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Population pyramid
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This distribution is named for the frequently pyramidal shape of its graph.
A population pyramid, also called an "age-sex pyramid", is a graphical illustration that shows the distribution of various age groups in a population (typically that of a country or region of the world), which forms the shape of a pyramid when the population is growing.[1] This tool can be used to visualize and age of a particular population.[2] It is also used in ecology to determine the overall age distribution of a population; an indication of the reproductive capabilities and likelihood of the continuation of a species.
Population pyramids often contain continuous stacked-histogram bars, making it a horizontal bar diagram. The population size is depicted on the x-axis (horizontal) while the age-groups are represented on the y-axis (vertical).[3] The size of the population can either be measured as a percentage of the total population or by raw number. Males are conventionally shown on the left and females on the right. Population pyramids are often viewed as the most effective way to graphically depict the age and distribution of a population, partly because of the very clear image these pyramids represent.[4] A great deal of information about the population broken down by age and sex can be read from a population pyramid, and this can shed light on the extent of development and other aspects of the population.
The measures of central tendency, mean, median, and mode, should be considered when assessing a population pyramid. since the data is not completely accurate. For example, the average age could be used to determine the type of population in a particular region. A population with an average age of 15 would have a young population compared to a population that has an average age of 55, which would be considered an older population. It is also important to consider these measures because the collected data is not completely accurate. The mid-year population is often used in calculations to account for the number of births and deaths that occur.
A population pyramid gives a clear picture of how a country transitions from high fertility to low fertility rate. The broad base of the pyramid means the majority of population lies between ages 0–14, which tells us that the fertility rate of the country is high and above population sub-replacement fertility level. The older population is declining over time due to a shorter life expectancy of sixty years.[5] However, there are still more females than males in these ranges since women have a longer life expectancy. As reported by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, women tend to live longer than men because women do not partake in risky behaviors. Also, Weeks' Population: an Introduction to Concepts and Issues, considered that the sex ratio gap for the older ages will shrink due to women's health declining due to the effects of smoking, as suggested by the United Nations and U.S. Census Bureau. Moreover, it can also reveal the age-dependency ratio of a population. Populations with a big base, young population, or a big top, an older population, shows that there is a higher dependency ratio. The dependency ratio refers to how many people are dependent on the working class (ages 15–64). According to Weeks' Population: an Introduction to Concepts and Issues, population pyramids can be used to predict the future, known as a population forecast. Population momentum, when a population's birth rates continue to increase even after replacement level has been reached, can even be predicted if a population has a low mortality rate since the population will continue to grow. This then brings up the term doubling time, which is used to predict when the population will double in size. Lastly, a population pyramid can even give insight on the economic status of a country from the age stratification since the distribution of supplies are not evenly distributed through a population.
In the demographic transition model, the size and shape of population pyramids vary. In stage one of the demographic transition model, the pyramids have the most defined shape. They have the ideal big base and skinny top. In stage two, the pyramid looks similar, but starts to widen in the middle age groups. In stage three, the pyramids start to round out and look similar in shape to a tombstone. In stage four, there is a decrease in the younger age groups. This causes the base of the widened pyramid to narrow. Lastly, in stage five, the pyramid starts to take on the shape of a kite as the base continues to decrease. The shape of the population is dependent upon what the economy is like in the country. More developed countries can be found in stages three four and five while the least developed countries have a population represented by the pyramids in stages one and two.
Contents
1 Types
2 Youth bulge phenomenon
2.1 Middle East and North Africa
3 See also
4 References
5 Further reading
6 External links
Types[edit]
Each country will have different or unique population pyramids. However, most population pyramids will be defined as the following: Stationary, expansive, or constrictive. These types have been identified by the fertility and mortality rates of a country.[6]
"Stationary" pyramid
A pyramid can be described as stationary if the percentages of population (age and sex) remains constant over time.[7] Stationary population is when a population contains equal birth rates and death rates[7]
"Expansive" pyramid
A population pyramid that is very wide at the younger ages, characteristic of countries with high birth rate and low life expectancy.[6] The population is said to be fast-growing, and the size of each birth cohort gets larger than the size of the previous year.[8]
"Constrictive" pyramid
A population pyramid that is narrowed at the bottom. The population is generally older on average, as the country has long life expectancy, a low death rate, but also a low birth rate.[6] However, the percentage of younger population are extremely low, this can cause issues with dependency ratio of the population.[8] This pyramid is more common when immigrants are factored out. This is a typical pattern for a very developed country, a high level of education, easy access to and incentive to use birth control, good health care, and few negative environmental factors.[9]
Youth bulge phenomenon[edit]
See also: Baby boom and List of countries by median age
Median age by country. A youth bulge is evident for Africa, and to a lesser extent for West Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia and Central America.
A world map showing countries by fertility rate, according to the CIA World Factbook's 2015 data.
7-8 Children
6-7 Children
5-6 Children
4-5 Children
3-4 Children
2-3 Children
1-2 Children
0-1 Children
Gary Fuller (1995) described Youth bulge as a type of expansive pyramid. Gunnar Heinsohn (2003) argues that an excess in especially young adult male population predictably leads to social unrest, war and terrorism, as the "third and fourth sons" that find no prestigious positions in their existing societies rationalize their impetus to compete by religion or political ideology.
Heinsohn claims that most historical periods of social unrest lacking external triggers (such as rapid climatic changes or other catastrophic changes of the environment) and most genocides can be readily explained as a result of a built-up youth bulge, including European colonialism, 20th-century fascism, rise of Communism during the Cold War, and ongoing conflicts such as that in Darfur and terrorism.[10] This factor has been also used to account for the Arab Spring events.[11] Economic recessions, such as the Great Depression of the 1930s and the Late 2000's recession, are also claimed to be explained in part due to a large youth population who cannot find jobs.[11] Youth bulge can be seen as one factor among many in explaining social unrest and uprisings in society.[12] A 2016 study finds that youth bulges increases the chances of non-ethnic civil wars, but not ethnic civil wars.[13]
A large population of adolescents entering the labor force and electorate strains at the seams of the economy and polity, which were designed for smaller populations. This creates unemployment and alienation unless new opportunities are created quickly enough – in which case a 'demographic dividend' accrues because productive workers outweigh young and elderly dependents. Yet the 16–30 age range is associated with risk-taking, especially among males. In general, youth bulges in developing countries are associated with higher unemployment and, as a result, a heightened risk of violence and political instability.[14][15] For Cincotta and Doces (2011), the transition to more mature age structures is almost a sine qua non for democratization.[16]
To reverse the effects of youth bulges, specific policies such as creating more jobs, improving family planning programs, and reducing over all infant mortality rates should be a priority.[17]
Population pyramid of Egypt in 2005. Many of those 30 and younger are educated citizens who are experiencing difficulty finding work.
Nearly half of Libya's 2011 population consists of children younger than age 20.
Middle East and North Africa[edit]
Further information: Demographic trap
The Middle East and North Africa are currently experiencing a prominent youth bulge. "Across the Middle East, countries have experienced a pronounced increase in the size of their youth populations over recent decades, both in total numbers and as a percentage of the total population. Today, the nearly 111 million individuals aging between 15 to 29 living across the region make up nearly 27 percent of the region’s population." [18] Structural changes in service provision, especially health care, beginning in the 1960s created the conditions for a demographic explosion, which has resulted in a population consisting primarily of younger people. It is estimated that around 65% of the regional population is under the age of 30.[19]
The Middle East has invested more in education, including religious education, than most other regions such that education is available to most children.[20] However, that education has not led to higher levels of employment, and youth unemployment is currently at 25%, the highest of any single region.[21] Of this 25%, over half are first time entrants into the job market.[20]
The youth bulge in the Middle East and North Africa has been favorably compared to that of East Asia, which harnessed this human capital and saw huge economic growth in recent decades.[22] The youth bulge has been referred to by the Middle East Youth Initiative as a demographic gift, which, if engaged, could fuel regional economic growth and development.[23] "While the growth of the youth population imposes supply pressures on education systems and labor markets, it also means that a growing share of the overall population is made up of those considered to be of working age; and thus not dependent on the economic activity of others. In turn, this declining dependency ratio can have a positive impact on overall economic growth, creating a demographic dividend. The ability of a particular economy to harness this dividend, however, is dependent on its ability to ensure the deployment of this growing working-age population towards productive economic activity, and to create the jobs necessary for the growing labor force." [18]
See also[edit]
Age class structure
Baby boom
Demographic analysis
Demographic transition
List of countries by median age
Middle East Youth Initiative
Overpopulation
Political demography
Population
Population growth
Sex ratio
Waithood
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Population Pyramids of the World from 1950 to 2100". PopulationPyramid.net. Retrieved 21 April 2018.
Jump up ^ Weeks, John (2001). Population An introduction to concepts and issues. Wadsworth. p. 307.
Jump up ^ "population pyramid | sociology". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2017-03-29.
Jump up ^ Department of Health Home Archived 2009-08-30 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "From Population Pyramids to Pillars". www.prb.org. Retrieved 2017-03-29.
^ Jump up to: a b c Population Pyramids - Oregon State University
^ Jump up to: a b Weeks, John (2011). Population An Introduction to concepts and issues. Wadsworth. p. 309. ISBN 978-1305094505.
^ Jump up to: a b Korenjak-Cˇ erne, Kejžar, Batagelj (2008). "Clustering of Population Pyramids". Informatica. 32. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Boucher, Lauren (10 March 2016). "What are the different types of population pyramids?". https://www.populationeducation.org/content/what-are-different-types-population-pyramids. Retrieved 29 March 2017. External link in |website= (help)
Jump up ^ "Why a two-state solution doesn't guarantee peace in the Middle East". Washington Examiner. Retrieved 2017-04-05.
^ Jump up to: a b Korotayev A. et al.A Trap At The Escape From The Trap? Demographic-Structural Factors of Political Instability in Modern Africa and West Asia. Cliodynamics 2/2 (2011): 1-28.
Jump up ^ "The Effects of 'Youth Bulge' on Civil Conflicts". Retrieved 21 April 2018.
Jump up ^ Yair, Omer; Miodownik, Dan (2016-02-01). "Youth bulge and civil war: Why a country's share of young adults explains only non-ethnic wars". Conflict Management and Peace Science. 33 (1): 25–44. doi:10.1177/0738894214544613. ISSN 0738-8942.
Jump up ^ Huntington, Samuel P. 1996. The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster
Jump up ^ Urdal, Henrik. 2006. "A Clash of Generations? Youth Bulges and Political Violence." International Studies Quarterly 50:607-29 doi:10.1111/j.1468-2478.2006.00416.x
Jump up ^ Cincotta, Richard, and John Doces. 2011. "The Age-structural Maturity Thesis: The Youth Bulge's Influence on the Advent and Stability of Liberal Democracy?" In Political Demography: identity, conflict and institutions ed. J. A. Goldstone, E. Kaufmann and M. Toft. Boulder, CO: Paradigm Press
Jump up ^ "The Effects of 'Youth Bulge' on Civil Conflicts". Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 2017-04-05.
^ Jump up to: a b Hassan, Islam; Dyer, Paul (2017). "The State of Middle Eastern Youth" (PDF). The Muslim World. 107 (1): 3–12.
Jump up ^ "Middle East Youth Initiative". Middle East Youth Initiative. Retrieved 21 April 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Middle East Youth Initiative". Middle East Youth Initiative. Retrieved 21 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Middle East Youth Initiative". Middle East Youth Initiative. Retrieved 21 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Youth – An Undervalued Asset: Towards a New Agenda in the Middle East and North Africa, Progress, Challenges and Way Forward," Middle East and North Africa Region Human Development Department (MNSHD), The World Bank, 2007" (PDF). Retrieved 27 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Middle East Youth Initiative: About: Why Shabab?". Retrieved 27 October 2011.
Further reading[edit]
Gary Fuller, "The Youth Crisis in Middle Eastern Society" (2004) download
Gary Fuller, The Demographic Backdrop to Ethnic Conflict: A Geographic Overview, was born in 1989 and was produced by Edward Gewin: The Challenge of Ethnic Conflict to National and International Order in the 1990s, Washington: CIA (RTT 95-10039, October), 151-154.
Heinsohn, Gunnar (2003). Söhne und Weltmacht : Terror im Aufstieg und Fall der Nationen (in German). Zürich: Orell Füssli. ISBN 3-280-06008-7.
Navtej Dhillon, "Middle East Youth Bulge: Challenge or Opportunity?" (2008) The Brookings Institution
"From Oil Boom to Youth Boon: Tapping the Middle East Demographic Gift" (2008) The Brookings Institution
Graham Fuller, "The Youth Factor: The New Demographics of the Middle East and the Implications for U.S. Policy" (2003) The Brookings Institution
The Security Demographic: Population and Civil Conflict after the Cold War
The "Youth Bulge" (zmag.org)
The Shape of Things to Come, Why Age Structure Matters To A Safer, More Equitable World
Political Demography: identity, conflict and institutions ed. J. A. Goldstone, E. Kaufmann and M. Toft. Boulder, CO: Paradigm Press
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Population pyramids.
World Population Prospects, the 2010 Revision, Website of the United Nations Population Division with population pyramids for all countries
U.S. Census Bureau, International Statistical Agencies
U.S. Census Bureau, International Database (IDB)
United Nations Data Set Population pyramids from 1950 to 2050
Australian animated population pyramids, Australian Bureau of Statistics
Interactive population pyramids of metropolitan France 1901-2060 (INSEE)
China, Europe, USA: Population by Age and Sex, 1950-2050. Moving Age pyramids.
Population pyramids of all countries
A discussion on population pyramids as a data visualization tool
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Additional References:
US Census Bureau, Demographic Internet Staff. “International Programs, International Data Base.” Information Gateway - U.S. Census Bureau, 27 June 2011, www.census.gov/data-tools/demo/idb/informationGateway.php.
“Population Pyramids of the World from 1950 to 2100.” PopulationPyramid.net, www.populationpyramid.net/world/2016/.
DataFinder | U.S. and World Data by The Population Reference Bureau, www.prb.org/DataFinder.aspx.
“Databases.” United Nations, United Nations, www.un.org/en/databases/index.html.
Boucher, Lauren. “What Are the Different Types of Population Pyramids?” Population Education, 11 Mar. 2018, populationeducation.org/what-are-different-types-population-pyramids.
Weeks, John Robert. Population: an Introduction to Concepts and Issues. Cengage Learning, 2016.
Zarulli, Virginia, et al. “Women Live Longer than Men Even during Severe Famines and Epidemics.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Sciences, 3 Jan. 2018, www.pnas.org/content/early/2018/01/03/1701535115.
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Independence Day (India)
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"Fifteenth of August" redirects here. For other uses, see 15 August.
Independence Day of India
The national flag of India hoisted on the Red Fort in Delhi; hoisted flag is a common sight on public and private buildings on Independence Day.
Observed by
India
Type
National
Significance
Commemorates the independence of India
Celebrations
Flag Hoisting, parade, fireworks, Singing Patriotic Songs and the national anthem, Speech by the Prime Minister and President of India
Date
15 August
Next time
15 August 2018 (2018-08-15)
Frequency
Annual
Part of a series on the
History of India
Ancient[show]
Madrasian Culture
Soanian, c. 500,000 BCE
Neolithic, c. 7600 – c. 3300 BCE
Bhirrana 7570 - 6200 BCE
Indus Valley Civilization, c. 3300 – c. 1700 BCE
Post Indus Valley Period, c. 1700 – c. 1500 BCE
Vedic Civilization, c. 1500 – c. 500 BCE
Early Vedic Period
Rise of Śramaṇa movement
Later Vedic Period
Spread of Jainism - Parshvanatha
Spread of Jainism - Mahavira
Rise of Buddhism
Mahajanapadas, c. 500 – c. 345 BCE
Nanda Dynasty, c. 345 – c. 322 BCE
Classical[show]
Maurya Dynasty, c. 322 – c. 185 BCE
Shunga Dynasty, c. 185 – c. 75 BCE
Kanva Dynasty, c. 75 – c. 30 BCE
Kushan Dynasty, c. 30 – c. 230 CE
Satavahana Dynasty, c. 30 BCE – c. 220 CE
Gupta Dynasty, c. 200 – c. 550 CE
Early Medieval[show]
Chalukya Dynasty, c. 543 – c. 753 CE
Harsha's Dynasty, c. 606 CE – c. 647 CE
Karakota Dynasty, c. 724 – c. 760 CE
Arab Invasion, c. 738 CE
Tripartite Struggle, c. 760 – c. 973 CE
Gurjara-Pratihara Dynasty
Rastrakuta Dynasty
Pala Dynasty
Chola Dynasty, c. 848 – c. 1251 CE
2nd Chalukya Dynasty, c. 973 – c. 1187 CE
Late Medieval[show]
Delhi Sultanate, c. 1206 – c. 1526 CE
Slave Dynasty
Khalji Dynasty
Tugluq Dynasty
Sayyid Dynasty
Lodhi Dynasty
Pandyan Dynasty, c. 1251 – c. 1323 CE
Vijayanagara, c. 1336 – c. 1646 CE
Bengal Sultanate, c. 1342 – c. 1576 CE
Early Modern[show]
Mughal Dynasty, c. 1526 – c. 1540 CE
Suri Dynasty, c. 1540 – c. 1556 CE
Mughal Dynasty, c. 1556 – c. 1857 CE
Bengal Subah, c. 1576 – c. 1757 CE
Maratha Empire, c. 1674 – c. 1818 CE
Company Raj, c. 1757 – c. 1858 CE
Kingdom of Mysore, c. 1760 – c. 1799 CE
Sikh Empire, c. 1799 – c. 1849 CE
Modern[show]
The Great Rebellion, c. 1857 – c. 1858 CE
British Raj, c. 1858 – c. 1947 CE
Independence Movement
Independent India, c. 1947 CE – present
Related articles[show]
Timeline of Indian History
Dynasties in Indian History
Economic History
Demographic History
Linguistic History
Architectural History
Art History
Literary History
Philosophical History
History of Religion
Musical History
Education History
Coinage History
Science and Technology History
List of Inventions and Discoveries
Military History
Naval History
Wars involving India
v
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Independence Day is annually celebrated on 15 August, as a national holiday in India commemorating the nation's independence from the United Kingdom on 15 August 1947, the UK Parliament passed the Indian Independence Act 1947 transferring legislative sovereignty to the Indian Constituent Assembly. India still retained King George VI as head of state until its transition to full republican constitution. India attained independence following the Independence Movement noted for largely nonviolent resistance and civil disobedience led by the Indian National Congress (INC). Independence coincided with the partition of India, in which the British India was divided along religious lines into the Dominions of India and Pakistan; the partition was accompanied by violent riots and mass casualties, and the displacement of nearly 15 million people due to religious violence. On 15 August 1947, the Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru raised the Indian national flag above the Lahori Gate of the Red Fort in Delhi. On each subsequent Independence Day, the prime minister customarily raises the flag and gives an address to the nation.[1]
The holiday is observed throughout India with flag-hoisting ceremonies, parades and cultural events. There is a national holiday, and schools and government offices distribute sweets, but no official work is done.[2][3]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Independence Day before Independence
1.2 Immediate background
1.3 Partition and independence
2 Celebration
2.1 Black Day
3 Security threats
4 In popular culture
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
Main article: Indian independence movement
European traders had established outposts in the Indian subcontinent by the 17th century. Through overwhelming military strength, the British East India company subdued local kingdoms and established themselves as the dominant force by the 18th century. Following the First War of Independence of 1857, the Government of India Act 1858 led the British Crown to assume direct control of India. In the decades following, civic society gradually emerged across India, most notably the Indian National Congress Party, formed in 1885.[4][5]:123 The period after World War I was marked by British reforms such as the Montague–Chelmsford Reforms, but it also witnessed the enactment of the repressive Rowlatt Act and calls for self-rule by Indian activists. The discontent of this period crystallised into nationwide non-violent movements of non-cooperation and civil disobedience, led by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi.[5]:167
During the 1930 s, reform was gradually legislated by the British; Congress won victories in the resulting elections.[5]:195–197 The next decade was beset with political turmoil: Indian participation in World War II, the Congress' final push for non-cooperation, and an upsurge of Muslim nationalism led by the All-India Muslim League. The escalating political tension was capped by Independence in 1947. The jubilation was tempered by the bloody partition of the subcontinent into India and Pakistan.[5]:203
Independence Day before Independence[edit]
At the 1929 Lahore session of the Indian National Congress, the Purna Swaraj declaration, or "Declaration of the Independence of India" was promulgated,[6] and 15 August was declared as Independence Day.[6] The Congress called on people to pledge themselves to civil disobedience and "to carry out the Congress instructions issued from time to time" until India attained complete independence.[7] Celebration of such an Independence Day was envisioned to stoke nationalistic fervour among Indian citizens, and to force the British government to consider granting independence.[8]:19 The Congress observed 26 January as the Independence Day between 1930 and 1946.[9][10] The celebration was marked by meetings where the attendants took the "pledge of independence".[8]:19–20 Jawaharlal Nehru described in his autobiography that such meetings were peaceful, solemn, and "without any speeches or exhortation".[11] Gandhi envisaged that besides the meetings, the day would be spent "... in doing some constructive work, whether it is spinning, or service of 'untouchables,' or reunion of Hindus and Mussalmans, or prohibition work, or even all these together".[12] Following actual independence in 1947, the Constitution of India came into effect on and from 26 January 1950; since then 26 January is celebrated as Republic Day.
Immediate background[edit]
In 1946, the Labour government in Britain, its exchequer exhausted by the recently concluded World War II, realised that it had neither the mandate at home, the international support, nor the reliability of native forces for continuing to control an increasingly restless India.[5]:203[13][14][15] In February 1947, Prime Minister Clement Attlee announced that the British government would grant full self-governance to British India by June 1948 at the latest.[16]
The new viceroy, Lord Mountbatten, advanced the date for the transfer of power, believing the continuous contention between the Congress and the Muslim League might lead to a collapse of the interim government.[17] He chose the second anniversary of Japan's surrender in World War II, 15 August, as the date of power transfer.[17] The British government announced on 3 June 1947 that it had accepted the idea of partitioning British India into two states;[16] the successor governments would be given dominion status and would have an implicit right to secede from the British Commonwealth. The Indian Independence Act 1947 (10 & 11 Geo 6 c. 30) of the Parliament of the United Kingdom partitioned British India into the two new independent dominions of India and Pakistan (including what is now Bangladesh) with effect from 15 August 1947, and granted complete legislative authority upon the respective constituent assemblies of the new countries.[18] The Act received royal assent on 18 July 1947.
Partition and independence[edit]
08.30 a.m. Swearing in of governor general and ministers at
Government House
09.40 a.m. Procession of ministers to Constituent Assembly
09.50 a.m. State drive to Constituent Assembly
09.55 a.m. Royal salute to governor general
10.30 a.m. Hoisting of national flag at Constituent Assembly
10.35 a.m. State drive to Government House
06.00 p.m. Flag ceremony at India Gate
07.00 p.m. Illuminations
07.45 p.m. Fireworks display
08.45 p.m. Official dinner at Government House
10.15 p.m. Reception at Government office.
The day's programme for 15 August 1947[19]:7
Millions of Muslim, Sikh and Hindu refugees trekked the newly drawn borders in the months surrounding independence.[20] In Punjab, where the borders divided the Sikh regions in halves, massive bloodshed followed; in Bengal and Bihar, where Mahatma Gandhi's presence assuaged communal tempers, the violence was mitigated. In all, between 250,000 and 1,000,000 people on both sides of the new borders died in the violence.[21] While the entire nation was celebrating the Independence Day, Gandhi stayed in Calcutta in an attempt to stem the carnage.[22] On 14 August 1947, the Independence Day of Pakistan, the new Dominion of Pakistan came into being; Muhammad Ali Jinnah was sworn in as its first Governor General in Karachi.
The Constituent Assembly of India met for its fifth session at 11 pm on 14 August in the Constitution Hall in New Delhi.[23] The session was chaired by the president Rajendra Prasad. In this session, Jawaharlal Nehru delivered the Tryst with Destiny speech proclaiming India's independence.
“
Long years ago we made a tryst with destiny, and now the time comes when we shall redeem our pledge, not wholly or in full measure, but very substantially. At the stroke of the midnight hour, when the world sleeps, India will awake to life and freedom. A moment comes, which comes but rarely in history, when we step out from the old to the new, when an age ends, and when the soul of a nation, long suppressed, finds utterance. It is fitting that at this solemn moment, we take the pledge of dedication to the service of India and her people and to the still larger cause of humanity.
”
— Tryst with Destiny speech, Jawaharlal Nehru, 15 August 1947[24]
The members of the Assembly formally took the pledge of being in the service of the country. A group of women, representing the women of India, formally presented the national flag to the assembly.
The Dominion of India became an independent country as official ceremonies took place in New Delhi. Nehru assumed office as the first prime minister, and the viceroy, Lord Mountbatten, continued as its first governor general.[19]:6 Gandhi's name was invoked by crowds celebrating the occasion; Gandhi himself however took no part in the official events. Instead, he marked the day with a 24-hour fast, during which he spoke to a crowd in Calcutta, encouraging peace between Hindu and Muslim.[19]:10
Celebration[edit]
Independence Day, one of the three National holidays in India (the other two being the Republic Day on 26 January and Mahatma Gandhi's birthday on 2 October), is observed in all Indian states and union territories. On the eve of Independence Day, the President of India delivers the "Address to the Nation". On 15 August, the prime minister hoists the Indian flag on the ramparts of the historical site Red Fort in Delhi. Twenty-one gun shots are fired in honour of the solemn occasion.[25] In his speech, the prime minister highlights the past year's achievements, raises important issues and calls for further development. He pays tribute to the leaders of the Indian independence movement. The Indian national anthem, "Jana Gana Mana", is sung. The speech is followed by march past of divisions of the Indian Armed Forces and paramilitary forces. Parades and pageants showcase scenes from the independence struggle and India's diverse cultural traditions. Similar events take place in state capitals where the Chief Ministers of individual states unfurl the national flag, followed by parades and pageants.[26][27]
Flag hoisting ceremonies and cultural programmes take place in governmental and non-governmental institutions throughout the country.[28] Schools and colleges conduct flag hoisting ceremonies and cultural events. Major government buildings are often adorned with strings of lights.[29] In Delhi and some other cities, kite flying adds to the occasion.[25][30] National flags of different sizes are used abundantly to symbolise allegiance to the country.[31] Citizens adorn their clothing, wristbands, cars, household accessories with replicas of the tri-colour.[31] Over a period of time, the celebration has changed emphasis from nationalism to a broader celebration of all things India.[32][33]
The Indian diaspora celebrates Independence Day around the world with parades and pageants, particularly in regions with higher concentrations of Indian immigrants.[34] In some locations, such as New York and other US cities, 15 August has become "India Day" among the diaspora and the local populace. Pageants celebrate "India Day" either on 15 August or an adjoining weekend day.[35]
Black Day[edit]
Kashmiris throughout the Kashmir Valley have observed India's independence day as a 'black day' since late 1980's. General strike and a civil curfew is organized with ceremonial burning of the Indian flag. Most shops remain closed and a reduced traffic is seen on the roads.[36][37][38][39] Black flags are hoisted on buildings throughout the India-administered Kashmir. Its purpose is to send a message to the international community that India has usurped Kashmiris’ inalienable right to self-determination through the use of force.[40]
Security threats[edit]
As early as three years after independence, the Naga National Council called for a boycott of Independence Day in northeast India.[41] Separatist protests in this region intensified in the 1980s; calls for boycotts and terrorist attacks by insurgent organisations such as the United Liberation Front of Assam and the National Democratic Front of Bodoland, marred celebrations.[42] With increasing insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir from the late 1980s,[43] separatist protesters boycotted Independence Day there with bandh (strikes), use of black flags and by flag burning.[44][37][45] Terrorist outfits such as Lashkar-e-Taiba, the Hizbul Mujahideen and the Jaish-e-Mohammed have issued threats, and have carried out attacks around Independence Day.[46] Boycotting of the celebration has also been advocated by insurgent Maoist rebel organisations.[47][48]
In the anticipation of terrorist attacks, particularly from militants, security measures are intensified, especially in major cities such as Delhi and Mumbai and in troubled states such as Jammu and Kashmir.[49][50] The airspace around the Red Fort is declared a no-fly zone to prevent aerial attacks[51] and additional police forces are deployed in other cities.[52]
In popular culture[edit]
On Independence Day and Republic Day, patriotic songs in regional languages are broadcast on television and radio channels.[53] They are also played alongside flag hoisting ceremonies.[53] Patriotic films are broadcast.[28] Over the decades, according to The Times of India, the number of such films broadcast has decreased as channels report that audiences are oversaturated with patriotic films.[54] The population cohort that belong to the Generation Next often combine nationalism with popular culture during the celebrations. This mixture is exemplified by outfits and savouries dyed with the tricolour and designer garments that represent India's various cultural traditions.[32][55] Retail stores offer Independence Day sales promotions.[56][57] Some news reports have decried the commercialism.[56][58][59] Indian Postal Service publishes commemorative stamps depicting independence movement leaders, nationalistic themes and defence-related themes on 15 August.[60]
Independence and partition inspired literary and other artistic creations.[61] Such creations mostly describe the human cost of partition, limiting the holiday to a small part of their narrative.[62][63] Salman Rushdie's novel Midnight's Children (1980), which won the Booker Prize and the Booker of Bookers, wove its narrative around children born at midnight of 14–15 August 1947 with magical abilities.[63] Freedom at Midnight (1975) is a non-fiction work by Larry Collins and Dominique Lapierre that chronicled the events surrounding the first Independence Day celebrations in 1947. Few films centre on the moment of independence,[64][65][66] instead highlighting the circumstances of partition and its aftermath.[64][67][68] On the Internet, Google has commemorated Independence Day since 2003 with a special doodle on its Indian homepage.[69]
See also[edit]
India portal
Holidays portal
History of India
Republic Day (India)
References[edit]
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^ Jump up to: a b Mandal, Somdatta (2008). "Constructing Post-partition Bengali Cultural Identity through Films". In Bhatia, Nandi; Roy, Anjali Gera. Partitioned Lives: Narratives of Home, Displacement, and Resettlement. Pearson Education India. pp. 66–69. ISBN 978-81-317-1416-4. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
Jump up ^ Dwyer, R. (2010). "Bollywood's India: Hindi Cinema as a Guide to Modern India". Asian Affairs. 41 (3): 381–398. doi:10.1080/03068374.2010.508231. (subscription required)
Jump up ^ Sarkar, Bhaskar (29 April 2009). Mourning the Nation: Indian Cinema in the Wake of Partition. Duke University Press. p. 121. ISBN 978-0-8223-4411-7. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
Jump up ^ Vishwanath, Gita; Malik, Salma (2009). "Revisiting 1947 through Popular Cinema: a Comparative Study of India and Pakistan" (PDF). Economic and Political Weekly. XLIV (36): 61–69. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
Jump up ^ Raychaudhuri, Anindya (2009). "Resisting the Resistible: Re-writing Myths of Partition in the Works of Ritwik Ghatak". Social Semiotics. 19 (4): 469–481. doi:10.1080/10350330903361158. (subscription required)
Jump up ^ "Google doodles Independence Day India". CNN-IBN. 15 August 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
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text:
1968 Masters Tournament
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1968 Masters Tournament
Tournament information
Dates
April 11–14, 1968
Location
Augusta, Georgia
Course(s)
Augusta National Golf Club
Organized by
Augusta National Golf Club
Tour(s)
PGA Tour
Statistics
Par
72
Length
6,980 yards (6,383 m)[1]
Field
74 players, 52 after cut
Cut
149 (+5)
Winner's share
$20,000
Champion
Bob Goalby
277 (−11)
← 1967
1969 →
Augusta
Location in the United States
The 1968 Masters Tournament was the 32nd Masters Tournament, held April 11–14 at Augusta National Golf Club in Augusta, Georgia.
Bob Goalby won his only major championship, one stroke ahead of Roberto De Vicenzo, the reigning British Open champion.[2] On the back nine in the final round, Goalby birdied 13 and 14 and eagled 15 to record a 66 (−6) and a total of 277 (−11). At first it appeared that he had tied De Vicenzo and the two would meet in an 18-hole Monday playoff, but De Vicenzo returned an incorrect scorecard showing a par 4 on the 17th hole, instead of a birdie 3, sunk with a two-foot putt. Playing partner Tommy Aaron incorrectly marked the 4 and De Vicenzo failed to catch the mistake and signed the scorecard. USGA rules stated that the higher written score signed by a golfer on his card must stand,[3] and the error gave Goalby the championship.[1][2] Ironically, Goalby discovered a scoring error he had made on the card he was keeping for Raymond Floyd, his playing partner in the final round, which he corrected at the scorer's tent. He had marked Floyd down for a par-3 on the 16th hole, when Floyd had actually bogeyed the hole. Floyd ended up in a tie for seventh place with, among others, Aaron. Both Aaron and Floyd would win the Masters in future years, Aaron in 1973 and Floyd in 1976.
Jack Nicklaus tied for fifth place and third-round leader Gary Player finished tied for seventh. Lee Trevino, 28, made his Masters debut and was two strokes back after three rounds, tied for seventh place. A rough back nine of 43 (+7) pushed his score to 80 and he finished tied for 40th. Two months later, he won the 1968 U.S. Open, the first of his six major titles. The Masters was the only major that eluded him; his best finish was a tie for tenth, in 1975 and 1985. Citing incompatibility, Trevino skipped Augusta three times in the early 1970s,[4][5][6] and missed in 1977 due to a bad back.[7]
In his fourteenth Masters at age 38, four-time champion Arnold Palmer found the water three times during a second round 79 for 151 and missed the cut for the first time at Augusta.[8][9] He made the next seven cuts, through 1975.
Bob Rosburg won the ninth Par 3 contest on Wednesday with a score of 22. Claude Harmon, 51, had consecutive aces at the fourth and fifth holes, but tied for third at 24.[10] The next day, Harmon withdrew in the first round after a nine-hole score of 40.[11]
Contents
1 Course
2 Past champions in the field
2.1 Made the cut
2.2 Missed the cut
3 Round summaries
3.1 First round
3.2 Second round
3.3 Third round
3.4 Final round
3.4.1 Scorecard
4 References
5 External links
Course[edit]
Main article: Augusta National Golf Club
Hole
Name
Yards
Par
Hole
Name
Yards
Par
1 White Pine 400 4 10 Camellia 470 4
2 Woodbine 555 5 11 Dogwood 445 4
3 Flowering Peach 355 4 12 Golden Bell 155 3
4 Palm 220 3 13 Azalea 475 5
5 Magnolia 450 4 14 Chinese Fir 420 4
6 Juniper 190 3 15 Firethorn 520 5
7 Pampas 365 4 16 Redbud 190 3
8 Yellow Jasmine 530 5 17 Nandina 400 4
9 Carolina Cherry 420 4 18 Holly 420 4
Out 3,485 36 In 3,495 36
Source:[1][12] Total 6,980 72
^ Holes 1, 2, 4, and 11 were later renamed.
Past champions in the field[edit]
Made the cut[edit]
Player
Country
Year(s) won
R1
R2
R3
R4
Total
To par
Finish
Jack Nicklaus United States 1963, 1965, 1966 69 71 74 67 281 −7 T5
Gary Player South Africa 1961 72 67 71 72 282 −6 T7
Art Wall, Jr. United States 1959 74 74 73 67 288 E T22
Gay Brewer United States 1967 72 74 71 74 291 +3 T35
Sam Snead United States 1949, 1952, 1954 73 74 75 71 293 +5 42
Doug Ford United States 1957 72 75 72 77 296 +8 T48
Missed the cut[edit]
Player
Country
Year(s) won
R1
R2
Total
To par
Herman Keiser United States 1946 71 79 150 +6
Arnold Palmer United States 1958, 1960,
1962, 1964 72 79 151 +7
Cary Middlecoff United States 1955 76 76 152 +8
Jack Burke, Jr. United States 1956 79 74 153 +9
Ralph Guldahl United States 1939 82 81 163 +19
Henry Picard United States 1938 78 WD
Claude Harmon United States 1948 WD
Source[11][13][14][15]
Round summaries[edit]
First round[edit]
Thursday, April 11, 1968
Place
Player
Country
Score
To par
1 Billy Casper United States 68 −4
T2 Tommy Aaron United States 69 −3
Roberto De Vicenzo Argentina
Bruce Devlin Australia
Tony Jacklin England
Jack Nicklaus United States
T7 Bob Goalby United States 70 −2
Jerry Pittman United States
Kermit Zarley United States
T10 Raymond Floyd United States 71 −1
Vinny Giles (a) United States
Don January United States
Herman Keiser United States
Hideyo Sugimoto Japan
Lee Trevino United States
Bert Yancey United States
Source:[16]
Second round[edit]
Friday, April 12, 1968
Place
Player
Country
Score
To par
T1 Don January United States 71-68=139 −5
Gary Player South Africa 72-67=139
T3 Frank Beard United States 75-65=140 −4
Bob Goalby United States 70-70=140
Jack Nicklaus United States 69-71=140
6 Tommy Aaron United States 69-72=141 −3
T7 Roberto De Vicenzo Argentina 69-73=142 −2
Bruce Devlin Australia 69-73=142
Raymond Floyd United States 71-71=142
Tony Jacklin England 69-73=142
Bert Yancey United States 71-71=142
Source:[11][14]
Third round[edit]
Saturday, April 13, 1968
Place
Player
Country
Score
To par
1 Gary Player South Africa 72-67-71=210 −6
T2 Frank Beard United States 75-65-71=211 −5
Raymond Floyd United States 71-71-69=211
Bruce Devlin Australia 69-73-69=211
Bob Goalby United States 70-70-71=211
Don January United States 71-68-72=211
T7 Miller Barber United States 75-69-68=212 −4
Roberto De Vicenzo Argentina 69-73-70=212
Lee Trevino United States 71-72-69=212
T10 Tommy Aaron United States 69-72-72=213 −3
Jerry Pittman United States 70-73-70=213
Source:[17]
Final round[edit]
Sunday, April 14, 1968
Place
Player
Country
Score
To par
Money ($)
1 Bob Goalby United States 70-70-71-66=277 −11 20,000
2 Roberto De Vicenzo Argentina 69-73-70-66=278 −10 15,000
3 Bert Yancey United States 71-71-72-65=279 −9 10,000
4 Bruce Devlin Australia 69-73-69-69=280 −8 7,500
T5 Frank Beard United States 75-65-71-70=281 −7 5,500
Jack Nicklaus United States 69-71-74-67=281
T7 Tommy Aaron United States 69-72-72-69=282 −6 3,460
Raymond Floyd United States 71-71-69-71=282
Lionel Hebert United States 72-71-71-68=282
Jerry Pittman United States 70-73-70-69=282
Gary Player South Africa 72-67-71-72=282
Source:[1][3]
Scorecard[edit]
Final round
Hole
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Par 4 5 4 3 4 3 4 5 4 4 4 3 5 4 5 3 4 4
Goalby −5 −5 −5 −5 −6 −7 −7 −8 −8 −8 −8 −8 −9 −10 −12 −12 −11 −11
De Vicenzo −6 −7 −8 −8 −8 −8 −8 −9 −9 −9 −9 −10 −10 −10 −11 −11 −11^ −10
Yancey −2 −3 −3 −3 −3 −3 −3 −4 −5 −5 −5 −5 −6 −6 −7 −8 −9 −9
Devlin −6 −7 −8 −8 −8 −8 −8 −8 −8 −8 −8 −8 −8 −8 −9 −8 −8 −8
Beard −5 −5 −5 −5 −5 −5 −5 −3 −3 −3 −4 −4 −5 −5 −6 −6 −6 −7
Nicklaus −2 −3 −3 −3 −3 −3 −3 −4 −4 −4 −5 −4 −5 −5 −6 −6 −7 −7
Floyd −5 −5 −5 −5 −5 −4 −4 −5 −5 −5 −4 −5 −6 −6 −7 −6 −6 −6
January −5 −5 −5 −5 −6 −6 −6 −6 −6 −6 −6 −5 −4 −4 −5 −5 −4 −4
^ De Vicenzo actually birdied the 17th hole, but signed for a par on his scorecard.
Cumulative tournament scores, relative to par
Eagle Birdie Bogey Double bogey
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Stain mars Goalby's jacket". Toledo Blade. (Ohio). Associated Press. April 15, 1968. p. 19.
^ Jump up to: a b Wright, Alfred (April 22, 1968). "Golf's craziest drama". Sports Illustrated. p. 14.
^ Jump up to: a b Green, Bob (April 15, 1968). "Goalby's 277 captures Masters as scoring error costs De Vicenzo tie". Youngstown Vindicator. (Ohio). Associated Press. p. 15.
Jump up ^ "Lee Trevino to skip Masters". Spokesman-Review. (Spokane, Washington). Associated Press. April 17, 1969. p. 20.
Jump up ^ Addie, Bob (April 11, 1973). "Have Trevino, Masters parted company for good?". Tuscaloosa News. (Alabama). (Washington Post). p. 10.
Jump up ^ Mizell, Hubert (April 8, 1978). "Trevino, Masters still not compatible". St. Petersburg Times. (Florida). p. 1C.
Jump up ^ Green, Bob (March 24, 1977). "Trevino to miss Masters". Free Lance-Star. (Fredericksburg, Virginia). Associated Press. p. 8.
Jump up ^ "'Worst ever here' – Arnie". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Associated Press. April 13, 1968. p. 12.
Jump up ^ Gundelfinger, Phil (April 13, 1968). "Player, January tie in Masters; Arnie out". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. p. 12.
Jump up ^ "Harmon holds pair of aces". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Associated Press. April 12, 1968.
^ Jump up to: a b c "(Masters scores)". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Associated Press. April 12, 1968. p. 22.
Jump up ^ "Augusta National Golf club: map". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Associated Press. April 10, 1969. p. 27.
Jump up ^ "Masters scoreboard". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. April 13, 1968. p. 13.
^ Jump up to: a b "Birdies push Don January, Player to lead in Masters". Spokesman-Review. (Spokane, Washington). Associated Press. April 13, 1968. p. 10.
Jump up ^ "Golf: Masters". Miami News. April 13, 1968. p. 2B.
Jump up ^ "Bill Casper conquers jitters for 68 to lead international Masters field". Spokesman-Review. (Spokane, Washington). Associated Press. April 12, 1968. p. 18.
Jump up ^ "Mob pursues Gary Player". Spokesman-Review. (Spokane, Washington). Associated Press. April 14, 1968. p. 1, sports.
External links[edit]
Masters.com – past winners and results
About.com – 1968 Masters
Augusta.com – 1968 Masters leaderboard and scorecards
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Coordinates: 33°30′11″N 82°01′12″W / 33.503°N 82.020°W / 33.503; -82.020
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