text:
Apple I
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
"Apple 1" redirects here. For the album, see Apple Records discography.
Apple I
A fully assembled Apple I computer with a homemade wooden computer case
Developer
Steve Wozniak
Type
Personal computer
Release date
April 11, 1976; 42 years ago (1976-04-11)[citation needed]
Introductory price
US$666.66 (equivalent to $2,867 in 2017)
Discontinued
September 30, 1977 (1977-09-30)
CPU
MOS 6502 @ 1 MHz
Memory
4 KB standard
expandable to 8 KB or 48 KB using expansion cards
Graphics
40×24 characters, hardware-implemented scrolling
Successor
Apple II
Apple Computer 1, also known later as the Apple I, or Apple-1, is a desktop computer released by the Apple Computer Company (now Apple Inc.) in 1976. It was designed and hand-built by Steve Wozniak.[1][2] Wozniak's friend Steve Jobs had the idea of selling the computer[citation needed]. The Apple I was Apple's first product, and to finance its creation, Jobs sold his only motorized means of transportation, a VW Microbus,[3] for a few hundred dollars, and Steve Wozniak sold his HP-65 calculator for $500; however, Wozniak said that Jobs planned to use his bicycle if necessary.[4] It was demonstrated in July 1976 at the Homebrew Computer Club in Palo Alto, California.[5]
Production was discontinued on September 30, 1977, after the June 10, 1977 introduction of its successor, the Apple II, which Byte magazine referred to as part of the "1977 Trinity" of personal computing (along with the PET 2001 and the TRS-80).[6]
Contents
1 History
2 Collectors' item
3 Serial numbers
4 U.S. Museums displaying an original Apple 1 Computer
5 Clones and replicas
6 Emulation
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
History[edit]
Introductory advertisement for the Apple I Computer
On March 5, 1975, Steve Wozniak attended the first meeting of the Homebrew Computer Club in Gordon French's garage. He was so inspired that he immediately set to work on what would become the Apple I computer.[7] After building it for himself and showing it at the Club, he and Steve Jobs gave out schematics (technical designs) for the computer to interested club members and even helped some of them build and test out copies. Then, Steve Jobs suggested that they design and sell a single etched and silkscreened circuit board—just the bare board, no electronic parts—that people could use to build the computers. Wozniak calculated that having the board design laid out would cost $1,000 and manufacturing would cost another $20 per board; he hoped to recoup his costs if 50 people bought the boards for $40 each. To fund this small venture, their first company, Jobs sold his van and Wozniak sold his HP-65 calculator. Very soon after, Steve Jobs arranged to sell "something like 50" completely built computers to the Byte Shop (a computer store in Mountain View, California) at $500 each. To fulfill the $25,000 order, they obtained $20,000 in parts at 30 days net and delivered the finished product in 10 days.[8]
The Apple I went on sale in July 1976 at a price of US$666.66,[9] because Wozniak "liked repeating digits" and because of a one-third markup on the $500 wholesale price.[10]
The first unit produced was used in a high school math class, and donated to Liza Loop's public access computer center.[11] About 200 units were produced and all but 25 were sold during nine or ten months.[8]
The Apple I's built-in computer terminal circuitry was distinctive. All one needed was a keyboard and a television set. Competing machines such as the Altair 8800 generally were programmed with front-mounted toggle switches and used indicator lights (red LEDs, most commonly) for output, and had to be extended with separate hardware to allow connection to a computer terminal or a teletypewriter machine. This made the Apple I an innovative machine for its day. In April 1977, the price was dropped to $475.[12] It continued to be sold through August 1977, despite the introduction of the Apple II in April 1977, which began shipping in June of that year.[13] In October 1977, the Apple I was officially discontinued and removed from Apple's price list.[14] As Wozniak was the only person who could answer most customer support questions about the computer, the company offered Apple I owners discounts and trade-ins for Apple IIs to persuade them to return their computers.[15] These recovered boards were then destroyed by Apple, contributing to their rarity today.[16]
Collectors' item[edit]
The circuit board of a fully assembled Apple I
Original 1976 Apple 1 Computer in a briefcase. From the Sydney Powerhouse Museum collection
Original 1976 Apple 1 Computer PCB From the Sydney Powerhouse Museum collection
As of 2013, 63 Apple I computers have been confirmed to exist. Only six have been verified to be in working condition.
The Apple-1 Registry lists all known Apple-1 computer. Including a list of all auctions since 2000.
An Apple I reportedly sold for $50,000 USD at auction in 1999.[17]
In 2008, the website "Vintage Computing and Gaming" reported that Apple I owner Rick Conte was looking to sell his unit and was "expecting a price in excess of $15,000 U.S." The site later reported Conte had donated the unit to the Maine Personal Computer Museum in 2009.[18]
A unit was sold in September 2009 for $17,480 on eBay.[19]
A unit belonging to early Apple Computer engineers Dick and Cliff Huston was sold on March 23, 2010, for $42,766 on eBay.[20]
In November 2010, an Apple I sold for £133,250 ($210,000) at Christie's auction house in London. The high price was likely due to the rare documents and packaging offered in the sale in addition to the computer, including the original packaging (with the return label showing Steve Jobs' parents' address, the original Apple Computer Inc 'headquarters' being their garage), a personally typed and signed letter from Jobs (answering technical questions about the computer), and the original invoice showing 'Steven' as the salesman. The computer was brought to Polytechnic University of Turin where it was fixed and used to run the BASIC programming language.[21][22][23]
On June 15, 2012, a working Apple I was sold at auction by Sotheby's for a then-record $374,500, more than double the expected price.[24] This unit is on display at the Nexon Computer Museum in Jeju City, South Korea.
Living Computers: Museum + Labs Apple I, working and available for visitors to use.
In October 2012, a non-working Apple I from the estate of former Apple Computer employee Joe Copson was put up for auction by Christie's, but found no bidder who was willing to pay the starting price of US$80,000 (£50,000).[25] Copson's board had previously been listed on eBay in December 2011, with a starting bid of $170,000 and failed to sell. Following the Christie's auction, the board was restored to working condition by computer historian Corey Cohen.[26] Copson's Apple I was once again listed on eBay, where it sold for US$236,100.03 on April 23, 2015.[27]
On November 24, 2012, a working Apple I was sold at auction by Auction Team Breker for €400,000 (US$515,000).[28]
On May 25, 2013, a functioning 1976 model was sold for a then-record €516,000 (US$668,000) in Cologne.[29] Auction Team Breker said "an unnamed Asian client" bought the Apple I. This particular unit has Wozniak's signature. An old business transaction letter from Jobs also was included, as well as the original owner's manual.[30]
On June 24, 2013, an Apple I was listed by Christie's as part of a special on-line only auction lot called, "First Bytes: Iconic Technology From the Twentieth Century." Bidding ran through July 9, 2013. The unit sold for $390,000.[31][32]
In November 2013, a working unit speculated to have been part of the original lot of 50 boards delivered to the Byte Shop was listed by Auction Team Breker for €180,000 ($242,820), but failed to sell during the auction. Immediately following the close of bidding, a private collector purchased it for €246,000 ($330,000). This board was marked "01-0046," matching the numbering placed on other units sold to the Byte Shop and included the original operation manuals, software cassettes, and shipping box autographed by Steve Wozniak. The board also bears Wozniak's signature.[33]
In October 2014, a working, early Apple 1 was sold at auction for $905,000 to the Henry Ford Museum in Dearborn, Michigan. The sale included the keyboard, monitor, cassette decks and a manual. The auction was run by Bonhams.[34]
On December 13, 2014, a fully functioning, early Apple I was sold at auction for $365,000 by auction house Christie's. The sale included a keyboard, custom case, original manual and a check labeled "Purchased July 1976 from Steve Jobs in his parents' garage in Los Altos".[35]
On May 30, 2015, a woman reportedly dropped off boxes of electronics for disposal at an electronics recycling center in the Silicon Valley of Northern California, and they would now like to contact her. Included in the items removed from her garage after the death of her husband was an original Apple I computer, which the recycling firm sold for $200,000 to a private collector. It is the company's practice to give back 50% of the proceeds to the original owner when an item is sold, so they want to find the mystery donor.[36][37]
On September 21, 2015, an Apple I bearing the Byte Shop number 01-0059 was listed by Bonhams Auctions as part of their "History of Science and Technology" auction with a starting bid of US$300,000. The machine was described as, "in near perfect condition." The owner, Tom Romkey, "...only used the Apple-1 once or twice, and ...set it on a shelf, and did not touch it again."[38] The machine did not sell.[39] However, Glenn and Shannon Dellimore, the co-founders of GLAMGLOW, a beauty company which they sold to Estee Lauder Companies, bought it after the auction through Bonhams Auction house. On the 40th Anniversary of Apple Computers 2016 the Dellimore's working Apple-1 went on loan and on display in 'Artifact' at the V&A Museum in London, England. https://www.artfund.org/what-to-see/exhibitions/2016/09/10/ .
On August 26, 2016, (the 40th Anniversary year of Apple Computers), the rarest Apple-1 in existence, an Apple-I prototype made and hand-built by Steve Jobs himself (according to Apple-1 expert Corey Cohen) and dubbed the 'Holy Grail' of computers was sold for $815,000 to winning bidders Glenn and Shannon Dellimore, the co-founders of cosmetics firm Glamglow,[40] in an auction by Charitybuzz. The for-profit internet company that raises funds for nonprofit organizations declared that ten percent of the proceeds will go to the Leukemia and Lymphoma Society, based in New York.[41]
On April 15, 2017, an Apple I removed from Steve Jobs's office by Apple quality control engineer Don Hutmacher was placed on display at Living Computers: Museum + Labs.[42] This Apple I was modified by Dan Kottke and Bill Fernandez. This previously unknown unit was purchased from Hutmacher's heirs for an undisclosed amount.[citation needed]
Serial numbers[edit]
Both Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak have stated that Apple did not assign serial numbers to the Apple l. Several boards have been found with numbered stickers affixed to them, which appear to be inspection stickers from the PCB manufacturer/assembler. A batch of boards is known to have numbers hand-written in black permanent marker on the back; these usually appear as "01-00##" and anecdotal evidence suggests they are inventory control numbers added by the Byte Shop to the batch Apple sold them. These Byte Shop numbers have often erroneously been described as serial numbers by auction houses and in related press coverage.[43]
U.S. Museums displaying an original Apple 1 Computer[edit]
American Computer & Robotics Museum in Bozeman, Montana
Computer History Museum in Mountain View, California
Smithsonian Museum of American History in Washington DC
Living Computers: Museum + Labs in Seattle, WA
Clones and replicas[edit]
Several Apple I clones and replicas have been released in recent years. These are all created by hobbyists and marketed to the hobbyist/collector community. Availability is usually limited to small runs in response to demand.
Replica 1: Created by Vince Briel. A software-compatible clone, produced using modern components, released in 2003 at a price of around $150.[44][45][46][47]
PE6502: Created by Jason Putnam. A single board computer kit made with all through-hole and current production components. Runs Apple 1 "Integer BASIC", a clone of AppleSoft BASIC (floating point capable), Wozmon and Krusader- all built-in ROM. 32k of RAM, and a Parallax Propeller terminal. Software compatible with the Apple 1. putnamelectronics.com[48]
A-One: Created by Frank Achatz, also using modern components.[49]
Obtronix Apple I reproduction: Created by Steve Gabaly, using original components or equivalents thereof. Sold through eBay.[50]
Mimeo 1: Created by Mike Willegal. A hardware kit designed to replicate a real Apple I as accurately possible. Buyers are expected to assemble the kits themselves.[51]
Newton 1: Created by Michael Ng and released in 2012. Similar to the Mimeo 1, but is made using the same materials and same obsolete processing technique commonly used in the 1970s. Over 400 bare boards, kits and assembled boards were sold. There are Newton NTI and non-NTI versions available.[52][53]
Brain Board, a plug in firmware board for the Apple II that, with the optional "Wozanium Pack" program, can emulate a functional Apple-1.[54]
Replica by MDesk. An accuracy PCB copy of original Apple 1 was researched in 2012 — 14[55]. A few PCBs without components were sold for $26 in 2014.
Emulation[edit]
Apple 1js, a web-based Apple I emulator written in JavaScript.[56]
MESS, a multi-system emulator able to emulate the Apple I.
OpenEmulator, an accurate emulator of the Apple I, the ACI (Apple Cassette Interface) and CFFA1 expansion card.
Pom1, an open source Apple I emulator for Microsoft Windows, Arch Linux and Android devices.[57]
Apple 1 Emulator, an emulator for the SAM Coupé home computer.[58]
CocoaPom, a Java-based emulator with a Cocoa front end for Macintosh.[59]
Sim6502, an Apple I emulator for Macintosh.[60]
Green Delicious Apple-1, an emulator for the Commodore 64.[61]
See also[edit]
Computer networking portal
Computer programming portal
Computing portal
Electronics portal
Engineering portal
Internet portal
Software portal
Technology portal
Computer museums
History of computing
History of computer science
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Co-founder tells his side of Apple story". Reuters. September 27, 2006.
Jump up ^ "A Chat with Computing Pioneer Steve Wozniak". npr.org. Retrieved March 27, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Ventura County Star". Ventura County Star. Retrieved March 27, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Steve Jobs: Steve Wozniak Remembers". www.groovypost.com. Retrieved March 27, 2018.
Jump up ^ Freiberger, Paul; Swaine, Michael (2000). Fire in the Valley: The Making of the Personal Computer (2nd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. pp. 265–267. ISBN 0-07-135892-7. At a Homebrew meeting in July 1976, Woz gave a demonstration of the Apple 1. Paul Terrell, one of the industries earliest retailers, was in attendance.
Jump up ^ "Most Important Companies". Byte. September 1995. Archived from the original on June 18, 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-10.
Jump up ^ Wozniak, Steve (2006). iWoz. W.W. Norton & Company. p. 150. ISBN 978-0-393-33043-4. After my first meeting, I started designing the computer that would later be known as the Apple I. It was that inspiring.
^ Jump up to: a b Williams, Gregg; Moore, Rob (December 1984). "The Apple Story / Part 1: Early History". BYTE (interview). pp. A67. Retrieved October 23, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Video: Wozniak: $666.66 seemed like a good idea". CNET News. November 7, 2005. Retrieved February 19, 2009.
Jump up ^ Wozniak, Steven: "iWoz", page 180. W. W. Norton, 2006. ISBN 978-0-393-06143-7
Jump up ^ Turner, Daniel (May 1, 2007). "MIT Technology Review". MIT Technology Review. Retrieved 16 April 2015.
Jump up ^ "April 1977 Price List - Applefritter". www.applefritter.com. Retrieved March 27, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Bill of Sale - Applefritter". www.applefritter.com. Retrieved March 27, 2018.
Jump up ^ "October 1977 Price List - Applefritter". www.applefritter.com. Retrieved March 27, 2018.
Jump up ^ "The Apple II, cont". Apple II History. Retrieved February 27, 2011.
Jump up ^ "The Huston brothers' Apple-1 Back Story". Retrieved June 25, 2013.
Jump up ^ Ong, Josh (November 11, 2010). "Auction of Apple's first computer expected to top $160k". Apple Insider. Retrieved June 16, 2012.
Jump up ^ Edwards, Benj (September 15, 2008), "Apple I For Sale", Vintage Computing and Gaming, archived from the original on March 14, 2016, retrieved April 1, 2016 .
Jump up ^ "The Apple 1 Registry". Apple I Mimeo Project. Retrieved June 16, 2012.
Jump up ^ Calande, John (March 24, 2010). "Another very nice Apple-1 sold on ebay yesterday". Retrieved June 16, 2012.
Jump up ^ BBC News (November 23, 2010). "First Apple computer fetches £130,000 at auction". BBC News. Retrieved June 16, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Christie's Sale 7882 / Lot 65". Christie's. Retrieved June 16, 2012.
Jump up ^ Heater, Brian. "$211,000 Apple-1 up and running, wants to know what this 'cloud' thing is all about". engadget. engadget.com. Retrieved June 16, 2012.
Jump up ^ Austin, Scott (June 15, 2012). "Original Apple 1 Computer Sells for $374,500 in Auction". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved June 16, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Rare apple 1 computer no sale at christies auction". ABC News. Retrieved October 28, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Rare working Apple-1 pops up on eBay with Cassette board accessory". iPhone Hacks. Retrieved September 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Early 1976 Apple-1 computer, from the garage of Steve Jobs". Retrieved September 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ "the-saleroom.com". ATG Media. Archived from the original on November 28, 2012. Retrieved November 24, 2012.
Jump up ^ "How much?! Working Apple-1 sells at auction for record-breaking $671,400". digitaltrends.com. May 27, 2013. Retrieved March 27, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Vintage Apple computer auctioned off for $668,000". Yahoo News. Retrieved May 25, 2013.
Jump up ^ "First Apple Computer Sells for $390,000 in Christie's Technology Auction". International Business Times. Retrieved July 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Apple I auction fails to break 500K". Macmint. Retrieved July 14, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Apple 1 Sold for $330k After Auction Close". Cult of Mac. Retrieved March 28, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Apple-1 computer sold at auction for $905,000". Fox News. Retrieved October 22, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Computer sold by Steve Jobs out of his parents' garage raises $365,000 at auction". Yahoo!. Retrieved December 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Mystery Woman Dumps Rare, Collectable Apple Computer Worth $200K At Recycling Center". Milpitas: CBS News. 2015-05-30. Retrieved 2015-05-31.
Jump up ^ "Apple 1 computer worth $200K left at recycling centre". CBC News. 2015-05-31. Retrieved 2015-05-31. A recycling centre in the Silicon Valley is looking for a woman who dropped off an old Apple computer that turned out to be a collectible item worth $200,000 US.
Jump up ^ "Lot 77 Apple-1 Computer". Bonhams Auctions. 21 September 2015. Retrieved October 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Early Apple computer fails to sell". BBC News. 22 September 2015. Retrieved October 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ Fried, Ina (2016-08-26). "This 'Holly Grail' Apple-1 prototype, assembled by Steve Jobs, sold to cosmetics executives for $815,000". Recode. Retrieved 2016-08-28.
Jump up ^ "'First Apple computer' sells for $815,000 - BBC News". Retrieved 2016-08-28.
Jump up ^ "Rare Apple I exhibit in the heart of Microsoft country". seattlepi.com. Retrieved March 27, 2018.
Jump up ^ "The Apple 1 Registry". Retrieved June 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ replica I – the apple I(c) clone, retrieved August 15, 2009
Jump up ^ replica I Archived January 20, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. at official Briel computers web site, retrieved August 15, 2008
Jump up ^ Gagne, Ken Image gallery: Building an Apple-1 replica from scratch, Computerworld, 2009-08-14, story with pictures for assembling a Briel replica I from a kit, retrieved August 15, 2009
Jump up ^ Owad, Tom Apple I Replica Creation, retrieved August 15, 2009
Jump up ^ putnamelectronics, PE6502 Apple 1 replica kit.
Jump up ^ Achatz Electronics, retrieved July 29, 2013, archived May 13, 2012
Jump up ^ Vectronics Apple World: Obtronix Apple I Reproduction Archived July 26, 2013, at the Wayback Machine., retrieved July 8, 2013
Jump up ^ Mimeo 1 kit, retrieved July 8, 2013
Jump up ^ Apple 1 Replica (Newton 1) Running Test Program, retrieved September, 2016
Jump up ^ Album of Newton 1 (by Michael Ng) including a side by side comparison with what believed to be one of the original boards, retrieved September, 2016
Jump up ^ The Brain Board with Wozanium Pack, retrieved February 2, 2014
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ "Apple 1js: An Apple 1 Emulator in JavaScript". Retrieved January 28, 2015.
Jump up ^ Pom1 Apple 1 Emulator, retrieved July 17, 2013
Jump up ^ Apple 1 Emulator - SAM Coupé, retrieved July 17, 2013
Jump up ^ CocoaPom Apple 1 Emulator, retrieved July 17, 2013
Jump up ^ Sim6502 Apple I emulator retrieved July 17, 2013
Jump up ^ http://csdb.dk/release/?id=118857, retrieved February 28, 2018
Notes
Price, Rob, So Far:the First Ten Years of a Vision, Apple Computer, Cupertino, CA, 1987, ISBN 1-55693-974-4
Owad, Tom (2005). Apple I Replica Creation: Back to the Garage. Rockland, MA: Syngress Publishing. Copyright 2005. ISBN 1-931836-40-X
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Apple I.
This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references. (April 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Bugbook Computer Museum blog. Apple 1 display.
Apple I Owners Club
Apple I Operational Manual
Apple I project on www.sbprojects.com
Apple 1 Computer Registry
Macintosh Prehistory: The Apple I
LCF Historical Collection – Apple 1 Video
John Calande III blog – Building the Apple I clone, including corrections on the early history of Apple Computer
show
v
t
e
Apple hardware before 1998
Computers
Apple
Apple I
Apple II series
II
II Plus
IIe
IIc
IIc Plus
IIGS
Apple III
Compact Macintosh
128K
512K
512Ke
Plus
SE
SE/30
Classic
Classic II
Color Classic
Macintosh II
II
IIx
IIcx
IIci
IIfx
IIsi
IIvi
IIvx
Macintosh LC
LC
LC II
LC III
LC 475
LC 500 series
LC 630
5200 LC
Macintosh TV
Macintosh Quadra
700
900
950
800
840AV
600 series
610
650
660AV
605
630
PowerBook
Macintosh Portable
68k-based PowerBooks
100 series
100
140
170
160
180
150
190
200 series
210
230
500 series
PowerPC-based PowerBooks
2300c
5300
1400
3400c
2400c
Power Macintosh
4400 and 7220
5000 series
5200 LC and 5300 LC
5260
5400
5500
6000 series
6100
6200 and 6300
6400
6500
7000 series
7100
7200 and 8200
7300
7500
7600
8000 series
8100
8500
8600
9000 series
9500
9600
Power Macintosh G3
Miscellaneous
Apple Lisa
Macintosh XL
Macintosh Performa
Macintosh Centris
Apple IIe Card (Macintosh PDS)
Apple Workgroup Server
9150
Apple Network Server
Twentieth Anniversary Macintosh
Peripherals
Displays
Monitor III
Monitor II
AppleColor Composite IIe
AppleColor High-Resolution RGB
Macintosh Color
AudioVision 14
Multiple Scan 14
ColorSync 750
External drives
Disk II
Macintosh
ProFile
Hard Disk 20
Hard Disk 20SC
AppleCD
PowerCD
Tape Drive 40SC
Input devices
Keyboard
Desktop Bus
Extended Keyboard
Adjustable Keyboard
Mouse
Scanner
QuickTake
Networking
Apple II serial cards
Apple Modem
LocalTalk
Apple Communication Slot
GeoPort
Printers
Silentype
Dot Matrix Printer
Letter Quality Printer
ImageWriter
LaserWriter
410 Color Plotter
Color LaserWriter
StyleWriter
Newton
MessagePad
eMate 300
Other
Paladin
Interactive Television Box
Pippin
Apple hardware since 1998
show
v
t
e
Apple hardware
Apple II family
Discontinued
Apple I
Apple II series
II
II Plus
IIe
IIe Card (Macintosh PDS)
IIc
IIc Plus
IIGS
Apple III
Apple Lisa
Macintosh XL
Mac
Desktop
Current
iMac
iMac Pro
Mac Pro
Mac Mini
Discontinued
Compact
128K
512K
512Ke
Plus
SE
SE/30
Classic
Classic II
Color Classic
II family
II
IIx
IIcx
IIci
IIfx
IIsi
IIvi
IIvx
LC family
LC
LC II
LC III
LC 475
LC 500 series
LC 630
5200 LC
Macintosh TV
Quadra
610
650
660AV
605
630
700
900
950
800
840AV
Performa
Centris
Power Macintosh
4400 and 7220
5000 series
5200 LC and 5300 LC
5260
5400
5500
6000 series
6100
6200 and 6300
6400
6500
7000 series
7100
7200 and 8200
7300
7500
7600
8000 series
8100
8500
8600
9000 series
9500
9600
G3
G4
G4 Cube
G5
Twentieth Anniversary
iMac family
G3
G4
G5
eMac
Laptop
Current
MacBook family
12-inch
Air
Pro
Discontinued
Macintosh Portable
PowerBook
68k-based
100 series
100
140
170
160
180
150
190
Duo
210
230
500 series
PowerPC-based
2300c
5300
1400
3400c
2400c
G3
G4
iBook
G3
G4
MacBook (pre-2015)
Server
Discontinued
Workgroup Server
9150
Network Server
Xserve
Mac Mini Server
Mac Pro Server
Devices
Current
Apple TV
Apple Watch
Series 1
Series 3
HomePod
iPad
iPad (2018)
Mini 4
Pro 10.5 / 12.9 (2nd)
iPhone
6S / 6S Plus
SE
7 / 7 Plus
8 / 8 Plus
X
iPod (Touch (6th))
Discontinued
Interactive Television Box
Apple Watch
Series 0
Series 2
iPad
1st
2
3rd
4th
Air
Air 2
2017
Mini
1st
2
3
Pro 9.7 / 12.9 (1st)
iPhone
1st
3G
3GS
4
4S
5
5C
5S
6 / 6 Plus
iPod
Classic
iPod+HP
U2
Photo
with color display
Hi-Fi
Mini
Nano
Shuffle
Touch
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Newton
MessagePad
eMate 300
Pippin
PowerCD
QuickTake
Accessories
Current
AirPods
AirPower
iPad
Pencil
Smart Keyboard
Magic Keyboard
Magic Mouse 2
Magic Trackpad 2
Siri Remote
SuperDrive (USB)
Discontinued
Displays
III
II
AppleColor Composite IIe
AppleColor High-Resolution RGB
Color
AudioVision 14
Multiple Scan 14
ColorSync 750
Studio
Cinema
Thunderbolt
Drives
Disk II
Macintosh
ProFile
Hard Disk 20
Hard Disk 20SC
AppleCD
PowerCD
Tape Drive 40SC
SuperDrive
Xserve RAID
Input
devices
Desktop Bus
iSight
Keyboards
Extended
Adjustable
Wireless
Magic Trackpad
Mice
USB Mouse
Pro Mouse
Wireless Mouse
Mighty Mouse
Magic Mouse
Remote
Scanner
iPod
Click Wheel
Nike+iPod
Networking
AirPort
Express Router
Extreme Router
Time Capsule
Apple II serial cards
Modems
USB
LocalTalk
Communication Slot
GeoPort
Printers
Silentype
Dot Matrix Printer
Letter Quality Printer
ImageWriter
LaserWriter
410 Color Plotter
Color LaserWriter
StyleWriter
Apple-designed
processors
Current
A series
64-bit: A8
A9
A10
A10X
A11
S series
32-bit: S1P
S3
W series
32-bit: W1
W2
T series
32-bit: T1
T2
Discontinued
A series
32-bit: A4
A5
A5X
A6
A6X
64-bit: A7
A8X
A9X
S series
32-bit: S1
S2
Italics indicate announced unreleased products
Comparison of Macintosh models
Timeline of Macintosh models
Timeline of Apple Inc. products
show
v
t
e
Steve Wozniak
Products and projects
Apple I
Apple II
Apple Desktop Bus
Breakout
Children's Discovery Museum of San Jose
CL 9 CORE
Electronic Frontier Foundation
iWoz
US Festival
Silicon Valley Comic Con
Companies
Acquicor Technology (co-founder)
Apple, Inc. (co-founder)
CL 9 (founder)
Fusion-io, Inc. (chief scientist)
Wheels of Zeus (founder)
Awards
Honors and awards for Steve Wozniak
Film
Jobs
Pirates of Silicon Valley
Steve Jobs
Triumph of the Nerds
TV appearances
"The Cruciferous Vegetable Amplification" (The Big Bang Theory)
Dancing with the Stars season 8
Kathy Griffin: My Life on the D-List season 4
Related
Apple IIGS with limited edition signed case
Blue box
Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution
Homebrew Computer Club
Steve Jobs
Phreaking
Segway polo
History of Apple Inc.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apple_I&oldid=853820707"
Categories:
Computer-related introductions in 1976
Apple II family
Apple Inc. hardware
Early microcomputers
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018
Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018
Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018
Wikipedia external links cleanup from April 2018
Wikipedia spam cleanup from April 2018
Use mdy dates from October 2013
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Bosanski
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Galego
한국어
Hrvatski
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
ქართული
Lietuvių
Lumbaart
Magyar
Bahasa Melayu
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
پنجابی
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Scots
Slovenčina
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
Tiếng Việt
中文
34 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 7 August 2018, at 04:33 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

attrs: href title

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: caption

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

value: td

attrs: colspan style

value: tr

value: th

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2018)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2018)

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Keyboard_(computing)
mw-redirect
Keyboard (computing)

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.apple1registry.com

values:
/wiki/Henry_Ford_Museum
mw-redirect
Henry Ford Museum

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2018)

values: Edit section: U.S. Museums displaying an original Apple 1 Computer

values: Obtronix Apple I reproduction (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Portal:Computer_networking
mw-redirect
Portal:Computer networking

values: Desktop computer clipart - Yellow theme.svg

values:
noprint metadata navbox
navigation
Portals
font-weight:bold;padding:0.4em 2em

values:
/wiki/Computer_museums
mw-redirect
Computer museums

values:
/wiki/Paul_Freiberger
mw-redirect
Paul Freiberger

values:
/wiki/Michael_Swaine_(technical_author)
mw-redirect
Michael Swaine (technical author)

values:
/wiki/W._W._Norton
mw-redirect
W. W. Norton

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.applefritter.com/node/2703

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.applefritter.com/node/2715

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.applefritter.com/node/2707

values:
nofollow
http://apple2history.org/history/ah04/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-11825954

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.applefritter.com/briel

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.applefritter.com/replica

values:
nofollow
external text
http://putnamelectronics.com

values:
nofollow
http://mdesk.ru/a1/
external autonumber

values:
nofollow
http://www.scullinsteel.com/apple1/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://pom1.sourceforge.net

values:
nofollow
http://simonowen.com/sam/apple1emu/
external text

values:
nofollow
external free
http://csdb.dk/release/?id=118857

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-external_links

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.applefritter.com/apple1

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.Apple1Registry.com

values:
nofollow
external text
http://apple1computer.blogspot.com

values: Template talk:Apple hardware before 1998

values: ColorMonitor IIe/AppleColor Composite Monitor IIe

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values:
/wiki/Apple_Watch_Series_1
mw-redirect
Apple Watch Series 1

values:
/wiki/Apple_Watch_Series_0
mw-redirect
Apple Watch Series 0

values:
/wiki/IPad_Pro_(1st_generation)
mw-redirect
IPad Pro (1st generation)

values:
/wiki/IPod_with_color_display
mw-redirect
IPod with color display

values:
/wiki/IPod_Touch_(1st_generation)
mw-redirect
IPod Touch (1st generation)

values:
/wiki/IPod_Touch_(2nd_generation)
mw-redirect
IPod Touch (2nd generation)

values:
/wiki/IPod_Touch_(3rd_generation)
mw-redirect
IPod Touch (3rd generation)

values:
/wiki/IPod_Touch_(4th_generation)
mw-redirect
IPod Touch (4th generation)

values:
/wiki/Smart_Keyboard
mw-redirect
Smart Keyboard

values:
/wiki/AirPort_Express_Router
mw-redirect
AirPort Express Router

values:
/wiki/AirPort_Extreme_Router
mw-redirect
AirPort Extreme Router

values:
/wiki/Apple_USB_Modem
mw-redirect
Apple USB Modem

values:
/wiki/Apple_A_series
mw-redirect
Apple A series

values:
/wiki/Apple_S_series
mw-redirect
Apple S series

values:
/wiki/Apple_W_series
mw-redirect
Apple W series

values:
/wiki/Apple_T_series
mw-redirect
Apple T series

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values:
navbox-image
6
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values:
/wiki/Apple,_Inc.
mw-redirect
Apple, Inc.

values:
/wiki/Fusion-io,_Inc.
mw-redirect
Fusion-io, Inc.

values: Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution

values: Category:Computer-related introductions in 1976

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018

values: Category:Wikipedia external links cleanup from April 2018

values: Category:Wikipedia spam cleanup from April 2018

values: Category:Use mdy dates from October 2013

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Apple_I
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
/w/index.php?title=Apple_I&action=edit
Edit this page [ctrl-alt-e]
e

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_I
Apple I – Bosnian
bs
bs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bs
display: none;

values:
https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_I
Apple I – Catalan
ca
ca
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_I
Apple I – Czech
cs
cs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_I
Apple I – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_I
Apple I – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_I
Apple I – Greek
el
el
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_I
Apple I – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_I
Apple I – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_I
Apple I – Basque
eu
eu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_I
Apple I – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_I
Apple I – Galician
gl
gl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values:
https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_I
Apple I – Croatian
hr
hr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_I
Apple I – Icelandic
is
is
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_I
Apple I – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values:
https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_I
Apple I – Hebrew
he
he
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_I
Apple I – Georgian
ka
ka
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values:
https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_I
Apple I – Lithuanian
lt
lt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_I
Apple I – Lombard
lmo
lmo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo
display: none;

values:
https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_I
Apple I – Hungarian
hu
hu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values:
https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_I
Apple I – Malay
ms
ms
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_I
Apple I – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_I
Apple I – Japanese
ja
ja
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_I
Apple I – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_I
Apple I – Norwegian Nynorsk
nn
nn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb
display: none;

values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_I
Apple I – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_I
Apple I – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_I
Apple I – Romanian
ro
ro
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values:
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_I
Apple I – Russian
ru
ru
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_I
Apple I – Scots
sco
sco
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

values:
https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_I
Apple I – Slovak
sk
sk
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_I
Apple I – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_I
Apple I – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_I
Apple I – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: แอปเปิล I – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_I
Apple I – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values:
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_I
Apple I – Ukrainian
uk
uk
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values:
https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_I
Apple I – Vietnamese
vi
vi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values:
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_I
Apple I – Chinese
zh
zh
interlanguage-link-target

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Apple_I rootpage-Apple_I skin-vector action-view


text:
NY SAFE Act
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the New York gun control legislation. For the 2015 refugee legislation, see American SAFE Act of 2015.
NY SAFE Act
New York State Legislature
Full name
New York Secure Ammunition and Firearms Enforcement Act
Status
In force
Signed into law
January 15, 2013
Governor
Andrew Cuomo
Associated bills
Gun Legislation Bill
Firearm legal topics of the
United States of America
Amendment II
Assault weapon
Assault weapons legislation
Bump stocks
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco,
Firearms and Explosives (ATF)
Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act
Campus carry in the U.S.
Concealed carry in the U.S.
Connecticut Children's Safety Act
Constitutional carry
Domestic Violence Offender Gun Ban
Federal Assault Weapons Ban
Federal Firearms Act of 1938
Federal Firearms License
Firearm case law
Firearm Owners Protection Act
Gun Control Act of 1968
Gun-Free School Zones Act (GFSZA)
Gun law in the U.S.
Gun laws in the U.S. by state
Gun politics in the U.S.
High-capacity magazine ban
International treaties for arms control
National Instant Criminal
Background Check System (NICS)
National Firearms Act (NFA)
NY SAFE Act
Open carry in the U.S.
Right to keep and bear arms in the U.S.
Sullivan Act (New York)
Suppressor
Tiahrt Amendment
Violent Crime Control
and Law Enforcement Act
United States portal
v
t
e
The New York Secure Ammunition and Firearms Enforcement Act of 2013 commonly known as the NY SAFE Act is a gun regulation law in the state of New York. The law was passed by the New York State Legislature and was signed into law by Governor of New York Andrew Cuomo in January 2013. The legislation was written in response to the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting in Newtown, Connecticut and the December 24th Webster, New York Shooting. Cuomo described the law as the toughest gun control law in the United States.
The NY SAFE Act contains a number of firearms regulations. It also contains a severability provision that allows other measures to remain in place in case the broad prohibitions against weapons are invalidated by the courts.
Contents
[hide]
1 Legislative history
2 Provisions
3 Support
4 Criticisms
5 Legal challenges
6 Subsequent amendments
7 Impact on gun manufacturers
8 See also
9 References
Legislative history[edit]
The New York State Senate approved the act on a 43–18 vote on January 14, 2013.[1] The vote was bipartisan,[2] with nine Senate Republicans voting in favor.[3] State Senator Jeffrey D. Klein sponsored the legislation.[4]
The following day (the second full day of the 2013 legislative session), the New York State Assembly approved the legislation by a 104–43 vote, and Governor Andrew Cuomo signed the bill into law less than one hour later.[1] The passage of the law made New York the first to pass restrictions on gun laws since the Sandy Hook massacre.[5][6] Cuomo described the law as the toughest gun control law in the United States.[6][7]
The bill passed under the "message of necessity" procedure, a device in the New York State Constitution by which the governor may expedite a vote on a bill, bypassing a usual three-day waiting period. Although nominally used for emergencies, the "message of necessity" procedure has been frequently used in New York to pass many pieces of legislation (it has been used at least 415 times since 1938).[8]
Provisions[edit]
The NY SAFE Act includes the following provisions:[9]
The Act broadened the legal definition of assault weapon to include those semi-automatic rifles, semi-automatic pistols (handguns), and semi-automatic shotguns with one or more "military-style features, such as a telescoping stock, bayonet mount, flash suppressor, grenade launcher and others."[10][11] This "one-feature test" was a change from the previous "two-feature test," enacted in New York in 2000, which barred such weapons if they had two or more of the enumerated features.[12] The bill provided a "grandfathering" provision allowing those with an assault weapon (under the newer, broader definition), to keep the weapon, but required that it be registered with the New York State Police (with a thirteen-month period to register and a deadline of April 15, 2014).[11][12] There is no fee to register.[11] Alternatively, owners of such weapons could avoid registration by selling the weapon to a New York State dealer or to someone out-of-state by January 15, 2014, or by permanently removing the design characteristics that make the weapon an assault weapon under the Act.[11] Under the Act, the registry of assault weapons is confidential and not subject to public disclosure.[11] The constitutionality of the assault-weapon prohibition was upheld by Chief U.S. District Judge William M. Skretny in 2013,[10][13] and this ruling was affirmed by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit in 2015.[10]
The Act included a high-capacity magazine provision, provided that beginning on April 15, 2013, only magazines with a capacity of seven rounds could legally be sold in New York.[11] The Act allowed ten-round magazines purchased before that date, but made it illegal to load more than seven rounds of ammunition into a ten-round magazine, except "at an incorporated firing range or competition recognized by the National Rifle Association or International Handgun Metallic Silhouette Association."[11] Historic or antique guns (defined as those manufactured more than fifty years ago) were exempt from this requirement.[11] The magazine provisions were struck down by Judge Skretny in 2013,[13] and this ruling was upheld by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit in 2015, making it so "gun owners can legally load 10 rounds in a 10-round magazine."[10] Neither the Act nor the subsequent court cases affected New York's pre-existing ten-round magazine limit.[11] The Act does not place a limit on the number of magazines that individuals could purchase at any one time.[11]
The Act requires ammunition dealers to conduct background checks (similar to those for gun buyers) for purchases, and bans on direct Internet sales of ammunition.[14][15] (Under the Act, online sales to New Yorkers are still legal, but the buyer must go through a licensed dealer in the state and pick up the ammunition in person).[16] In 2015, Governor Cuomo and Senate entered into an unusual "memorandum of understanding" suspending the ammunition portions of the Act, citing "the lack of adequate technology." The memo states that the database "cannot be established and/or function in the manner originally intended at this time." The memo does not formally amend the Act or have legal effect, but according to the governor's office it "provides assurances to all that the database will not be implemented until it is ready and tested."[14][15]
The Act amended the New York Mental Hygiene Law to add a new reporting requirement for mental health professionals (including physicians, psychologists, registered nurses and licensed clinical social workers).[17] Under this provision, which went into effect on March 16, 2013, mental health professionals currently providing treatment services to an individual must make a report to authorities, "if they conclude, using reasonable professional judgment, that the individual is likely to engage in conduct that would result in serious harm to self or others."[17] The reports are sent first sent to county officials, and "if they agree with the assessments, the officials then input the names into the state database. The information is retained for five years. If the authorities find a person in the database has a gun permit—necessary to purchase a handgun in New York—they are required to revoke the license and seize any guns. The people in the database are barred from obtaining a permit until their names are purged."[18]
The Act requires owners to report lost or stolen guns and ammunition to authorities, and makes it a misdemeanor to fail to report the theft such a loss or theft within 24 hours.[19]
The Act created a universal background check provision, requiring all sellers or other transferors of firearms and ammunition to conduct background checks (through the National Instant Criminal Background Check System, or NICS[11]) of the prospective purchaser or other transferees, in "all sales, exchanges or disposals of firearms, rifles or shotguns" or ammunition, except those between immediate family members, provided that the transferring family member does not know that the transferee "is prohibited by law from possessing a firearm."[20] The Act requires that a prospective firearm transferor and transferee process the sale via an federally licensed dealer (FFL), but "does not mandate that FFLs play this processing role."[20] "An FFL, who does elect to provide the service, may not charge the parties more than $10 per transaction. The seller may leave the gun with the licensed dealer, but the purchaser must appear in person to show identification and fill out an ATF Form 4473," which is retained by the FFL.[20]
The Act requires those who live with a household member "who has been convicted of a felony or domestic violence crime, has been involuntarily committed, or is currently under an order of protection" to "safely store" any guns, using "an appropriate locking device including a trigger lock, a gun safe, or a secure gun cabinet."[11] Failure to do so is made a misdemeanor.[21]
The Act amended New York Penal Law to establish "tougher penalties for those who use illegal guns as well as measures to help combat gang violence."[11]
The murder of a first responder engaged in official duties was made a Class A-1 felony, with a mandatory life-without-parole sentence.[11] This was the "Webster provision," named for the 2012 Webster, New York shooting, in which two firefighters were fatally shot by an arsonist.[22][23]
The Act increases illegal possession of an unloaded gun and possession of a firearm on school grounds or a school from misdemeanors to a Class E felonies.[11]
The Act provided that recklessly injuring a child by a firearm, as well as selling or transferring a gun to an individual known to be prohibited from possessing a gun, was a Class D felony.[11]
The Act provided that "sharing a gun with an individual who is not authorized to possess a gun and commits a crime" was criminal facilitation.[11]
The Act made straw purchasing (buying a gun "for someone the buyer knows to be disqualified because of a conviction of a crime, an involuntary commitment or other disqualifier") a Class D felony (it was previously a misdemeanor).[11]
The Act created a mandatory minimum sentence of for using or carrying a firearm in drug trafficking or in committing a violent felony – a minimum of five years if loaded, and three if unloaded, with some discretion for the court to impose lower sentences in drug trafficking cases if mitigating factors are present.[11]
The Act allows prosecutors to seek a sentence of 25 years in prison to life imprisonment (an increase from the previous 15 years) in prosecuting gang members when the gang is involved in murder.
The Act requires the holders of handgun permits to be re-certified every five years with the local county clerk or sheriff.[24]
The Act permits the holders of handgun permit "to request that their application information be made exempt from disclosure under state Freedom of Information Law."[24] This was in response to a controversial website set up in 2010 that published the names of permit holders.[24]
Support[edit]
Support for the SAFE Act was strongly polarized by region, with strong support in New York City and its suburbs, but opposition in upstate New York.[25] Fourteen months after its passage, a Siena College poll showed that 63% of registered New York voters statewide said that they support the SAFE Act, but only 45% Upstate voters did.[26] The New York Times reported that in Upstate New York, "Counties, towns and villages have passed resolutions denouncing the laws, and some counties have even demanded that their official seals not be used on any paperwork relating to them. In response to an open records request, the governor's office shared hundreds of pages of such resolutions, from far-flung places like the Adirondack town of North Hudson, with 238 residents, to more populous areas like Erie County."[25] By contrast, Manhattan District Attorney Cyrus R. Vance, Jr. strongly supported the law, saying that would "provide law enforcement with stronger tools to protect our communities from gun violence, including provisions that better enable us to combat gun trafficking and violent gangs, and others that close the state gun show loophole and regulate large-quantity sales of ammunition and firearms."[27]
Following the passage of the Act, the New York State Sheriff's Association (NYSSA) wrote a letter offering a mixed opinion on the SAFE Act. The NYSSA favored the parts of the law that enhanced sentences for violent offenses committed with a gun, expanded background checks, and mandated safe storage of guns in households that included a member ineligible to legally use guns. The NYSSA opposed the parts of the law that expanded the definition of assault weapons, limited magazine usage, and limited ammunition sales via the Internet.[28]
Criticisms[edit]
County opposition to SAFE Act
A number of anti-SAFE Act rallies have been held at the New York State Capitol in Albany; one in 2014 featured Donald Trump, Rob Astorino, and Carl Paladino, and drew some 3,000 gun enthusiasts.[29][30] Pro-NY SAFE Act rallies have also occurred in Albany.[31]
The law was criticized as "rushed through" by the state legislature without consideration of whether it would criminalize police and other law enforcement officers who carry firearms with magazines with a larger capacity than those allowed for civilians.[32]
Republicans in the New York Legislature have made a number of unsuccessful efforts over a series of years to repeal the Act; these efforts have been led by State Senator Kathleen A. Marchione[33][34][35] and State Assemblyman Marc Butler.[36][37][38]
Some mental health experts expressed concerns that the law might interfere with their treatment of potentially dangerous individuals, or discourage such people from seeking treatment.[39] The United States Veterans Health Administration (VA) has already said they will not comply with the provision requiring release of certain mental health records as it violates federal patient confidentiality laws.[40]
Others claimed that this is a backdoor ban on handgun sales, noting that seven-round magazines simply do not exist for many popular models.[41][42] After realizing seven-round magazines do not exist for most firearms, New York governor Andrew Cuomo reversed his position on the seven-round limit, stating, "There is no such thing as a seven-bullet magazine [sic]. That doesn't exist, so you really have no practical option." He went on to say the state needs to allow the sale of handguns and rifles with ten-round magazines, but requires the people of New York only load seven rounds in them, except at shooting ranges and competitions. He claimed the law is still enforceable.[43][44] Cuomo and New York State Senate leaders planned an indefinite suspension of the seven-round magazine limit until they could rewrite the measure.[45] In March 2013 during budget negotiations, Cuomo and lawmakers agreed to continue to allow 10-round magazines to be sold, but could still only be loaded with 7 cartridges.[46]
Legal challenges[edit]
On March 11, 2013, the United States Department of Veterans Affairs announced that it would not follow the provision of the NY SAFE Act requiring mental health professionals to report patients who seem more likely to hurt themselves or others. A Department spokesman stated that federal laws protecting the privacy of veterans take precedence over state laws. Advocates for military veterans had expressed concern that the reporting requirement would deter some people from seeking needed treatment.[47]
Robert L. Schulz and several hundred other gun-rights activists pursued a legal challenge against the NY SAFE Act in New York state court, arguing that the act was unconstitutional as Governor Cuomo's use of a "message of necessity" to waive the usual three-day waiting period had violated the New York State Constitution. Judge Thomas J. McNamara of the New York Supreme Court denied the plaintiffs' request for an injunction and later dismissed the challenge, finding no constitutional violation.[48]
A separate challenge took place in federal court. In December 2013, Chief U.S. District Judge William M. Skretny, of the Federal District Court in Buffalo, upheld most of the New York SAFE Act, saying that its provisions "further the state's important interest in public safety.... it does not totally disarm New York's citizens; and it does not meaningfully jeopardize their right to self-defense".[13] However he struck down the provision that only seven rounds of ammunition could be loaded into a ten-round magazine, calling it "an arbitrary restriction" that violated the Second Amendment, and saying that it could result in "pitting the criminal with a fully-loaded magazine against the law-abiding citizen limited to seven rounds."[13]
The New York State Rifle and Pistol Association dropped its suit in March 2016. Following the death of Justice Antonin Scalia, it decided it was unlikely to win a favorable Supreme Court opinion.[49]
Subsequent amendments[edit]
The NY SAFE Act as originally passed did not explicitly exempt police officers from some of the law's provisions, such as the seven-round limit, although older law (not repealed by the NY SAFE Act) did provide such an exemption. This prompted some initial confusion, but the office of Governor Andrew Cuomo said soon after passage that "Police officers possessing ammunition clip [sic] with more than seven bullets are not in violation of this law and they never will be, period."[50] In July 2013, Cuomo signed into law a measure that expressly exempted qualified retired law enforcement officers from some of the provisions of the Act. The exemption allows retired officers (who served for at least ten years and left in good standing) to retain guns and magazines purchased as part of official duty, so long as registered with the state within 60 days of retiring.[51][52][53]
Impact on gun manufacturers[edit]
In 2013, Moon Kook-jin's Kahr Arms of Pearl River, a gun manufacturer, announced that it would be moving its headquarters from New York to Pennsylvania after the passing of the NY SAFE Act. The company also announced that it would be building a manufacturing facility in Pennsylvania, rather than Orange County, New York, as it had looked into.[54]
In 2014, the Remington Arms Co. decided to open a manufacturing plant in Huntsville, Alabama. The president of United Mine Workers Local 717, which represents workers at Remington's existing plant in Ilion, New York expressed fears about the future of the New York facility and blaming the NY SAFE Act for the company's decision to expand in Alabama rather than New York. However, "Remington has not given any public indications that it is planning to move out of Ilion. In fact, it has spent more than $20 million on new equipment for its factory in Ilion and added 560 jobs at the plant" in the few years before 2014.[55] Subsequently, about 100 Remington jobs were shifted from New York to Alabama; a Remington Outdoor Company CEO said that the SAFE Act (alongside other factors such as "workforce quality, business environment, tax and economic incentives, and existing infrastructure") to the shift.[56]
See also[edit]
Gun laws in New York
State hunting licenses
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Thomas Kaplan, Sweeping Limits on Guns Become Law in New York, New York Times (January 15, 2013).
Jump up ^ Glaser, Howard (January 15, 2013). "Cuomo Gun Safety Legislation Passes NY State Senate With Bipartisan Support, Assembly Action Today". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 25 January 2013.
Jump up ^ Jimmy Vielkind, Senate set to vote on SAFE Act tweaks, Politico (July 8, 2015).
Jump up ^ Teri Weaver, NY senator pushes to ban gun sales, possession for those on U.S. terrorist watch lists, Syracuse.com (December 11, 2015).
Jump up ^ Campbell, John (15 January 2013). "N.Y. first state to tighten gun laws after Newtown". USA Today. Retrieved 16 January 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "New York passes first U.S. gun control bill since Newtown massacre". CBS News. 15 January 2013. Retrieved 16 January 2013.
Jump up ^ Walshie, Shushannah (15 January 2013). "New York Passes Nation's Toughest Gun-Control Law". ABC News. Retrieved 16 January 2013.
Jump up ^ Michelle Breidenbach, The Safe Act "emergency": How Cuomo, past governors bypassed public to make laws, Syracuse.com (March 13, 2013).
Jump up ^ New York passes major gun control law – first since Newtown massacre - NBCNews.com, January 15, 2013
^ Jump up to: a b c d Tom Precious, Appeals court upholds SAFE Act but rules against seven-bullet limit, Buffalo News (October 19, 2015).
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s SAFE Act FAQ, Office of the Governor of New York.
^ Jump up to: a b James B. Jacobs & Zoe Fuhr, The SAFE Act: New York's Ban on Assault Weapons and Large Capacity Magazines Criminal Law Bulletin (forthcoming, 2017).
^ Jump up to: a b c d Thomas Kaplan, Federal Judge Upholds Majority of New York Gun Law, New York Times (December 31, 2013).
^ Jump up to: a b Thomas Kaplan, Plan to Require Background Checks for Ammunition Sales Is Suspended in New York, New York Times (July 10, 2015).
^ Jump up to: a b Teri Weaver, Cuomo agrees to changes to NY Safe Act regarding ammunition sales, Syracuse.com (July 10, 2015).
Jump up ^ Questions whether Safe Act deal changes anything, Associated Press (July 13, 2015).
^ Jump up to: a b The SAFE Act: Guidelines for Complying With the New Mental Health Reporting Requirement, New York State Psychiatric Association.
Jump up ^ Anemona Hartocollis, Mental Health Issues Put 34,500 on New York’s No-Guns List, New York Times (October 19, 2014).
Jump up ^ A closer look at New York State’s gun laws, Obama’s directives, Buffalo News (January 9, 2016).
^ Jump up to: a b c James B. Jacobs & Zoe Fuhr, Universal Background Checking – New York State's SAFE Act, 79 Albany Law Review (forthcoming 2016).
Jump up ^ Teri Weaver, New York's new gun law: Answers to some questions, Syracuse.com (January 16, 2013).
Jump up ^ Jon Campbell, Webster Gun Provision, WENY (January 15, 2013).
Jump up ^ New York Senate passes tough gun law, Gannett Company (January 1, 2013).
^ Jump up to: a b c Rick Karlin, County clerks: State delays handgun permit updates under NY SAFE Act, Times Union (April 16, 2014).
^ Jump up to: a b Thomas Kaplan, Cuomo's Gun Law Plays Well Downstate but Alienates Upstate, New York Times (October 24, 2014).
Jump up ^ New Yorkers Favor SAFE Act 2-1, Poll Says, WWNY-TV (March 24, 2014) (see raw polling numbers).
Jump up ^ New York passes major gun control law – first since Newtown massacre, NBC News (January 15, 2013).
Jump up ^ Sheriffs' Response to NY SAFE Act Archived 2014-07-15 at the Wayback Machine., New York State Sheriff's Association.
Jump up ^ Rick Karlin, Voter bloc hears stars Trump, Paladino; Astorino shows up, Albany Times Union (April 2, 2014).
Jump up ^ Gino Geruntino, Critics speak out against SAFE Act during Albany rally, WRVO (April 2, 2014).
Jump up ^ Jenna Flanagan, SAFE Act supporters were also out in numbers in Albany this week, WMHT (April 3, 2014).
Jump up ^ Elzufon, Rachel (January 23, 2013). "NY SAFE Act Faces Changes". WWKB. Archived from the original on 25 January 2013. Retrieved 25 January 2013.
Jump up ^ Jordan Carleo-Evangelist, S.C.O.P.E. lauds Marchione for anti-SAFE Act work, Albany Times Union (June 20, 2014).
Jump up ^ Michael Goot, http://poststar.com/news/local/safe-act-big-on-marchione-s-agenda/article_2266df8d-681f-5b9a-a7f9-196457f7c1ef.html, Post-Star (July 12, 2015).
Jump up ^ Marchione Introduces Bill To Overturn SAFE Act, NY State of Politics (Time Warner Cable News Capital Region) (February 28, 2013).
Jump up ^ Mike McAndrew, After Orlando shooting, Assemblyman cancels news conference on repealing NY SAFE Act, Syracuse.com (June 13, 2016).
Jump up ^ Butler presses for repeal of SAFE ACT legislation, Rome Sentinel (June 20, 2015).
Jump up ^ St. Lawrence County GOP Assemblyman Butler working on legislation to repeal SAFE Act, votes against funding, North Country Now (May 11, 2015).
Jump up ^ "Experts Fear Proposed N.Y. Gun Law Might Hinder Therapy". USA Today. Associated Press. January 15, 2013. Retrieved January 19, 2013.
Jump up ^ "VA refuses to follow Cuomo gun-registry law". 11 March 2013.
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ "N.Y. gun law mandates magazines that don't exist".
Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20130324052804/http://newyork.newsday.com/news/region-state/ny-gun-control-gov-cuomo-opts-to-reverse-decision-on-magazine-size-1.4852695. Archived from the original on March 24, 2013. Retrieved March 25, 2013. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ Pavlich, Katie. "Katie Pavlich - Oops: New York Governor Wants to Repeal Own Gun Control Law".
Jump up ^ KRISS, ERIK (March 22, 2013). "State's new limit on gun magazines put on hold because 7-bullet magazines don't exist". New York Post. Retrieved March 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ Magazine limit, gun registration period to begin Monday. Democratandchronicle.com, April 13, 2013
Jump up ^ Virtanen, Michael (March 11, 2013). "VA Says It Won't Follow New York Gun Law", Huffington Post. Retrieved March 11, 2013.
Jump up ^ Teri Weaver, NY judge dismisses lawsuit challenging Safe Act, Syracuse.com (April 16, 2016).
Jump up ^ "Gun rights group drops SAFE Act challenge".
Jump up ^ Berger, Judson (January 18, 2013). "NY Guv Looks to Clarify Gun Law After Concern About Exemption for Police". Fox News.
Jump up ^ Teri Weaver, Gov. Andrew Cuomo signs amendment to NY Safe Act allowing exceptions for retired police, Syracuse.com (July 8, 2013).
Jump up ^ Nick Reismanm Cuomo Approves Law Enforcement Exemption In SAFE Act, Capital Tonight, Time Warner Cable News Capital Region, (July 8, 2013).
Jump up ^ Glenn Blain, NY Gov. Cuomo Signs SAFE Act Exemption For Retired Cops, New York Daily News (July 8, 2013).
Jump up ^ Firearms maker blames New York gun law for move to Pennsylvania, Associated Press (August 8, 2013).
Jump up ^ Rick Moriarty, Union official blames Remington Arms expansion in Alabama on NY SAFE Act, Syracuse.com (February 15, 2015).
Jump up ^ Ken Lovett, Remington CEO: SAFE Act impacted decision to expand—in Alabama, New York Daily News (November 17, 2014).
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NY_SAFE_Act&oldid=827982410"
Categories:
New York (state) statutes
United States firearms law
2013 in American law
2013 in New York (state)
Gun politics in the United States
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
Pages with citations lacking titles
Pages with citations having bare URLs
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 27 February 2018, at 21:39.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

values: Greater coat of arms of the United States.svg

values: Second Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: Assault weapons legislation in the United States

values:
/wiki/Bump_stocks
mw-redirect
Bump stocks

values: An Act Concerning Gun Violence Prevention and Children's Safety

values:
/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_U.S.
mw-redirect
Gun politics in the U.S.

values: Right to keep and bear arms in the United States

values: padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%

values:
/wiki/New_York_State_Constitution
mw-redirect
New York State Constitution

values:
/wiki/ATF_Form_4473
mw-redirect
ATF Form 4473

values:
/wiki/Protective_order
mw-redirect
Protective order

values:
/wiki/Trigger_lock
mw-redirect
Trigger lock

values:
/wiki/New_York_Penal_Law
mw-redirect
New York Penal Law

values:
/wiki/Criminal_facilitation
mw-redirect
Criminal facilitation

values:
/wiki/Drug_trafficking
mw-redirect
Drug trafficking

values:
/wiki/County_clerk
mw-redirect
County clerk

values:
/wiki/Manhattan_District_Attorney
mw-redirect
Manhattan District Attorney

values:
/wiki/Cyrus_R._Vance,_Jr.
mw-redirect
Cyrus R. Vance, Jr.

values:
/wiki/Kathleen_A._Marchione
mw-redirect
Kathleen A. Marchione

values:
/wiki/Marc_Butler
mw-redirect
Marc Butler

values:
/wiki/Federal_District_Court
mw-redirect
Federal District Court

values: Edit section: Impact on gun manufacturers

values:
/wiki/The_Huffington_Post
mw-redirect
The Huffington Post

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: Category:Gun politics in the United States

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Pages with citations lacking titles

values: Category:Pages with citations having bare URLs

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/NY_SAFE_Act
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-NY_SAFE_Act rootpage-NY_SAFE_Act skin-vector action-view