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Former Presidents Act
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The Former Presidents Act (known also as FPA; 3 U.S.C. § 102) is a 1958 U.S. federal law that provides several lifetime benefits to former presidents of the United States who have not been removed from office.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Current status
2.1 Pension
2.2 Transition
2.3 Staff and office
2.4 Medical insurance
2.5 Secret Service protection
3 See also
4 Notes
5 External links
History[edit]
Before 1958, the U.S. federal government provided no pension or other retirement benefits to former United States presidents. Andrew Carnegie offered to endow a US$25,000 annual pension for former Chief Executives in 1912, but congressmen questioned the propriety of such a private pension. That prompted legislation to provide benefits to former presidents.[1]
When the Former Presidents Act took effect, there were two living former presidents: Herbert Hoover and Harry S. Truman. Dwight D. Eisenhower was the first president to fall under the act upon leaving office.
The original act provided for lifetime Secret Service protection for former presidents. In 1997, it was reduced to 10 years for presidents taking office after 1997. The 1997 amendment was reverted by the Former Presidents Protection Act of 2012 (Pub.L. 112–257).[2] All living former presidents and their spouses are now entitled to receive lifetime Secret Service protection.[3]
Current status[edit]
By law, former presidents are entitled to a pension, staff and office expenses, medical care or health insurance, and Secret Service protection.
Pension[edit]
The Secretary of the Treasury pays a taxable pension to the president. Former presidents receive a pension equal to the pay that the head of an executive department (Executive Level I) would be paid, as of 2015[update] $203,700 per year.[4] The pension begins immediately after a president's departure from office.[5] A former president's spouse may also be paid a lifetime annual pension of $20,000 if they relinquish any other statutory pension.[1]
Transition[edit]
Washington Transition funding for the expenses of leaving office is available for seven months. It covers office space, staff compensation, communications services, and printing and postage associated with the transition.[1]
Staff and office[edit]
Private office staff and related funding is provided by the Administrator of the General Services Administration. Persons employed under this subsection are selected by and responsible only to the former president for the performance of their duties. Each former president fixes basic rates of compensation for persons employed for him, not exceeding an annualized total of $150,000 for the first 30 months and $96,000 thereafter.[1]
Medical insurance[edit]
Former presidents are entitled to medical treatment in military hospitals; they pay for this at interagency rates set by the Office of Management and Budget. Two-term presidents may buy health insurance under the Federal Employees Health Benefits Program; a GSA legal opinion ruled Jimmy Carter and George H. W. Bush ineligible.[1][6]
Secret Service protection[edit]
Former presidents were entitled from 1965 to 1996 to lifetime Secret Service protection, for themselves, spouses, and children under 16. A 1994 statute, (Pub.L. 103–329), limited post-presidential protection to ten years for presidents inaugurated after January 1, 1997.[7] Under this statute, Bill Clinton would still be entitled to lifetime protection, and all subsequent presidents would have been entitled to ten years' protection.[8] On January 10, 2013, President Barack Obama signed the Former Presidents Protection Act of 2012, reinstating lifetime Secret Service protection for his predecessor George W. Bush, himself, and all subsequent presidents.[9]
Richard Nixon relinquished his Secret Service protection in 1985, the only president to do so.[10]
See also[edit]
Presidential Townhouse
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Smith, Stephanie (2008-03-18). "Former Presidents: Federal Pension and Retirement Benefits" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. U.S. Senate. Retrieved 2010-04-04.
Jump up ^ Public Law 112-257 Jan. 10, 2013
Jump up ^ Ann Compton (10 January 2013). "Lifetime Secret Service Protection Restored for Presidents Bush and Obama". ABC News. Retrieved 1 May 2013.
Jump up ^ "Rates of Basic Pay for the Executive Schedule (EX)" (PDF). Office of Personal Management. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Brandon, Emily (January 16, 2009). "President Bush Will Get a $196,700 Pension". US News and World Report. Retrieved 2012-11-08. Former presidents currently receive a pension that is equal to pay for the head of an executive department.
Jump up ^ Brandon, Emily (2009-01-16). "President Bush Will Get a $196,700 Pension". Washington, D.C.: U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved 2009-04-09. Bush’s payouts will grow to $203,600 next year and $210,700 in 2011
Jump up ^ "United States Secret Service: History". U.S. Department of Treasury. Archived from the original on March 14, 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-09. 1965 Congress authorized protection of former presidents and their spouses during their lifetime and minor children until age 16....1997 Congress passed legislation in 1994 stating that presidents elected to office after January 1, 1997, will receive Secret Service protection for 10 years after leaving office. Individuals elected to office prior to January 1, 1997, will continue to receive lifetime protection. (Public Law 103-329)
Jump up ^ Ginsberg, Wendy (2008-08-22). "Former Presidents: Pensions, Office Allowances, and Other Federal Benefit" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 2009-04-09.
Jump up ^ "Obama signs bill granting lifetime Secret Service protection to former presidents and spouses". Washington Post. Associated Press. 10 January 2013. Retrieved 12 January 2013.
Jump up ^ Sharkey, Nancy (1985-07-28). "Follow-Up On The News; Nixon Guards". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-11-18. His sole reason was to save money for the government, according to his assistant, John Taylor....Mr. Nixon's wife, Pat, dropped Secret Service protection last year. The others on the agency's permanent-protection rolls are former Presidents Gerald R. Ford and Jimmy Carter, and President Lyndon B. Johnson's widow, Lady Bird.
External links[edit]
National Archives: Former Presidents Act
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Former_Presidents_Act&oldid=797671551"
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When the Stars Go Blue
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
"When The Stars Go Blue"
Song by Ryan Adams
from the album Gold
Released
September 25, 2001
Genre
Alternative country
alternative rock
Length
3:31
Label
Lost Highway
Songwriter(s)
Ryan Adams
Producer(s)
Ethan Johns
Gold track listing
Somehow, Someday
(6) "When The Stars Go Blue"
(7) Nobody Girl
(8)
"When The Stars Go Blue" is a popular alternative country song composed and originally performed by solo artist and former Whiskeytown band member Ryan Adams. It was first released with his album Gold on September 25, 2001. The song has been covered by many artists, notably: Celtic band The Corrs featuring U2's lead singer Bono, country music singer Tim McGraw and Norwegian artists Venke Knutson and Kurt Nilsen as a duo. The song has also been performed live many times by Phil Lesh and Friends.
Contents
[hide]
1 Critical reception
2 Personnel
3 The Corrs version
3.1 Charts
4 Tim McGraw version
4.1 Music video
4.2 Chart performance
4.2.1 Year-end charts
5 Venke Knutson and Kurt Nilsen version
6 Other versions
7 References
8 External links
Critical reception[edit]
The original recording of "When the Stars Go Blue" on the Gold album received little attention by critics due to the timing of the release and Adams' overwhelmingly large and ranging catalog. The Gold album was released on 25 September 2001, with a lead track called, "New York, New York", which became a radio hit in the wake of the attacks on the World Trade Center. In the next year, Adams produced material that could have made up four albums.[1] Critics have been known to be averse to reviewing Adams' works due to the large quantity and variety of his works.[2] Adams has had numerous attacks for his "genre hopping" and has been labeled as "musically bipolar" by critics.[3] It wasn't until Tim McGraw's cover that the song got critical attention. When Adams performs "When the Stars Go Blue" in concert now, critics note Adams' "masterful ballad" performances,[4] and "When the Stars Go Blue," is the "most gorgeous ballad on the [Gold] album".[5]
Personnel[edit]
Ryan Adams - vocals, acoustic guitar
Richard Causon - piano
Ethan Johns - 12 string guitar, harmonium, electric piano, mandocello, Chamberlain strings, drums
Julianna Raye - background vocals
The Corrs version[edit]
"When The Stars Go Blue"
Single by The Corrs featuring Bono
from the album VH1 Presents: The Corrs, Live in Dublin
Released
March 12, 2002
Genre
Folk rock
Length
4:19
Label
143/Lava/Atlantic
Songwriter(s)
Ryan Adams
Producer(s)
Mitchell Froom
The Corrs featuring Bono singles chronology
"Would You Be Happier (Live)"
(2002) "When The Stars Go Blue"
(2002) "Summer Sunshine"
(2004)
"Would You Be Happier (Live)"
(2002) "When the Stars Go Blue"
(2002) "Summer Sunshine"
(2004)
The Corrs recorded the song on their album VH1 Presents: The Corrs, Live In Dublin in 2002, featuring U2's Bono. The song was remixed for their album Dreams: The Ultimate Corrs Collection during 2006, and released as a single in Spain, reaching #1 at the airplay chart in September.
Charts[edit]
Chart
Peak
position
U.S. Adult Top 40[6] 18
Spanish Airplay Chart[7] 1
Tim McGraw version[edit]
"When The Stars Go Blue"
Single by Tim McGraw
from the album Greatest Hits Vol. 2
Released
March 6, 2006
Genre
Country
country rock
Length
3:55
Label
Curb
Songwriter(s)
Ryan Adams
Producer(s)
Byron Gallimore
Tim McGraw
Darran Smith
Tim McGraw singles chronology
"My Old Friend"
(2005) "When The Stars Go Blue"
(2006) "My Little Girl"
(2006)
"My Old Friend"
(2005) "When The Stars Go Blue"
(2006) "My Little Girl"
(2006)
Music video
"When the Stars Go Blue" on YouTube
In 2006, the song was released by Tim McGraw as the first single from his album Tim McGraw Reflected: Greatest Hits Vol. 2. Heribert Severing, creator and writer of severing.nu, included McGraw's version of "When The Stars Go Blue" on his list of the top Country singles of 2006.[8]
Music video[edit]
The video was directed by Sherman Halsey. It features McGraw performing in a snowy background surrounded by clusters of pine trees. It was shot in Crivitz, Wisconsin. The video was shot in black-and-white. Throughout the video, several reflections of people can be seen in the trees. In the end of the clip, McGraw starts to walk backwards, turns around, starts to run, then disappears, leaving only a trail of footprints behind. The version of the song in the video is edited to fit into the time of 3:19. It was released in April 2006.
Chart performance[edit]
"When The Stars Go Blue" debuted at number 35 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Songs for the week of March 18, 2006.
Chart (2006)
Peak
position
US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[9] 4
US Billboard Hot 100[10] 37
US Billboard Pop 100 50
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[11] 12
US Adult Top 40 (Billboard)[12] 35
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (2006)
Position
US Country Songs (Billboard)[13] 20
Venke Knutson and Kurt Nilsen version[edit]
"When The Stars Go Blue"
Single by Venke Knutson and Kurt Nilsen
from the album Places I Have Been
Released
February 2006
Recorded
2005
Genre
Pop
Label
Universal
Songwriter(s)
Ryan Adams
Venke Knutson singles chronology
"Just a Minute"
(2006) "When The Stars Go Blue"
(2006) "Holiday"
(2006)
"Just a Minute"
(2006) "When The Stars Go Blue"
(2006) "Holiday"
(2006)
Kurt Nilsen singles chronology
"Just a Minute"
(2005) Just a Minute2005 "When The Stars Go Blue"
(2006) When The Stars Go Blue2006 "Push Push"
(2006)
Music video
"When the Stars Go Blue" on YouTube
Push Push2006
The Norwegian artists Venke Knutson and World Idol Kurt Nilsen recorded a duet that appears in Venke Knutson's album 2005 Places I Have Been. The song was released as a single in Norway in February 2006, reaching #14 on the Norwegian Singles Chart.[14]
Chart (2006)
Peak
position
Norway (VG-lista)[15] 14
Other versions[edit]
Irish/British girlband Wonderland performed the track for their debut performance on television in Ireland. Both live and studio version is available on YouTube. The recorded studio version was included the band's debut album Wonderland released in United Kingdom and Ireland on 6 June 2011.
It was also featured in One Tree Hill as a hit song by fictional characters Haley James Scott and Chris Keller (real life singers Bethany Joy Lenz and Tyler Hilton) and features on the One Tree Hill Soundtrack.[16]
Performed by Blake Lewis on American Idol Season 6, originally airing on April 17, 2007.[17] In an interview on that episode of American Idol, Lewis incorrectly attributed the song to Tim McGraw. His cover of the song made it to #92 of the pop charts in 2007.[18]
On July 16, 2006 Phil Lesh covered the song in the first set of a show at Charter One Pavilion in Chicago, IL. The show was made available for purchase via compact disc immediately following the live concert as part of an Instant Live recording series which Phil Lesh & Friends made available to all standard concerts during their Summer 2006 tour.
On April 5, 2014 Phil Lesh covered the song in the first set of a show at the Capitol Theatre in Port Chester, New York. The show was available for live streaming to fans throughout the world.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Deming, Mark. "Biography". AllMusic.com. Retrieved 10 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Ryan Adams – When the Stars Go Blue". mikewentwest. Retrieved 8 April 2012. |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)
Jump up ^ McGuane, Kenny S. "Cardinology". album reviews. Retrieved 9 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Pareles, Jon. "Wisecracks, Scattered Among Slow Tunes". New York Times. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Orshoski, Wes. Ryan Adams Finds 'Gold' On Lost Highway. Billboard. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
Jump up ^ All Music
Jump up ^ >
Jump up ^ Severing, Heribert. "The Greatest Country Single Hits of them all: The Year is 2006". Retrieved 8 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Tim McGraw Chart History (Hot Country Songs)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Tim McGraw Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Tim McGraw Chart History (Adult Contemporary)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Tim McGraw Chart History (Adult Pop Songs)". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Best of 2006: Country Songs". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. 2006. Retrieved July 10, 2012.
Jump up ^ aCharts.us: Venke Knutson and Kurt Nilsen's "When the Stars Go Blue" page
Jump up ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – Venke Knutson and Kurt Nilsen – When The Stars Go Blue". VG-lista.
Jump up ^ "One Tree Hill Music". Official Soundtracks.
Jump up ^ Lamb, Bill. "When the Stars Go Blue". American Idol Season 6 - The Songs. About.com - The New York Times Company. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
Jump up ^ Lamb, Bill. "American Idols on the Charts - A Complete Record". About.com - The New York Times Company. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
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[show]
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National Archives and Records Administration
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
"NARA" redirects here. For the defunct immigration agency of Pakistan, see National Alien Registration Authority. For other uses, see Nara (disambiguation).
National Archives and Records Administration
NARA
Seal
National Archives logo
Agency overview
Formed
June 19, 1934; 84 years ago (1934-06-19)
(Independent Agency April 1, 1985)[1]
Preceding agency
National Archives and Records Service (GSA)
Jurisdiction
Federal government of the United States
Headquarters
National Archives Building
700 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, D.C., U.S.
Employees
3,112 (2014)[2]
Annual budget
$391 million (FY 2012)[3]
Agency executives
David Ferriero, Archivist[4]
Debra Steidel Wall, Deputy Archivist[5]
Website
archives.gov
The National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) is an independent agency of the United States government charged with preserving and documenting government and historical records and with increasing public access to those documents, which comprise the National Archives.[6] NARA is officially responsible for maintaining and publishing the legally authentic and authoritative copies of acts of Congress, presidential proclamations and executive orders, and federal regulations. The NARA also transmits votes of the Electoral College to Congress.
Contents
1 Organization
2 History
3 Records
4 Facilities and exhibition spaces
4.1 Public–private partnerships
4.2 Social media
5 Notable crimes
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
Organization[edit]
Main article: Organization of the National Archives and Records Administration
The Archivist of the United States is the chief official overseeing the operation of the National Archives and Records Administration. The Archivist not only maintains the official documentation of the passage of amendments to the U.S. Constitution by state legislatures, but has the authority to declare when the constitutional threshold for passage has been reached, and therefore when an act has become an amendment.
The Office of the Federal Register publishes the Federal Register, Code of Federal Regulations, and United States Statutes at Large, among others. It also administers the Electoral College.
The National Historical Publications and Records Commission (NHPRC)—the agency's grant-making arm—awards funds to state and local governments, public and private archives, colleges and universities, and other nonprofit organizations to preserve and publish historical records. Since 1964, the NHPRC has awarded some 4,500 grants.
The Office of Government Information Services (OGIS) is a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) resource for the public and the government. Congress has charged NARA with reviewing FOIA policies, procedures and compliance of Federal agencies and to recommend changes to FOIA. NARA's mission also includes resolving FOIA disputes between Federal agencies and requesters.
History[edit]
Rotunda of the National Archives Building
Originally, each branch and agency of the U.S. government was responsible for maintaining its own documents, which often resulted in the loss and destruction of records. Congress established the National Archives Establishment in 1934 to centralize federal record keeping, with the Archivist of the United States as chief administrator.[7] The National Archives was incorporated with GSA in 1949; in 1985 it became an independent agency as NARA (National Archives and Records Administration).
The first Archivist, R.D.W. Connor, began serving in 1934, when the National Archives was established by Congress. As a result of a first Hoover Commission recommendation, in 1949 the National Archives was placed within the newly formed General Services Administration (GSA). The Archivist served as a subordinate official to the GSA Administrator until the National Archives and Records Administration became an independent agency on April 1, 1985.
In March 2006, it was revealed by the Archivist of the United States in a public hearing that a memorandum of understanding between NARA and various government agencies existed to "reclassify", i.e., withdraw from public access, certain documents in the name of national security, and to do so in a manner such that researchers would not be likely to discover the process (the U.S. reclassification program).[8] An audit indicated that more than one third withdrawn since 1999 did not contain sensitive information.[9] The program was originally scheduled to end in 2007.
In 2010, Executive Order 13526 created the National Declassification Center[10] to coordinate declassification practices across agencies, provide secure document services to other agencies, and review records in NARA custody for declassification.
In 2011, a retired employee pleaded guilty to stealing original sound recordings from the archives.[11][12][13] Archival Recovery Teams investigate the theft of records.[14]
Records[edit]
NARA's holdings are classed into "record groups" reflecting the governmental department or agency from which they originated. Records include paper documents, microfilm, still pictures, motion pictures, and electronic media.
Archival descriptions of the permanent holdings of the federal government in the custody of NARA are stored in the National Archives Catalog.[15] The archival descriptions include information on traditional paper holdings, electronic records, and artifacts.[16] As of December 2012, the catalog consisted of about 10 billion logical data records describing 527,000 artifacts and encompassing 81% of NARA's records.[17] There are also 922,000 digital copies of already digitized materials.[17]
Most records at NARA are in the public domain, as works of the federal government are excluded from copyright protection. However, records from other sources may still be protected by copyright or donor agreements.[18] Executive Order 13526 directs originating agencies to declassify documents if possible before shipment to NARA for long-term storage,[19] but NARA also stores some classified documents until they can be declassified. Its Information Security Oversight Office monitors and sets policy for the U.S. government's security classification system.
Many of NARA's most requested records are frequently used for genealogy research. This includes census records from 1790 to 1940, ships' passenger lists, and naturalization records.
Facilities and exhibition spaces[edit]
Main article: National Archives facilities
The National Archives Building from Constitution Avenue
The most well known facility of the National Archives and Records Administration is the National Archives Building (informally known as "Archives I"), located north of the National Mall on Constitution Avenue in Washington, D.C.. A sister facility, known as the National Archives at College Park (or "Archives II") was opened 1994 near the University of Maryland. The Washington National Records Center (WNRC), also located in the Washington, D.C., metro area, is a large warehouse type facility which stores federal records that are still under the control of the creating agency. Federal government agencies pay a yearly fee for storage at the facility. In accordance with federal records schedules, documents at WNRC are transferred to the legal custody of the National Archives after a certain point (this usually involves a relocation of the records to College Park). Temporary records at WNRC are either retained for a fee or destroyed after retention times has elapsed. WNRC also offers research services and maintains a small research room.
Across the United States, the National Archives maintains both research facilities and additional federal records centers. In many cases, the research rooms of regional archives are located at the same site of the federal records center (FRCs) which are not accessible to the public.
Public–private partnerships[edit]
In an effort to make its holdings more widely available and more easily accessible, the National Archives began entering into public–private partnerships in 2006. A joint venture with Google will digitize and offer NARA video online. When announcing the agreement, Archivist Allen Weinstein said that this pilot program is
… an important step for the National Archives to achieve its goal of becoming an archive without walls. Our new strategic plan emphasizes the importance of providing access to records anytime, anywhere. This is one of many initiatives that we are launching to make our goal a reality. For the first time, the public will be able to view this collection of rare and unusual films on the Internet."[20]
On January 10, 2007, the National Archives and Fold3.com (formerly Footnote)[21] launched a pilot project to digitize historic documents from the National Archives holdings. Allen Weinstein explained that this partnership would "allow much greater access to approximately 4.5 million pages of important documents that are currently available only in their original format or on microfilm" and "would also enhance NARA's efforts to preserve its original records."[22]
In July 2007, the National Archives announced it would make copies of its collection of Universal Newsreels from 1929 to 1967 available for purchase through CreateSpace, an Amazon.com subsidiary. During the announcement, Weinstein noted that the agreement would "... reap major benefits for the public-at-large and for the National Archives." Adding, "While the public can come to our College Park, MD research room to view films and even copy them at no charge, this new program will make our holdings much more accessible to millions of people who cannot travel to the Washington, DC area." The agreement also calls for CreateSpace partnership to provide the National Archives with digital reference and preservation copies of the films as part of NARA's preservation program.[23]
In May 2008, the National Archives announced a five-year agreement to digitize selected records including the complete U.S. Federal Census Collection, 1790–1930, passenger lists from 1820–1960 and World War I and World War II draft registration cards.[24] The partnership agreement allows for exclusive use of the digitized records by Ancestry.com for a 5-year embargo period at which point the digital records will be turned over to the National Archives.[25]
Social media[edit]
The National Archives currently utilizes social media and Web 2.0 technologies in an attempt to communicate better with the public.[26]
On June 18, 2009, the National Archives announced the launching of a YouTube channel "to showcase popular archived films, inform the public about upcoming events around the country, and bring National Archives exhibits to the people."[27] Also in 2009, the National Archives launched a Flickr photostream to share portions of its photographic holdings with the general public.[28] A new teaching with documents website premiered in 2010 and was developed by the education team. The website[29] features 3,000 documents, images, and recordings from the holdings of the Archives. The site also features lesson plans and tools for creating new classroom activities and lessons.
In 2011, the National Archives initiated a WikiProject on the English Wikipedia to expand collaboration in making its holdings widely available through Wikimedia.
Notable crimes[edit]
In 1963, Robert Bradford Murphy and his wife, Elizabeth Irene Murphy were arrested and sentenced to ten years in prison for stealing documents from several federal depositories including the National Archives.[30]
In 1987, Charles Merrill Mount was arrested and sentenced to five years in prison for stealing 400 documents from the National Archives.
In 2002, Shawn Aubitz was arrested for stealing hundreds of documents and photographs from the National Archives; served 21 months in prison and paid $73,000 in restitution.[31]
In 2005, Sandy Berger was charged with an unauthorized removal of documents from the National Archives; sentenced to 100 hours of community service and fined $50,000.
In 2005, Howard Harner was sentenced to two years in prison and fined $10,000 after stealing 100 documents from the National Archives.[32]
In 2006, Denning McTague was sentenced to 15 months in prison and fined $3,000 after stealing 164 documents from the National Archives.[33]
In 2011, Les Waffen was sentenced to 18 months in prison after stealing 955 recordings from the National Archives.[34]
In 2011, Thomas Lowry was permanently banned from the National Archives after he confessed to altering the date on a presidential pardon signed by Abraham Lincoln.[35]
In 2011, Barry Landau and Jason Savedoff were arrested and sentenced to seven-and-a-half years in prison for stealing ten thousand documents from the National Archives.[36][37]
See also[edit]
1973 National Archives Fire
Sandy Berger, National Security Advisor to President Bill Clinton, pleaded guilty to 2004 theft in Archives
List of U.S. state libraries and archives
Digital preservation
Electronic Records Archives
National Digital Library Program (NDLP)
List of national archives
National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program
National Security Archive
U.S. Constitution
White House Millennium Council (time capsule)
Archival Recovery Team
Apollo 11 lunar sample display
Apollo 17 lunar sample display
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "Archival Milestones". National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved March 31, 2011.
Jump up ^ "U.S. National Archives and Records Administration Fiscal Year 2014–2018 Strategic Plan" (PDF). National Archives. March 2014. p. 18. Retrieved May 10, 2017.
Jump up ^ Fiscal Year 2014 Budget Request
Jump up ^ "David Ferriero Confirmed by U.S. Senate as 10th Archivist of the United States" (Press release). National Archives and Records Administration. November 6, 2008. Retrieved November 10, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Meet our Senior Staff". archives.gov. Retrieved August 23, 2011.
Jump up ^ "What's an Archives". archives.gov. Retrieved January 26, 2011.
Jump up ^ Act of June 19, 1934, Pub. L. No. 73-432, 48 Stat. 1122 (establishing the National Archives).
Jump up ^ "Secret Agreement Reveals Covert Program to Hide Reclassification from Public". National Security Archive. April 11, 2006. Retrieved March 31, 2011.
Jump up ^ Scott Shane (April 27, 2006). "National Archives Says Records Were Wrongly Classified".
Jump up ^ "National Archives and Declassification". Archives.gov. October 19, 2011. Retrieved April 29, 2013.
Jump up ^ Tricia Bishop (October 4, 2011). "National Archives employee pleads guilty to stealing recordings". The Baltimore Sun.
Jump up ^ Banks, Kathy. "Guilty Plea in National Archives Audio Thefts". NBC Washington. Retrieved November 23, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Ex-Employee Put National Archives On eBay". NPR. October 9, 2011. Retrieved November 23, 2011.
Jump up ^ Faye Fiore (August 8, 2010). "Guardians of the nation's attic". Los Angeles Times.
Jump up ^ NARA. "The National Archives Catalog". Retrieved May 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ NARA. "Open Government at the National Archives". Retrieved December 13, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b NARA. "About Archival Research Catalog (ARC)". Retrieved December 13, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Copyright, Permissions and Restrictions Notice". archives.gov. Retrieved March 31, 2011.
Jump up ^ Section 3.2 (d)
Jump up ^ "National Archives and Google Launch Pilot Project to Digitize and Offer Historic Films Online" (Press release). archives.gov. 24 February 2006. Retrieved March 31, 2011.
Jump up ^ "footnote.com". footnote.com. Retrieved November 23, 2011.
Jump up ^ "National Archives and Footnote Launch Project to Digitize Historic Documents" (Press release). archives.gov. January 10, 2007. Retrieved March 31, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Thousands of National Archives Films to Be Made Available Through CustomFlix Labs" (Press release). archives.gov. July 27, 2007. Retrieved March 31, 2011.
Jump up ^ "National Archives Announces Digitizing Agreement with The Generations Network" (Press release). archives.gov. May 20, 2008. Retrieved March 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ "NARA The Generations Network Digitization Agreement" (PDF). archives.gov.
Jump up ^ "Social Media and Web 2.0 at the National Archives". Retrieved March 31, 2011.
Jump up ^ "National Archives Launches YouTube Channel" (Press release). archives.gov. June 18, 2009. Retrieved March 31, 2011.
Jump up ^ "National Archives Photos on Flickr: FAQs". Retrieved March 31, 2011.
Jump up ^ "DocsTeach".
Jump up ^ United States of America, Plaintiff-appellee, v. Robert Bradford Murphy, A/k/a Samuel George Matz, and Elizabeth Irene Murphy, aka Elizabeth Irene Matz, Defendants and Appellants, 413 F.2d 1129 (6th Cir. 1969)
Jump up ^ Ex-Archivist Sentenced for Document Theft, American Libraries, August 12, 2002.
Jump up ^ Carol D. Leonnig. Archives Thief Gets Two Years, The Washington Post, May 27, 2005.
Jump up ^ Eve Conant. To Catch a Thief at the National Archives, Newsweek, May 4, 2007.
Jump up ^ Erica W. Morrison. Leslie Waffen, ex-Archives worker, sentenced for stealing, selling recordings, The Washington Post, May 3, 2012
Jump up ^ National Archives Discovers Date Change on Lincoln Record, NARA Press Release
Jump up ^ Barry Landau Sentenced to 7 Years for Thefts From National Archives, Other Institutions, NARA Press Release
Jump up ^ Notable Thefts From The National Archives, The National Archives Official Website (Archived)
References[edit]
Beschloss, Michael (2006). Our Documents: 100 Milestone Documents from the National Archives. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-530959-1. Retrieved July 18, 2014.
Further reading[edit]
"Sixty-Ton Statue is Carved from a Single Slab of Stone". Popular Mechanics. 64 (2): 256. August 1935. The statue Gladiator commissioned for the main national archive building in Washington DC in 1935.
"Ten-Ton Door Made of Bronze is Thirty Five Feet High". Popular Mechanics. 62 (4): 519. October 1934.
External links[edit]
Media related to National Archives and Records Administration at Wikimedia Commons
Media related to NARA images by state at Wikimedia Commons
Official NARA−National Archives and Records Administration website
Federal Register.gov: National Archives and Records Administration
The National Archives Catalog — of the National Archives and Records Administration.
Outdoor sculptures at the National Archives Building
Footnote.com: NARA
FamilySearch.org: NARA−National Archives and Records Administration — research Wiki for genealogists.
National Archives and Records Administration's Our Archives wiki — information about NARA + its archived records.
Roaminghistorian.com: Visiting the National Archives
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Production car speed record
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This is a list of the world's record-breaking top speeds achieved by a street-legal production car (as opposed to concept cars or modified cars). For the purposes of this list eligible cars are defined in the lists rules. This list uses the same definition as the List of automotive superlatives for the sake of consistency and because the term production car is otherwise undefined. The Benz Velo, as the first production car, is an exception.
Contents
[hide]
1 Difficulties with claims
1.1 Dauer 962 Le Mans
1.2 Koenigsegg CCR
1.3 Bugatti Veyron limiter removal
1.4 Hennessey Venom GT one direction run
2 List rules
2.1 Post 1945 and over 124 mph (200 km/h) only
2.2 Production car definition
2.3 Measurement of top speed
3 Record-breaking production vehicles
4 See also
5 References
6 Further reading
Difficulties with claims[edit]
Comparing claimed speeds of the fastest production cars in the world, especially in historical cases, is difficult as there is no standardized method for determining the top speed and no central authority to verify any such claims. Examples of the difficulties faced were shown up in the dispute between Bugatti and Hennessey over which car was the world's fastest.[1]
Dauer 962 Le Mans[edit]
The Dauer 962 Le Mans, introduced in 1993, reached independently measured 404.6 km/h (251.4 mph) in 1998 and was considered as the fastest production car by several publications. But since only 13 cars were built while the rules on this site require a minimum of 25 it doesn't qualify for this list.[2]
Koenigsegg CCR[edit]
The Koenigsegg CCR recorded a top speed of 387.866 km/h (241.009 mph) at the Nardò Ring testing facility on 28 February 2005.[3]> This speed eclipsed the previous record of 385 km/h held by the McLaren F1. The record was supervised and accredited by Guinness World Records at the time and a certificate recognising this achievement was awarded. The certificate cites the CCR as "The fastest production car... which achieved a speed of 387.866 km/h over a measured kilometre at the Nardo Prototipo proving ground, Italy"
14 examples of the CCR were produced in total. Although it was recognised by Guinness as the world's fastest production car at the time of the record, a total production run under 25 units does not qualify the CCR for inclusion on the table below.
Bugatti Veyron limiter removal[edit]
The Bugatti Veyron Super Sport, was certified by Guinness Book of Records for the average top speed achieved on a two-way run, registering 431.072 km/h (267.856 mph). Bugatti made 5 Veyrons named the World Record Edition out of the initial production run of 30 Super Sports. With the limiter the Veyron SS goes 415 km/h (257.87 mph). Bugatti did not sell any with the limiter removed. Initially, when challenged by Hennessey, Guinness decided the Bugatti was ineligible because the test car was deemed as being modified. Bugatti sought a review of the decision and Guinness, after a review by a panel of experts, considered removing the limiter was not a modification and thereby making the car eligible for their publication. Therefore the Bugatti Veyron Super Sport held the Guinness World Record for the fastest production car[4]
Hennessey Venom GT one direction run[edit]
In 2014, a Hennessey Venom GT was recorded at 435.31 km/h (270.49 mph), but as the run was in one direction only and only 12 cars (+1 prototype) were ever made, it does not qualify under the Guinness Book of Records or this list's criteria as the world's fastest production car.[5] Guinness accepted it as a production car, however.[6][7]
List rules[edit]
Further information: List of automotive superlatives
Because of the inconsistencies with the various definitions of production cars, dubious claims by manufacturers and self-interest groups, and inconsistent or changing application of the definitions this list has a defined set of requirements. For further explanation of how these were arrived at see the above link.
Post 1945 and over 124 mph (200 km/h) only[edit]
This list is also limited to post World War II production road cars which reached more than 124 mph (200 km/h), older cars are excluded even if they were faster. The Benz Velo as the first petrol driven car is the only exception.
Production car definition[edit]
For the purposes of this list a production car is defined as:
being constructed principally for retail sale to consumers, for their personal use, and to transport people on public roads (no commercial or industrial vehicles are eligible);
having had 25 or more instances made by the original vehicle manufacturer, and offered for commercial sale to the public in new condition (cars modified by either professional tuners or individuals are not eligible);[8][9]
being street-legal in their intended markets, and capable of passing any official tests or inspections required to be granted this status.
Measurement of top speed[edit]
To establish the top speed for cars at least since the 1990s the requirement is, in addition to the above, an independent road test with a two-way run. The mean of the top speed for both runs is taken as the car's top speed.[10][11] In instances where the top speed has been determined by removing the limiter, the test met these requirements, and the car is sold with the limiter on then the limited speed is accepted as meeting this requirement.
Record-breaking production vehicles[edit]
Year
Make and model
Top speed of production car
Engine
Number built
Comment
1894 Benz Velo 12 mph
(20 km/h)[12] 1045 cm³ 1.5 bhp 1,200 First production car
1949 Jaguar XK120 124.6 mph
(200.5 km/h)[13] 3442 cm³ 160 bhp 12,000 Some publications cite the XK120's timed top speed as almost 133 mph / 214 km/h in 1949.[14] The XK120 that achieved this speed was a tuned prototype, not a production car. The production car reached 124.6 mph (200.5 km/h).
1955 Mercedes-Benz 300SL 150.7 mph
(242.5 km/h)[15] 2996 cm³ 212 bhp 1,400 Two-way average speed tested by Automobil Revue in 1958. 245 km/h (152.2 mph) reached in one direction.
1959 Aston Martin DB4 GT 152 mph
(245 km/h)[16] 3670 cm³ 302 bhp 75 Tested by Autosport in December 1961.
1963 Iso Grifo GL 365 161 mph
(259 km/h)[17] 5354 cm³ 360 bhp over 400 Tested by Autocar in 1966. A total of 412 Iso Grifos were built 1963–1974.[18]
1965 AC Cobra Mk III 427 165 mph
(266 km/h)[19] 6998 cm³ 485 bhp >25 Tested by Car & Driver. Top speed described as observed
1967 Lamborghini Miura P400 171 mph
(275 km/h)[20] 3929 cm³ 350 bhp over 750 Tested by Motor in June 1967. Over 750 units build in 1966–1973 period, which includes P400, P400 S and P400 SV models.
1968 Ferrari 365 GTB/4 Daytona 174 mph
(280 km/h)[21] 4390 cm³ 352 bhp about 1,400 Tested by Autocar in 1971.
1974 Lamborghini Countach LP400 179 mph
(288 km/h)[22] 3929 cm³ 375 bhp 158 Tested by Auto, Motor und Sport
1982 Lamborghini Countach LP500 S 182 mph
(293 km/h)[23] 4754 cm³ 375 bhp 323 Tested by Auto, Motor und Sport
1984 Ferrari 288 GTO 188 mph
(303 km/h)[24] 2855 cm³ 400 bhp 272 Tested by Auto, Motor und Sport in 1985. Doubted, since Automobil Revue measured only 279 km/h (173 mph) for the identical car and even several remeasurements at two additional test dates didn't yield more than 288 km/h (179 mph). Road & Track measured 179 and 180 mph (289.7 km/h) at two tests.[25][26]
1986 Porsche 959 197 mph
(317 km/h)[26] 2849 cm³ 444 bhp 337 Tested by Road and Track in 1987. The most common 959 Deluxe version reached 197 mph (317 km/h), the Sport version 198 mph (319 km/h). 29 were built in a performance-enhanced 515 hp sports version which reached 339 km/h (211 mph) tested by Auto, Motor und Sport at Nardo in 1988.[27][28]
1987 Ruf CTR 213 mph
(342 km/h)[27] 3367 cm³ 469 bhp 29[29] Tested by Auto, Motor und Sport at Nardò Ring in 1988
1993 McLaren F1 221 mph
(355 km/h) estimated[30] 6064 cm³ 618 bhp 64[31] Without the rev-limiter, it was able to reach a top-speed of 240.1 mph (386.4 km/h).[32]
It still remains the world's fastest naturally aspirated production car in terms of top speed.[33]
2005 Bugatti Veyron EB 16.4 253.81 mph
(408.47 km/h) 7993 cm³ 987 bhp 300 Recorded and verified by German inspection officials.[34]
2010 Bugatti Veyron 16.4 Super Sport 267.856 mph
(431.072 km/h) 7993 cm³ 1183 bhp 30 Out of the initial production run of 30, 5 cars were named the Super Sport World Record Edition. With the electronic limiter turned off the Super Sport World Record Edition was capable of 267.856 mph (431.072 km/h). When sold they were electronically limited to 257.87 mph (415 km/h). Pierre-Henri Raphanel drove the unlimited car and its top speed was verified by Guinness World Records.[35][36][37]
See also[edit]
History of the automobile
Land speed record
List of fastest production cars by acceleration – note that this list uses a different definition of a production car to both the list of fastest production cars and the list of automotive superlatives
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Kennedy, George (4 September 2015). "Fastest production car world not exactly clear cut". Yahoo. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Evo September 2003: p.106-109
Jump up ^ "Koenigsegg CCR Breaks World Speed Record for Production Cars". newatlas.com. Retrieved 29 November 2017.
Jump up ^ http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2013/4/guinness-world-records-statement-production-car-world-records-48024/
Jump up ^ "Hennessey Venom GT Final Edition Crosses the Finish Line" (Press release). Hennessey Performance Engineering. 19 January 2017. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Nunez, Alex (24 February 2014), "The Hennessey Venom GT is the world's fastest car; Hits 270 mph on tarmac reserved for astronauts", Road & Track
Jump up ^ "Aerodynamic Test Session Results in New Top Speed for Hennessey Venom GT" (Press release). Hennessey Performance Engineering. 24 February 2014. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
Jump up ^ http://www.roadandtrack.com/new-cars/news/a7150/hennessey-venom-hits-270-mph-is-worlds-fastest-car/
Jump up ^ https://www.topgear.com/car-news/supercar/hennessey-venom-hits-record-27049mph
Jump up ^ http://www.roadandtrack.com/go/news/hennessey-venom-hits-270-mph-is-worlds-fastest-car Guinness two-way run requirement
Jump up ^ http://www.fia.com/sports/fia-world-land-speed-records FIA two-way run requirement
Jump up ^ Danielson, C. (12 September 2008). "eMercedesBenz Feature: The World's First Production Car, The Benz Patent Motor Car Velocipede Of 1894". eMercedesBenz.
Jump up ^ Stoy, Andy (15 October 2012). "Worth the Wait". Autoweek. 62 (21): 40–41. ISSN 0192-9674. But the XK120 was a post-war performance revelation, proving itself as the fastest production car in the world at the time.
Jump up ^ Hodges, David; Burgess-Wise, David; Davenport, John; Harding, Anthony (1994). The Guinness Book of Car Facts and Feats (4 ed.). London: Guinness Publishing. p. 52. ISBN 0-85112-768-1.
Jump up ^ Automobil Revue 22 January 1959 https://www.zwischengas.com/de/FT/fahrzeugberichte/Mercedes-Benz-300-SL-der-gezaehmte-Rennwagen-fuer-die-Schickeria-der-Sechzigerjahre.html
Jump up ^ "John Bolster". Autosport. December: 778. 1961.
Jump up ^ "Autocar Road Test Number 2077". Autocar. 29 April. 1966.
Jump up ^ Oleski, Frank; Lehbrink, Hartmut. 100 Jahre Sportwagen.
Jump up ^ http://media.caranddriver.com/files/shelby-cobra-427shelby-cobra-427-roadster-road-test-nov-65.pdf Car and Driver magazine August 1965
Jump up ^ "Sackey, Joe. The Lamborghini Miura Bible" (PDF).
Jump up ^ "Ferrari 365 GTB/4 Daytona review – on the road". Archived from the original on 6 May 2007. Retrieved 13 March 2016. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ Auto, Motor und Sport 9/1978
Jump up ^ Auto, Motor und Sport 15/1983
Jump up ^ Auto, Motor und Sport 7/1985
Jump up ^ Automobil Revue 17.July 1986
^ Jump up to: a b Road and Track July 1987 Egan, Peter (2016-05-29). "In 1987, The World's Fastest Cars Couldn't Catch A 211-mph Twin-Turbo Ruf". Road & Track. US.
^ Jump up to: a b Auto, Motor und Sport 25/1988
Jump up ^ Bernd Woytal (18 October 2015). "Ferrari F40 gegen Porsche 959: Nonplusultra-Supersportler der 80er – Auto Motor und Sport". auto motor und sport.
Jump up ^ 1987 Ruf CTR "Yellowbird" 911 Turbo Driven, Car and Driver, November 2012, Jethro Bovington
Jump up ^ Robinson, Peter (August 1994). "The Finest High-Performance Production Engine in the World". Car and Driver. US. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "McLaren F1 Owners Club Tour 2014 – Photo Gallery". Sports Car Digest. 21 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "McLaren F1". Retrieved 17 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "McLaren F1". Retrieved 17 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Bugatti Veyron". Retrieved 25 February 2011.
Jump up ^ "Fastest Production Car". Guinness World Records. Retrieved 7 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Veyron Super Sport hits 267 mph". topgear.com. Retrieved 6 July 2010.
Jump up ^ "Guinness World Records statement: Fastest Production Car". Guinness World Records. 12 April 2013. Retrieved 13 May 2013.
Further reading[edit]
Wood, Jonathan (2005). The Ultimate History of Fast Cars. Parragon Publishing. ISBN 1-4054-5467-9.
Brown, Langworth; Auto Editors of Consumer Guide (1998). Great Cars of The 20th Century. Publications International. ISBN 0-7853-2523-9.

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