text:
Selective Service System
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Selective Service System
Agency overview
Formed
May 18, 1917; 100 years ago (1917-05-18)
Headquarters
Arlington County, Virginia, U.S.
Employees
(2008): 136 full-time civilians, 57 part-time civilian directors, 200 part-time reserve force officers (in peacetime), up to 10,830 part-time volunteers[1]
Annual budget
$24 million (FY 2012)[1]
Agency executive
Donald M. Benton, Director
Website
www.sss.gov
The Selective Service System is an independent agency of the United States government that maintains information on those potentially subject to military conscription. Virtually all male U.S. citizens and male immigrant non-citizens between the ages of 18 and 25 are required by law to have registered within 30 days of their 18th birthdays[2][3] and must notify Selective Service within ten days of any changes to any of the information they provided on their registration cards, like a change of address.[4] A 2010 GAO report estimated the registration rate at 92% with the names and addresses of over 16.2 million men on file.[1][5] However, the only audit of the addresses of registrants on file with the Selective Service System, in 1982, found that 20–40% of the addresses on file with the Selective Service System for registrants in the age groups that would be drafted first were already outdated, and up to 75% for those registrants in their last year of potential eligibility to be drafted would be invalid.[6]
Registration with Selective Service is also required for various federal programs and benefits, including Federal Assistance for Financial Student Aid (FAFSA), such as student loans and Pell Grants, job training, federal employment, and naturalization.[7]
The Selective Service System provides the names of all registrants to the Joint Advertising Marketing Research & Studies (JAMRS) program for inclusion in the JAMRS Consolidated Recruitment Database. The names are distributed to the Services for recruiting purposes on a quarterly basis.[8]
Regulations are codified at Title 32 of the Code of Federal Regulations, Chapter XVI.[9]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 1917 to 1920
1.2 1940 to 1947
1.3 1948 to 1969
1.4 1969 to 1975
1.5 1980 to present
2 Who must register
3 Failure to register
4 Alien or dual-national registrant status
5 Legal issues
6 Exemption of women
7 Structure and operation
8 Mobilization (draft) procedures
9 Lottery procedures
10 Classifications
10.1 1948–1976
10.2 Present
11 Directors
12 See also
13 References
14 External links
History[edit]
The former seal of the Selective Service System
1917 to 1920[edit]
WWI draft card. Lower left corner to be removed by men of African background to help keep military segregated
Owing to very slow enlistment following the U.S. declaration of war against Germany on April 6, the Selective Service Act of 1917 (40 Stat. 76) was passed by the 65th United States Congress on May 18, 1917, creating the Selective Service System to raise an army to fight in Europe.[10] The Act gave the President the power to conscript men for military service. All men aged 21 to 30 were required to register for military service for a service period of 12 months. As of mid-November 1917, all registrants were placed in one of five new classifications. Men in Class I were the first to be drafted, and men in lower classifications were deferred. Dependency deferments for registrants who were fathers or husbands were especially widespread.[11] The age limit was later raised in August 1918 to a maximum age of 45. The military draft was discontinued in 1920.
1940 to 1947[edit]
War
Years Active
Number of
Wartime Draftees[12]
World War I Sept 1917 – Nov 1918 2,810,296
World War II Nov 1940 – Oct 1946 10,110,104
Korean War June 1950 – June 1953 1,529,539
Vietnam War Aug 1964 – Feb 1973 1,857,304
The Selective Training and Service Act of 1940 was passed by Congress on September 16, 1940, establishing the first peacetime conscription in United States history.[13] It required all men between the ages of 18 to 64 to register with Selective Service. It originally conscripted all men aged 21 to 35 for a service period of 12 months. In 1941 the military service period was extended to 18 months; later that year the age bracket was increased to include men aged 18 to 37. Following the sneak Japanese air raid attack on Pearl Harbor on Sunday, December 7th, 1941, and the subsequent declarations of war by the United States against the Empire of Japan and then a few days later against Nazi Germany, the service period was subsequently extended in early 1942 to last for the duration of the war plus a six-month service in the Organized Reserves.
The Selective Service System created by the 1940 Act was terminated by the Act of March 31, 1947.[14][15]
1948 to 1969[edit]
The Selective Service Act of 1948, enacted in June of that year, created a new and separate system, the basis for the modern system.[15] All men 18 years and older had to register with Selective Service. All men between the ages of 19 to 26 were eligible to be drafted for a service requirement of 21 months. This was followed by a commitment for either 12 consecutive months of active service or 36 consecutive months of service in the reserves, with a statutory term of military service set at a minimum of five years total. Conscripts could volunteer for military service in the Regular United States Army for a term of four years or the Organized Reserves for a term of six years. Due to deep postwar budget cuts, only 100,000 conscripts were chosen in 1948. In 1950, the number of conscripts was greatly increased to meet the demands of the Korean War (1950–1953).
The outbreak of the Korean War fostered the creation of the Universal Military Training and Service Act of 1951 (Selective Service Act of 1948). This lowered the draft age from 19 to 18 1⁄2, increased active-duty service time from 21 to 24 months, and set the statutory term of military service at a minimum of eight years. Students attending a college or training program full-time could request an exemption, which was extended as long as they were students. A Universal Military Training clause was inserted that would have made all men obligated to perform 12 months of military service and training if the Act was amended by later legislation. Despite successive attempts over the next several years, however, such legislation was never passed.
35th President John F. Kennedy set up Executive Order 11119 (signed on September 10, 1963), granting an exemption from conscription for married men between the ages of 19 and 26. His Vice President and successor as 36th President Lyndon B. Johnson later rescinded the exemption for married men without children by Executive Order 11241 (signed on August 26, 1965 and going into effect on midnight of that date). However, married men with children or other dependents and men married before the Executive Order went into effect were still exempt. 40th President Ronald Reagan revoked both of them with Executive Order 12553 (signed on February 25, 1986).
The Military Selective Service Act of 1967 (Selective Service Act of 1948) expanded the ages of conscription to the ages of 18 to 35. It still granted student deferments, but ended them upon either the student's completion of a four-year degree or his 24th birthday, whichever came first.
1969 to 1975[edit]
On November 26, 1969, 37th President Richard Nixon signed an amendment to the Military Selective Service Act of 1967 (Selective Service Act of 1948) that established conscription based on random selection (lottery).[16] The first draft lottery was held on December 1, 1969; it determined the order of call for induction during calendar year 1970, for registrants born between January 1, 1944, and December 31, 1950.[17] The second lottery, on July 1, 1970, pertained to men born in 1951. The highest lottery number called for possible induction was 125.[18] The third was on August 5, 1971, pertaining to men born in 1952; the highest lottery number called was 95.[19]
In 1971, the Military Selective Service Act (Selective Service Act of 1948) was further amended to make registration compulsory; all men had to register within a period 30 days before and 29 days after their 18th birthday. Registrants were classified 1-A (eligible for military service), 1-AO (Conscientious Objector available for non-combatant military service), and 1-O (Conscientious Objector available for alternate community service). Student deferments were ended, except for divinity students, who received a 2-D Selective Service classification. Men which were not classifiable as eligible for service due to a disqualification were classified 1-N. Men who are incapable of serving for medical or psychological unfitness are classified 4-F. Draft classifications of 1-A were changed to 1-H (registrant not currently subject to processing for induction) for men not selected for service after the calendar year they were eligible for the draft. Also, draft board membership requirements were reformed: minimum age of board members was dropped from 30 to 18, members over 65 or who had served on the board for 20 or more years had to retire, and membership had to proportionally reflect the ethnic and cultural makeup of the local community.
The seventh and final lottery drawing was held on March 12, 1975, pertaining to men born in 1956, who would have been called to report for induction in 1976.[20] But no new draft orders were issued after 1972.[21] On January 27, 1973, Secretary of Defense Melvin R. Laird announced the creation of an all-volunteer armed forces, negating the need for the military draft.[22]
On March 29, 1975, 38th President Gerald R. Ford, whose own son, Steven Ford, had earlier failed to register for the draft as required,[23] signed Proclamation 4360 (Terminating Registration Procedures Under Military Selective Service Act), eliminating the registration requirement for all 18- to 25-year-old male citizens.[24]
1980 to present[edit]
On July 2, 1980, 39th President Jimmy Carter signed Proclamation 4771 (Registration Under the Military Selective Service Act) in response to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in the previous year of 1979,[25] retroactively re-establishing the Selective Service registration requirement for all 18- to 26-year-old male citizens born on or after January 1, 1960.[26] As a result, only men born between March 29, 1957, and December 31, 1959, were completely exempt from Selective Service registration.[27]
The first registrations after Proclamation 4771 took place at various post offices across the nation on July 21, 1980, for men born in calendar year 1960. Pursuant to the Presidential proclamation, all those men born in 1960 were required to register that week. Men born in 1961 were required to register the following week. Men born in 1962 were required to register during the week beginning January 5, 1981. Men born in 1963 and after were required to register within 30 days after their 18th birthday.[26]
In 2014, due to a clerical error at the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation, information about 14,250 men born in the years 1893–97 (in addition to 1993–97) was provided to the Selective Service System. Draft registration notices were then sent to the men.[28]
A bill to abolish the Selective Service System was introduced in the United States House of Representatives on February 10, 2016.[29] H.R. 4523 would (a) end draft registration and eliminate the authority of the President to order anyone to register for the draft, (b) abolish the Selective Service System, and (c) effectively repeal the "Solomon Amendments" making registration for the draft a condition of Federal student aid, jobs, and job training. The bill would leave in place, however, laws in some states making registration for the draft a condition of some state benefits.[30] On June 9, 2016, a similar bill was introduced in the United States Senate, called the "Muhammad Ali Voluntary Service Act".[31]
On April 27, 2016, the House Armed Services Committee voted to add an amendment[32] to the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2017[33] to extend the authority for draft registration to women. On May 12, 2016, the Senate Armed Services Committee voted to add a similar provision to its version of the bill.[34] If the bill including this provision would have been enacted into law, it would authorize (but not require) the President to order young women as well as young men to register with the Selective Service System.[35]
Who must register[edit]
Under current law, all male US citizens between 18–25 years of age are required to register within 30 days of their 18th birthday. In addition, non-US citizen men between the ages of 18 and 25 (inclusive) living in the United States must register. This includes permanent residents, refugees, asylum seekers, and undocumented immigrants.[2] Foreign men lawfully present in the United States who are non-immigrants, such as international students, visitors, and diplomats, are not required to register.[2] Aliens on lawful non-immigrant status are not required to register so long as they remain in that status. If an alien's non-immigrant status lapses while he is in the United States, he will be required to register.[36] Failure to register as required is grounds for denying a petition for US citizenship. Currently, citizens who are 17 and 3 months old can pre-register so when they turn 18 their information will automatically be added into the system.
In the current registration system, a man cannot indicate that he is a conscientious objector (CO) to war when registering, but he can make such a claim when being drafted. Some men choose to write on the registration card "I am a conscientious objector to war" to document their conviction, even though the government will not have such a classification until there is a draft.[37] A number of private organizations have programs for conscientious objectors to file a written record stating their beliefs.[38][39][40][41][42]
In 1987, Congress ordered the Selective Service System to put in place a system capable of drafting "persons qualified for practice or employment in a health care occupation" in case such a special-skills draft should be ordered by Congress. In response, the Selective Service published plans for the "Health Care Personnel Delivery System" (HCPDS) in 1989, and has had them ready ever since. The concept underwent a preliminary field exercise in Fiscal Year 1998, followed by a more extensive nationwide readiness exercise in Fiscal Year 1999.[43] The HCPDS plans include women and men age 20–54 in 57 job categories.[44]
Women as well as female-to-male transgender individuals who identify as male or have had sexual reassignment surgery are not required to register.[45] Failure to register can cause problems such as denial of Pell Grants, even when registration would not have been allowed.[46]
Until their 26th birthday, registered men must notify Selective Service within 10 days of any changes to information regarding his status, such as name, current mailing address, permanent residence address, and "all information concerning his status ... which the classifying authority mails him a request therefor."[4][47]
Failure to register[edit]
In 1980, men who knew they were required to register and did not do so could face up to five years in prison and/or a fine up to $50,000 if convicted. The potential fine was later increased to $250,000. Despite these possible penalties, government records indicate that from 1980 through 1986 there were only 20 indictments, of which 19 were instigated in part by self-publicized and self-reported non-registration.[48]
A principal element for conviction under the Act is proving a violation of the Act was intentional, i.e. knowing and willful. In the opinion of legal experts, this is almost impossible to prove unless there is evidence of a prospective defendant knowing about his obligation to register and intentionally chosing not to do so. Or, for example, when there is evidence the government at any time provided notice to the prospective defendant to register or report for induction, he was given an opportunity to comply, and the prospective defendant chose not to do so.
The last prosecution for non-registration was in January 1986. In interviews published in U.S. News & World Report in May 2016, current and former Selective Service System officials said that in 1988, the Department of Justice and Selective Service agreed to suspend any further prosecutions of non-registrants.[49] No law since 1980 has required anyone to possess, carry, or show a draft card, and routine checks requiring identification virtually never include a request for a draft card.
Year
Total draftees[12]
WWI
1917
516,212
1918
2,294,084
WWII
1940
18,633
1941
923,842
1942
3,033,361
1943
3,323,970
1944
1,591,942
1945
945,862
Post-WWII
1946
183,383
1947
0
1948
20,348
1949
9,781
Korean War
1950
219,771
1951
551,806
1952
438,479
1953
473,806
Post-Korean War
1954
253,230
1955
152,777
1956
137,940
1957
138,504
1958
142,246
1959
96,143
1960
86,602
1961
118,586
1962
82,060
1963
119,265
Vietnam War
1964
112,386
1965
230,991
1966
382,010
1967
228,263
1968
296,406
1969
283,586
1970
162,746
1971
94,092
1972
49,514
1973
646
As an alternative method of encouraging or coercing registration, laws were passed requiring that in order to receive financial aid, federal grants and loans, certain government benefits, eligibility for most federal employment, and (if the person is an immigrant) eligibility for citizenship, a young man had to be registered (or had to have been registered, if they are over 26 but were required to register between 18 and 26) with Selective Service. Those who were required to register, but failed to do so before they turn 26, are no longer allowed to register, and thus may be permanently barred from federal jobs and other benefits, unless they can show to the Selective Service that their failure was not knowing and willful.[7] There is a procedure to provide an "information letter" to the Selective Service for those in these situations, for example recent citizens who entered the US after their 26th birthday.[50]
Most states, as well as the District of Columbia, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, and Virgin Islands, have passed laws requiring registration for men 18–25 to be eligible for programs that vary on a per-jurisdiction basis but typically include driver's licenses, state-funded higher education benefits, and state government jobs.[51] Alaska also requires registration to receive an Alaska Permanent Fund dividend.[51] Eight states (Connecticut, Indiana, Nebraska, Oregon, Vermont, Washington, and Wyoming) as well as Puerto Rico have no such requirements, though Indiana does give men 18–25 the option of registering with Selective Service when obtaining a drivers license or an identification card.[51] The Department of Motor Vehicles of 27 states and 2 territories automatically register young men 18–25 with the Selective Service whenever they apply for driver licenses, learner permits, or non-driver identification cards.[52][53]
There are some third-party organized efforts to compensate financial aid for those students losing benefits, including the Fund for Education and Training (FEAT) and Student Aid Fund for Non-registrants.[54][55]
Alien or dual-national registrant status[edit]
Some registrants are not American citizens, or have dual nationality of the U.S. and another country; they fall instead into one of the following categories:
Alien or Dual National: An alien is a person who is not a citizen of the United States. A dual national is a person who is a citizen of the United States and another country. They are defined in four classes.
A registrant who has resided in the United States for less than one year. When two or more periods of U.S. residency are involved which total one year or more, the registrant will be deemed to have resided in the United States for one year and will be ineligible for Class 4-C. In computing the length of such periods, any portion of one day shall be counted as a day. He will be eligible for this class only until he has resided in the United States for one year. To support this claim he must submit his Immigration and Naturalization Service Form 1-151 (Alien Registration Receipt Card), showing his date of entry into the United States. If he has resided in the United States for two or more periods, he must furnish documentation for each period of residence. A registrant who receives this classification will be exempt from military training and service during his first year's residence in the US, but will become liable for service following his cumulative one year residence.
A registrant who left the United States before his Order to Report for Induction was issued and whose order has not been canceled. He may be classified in Class 4-C only for the period he resides outside of the United States. Upon his return to the United States, he must report the date of return and his current address to the Selective Service Area Office.
A registrant who registered at a time required by Selective Service law and thereafter acquired status within one of its groups of persons exempt from registration. He will be eligible for this class only during the period of his exempt status. To support this claim, the registrant must submit documentation from the diplomatic agency of the country of which he is a subject verifying his exempt status.
A registrant, lawfully admitted for permanent residence, as defined in Paragraph (2) of Section 101(a) of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952, as amended (66 Stat. 163, 8 U.S.C. 1101) who, by reason of their occupational status, is subject to adjustment to non-immigrant status under paragraph (15)(A), (15)(E), or (15)(G) or section 101(a). In this case, the person must also have executed a waiver of all rights, privileges, exemptions, and immunities which would otherwise accrue to him as a result of his occupational status. To support this claim, the registrant must submit documentation from the diplomatic agency of the country of which he is a subject verifying his occupational status.
Dual national: The person is a citizen of both the United States and another country at the same time. The country must be one that allows its citizens dual citizenship and the registrant must be able to obtain and produce the proper papers to affirm this status.[56]
Treaty alien: Due to a treaty or international arrangement with the alien's country of origin, the registrant can choose to be ineligible for military training and service in the armed forces of the United States. However, once this exemption is taken, he can never apply for U.S. citizenship and may become inadmissible to reenter the U.S. after leaving[57] unless he already served in the Armed Forces of a foreign country of which the alien was a national.[58] Nevertheless, an alien who establishes clear and convincing evidence of certain factors may still override this kind of bar to naturalization.[59]
Legal issues[edit]
The Selective Service System is authorized by the Article I, Section 8 of the United States Constitution which says Congress "shall have Power To ... raise and support Armies [and] To provide and maintain a Navy;" The Selective Service Act is the law which established the Selective Service System under these provisions.
The act has been challenged in light of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution which prohibits "involuntary servitude".[60] These challenges, however, have not been supported by the courts; as the Supreme Court stated in Butler v. Perry (1916):
The amendment was adopted with reference to conditions existing since the foundation of our government, and the term 'involuntary servitude' was intended to cover those forms of compulsory labor akin to African slavery which, in practical operation, would tend to produce like undesirable results. It introduced no novel doctrine with respect of services always treated as exceptional, and certainly was not intended to interdict enforcement of those duties which individuals owe to the state, such as services in the army, militia, on the jury, etc.[61]
During the First World War, the Supreme Court ruled in Arver v. United States (1918), also known as the Selective Draft Law Cases, that the draft did not violate the Constitution.[62]
Later, during the Vietnam War, a federal appellate court also concluded that the draft was constitutional in Holmes v. United States (1968).[63]
Since the reinstatement of draft registration in 1980, the Supreme Court has heard and decided four cases related to the Military Selective Service Act: Rostker v. Goldberg, 453 U.S. 57 (1981), upholding the constitutionality of requiring men but not women to register for the draft; Selective Service v. Minnesota Public Interest Research Group (MPIRG), 468 U.S. 841 (1984), upholding the constitutionality of the "Solomon Amendment", which requires applicants for Federal student aid to certify that they have complied with draft registration, either by having registered or by not being required to register; Wayte v. United States, 470 U.S. 598 (1985), upholding the policies and procedures which the Supreme Court thought the government had used to select the "most vocal" non-registrants for prosecution, after the government refused to comply with discovery orders by the trial court to produce documents and witnesses related to the selection of non-registrants for prosecution; and Elgin v. Department of the Treasury, 567 U.S. ____ (2012), regarding procedures for judicial review of denial of Federal employment for non-registrants.[64]
Exemption of women[edit]
Selective Service law as it is written now refers specifically to "male persons" in stating who must register and who would be drafted. For women to be required to register with the Selective Service, Congress would have to amend the law, which currently exempts women from registration.[65]
The constitutionality of excluding women was decided in 1981 by the United States Supreme Court in Rostker v. Goldberg, with the Court holding that requiring only men to register did not violate the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment.
The existence of the combat restrictions clearly indicates the basis for Congress' decision to exempt women from registration. The purpose of registration was to prepare for a draft of combat troops. Since women are excluded from combat, Congress concluded that they would not be needed in the event of a draft, and therefore decided not to register them.[66]
At the request of President Bill Clinton, the Department of Defense reviewed the issue in 1994, noting that because women are excluded by policy from front-line combat positions, excluding them from the draft process remains justifiable in DoD's view. Although no conclusions were reached, DoD recognized that policies regarding women need to be reviewed periodically because the role of women in the military continues to expand. The Selective Service System takes the position that it would be able to register and draft women with its existing infrastructure, if given the mission and additional funding.[65]
On January 23, 2013, the Pentagon decided to end its policy of excluding women from combat positions. Military and legal analysts speculate that this will open the door for Congress to begin the process to amend the law and remove the exemption from registration requirements.[67][68] In July 2015, a 17-year-old girl in New Jersey sued the Selective Service System for the right to register for the draft.[69]
The National Coalition for Men has filed a lawsuit that challenges the legality of requiring only men to register for the military draft.[70][71] The lawsuit was filed against the U.S. Selective Service System in the United States District Court for the Central District of California on April 4, 2013, Case Number 2:13-cv-02391-DSF-MAN.[72] The case was dismissed on July 29, 2013,[73] and the NCFM filed for appeal on June 25, 2014 in the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit.[74] Oral argument before a 3-judge panel of the Court of Appeals for the 9th Circuit was held on December 8, 2015.[75] On February 19, 2016, the 9th Circuit reversed the decision of the District Court on the issue of ripeness, and remanded the case for further proceedings on standing and the other issues.[76] Another case challenging the Constitutionality of male-only draft registration, Kyle v. Selective Service System, is pending in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey.[77]
Bills have been introduced in Congress or announced as planned to be introduced to require women to register whenever the President orders women to register, to prohibit the President from ordering women to register, and to repeal the Military Selective Service Act and thereby eliminate the authority of the President to order anyone to register.[78][79][80]
On June 15, 2016, the United States Senate passed a bill to include women in Selective Service registration.[81] 2016 Democratic candidate for President Hillary Clinton announced her support for the measure.[82]
Structure and operation[edit]
The Selective Service System is an independent federal agency within the Executive Branch of the federal government of the United States. The Director of the Selective Service System reports directly to the President of the United States.[83]
During peacetime, the agency comprises a National Headquarters, three Regional Headquarters and a Data Management Center. Even during peacetime, the agency is also aided by 11,000 volunteers serving on local boards and district appeal boards.[84] During a mobilization (draft), the agency would greatly expand by activating an additional 56 State Headquarters, 400+ Area Offices as well as 40+ Alternative Service Offices.[85]
The agency's budget for the 2015–2016 fiscal year was about $23 million. In early 2016, the agency said that if women were required to register, its budget would need to be increased by about $9 million in the first year, and slightly less in subsequent years.[86] This does not include any budget or expenses for enforcing or attempting to enforce the Military Selective Service Act. Costs of investigating, prosecuting, and imprisoning violators would be included in the budget of the Department of Justice[citation needed].
Mobilization (draft) procedures[edit]
The description below is for a general draft under the current Selective Service regulations. Any or all of these procedures could be changed by Congress as part of the same legislation that would authorize inductions, or through separate legislation, so there is no guarantee that this is how any draft would actually work. Different procedures would be followed for a special-skills draft, such as activation of the Health Care Personnel Delivery System (HCPDS).
Congress and the President authorize a draft: The president claims a crisis has occurred which requires more troops than the volunteer military can supply. Congress passes and the President signs legislation which revises the Military Selective Service Act to initiate a draft for military manpower.
The Lottery: A lottery based on birthdays determines the order in which registered men are called up by Selective Service. The first to be called, in a sequence determined by the lottery, will be men whose 20th birthday falls during the calendar year the induction takes place, followed, if needed, by those aged 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 19 and 18 year olds (in that order).
All parts of the Selective Service System are activated: The Agency activates and orders its State Directors and Reserve Force Officers to report for duty.
Physical, mental and moral evaluation of registrants: Registrants with low lottery numbers receive examination orders and are ordered to report for a physical, mental, and moral evaluation at a Military Entrance Processing Station (MEPS) to determine whether they are fit for military service. Once he is notified of the results of the evaluation, a registrant will be given 10 days to file a claim for exemption, postponement, or deferment.
Local and appeal boards activated and induction notices sent: Local and Appeal Boards will begin processing registrant claims/appeals. Those who passed the military evaluation will receive induction orders. An inductee will have 10 days to report to a local Military Entrance Processing Station for induction.
First draftees are inducted: According to current plans, Selective Service must deliver the first inductees to the military within 193 days from the onset of a crisis.[87]
Lottery procedures[edit]
If the agency were to mobilize and conduct a draft, a lottery would be held in full view of the public. First, all days of the year are placed into a capsule at random. Second, the numbers 1–365 (1–366 for lotteries held with respect to a leap year) are placed into a second capsule. These two capsules are certified for procedure, sealed in a drum, and stored.
In the event of a draft, the drums are taken out of storage and inspected to make sure they have not been tampered with. The lottery then takes place, and each date is paired with a number at random. For example, if January 16 is picked from the "date" capsule and the number 59 picked from the "number" capsule, all men of age 20 born on January 16 will be the 59th group to receive induction notices. This process continues until all dates are matched with a number.
Should all dates be used, the Selective Service will first conscript men at the age of 20, then 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 19, and 18. Once all dates are paired, the dates will be sent to Selective Service System's Data Management Center.[88]
Classifications[edit]
1948–1976[edit]
Class
Categories (1948–1975)[89]
1-A
Available for unrestricted military service.
1-A-O
Conscientious objector available for noncombatant military service only.
1-C
Member of the Armed Forces of the United States, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, or the Public Health Service. Enlisted (Enl.): member who volunteered for service. Inducted (Ind.): member who was conscripted into service. Discharged (Dis.): member released after completing service; later changed to Class 4-A. Separated (Sep.): member released before completing service; may be recalled to service if their status has changed.
1-D
Members of a reserve component (Reserves or National Guard), students taking military training (Service Academy, Senior Military College, or ROTC), or accepted Aviation Cadet applicants (1942–1975).
1-D-D
Deferment for certain members of a reserve component or student taking military training.
1-D-E
Exemption of certain members of a reserve component or student taking military training.
1-H
Registrant not currently subject to processing for induction or alternative service.
Note: Within the cessation of registrant processing in 1976, all registrants (except for a few alleged violators of the Military Selective Service Act) were classified 1-H regardless of any previous classification.
1-O
Conscientious objector to all military service. A registrant must establish to the satisfaction of the board that his request for exemption from combatant and noncombatant military training and service in the Armed Forces is based upon moral, ethical or religious beliefs which play a significant role in his life and that his objection to participation in war is not confined to a particular war. The registrant is still required to serve in civilian alternative service.
1-O-S
Conscientious objector to all military service (Separated). A registrant separated from the Armed Forces due to objection to participation in both combatant and noncombatant training and service in the Armed Forces. The registrant is still required to serve in civilian alternative service.
1-S (H)
Student deferred by statute (High School). Induction can be deferred either until graduation or until reaching the age of 20.
1-S (C)
Student deferred by statute (College). Induction can be deferred either to the end of the student's current semester if an undergraduate or until the end of the academic year if a Senior.
1-W
Conscientious objector currently performing assigned alternative service. They must serve for a set period of time equal to their owed national service (currently 24 consecutive months).
1-W-R
(Released) Conscientious objector who satisfactorily completed their service. This was later changed to Class 4-W.
1-Y
Registrant qualified for service only in time of war or national emergency.
Note: The 1-Y classification was abolished December 10, 1971. Local boards were subsequently instructed to reclassify all 1-Y registrants by administrative action.
2-A
Registrant deferred because of essential civilian non-agricultural occupation. Also includes deferments due to full-time study or training in an essential trade or profession at a trade school, community or junior college, or an approved apprenticeship program.
2-B
Registrant deferred because of occupation in a war industry or a trade or profession considered essential to national defense: (Defense contractor or reserved occupation). This exemption was discontinued in 1951.
2-C
Registrant deferred because of agricultural occupation.
2-D
Registrant is a divinity student attending an accredited theological or divinity school to be prepared for the ministry. Deferment lasted either until graduation or until the registrant reached the age of 24. Exemption was created in December 1971. Previously considered part of Class 4-D.
2-S
Registrant deferred because of collegiate study. Deferment lasted either until graduation or until the registrant reached the age of 24. Exemption was discontinued in December 1971.
It previously also deferred graduate students studying medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine, osteopathy and optometry, and graduate students in their fifth year of continuous study toward a doctoral degree. The exemption for graduate and doctoral students was discontinued in 1967.
3-A
Registrant deferred because of hardship to dependents.
3-A-S
Registrant deferred because of hardship to dependents (Separated). Current serving member or registrant undergoing induction separated from military service due to a change in family status. The registrant's deferment can last no longer than six months, after which they may re-file if the hardship continues to exist.
4-A
Registrant who has completed military service.
4-A-A
Registrant who has performed military service for a foreign nation.
4-B
Official deferred by law.
4-C
Alien or dual national.
4-D
Minister of religion, formally ordained by a recognized religion, and serving as a full-time minister with a church and congregation.
4-E
Conscientious objector opposed to both combatant and noncombatant training and service. Alternative service in lieu of induction may still be required. Created in 1948; changed to Class 1-O in 1951.
4-F
Registrant not acceptable for military service. To be eligible for Class 4-F, a registrant must have been found not qualified for service in the Armed Forces by a Military Entrance Processing Station (MEPS) under the established physical, mental, or moral standards. The standards of physical fitness that would be used in a future draft would come from AR 40-501.[90]
4-G
Registrant exempted from service because of the death of a parent or sibling while serving in the Armed Forces or whose parent or sibling has Prisoner of War or Missing In Action status.
4-T
Treaty Alien.
4-W
Conscientious objector who has fully and satisfactorily completed alternative service in lieu of induction.
5-A
Registrant who is over either the age of liability if a deferment had not been taken (currently 26+ years) or (where applicable) the age of liability if a deferment with extended liability had been taken (currently 35+ years).
Present[edit]
If a draft were authorized by Congress, without any other changes being made in the law, local boards would classify registrants to determine whether they were exempt from military service. According to the Code of Federal Regulations Title 32, Chapter XVI, Sec. 1630.2,[91] men would be sorted into the following categories:
Class
Present categories[89]
1-A
Available for unrestricted military service.
1-A-0
Conscientious objector available for noncombatant military service only.
1-C
Member of the Armed Forces of the United States, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, or the Public Health Service.
1-D-D
Deferment for certain members of a reserve component or student taking military training.
1-D-E
Exemption for certain members of a reserve component or student taking military training.
1-H
Registrant Not Subject to Processing for Induction. Registrant is not subject to processing for induction until a draft is enacted. All current registrants are classified 1-H until they reach the age of exemption, when they then receive the classification of 5-A.
1-O
Conscientious objectors opposed to both combatant & noncombatant military training & service. Fulfills service obligation as a civilian alternative service worker.
1-O-S
Any registrant who has been separated from the Armed Forces (including their reserve components) by reason of conscientious objection to participation in both combatant and noncombatant training and service in the Armed Forces. Fulfills service obligation as a civilian alternative service worker.
1-W
Conscientious objector currently performing assigned alternative service. They must serve for a set period of time equal to their owed national service (currently 24 consecutive months).
2-D
Divinity student; deferred from military service.
3-A
Hardship deferment; deferred from military service because service would cause hardship upon their families
3-A-S
Hardship deferment; separated from military service because service would cause hardship upon their families
4-A
Registrant who has completed military service; may be recalled to service in time of war or national emergency.
4-B
Official deferred by law.
4-C
Alien or dual national; sometimes exempt from military service.
4-D
Ministers of religion; exempted from military service.
4-F
Registrant not acceptable for military service. This maybe because of learning disabilities, drug abuse or alcoholism, criminal record or mental health problems, being an amputee/tetraplegia, etc.
4-G
Registrant exempted from service because of the death of his parent or sibling while serving in the Armed Forces or whose parent or sibling is in a captured or missing in action status.
4-T
Treaty Alien. Registrant is alien exempt from military service under a treaty between the United States and his country, and has applied to be exempted from liability for training and service in the Armed Forces of the United States.
4-W
Conscientious objector who has satisfactorily completed their alternative service (currently a period of 24 consecutive months).
4-A-A
Registrant who has performed military service for a foreign nation.
Directors[edit]
Director[92]
Tenure
Appointed by
1. Clarence Addison Dykstra 1940-10-15 – 1941-04-01 Franklin D. Roosevelt
2. Lewis Blaine Hershey 1941-07-31 – 1970-02-15 Franklin D. Roosevelt
Dee Ingold 1970-02-15 – 1970-04-06 (Acting)
3. Curtis W. Tarr 1970-04-06 – 1972-05-01 Richard Nixon
Byron V. Pepitone 1972-05-01 – 1973-04-01 (Acting)
4. Byron V. Pepitone 1973-04-02 – 1977-07-31 Richard Nixon
Robert E. Shuck 1977-08-01 – 1979-11-25 (Acting)
5. Bernard D. Rostker 1979-11-26 – 1981-07-31 Jimmy Carter
James G. Bond 1981-08-01 – 1981-10-30 (Acting)
6. Thomas K. Turnage 1981-10-30 – 1986-03-23 Ronald Reagan
Wilfred L. Ebel 1986-03-24 – 1987-07-08 (Acting)
Jerry D. Jennings 1987-07-09 – 1987-12-17 (Acting)
7. Samuel K. Lessey Jr. 1987-12-18 – 1991-03-07 Ronald Reagan
8. Robert W. Gambino 1991-03-08 – 1994-01-31 George H. W. Bush
G. Huntington Banister 1994-02-01 – 1994-10-06 (Acting)
9. Gil Coronado 1994-10-07 – 2001-05-23 Bill Clinton
10. Alfred V. Rascon 2001-05-24 – 2003-01-02 George W. Bush
Lewis C. Brodsky 2003-01-03 – 2004-04-28 (Acting)
Jack Martin 2004-04-29 – 2004-11-28 (Acting)
11. William A. Chatfield 2004-11-29 – 2009-05-29 George W. Bush
Ernest E. Garcia 2009-05-29 – 2009-12-04 (Acting)
12. Lawrence Romo 2009-12-04 – 2017-01-20 Barack Obama
Adam J. Copp 2017-01-20 – 2017-04-13 (Acting)
13. Donald M. Benton 2017-04-13 – present Donald Trump
See also[edit]
Government of the United States portal
Military of the United States portal
Advanced Service Rating Score, the demobilization points system employed by the US Army at the conclusion of World War II
Civilian Public Service
Conscription in the United States
Draft-card burning
Draft evasion
Lodge-Philbin Act
Title 32 of the Code of Federal Regulations
Registering for the draft in China, a similar system in mainland China.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Quick Facts and Figures Archived 2009-05-07 at the Wayback Machine. from the Selective Service System website
^ Jump up to: a b c Who must register?, When to register, Selective Service System.
Jump up ^ http://www.sss.gov:80/Status.html
^ Jump up to: a b "Change of Information". Selective Service System. Retrieved October 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ Stone, Andrea (2012-06-12). "Selective Service Lacks Staff To Carry Out Military Draft, GAO Reports". huffingtonpost.com. Retrieved 2012-06-13.
Jump up ^ Failure Of Registrants To Report Address Changes Would Diminish Fairness Of Induction Processing, GAO report FPCD-82-45 (PDF). General Accounting Office. September 24, 1982.
^ Jump up to: a b Benefits and Programs Linked to Registration Archived July 27, 2008, at the Wayback Machine., from the Selective Service System website
Jump up ^ "Jamrs Affiliations". Jamrs.org. Archived from the original on 2006-10-22. Retrieved 2011-04-08.
Jump up ^ "Title 32, Subtitle B, Chapter XVI, Code of Federal Regulations". Office of the Federal Register (OFR) and the Government Publishing Office. 2016-07-01. Retrieved 2017-04-27.
Jump up ^ "Records of the Selective Service System (World War I)". Archives.gov. Retrieved 2011-04-08.
Jump up ^ Geva, Dorit (October 2011). "Different and Unequal? Breadwinning, Dependency Deferments, and the Gendered Origins of the U.S. Selective Service System". Armed Forces & Society. 37 (4).
^ Jump up to: a b https://www.sss.gov/About/History-And-Records/Induction-Statistics, accessed 4 July 2016
Jump up ^ Holbrook, Heber A. "The Crisis Years: 1940 and 1941". Archived from the original on March 13, 2005. Retrieved 2014-09-02. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link) , The Pacific Ship and Shore Historical Review, 4 July 2001. p. 2.
Jump up ^ Pub.L. 80–26, 61 Stat. 31, enacted March 31, 1947
^ Jump up to: a b United States v. Groupp , 459 F.2d 178, at para 4 (1st Cir. 26 April 1972).
Jump up ^ 91st U.S. Congress. "AN ACT To amend the Military Selective Service Act of 1967 .." (pdf). United States Government Printing Office. (Pub.L. 91–124, 83 Stat. 220, enacted November 26, 1969)
Jump up ^ "The Vietnam Lotteries". Selective Service System. Retrieved July 21, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Results from Lottery Drawing - Vietnam Era - 1971". Selective Service System. Archived from the original on March 5, 2015. Retrieved July 21, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Results from Lottery Drawing - Vietnam Era - 1972". Selective Service System. Archived from the original on March 5, 2015. Retrieved July 21, 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Vietnam Lotteries". Selective Service System.
Jump up ^ "Results from Lottery Drawing - Vietnam Era - 1973". Selective Service System. Archived from the original on February 27, 2015. Retrieved July 21, 2015.
Jump up ^ Janowitz, Morris and Charles C. Moskos, Jr. "Five Years of the All-Volunteer Force: 1973–1978". Armed Forces & Society, January 1979; vol. 5: pp. 171–218. http://afs.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/5/2/171
Jump up ^ http://geraldrfordfoundation.org/centennial/oralhistory/steve-ford/
Jump up ^ "Gerald R. Ford: Proclamation 4360 - Selective Service Registration".
Jump up ^ "Background of Selective Service". Selective Service System. United States Government. April 30, 2002. Archived from the original on 2009-05-07. Retrieved August 23, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Proclamation 4771--Registration Under the Military Selective Service Act". Archives.gov. Retrieved 2011-04-08.
Jump up ^ "Military Selective Service Act". Archived from the original on 2003-01-14.
Jump up ^ "US sends military draft notices to men born in the 1800s". BBC News. 2014-07-11. Retrieved 2017-05-16.
Jump up ^ "H.R.4523 - To repeal the Military Selective Service Act, and thereby terminate the registration requirements of such Act and eliminate civilian local boards, civilian appeal boards, and similar local agencies of the Selective Service System". Congress.gov. Library of Congress. Retrieved 12 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "H.R.4523 -- To repeal the Military Selective Service Act.." Thomas. Library of Congress. Retrieved 12 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "S.3041 - Muhammad Ali Voluntary Service Act". US Congress.
Jump up ^ "Amendment to H.R. 4909 offered by Mr. Hunter of California" (PDF). Retrieved 28 April 2016.
Jump up ^ "H.R.4909 - National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2017". Congress.gov. Library of Congress. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Lardner, Richard (May 12, 2016). "The GOP-led Senate Armed Services Committee has seconded a call by its counterpart in the House to require women to register for a military draft". Associated Press. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Hasbrouck, Edward. "House Committee votes to extend draft registration to women". The Practical Nomad. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Segal, Alexander. "Male Immigrants and Selective Service".
Jump up ^ Brethren Witness, Peace and Justice, "Conscientious Objection". brethren.org. Archived from the original on 2004-08-15.
Jump up ^ [1] Archived June 10, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Jewish Peace Fellowship". Jewish Peace Fellowship. Retrieved 2011-04-08.
Jump up ^ "Oym Generic Page". Ohioyearlymeeting.org. Archived from the original on 2011-12-05. Retrieved 2011-04-08.
Jump up ^ "objector.org".
Jump up ^ The Registry for Conscientious Objection Archived September 19, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "MedicalDraft.info".
Jump up ^ "Health Care Personnel Delivery System regulations" (PDF).
Jump up ^ How does the Military Selective Service Act apply to individuals who have had a sex change? "Selective Service". sss.gov.
Jump up ^ "Hudson's Guide: Selective Service and Trans Men". ftmguide.org.
Jump up ^ 32 C.F.R. 1621.1
Jump up ^ "Prosecutions of Draft Registration Resisters".
Jump up ^ Nelson, Steven (May 3, 2016). "Gender-Neutral Draft Registration Would Create Millions of Female Felons: It's unlikely any would face prison, but jailed draft resisters and former officials urge caution". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "SSS Information Letter procedure". Sss.gov. Retrieved 2011-04-08.
^ Jump up to: a b c State/Commonwealth Information Archived 2009-05-07 at the Wayback Machine. from the Selective Service System website
Jump up ^ "Applications for Driver License or Non-Driver ID Card". New York State Department of Motor Vehicles.
Jump up ^ https://www.sss.gov/Registration/State-Commonwealth-Legislation
Jump up ^ "Fund for Education and Training". CenteronConscience.org.
Jump up ^ "Student Aid Fund for Nonregistrants". mennolink.org. Archived from the original on 2006-04-05.
Jump up ^ "(Class 4-C) Selective Service System: Information for Registrants Booklet". Sss.gov. Retrieved 2011-04-08.
Jump up ^ "Selective Service System: Aliens and Dual Nationals". Sss.gov. Retrieved 2011-04-08.
Jump up ^ 8 U.S.C. § 1426
Jump up ^ Title 8, Code of Federal Regulations, Section 315.2(b)
Jump up ^ "Butler v Perry (1916)". Law.umkc.edu. 1916-02-21. Retrieved 2011-04-08.
Jump up ^ Butler v. Perry 240 U.S. 328 (1916)
Jump up ^ Arver v. United States 245 U.S. 366 (1918)
Jump up ^ Holmes v. United States, 391 U.S. 936 (1968)
Jump up ^ "Draft Registration, Draft Resistance, the Military Draft, and Health Care Workers and Women and the Draft". Resisters.info. Retrieved 2016-02-12.
^ Jump up to: a b "Women Aren't Required to Register".
Jump up ^ "Rostker v. Goldberg, 453 U.S. 57 (1981)". Archived from the original on May 25, 2002.
Jump up ^ "Military to open combat jobs to women". CNN. 2013-01-23.
Jump up ^ "The Legal Implications of Lifting the Combat Restrictions". 2013-01-31. Retrieved 2013-02-08.
Jump up ^ "OPINION: Women in the draft? It could happen". Daily Record. 31 July 2015.
Jump up ^ http://ncfm.org/2013/04/action/ncfm-sues-selective-service-for-requiring-only-men-to-register-for-the-draft/
Jump up ^ http://ncfm.org/2013/07/action/ncfms-opposition-to-the-federal-governments-motion-to-dismiss-ncfms-lawsuit-against-the-selective-service-system/
Jump up ^ http://xa.yimg.com/kq/groups/3981235/1983029408/name/04-04-13%20Court%26%2339%3Bs%20Docket%20for%20NCFM%20v.%20SSS%20Lawsuit%25
Jump up ^ "National Coalition for Men et al v. Selective Service System et al". Justia Dockets & Filings.
Jump up ^ http://ncfm.org/2014/06/action/ncfm-files-opening-appellate-brief-in-ncfm-v-selective-service-system/
Jump up ^ Hasbrouck, Edward. "Extend draft registration to women -- or end it?". The Practical Nomad. Edward Hasbrouck. Retrieved 12 February 2016.
Jump up ^ Hasbrouck, Edward. "Future of Draft for Men and Women Goes to Court and Congress". WorldBeyonfdWar.org. Retrieved 22 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "Draft Registration, Draft Resistance, the Military Draft, and Health Care Workers and Women and the Draft". Resisters.info. Retrieved 12 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "Draft Registration, Draft Resistance, the Military Draft, and Health Care Workers and Women and the Draft". Resisters.info. Retrieved 12 February 2016.
Jump up ^ Plott, Elaina. "Senator Mike Lee Pushes to Definitively Bar Women from the Draft". NationalReview.com. National Review. Retrieved 12 February 2016.
Jump up ^ Plott, Elaina. "Rubio and Cruz to Co-Sponsor Legislation to Leave Draft Changes to Congress". NationalReview.com. National Review. Retrieved 12 February 2016.
Jump up ^ http://www.politico.com/story/2016/06/senate-passes-defense-bill-including-women-in-draft-224316
Jump up ^ http://thehill.com/blogs/ballot-box/presidential-races/283631-clinton-backs-mandatory-draft-for-women
Jump up ^ "Selective Service System: Director's Biography". Retrieved 2007-04-12.
Jump up ^ "Selective Service System: About the Agency". Sss.gov. Retrieved 2011-04-08.
Jump up ^ "Selective Service System: Publications". Sss.gov. Retrieved 2011-04-08.
Jump up ^ Schmidt, Michael S. (March 7, 2016). "Draft Registration for Women Would Stir a Sleepy Government Agency". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Selective Service System: Return to the Draft - Sequence of Events". Sss.gov. Retrieved 2017-04-27.
Jump up ^ "Selective Service System: Selective Service Lottery". Sss.gov. Retrieved 2017-04-27.
^ Jump up to: a b "Classifications". www.sss.gov. Retrieved 2017-06-21.
Jump up ^ http://www.apd.army.mil/pdffiles/r40_501.pdf
Jump up ^ "Title 32, Subtitle B, Chapter XVI, Part 1630, Code of Federal Regulations". Office of the Federal Register (OFR) and the Government Publishing Office. 2016-07-01. Retrieved 2017-04-27.
Jump up ^ "Past Directors Of The Selective Service System". Sss.gov. Retrieved 2017-04-27.
External links[edit]
Official website
Selective Service System in the Federal Register
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 152430368
LCCN: n79059877
ISNI: 0000 0001 0727 298X
NLA: 41689432
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Selective_Service_System&oldid=814874910"
Categories:
Civil registries
Independent agencies of the United States government
Conscription in the United States
Government agencies established in 1917
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers
Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Dansk
Deutsch
עברית
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Русский
Svenska
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 11 December 2017, at 12:44.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: caption

values: Seal of the Selective Service System.svg

attrs: colspan style

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.sss.gov

values: Independent agencies of the United States government

values:
/wiki/Citizenship_in_the_United_States
mw-redirect
Citizenship in the United States

values:
/wiki/Declaration_of_War
mw-redirect
Declaration of War

values: Selective Training and Service Act of 1940

values:
/wiki/Conscientious_Objector
mw-redirect
Conscientious Objector

values:
/wiki/Divinity_school
mw-redirect
Divinity school

values:
/wiki/Melvin_R._Laird
mw-redirect
Melvin R. Laird

values:
/wiki/Gerald_R._Ford
mw-redirect
Gerald R. Ford

values:
/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Afghanistan
mw-redirect
Soviet invasion of Afghanistan

values: Pennsylvania Department of Transportation

values: Illegal immigration to the United States

values:
/wiki/Health_care_provider
mw-redirect
Health care provider

values:
/wiki/Mailing_address
mw-redirect
Mailing address

values:
/wiki/District_of_Columbia
mw-redirect
District of Columbia

values: Edit section: Alien or dual-national registrant status

values:
/wiki/First_World_War
mw-redirect
First World War

values:
/wiki/United_States_court_of_appeals
mw-redirect
United States court of appeals

values:
/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court
mw-redirect
United States Supreme Court

values: Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2016)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: Edit section: Mobilization (draft) procedures

values: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

values:
/wiki/Public_Health_Service
mw-redirect
Public Health Service

values: Reserve components of the United States Armed Forces

values:
/wiki/United_States_Service_Academies
mw-redirect
United States Service Academies

values:
/wiki/Reserve_Officer_Training_Corps
mw-redirect
Reserve Officer Training Corps

values:
/wiki/Flight_Cadet
mw-redirect
Flight Cadet

values:
/wiki/Alternative_service
mw-redirect
Alternative service

values:
/wiki/Defense_contractor
mw-redirect
Defense contractor

values: United States Military Entrance Processing Command

values:
/wiki/Prisoner_of_War
mw-redirect
Prisoner of War

values:
/wiki/Missing_In_Action
mw-redirect
Missing In Action

values:
/wiki/Learning_disabilities
mw-redirect
Learning disabilities

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values: Title 32 of the Code of Federal Regulations

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.sss.gov/QUICK.HTM

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.sss.gov/when.htm

values:
nofollow
external free
http://www.sss.gov:80/Status.html

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.sss.gov/Home/Address-Change

values:
nofollow
external text
http://archive.gao.gov/f0102/119502.pdf

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.sss.gov/FSbenefits.htm

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.jamrs.org/aff.php

values: Category:CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown

values:
nofollow
external text
http://legislink.org/us/pl-80-26

values:
nofollow
external text
http://legislink.org/us/stat-61-31

values: United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit

values: United States Government Printing Office

values:
nofollow
external text
http://legislink.org/us/pl-91-124

values:
nofollow
external text
http://legislink.org/us/stat-83-220

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.sss.gov/LOTTER2.HTM

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.sss.gov/lotter3.htm

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.sss.gov/lotter4.htm

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.sss.gov/backgr.htm

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.objector.org/coclaim.html

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.medicaldraft.info

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.sss.gov/QA.HTM#quest33

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.sss.gov/Status.html

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.sss.gov/fsstateleg.htm

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.dmv.ny.gov/forms.htm#mv44

values:
nofollow
external text
http://peace.mennolink.org/safnr.html

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.sss.gov/FSaliens.htm

values: List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 240

values: List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 245

values: List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 391

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.resisters.info/#supremecourt

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.sss.gov/FSwomen.htm

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.resisters.info/#othercourts

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.resisters.info/#legislation

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.sss.gov/ChatfieldBIO.htm

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.sss.gov/struct.htm

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.sss.gov/perfplan_fy2004.html

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.sss.gov/Classifications

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/152430368

values:
nofollow
external text
http://isni.org/isni/000000010727298X

values:
nofollow
external text
https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an41689432

values: Category:Independent agencies of the United States government

values: Category:Conscription in the United States

values: Category:Government agencies established in 1917

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Selective_Service_System
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: מערכת השירות הסלקטיבי – Hebrew

values: Selective Service System – Norwegian Nynorsk

values: Воинский учёт в Соединённых Штатах Америки – Russian

values: 美國兵役登記 – Chinese

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Selective_Service_System rootpage-Selective_Service_System skin-vector action-view


text:
Gulf of California
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
"Sea of Cortez" redirects here. For the John Steinbeck book, see The Log from the Sea of Cortez.
Gulf of California
The Gulf of California (highlighted)
Coordinates
28°0′N 112°0′W / 28.000°N 112.000°W / 28.000; -112.000Coordinates: 28°0′N 112°0′W / 28.000°N 112.000°W / 28.000; -112.000
River sources
Colorado, Fuerte, Mayo, Sinaloa, Sonora, and the Yaqui
Ocean/sea sources
Pacific Ocean
Basin countries
Mexico
Max. length
1,126 km (700 mi)
Max. width
48–241 km (30–150 mi)
Surface area
160,000 km2 (62,000 sq mi)
Islands
37
References
[1]
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Official name
Islands and Protected Areas of the Gulf of California
Type
Natural
Criteria
vii, ix, x
Designated
2005
Reference no.
1182
State Party
Mexico
Region
Latin America and the Caribbean
The Gulf of California (also known as the Sea of Cortez, Sea of Cortés or Vermilion Sea; locally known in the Spanish language as Mar de Cortés or Mar Bermejo or Golfo de California) is a marginal sea of the Pacific Ocean that separates the Baja California Peninsula from the Mexican mainland. It is bordered by the states of Baja California, Baja California Sur, Sonora, and Sinaloa with a coastline of approximately 4,000 km (2,500 mi). Rivers which flow into the Gulf of California include the Colorado, Fuerte, Mayo, Sinaloa, Sonora, and the Yaqui. The gulf's surface area is about 160,000 km2 (62,000 sq mi). Depth soundings in the gulf have ranged from fording depth at the estuary near Yuma, Arizona, to in excess of 3,000 meters (9,800 ft) in the deepest parts. [2]
The Gulf is thought to be one of the most diverse seas on the planet, and is home to more than 5,000 species of micro-invertebrates.[3] Home to over a million people, Baja California is the second-longest peninsula in the world, after the Malay Peninsula in Southeast Asia.[2] Parts of the Gulf of California are a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Contents
1 Geography
2 Climate
3 Marine Life
4 See also
5 Further reading
6 References
7 External links
Geography[edit]
Area
The International Hydrographic Organization defines the southern limit of the Gulf of California as: "A line joining Piastla Point (23°38'N) in Mexico, and the southern extreme of Lower California".[4]
The Gulf of California is 1,126 km (700 mi) long and 48–241 km (30–150 mi) wide, with an area of 177,000 km2 (68,000 sq mi), a mean depth of 818.08 m (2,684.0 ft), and a volume of 145,000 km3 (35,000 cu mi).[1]
The Gulf of California includes three faunal regions:
the Northern Gulf of California
the Central Gulf of California
the Southern Gulf of California
One recognized transition zone is termed the Southwestern Baja California Peninsula. Transition zones exist between faunal regions, and they usually vary for each individual species. (Faunal regions are distinguishable based on the specific types of animals found there.[5])
Geology
Satellite picture of gulf.
Geologic evidence is widely interpreted by geologists as indicating the Gulf of California came into being around 5.3 million years ago as tectonic forces rifted the Baja California Peninsula off the North American Plate.[6] As part of this process, the East Pacific Rise propagated up the middle of the Gulf along the seabed. This extension of the East Pacific Rise is often referred to as the Gulf of California Rift Zone. The Gulf would extend as far as Indio, California, except for the tremendous delta created by the Colorado River. This delta blocks the sea from flooding the Mexicali and Imperial Valleys. Volcanism dominates the East Pacific Rise. The island of Isla Tortuga is one example of this ongoing volcanic activity.[7] Furthermore, hydrothermal vents due to extension tectonic regime, related to the opening of the Gulf of California, are found in the Bahía de Concepción, Baja California Sur.[8]
Islands
See also: List of islands of Mexico § Gulf of California
The Gulf of California contains 37 major islands – the two largest being Isla Ángel de la Guarda and Tiburón Island. Most of the islands are found on the peninsular side of the gulf. In fact, many of the islands of the Sea of Cortez are the result of volcanic explosions that occurred during the early history of Baja California. The islands of Islas Marías, Islas San Francisco, and Isla Partida are thought to be the result of such explosions. The formations of the islands, however, are not dependent on each other. They were each formed as a result of an individual structural occurrence.[2] Several islands, including Isla Coronados, are home to volcanoes.
The gulf has more than 900 islets and islands which together total about 420 hectares. All of them as a whole were enacted as "Area Reserve and Migratory Bird Refuge and Wildlife" on August 2, 1978. In June 2000, the islands were given a new category "Protection Area Wildlife". In addition to this effort by the Mexican government, for its importance and recognition worldwide, all islands in the Gulf of California are also part of the international program "Man and Biosphere" (MAB) and are part of the World Reserve Network UNESCO Biosphere as Special Biosphere Reserve. Due to the vast expanse covered by this federal protected area conservation and management is carried out through a system of four regional directorates (one per bordering the Gulf of California state) by way of co-direction. There is a regional directorate in the states of Baja California, Baja California Sur, Sonora and Sinaloa. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the work of direct and indirect conservation is done in the islands is governed by a single Management Program, published in 2000, which is complemented by local and specific management programs (at individuals) archipelagos. The Directorate of Protection Area Wildlife California Gulf Islands (APFF-GCR) in Baja California is responsible for 56 islands located off the coast of the state. These are grouped into four archipelagos: San Luis Gonzaga or Enchanted, Guardian Angel, Bahia de los Angeles and San Lorenzo.[9][10]
Shores and tides
The three general types of shores found in the Gulf of California include rocky shore, sandy beach, and tidal flat. Some of the rich biodiversity and high endemism that characterize the Gulf of California and make it such a hotspot for fishing can be attributed to seemingly insignificant factors, such as the types of rocks that make up a shore. Beaches with softer, more porous rocks (such as Coquina limestone, rhyolites, granite, or diorite) generally have a higher species richness than those with harder, smoother rocks (such as basalt or diabase). Porous rocks will naturally have more cracks and crevices in them, making them ideal living spaces for many animals. The rocks themselves, however, generally need to be stable on the shore for a habitat to be stable. Additionally, the color of the rocks can affect the organisms living on a shore. For example, darker rocks will be significantly warmer than lighter ones, and can deter animals that do not have a high tolerance for heat.[2] The northern Gulf of California experiences tidal ranges of up to 5 m (16 ft). Mixed semidiurnal tides are the norm throughout most of the Gulf.
Estuaries
In the Gulf of California, there are a number of negative estuaries, that is, ones in which the evaporation of seawater is relatively greater than that of the fresh water input. The salinities of these inlets are higher than that of the ocean. The temperatures, poikilothermal, of these negative estuaries also are higher than the general temperature of the Gulf.
It is possible that at one time these estuaries were positive, that is, ones in which the seawater component is diluted; therefore, the water is brackish, with salinity less than that of the ocean.
However, due to human modification of the land use around the Gulf of California and water diversion for municipal and agricultural use, there are no longer many rivers that freely empty into the Gulf of California. The upper Colorado River Delta is one example of a historically major estuary and wetlands ecosystem, that since the 20th century construction of upriver dams and diversion aqueducts on the Colorado River, is now a small ephemeral remnant estuary. The remaining Gulf inlets still are important to several species of fishes, crustaceans, and shellfish that are commercially harvested.[2]
Climate[edit]
Air
Even though the shores of the Gulf of California are generally sheltered from the continuous wave shock that is experienced by most other North American shores, storms known as a "chubasco" can cause significant damage to shorelines, despite their brevity.[2]
Ocean
The depth of the water helps to determine its temperature. For example, shallow depths are directly influenced by the local temperature of the air, while deeper waters are less susceptible to changes in air temperature.[2] The temperature of the water in the Gulf of California generally experiences lows of 16 °C (61 °F) in winter and highs of 24 °C (75 °F) in summer. But temperatures can vary greatly in the gulf, and the water is almost always warmer by the coast than the open ocean. For example, the waters surrounding La Paz reach 30 °C (86 °F) in August, while the waters in neighboring city Cabo San Lucas, only reach 26 °C (79 °F).[1][11][12][13]
Occasionally, the northern Gulf of California will go through significantly cold winters. The water in the Northern Gulf can sometimes drop below 8 °C (46 °F), which can lead to a large die-off of marine organisms. The animals most susceptible to the large decrease in water temperature include macroscopic algae and plankton.[2]
Average sea temperatures of Puerto Peñasco[12]
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
17 °C
63 °F
16 °C
61 °F
17 °C
63 °F
19 °C
66 °F
21 °C
70 °F
23 °C
73 °F
26 °C
79 °F
28 °C
82 °F
28 °C
82 °F
26 °C
79 °F
23 °C
73 °F
19 °C
66 °F
Average sea temperatures of La Paz[11]
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
19 °C
66 °F
19 °C
66 °F
21 °C
70 °F
23 °C
73 °F
25 °C
77 °F
27 °C
81 °F
28 °C
82 °F
30 °C
85 °F
28 °C
82 °F
27 °C
81 °F
24 °C
75 °F
21 °C
70 °F
Average sea temperatures of Cabo San Lucas[14]
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
20 °C
68 °F
19 °C
66 °F
19 °C
66 °F
19 °C
66 °F
20 °C
68 °F
21 °C
70 °F
24 °C
75 °F
26 °C
79 °F
26 °C
79 °F
26 °C
79 °F
24 °C
75 °F
22 °C
72 °F
Marine Life[edit]
Giant Pacific manta ray
The narrow sea is home to a rich ecosystem. In addition to a wide range of endemic creatures, such as the critically endangered tiny vaquita, it hosts many migratory species, such as the humpback whale, California gray whale, killer whale, manta ray, Humboldt squid and leatherback sea turtle, and the world's largest animal, the blue whale. The unusual resident populations of fin whales and sperm whales do not migrate annually. The area near the delta of the Colorado river has a small remnant population of the totoaba fish. This region has historically been a magnet for world-class sport fishing activities, with a rich history of sporting world records.
The region also has a rich history as a commercial fishery. However, the data vary wildly according to the species being studied, and the Gulf's ability to recuperate after years of overfishing remains uncertain. Moreover, changes in terrestrial ecology, such as the vast reduction in flow from the Colorado River into the Gulf, have negatively affected fisheries, particularly in the northern region.
The Gulf of California sustains a large number of marine mammals, many of which are rare and endangered. Its more than 900 islands are important nesting sites for thousands of seabirds, and its waters are primary breeding, feeding, and nursing grounds for myriad migratory and resident fish species. For decades, the gulf has been a primary source of two of Mexico's leading marine resources, sardines and anchovies. Water pollution is a problem in the Gulf of California, but the more immediate concerns are overfishing and bottom trawling, which destroys eelgrass beds and shellfish.
Efforts by the Mexican government to create conservation zones and nature reserves have been hampered by lack of enforcement resources, as well as a lack of a political consensus on this issue of conservation of the Gulf.[citation needed] This occurs even though significant areas are a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The thousands of miles of coastline are remote and difficult to police, and the politically powerful commercial fishing industry has been slow to embrace even economically viable conservation measures, much less strict measures of conservation. Conservation of the Gulf's fisheries and coastlines is also complicated by a long history of overcapitalization in the sector, and the direct, often negative, impacts that conservation measures have on the livelihoods of Mexico's coastal inhabitants. At present, the Mexican government and business interests have promoted a macro-level, tourist development vision for the Gulf, the impacts of which on local ecology and society are uncertain.
Coastal communities are highly reliant on both commercial and sport fishing, including San Felipe, San Carlos, Sonora, Cabo San Lucas, La Paz, Loreto, Guaymas, Bahía Kino, Puerto Peñasco, Topolobampo and Mulegé. The well-developed shrimp and sardine fleets of Mazatlán, on the Mexican mainland's Pacific coast, heavily exploit the commercial fisheries of the southern Gulf.
Many marine organisms can only survive within a particular salinity range, which makes salinity a notable factor in determining the types of potentially commercial organisms found in the Gulf of California. The mean annual ranges of salinity of the Sea of Cortez are between 3.5 and 3.58% at the surface.[1] Furthermore, the salinity of the water of the Northern Gulf of California is generally higher than the Central and Southern faunal regions due to the increased amount of evaporation that occurs in that region.[2]

See also[edit]
List of western shore communities on the Gulf of California
Ferdinand Konščak
Further reading[edit]
Brusca, Richard C. (Editor) (2010). The Gulf of California: Biodiversity and Conservation. University of Arizona Press. pp. 354 pages. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link) Studies by researchers, on both sides of the border, on the threats to the diversity of species in the gulf's waters.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Rebekah K. Nix. "The Gulf of California: A Physical, Geological, and Biological Study" (PDF). University of Texas at Dallas. Retrieved April 10, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Richard C. Brusca (1973). A Handbook to the Common Intertidal Invertebrates of the Gulf of California. Tucson, Arizona: University of Arizona Press. pp. 10–15. ISBN 0-8165-0356-7.
Jump up ^ Ernesto Campos, Alma Rosa de Campos & Jesús Angel de León-González (2009). "Diversity and ecological remarks of ectocommensals and ectoparasites (Annelida, Crustacea, Mollusca) of echinoids (Echinoidea: Mellitidae) in the Sea of Cortez, Mexico". Parasitology Research. 105 (2): 479–487. doi:10.1007/s00436-009-1419-8.
Jump up ^ "Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition" (PDF). International Hydrographic Organization. 1953. Retrieved February 7, 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Gulf of California Invertebrate Database: The Invertebrate Portion of the Macrofauna Golfo Database". Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum: Center for Sonoran Desert Studies.
Jump up ^ Hamilton, W.B., 1961, Origin of the Gulf of California: GSA Bull., 72, 1307-1318.
Jump up ^ "Science Plans RCL". review.nsf-margins.org. Retrieved May 27, 2008.
Jump up ^ Leal-Acosta, M.L., Prol-Ledesma, R.M., (2016). "Caracterización geoquímica de las manifestaciones termales intermareales de Bahía Concepción en la Península de Baja California" (PDF). Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana (in Spanish). 68 (3): 395–407. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ "Valle de los Cirios. Tesoro de Baja California". 14 July 2010.
Jump up ^ "Área de Protección de Flora y Fauna Islas del Golfo de California en Baja California".
^ Jump up to: a b [1] Archived December 21, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-07-15. Retrieved 2012-06-12.
Jump up ^ "Marine Biology of Baja California". Math.ucr.edu. Retrieved 2013-12-08.
Jump up ^ "San Jorge Water Temperature (Sea) and Wetsuit Guide (Baja Sur, Mexico)". Surf-forecast.com. Retrieved 2013-12-08.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gulf of California.
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Gulf of California
All About Baja - Learn all about the Sea of Cortez and the entire Baja peninsula.
CEDO Intercultural
Desert Museum
show
v
t
e
Earth's oceans and seas
Arctic Ocean
Amundsen Gulf
Barents Sea
Beaufort Sea
Chukchi Sea
East Siberian Sea
Greenland Sea
Gulf of Boothia
Kara Sea
Laptev Sea
Lincoln Sea
Prince Gustav Adolf Sea
Pechora Sea
Queen Victoria Sea
Wandel Sea
White Sea
Atlantic Ocean
Adriatic Sea
Aegean Sea
Alboran Sea
Archipelago Sea
Argentine Sea
Baffin Bay
Balearic Sea
Baltic Sea
Bay of Biscay
Bay of Bothnia
Bay of Campeche
Bay of Fundy
Black Sea
Bothnian Sea
Caribbean Sea
Celtic Sea
English Channel
Foxe Basin
Greenland Sea
Gulf of Bothnia
Gulf of Finland
Gulf of Lion
Gulf of Guinea
Gulf of Maine
Gulf of Mexico
Gulf of Saint Lawrence
Gulf of Sidra
Gulf of Venezuela
Hudson Bay
Ionian Sea
Irish Sea
Irminger Sea
James Bay
Labrador Sea
Levantine Sea
Libyan Sea
Ligurian Sea
Marmara Sea
Mediterranean Sea
Myrtoan Sea
North Sea
Norwegian Sea
Sargasso Sea
Sea of Åland
Sea of Azov
Sea of Crete
Sea of the Hebrides
Thracian Sea
Tyrrhenian Sea
Wadden Sea
Indian Ocean
Andaman Sea
Arabian Sea
Bali Sea
Bay of Bengal
Flores Sea
Great Australian Bight
Gulf of Aden
Gulf of Aqaba
Gulf of Khambhat
Gulf of Kutch
Gulf of Oman
Gulf of Suez
Java Sea
Laccadive Sea
Mozambique Channel
Persian Gulf
Red Sea
Timor Sea
Pacific Ocean
Arafura Sea
Banda Sea
Bering Sea
Bismarck Sea
Bohai Sea
Bohol Sea
Camotes Sea
Celebes Sea
Ceram Sea
Chilean Sea
Coral Sea
East China Sea
Gulf of Alaska
Gulf of Anadyr
Gulf of California
Gulf of Carpentaria
Gulf of Fonseca
Gulf of Panama
Gulf of Thailand
Gulf of Tonkin
Halmahera Sea
Koro Sea
Mar de Grau
Molucca Sea
Moro Gulf
Philippine Sea
Salish Sea
Savu Sea
Sea of Japan
Sea of Okhotsk
Seto Inland Sea
Shantar Sea
Sibuyan Sea
Solomon Sea
South China Sea
Sulu Sea
Tasman Sea
Visayan Sea
Yellow Sea
Southern Ocean
Amundsen Sea
Bellingshausen Sea
Cooperation Sea
Cosmonauts Sea
Davis Sea
D'Urville Sea
King Haakon VII Sea
Lazarev Sea
Mawson Sea
Riiser-Larsen Sea
Ross Sea
Scotia Sea
Somov Sea
Weddell Sea
Landlocked seas
Aral Sea
Caspian Sea
Dead Sea
Salton Sea
Book
Category
show
v
t
e
Coastal geography
Landforms
Anchialine pool
Archipelago
Atoll
Avulsion
Ayre
Barrier island
Bay
Baymouth bar
Bight
Bodden
Brackish marsh
Cape
Channel
Cliff
Coast
Coastal plain
Coastal waterfall
Continental margin
Continental shelf
Coral reef
Cove
Dune
cliff-top
Estuary
Firth
Fjard
Fjord
Freshwater marsh
Fundus
Gat
Geo
Gulf
Gut
Headland
Inlet
Intertidal wetland
Island
Islet
Isthmus
Lagoon
Machair
Marine terrace
Mega delta
Mouth bar
Mudflat
Natural arch
Peninsula
Reef
Regressive delta
Ria
River delta
Salt marsh
Shoal
Shore
Skerry
Sound
Spit
Stack
Strait
Strand plain
Submarine canyon
Tidal island
Tidal marsh
Tide pool
Tied island
Tombolo
Windwatt

Beaches
Beach cusps
Beach evolution
Coastal morphodynamics
Beach ridge
Beachrock
Pocket beach
Raised beach
Recession
Shell beach
Shingle beach
Storm beach
Wash margin
Processes
Blowhole
Cliffed coast
Coastal biogeomorphology
Coastal erosion
Concordant coastline
Current
Cuspate foreland
Discordant coastline
Emergent coastline
Feeder bluff
Fetch
Flat coast
Graded shoreline
Headlands and bays
Ingression coast
Large-scale coastal behaviour
Longshore drift
Marine regression
Marine transgression
Raised shoreline
Rip current
Rocky shore
Sea cave
Sea foam
Shoal
Steep coast
Submergent coastline
Surf break
Surf zone
Surge channel
Swash
Undertow
Volcanic arc
Wave-cut platform
Wave shoaling
Wind wave
Wrack zone
Management
Accretion
Coastal management
Integrated coastal zone management
Submersion
Related
Bulkhead line
Grain size
boulder
clay
cobble
granule
pebble
sand
shingle
silt
Intertidal zone
Littoral zone
Physical oceanography
Region of freshwater influence
Category
Commons
show
v
t
e
World Heritage Sites in Mexico
North West
Archaeological Zone of Paquimé, Casas Grandes
El Pinacate y Gran Desierto de Altar Biosphere Reserve
Islands and Protected Areas of the Gulf of California1
Rock Paintings of Sierra de San Francisco
Whale Sanctuary of El Vizcaino
North Central
Camino Real de Tierra Adentro
Franciscan Missions in the Sierra Gorda of Querétaro
Historic Centre of Zacatecas
Historic Monuments Zone of Querétaro
Historic Town of Guanajuato and Adjacent Mines
Protected town of San Miguel and the Sanctuary of Jesús Nazareno de Atotonilco
West
Agave Landscape and Ancient Industrial Facilities of Tequila
Archipiélago de Revillagigedo
Historic Centre of Morelia
Hospicio Cabañas, Guadalajara
Islands and Protected Areas of the Gulf of California1
Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve1
East
Earliest 16th-century Monasteries on the slopes of Popocatépetl1
Pre-Hispanic City of El Tajín
Historic Centre of Puebla
Historic Monuments Zone of Tlacotalpan
South West
Historic Centre of Oaxaca and Archaeological Site of Monte Albán
Prehistoric Caves of Yagul and Mitla in the Central Valley of Oaxaca
Pre-Hispanic City and National Park of Palenque
South Central
Archaeological Monuments Zone of Xochicalco
Aqueduct of Padre Tembleque Hydraulic System
Central University City Campus of the UNAM
Earliest 16th-century Monasteries on the slopes of Popocatépetl1
Camino Real de Tierra Adentro
Historic Centres of Mexico City and Xochimilco
Luis Barragán House and Studio
Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve1
Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Valley
Pre-Hispanic City of Teotihuacán
South East
Ancient Maya City of Calakmul, Campeche
Historic Fortified Town of Campeche
Pre-Hispanic City of Chichén Itzá
Sian Ka'an
Pre-Hispanic Town of Uxmal
1 Shared by more than one region
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gulf_of_California&oldid=852717196"
Categories:
World Heritage Sites in Mexico
Gulf of California
Gulfs of Mexico
Gulfs of the Pacific Ocean
Pacific Coast of Mexico
Landforms of Baja California
Landforms of Baja California Sur
Landforms of Sonora
Landforms of Sinaloa
Colorado River
Ecoregions of Mexico
Cenozoic Mexico
Cenozoic rifts and grabens
Hidden categories:
CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list
CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)
Webarchive template wayback links
Coordinates on Wikidata
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012
CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Afrikaans
العربية
Asturianu
Azərbaycanca
تۆرکجه
বাংলা
Bân-lâm-gú
Башҡортса
Беларуская
Български
Bosanski
Brezhoneg
Català
Чӑвашла
Čeština
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Frysk
Galego
한국어
Հայերեն
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
ქართული
Қазақша
Kurdî
Кыргызча
Latviešu
Lietuvių
Magyar
Македонски
മലയാളം
मराठी
მარგალური
Bahasa Melayu
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Occitan
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
پنجابی
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Simple English
Slovenčina
کوردی
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
தமிழ்
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
اردو
Tiếng Việt
Winaray
粵語
中文
64 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 30 July 2018, at 22:11 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

attrs: href title

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: th

attrs: colspan class style

values: text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;background-color: #cedeff; font-size: 125%;

value: tr

value: img

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

value: td

values: text-align:center;line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;

value: span

attrs: class title

values: Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location

values: Primary outflows: oceans, seas, straights

values: text-align:center;border-bottom: #cedeff 1px solid

values:
/wiki/World_Heritage_Site
mw-redirect
World Heritage Site

values: border:4px solid #FFE153; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1182

values: List of World Heritage Sites in the Americas

values:
/wiki/Marginal_sea
mw-redirect
Marginal sea

values:
/wiki/States_of_Mexico
mw-redirect
States of Mexico

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values:
/wiki/Semidiurnal_tides
mw-redirect
Semidiurnal tides

attrs: alt src width height class data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Endemic_(ecology)
mw-redirect
Endemic (ecology)

values:
/wiki/California_gray_whale
mw-redirect
California gray whale

values:
/wiki/Conservation_ethic
mw-redirect
Conservation ethic

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2012)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site
mw-redirect
UNESCO World Heritage Site

values:
/wiki/San_Carlos,_Sonora
mw-redirect
San Carlos, Sonora

values: Category:CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list

values: Parasitology Research (page does not exist)

values: Category:CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list

values:
nofollow
http://islasgc.conanp.gob.mx/islas/
external text

values: -moz-column-width: 33em; -webkit-column-width: 33em; column-width: 33em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.allaboutbaja.com

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible

values:
/wiki/Geo_(landscape)
mw-redirect
Geo (landscape)

values:
/wiki/Marine_terrace
mw-redirect
Marine terrace

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/File:Accreting_coast_Image6.svg
image
Coastal and oceanic landforms

values:
/wiki/File:Fernando_noronha.jpg
image
Dois Irmãos - Fernando de Noronha

values:
navbox-image
5
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values:
/wiki/Modern_recession_of_beaches
mw-redirect
Modern recession of beaches

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed

values: Template talk:World Heritage Sites in Mexico

values: Rock Paintings of Sierra de San Francisco

values:
navbox-image
7
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: Monasteries on the slopes of Popocatépetl

values: Category:Landforms of Baja California Sur

values: Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Gulf_of_California
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-af
display: none;

values: خليج كاليفورنيا – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

values: کالیفورنیا کؤرفزی – South Azerbaijani

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-azb
display: none;

values: ক্যালিফোর্নিয়া উপসাগর – Bangla

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan
display: none;

values: Калифорния ҡултығы – Bashkir

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ba
display: none;

values: Каліфарнійскі заліў – Belarusian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values: Калифорнийски залив – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-br
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values: Калифорни кӳлмекĕ – Chuvash

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-de
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: Κόλπος της Καλιφόρνιας – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: خلیج کالیفرنیا – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values: 칼리포르니아만 – Korean

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values: Կալիֆոռնիական ծոց – Armenian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: מפרץ קליפורניה – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values: კალიფორნიის ყურე – Georgian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values: Калифорния шығанағы – Kazakh

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ku
display: none;

values: Калифорния булуңу – Kyrgyz

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ky
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values: Калифорниски Залив – Macedonian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values: ഗൾഫ് ഓഫ് കാലിഫോർണിയ – Malayalam

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

values: कॅलिफोर्नियाचे आखात – Marathi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mr
display: none;

values: კალიფორნიაშ ჸუჯი – Mingrelian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: カリフォルニア湾 – Japanese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-oc
display: none;

values: ਕੈਲੀਫ਼ੋਰਨੀਆ ਦੀ ਖਾੜੀ – Punjabi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pa
display: none;

values: کیلیفورنیا دی کھاڑی – Western Punjabi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Калифорнийский залив – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values: کەنداوی کالیفۆرنیا – Central Kurdish

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb
display: none;

values: Калифорнијски залив – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: கலிபோர்னியா வளைகுடா – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values: อ่าวกาลีฟอร์เนีย – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Каліфорнійська затока – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: خلیج کیلی فورنیا – Urdu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-war
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

values: 加利福尼亚湾 – Chinese

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Gulf_of_California rootpage-Gulf_of_California skin-vector action-view