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Tropical cyclone rainfall climatology
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A tropical cyclone rainfall climatology is developed to determine rain, storm size, and degree of vertical wind shear. One of the most significant threats from tropical cyclones is heavy rainfall. Large, slow moving, and non-sheared tropical cyclones produce the heaviest rains. The intensity of a tropical cyclone appears to have little bearing on its potential for rainfall over land, but satellite measurements over the last several years show that more intense tropical cyclones produce noticeably more rainfall over water. Flooding from tropical cyclones remains a significant cause of fatalities, particularly in low-lying areas.
Contents
[hide]
1 Anticipating a flood event
2 General distribution within a tropical cyclone
3 Relation to storm size
4 Slow/looping motion on rainfall magnitude
5 Vertical wind shear impact on rainfall shield
5.1 Effect of interaction with frontal boundaries/upper level troughs
6 Mountains
7 Global distribution
8 United States tropical cyclone rainfall statistics
9 See also
10 Printed media
11 References
12 Related external links
Anticipating a flood event[edit]
See also: Tropical cyclone rainfall forecasting
While inland flooding is common to tropical cyclones, there are factors which lead to excessive rainfall from tropical cyclones. Slow motion, as was seen during Hurricane Danny (1997) and Hurricane Wilma, can lead to high amounts of rainfall. The presence of mountains/hills near the coast, like across much of Mexico, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Central America, Madagascar, Réunion, China, and Japan acts to magnify rainfall potential due to forced upslope flow into the mountains. Strong upper level forcing from a trough moving through the Westerlies and its associated cold front, as was the case during Hurricane Floyd, can lead to high amounts even from systems moving at an average forward motion. Larger tropical cyclones drop more rainfall as they precipitate upon one spot for a longer time frame than average or small tropical cyclones. A combination of two of these factors could be especially crippling, as was seen during Hurricane Mitch in Central America.[1] During the 2005 season, flooding related to slow-moving Hurricane Stan's broad circulation led to 1,662–2,000 deaths.[2]
General distribution within a tropical cyclone[edit]
Rainfall Rate per day within radius of the center (Riehl)
Radius (mi)
Radius (km) Amount (in) Amount (mm)
35 56 33.98 863
70 112 13.27 337
140 224 4.25 108
280 448 1.18 30
Isaac Cline was the first to investigate rainfall distribution around tropical cyclones in the early 1900s. He found that a larger proportion of rainfall falls in advance of the center (or eye) than after the center's passage, with the highest percentage falling in the right front quadrant. Father Viñes of Cuba found that some tropical cyclones have their highest rainfall rates in the rear quadrant within a training (non-moving) inflow band.[3] Normally, as a tropical cyclone intensifies, its heavier rainfall rates become more concentrated around its center.[4] Rainfall is found to be heaviest in tropical cyclone's inner core, whether it be the eyewall or central dense overcast, within a degree latitude of the center, with lesser amounts farther away from the center.[5] Most of the rainfall in tropical cyclones is concentrated within its radius of gale-force (34 knots/39 mph/63 km/h) winds.[6] Rainfall is more common near the center of tropical cyclones overnight. Over land, outer bands are more active during the heating of the day, which can act to restrict inflow into the center of the cyclone. Recent studies have shown that half of the rainfall within a tropical cyclone is stratiform in nature.[7] The chart to the right was developed by Riehl in 1954 using meteorological equations that assume a gale radius of about 140 miles (230 km), a fairly symmetric cyclone, and does not consider topographic effects or vertical wind shear. Local amounts can exceed this chart by a factor of two due to topography. Wind shear tends to lessen the amounts below what is shown on the table.
Relation to storm size[edit]
The relative sizes of Typhoon Tip, Cyclone Tracy, and the United States.
Larger tropical cyclones have larger rain shields, which can lead to higher rainfall amounts farther from the cyclone's center.[6] This is generally due to the longer time frame rainfall falls at any one spot in a larger system, when compared to a smaller system. Some of the difference seen concerning rainfall between larger and small storms could be the increased sampling of rainfall within a larger tropical cyclone when compared to that of a compact cyclone; in other words, the difference could be the result of a statistical problem.
Slow/looping motion on rainfall magnitude[edit]
Storms which have moved slowly, or loop, over a succession of days lead to the highest rainfall amounts for several countries. Riehl calculated that 33.97 inches (863 mm) of rainfall per day can be expected within one-half degree, or 35 miles (56 km), of the center of a mature tropical cyclone. Many tropical cyclones progress at a forward motion of 10 knots, which would limit the duration of this excessive rainfall to around one-quarter of a day, which would yield about 8.50 inches (216 mm) of rainfall. This would be true over water, within 100 miles (160 km) of the coastline,[8] and outside topographic features. As a cyclone moves farther inland and is cut off from its supply of warmth and moisture (the ocean), rainfall amounts from tropical cyclones and their remains decrease quickly.[9]
Vertical wind shear impact on rainfall shield[edit]
Vertical wind shear forces the rainfall pattern around a tropical cyclone to become highly asymmetric, with most of the precipitation falling to the left and downwind of the shear vector, or downshear left. In other words, southwesterly shear forces the bulk of the rainfall north-northeast of the center.[10] If the wind shear is strong enough, the bulk of the rainfall will move away from the center leading to what is known as an exposed circulation center. When this occurs, the potential magnitude of rainfall with the tropical cyclone will be significantly reduced.
Effect of interaction with frontal boundaries/upper level troughs[edit]
As a tropical cyclone interacts with an upper-level trough and the related surface front, a distinct northern area of precipitation is seen along the front ahead of the axis of the upper level trough. This type of interaction can lead to the appearance of the heaviest rainfall falling along and to the left of the tropical cyclone track, with the precipitation streaking hundreds of miles or kilometers downwind from the tropical cyclone.[11] The stronger the upper trough picking up the tropical cyclone, the more significant the left of track shift in the rainfall distribution tends to be.[7]
Mountains[edit]
Moist air forced up the slopes of coastal hills and mountain chains can lead to much heavier rainfall than in the coastal plain. This heavy rainfall can lead to landslides, which still cause significant loss of life such as seen during Hurricane Mitch in Central America.
Global distribution[edit]
Global tropical cyclone rainfall in 2005
Globally, tropical cyclone rainfall is more common across the northern hemisphere than across the southern hemisphere. This is mainly due to the normal annual tropical cyclone distribution, as between half and two-thirds of all tropical cyclones form north of the equator. Rainfall is concentrated near the 15th parallel in both hemispheres, with a less steep dropoff seen with latitude across the northern hemisphere, due to the stronger warm water currents seen in that hemisphere which allow tropical cyclones to remain tropical in nature at higher latitudes than south of the equator. In the southern hemisphere, rainfall impacts will be most common between January and March, while north of the equator, tropical cyclone rainfall impacts are more common between June and November.[7] Japan receives over half of its rainfall from typhoons.[12]
United States tropical cyclone rainfall statistics[edit]
U.S. Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Accumulations per time frame
See also: United States tropical cyclone rainfall climatology
Between 1970-2004, inland flooding from tropical cyclones caused a majority of the fatalities in the United States.[13] This statistic changed in 2005, when Hurricane Katrina's impact alone shifted the most deadly aspect of tropical cyclones back to storm surge, which has historically been the most deadly aspect of strong tropical cyclones.[14] On average, five tropical cyclones of at least tropical depression strength lead to rainfall across the contiguous United States annually, contributing around a quarter of the annual rainfall to the southeast United States. While many of these storms form in the Atlantic basin, some systems or their remnants move through Mexico from the Eastern Pacific basin. The average storm total rainfall for a tropical cyclone impacting the lower 48 from the Atlantic basin is about 16 inches (406 mm), with 70–75 percent of the storm total falling within a 24-hour period. The highest point total was seen during Hurricane Harvey in 2017, when 60.58 inches (1,538.7 mm) fell in southeast Texas.[15]
See also[edit]
Tropical cyclones portal
China tropical cyclone rainfall climatology
Extratropical cyclone
List of wettest tropical cyclones
List of wettest tropical cyclones by country
Tropical cyclone
Tropical cyclone rainfall forecasting
Tropical cyclogenesis
Printed media[edit]
Ivan Ray Tannehill. Hurricanes. Princeton University Press: Princeton, 1942.
Herbert Riehl. Tropical Meteorology. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc.: New York, 1954.
Terry Tucker. Beware the Hurricane! Hamilton Press: Bermuda, 1966.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Are You Ready?". Federal Emergency Management Agency. 2006-04-05. Retrieved 2006-06-24.
Jump up ^ "Dennis, Katrina, Rita, Stan, and Wilma "Retired" from List of Storm Names." NOAA. Retrieved on June 14, 2008.
Jump up ^ Tannehill 1942
Jump up ^ E.B. Rodgers and R.F. Adler. Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Characteristics as Determined from a Satellite Passive Microwave Radiometer. Retrieved on 2008-04-16.
Jump up ^ Riehl 1954
^ Jump up to: a b Corene J. Matyas. Relating Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Patterns to Storm Size. Retrieved on 2007-02-14.
^ Jump up to: a b c David M. Roth. Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Presentation (July 2007). Retrieved on 2007-07-19.
Jump up ^ Russell Pfost. Tropical Cyclone Quantitative Precipitation Forecasting. Retrieved on 2007-02-25.
Jump up ^ Roth, David M; Weather Prediction Center (January 7, 2013). "Maximum Rainfall caused by Tropical Cyclones and their Remnants Per State (1950–2012)". Tropical Cyclone Point Maxima. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Retrieved March 15, 2013.
Jump up ^ Shuyi S. Chen, John A. Knaff, and Frank D. Marks, Jr. Effects of Vertical Wind Shear and Storm Motion on Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Asymmetries Deduced from TRMM. Retrieved on 2007-03-28.
Jump up ^ Norman. W. Junker. Hurricanes and extreme rainfall. Retrieved on 2006-02-13.
Jump up ^ Whipple, Addison (1982). Storm. Alexandria, VA: Time Life Books. p. 54. ISBN 0-8094-4312-0.
Jump up ^ Ed Rappaport. "Inland Flooding". National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2006-06-24.
Jump up ^ Eric S. Blake; Jerry D. Jarrell; Edward N. Rappaport; Christopher W. Landsea. "The Deadliest, Costliest, and Most Intense United States Tropical Cyclones From 1851 to 2004". National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2006-06-24.
Jump up ^ Roth, David M. (October 18, 2017). "Tropical Cyclone Point Maxima". Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Data. United States Weather Prediction Center. Retrieved November 26, 2017.
Related external links[edit]
Individual Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Pages for the United States and Mexico
Individual Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Pages for Puerto Rico/U.S. Virgin Islands
Maximum amounts in the lower 48 United States by state
Typhoon Rainfall Statistics and Forecasting (China)
Deadliest, Costliest, and Most Intense United States Tropical Cyclones From 1851 to 2004
Are You Ready? Hurricanes
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text:
Ode to Billie Joe
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For the 1976 film based on the song, see Ode to Billy Joe (film).
"Ode to Billie Joe"
Single by Bobbie Gentry
from the album Ode to Billie Joe
B-side
"Mississippi Delta"
Released
July 10, 1967
Format
7-inch 45 rpm record
Recorded
March 1967
Studio
Capitol Studio C, Hollywood, California
Genre
Blues
Length
4:15
Label
Capitol
Songwriter(s)
Bobbie Gentry
Producer(s)
Kelly Gordon
Bobbie Gentry singles chronology
"Requiem for Love"
(1963) "Ode to Billie Joe"
(1967) "I Saw an Angel Die"
(1967)
"Requiem for Love"
(1963) "Ode to Billie Joe"
(1967) "I Saw an Angel Die"
(1967)
Audio sample
file
help
"Ode to Billie Joe" is a song written and recorded by Bobbie Gentry, a singer-songwriter from Chickasaw County, Mississippi. The single, released on July 10, 1967, was a number-one hit in the US and a big international seller. Billboard ranked the record as the No. 3 song of the year.[1] It generated eight Grammy nominations, resulting in three wins for Gentry and one for arranger Jimmie Haskell.[2] "Ode to Billie Joe" has since made Rolling Stone's lists of the "500 Greatest Songs of All Time" and the "100 Greatest Country Songs of All Time" and Pitchfork's "200 Best Songs of the 1960s".[3][4]
The song takes the form of a first-person narrative performed over sparse acoustic accompaniment. It tells of a rural Mississippi family's reaction to the news of the suicide of Billie Joe McAllister, a local boy to whom the daughter (and narrator) is connected. Hearsay around the "Tallahatchie Bridge" forms the narrative and musical hook. The song concludes with the demise of the father and the lingering, singular effects of the two deaths on the family. According to Gentry the song is about indifference and unshared grief.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Narrative
1.1 Composer's view
2 Recording
3 Adaptations
4 Cultural impact
5 Translations
6 Chart performance
6.1 Weekly charts
6.1.1 Bobbie Gentry
6.1.2 Margie Singleton
6.2 Year-end charts
7 Other versions
8 Parodies and adaptations
9 Bibliography
10 References
11 External links
Narrative[edit]
Gentry's song takes the form of first-person narrative by the young daughter of a Mississippi Delta family. It offers fragments of the dinnertime conversation on the day that a local boy, and acquaintance of the narrator, jumped to his death from a nearby bridge, the account interspersed between everyday, polite conversation. The song's final verse conveys the passage of events over the following year.
The song begins on June 3 with the narrator, her brother and her father returning from farming chores to the family house for dinner.[6] After cautioning them about tracking in dirt, Mama says that she "got some news this mornin' from Choctaw Ridge" that "Billie Joe McAllister jumped off the Tallahatchie Bridge". At the dinner table, the father seems unmoved, commenting, "Billie Joe never had a lick o' sense", before asking for the biscuits and adding that there's "five more acres in the lower forty" left to plow. Her brother is intrigued ("I saw him at the sawmill yesterday ... And now you tell me Billie Joe has jumped off the Tallahatchie Bridge"), but not enough to be distracted from the midday victuals. He recalls a prank that he, "Tom", and Billie Joe played on the narrator.
The only person affected is the narrator: her mother notices her change of mood following the news ("Child, what's happened to your appetite? I've been cookin' all mornin' and you haven't touched a single bite"). The mother shares the news that a local preacher visited earlier and, as an aside, adds that he mentioned seeing the someone looking much like the narrator and Billie Joe "throwin' somethin' off the Tallahatchie Bridge". In the song's final verse, a year has passed. The narrator's brother has married Becky Thompson and has moved to another town ("bought a store in Tupelo"). The father died from a viral infection and the mother is despondent ("Mama doesn't seem to want to do much of anything"). The narrator likewise remains privately affected: she often visits Choctaw Ridge collecting flowers to "drop them into the muddy water off the Tallahatchie Bridge".
Composer's view[edit]
Questions arose among listeners: what did Billie Joe and his girlfriend throw off the Tallahatchie Bridge, and why did Billie Joe commit suicide? Speculation ran rampant after the song hit the airwaves. Gentry said in a November 1967 interview that it was the question most asked of her by everyone she met. She named flowers, an engagement ring, a draft card, a bottle of LSD pills, and an aborted baby as the most often guessed items. Although she knew what the item was, she would not reveal it, saying only "Suppose it was a wedding ring."
"It's in there for two reasons," she said. "First, it locks up a definite relationship between Billie Joe and the girl telling the story, the girl at the table. Second, the fact that Billie Joe was seen throwing something off the bridge – no matter what it was – provides a possible motivation as to why he jumped off the bridge the next day."[7]
When Herman Raucher met Gentry in preparation for writing a novel and screenplay based on the song, she said that she had no idea why Billie Joe killed himself.[8] Gentry has, however, commented elsewhere on the song, saying that it is about indifference:[9]
Those questions are of secondary importance in my mind. The story of Billie Joe has two more interesting underlying themes. First, the illustration of a group of people's reactions to the life and death of Billie Joe, and its subsequent effect on their lives, is made. Second, the obvious gap between the girl and her mother is shown when both women experience a common loss (first Billie Joe, and later, Papa), and yet Mama and the girl are unable to recognize their mutual loss or share their grief.
The bridge supposedly mentioned in this song collapsed in June 1972.[10] It crossed the Tallahatchie River at Money, about ten miles (16 km) north of Greenwood, Mississippi, and has since been rebuilt. The November 10, 1967, issue of Life Magazine contained a photo of Gentry crossing the original bridge.
In this photograph from the November 10, 1967 issue of Life magazine, Bobbie Gentry crosses the Tallahatchie Bridge in Money, Mississippi. The bridge collapsed in June 1972.[10]
Recording[edit]
"Ode to Billie Joe" was originally intended as the B-side of Gentry's first single recording, a blues number called "Mississippi Delta", on Capitol Records. The original recording, with no other musicians backing Gentry's guitar, had eleven verses lasting seven minutes, telling more of Billie Joe's story. The executives realized that this song was a better option for a single, so they cut the length by almost half and re-recorded it with a string orchestra. The only surviving draft of the 7 minute version of "Ode to Billie Joe", which consists of two handwritten pages, is located in the archive of the University of Mississippi.[11] Gentry donated the draft to the University’s Faulkner room in 1973.[12] In addition to the iconic lyrics that made the final cut, the unused lyrics may showcase Bobbie Gentry's mindset and possible answer to mystery of what was throw from the bridge; as well as the relationship of the narrator to Billie Joe. The shorter version left more of the story to the listener's imagination, and made the single more suitable for radio airplay.[13] In an interview with Bob Harris broadcast by BBC Radio 2 in Bob Harris Country on April 16, 2009, singer Rachel Harrington claimed that Gentry originally wrote eleven verses, but deleted six because a record producer thought the song was too long. The song is noted for its long descending scale by the strings at the conclusion, suggesting the flowers falling after being dropped off the Tallahatchie Bridge and ending up in the river water below.[citation needed]
Adaptations[edit]
The song's popularity proved so enduring that in 1976, nine years after its release, Warner Bros. commissioned author Herman Raucher to expand and adapt the story as a novel and screenplay, Ode to Billy Joe. The poster's tagline, which treats the film as being based on a true story and gives a date of death for Billy (June 3, 1953), led many to believe that the song was based on actual events.[8] In Raucher's novel and screenplay, Billy Joe kills himself after a drunken homosexual experience, and the object thrown from the bridge is the narrator's ragdoll. The film was released in 1976, directed and produced by Max Baer, Jr, and starring Robby Benson and Glynnis O'Connor. Only the first, second, and fifth verses were sung by Bobbie Gentry in the film, omitting the third and fourth verses.
In the novel, the ragdoll is the central character's confidant and advisor. Tossing it off the bridge symbolizes throwing away her childhood, becoming a self-contained adult.
Billy Joe's story is analyzed in Professor John Howard's history of gay Mississippi entitled Men Like That: A Queer Southern History as an archetype of what Howard calls the "gay suicide myth".
Cultural impact[edit]
Soon after the song's chart success, the Tallahatchie Bridge was visited by more individuals who wanted to jump off it. Since the bridge height was only 20 feet (6 m), death or injury was unlikely. To curb the trend, the Leflore County Board enacted a law fining jumpers $100.[14]
Translations[edit]
In 1967 American/French singer-songwriter Joe Dassin had much success with a French translation of the song titled "Marie-Jeanne". It tells exactly the same story nearly word for word, but the lead characters are reversed. The narrator is one of the sons of the household, and the character who committed suicide is a girl named Marie-Jeanne Guillaume.
A quick overview of the translated names and places:
Bobbie Gentry Joe Dassin
June 3 June 4
Billie Joe McAllister Marie-Jeanne Guillaume
Tallahatchie Bridge Pont de la Garonne
Choctaw Ridge Bourg-les-Essonnes
Brother Taylor unnamed: just "the sister of that young priest"
Tom Le Grand Nicolas
Becky Thompson unnamed
Tupelo unnamed
Besides the change in character names and locations, the translator adapted mentions of food and crops to be associated with rural France. For instance, the narrator worked in a vineyard. The setting is a fictitious small town in southwest France. The River Garonne is real.
In 1967, a Swedish translation by Olle Adolphson titled "Jon Andreas visa" was recorded by Siw Malmkvist.[15] It is faithful to the story in "Ode to Billie Joe", but has changed the setting to rural Sweden. The name of Billie Joe was changed to the Swedish name Jon Andreas.
A German translation titled "Billy Joe McAllister" was released in 1978 by Wencke Myhre.
Chart performance[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Bobbie Gentry[edit]
Chart (1967)
Peak
position
Canada RPM Top Singles 1
New Zealand (Listener)[16] 3
UK Singles Chart[17] 13
U.S. Billboard Hot 100 1
U.S. Billboard Easy Listening 7
U.S. Billboard R&B Singles[18] 8
U.S. Billboard Country Singles 17
Margie Singleton[edit]
Chart (1967)
Peak
position
U.S. Billboard Country Singles 39
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1967)
Rank
Canada [19] 16
U.S. Billboard Hot 100[20] 3
Other versions[edit]
A number of jazz versions have been recorded, including Willis Jackson, Howard Roberts, Cal Tjader, Mel Brown, Jimmy Smith, Buddy Rich, King Curtis, Jaco Pastorius, Dave Bartholomew, Patricia Barber and Jaki Byard.[21] In a 1967 appearance on Frank Sinatra: A Man and His Music + Ella + Jobim, Ella Fitzgerald sang one full verse of the song. Nancy Wilson covered the song on her 1967 album Welcome to my Love.
The British Rock Band, "Life n Soul" released "Ode to Billy Joe"on Decca, as their first single in 1967. It got to number 17 in the British Top Twenty Charts before Bobbie Gentry's version overtook it.
Lou Donaldson released a version of the song on his 1967 album Mr. Shing-A-Ling on Blue Note Records.
The Detroit Emeralds released a version of the song as the B-side to their 1968 single, "Shades Down".[22]
A version of the song appears on Tammy Wynette's 1968 album Take Me to Your World / I Don't Wanna Play House, and later on her 1970 Greatest Hits album.
The song was covered by Margret Roadknight, on her 1980 album Out of Fashion... Not out of Style.
In 1985, the new wave band Torch Song released a version of the song on I.R.S. Records.
Danish rock band Sort Sol released a version of the song on their 1987 album Everything That Rises Must Converge
Sinéad O'Connor released a version of this song in 1995.[23]
Patty Smyth covered the song on the Tom Scott (musician) and the L. A. Express album "Smoking' Section" (1999).
Melinda Schneider and Beccy Cole covered the song on their album Great Women of Country (2014). The British Rock Band, "Life n Soul" Released "Ode to Billy Joe" as their first single in 1967.
Though the song was not included on her 2014 album "The River and The Thread," Rosanne Cash and husband/producer John Leventhal frequently performed the song live on the tour promoting that album, as the album cover featured a photo of Roseanne (taken by Leventhal) standing atop the Tallahatchie Bridge looking at the Tallahatchie River.
Lorrie Morgan covered the song at a slower pace for her 2016 album Letting Go...Slow. Morgan says of recording the song with producer Richard Landis, "Richard purposely slowed the record down to make the musical passages through there really feel kind of spooky and eerie. Everything just felt so swampy and scary. Everybody has their own interpretation of that song and just what they threw off of the Tallahatchie Bridge." [24]
In 2017, Lydia Lunch & Cypress Grove covered the song on their album Under The Covers.[25]
Paula Cole recorded a version on her 2017 Ballads album.
Parodies and adaptations[edit]
Bob Dylan's "Clothes Line Saga" (recorded in 1967; released on the 1975 album The Basement Tapes) is a parody of the song. It mimics the conversational style of "Ode to Billie Joe" with lyrics concentrating on routine household chores.[26] The shocking event buried in all the mundane details is the revelation that "The Vice-President's gone mad!". Dylan's song was originally titled "Answer to 'Ode'".[27]
A comedy group named "Slap Happy" recorded "Ode to Billy Joel" in the 1980s, which was featured on the Dr. Demento show. In this version, the singer is alleged to have jumped from the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge.[28]
Jill Sobule's album California Years features "Where is Bobbie Gentry?" which uses the same melody in a lyrical sequel. The narrator, seeking the reclusive Gentry,[29] claims to be the abandoned lovechild of Gentry and Billie Joe, i.e., the object thrown off of the bridge. Sobule would later write the introduction to a book on Gentry.[30]
Bibliography[edit]
Murtha, Tara (2015). Ode to Billie Joe. 33⅓. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. XV + 142. ISBN 978-1-6235-6964-8.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Top Records of 1967". Billboard. 79 (52): 42. December 30, 1967. Retrieved June 9, 2018.
Jump up ^ [1][dead link]
Jump up ^ https://www.rollingstone.com/music/pictures/100-greatest-country-songs-of-all-time-20140601/47-bobbie-gentry-ode-to-billie-joe-1967-0849545
Jump up ^ https://pitchfork.com/features/lists-and-guides/6405-the-200-greatest-songs-of-the-1960s/?page=3#144
Jump up ^ Parton, Chris (July 27, 2015). "Flashback: Bobbie Gentry Haunts Radio with Mysterious Suicide Ballad". Rolling Stone. Wenner Media. Retrieved June 9, 2018.
Jump up ^ In much of the American South, "dinner" refers to the mid-day meal.
Jump up ^ An Actress with a Big Secret, Oxnard Press-Courier, November 19, 1967, p. 42. Page found 2011-07-30.
^ Jump up to: a b Studer, Wayne (1994). Rock on The Wild Side: gay male images in popular music of the rock era. Leyland Publications. pp. 97–98.
Jump up ^ "Biography". Yahoo! GeoCities. Archived from the original on October 26, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b Tobler, John (1992). NME Rock 'N' Roll Years (1st ed.). London: Reed International Books. p. 239. CN 5585.
Jump up ^ Original song lyrics written by Bobbie Gentry for Ode to Billy Joe.
Jump up ^ The Story Behind the Song "Ode to Billie Joe" by Bobbie Gentry.
Jump up ^ Bobbie Gentry artist biography at CountryPolitan.com, now offline. Archived version.
Jump up ^ "Jumpers Get Fines". Daily Kent Stater. Kent. 9 January 1969. Retrieved 10 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "Jon Andreas visa" (in Swedish). Svensk mediedatabas. October 1967. Retrieved April 17, 2012.
Jump up ^ "flavour of new zealand - search listener". Flavourofnz.co.nz. Retrieved 2016-10-01.
Jump up ^ Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 225. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
Jump up ^ Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, October 21, 1967
Jump up ^ "Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada". Collectionscanada.gc.ca. Archived from the original on August 12, 2016. Retrieved October 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Hits of 1967/Top 100 Songs of 1967". Musicoutfitters.com. Retrieved 2017-04-05.
Jump up ^ "'Ode To Billie Joe' Was A Surprise Hit That Prompted Dozens Of Jazz Versions". 2017-07-14.
Jump up ^ "Detroit Emeralds - Shades Down / Ode To Billy Joe - Ric-Tic - USA - RT-138". 45cat.com. Retrieved 2016-10-01.
Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bn6L9gd8ch8
Jump up ^ Lorrie Morgan - Looking Back...and Looking Forward Retrieved February 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Under The Covers CD | Rustblade – Label and Distribution". Rustblade. Retrieved 2017-06-23.
Jump up ^ Dylan, Bob (1975). "Bob Dylan: "Clothesline"". The Basement Tapes. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved December 27, 2007.
Jump up ^ Greil Marcus (1997). Invisible Republic: Bob Dylan's Basement Tapes. New York: Henry Holt. p. 286. ISBN 9780805033939.
Jump up ^ "Ode to Billy Joel". madmusic.com. Retrieved February 20, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Ode to Bobbie Gentry". The American Spectator. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ "New '33 1/3' book explores life of mysterious chanteuse Bobbie Gentry". L.A. Times. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
External links[edit]
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