text:
Kroy Biermann
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Kroy Biermann
Biermann at Falcons training camp
Free agent
Position:
Outside linebacker
Personal information
Born:
(1985-09-12) September 12, 1985 (age 32)
Hardin, Montana, U.S.
Height:
6 ft 3 in (1.91 m)
Weight:
255 lb (116 kg)
Career information
High school:
Hardin (MT)
College:
Montana
NFL Draft:
2008 / Round: 5 / Pick: 154
Career history
Atlanta Falcons (2008–2015)
Buffalo Bills (2016)*
* Offseason and/or practice squad member only
Career highlights and awards
2x First-team All-Big Sky (2006, 2007)
2x Little All-American (2006, 2007)
Big Sky Defensive MVP (2007)
Buck Buchanan Award (2007)
Career NFL statistics as of Week 17, 2015
Tackles:
331
Sacks:
23.5
Interceptions:
2
Forced fumbles:
3
Player stats at NFL.com
Kroy Evan Biermann (born September 12, 1985) is an American football outside linebacker who is currently a free agent. He was drafted by the Atlanta Falcons in the fifth round of the 2008 NFL Draft. He played college football at Montana. He is married to Don't Be Tardy star Kim Zolciak.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early years
2 College career
3 Professional career
3.1 Atlanta Falcons
3.2 Buffalo Bills
4 Personal life
5 References
6 External links
Early years[edit]
Biermann was born in Hardin, Montana, the son of Keith and Kathy Biermann. He has two older sisters, Krista and Kelsey. His parents and immediate family all have names that start with the letter "K." Wanting to keep the tradition going and unhappy with standard names beginning with "K", Biermann's mother searched a phone book for a suitable "K" name and chose Kroy.[1]
Biermann earned eight letters at Hardin High School (Hardin, Montana): three in football; three in wrestling; and two in track. He was a First-team All-State pick and team captain as a junior and senior at linebacker. He was chosen First-team All-Conference at running back in 2002 and 2003. He participated in Montana's Annual East-West Shrine Game. Biermann was also one of the state's premier wrestlers at the A level and placed second in the state as a junior and senior. His senior year in wrestling he was team captain, had the most take-downs and most pins, and was voted his team's Most Valuable Wrestler.[citation needed]
College career[edit]
Biermann played in 52 career games while totaling 220 tackles, 32 sacks (second-most in school history), 45 tackles for loss, nine forced fumbles, and seven fumble recoveries for the University of Montana. In 2004, as a true freshman, Biermann played in 14 of 15 games and had seven tackles for a loss.
During the 2005 season, he played in all 12 games and was the team's fifth-leading tackler and was third on the team with seven sacks and tied for a team-high two fumble recoveries. In 2006, he made 78 stops and contributed with 11 sacks and 13.5 tackles for loss in 14 games. Named a Walter Camp First-team Small College All-American, he was voted a Second-team Little All-America selection by both the Associated Press and The Sports Network. He also earned First-team All-Big Sky Conference.[citation needed]
Biermann was named the 2007 Big Sky Conference Defensive MVP after accumulating 70 tackles, 15 sacks, 18 tackles for a loss, and five forced fumbles during his senior season. Biermann became Montana's first-ever recipient of the Buck Buchanan Award in 2007, as well, given annually by The Sports Network to the top defensive player in Division I Football Championship Subdivision. He played outside linebacker in the 2008 Hula Bowl.[citation needed]
Professional career[edit]
Biermann[2] was a top performer in the Vertical jump and in the 3-cone drill at the 2008 NFL Combine.[3]
Pre-draft measureables
Height
Weight
40-yard dash
10-yard split
20-yard split
20 ss
3-cone
Vert
Broad
BP
Wonderlic
6'3⅛" 241 4.75 X X 4.30 6.83 35" 9'09" 29 28
* represents NFL combine; **represents Montana Pro Day— "X" Denotes "No Data" or "Did Not Participate"
Atlanta Falcons[edit]
Biermann was selected by the Atlanta Falcons in the 5th round[4] of the 2008 NFL Draft (154 overall). Biermann posted his first career sack in a Week 13 match-up against the San Diego Chargers after tackling Chargers QB Philip Rivers and added a second in the season finale against the St. Louis Rams. He also contributed 14 tackles in 2008.[citation needed]
Biermann started off the 2009 season fast for the Falcons as he sacked Dolphins' QB Chad Pennington twice, forced a fumble and forced a holding call in the season opener. He also got a sack vs San Francisco in the Falcon's week 5 matchup. He now has a career-high 3 sacks and one 2 sack game (career high). He took the starting left defensive end spot from 2007 first round pick Jamaal Anderson after his performance vs San Francisco.[citation needed]
Biermann scored his first NFL touchdown on November 2, 2009 in a Monday night game at the New Orleans Saints. He returned a Drew Brees fumble five yards for the score. On December 27, 2009, Biermann stepped in as the team's placekicker after an injury to the punter Michael Koenen during a game against the Buffalo Bills. Biermann, who had not kicked since high school, had kickoffs of 67, 58 and 54 yards. On October 10, 2010, he made headlines as he tipped a Jake Delhomme pass to himself for an interception and returned it 41 yards for a touchdown.[5]
On September 15, 2013, he suffered a torn tendon and missed the rest of the 2013 regular season.[6]
On March 20, 2015, the Atlanta Falcons offered Biermann a new contract after spending a week on the free agent list and after recovering from Achilles tendon surgery and leading the Falcons defense with 4.5 sacks during the 2014 season.[7] He signed a 1-year, $1,925,000 contract, including a $500,000 signing bonus, and $500,000 guaranteed.[8] He finished the 2015 season with 55 tackles, 2.5 sacks, and one forced fumble.[9]
Buffalo Bills[edit]
Biermann signed a one-year deal with the Bills on August 15, 2016.[10]
On September 2, 2016, Kroy was released by the Bills as part of final roster cuts.[11]
Personal life[edit]
In May 2010, Biermann participated in Dancing Stars Of Atlanta charity event to raise money for Alzheimer's disease,[12] where he met Kim Zolciak.[citation needed] Their meeting was later shown on season three of The Real Housewives of Atlanta. Their son, Kroy Jagger (KJ), was born on May 31, 2011.[13] The couple wed at their Roswell, Georgia home [14][15] on November 11, 2011.[16] Zolciak became pregnant again and son Kash Kade was born on August 15, 2012.[17] On November 25, 2013, their twins Kaia Rose and Kane Ren were born.[18] In March 2013, Biermann filed to legally adopt Zolciak's daughters, Brielle and Ariana, from her previous relationships.[19][20] When the adoption became final in July 2013, the girls changed their last names to Brielle and Ariana Biermann.[21]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Grizzly Q&A: Kroy Biermann". Missoulian. Missoula, Montana. Archived from the original on January 5, 2017. Retrieved January 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ NFL (2008). NFL Draft Bio. Retrieved from "Kroy Biermann (OLB)". Archived from the original on May 1, 2008. Retrieved January 4, 2017. .
Jump up ^ NFL (2008). NFL Combine Profile. Retrieved from http://www.nfl.com/combine/profiles/kroy-biermann?id=2664.
Jump up ^ reddy, pritham. http://www.cbssports.com/nfl/draft/history/year/2008. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ "Falcons survive for 4th straight win as late INT dooms Browns", ESPN, October 10, 2010.
Jump up ^ Ledbetter, D. Orlando (2013-09-16). "Falcons Kroy Biermann, Bradie Ewing out for the season.", AJC.com, September 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Kroy Biermann Lands Another NFL Contract: Re-signs With Atlanta Falcons". 2015-03-20. Retrieved 2015-08-25.
Jump up ^ "Kroy Biermann, Current Contract". Spotrac. Retrieved 2015-08-25.
Jump up ^ "Kroy Biermann: Signing with Bills". CBSSports.com. Retrieved 2016-08-15.
Jump up ^ Sessler, Marc. "Buffalo Bills signing pass rusher Kroy Biermann". NFL.com.
Jump up ^ Brown, Chris. "Vets Felton and Lawson headline Bills cut to 53". BuffaloBills.com.
Jump up ^ Profile, Atlanta Falcons blogsite; accessed October 20, 2014.
Jump up ^ Christianson, Emily (June 1, 2011). "Kim Zolciak, Kroy Biermann welcome baby boy". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on January 27, 2013. Retrieved June 4, 2011.
Jump up ^ https://variety.com/2012/dirt/real-estalker/a-little-real-housewives-of-atlanta-real-estate-gossip-970/
Jump up ^ Benzie, Mike (May 3, 2011). "Atlanta's 'Real Housewife' Kim Zolciak to move into Roswell mansion". Yahoo!. Archived from the original on December 11, 2011.
Jump up ^ Hammel, Sara (November 11, 2011). "Kim Zolciak, Kroy Biermann Wed on 11/11/11". People. Archived from the original on March 31, 2014. Retrieved June 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ Harper, Jen (August 16, 2012). "Kim Zolciak gives birth to baby boy Kash Kade". Zap2it.com. Archived from the original on October 12, 2013. Retrieved August 16, 2012.
Jump up ^ Eggenberger, Nicole (November 25, 2013). "Kim Zolciak Welcomes Twins, Baby Girl Kaia and Baby Boy Kane, With Husband Kroy Biermann". Us Weekly. Retrieved November 25, 2013.
Jump up ^ http://www.tmz.com/2013/03/24/kim-zolciak-kroy-biermann-adopt-kids-georgia/
Jump up ^ http://www.bravotv.com/the-daily-dish/kroy-biermann-ready-to-adopt-kim-zolciaks-daughters
Jump up ^ http://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-moms/news/kroy-biermann-adopts-kim-zolciaks-two-daughters-brielle-and-ariana-2013247
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kroy Biermann.
[show]
v
t
e
Buck Buchanan Award winners
1995: Coakley
1996: Coakley
1997: McNeil
1998: Milton
1999: Lucas
2000: Hartwell
2001: Lloyd
2002: Mathis
2003: Allen
2004: Beck
2005: Gocong
2006: Shotwell
2007: Biermann
2008: Peach
2009: Moats
2010: Sherritt
2011: Evans
2012: Schreibeis
2013: Daly
2014: Emanuel
2015: King
2016: Schult
[show]
v
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e
Atlanta Falcons 2008 NFL draft selections
Matt Ryan
Sam Baker
Curtis Lofton
Chevis Jackson
Harry Douglas
Thomas DeCoud
Robert James
Kroy Biermann
Thomas Brown
Wilrey Fontenot
Keith Zinger
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text:
Crazy Love (Van Morrison song)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
"Crazy Love"
Single by Van Morrison
from the album Moondance
A-side
"Crazy Love"
B-side
"Come Running"
Released
1970 (Netherlands)
Recorded
August–November 1969
Genre
Blue-eyed soul
Length
2:34
Label
Warner Bros. Records
Songwriter(s)
Van Morrison
Producer(s)
Van Morrison and Lewis Merenstein
Van Morrison singles chronology
"Come Running"
(1970) "Crazy Love"
(1970) "Domino"
(1970)
"Come Running"
(1970) "Crazy Love"
(1970) "Domino"
(1970)
Moondance track listing
show
10 tracks
Side one
"And It Stoned Me"
"Moondance"
"Crazy Love"
"Caravan"
"Into the Mystic"
Side two
"Come Running"
"These Dreams of You"
"Brand New Day"
"Everyone"
"Glad Tidings"
"Crazy Love" is a romantic ballad written by Northern Irish singer-songwriter Van Morrison and included on his 1970 album, Moondance. The song was originally released as the B-side to "Come Running" in May 1970 before it was released as a single in the Netherlands, "Come Running" as the B-side.[1] The cover of the single shows Morrison with his then-wife, Janet "Planet" Rigsbee. The photograph was taken by Elliot Landy, the official photographer of the 1969 Woodstock festival.[2]
Contents
1 Duets with Van Morrison
2 In the media
3 Other releases
4 Cover versions
5 Personnel
6 Michael Bublé version
6.1 Background
6.2 Track listing
6.3 Charts
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
Duets with Van Morrison[edit]
Ray Charles introduced Van Morrison by starting the first verse before Van's appearance when he was inducted into the Songwriter's Hall of Fame in 2003. Morrison and Charles then finished with a duet of "Crazy Love". Ray Charles remarked about this performance: "It meant a lot to sing 'Crazy Love' on stage that evening."[3] Genius Loves Company, Ray Charles' 2004 album, includes this duet featuring the two singers. Van Morrison and Bob Dylan sang a duet of "Crazy Love" on the BBC film, One Irish Rover in 1991.
In the media[edit]
"Crazy Love" has featured in several movies including: She's Having a Baby (1988), starring Kevin Bacon, Always (1989) with Richard Dreyfuss, Leaving Normal (1992) and "Jason's Lyric (1994) and Phenomenon (as covered by Aaron Neville and Robbie Robertson), (1996) starring John Travolta.[4] Also it appeared in The Five-Year Engagement (2012),[5] starring Jason Segel and Emily Blunt covered by Audra Mae, Brian Kennedy's cover of "Crazy Love" was featured in the 1994 movie, When a Man Loves a Woman.[6] "Crazy Love" was listed as No. 198 on the All Time 885 Greatest Songs compiled in 2004 by WXPN from listener's votes.[7]
Other releases[edit]
The duet featuring Ray Charles and Van Morrison as performed at the 2003 SHOF awards is one of the 31 songs on the compilation album The Best of Van Morrison Volume 3 released in 2007. The original version from Moondance is one of the hits included on the 2007 compilation album, Still on Top - The Greatest Hits.
Cover versions[edit]
"Crazy Love" has been performed by many artists. Versions by Brian Kennedy, Aaron Neville and Robbie Robertson were featured in movies. Helen Reddy scored her first Adult Contemporary Billboard Top 10 hit with her cover version.[8][9] Other artists who have recorded the song are Brian McKnight,[9] Paul Carrack,[9] Rita Coolidge,[9] Bryan Ferry,[9] Rod Stewart,[10] Jason Manns with Jensen Ackles, and Cassandra Wilson on Van Morrison's 1994 tribute album, No Prima Donna: The Songs of Van Morrison. Helena Vondráčková recorded the Czech rendering "To se ti pouze zda" in 1972. Kirka recorded the Finnish rendering "Rakkauden sain" for his 1977 album Kaksi Poulta. Croatian singer Josipa Lisac released a Croatian version of the song on her 1979 album, Made in USA, titled "Život s njim" (Croatian for "Life with him") and also covered an original English version. In 1995, Emilíana Torrini recorded the song for her first and Iceland only album Crouçie d'Où Là. Michael Bublé covered the song and titled his 2009 album Crazy Love.[11] Michael Bolton covered "Crazy Love" on his 2009 album, One World One Love.[12] A cappella versions include Overboard's rendition on their 2008 album, Castaways. American Idol season 3 finalist Jon Peter Lewis included his version on his 2010 EP Jon Peter Lewis. Cara Dillon's live performance of "Crazy Love" was featured on the Jools Holland show in April 2010.[13] In 2013, contemporary Christian band The Katinas covered the song on their album Love Chapter. Georga performed a version in Swedish, "Galet med kärlek", on his 2016 album Vid Grinden.[14]
Personnel[edit]
Van Morrison – vocals
John Klingberg – bass guitar
Jeff Labes – piano
Gary Mallaber – drums, vibraphone
John Platania – guitar
Judy Clay – background vocals
Emily Houston – background vocals
Jackie Verdell – background vocals
Michael Bublé version[edit]
"Crazy Love"
Single by Michael Bublé
from the album Crazy Love
B-side
"Pennies from Heaven"
Released
16 May 2010
Format
Digital download, CD single
Recorded
2009–2010
Genre
Jazz, pop
Length
3:31
Label
143 Records, Reprise
Songwriter(s)
Van Morrison
Michael Bublé singles chronology
"Cry Me a River"
(2010) "Crazy Love"
(2010) "Hollywood"
(2010)
"Cry Me a River"
(2010) "Crazy Love"
(2010) "Hollywood"
(2010)
"Crazy Love" was later covered by Canadian singer Michael Bublé, and released as the fourth single from his fourth studio album, Crazy Love (2009). The single was released on 29 June 2010, accompanied by a number of bonus tracks and mixes from the album.[15]
Background[edit]
The single was released on 16 May 2010, accompanied by the bonus tracks "Pennies from Heaven", originally an iTunes Store bonus track on Crazy Love, "Relax Max", featuring Naturally 7, an Amazon exclusive bonus track on Crazy Love, and an instrumental version of "Haven't Met You Yet".[16] The release was accompanied by a music video for the track, again directed by Rich Lee. The video premiered on YouTube on 1 May 2010.
Track listing[edit]
Digital download[15]
"Crazy Love" – 3:31
"Pennies from Heaven" – 3:15
"Relax Max" (featuring Naturally 7) – 3:29
"Haven't Met You Yet" (Instrumental) – 4:05
Promotional CD single[17]
"Crazy Love" (Edit) – 3:08
Charts[edit]
Chart (2010)
Peak
position
UK Singles Chart[18] 122
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ DeWitt. The Mystic's Music. p.64
Jump up ^ "Van Morrison and his wife Janet, Woodstock, NY, 1969". landyvision.com. Archived from the original on 12 November 2007. Retrieved 4 November 2007.
Jump up ^ "Ray Charles". Concord Music Group. 2004-06-10. Retrieved 2016-10-03.
Jump up ^ "Van Morrison". IMDb.com. Retrieved 2016-10-03.
Jump up ^ "The Five-Year Engagement (2012)". IMDb.com. Retrieved 2016-10-03.
Jump up ^ "Soundtrack Collector: When a Man Loves a Woman". Soundtrackcollector.com. 3 November 2009.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 31 May 2007. Retrieved 2007-05-21.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2 April 2012. Retrieved 2011-09-13.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Grateful Dead Family discography:Crazy Love". deaddisc.com. Retrieved 17 October 2009.
Jump up ^ "allmusic: Rod Stewart: Crazy Love". allmusic.com. Retrieved 27 October 2009.
Jump up ^ "Michael Buble to unleash Crazy Love in October". billboard.com. Retrieved 10 October 2009.
Jump up ^ "Michael Bolton-Crazy Love". hitparade.ch. Archived from the original on 10 November 2012. Retrieved 5 November 2009.
Jump up ^ "BBC Radio Programmes – Jools Holland, It was also covered my Michael Buble 05/04/2010". BBC. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
Jump up ^ "Georga | .se | Hem". Georga.se. Retrieved 2016-10-03.
^ Jump up to: a b "iTunes Store". itunes.apple.com. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "Crazy Love by Michael Bublé". Archived from the original on 23 October 2012. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
Jump up ^ [1] Archived 6 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Radio 1 – Chart – The Official UK Top 40 Singles Chart". BBC. Retrieved 21 February 2012.
References[edit]
DeWitt, Howard A. (1983). Van Morrison: The Mystic's Music, Horizon Books, ISBN 0-938840-02-9
External links[edit]
Allmusic review: Crazy Love
audio eclectic review: Crazy Love
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
show
v
t
e
Van Morrison singles discography
1960s
1967
"Brown Eyed Girl"
1970s
1970
"Come Running"
"Crazy Love"
"Domino"
1971
"Blue Money"
"Call Me Up in Dreamland"
"Wild Night"
1972
"Tupelo Honey"
"Jackie Wilson Said (I'm in Heaven When You Smile)"
"Redwood Tree"
1973
"Warm Love"
"Bein' Green"
1974
"Bulbs"
"Caldonia"
"Gloria"
1977
"The Eternal Kansas City"
"Moondance"
1978
"Wavelength"
1979
"Bright Side of the Road"
"Full Force Gale"
1980s
1980
"You Make Me Feel So Free"
1982
"Cleaning Windows"
"Scandinavia"
1984
"Dweller on the Threshold"
1985
"Tore Down a la Rimbaud"
1986
"Ivory Tower"
1987
"Did Ye Get Healed?"
"Someone Like You"
1988
"Queen of the Slipstream
"I'll Tell Me Ma
1989
"Have I Told You Lately"
"Whenever God Shines His Light"
"Orangefield"
1990s
1990
"Coney Island"
"Gloria"
"Real Real Gone"
1991
"Enlightenment"
"I Can't Stop Loving You"
"Why Must I Always Explain?"
1993
"Gloria"
1995
"Have I Told You Lately"
"Days Like This"
"Perfect Fit"
1996
"That's Life"
1997
"The Healing Game"
"Rough God Goes Riding"
1999
"Precious Time"
"Back on Top"
2000s
2002
"Hey Mr. DJ"
show
v
t
e
Helen Reddy
Studio albums
I Don't Know How to Love Him
Helen Reddy
I Am Woman
Long Hard Climb
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"Don't Get Around Much Anymore"
"All I Want for Christmas Is You"
"It's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas" / "Jingle Bells"
"White Christmas"
"Nobody but Me"
Concert tours
Crazy Love Tour (2010–12)
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Tree line
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Tree line above St. Moritz, Switzerland. May 2009
In this view of an alpine tree line, the distant line looks particularly sharp. The foreground shows the transition from trees to no trees. These trees are stunted in growth and one-sided because of cold and constant wind.
The tree line is the edge of the habitat at which trees are capable of growing. It is found at high elevations and high latitudes. Beyond the tree line, trees cannot tolerate the environmental conditions (usually cold temperatures or associated lack of available moisture).[1]:51 The tree line is sometimes distinguished from a lower timberline or forest line, which is the line where trees form a forest with a closed canopy.[2]:151[3]:18
At the tree line, tree growth is often sparse, stunted, and deformed by wind and cold krummholz (German for "crooked wood").[4]:58
The tree line often appears well-defined, but it can be a more gradual transition. Trees grow shorter and often at lower densities as they approach tree line, above which they cease to exist.[4]:55
Contents
1 Types
1.1 Alpine
1.2 Desert
1.3 Desert-alpine
1.4 Double tree line
1.5 Exposure
1.6 Arctic
1.7 Antarctic
1.8 Other tree lines
2 Tree species near tree line
2.1 Eurasia
2.2 North America
2.3 South America
2.4 Australia
3 Worldwide distribution
3.1 Alpine tree lines
3.2 Arctic tree lines
3.3 Antarctic tree lines
4 Long term monitoring of alpine treelines
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
Types[edit]
This Map of the "Distribution of Plants in a Perpendicular Direction in the Torrid, the Temperate, and the Rigid Zones" was first published 1848 in "The Physical Atlas". It shows tree lines of the Andes, Himalaya, Alps and Pyrenees
There are several types of tree lines defined in ecology and geography:
Alpine[edit]
An alpine tree line in the Tararua Range
An alpine tree line is the highest elevation that sustains trees; higher up it is too cold, or the snow cover lasts for too much of the year to sustain trees.[2]:151 The climate above the tree line of mountains is called an alpine climate,[5]:21 and the terrain can be described as alpine tundra.[6] In the northern hemisphere treelines on north-facing slopes are lower than on south-facing slopes because the increased shade on north-facing slopes means the snowpack takes longer to melt. This shortens the growing season for trees.[7]:109 In the southern hemisphere, the south-facing slopes have the shorter growing season.
The alpine tree line boundary is seldom abrupt: it usually forms a transition zone between closed forest below and treeless alpine tundra above. This zone of transition occurs “near the top of the tallest peaks in the northeastern United States, high up on the giant volcanoes in central Mexico, and on mountains in each of the 11 western states and throughout much of Canada and Alaska”.[8] Environmentally dwarfed shrubs (krummholz) commonly forms the upper limit.
The decrease in air temperature due to increasing elevation causes the alpine climate. The rate of decrease can vary in different mountain chains, from 3.5 °F (1.9 °C) per 1,000 feet (300 m) of elevation gain in the dry mountains of the Western United States,[8] to 1.4 °F (0.78 °C) per 1,000 feet (300 m) in the moister mountains of the Eastern United States.[9] Skin effects and topography can create microclimates that alter the general cooling trend.[10]
Compared with arctic timberlines, alpine timberlines may receive fewer than half of the number of degree days (>10 °C) based on air temperature because solar radiation intensities are greater at alpine than at arctic timberlines. However, the number of degree days calculated from leaf temperatures may be very similar in the two kinds of timberlines.[8]
Summer warmth generally sets the limit to which tree growth can occur, for while timberline conifers are very frost-hardy during most of the year, they become sensitive to just 1 or 2 degrees of frost in mid-summer.[11][12] A series of warm summers in the 1940s seems to have permitted the establishment of “significant numbers” of spruce seedlings above the previous treeline in the hills near Fairbanks, Alaska.[13][14] Survival depends on a sufficiency of new growth to support the tree. The windiness of high-elevation sites is also a potent determinant of the distribution of tree growth. Wind can mechanically damage tree tissues directly, including blasting with wind-borne particles, and may also contribute to the desiccation of foliage, especially of shoots that project above snow cover.
At the alpine timberline, tree growth is inhibited when excessive snow lingers and shortens the growing season to the point where new growth would not have time to harden before the onset of fall frost. Moderate snowpack, however, may promote tree growth by insulating the trees from extreme cold during the winter, curtailing water loss,[15] and prolonging a supply of moisture through the early part of the growing season. However, snow accumulation in sheltered gullies in the Selkirk Mountains of southeastern British Columbia causes timberline to be 400 metres (1,300 ft) lower than on exposed intervening shoulders.[16]
Desert[edit]
In a desert, the tree line marks the driest places where trees can grow; drier desert areas having insufficient rainfall to sustain them. These tend to be called the "lower" tree line and occur below about 5,000 ft (1,500 m) elevation in the Desert of the Southwestern United States.[17] The desert treeline tends to be lower on pole-facing slopes than equator-facing slopes, because the increased shade on the former keeps those cooler and prevents moisture from evaporating as quickly, giving trees a longer growing season and more access to water.
Desert-alpine[edit]
In some mountainous areas, higher elevations above the condensation line or on equator-facing and leeward slopes can result in low rainfall and increased exposure to solar radiation. This dries out the soil, resulting in a localized arid environment unsuitable for trees. Many south-facing ridges of the mountains of the Western U.S. have a lower treeline than the northern faces because of increased sun exposure and aridity.
Double tree line[edit]
Different tree species have different tolerances to drought and cold. Mountain ranges isolated by oceans or deserts may have restricted repertoires of tree species with gaps that are above the alpine tree line for some species yet below the desert tree line for others. For example, several mountain ranges in the Great Basin of North America have lower belts of Pinyon Pines and Junipers separated by intermediate brushy but treeless zones from upper belts of Limber and Bristlecone Pines.[18]:37
Exposure[edit]
On coasts and isolated mountains the tree line is often much lower than in corresponding altitudes inland and in larger, more complex mountain systems, because strong winds reduce tree growth. In addition the lack of suitable soil, such as along talus slopes or exposed rock formations, prevents trees from gaining an adequate foothold and exposes them to drought and sun.
Arctic[edit]
Treeline on a mountain in the Canadian Arctic
The arctic tree line is the northernmost latitude in the Northern Hemisphere where trees can grow; farther north, it is too cold all year round to sustain trees.[19] Extremely cold temperatures, especially when prolonged, can freeze the internal sap of trees, killing them. In addition, permafrost in the soil can prevent trees from getting their roots deep enough for the necessary structural support.
Unlike alpine timberlines, the northern timberline occurs at low elevations. The arctic forest–tundra transition zone in northwestern Canada varies in width, perhaps averaging 145 kilometres (90 mi) and widening markedly from west to east,[20] in contrast with the telescoped alpine timberlines.[8] North of the arctic timberline lies the low-growing tundra, and southwards lies the boreal forest.
Two zones can be distinguished in the arctic timberline:[21][22] a forest–tundra zone of scattered patches of krummholz or stunted trees, with larger trees along rivers and on sheltered sites set in a matrix of tundra; and “open boreal forest” or “lichen woodland”, consisting of open groves of erect trees underlain by carpet of Cladonia spp. lichens.[21] The proportion of trees to lichen mat increases southwards towards the “forest line”, where trees cover 50 percent or more of the landscape.[8][23]
Antarctic[edit]
Further information: Antipodes Subantarctic Islands tundra and Tierra del Fuego
A southern treeline exists in the New Zealand Subantarctic Islands and the Australian Macquarie Island, with places where mean annual temperatures above 5 °C (41 °F) support trees and woody plants, and those below 5 °C (41 °F) don't.[24] Another treeline exists in the southwestern most parts of the Magellanic subpolar forests ecoregion, where the forest merges into the subantarctic tundra (termed Magellanic moorland or Magellanic tundra).[25] For example, the northern halves of Hoste and Navarino Islands have Nothofagus antarctica forests but the southern parts consist of moorlands and tundra.
Other tree lines[edit]
Several other reasons may cause the environment to be too extreme for trees to grow. This can include geothermal exposure associated with hot springs or volcanoes, such as at Yellowstone; high soil acidity near bogs; high salinity associated with playas or salt lakes; or ground that is saturated with groundwater that excludes oxygen from the soil, which most tree roots need for growth. The margins of muskegs and bogs are common examples of these types of open area. However, no such line exists for swamps, where trees, such as Bald cypress and the many mangrove species, have adapted to growing in permanently waterlogged soil. In some colder parts of the world there are tree lines around swamps, where there are no local tree species that can develop. There are also man-made pollution tree lines in weather-exposed areas, where new tree lines have developed because of the increased stress of pollution. Examples are found around Nikel in Russia and previously in the Erzgebirge.
Tree species near tree line[edit]
Severe winter climate conditions at alpine tree line causes stunted krummholz growth. Karkonosze, Poland.
Dahurian Larch growing close to the Arctic tree line in the Kolyma region, Arctic northeast Siberia.
Some typical Arctic and alpine tree line tree species (note the predominance of conifers):
Eurasia[edit]
Dahurian Larch (Larix gmelinii)
Macedonian Pine (Pinus peuce)
Swiss Pine (Pinus cembra)
Mountain Pine (Pinus mugo)
Arctic White Birch (Betula pubescens subsp. tortuosa)
Rowan[26] (Sorbus aucuparia)
North America[edit]
Subalpine Fir (Abies lasiocarpa)[7]:106
Subalpine Larch (Larix lyallii)[27]
Engelmann Spruce (Picea engelmannii)[7]:106
Whitebark Pine (Pinus albicaulis)[27]
Great Basin Bristlecone Pine (Pinus longaeva)
Rocky Mountains Bristlecone Pine (Pinus aristata)
Foxtail Pine (Pinus balfouriana)
Limber Pine (Pinus flexilis)
Potosi Pinyon (Pinus culminicola)
Black spruce (Picea mariana)[1]:53
White spruce (Picea glauca)
Tamarack Larch (Larix laricina)
Hartweg's Pine (Pinus hartwegii)
South America[edit]
View of a Magellanic Lenga forest close to the tree line in Torres del Paine National Park, Chile.
Antarctic Beech (Nothofagus antarctica)
Lenga Beech (Nothofagus pumilio)[28]
Alder (Alnus acuminata)
Pino del cerro (Podocarpus parlatorei)
Polylepis (Polylepis tarapacana)
Australia[edit]
Snow Gum (Eucalyptus pauciflora)
Worldwide distribution[edit]
Alpine tree lines[edit]
The alpine tree line at a location is dependent on local variables, such as aspect of slope, rain shadow and proximity to either geographical pole. In addition, in some tropical or island localities, the lack of biogeographical access to species that have evolved in a subalpine environment can result in lower tree lines than one might expect by climate alone.
Averaging over many locations and local microclimates, the treeline rises 75 metres (245 ft) when moving 1 degree south from 70 to 50°N, and 130 metres (430 ft) per degree from 50 to 30°N. Between 30°N and 20°S, the treeline is roughly constant, between 3,500 and 4,000 metres (11,500 and 13,100 ft).[29]
Here is a list of approximate tree lines from locations around the globe:
Location
Approx. latitude
Approx. elevation of tree line
Notes
(m)
(ft)
Finnmarksvidda, Norway 69°N 500 1,600 At 71°N, near the coast, the tree-line is below sea level (Arctic tree line).
Abisko, Sweden 68°N 650 2,100 [29]
Chugach Mountains, Alaska 61°N 700 2,300 Tree line around 1,500 feet (460 m) or lower in coastal areas
Southern Norway 61°N 1,100 3,600 Much lower near the coast, down to 500–600 metres (1,600–2,000 ft).
Scotland 57°N 500 1,600 Strong maritime influence serves to cool summer and restrict tree growth[30]:85
Northern Quebec 56°N 0 0 The cold Labrador Current originating in the arctic makes Eastern Canada the sea-level region with the most southern tree-line in the northern hemisphere.
Southern Urals 55°N 1,100 3,600
Canadian Rockies 51°N 2,400 7,900
Tatra Mountains 49°N 1,600 5,200
Olympic Mountains WA, United States 47°N 1,500 4,900 Heavy winter snowpack buries young trees until late summer
Swiss Alps 47°N 2,200 7,200 [31]
Mount Katahdin, Maine, United States 46°N 1,150 3,800
Eastern Alps, Austria, Italy 46°N 1,750 5,700 More exposure to cold Russian winds than Western Alps
Sikhote-Alin, Russia 46°N 1,600 5,200 [32]
Alps of Piedmont, Northwestern Italy 45°N 2,100 6,900
New Hampshire, United States 44°N 1,350 4,400 [33] Some peaks have even lower treelines because of fire and subsequent loss of soil, such as Grand Monadnock and Mount Chocorua.
Wyoming, United States 43°N 3,000 9,800
Rila and Pirin Mountains, Bulgaria 42°N 2,300 7,500 Up to 2,600 m (8,500 ft) on favorable locations. Mountain Pine is the most common tree line species.
Pyrenees Spain, France, Andorra 42°N 2,300 7,500 Mountain Pine is the tree line species
Wasatch Mountains, Utah, United States 40°N 2,900 9,500 Higher (nearly 11,000 feet or 3,400 metres in the Uintas)
Rocky Mountain NP, CO, United States 40°N 3,550 11,600 [29] On warm southwest slopes
3,250 10,700 On northeast slopes
Japanese Alps 36°N 2,900 9,500
Yosemite, CA, United States 38°N 3,200 10,500 [34] West side of Sierra Nevada
3,600 11,800 [34] East side of Sierra Nevada
Sierra Nevada, Spain 37°N 2,400 7,900 Precipitation low in summer
Khumbu, Himalaya 28°N 4,200 13,800 [29]
Yushan, Taiwan 23°N 3,600 11,800 [35] Strong winds and poor soil restrict further grow of trees.
Hawaii, United States 20°N 3,000 9,800 [29] Geographic isolation and no local tree species with high tolerance to cold temperatures.
Pico de Orizaba, Mexico 19°N 4,000 13,100 [31]
Costa Rica 9.5°N 3,400 11,200
Mount Kinabalu, Borneo 6.1°N 3,400 11,200 [36]
Mount Kilimanjaro, Tanzania 3°S 3,100 10,200 [29] Upper limit of forest trees; woody ericaeous scrub grows up to 3900m
New Guinea 6°S 3,850 12,600 [29]
Andes, Peru 11°S 3,900 12,800 East side; on west side tree growth is restricted by dryness
Andes, Bolivia 18°S 5,200 17,100 Western Cordillera; highest treeline in the world on the slopes of Sajama Volcano (Polylepis tarapacana)
4,100 13,500 Eastern Cordillera; treeline is lower because of lower solar radiation (more humid climate)
Sierra de Córdoba, Argentina 31°S 2,000 6,600 Precipitation low above trade winds, also high exposure
Australian Alps, Australia 36°S 2,000 6,600 West side of Australian Alps
1,700 5,600 East side of Australian Alps
Andes, Laguna del Laja, Chile 37°S 1,600 5,200 Temperature rather than precipitation restricts tree growth[37]
Mount Taranaki, North Island, New Zealand 39°S 1,500 4,900 Strong maritime influence serves to cool summer and restrict tree growth
Tasmania, Australia 41°S 1,200 3,900 Cold winters, strong cold winds and cool summers with occasional summer snow restrict tree growth[citation needed]
Fiordland, South Island, New Zealand 45°S 950 3,100 Cold winters, strong cold winds and cool summers with occasional summer snow restrict tree growth[citation needed]
Torres del Paine, Chile 51°S 950 3,100 Strong influence from the Southern Patagonian Ice Field serves to cool summer and restrict tree growth[38]
Navarino Island, Chile 55°S 600 2,000 Strong maritime influence serves to cool summer and restrict tree growth[38]
Arctic tree lines[edit]
Like the alpine tree lines shown above, polar tree lines are heavily influenced by local variables such as aspect of slope and degree of shelter. In addition, permafrost has a major impact on the ability of trees to place roots into the ground. When roots are too shallow, trees are susceptible to windthrow and erosion. Trees can often grow in river valleys at latitudes where they could not grow on a more exposed site. Maritime influences such as ocean currents also play a major role in determining how far from the equator trees can grow as well as the warm summers experienced in extreme continental climates. In northern inland Scandinavia there is substantial maritime influence on high parallels that keep winters relatively mild, but enough inland effect to have summers well above the threshold for the tree line. Here are some typical polar treelines:
Location
Approx. longitude
Approx. latitude of tree line
Notes
Norway 24°E 70°N The North Atlantic current makes Arctic climates in this region warmer than other coastal locations at comparable latitude. In particular the mildness of winters prevents permafrost.
West Siberian Plain 75°E 66°N
Central Siberian Plateau 102°E 72°N Extreme continental climate means the summer is warm enough to allow tree growth at higher latitudes, extending to northernmost forests of the world at 72°28'N at Ary-Mas (102° 15' E) in the Novaya River valley, a tributary of the Khatanga River and the more northern Lukunsky grove at 72°31'N, 105° 03' E east from Khatanga River.
Russian Far East (Kamchatka and Chukotka) 160°E 60°N The Oyashio Current and strong winds affect summer temperatures to prevent tree growth. The Aleutian Islands are almost completely treeless.
Alaska 152°W 68°N Trees grow north to the south facing slopes of the Brooks Range. The mountains block cold air coming off of the Arctic Ocean.
Northwest Territories, Canada 132°W 69°N Reaches north of the Arctic Circle because of the continental nature of the climate and warmer summer temperatures.
Nunavut 95°W 61°N Influence of the very cold Hudson Bay moves the treeline southwards.
Labrador Peninsula 72°W 56°N Very strong influence of the Labrador Current on summer temperatures as well as altitude effects (much of Labrador is a plateau). In parts of Labrador, the treeline extends as far south as 53°N.
Greenland 50°W 64°N Determined by experimental tree planting in the absence of native trees because of isolation from natural seed sources; a very few trees are surviving, but growing slowly, at Søndre Strømfjord, 67°N. There is one natural forest in the Qinngua Valley.
Antarctic tree lines[edit]
Trees exist on Tierra del Fuego (55°S) at the southern end of South America, but generally not on subantarctic islands and not in Antarctica. Therefore, there is no explicit Antarctic tree line.
Kerguelen Island (49°S), South Georgia (54°S), and other subantarctic islands are all so heavily wind exposed and with a too cold summer climate (tundra) that none have any indigenous tree species. The Falkland Islands (51°S) summer temperature is near the limit, but the islands are also treeless although some planted trees exist.
Antarctic Peninsula is the northernmost point in Antarctica (63°S) and has the mildest weather. It is located 1,080 kilometres (670 mi) from Cape Horn on Tierra del Fuego. But no trees live in Antarctica. In fact, only a few species of grass, mosses, and lichens survive on the peninsula. In addition, no trees survive on any of the subantarctic islands near the peninsula.
Trees growing along the north shore of the Beagle Channel, 55°S.
Southern Rata forests exist on Enderby Island and Auckland Islands (both 50°S) and these grow up to an elevation of 370 metres (1,200 ft) in sheltered valleys. These trees seldom grow above 3 m (9.8 ft) in height and they get smaller as one gains altitude, so that by 180 m (600 ft) they are waist high. These islands have only 600 – 800 hours of sun annually. Campbell Island (52°S) further south is treeless, except for one stunted pine, planted by scientists. The climate on these islands is not severe, but tree growth is limited by almost continual rain and wind. Summers are very cold with an average January temperature of 9 °C (48 °F). Winters are mild 5 °C (41 °F) but wet. Macquarie Island (Australia) is located at 54°S and has no vegetation beyond snow grass and alpine grasses and mosses.[citation needed]
Long term monitoring of alpine treelines[edit]
There are several monitoring protocols developed for long term monitoring of alpine biodiversity. One such network which is developed on the line of Global Observation Research Initiative in Alpine Environments (GLORIA), in India HIMADRI.
See also[edit]
Look up tree line in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Trees portal
Ecotone: a transition between two adjacent ecological communities
Edge effects: the effect of contrasting environments on an ecosystem
Massenerhebung effect
Snow line
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Elliott-Fisk, D.L. (2000). "The Taiga and Boreal Forest". In Barbour, M.G.; Billings, M.D. North American Terrestrial Vegetation (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-55986-7.
^ Jump up to: a b Jørgensen, S.E. (2009). Ecosystem Ecology. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-444-53466-8.
Jump up ^ Körner, C.; Riedl, S. (2012). Alpine Treelines: Functional Ecology of the Global High Elevation Tree Limits. Springer. ISBN 9783034803960.
^ Jump up to: a b Zwinger, A.; Willard, B. E. (1996). Land Above the Trees: A Guide to American Alpine Tundra. Big Earth Publishing. ISBN 1-55566-171-8.
Jump up ^ Körner, C (2003). Alpine plant life: functional plant ecology of high mountain ecosystems. Springer. ISBN 3-540-00347-9.
Jump up ^ "Alpine Tundra Ecosystem". Rocky Mountain National Park. National Park Service. Retrieved 2011-05-13.
^ Jump up to: a b c Peet, R.K. (2000). "Forests and Meadows of the Rocky Mountains". In Barbour, M.G.; Billings, M.D. North American Terrestrial Vegetation (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-55986-7.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Arno, S.F. (1984). Timberline: Mountain and Arctic Forest Frontiers. Seattle, WA: The Mountaineers. ISBN 0-89886-085-7.
Jump up ^ Baker, F.S. (1944). "Mountain climates of the western United States". Ecol. Monogr. 14 (2): 223–254. doi:10.2307/1943534. JSTOR 1943534.
Jump up ^ Geiger, R. (1950). The Climate near the Ground. Harvard Univ. Press. Cambridge MA.
Jump up ^ Tranquillini, W. (1979). Physiological Ecology of the Alpine Timberline: tree existence at high altitudes with special reference to the European Alps. New York NY: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 3642671071.
Jump up ^ Coates, K.D.; Haeussler, S.; Lindeburgh, S; Pojar, R.; Stock, A.J. (1994). Ecology and silviculture of interior spruce in British Columbia. OCLC 66824523.
Jump up ^ Viereck, L.A. (1979). "Characteristics of treeline plant communities in Alaska". Holarctic Ecol. 2: 228–238. JSTOR 3682417.
Jump up ^ Viereck, L.A.; Van Cleve, K.; Dyrness, C.T (1986). "Forest ecosystem distribution in the taiga environment". In Van Cleve, K.; Chapin, F.S.; Flanagan, P.W.; Viereck, L.A.; Dyrness, C.T. Forest Ecosystems in the Alaskan Taiga. New York NY: Springer-Verlag. pp. 22–43. doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-4902-3_3. ISBN 1461249023.
Jump up ^ Sowell, J.B.; McNulty, S.P.; Schilling, B.K. (1996). "The role of stem recharge in reducing the winter desiccation of Picea engelmannii (Pinaceae) needles at alpine timberline". Am. J. Bot. 83 (10): 1351–1355. doi:10.2307/2446122. JSTOR 2446122.
Jump up ^ Shaw, C.H. (1909). "The causes of timberline on mountains: the role of snow". Plant World. 12: 169–181.
Jump up ^ Bradley, Raymond S. (1999). Paleoclimatology: reconstructing climates of the Quaternary. 68. Academic Press. p. 344. ISBN 0123869951.
Jump up ^ Baldwin, B.G. (2002). The Jepson desert manual: vascular plants of southeastern California. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-22775-1.
Jump up ^ Pienitz, Reinhard; Douglas, Marianne S. V.; Smol, John P. (2004). Long-term environmental change in Arctic and Antarctic lakes. Springer. p. 102. ISBN 1402021267.
Jump up ^ Timoney, K.P.; La Roi, G.H.; Zoltai, S.C.; Robinson, A.L. (1992). "The high subarctic forest–tundra of northwestern Canada: position, width, and vegetation gradients in relation to climate". Arctic. 45: 1–9. doi:10.14430/arctic1367. JSTOR 40511186.
^ Jump up to: a b Löve, Dd (1970). "Subarctic and subalpine: where and what?". Arctic and Alpine Res. 2: 63–73. doi:10.2307/1550141. JSTOR 1550141.
Jump up ^ Hare, F.K.; Ritchie, J (1972). "The boreal bioclimates". Geogr. Rev. 62 (3): 333–365. doi:10.2307/213287. JSTOR 213287.
Jump up ^ R.A., Black; Bliss, L.C. (1978). "Recovery sequence of Picea mariana–Vaccinium uliginosum forests after burning near Inuvik, Northwest Territories, Canada". Can. J. Bot. 56 (6): 2020–2030. doi:10.1139/b78-243.
Jump up ^ "Antipodes Subantarctic Islands tundra". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund.
Jump up ^ "Magellanic subpolar Nothofagus forests". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund.
Jump up ^ Chalupa, V. (1992). "Micropropagation of European Mountain Ash (Sorbus aucuparia L.) and Wild Service Tree [Sorbus torminalis (L.) Cr.]". In Bajaj, Y.P.S. High-Tech and Micropropagation II. Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry. 18. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 211–226. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-76422-6_11. ISBN 978-3-642-76424-0.
^ Jump up to: a b "Treeline". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 2011-10-21. Retrieved 2011-06-22.
Jump up ^ Fajardo, A; Piper, FI; Cavieres, LA (2011). "Distinguishing local from global climate influences in the variation of carbon status with altitude in a tree line species". Global ecology and biogeography. 20 (2): 307–318. doi:10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00598.x.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Körner, Ch (1998). "A re-assessment of high elevation treeline positions and their explanation" (PDF). Oecologia. 115 (4): 445–459. Bibcode:1998Oecol.115..445K. doi:10.1007/s004420050540.
Jump up ^ "Action For Scotland's Biodiversity" (PDF).
^ Jump up to: a b Körner, Ch. "High Elevation Treeline Research". Archived from the original on 2011-05-14. Retrieved 2010-06-14.
Jump up ^ "Physiogeography of the Russian Far East".
Jump up ^ "Mount Washington State Park". New Hampshire State Parks. Archived from the original on 2013-04-03. Retrieved 2013-08-22. Tree line, the elevation above which trees do not grow, is about 4,400 feet in the White Mountains, nearly 2,000 feet below the summit of Mt. Washington.
^ Jump up to: a b Schoenherr, Allan A. (1995). A Natural History of California. UC Press. ISBN 0-520-06922-6.
Jump up ^ "台灣地帶性植被之區劃與植物區系之分區" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-11-29.
Jump up ^ "Mount Kinabalu National Park". www.ecologyasia.com. Ecology Asia. 4 September 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2016.
Jump up ^ Lara, Antonio; Villalba, Ricardo; Wolodarsky-Franke, Alexia; Aravena, Juan Carlos; Luckman, Brian H.; Cuq, Emilio (2005). "Spatial and temporal variation in Nothofagus pumilio growth at tree line along its latitudinal range (35°40′–55° S) in the Chilean Andes" (PDF). Journal of Biogeography. 32 (5): 879–893. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2005.01191.x.
^ Jump up to: a b Aravena, Juan C.; Lara, Antonio; Wolodarsky-Franke, Alexia; Villalba, Ricardo; Cuq, Emilio (2002). "Tree-ring growth patterns and temperature reconstruction from Nothofagus pumilio (Fagaceae) forests at the upper tree line of southern, Chilean Patagonia". Revista Chilena de Historia Natural. Santiago. 75 (2). doi:10.4067/S0716-078X2002000200008.
Further reading[edit]
Arno, S.F.; Hammerly, R.P. (1984). Timberline. Mountain and Arctic Forest Frontiers. Seattle: The Mountaineers. ISBN 0-89886-085-7.
Beringer, Jason; Tapper, Nigel J.; McHugh, Ian; Chapin, F. S., III; et al. (2001). "Impact of Arctic treeline on synoptic climate". Geophysical Research Letters. 28 (22): 4247–4250. Bibcode:2001GeoRL..28.4247B. doi:10.1029/2001GL012914.
Ødum, S (1979). "Actual and potential tree line in the North Atlantic region, especially in Greenland and the Faroes". Holarctic Ecology. 2 (4): 222–227. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0587.1979.tb01293.x.
Ødum, S (1991). "Choice of species and origins for arboriculture in Greenland and the Faroe Islands". Dansk Dendrologisk Årsskrift. 9: 3–78.
Singh, C.P.; Panigrahy, S.; Parihar, J.S.; Dharaiya, N. (2013). "Modeling environmental niche of Himalayan birch and remote sensing based vicarious validation" (PDF). Tropical Ecology. 54 (3): 321–329.
Singh, C.P.; Panigrahy, S.; Thapliyal, A.; Kimothi, M.M.; Soni, P.; Parihar, J.S. (2012). "Monitoring the alpine treeline shift in parts of the Indian Himalayas using remote sensing" (PDF). Current Science. 102 (4): 559–562. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-05-16.
Panigrahy, S.; Singh, C.P.; Kimothi, M.M.; Soni, P.; Parihar, J.S. (2010). "The Upward migration of alpine vegetation as an indicator of climate change: observations for Indian Himalayan region using remote sensing data" (PDF). Nnrms(B). 35: 73–80. Archived from the original on November 24, 2011. CS1 maint: Unfit url (link)
Singh, C.P. (2008). "Alpine ecosystems in relation to climate change". ISG Newsletter. 14: 54–57.
Ameztegui, A; Coll, L; Brotons, L; Ninot, JM (2016). "Land-use legacies rather than climate change are driving the recent upward shift of the mountain tree line in the Pyrenees" (PDF). Global Ecology and Biogeography. 25 (3): 263. doi:10.1111/geb.12407.
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