the deed of gift, and that GGYC be named the challenger, being the first club to file a conforming challenge.[41]
There followed a long and acrimonious legal battle,[42] with the New York Court of Appeals finally deciding on 2 April 2009 that CNEV did not qualify as valid challenger, and that the GGYC was thus the rightful challenger.[43]
Since the two parties were unable to agree otherwise, the match took place as a one-on-one Deed of Gift match[nb 1] with no other clubs or teams participating.
The match was sailed in gigantic, specialized 90 ft (27 m) multihull yachts in a best-of-three race series in Valencia, Spain from 8 to 14 February 2010. The rigid wing sail of the challenging trimaran USA-17 provided a decisive advantage, and it won the 2010 America's Cup 2–0.[44][45][46][47]
2013: The AC72 rule[edit]
Main article: 2013 America's Cup
Defender Oracle, 2013
The Challenger of Record for the 34th America's Cup was Club Nautico di Roma, whose team Mascalzone Latino had competed in the challenger selection series for the 2007 America's Cup.[48][49] In September, 2010, GGYC and Club Nautico di Roma announced the protocol for AC34, scheduling the match for 2013 in a new class of boat, the AC72, a wing-sailed catamaran. Paralleling the "Acts" of the 32nd America's Cup—a series of preliminary events in different venues leading-up to the actual event—a new series, the America's Cup World Series was to be run using AC45 class boats (smaller one-design versions of the AC72s), in various world venues in 2011 and 2012.[50][51]
On 12 May 2011, Club Nautico di Roma withdrew from the competition, citing challenges in raising sufficient funds to field a competitive team.[52][53] As the second yacht club to file a challenge, the Royal Swedish Yacht Club assumed the duties of the challenger.[54]
Rumors of stable hydrofoiling of an AC72 were confirmed when Team New Zealand's AC72 yacht Aotearoa was seen to be sailing on hydrofoils in August, 2012.[55] This triggered a technology race in foil development and control.[56] The Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron won the right to sail in the America's Cup match easily beating the Italian and Swedish challengers in the Louis Vuitton Cup. The resulting match between the USA and NZ was the longest on record both in calendar time, and the number of races, with the Golden Gate Yacht Club staging an improbable come-from-behind victory, winning eight straight races to defend the cup and beat New Zealand 9–8.
2017 America's Cup[edit]
Main article: 2017 America's Cup
Oracle Team USA was defending the America's Cup May 26–June 27, 2017 on behalf of the Golden Gate Yacht Club in Bermuda[57] where racing took place on the Great Sound. Preliminary races were held in Portsmouth, Gothenburg, and Bermuda in foiling AC45s. After the 2013 America's Cup, the Golden Gate Yacht Club accepted a notice of challenge from the Hamilton Island Yacht Club, with whom a new protocol and a smaller 62 ft (19 m) wingsail foiling catamaran class rule were proposed in cooperation with participating challengers.[58] The Hamilton Island Yacht Club withdrew from the America's Cup in July 2014, citing unanticipated cost in mounting its challenge.[59] The exiting challenger of record was replaced by a challenger committee, where decisions are made by popular vote. When an even smaller 50ft wingsail foiling catamaran class rule amendment was voted in April 2015, Luna Rossa Challenge also withdrew, citing significant costs wasted on the development of the larger vessel.[60] Yachts from France, Japan, New Zealand, Sweden, and the UK remained in the competition to challenge for the cup. In June 2016, for the first time in history, an America's Cup race included fresh water sailing, when preliminary races were held on Lake Michigan, based in Chicago, Illinois, United States, North America.[61][62] Emirates Team New Zealand won the 2017 Louis Vuitton Cup and challenging the defender, Emirates Team NZ, won the America's Cup with a score of 7 to 1.[63]
2021 America's Cup[edit]
Main article: 36th America's Cup
The next America's Cup will see the Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron defend the cup. The Challenger of Record is Circolo della Vela Sicilia who will be represented by their team Luna Rossa Challenge.[64] The event will be held in the southern summer, in the early part of 2021.[4]
Challengers and Defenders[edit]
Main article: List of America's Cup challengers and defenders
Challengers and Defenders
Rule
Year
Venue
Defending club
Defender
Challenging club
Challenger
Score
Fleet racing
1851 Isle of Wight Royal Yacht Squadron 8 cutters and 7 schooners, runner-up Aurora New York Yacht Club John Cox Stevens syndicate, America 0–1
1870 New York City New York Yacht Club 17 schooners, winner Franklin Osgood's Magic Royal Thames Yacht Club James Lloyd Ashbury, Cambria 1–0
Schooner
match
1871 New York City New York Yacht Club Franklin Osgood, Columbia (2–1) and
William Proctor Douglas, Sappho (2–0) Royal Harwich Yacht Club James Lloyd Ashbury, Livonia 4–1
1876 New York City New York Yacht Club John Stiles Dickerson, Madeleine Royal Canadian Yacht Club Charles Gifford, Countess of Dufferin 2–0
65 ft sloop
1881 New York City New York Yacht Club Joseph Richard Busk, Mischief Bay of Quinte Yacht Club Alexander Cuthbert, Atalanta 2–0
NYYC 85ft
1885 New York City New York Yacht Club John Malcolm Forbes syndicate, Puritan Royal Yacht Squadron Sir Richard Sutton, Genesta 2–0
1886 New York City New York Yacht Club Charles Jackson Paine, Mayflower Royal Northern Yacht Club Lt. & Mrs. William Henn, Galatea 2–0
1887 New York City New York Yacht Club Charles Jackson Paine, Volunteer Royal Clyde Yacht Club James Bell syndicate, Thistle 2–0
SCYC 85ft
1893 New York City New York Yacht Club Charles Oliver Iselin syndicate, Vigilant Royal Yacht Squadron Earl of Dunraven, Valkyrie II 3–0
SCYC 90ft
1895 New York City New York Yacht Club William K. Vanderbilt syndicate, Defender Royal Yacht Squadron Earl of Dunraven syndicate, Valkyrie III 3–0
1899 New York City New York Yacht Club J. Pierpont Morgan syndicate, Columbia Royal Ulster Yacht Club Sir Thomas Lipton, Shamrock 3–0
1901 New York City New York Yacht Club J. Pierpont Morgan syndicate, Columbia Royal Ulster Yacht Club Sir Thomas Lipton, Shamrock II 3–0
1903 New York City New York Yacht Club Cornelius Vanderbilt III syndicate, Reliance Royal Ulster Yacht Club Sir Thomas Lipton, Shamrock III 3–0
Universal 75 ft
1920 New York City New York Yacht Club Henry Walters syndicate, Resolute Royal Ulster Yacht Club Sir Thomas Lipton, Shamrock IV 3–2
Universal
J-Class
1930 Newport New York Yacht Club Harold S. Vanderbilt syndicate, Enterprise Royal Ulster Yacht Club Sir Thomas Lipton, Shamrock V 4–0
1934 Newport New York Yacht Club Harold S. Vanderbilt syndicate, Rainbow Royal Yacht Squadron Sir Thomas Sopwith, Endeavour 4–2
1937 Newport New York Yacht Club Harold S. Vanderbilt, Ranger Royal Yacht Squadron Sir Thomas Sopwith, Endeavour II 4–0
IYRU 12mR
1958 Newport New York Yacht Club Henry Sears, Columbia Royal Yacht Squadron Hugh Goodson syndicate, Sceptre 4–0
1962 Newport New York Yacht Club Mercer, Walsh, Frese syndicate, Weatherly Royal Sydney Yacht Squadron Sir Frank Packer, Gretel 4–1
1964 Newport New York Yacht Club Eric Ridder syndicate, Constellation Royal Thames Yacht Club Anthony Boyden, Sovereign 4–0
1967 Newport New York Yacht Club William Justice Strawbridge syndicate, Intrepid Royal Sydney Yacht Squadron Emil Christensen, Dame Pattie 4–0
1970 Newport New York Yacht Club William Justice Strawbridge syndicate, Intrepid Royal Sydney Yacht Squadron Sir Frank Packer, Gretel II 4–1
1974 Newport New York Yacht Club Robert Willis McCullough syndicate, Courageous Royal Perth Yacht Club Alan Bond, Southern Cross 4–0
1977 Newport New York Yacht Club Ted Turner, Courageous Sun City Yacht Club Alan Bond, Australia 4–0
1980 Newport New York Yacht Club Freedom syndicate, Freedom Royal Perth Yacht Club Alan Bond, Australia 4–1
1983 Newport New York Yacht Club Freedom syndicate, Liberty Royal Perth Yacht Club Alan Bond, Australia II 3–4
1987 Fremantle Royal Perth Yacht Club Kevin Parry, Kookaburra III San Diego Yacht Club Sail America, Stars & Stripes 87 0–4
DOG match 1988 San Diego San Diego Yacht Club Sail America, Stars & Stripes 88 Mercury Bay Boating Club Fay Richwhite, KZ-1 2–0
IACC
1992 San Diego San Diego Yacht Club Bill Koch, America3 Compagnia Della Vela di Venezia Raul Gardini, Il Moro di Venezia 4–1
1995 San Diego San Diego Yacht Club Sail America, Young America Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron Team New Zealand, NZL-32/Black Magic 0–5
2000 Auckland Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron Team New Zealand, NZL-60 Yacht Club Punta Ala Prada Challenge, Luna Rossa 5–0
2003 Auckland Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron Team New Zealand, NZL 82 Société Nautique de Genève Alinghi, SUI-64 0–5
2007 Valencia Société Nautique de Genève Alinghi, SUI-100 Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron Team New Zealand, NZL-92 5–2
DOG match 2010 Valencia Société Nautique de Genève Alinghi, Alinghi 5 Golden Gate Yacht Club BMW Oracle Racing, USA-17 0–2
AC72 2013 San Francisco Golden Gate Yacht Club Oracle Team USA, Oracle Team USA 17 Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron Team New Zealand, Aotearoa 9–8[a]
AC50 2017 Bermuda Golden Gate Yacht Club Oracle Team USA, 17 Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron Team New Zealand, Aotearoa[67] 1–7[b]
? 2021 Auckland Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron Emirates Team New Zealand Circolo della Vela Sicilia[c] Luna Rossa Challenge, Luna Rossa[c]
Jump up ^ Oracle Team USA, representing the Golden Gate Yacht Club, started the 2013 first-to-win-nine-races match with a two-race deficit due to a penalty applied for modifications to the team's AC45-class yachts during the America's Cup World Series (ACWS). The modifications were held to be an intentional violation of the AC45 one-design rules, and as the ACWS was deemed to be a part of the America's Cup event, a penalty was assessed against Oracle Team USA in the America's Cup Match.[65][66]
Jump up ^ Team New Zealand started the match on -1, due to Oracle's victory in the Qualifier round robins
^ Jump up to: a b Challenger of Record
All-time finals records of Clubs that have won the Cup[edit]
Main article: List of yacht clubs that have competed for the America's Cup
New York Yacht Club: 25–1
Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron: 3–3
San Diego Yacht Club: 3–1
Société Nautique de Genève: 2–1
Golden Gate Yacht Club: 2–1
Royal Perth Yacht Club: 1–3
In the media[edit]
In 1928 Goodyear chairman Paul W. Litchfield began a tradition of naming the company's blimps after America's Cup yachts, including America, Puritan, Mayflower, Volunteer, Vigilant, Defender, Reliance, Resolute, Enterprise, Rainbow, Ranger, Columbia and Stars & Stripes.[68]
See also[edit]
Sailing portal
AC72
America's Cup Hall of Fame
Citizen Cup awarded in the defenders series for the America's Cup in 1987, 1992 and 1995.
Little Americas Cup
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ The Deed of Gift language for this eventuality is: "In case the parties cannot mutually agree upon the terms of a match, then three races shall be sailed, and the winner of two of such races shall be entitled to the Cup. All such races shall be on ocean courses, free from headlands, as follows: The first race, twenty nautical miles (37 km) to windward and return; the second race an equilateral triangular race of thirty-nine nautical miles, the first side of which shall be a beat to windward; the third race (if necessary) twenty nautical miles (37 km) to windward and return; and one week day shall intervene between the conclusion of one race and the starting of the next race. These ocean courses shall be practicable in all parts for vessels of twenty-two feet draught of water, and shall be selected by the Club holding the Cup; and these races shall be sailed subject to its rules and sailing regulations so far as the same do not conflict with the provisions of this deed of gift, but without any times allowances whatever. The challenged Club shall not be required to name its representative vessel until at a time agreed upon for the start, but the vessel when named must compete in all the races, and each of such races must be completed within seven hours." See also: Deed of Gift on Wikisource.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE AMERICA'S CUP". America's Cup Event Authority LLC. Retrieved 26 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "America's Cup". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 26 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "About America's Cup". Sir Peter Blake Trust. 2 Aug 2014. Archived from the original on 11 December 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "36th America’s Cup Announcement". Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron. Retrieved 2017-07-27.
Jump up ^ John Rousmaniere (1983). The America's Cup 1851–1983. Pelham Books. ISBN 978-0-7207-1503-3.
Jump up ^ BBC Staff Reporters (2 April 2015). "America's Cup: Sir Ben Ainslie backs move to smaller boats". BBC, London. Retrieved 2015-04-03.
Jump up ^ "America’s Cup boat size row escalates as teams close ranks after Luna Rossa exit' Archived 14 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine., The Guardian, 2015-04-03
Jump up ^ Cary, Tom; Dilworth, Miles (26 June 2017). "New Zealand bury the demons of San Francisco in crushing America's Cup victory over the USA". The Telegraph. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
Jump up ^ "A Cup is a Cup, by any other name". americascup.com. 5 December 2005. Archived from the original on 3 March 2012. Retrieved 2012-05-05.
^ Jump up to: a b Thomas W. Lawson (1902). "List of Inscriptions on the America's Cup". The Lawson History of the America's Cup. Winfield M. Thompson Press. pp. 374–375. ISBN 978-0-907069-40-9. Retrieved 2012-05-05.
Jump up ^ Alfred Fullerton Loomis (August 1958). "Ah, Your Majesty, there is no second". American Heritage. 9 (5). Retrieved 2012-05-05.
Jump up ^ Jacques Taglang. "Sappho". Archived from the original on 3 March 2012. Retrieved 2012-05-05.
Jump up ^ Jacques Taglang. "Magic". Archived from the original on 3 March 2012. Retrieved 2012-05-05.
Jump up ^ "The Queen's Cup race" (pdf). The New York Times. 9 August 1870.
Jump up ^ Hamish G. Ross. "The First Challenge". alinghi.com. Archived from the original on 5 February 2009.
Jump up ^ Naval Marine Archive. "Atalanta: The Canadian Mud Turtle". Naval Marine Archive. Retrieved 2012-07-17.
Jump up ^ Brooke Heckstall-Smith (1911). "Yachting – The plank on edge". Encyclopædia Britannica.
Jump up ^ William Picard Stephens (1904). "Burgess and the America Cup". American Yachting. The Macmillan Company. Retrieved 2012-05-04.
Jump up ^ Roland Folger Coffin (1885). The America's Cup: How it was Won by the Yacht America in 1851 and Has Been Since Defended. Charles Scribner's Sons Press. Retrieved 2012-05-04.
Jump up ^ A Testimonial to Charles J. Paine and Edward Burgess, from the City of Boston, for their successful defense of the America's Cup. Rockwell and Churchill Press. 1887. Retrieved 2012-05-04.
Jump up ^ Ahmed John Kenealy (November 1893). "The Victory of the Vigilant" (pdf). Outing. la84foundation.org. 23: 161–174. Retrieved 2012-05-04.
Jump up ^ "Valkyrie's steel mast" (pdf). The New York Times. 6 August 1895. Retrieved 2012-05-04.
Jump up ^ "The Curtain falls on Dunraven" (pdf). Outing. la84foundation.org. 28: 1–2. April 1896. Retrieved 2012-05-04.
Jump up ^ "Henry "Hank" Coleman Haff, 2004 Inductee". America's Cup hall of Fame. Herreshoff Marine Museum. Retrieved 2012-09-18.
Jump up ^ "skipper success of the Fife cutter Minerva". New York Times. Retrieved 2010-04-23. [clarification needed]
Jump up ^ "Barr's success on the Fife cutter Minerva". New York Times. Retrieved 2010-04-23. [clarification needed]
Jump up ^ Christopher Pastore (2005). Temple to the Wind: The Story of America's Greatest Naval Architect and His Masterpiece, Reliance. Lyons Press. ISBN 978-1-59228-557-0.
Jump up ^ Joseph Brinker (July 1920). "Racing for the America's Cup – When sport becomes a science". Popular Science. 97 (1): 17–22. Retrieved 2012-05-04.
Jump up ^ Herbert Lawrence Stone (1919). The America's Cup Races. Thomas Werner Laurie, Ltd. Press. Retrieved 2012-05-04.
Jump up ^ "Shamrock IV". New York Times. Retrieved 2010-04-23. [clarification needed]
Jump up ^ John T. Brady (July 1930). "A $5,000,000 yacht race". Popular Mechanics: 970–974. Retrieved 2012-05-04.
Jump up ^ Harold Stirling Vanderbilt (1931). Enterprise – The Story of the Defense of the America's Cup in 1930. Charles Scribner's Sons Press. ISBN 978-0-7136-6905-3.
Jump up ^ Starling Burgess (July 1934). "Secrets of a racing yacht". Popular Mechanics. 62 (1): 3–5. Retrieved 2012-05-04.
Jump up ^ "America's Cup winner a marvel in design". Popular Mechanics: 486–487. October 1937. Retrieved 2012-05-04.
Jump up ^ Ian Dear (1977). Enterprise to Endeavour – the J-Class yachts. Dodd, Mead and Company. ISBN 978-0-396-07478-6.
Jump up ^ "America's Cup Hall of Fame > Inductees > Henry Sears, 1995 Inductee". Retrieved 2012-05-04.
Jump up ^ Conner, Dennis; Stannard, Bruce (1987). Comeback: My Race for the America's Cup. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 100–101. ISBN 0-312-00900-3.
Jump up ^ Staff and Wire Reporters (11 December 1987). "Bond Urges Defenders to Open 1988 Challenge to All Comers". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2012-05-04.
Jump up ^ "Mercury Bay Boating Club v San Diego Yacht Club, Opinion of the Court". State of New York Unified Court System. 26 April 1990. Retrieved 2012-05-04.
Jump up ^ Gladwell, Richard (October 8, 2007). "America's Cup document says RNZYS against Protocol". Sail-World NZL. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved April 16, 2009.
Jump up ^ "GGYC Complaint Against SNG" (PDF). Archived from the original (pdf) on 10 August 2007.
Jump up ^ "Scuttlebutt News: Cory E. Friedman – 33rd America's Cup". Sailingscuttlebutt.com. Archived from the original on 9 February 2010. Retrieved 2010-02-15.
Jump up ^ Golden Gate Yacht Club v. Societe Nautique De Geneve (New York Court of Appeals 2 April 2009). Text
Jump up ^ "First blood to USA – News – 33rd America's Cup". Americascup.com. 25 June 2007. Archived from the original on 31 May 2012. Retrieved 2010-02-15.
Jump up ^ "BMW ORACLE Racing". BMW ORACLE Racing. 30 September 2003. Retrieved 2010-02-15. [dead link]
Jump up ^ "USA win 33rd America's Cup Match – News – 33rd America's Cup". Americascup.com. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 2010-02-15.
Jump up ^ "BMW ORACLE Racing". BMW ORACLE Racing. 30 September 2003. Retrieved 2010-02-15. [dead link]
Jump up ^ Laven, Kate (14 February 2010). "BMW Oracle's Larry Ellison confirms Mascalzone Latino as Challenger of Record". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 2010-02-15.
Jump up ^ "Club Nautico di Roma confirmed as America's Cup challenger". 3 News. 16 February 2010. Retrieved 2011-09-16.
Jump up ^ "Wingsailed 72ft catamaran to transform America's Cup racing". Golden Gate Yacht Club. 15 October 2010. Archived from the original on 2010-10-19.
Jump up ^ "San Francisco Wins Right to Host 34th America's Cup". America's Cup. 31 December 2010.
Jump up ^ "Mascalzone Latino says goodbye to the 34° America's Cup". 12 May 2011. Retrieved 2011-05-12.
Jump up ^ "America's Cup: Challenger of Record pulls pin in unprecedented move". 12 May 2011. Archived from the original on 8 October 2012. Retrieved 2011-05-12.
Jump up ^ "Swedish yacht club becomes Challenger of Record". New Zealand Herald. 18 May 2011. [dead link]
Jump up ^ Newton, Casey (3 September 2013). "Billionaire death race: inside America's Cup and the world's most dangerous sailboat". theverge.com. Retrieved 14 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Gladwell, Richard (3 September 2012). "America's Cup: Emirates Team NZ foiling on Waitemata Harbour – Images". Sail-World.
Jump up ^ "America's Cup venue Announcement". 2014-12-01. Archived from the original on 21 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Rules released for America's Cup". 2014-06-14.
Jump up ^ "Team Australia withdraws from the 35th America's Cup". 2014-07-19. Archived from the original on 10 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Luna Rossa withdraws from the 35th America's Cup". 2015-04-02.
Jump up ^ "Sailing Into America’s Cup History in Chicago". The New York Times. 10 June 2016. Retrieved 2016-06-14.
Jump up ^ "Racing in Chicago for the America's Cup World Series was a fantastic showcase for our sport". telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 2016-06-14. In 2017 New Zealand won the America's Cup.
Jump up ^ "'We're on top of the world': Team NZ wins 35th America's Cup". Radio New Zealand. 2017-06-27. Retrieved 2017-07-07.
Jump up ^ "America's Cup: Italians poised to challenge Team New Zealand". NZ Herald. Retrieved 2017-06-26.
Jump up ^ "America's Cup champion Oracle docked 2 points". Yahoo Sports. Archived from the original on 6 September 2013. Retrieved 8 September 2013.
Jump up ^ "Team Oracle USA penalized as cheating scandal rocks Americas cup". The Australian. Retrieved 27 September 2013.
Jump up ^ etnzblog.com
Jump up ^ "Goodyear Announces Winner of Nationwide Contest to Name Newest Blimp". PR Newswire Association LLC. 21 June 2006. Retrieved 2011-06-17.
America's Cup Yacht Designs 1851–1986. François Chevalier & Jacques Taglang. 1987. ISBN 978-2-9502105-0-0.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to America's Cup.
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
America's Cup Deed of Gift with amendments and interpretive resolutions
OFFICIAL Website of the America's Cup
"America's Cup Hall of Fame". Herreshoff Marine Museum.
"America's Cup news". CupInfo.com.
"Books about the America's Cup--a list of over 800 titles".
Heckstall-Smith, Brooke (1911). "Yachting § The America’s Cup.". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.).
"America's Cup Network Forums". 2007AC.com – Discussion forums for all America's Cup events, past, present and future. Archived from the original on 3 November 2013.
"Official America's Cup Magazine on iPad".
8 March 1985, Preparations are already underway for the next America's Cup challenge in Australia, itnsource.com
[hide]
v
t
e
America's Cup
Deed of Gift
Challengers and defenders
Competing yacht clubs
America's Cup
1851
1870
1871
1876
1881
1885
1886
1887
1893
1895
1899
1901
1903
1920
1930
1934
1937
1958
1962
1964
1967
1970
1974
1977
1980
1983
1987
1988
1992
1995
2000
2003
2007
2010
2013
2017
36th
Challenger Selection Series
(Louis Vuitton Cup)
1970
1974
1977
1980
1983
1987
1992
1995
2000
2003
2007
Acts
2013
World Series
2017
World Series
Defender Selection Series
(Citizen Cup)
1987
1992
1995
Class
J Class
12-Metre
yachts
IACC
yachts
regattas
AC72
AC45
AC50
AC45F
Related
America (yacht)
Wind (film)
Louis Vuitton Pacific Series
Louis Vuitton Trophy
AC45 World Series
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 137391188
LCCN: n99053106
GND: 4098109-5
BNF: cb133217340 (data)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=America%27s_Cup&oldid=798029343"
Categories:
Recurring sporting events established in 1851
America's Cup
Yachting races
Match racing competitions
1851 establishments in England
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2012
All articles with dead external links
Articles with dead external links from May 2012
Use dmy dates from April 2012
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016
Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016
Articles needing additional references from August 2017
All articles needing additional references
Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Afrikaans
Ænglisc
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Ελληνικά
Español
Euskara
فارسی
Français
한국어
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
Latviešu
Bahasa Melayu
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Occitan
Polski
Português
Русский
Sicilianu
Српски / srpski
Suomi
Svenska
Українська
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 30 August 2017, at 15:29.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: id class style

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/America%27s_Cup_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
America's Cup (disambiguation)

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

attrs: href title

value: caption

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

value: td

attrs: colspan style

value: tr

value: th

attrs: scope style

values:
row
white-space: nowrap

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
nofollow
http://americascup.com/
external text

values: Henry William Paget, 1st Marquess of Anglesey

values:
/wiki/Guinea_(British_coin)
mw-redirect
Guinea (British coin)

values: Edit section: 1851: America wins the Cup

values: Edit section: 1870–1881: First challenges

values:
/wiki/Genesta_(yacht)
mw-redirect
Genesta (yacht)

values: Edit section: 1889–1903: The Seawanhaka Rule

values:
/wiki/Bristol,_RI
mw-redirect
Bristol, RI

values:
/wiki/Nathanael_Herreshoff
mw-redirect
Nathanael Herreshoff

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2016)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Valkyrie_II_(yacht)
mw-redirect
Valkyrie II (yacht)

values: Windham Wyndham-Quin, 4th Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl

values:
/wiki/Valkyrie_III_(yacht)
mw-redirect
Valkyrie III (yacht)

values:
/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Lipton
mw-redirect
Sir Thomas Lipton

values: Edit section: 1914–1937: The Universal Rule

values:
/wiki/Universal_Rule
mw-redirect
Universal Rule

values:
/wiki/St._David%27s_Battery,_Bermuda
mw-redirect
St. David's Battery, Bermuda

values:
/wiki/Harold_Vanderbilt
mw-redirect
Harold Vanderbilt

values:
/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash
mw-redirect
Wall Street Crash

values:
/wiki/Starling_Burgess
mw-redirect
Starling Burgess

values:
/wiki/Lewis_Francis_Herreshoff
mw-redirect
Lewis Francis Herreshoff

values:
/wiki/Points_of_sail#Close_hauled
mw-redirect
Points of sail

values:
/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Sopwith
mw-redirect
Sir Thomas Sopwith

values:
/wiki/Endeavour_(Yacht)
mw-redirect
Endeavour (Yacht)

values: Edit section: 1956–1987: The Twelve-Metre Rule

values:
/wiki/John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy
mw-redirect
John Fitzgerald Kennedy

values: Alexander Robertson and Sons Ltd (Yachtbuilders)

values: Edit section: 1962–1983: The Australian challengers

values:
/wiki/Weatherly_(sloop)
mw-redirect
Weatherly (sloop)

values:
/wiki/Alan_Bond_(businessman)
mw-redirect
Alan Bond (businessman)

values: Edit section: 1983: Australia II wins the Cup

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2016)

values:
/wiki/Boxing_Kangaroo
mw-redirect
Boxing Kangaroo

values: Edit section: 1987: Technology and professionalism are increasingly important

values: Edit section: 1988: The Mercury Bay Challenge

values:
/wiki/Stars_%26_Stripes_(yacht)
mw-redirect
Stars & Stripes (yacht)

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced

values:
/wiki/Il_Moro_di_Venezia
mw-redirect
Il Moro di Venezia

values:
/wiki/Prada_Challenge
mw-redirect
Prada Challenge

values:
/wiki/Valencia_(city_in_Spain)
mw-redirect
Valencia (city in Spain)

values:
/wiki/Louis_Vuitton_Cup_2007
mw-redirect
Louis Vuitton Cup 2007

values: Edit section: 2010: The Golden Gate Challenge

values:
/wiki/USA_17_(yacht)
mw-redirect
USA 17 (yacht)

values:
/wiki/32nd_America%27s_Cup
mw-redirect
32nd America's Cup

values:
/wiki/Valencia,_Spain
mw-redirect
Valencia, Spain

values:
/wiki/34th_America%27s_Cup
mw-redirect
34th America's Cup

values: List of America's Cup challengers and defenders

values: background: #99FF99; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: left;

values:
/wiki/William_K._Vanderbilt
mw-redirect
William K. Vanderbilt

values:
/wiki/J._Pierpont_Morgan
mw-redirect
J. Pierpont Morgan

values: commons:Category:Shamrock II (ship, 1901)

values: commons:Category:Shamrock III (ship, 1903)

values:
/wiki/Harold_S._Vanderbilt
mw-redirect
Harold S. Vanderbilt

values:
/wiki/Sir_Frank_Packer
mw-redirect
Sir Frank Packer

values:
/wiki/Constellation_(yacht)
mw-redirect
Constellation (yacht)

values:
/wiki/Young_America_(yacht)
mw-redirect
Young America (yacht)

values:
/wiki/33rd_America%27s_Cup
mw-redirect
33rd America's Cup

values:
/wiki/BMW_Oracle_Racing
mw-redirect
BMW Oracle Racing

values:
/wiki/Emirates_Team_New_Zealand
mw-redirect
Emirates Team New Zealand

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: lower-alpha;

values: Edit section: All-time finals records of Clubs that have won the Cup

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values: International Catamaran Challenge Trophy

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
/wiki/New_York_Times
mw-redirect
New York Times

values: ref link points to search results page; (May 2012)

values:
noprint Inline-Template
margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/New_Zealand_Herald
mw-redirect
New Zealand Herald

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.americascup.com

values:
nofollow
http://www.cupinfo.com/
external text

values: Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition

values:
nofollow
http://64.62.177.206/
external text

values: 1871 America's Cup (page does not exist)

values: 1876 America's Cup (page does not exist)

values: 1881 America's Cup (page does not exist)

values: 1885 America's Cup (page does not exist)

values: 1886 America's Cup (page does not exist)

values: 1887 America's Cup (page does not exist)

values: 1893 America's Cup (page does not exist)

values: 1930 America's Cup (page does not exist)

values: 1934 America's Cup (page does not exist)

values: 1937 America's Cup (page does not exist)

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/137391188

values:
nofollow
external text
http://d-nb.info/gnd/4098109-5

values: Category:Recurring sporting events established in 1851

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2012

values: Category:All articles with dead external links

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from May 2012

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from August 2017

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/America%27s_Cup
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: Κύπελλο Αμερικής (ιστιοπλοΐα) – Greek

values: کاپ آمریکا – Persian

values: 아메리카스 컵 – Korean

values: גביע אמריקה (שיט) – Hebrew

values: アメリカスカップ – Japanese

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values: Кубок Америки (регата) – Russian

values: Куп Америка – Serbian

values: Кубок Америки (регата) – Ukrainian

values: 美洲杯帆船赛 – Chinese

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-America_s_Cup rootpage-America_s_Cup skin-vector action-view