text:
Jan-Michael Vincent
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Jan-Michael Vincent
Born
(1944-07-15) July 15, 1944 (age 73)
Denver, Colorado, U.S.
Residence
Vicksburg, Mississippi, U.S.
Other names
Jan Michael Vincent
Michael Vincent
Mike Vincent
Occupation
Film, television actor
Years active
1967–2002
Spouse(s)
Bonnie Poorman (m. 1974–75)
Joanne Robinson (m. 1986–97)
Patricia Ann (m. 2000)
Children
Amber Vincent
Jan-Michael Vincent (born July 15, 1944) is a retired American actor best known for his role as attack helicopter pilot Stringfellow Hawke on the television series Airwolf (1984–86) and as the protagonist of 1978's Big Wednesday.
Contents
[hide]
1 Career
1.1 1960s
1.2 1970s
1.3 1980s
1.4 1990s and 2000s
2 Personal life
3 In other media
4 Filmography
5 References
6 External links
Career[edit]
1960s[edit]
Vincent was finishing a stint in the California Army National Guard when a talent scout was struck by his looks. His first acting job was in the movie The Bandits (aka Los Bandidos), co-directed by and starring Robert Conrad, in 1967.
Vincent’s career took off in the late 1960s when casting agent Dick Clayton signed him to Universal Studios. He made an appearance on the Dragnet 1968 episode "The Grenade" as a muscular high school student who suffered an acid attack by a mentally unstable classmate (played by Mickey Sholdar). He also appeared in the Danger Island segments of Hanna-Barbera's The Banana Splits series as Link (1968–69). Finally, in the fall of 1969 Vincent had a starring role in the prime-time soap opera The Survivors, alongside Lana Turner and George Hamilton; however, the series was canceled mid-season.
Vincent also performed in several movies in that period, such as the 1969 Twentieth Century Fox movie The Undefeated (as Bubba Wilkes) starring John Wayne, Rock Hudson, and Mexican actor Antonio Aguilar. His name appeared as Michael Vincent in the credits of the movie. Vincent guest-starred in three episodes of Lassie with actor Tony Dow and two episodes of Bonanza.
1970s[edit]
Vincent appeared in an episode of Marcus Welby, M.D. as Richie, a teen with an alcohol addiction. He co-starred with Charles Bronson in the 1972 crime film The Mechanic. In 1970, he garnered critical praise for his role in the made-for-TV film Tribes (also known as "The Soldier Who Declared Peace" in Europe and the UK), co-starring Darren McGavin, about a tough Marine boot-camp drill instructor dealing with a hippie draftee (Vincent) who will not follow the rules. Other notable films included the surfing film Big Wednesday with William Katt and Gary Busey, and a complex performance opposite Robert Mitchum in Going Home. In 1971 he appeared in the Gunsmoke episode "The Legend".
In 1972 Vincent starred in a made-for-TV love story Sandcastles, and in 1973 he starred in the Disney movie The World's Greatest Athlete with Tim Conway and John Amos. He also starred in the 1974 romance Buster and Billie as the antihero Buster Lane, where he startled audiences with his full-frontal nudity. In Hooper with Burt Reynolds, Vincent played a young stuntman. In 1975, Bite the Bullet he played opposite Gene Hackman, James Coburn, and Candice Bergen. He also starred in the trucker movie White Line Fever; in 1976's Baby Blue Marine, a war film directed by John D. Hancock, which also starred Glynnis O'Connor; and in 1976's Shadow of the Hawk co-starring Marilyn Hassett. Vincent also appeared in Damnation Alley, based on Roger Zelazny's science fiction novel, in 1977.
1980s[edit]
In 1980, Vincent starred in the gang-themed drama Defiance, which received a limited release. In that film, he and Danny Aiello co-star as Manhattan residents who fight back against the gang members who terrorize their neighborhood. He also appeared in The Return, a science fiction film that was released directly to television and video. In 1981, he co-starred with Kim Basinger in Hard Country. Vincent starred in the 1983 action film Last Plane Out.
After the completion of his role in the 1983 television miniseries Winds of War, Vincent was cast as Stringfellow Hawke for the action–espionage series Airwolf, in which he co-starred with Ernest Borgnine and is the role for which he is best known and remembered, as well as for his rate of pay. It was noted, at the time, that Vincent's salary for his work on Airwolf was the highest paid (rumored to be $200,000 per episode) of any actor in American television.[1][2] While filming Airwolf, Vincent admitted to drug and alcohol problems for which he acknowledged seeking help. After Airwolf ended, he found roles in smaller budget and lower exposure film projects.
1990s and 2000s[edit]
Vincent worked with Traci Lords in the 1991 suspense film Raw Nerve. He also co-starred with Clint Howard in the 1996 black comedy/horror film Ice Cream Man, which had very limited theatrical release but did eventually reach cult status via home video as an unintentional comedy.
While in the hospital in 1996, Vincent was committed to a role in Red Line with Chad McQueen as Keller. He appeared in the film with a swollen face and scars, and still wearing his hospital ID bracelet.
In 1997, he had a small guest role on Nash Bridges, playing the title character's long-lost brother, and in 1998 he had a cameo in the independent film Buffalo '66.[3]
His most recent movie roles included the independent film White Boy, also titled Menace (for the U.S. video version), released in March 2002.
Personal life[edit]
Vincent married Bonnie Poorman in 1969 and they had a daughter, Amber Vincent, in 1973.[4][5] His second wife, Joanne Robinson, left him and had a restraining order entered against him in 1994, alleging that he had abused her since their marriage in 1985.[6]
Vincent has battled alcoholism and intravenous drug use for much of his life. In 1983, he was arrested for drunk driving, but avoided jail by entering rehab.[7] He was also arrested after two bar brawls in 1984 and 1985 and then received a felony assault charge in 1986, of which he was acquitted after his attorney argued that the woman tripped and fell on a telephone cord in his home.[7] In 1995, a $374,000 default judgment was made against him after his former girlfriend alleged he had physically assaulted her after their breakup and caused her to miscarry their child.[8]
In the latter half of the 1990s, he was involved in two severe automobile collisions, which he barely survived. In an accident in August 1996 Vincent broke three vertebrae in his neck.[9] He also sustained a permanent injury to his vocal cords from an emergency medical procedure, leaving him with a permanently raspy voice.[10]
Vincent was charged with drunk driving again after his 1996 accident and once again sentenced to rehab and placed on probation. In an interview on the TV program The Insider on September 18, 2007, when asked about his 1996 car accident, he answered, "Y'know, I have no idea what you're talking about. I don't remember being in an accident."[1][11]
In 2000, Vincent violated probation for his prior alcohol-related arrests by appearing drunk in public three times and assaulting his fiancée. As a result, he was sentenced to 60 days in the Orange County Jail.[12]
Vincent was involved in another automobile accident in 2008.[13]
In an October 2014 interview with National Enquirer, Vincent revealed that his right leg was amputated just below the knee in 2012 after he contracted a leg infection as a result of complications from peripheral artery disease. He now walks with a prosthetic limb, though he is sometimes forced to use a wheelchair.[14] He also revealed he had a tax debt in excess of $70,000.[15]
As of 2013, Vincent resides near Vicksburg, Mississippi.[16]
In other media[edit]
Jan-Michael Vincent was parodied in the eighth episode of the second season of the animated series Rick and Morty, which featured a fictional action film titled Jan Quadrant Vincent 16.[17][18]
Filmography[edit]
List of film credits
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1967 The Mystery of the Chinese Junk Tony Prito Credited as "Mike Vincent"
1967 Dragnet (TV series) Rick Schneiderman "The Grenade" episode, credited as "Michael Vincent"
1967 The Bandits Taye "Boy" Brown
1968 Lassie (TV series) Chris Hanford Episodes "Hanford's Point", part 1-3, credited as "Michael Vincent"
1968 Journey to Shiloh Little Bit Lucket Credited as "Michael Vincent"
1968-1970 The Banana Splits Adventure Hour Lincoln 'Link' Simmons Several episodes, credited as "Michael Vincent"
1968-1969 Bonanza Rick Miller and Eddie Episodes "The Unwanted" and "The Arrival of Eddie", credited as "Michael Vincent"
1969 The Survivors Jeffrey Hastings
1969 The Undefeated Bubba Wilkes Credited as "Michael Vincent"
1970 Double Jeopardy Kevin Colter
1970 Tribes Adrian
1971 The Last of the Powerseekers unknown
1971 Dan August Kevin Colter Episode "Death Chain"
1971 Men at Law (TV series) unknown Episode "One American"
1971 The Persuaders! Helicopter pilot Episode "The Gold Napoleon", uncredited
1971 Gunsmoke Travis Colter Episode "The Legend"
1971 Going Home Jimmy Graham
1972 The Catcher (TV movie) Sam Callende
1972 Sandcastles (TV movie) Michael
1972 The Mechanic Steve McKenna
1973 The World's Greatest Athlete Nanu
1973 Marcus Welby, M.D. Ritchie Episode: "Catch a Ring That Isn't There"
1973 Deliver Us from Evil (TV movie) Nick Fleming
1973 Toma (TV series) Billy Haskell Episode "Blockhouse Breakdown"
1974 Buster and Billie Buster Lane
1973-1975 Police Story (TV series) Warren Yates & Dave Hauser Episodes "Incident in the Kill Zone" and "Line of Fire"
1975 Bite the Bullet Carbo
1975 White Line Fever Carrol Jo Hummer
1976 Baby Blue Marine Marion
1976 Shadow of the Hawk Mike
1976 Vigilante Force Ben Arnold
1977 Damnation Alley Tanner
1978 Big Wednesday Matt Johnson
1978 Hooper Ski
1980 The Return Wayne
1980 Defiance Tommy
1981 Hard Country Kyle
1983 The Winds of War (TV miniseries) Byron Henry
1983 Last Plane Out Jack Cox
1984 Airwolf (TV movie) Stringfellow Hawke
1985 Get Out of My Room Immigration Officer
1984-1987 Airwolf (TV series) Stringfellow Hawke
1986 Hotel (TV series) Nick Hauser Episode "Undercurrents"
1987 Six Against the Rock (TV movie) Miran 'Buddy' Thompson
1987 Enemy Territory Parker
1987 Born in East L.A. McCalister
1989 Demonstone Andy Buck
1989 Hit List Jack Collins
1989 Tarzan in Manhattan (TV movie) Brightmore
1989 Deadly Embrace (video) Stewart Moreland
1989 Dirty Games Kepler West
1990 Alienator Commander
1990 Haunting Fear (video) Detective James Trent
1991 Xtro II: The Second Encounter Dr. Ron Shepherd
1991 Hangfire Colonel Johnson
1991 Raw Nerve Lt. Bruce Ellis
1991 The Final Heist (TV movie) David King
1992 Beyond the Call of Duty Len Jordan
1992 The Divine Enforcer (video) Father Thomas
1992 Animal Instincts (video) Fletcher Ross
1993 Singapore Sling (TV movie) Billy
1993 Midnight Witness Lance
1993 Sins of Desire Warren Robillard
1993 Hidden Obsession Ben Scanlon
1993 Deadly Heroes Cody Grant
1993 Indecent Behavior Tom Mathis
1994 Renegade (TV series) Max Episode "Hard Rider"
1995 Russian Roulette - Moscow 95 unknown
1995 Abducted II: The Reunion Brad Allen
1995 Body Count Detective Reinhart
1995 Ice Cream Man Detective Gifford
1995 Red Line (video) Keller
1996 Jurassic Women (TV movie) Zepp
1996 Lethal Orbit (TV movie) Riff
1996 The Last Kill unknown
1997 Nash Bridges (TV series) Bobby Chase Episode "Revelations"
1998 No Rest for the Wicked Sheriff Juan Ramirez
1998 Buffalo '66 Sonny
2000 The Thundering 8th unknown
2000 Escape to Grizzly Mountain Trapper
2002 White Boy Ron Masters
References[edit]
Colorado portal
Film portal
Television portal
^ Jump up to: a b "Jan-Michael Vincent interview on "The Insider", August 19, 2007". Youtube.com. Retrieved 2010-10-19.
Jump up ^ "Ultimate DVD description of Airwolf DVD". Ultimatedvd.org. Archived from the original on 2005-11-29. Retrieved 2010-10-19.
Jump up ^ Thomas, Kevin (July 17, 1998). "Review of "Buffalo 66"". Chicago Tribune. Chicagotribune.com. Retrieved October 19, 2010.
Jump up ^ "FilmBug bio". Filmbug.com. November 25, 2005. Retrieved October 19, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Jan-Michael Vincent Credits Cinema Career To Chance". The Blade. Toledo. May 5, 1973. p. 13. Retrieved November 9, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Vincent's Wife Claims Abuse". Kentucky New Era-Spotlight. November 30, 1994. p. 9A. Retrieved November 9, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "Vincent Acquitted Of Battery". The Press-Courier. October 11, 1986. p. 5. Retrieved November 9, 2014.
Jump up ^ Romney, Lee (August 27, 1996). "Jan-Michael Vincent Injured in Accident". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 9, 2014.
Jump up ^ Times Staff Writer (August 27, 1996). "Actor Jan-Michael Vincent Breaks Neck in Car Crash". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on November 13, 2014. Retrieved November 9, 2014.
Jump up ^ Ryan, Joal (August 27, 1997). "Jan-Michael Vincent Loses Voice; Sues Paramedics". E!. au.eonline.com. Retrieved November 9, 2014.
Jump up ^ Lisaz (September 14, 2007). "Recluse Jan-Michael Vincent in Shocking New TV Expose". SFGate. Sfgate.com. Retrieved October 19, 2010.
Jump up ^ Piccalo, Gina (October 11, 2000). "Actor Works Off Sentence Wielding Mop and Broom". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 13, 2012.
Jump up ^ 2008 accident in Vicksburg. August 25, 2008, www.vicksburgpost.com Archived May 7, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Jaccarino, Michael (October 31, 2014). "Jan-Michael Vincent Amputation Hell". National Enquirer. Retrieved November 9, 2014.
Jump up ^ Mccormack, David (6 November 2014). "The tragic downfall of 80s heartthrob Jan-Michael Vincent: Recovering alcoholic admits he's lucky to be alive after his right leg was amputated TWICE". Daily Mail. Retrieved November 9, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Jan-Michael Vincent's 65th Birthday". StudentOperated Press. Thesop.org. July 28, 2009. Retrieved October 19, 2010.
Jump up ^ Jackson, Gita (24 September 2016). "Rick and Morty Review: "Interdimensional Cable 2: Tempting Fate" (2.08)". Paste Magazine. Retrieved 14 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Matar, Joe (3 June 2016). "Rick and Morty Rickstaverse Expansion Drops". Den of Geek. Retrieved 14 October 2016.
External links[edit]
Jan-Michael Vincent on IMDb
Whatever Happened To: Jan Michael Vincent
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 51881060
LCCN: no96015815
ISNI: 0000 0000 7975 3101
GND: 141566736
BNF: cb139514982 (data)
BNE: XX1539828
RKD: 386626
IATH: w60d9bdw
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jan-Michael_Vincent&oldid=801208844"
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text:
Conservation of mass
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Combustion reaction of methane. Where 4 atoms of hydrogen, 4 atoms of oxygen and 1 of carbon are present before and after the reaction. The total mass after the reaction is the same as before the reaction.
The law of conservation of mass or principle of mass conservation states that for any system closed to all transfers of matter and energy, the mass of the system must remain constant over time, as system's mass cannot change, so quantity cannot be added nor removed. Hence, the quantity of mass is conserved over time.
The law implies that mass can neither be created nor destroyed, although it may be rearranged in space, or the entities associated with it may be changed in form. For example, in chemical reactions, the mass of the chemical components before the reaction is equal to the mass of the components after the reaction. Thus, during any chemical reaction and low-energy thermodynamic processes in an isolated system, the total mass of the reactants, or starting materials, must be equal to the mass of the products.
The concept of mass conservation is widely used in many fields such as chemistry, mechanics, and fluid dynamics. Historically, mass conservation was demonstrated in chemical reactions independently by Mikhail Lomonosov and later rediscovered by Antoine Lavoisier in the late 18th century. The formulation of this law was of crucial importance in the progress from alchemy to the modern natural science of chemistry.
The conservation of mass only holds approximately and is considered part of a series of assumptions coming from classical mechanics. The law has to be modified to comply with the laws of quantum mechanics and special relativity under the principle of mass-energy equivalence, which states that energy and mass form one conserved quantity. For very energetic systems the conservation of mass-only is shown not to hold, as is the case in nuclear reactions and particle-antiparticle annihilation in particle physics.
Mass is also not generally conserved in open systems. Such is the case when various forms of energy and matter are allowed into, or out of, the system. However, unless radioactivity or nuclear reactions are involved, the amount of energy escaping (or entering) such systems as heat, mechanical work, or electromagnetic radiation is usually too small to be measured as a decrease (or increase) in the mass of the system.
For systems where large gravitational fields are involved, general relativity has to be taken into account, where mass-energy conservation becomes a more complex concept, subject to different definitions, and neither mass nor energy is as strictly and simply conserved as is the case in special relativity.
Contents
1 Formulation and examples
2 History
2.1 Mass conservation in chemistry
2.2 Modern physics
3 Generalization
3.1 Special relativity
3.1.1 The mass associated with chemical amounts of energy is too small to measure
3.1.2 Mass conservation remains correct if energy is not lost
3.2 General relativity
4 See also
5 References
Formulation and examples[edit]
The law of conservation of mass can only be formulated in classical mechanics when the energy scales associated to an isolated system are much smaller than m c 2 {\displaystyle mc^{2}} , where m {\displaystyle m} is the mass of a typical object in the system, measured in the frame of reference where the object is at rest, and c {\displaystyle c} is the speed of light.
The law can be formulated mathematically in the fields of fluid mechanics and continuum mechanics, where the conservation of mass is usually expressed using the continuity equation, given in differential form as
∂ ρ ∂ t + ∇ ⋅ ( ρ v ) = 0 , {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial \rho }{\partial t}}+\nabla \cdot (\rho \mathbf {v} )=0,}
where ρ {\textstyle \rho } is the density (mass per unit volume), t {\textstyle t} is the time, ∇ ⋅ {\textstyle \nabla \cdot } is the divergence, and v {\textstyle \mathbf {v} } is the flow velocity field. The interpretation of the continuity equation for mass is the following: For a given closed surface in the system, the change in time of the mass enclosed by the surface is equal to the mass that traverses the surface, positive if matter goes in and negative if matter goes out. For the whole isolated system, this condition implies that the total mass M {\textstyle M} , sum of the masses of all components in the system, does not change in time, i.e.
d M d t = d d t ∫ ρ d V = 0 {\displaystyle {\frac {{\text{d}}M}{{\text{d}}t}}={\frac {\text{d}}{{\text{d}}t}}\int \rho {\text{d}}V=0} ,
where d V {\textstyle {\text{d}}V} is the differential that defines the integral over the whole volume of the system.
The continuity equation for the mass is part of Euler equations of fluid dynamics. Many other convection–diffusion equations describe the conservation and flow of mass and matter in a given system.
In chemistry, the calculation of the amount of reactant and products in a chemical reaction, or stoichiometry, is founded on the principle of conservation of mass. The principle implies that during a chemical reaction the total mass of the reactants is equal to the total mass of the products. For example, in the following reaction
CH
4 + 2 O
2 → CO
2 + 2 H
2O,
where one molecule of methane (CH
4) and two oxygen molecules O
2 are converted into one molecule of carbon dioxide (CO
2) and two of water (H
2O). The number of molecules as result from the reaction can be derived from the principle of conservation of mass, as initially four hydrogen atoms, 4 oxygen atoms and one carbon atom are present (as well as in the final state), then the number water molecules produced must be exactly two per molecule of carbon dioxide produced.
Many engineering problems are solved by following the mass distribution in time of a given system, this practice is known as mass balance.
History[edit]
Russian scientist Mikhail Lomonosov discovered the law of mass conservation in 1756 by experiments, and came to the conclusion that phlogiston theory is incorrect.[1][2][3]
Antoine Lavoisier's discovery of the law of conservation of mass led to many new findings in the 19th century. Joseph Proust's law of definite proportions and John Dalton's atomic theory branched from the discoveries of Antoine Lavoisier. Lavoisier's quantitative experiments revealed that combustion involved oxygen rather than what was previously thought to be phlogiston.
An important idea in ancient Greek philosophy was that "Nothing comes from nothing", so that what exists now has always existed: no new matter can come into existence where there was none before. An explicit statement of this, along with the further principle that nothing can pass away into nothing, is found in Empedocles (approx. 4th century BC): "For it is impossible for anything to come to be from what is not, and it cannot be brought about or heard of that what is should be utterly destroyed."[4]
A further principle of conservation was stated by Epicurus around 3rd century BC, who, describing the nature of the Universe, wrote that "the totality of things was always such as it is now, and always will be".[5]
Jain philosophy, a non-creationist philosophy based on the teachings of Mahavira (6th century BC),[6] states that the universe and its constituents such as matter cannot be destroyed or created. The Jain text Tattvarthasutra (2nd century CE) states that a substance is permanent, but its modes are characterised by creation and destruction.[7] A principle of the conservation of matter was also stated by Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī (around 13th century CE). He wrote that "A body of matter cannot disappear completely. It only changes its form, condition, composition, color and other properties and turns into a different complex or elementary matter".[8]
Mass conservation in chemistry[edit]
By the 18th century the principle of conservation of mass during chemical reactions was widely used and was an important assumption during experiments, even before a definition was formally established,[9] as can be seen in the works of Joseph Black, Henry Cavendish, and Jean Rey.[10] The first to outline the principle was given by Mikhail Lomonosov in 1756. He demonstrated it by experiments and had discussed the principle before in 1774 in correspondence with Leonhard Euler, though his claim on the subject is sometimes challenged.[11][12] A more refined series of experiments were later carried out by Antoine Lavoisier who expressed his conclusion in 1773 and popularized the principle of conservation of mass. The demonstrations of the principle led alternatives theories obsolete, like the phlogiston theory that claimed that mass could be gained or lost in combustion and heat processes.
The conservation of mass was obscure for millennia because of the buoyancy effect of the Earth's atmosphere on the weight of gases. For example, a piece of wood weighs less after burning; this seemed to suggest that some of its mass disappears, or is transformed or lost. This was not disproved until careful experiments were performed in which chemical reactions such as rusting were allowed to take place in sealed glass ampoules; it was found that the chemical reaction did not change the weight of the sealed container and its contents. Weighing of gases using scales was not possible until the invention of the vacuum pump in 17th century.
Once understood, the conservation of mass was of great importance in progressing from alchemy to modern chemistry. Once early chemists realized that chemical substances never disappeared but were only transformed into other substances with the same weight, these scientists could for the first time embark on quantitative studies of the transformations of substances. The idea of mass conservation plus a surmise that certain "elemental substances" also could not be transformed into others by chemical reactions, in turn led to an understanding of chemical elements, as well as the idea that all chemical processes and transformations (such as burning and metabolic reactions) are reactions between invariant amounts or weights of these chemical elements.
Following the pioneering work of Lavoisier the prolonged and exhaustive experiments of Jean Stas supported the strict accuracy of this law in chemical reactions,[13] even though they were carried out with other intentions. His research[14][15] indicated that in certain reactions the loss or gain could not have been more than from 2 to 4 parts in 100,000.[16] The difference in the accuracy aimed at and attained by Lavoisier on the one hand, and by Morley and Stas on the other, is enormous.[17]
Modern physics[edit]
The law of conservation of mass was challenged with the advent of special relativity. In one of the Annus Mirabilis papers of Albert Einstein in 1905, he suggested an equivalence between mass and energy. This theory implied several assertions, like the idea that internal energy of a system could contribute to the mass of whole the system, or that mass could be converted into electromagnetic radiation. However, as Max Planck pointed out, a change in mass as a result of extraction or addition of chemical energy, as predicted by Einstein's theory, is so small that it could not be measured with the available instruments and could not be presented as a test to the special relativity. Einstein speculated that the energies associated with newly discovered radioactivity were significant enough, compared with the mass of systems producing them, to enable their mass-change to be measured, once the energy of the reaction had been removed from the system. This later indeed proved to be possible, although it was eventually to be the first artificial nuclear transmutation reaction in 1932, demonstrated by Cockcroft and Walton, that proved the first successful test of Einstein's theory regarding mass-loss with energy-loss.
The law conservation of mass and the analogous law of conservation of energy were finally overruled by a more general principle known as the mass–energy equivalence. Special relativity also redefines the concept of mass and energy, which can be used interchangeably and are relative to the frame of reference. Several definitions had to be defined for consistency like rest mass of a particle (mass in the rest frame of the particle) and relativistic mass (in another frame). The latter term is usually less frequently used. For more discussion, see Mass in special relativity.
Generalization[edit]
This article or section may contain misleading parts. Please help clarify this article according to any suggestions provided on the talk page.
Special relativity[edit]
Main article: Conservation of mass in special relativity
In special relativity, the conservation of mass does not apply if the system is open and energy escapes. However, it does continue to apply to totally closed (isolated) systems. If energy cannot escape a system, its mass cannot decrease. In relativity theory, so long as any type of energy is retained within a system, this energy exhibits mass.
Also, mass must be differentiated from matter (see below), since matter may not be perfectly conserved in isolated systems, even though mass is always conserved in such systems. However, matter is so nearly conserved in chemistry that violations of matter conservation were not measured until the nuclear age, and the assumption of matter conservation remains an important practical concept in most systems in chemistry and other studies that do not involve the high energies typical of radioactivity and nuclear reactions.
The mass associated with chemical amounts of energy is too small to measure[edit]
The change in mass of certain kinds of open systems where atoms or massive particles are not allowed to escape, but other types of energy (such as light or heat) are allowed to enter or escape, went unnoticed during the 19th century, because the change in mass associated with addition or loss of small quantities of thermal or radiant energy in chemical reactions is very small. (In theory, mass would not change at all for experiments conducted in isolated systems where heat and work were not allowed in or out.)
Mass conservation remains correct if energy is not lost[edit]
The conservation of relativistic mass implies the viewpoint of a single observer (or the view from a single inertial frame) since changing inertial frames may result in a change of the total energy (relativistic energy) for systems, and this quantity determines the relativistic mass.
The principle that the mass of a system of particles must be equal to the sum of their rest masses, even though true in classical physics, may be false in special relativity. The reason that rest masses cannot be simply added is that this does not take into account other forms of energy, such as kinetic and potential energy, and massless particles such as photons, all of which may (or may not) affect the total mass of systems.
For moving massive particles in a system, examining the rest masses of the various particles also amounts to introducing many different inertial observation frames (which is prohibited if total system energy and momentum are to be conserved), and also when in the rest frame of one particle, this procedure ignores the momenta of other particles, which affect the system mass if the other particles are in motion in this frame.
For the special type of mass called invariant mass, changing the inertial frame of observation for a whole closed system has no effect on the measure of invariant mass of the system, which remains both conserved and invariant (unchanging), even for different observers who view the entire system. Invariant mass is a system combination of energy and momentum, which is invariant for any observer, because in any inertial frame, the energies and momenta of the various particles always add to the same quantity (the momentum may be negative, so the addition amounts to a subtraction). The invariant mass is the relativistic mass of the system when viewed in the center of momentum frame. It is the minimum mass which a system may exhibit, as viewed from all possible inertial frames.
The conservation of both relativistic and invariant mass applies even to systems of particles created by pair production, where energy for new particles may come from kinetic energy of other particles, or from one or more photons as part of a system that includes other particles besides a photon. Again, neither the relativistic nor the invariant mass of totally closed (that is, isolated) systems changes when new particles are created. However, different inertial observers will disagree on the value of this conserved mass, if it is the relativistic mass (i.e., relativistic mass is conserved but not invariant). However, all observers agree on the value of the conserved mass if the mass being measured is the invariant mass (i.e., invariant mass is both conserved and invariant).
The mass-energy equivalence formula gives a different prediction in non-isolated systems, since if energy is allowed to escape a system, both relativistic mass and invariant mass will escape also. In this case, the mass-energy equivalence formula predicts that the change in mass of a system is associated with the change in its energy due to energy being added or subtracted: Δ m = Δ E / c 2 . {\displaystyle \Delta m=\Delta E/c^{2}.} This form involving changes was the form in which this famous equation was originally presented by Einstein. In this sense, mass changes in any system are explained simply if the mass of the energy added or removed from the system, are taken into account.
The formula implies that bound systems have an invariant mass (rest mass for the system) less than the sum of their parts, if the binding energy has been allowed to escape the system after the system has been bound. This may happen by converting system potential energy into some other kind of active energy, such as kinetic energy or photons, which easily escape a bound system. The difference in system masses, called a mass defect, is a measure of the binding energy in bound systems – in other words, the energy needed to break the system apart. The greater the mass defect, the larger the binding energy. The binding energy (which itself has mass) must be released (as light or heat) when the parts combine to form the bound system, and this is the reason the mass of the bound system decreases when the energy leaves the system.[18] The total invariant mass is actually conserved, when the mass of the binding energy that has escaped, is taken into account.
General relativity[edit]
Main article: Mass in general relativity
In general relativity, the total invariant mass of photons in an expanding volume of space will decrease, due to the red shift of such an expansions. The conservation of both mass and energy therefore depends on various corrections made to energy in the theory, due to the changing gravitational potential energy of such systems.
See also[edit]
Charge conservation
Conservation law
Fick's laws of diffusion
Law of definite proportions
Law of multiple proportions
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Volkenstein, Mikhail V. (2009). Entropy and Information (illustrated ed.). Springer Science & Business Media. p. 20. ISBN 978-3-0346-0078-1. Extract of page 20
Jump up ^ Okuň, Lev Borisovič (2009). Energy and Mass in Relativity Theory. World Scientific. p. 253. ISBN 978-981-281-412-8. Extract of page 253
Jump up ^ Lewis, David (2012). Early Russian Organic Chemists and Their Legacy (illustrated ed.). Springer Science & Business Media. p. 29. ISBN 978-3-642-28219-5. Extract of page 29
Jump up ^ Fr. 12; see pp.291–2 of Kirk, G. S.; J. E. Raven; Malcolm Schofield (1983). The Presocratic Philosophers (2 ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-27455-5.
Jump up ^ Long, A. A.; D. N. Sedley (1987). "Epicureanism: The principals of conservation". The Hellenistic Philosophers. Vol 1: Translations of the principal sources with philosophical commentary. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 25–26. ISBN 0-521-27556-3.
Jump up ^ Mahavira is dated 598 BC - 526 BC. See. Dundas, Paul; John Hinnels ed. (2002). The Jains. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-26606-8. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link) p. 24
Jump up ^ Devendra (Muni.), T. G. Kalghatgi, T. S. Devadoss (1983) A source-book in Jaina philosophy Udaipur:Sri Tarak Guru Jain Gran. p.57. Also see Tattvarthasutra verses 5.29 and 5.37
Jump up ^ Farid Alakbarov (Summer 2001). A 13th-Century Darwin? Tusi's Views on Evolution, Azerbaijan International 9 (2).
Jump up ^ Whitaker, Robert D. (1975-10-01). "An historical note on the conservation of mass". Journal of Chemical Education. 52 (10): 658. Bibcode:1975JChEd..52..658W. doi:10.1021/ed052p658. ISSN 0021-9584.
Jump up ^ Robert D. Whitaker, "An Historical Note on the Conservation of Mass", Journal of Chemical Education, 52, 10, 658-659, Oct 75
Jump up ^ Pomper, Philip (October 1962). "Lomonosov and the Discovery of the Law of the Conservation of Matter in Chemical Transformations". Ambix. 10 (3): 119–127.
Jump up ^ Lomonosov, Mikhail Vasil’evich (1970). Mikhail Vasil’evich Lomonosov on the Corpuscular Theory. Henry M. Leicester (trans.). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. Introduction, p. 25.
Jump up ^ Matthew Moncrieff Pattison Muir, The Elements of Chemistry (1904)
Jump up ^ Nouv. Recherches sur les lois des proportions chimiques (1865) 152, 171, 189
Jump up ^ "Conservation of Mass in Chemical Changes"Journal - Chemical Society, London, Vol.64, Part 2 Chemical Society (Great Britain)
Jump up ^ William Edwards Henderson, A Course in General Chemistry (1921)
Jump up ^ Ida Freund, The study of Chemical Composition: an account of its method and historical development, with illustrative quotations (1904)
Jump up ^ Kenneth R. Lang, Astrophysical Formulae, Springer (1999), ISBN 3-540-29692-1
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