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Cleveland Cavaliers draft history
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In their 47-year history, the Cleveland Cavaliers have selected the following players in the National Basketball Association Draft.
Year
Round
Pick
Name
College/Country/School
2015 1 24 Jones, TyusTyus Jones Duke University
2015 2 53 Pointer, Sir'DominicSir'Dominic Pointer St. John's University
2014 1 1 Wiggins, AndrewAndrew Wiggins University of Kansas
2014 2 33 Harris, JoeJoe Harris University of Virginia
2013 1 1 Bennett, AnthonyAnthony Bennett University of Nevada Las Vegas
2013 1 19 Karasev, SergeySergey Karasev Russia
2013 2 31 Crabbe, AllenAllen Crabbe University of California, Berkeley
2013 2 34 Felix, CarrickCarrick Felix Arizona State University
2012 1 4 Waiters, DionDion Waiters Syracuse University
2012 1 24 Cunningham, JaredJared Cunningham Oregon State University
2012 2 33 James, BernardBernard James Florida State University
2012 2 34 Crowder, JaeJae Crowder Marquette
2011 1 1 Irving, KyrieKyrie Irving Duke University
2011 1 4 Thompson, TristanTristan Thompson University of Texas at Austin
2011 2 32 Harper, JustinJustin Harper University of Richmond
2011 2 54 Mačvan, MilanMilan Mačvan Serbia
2009 1 30 Eyenga, ChristianChristian Eyenga DR Congo
2009 2 46 Green, DannyDanny Green University of North Carolina
2008 1 19 Hickson, J. J.J. J. Hickson North Carolina State University
2006 1 25 Brown, ShannonShannon Brown Michigan State University
2006 2 42 Gibson, DanielDaniel Gibson University of Texas at Austin
2006 2 55 Ugboaja, EjikeEjike Ugboaja Nigeria
2004 1 10 Jackson, LukeLuke Jackson University of Oregon
2003 1 1 James, LeBronLeBron James St. Vincent – St. Mary High School
2003 2 31 Kapono, JasonJason Kapono University of California, Los Angeles
2002 1 6 Wagner, DajuanDajuan Wagner University of Memphis
2002 2 34 Boozer, CarlosCarlos Boozer Duke University
2001 1 8 Diop, DeSaganaDeSagana Diop Oak Hill Academy
2001 1 20 Haywood, BrendanBrendan Haywood University of North Carolina
2001 2 35 Trepagnier, JeffJeff Trepagnier University of Southern California
2000 1 7 Crawford, JamalJamal Crawford University of Michigan
1999 1 8 Miller, AndreAndre Miller University of Utah
1999 1 11 Langdon, TrajanTrajan Langdon Duke University
1999 2 39 Bramlett, A.J.A.J. Bramlett University of Arizona
1998 2 48 Stack, RyanRyan Stack University of South Carolina
1997 1 13 Anderson, DerekDerek Anderson University of Kentucky
1997 1 16 Knight, BrevinBrevin Knight Stanford University
1997 2 44 Henderson, CedricCedric Henderson University of Memphis
1996 1 12 Potapenko, VitalyVitaly Potapenko Wright State University
1996 1 20 Ilgauskas, ŽydrūnasŽydrūnas Ilgauskas Lithuania
1996 2 56 Geary, ReggieReggie Geary University of Arizona
1995 1 17 Sura, BobBob Sura Florida State University
1995 2 39 Marshall, DonnyDonny Marshall University of Connecticut
1994 2 42 Collier, GaryGary Collier University of Tulsa
1993 1 22 Mills, ChrisChris Mills University of Arizona
1991 1 11 Brandon, TerrellTerrell Brandon University of Oregon
1991 2 39 Oliver, JimmyJimmy Oliver Purdue University
1990 2 52 Rusconi, StefanoStefano Rusconi Italy
1989 1 25 Morton, JohnJohn Morton Seton Hall University
1989 2 43 Brown, ChuckyChucky Brown North Carolina State University
1988 1 22 Keys, RandolphRandolph Keys University of Southern Mississippi
1988 3 64 Bennett, WinstonWinston Bennett University of Kentucky
1987 1 7 Johnson, KevinKevin Johnson University of California
1987 2 41 Johnson, KannardKannard Johnson Western Kentucky University
1987 3 52 Royal, DonaldDonald Royal University of Notre Dame
1987 4 75 Dudley, ChrisChris Dudley Yale University
1987 4 80 Holcomb, CarvenCarven Holcomb Texas Christian University
1987 5 98 Lott, CarlCarl Lott Texas Christian University
1987 6 121 Jensen, HaroldHarold Jensen Villanova University
1987 7 144 Foster, MichaelMichael Foster University of South Carolina
1986 1 1 Daugherty, BradBrad Daugherty University of North Carolina
1986 1 8 Harper, RonRon Harper Miami University
1986 2 29 Newman, JohnnyJohnny Newman University of Richmond
1986 3 50 Henderson, KevinKevin Henderson California State University, Fullerton
1986 4 73 Martin, WarrenWarren Martin University of North Carolina
1986 5 96 Davis, BenBen Davis Gardner-Webb University
1986 6 119 Wilburn, GilbertGilbert Wilburn New Mexico State University
1986 7 142 Dalton, RalphRalph Dalton Georgetown University
1985 1 9 Oakley, CharlesCharles Oakley Virginia Union University
1985 2 30 Duncan, CalvinCalvin Duncan Virginia Commonwealth University
1985 2 45 Williams, JohnJohn Williams Tulane University
1985 3 55 Johnson, HerbHerb Johnson University of Tulsa
1985 4 79 Davis, MarkMark Davis Old Dominion University
1985 5 101 Behnke, GuntherGunther Behnke Germany
1985 6 125 Johnson, RickyRicky Johnson Illinois State University
1985 7 147 Peterson, BuzzBuzz Peterson University of North Carolina
1984 1 12 McCormick, TimTim McCormick University of Michigan
1984 2 27 Anderson, RonRon Anderson California State University, Fresno
1984 3 50 McDonald, BenBen McDonald University of California, Irvine
1984 3 60 Mitchell, LeonardLeonard Mitchell Louisiana State University
1984 4 73 Aaron, ArtArt Aaron Northwestern University
1984 5 96 Hinchen, VinceVince Hinchen Boise State University
1984 6 119 Doherty, MattMatt Doherty University of North Carolina
1984 7 142 Jakubick, JoeJoe Jakubick University of Akron
1984 8 165 Beard, ElliotElliot Beard Oberlin College
1984 9 187 Shimko, JohnJohn Shimko Xavier University
1984 10 209 Space, DarrellDarrell Space Northeastern Illinois University
1983 1 20 Hinson, RoyRoy Hinson Rutgers University
1983 1 24 Granger, StewartStewart Granger Villanova University
1983 2 27 Garris, JohnJohn Garris Boston College
1983 3 50 Thompson, PaulPaul Thompson Tulane University
1983 3 56 Anderson, LarryLarry Anderson University of Nevada, Las Vegas
1983 3 66 Craft, LesLes Craft Kansas State University
1983 3 67 Hord, DerrickDerrick Hord University of Kentucky
1983 4 73 Jones, DwightDwight Jones University of Cincinnati
1983 5 96 Logan, ChrisChris Logan College of the Holy Cross
1983 6 119 McLaughlin, MelMel McLaughlin Central Michigan University
1983 7 142 Columbo, JohnJohn Columbo John Carroll University
1983 8 165 Tucker, LarryLarry Tucker Lewis University
1983 9 187 Brown, JoeJoe Brown Georgia State University
1983 10 208 Hanley, JonJon Hanley Xavier University
1982 1 12 Bagley, JohnJohn Bagley Boston College
1982 2 28 Magley, DaveDave Magley University of Kansas
1982 3 47 Wilson, MichaelMichael Wilson Marquette University
1982 4 70 Hannah, ReggieReggie Hannah University of South Alabama
1982 5 93 White, TerryTerry White University of Texas at El Paso
1982 6 116 Reynolds, VinceVince Reynolds University of South Florida
1982 7 139 Reed, RandyRandy Reed Kansas State University
1982 8 162 Knight, MontyMonty Knight Virginia Commonwealth University
1982 9 185 Hafley, TonyTony Hafley University of South Alabama
1982 10 206 Walker, DurandDurand Walker Marion College
1981 3 55 Dillard, MickeyMickey Dillard Florida State University
1981 3 59 Bowers, RussellRussell Bowers American University
1981 4 74 Martin, EthanEthan Martin Louisiana State University
1981 5 96 Page, KenKen Page University of New Mexico
1981 6 120 Strayhorn, AaronAaron Strayhorn University of Hawaii
1981 7 142 Smith, AndreAndre Smith University of Nebraska
1981 8 166 Marcus, GlenGlen Marcus University of Alabama at Birmingham
1981 9 187 Roba, PaulPaul Roba Cleveland State University
1981 10 208 Boone, GregGreg Boone Augsburg College
1980 1 22 Kinch, ChadChad Kinch University of North Carolina at Charlotte
1980 3 53 House, StuartStuart House Washington State University
1980 3 55 Abrams, WayneWayne Abrams Southern Illinois University
1980 3 68 Jones, RonRon Jones Illinois State University
1980 4 77 Brown, MurrayMurray Brown Florida State University
1980 5 101 Williams, LaVonLaVon Williams University of Kentucky
1980 6 123 Martin, AntonioAntonio Martin Oral Roberts University
1980 7 147 Berry, LeroyLeroy Berry Wilmington College
1980 8 166 Ellinghausen, JimJim Ellinghausen Ohio State University
1980 9 187 Crafter, MelvinMelvin Crafter Central State University
1979 2 26 Flowers, BruceBruce Flowers University of Notre Dame
1979 3 65 Laimbeer, BillBill Laimbeer University of Notre Dame
1979 4 70 Swing, RickRick Swing The Citadel
1979 5 91 Simpkins, MattMatt Simpkins Georgia Southern University
1979 6 112 Manning, JoeJoe Manning North Texas State University
1979 7 131 Skaggs, SteveSteve Skaggs Ohio University
1979 8 151 Haymore, MarkMark Haymore University of Massachusetts Amherst
1979 9 169 Joyce, TimTim Joyce Ohio University
1979 10 188 Peavy, TerryTerry Peavy Point Park University
1978 1 15 Mitchell, MikeMike Mitchell Auburn University
1978 2 33 Davis, HarryHarry Davis Florida State University
1978 3 57 Higgs, KenKen Higgs Louisiana State University
1978 4 78 Rome, StanStan Rome Clemson University
1978 5 99 Koenigs, KenKen Koenigs University of Kansas
1978 6 123 Bell, RonRon Bell Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
1978 7 143 Smith, TonyTony Smith University of Nevada, Las Vegas
1978 8 161 Martin, RolandRoland Martin Missouri Southern State University
1978 9 180 Bayless, SteveSteve Bayless Central State University
1978 10 194 Winton, GaryGary Winton United States Military Academy
1977 2 33 Jordan, EddieEddie Jordan Rutgers University
1977 3 55 Grote, SteveSteve Grote University of Michigan
1977 4 77 Jones, MelvinMelvin Jones West Texas A&M University
1977 5 99 Smith, AlAl Smith Jackson State University
1977 6 121 Cox, RonRon Cox Eastern Washington University
1977 7 141 Riddle, BobBob Riddle Eastern Michigan University
1977 8 160 Cutter, TomTom Cutter Western Michigan University
1976 1 15 Williams, ChuckieChuckie Williams Kansas State University
1976 2 32 Howard, MoMo Howard University of Maryland
1976 3 50 Cole, GaryGary Cole[a] University of Wisconsin–Parkside
1976 4 66 Engles, JohnJohn Engles University of Pennsylvania
1976 5 84 Lawrence, EdmundEdmund Lawrence McNeese State University
1976 6 102 Davis, HarryHarry Davis Morris Brown College
1976 7 120 Britt, JohnnyJohnny Britt Western Kentucky University
1976 8 123 Koehler, DaleDale Koehler University of Wisconsin
1976 8 138 Sisneros, TimTim Sisneros Middle Tennessee State University
1976 9 155 Parkinson, BruceBruce Parkinson Purdue University
1976 10 171 McSweeney, ElishaElisha McSweeney Minnesota State University, Mankato
1975 1 15 Lambert, JohnJohn Lambert University of Southern California
1975 2 28 Roundfield, DanDan Roundfield Central Michigan University
1975 2 33 Utley, MelMel Utley St. John's University
1975 3 45 Hathaway, TedTed Hathaway Cleveland State University
1975 4 62 Fernsten, EricEric Fernsten University of San Francisco
1975 5 79 Lee, JimJim Lee Syracuse University
1975 5 82 Odems, MikeMike Odems Western Kentucky University
1975 6 99 Ward, HenryHenry Ward Jackson State University
1975 7 116 Leftwick, ShawnShawn Leftwick Jacksonville University
1975 8 136 McCarter, AndreAndre McCarter University of California, Los Angeles
1975 9 152 Howard, SkipSkip Howard Bowling Green State University
1975 10 167 Anderson, EricEric Anderson Macalester College
1974 1 8 Russell, CampyCampy Russell University of Michigan
1974 3 38 Walker, ClarenceClarence Walker State University of West Georgia
1974 3 39 Restani, KevinKevin Restani University of San Francisco
1974 4 57 Foster, JamesJames Foster University of Connecticut
1974 5 75 Novak, GaryGary Novak University of Notre Dame
1974 6 93 Stewart, AronAron Stewart University of Richmond
1974 7 111 Robinson, MikeMike Robinson Michigan State University
1974 8 129 Hughes, KerryKerry Hughes University of Wisconsin
1974 9 147 Buskofsky, JimJim Buskofsky Upper Iowa University
1974 10 164 Kelly, JimJim Kelly Loras College
1973 1 2 Brewer, JimJim Brewer University of Minnesota
1973 2 26 Hornyak, AllanAllan Hornyak Ohio State University
1973 3 37 O'Brien, JimJim O'Brien University of Maryland
1973 3 40 Edwards, OzzieOzzie Edwards Oklahoma City University
1973 3 41 Lister, JamesJames Lister Sam Houston State University
1973 4 57 Witte, LukeLuke Witte Ohio State University
1973 5 74 Coughran, JohnJohn Coughran University of California
1973 6 91 Calvert, WillieWillie Calvert Abilene Christian University
1973 7 108 Farmer, LarryLarry Farmer University of California, Los Angeles
1973 8 125 Ritter, JohnJohn Ritter Indiana University
1973 9 142 Taylor, LesLes Taylor Murray State University
1973 10 156 Martin, DeanDean Martin Baldwin-Wallace College
1973 11 169 Lewis, FloydFloyd Lewis Harvard University
1973 12 178 McMurray, ChrisChris McMurray San Diego State University
1973 13 185 Pennebacker, JohnJohn Pennebacker University of Hawaii
1973 14 191 Mitchell, CharlesCharles Mitchell Eastern Kentucky University
1973 15 196 Stovall, ReeseReese Stovall University of Texas-Pan American
1973 16 201 O'Connor, TomTom O'Connor University of Iowa
1973 17 205 Elderkin, PhilPhil Elderkin Boston University
1972 1 3 Davis, DwightDwight Davis University of Houston
1972 2 24 Hawes, SteveSteve Hawes University of Washington
1972 4 50 Siemiontkowski, HankHank Siemiontkowski Villanova University
1972 5 66 Cash, SamSam Cash University of California, Riverside
1972 6 83 Parker, TomTom Parker University of Kentucky
1972 7 100 Davidson, SteveSteve Davidson West Texas A&M University
1972 8 116 Evans, RogerRoger Evans Kent State University
1972 9 132 Starrick, GregGreg Starrick Southern Illinois University
1972 10 145 Martens, KentKent Martens Abilene Christian University
1971 1 1 Carr, AustinAustin Carr University of Notre Dame
1971 2 18 Patterson, SteveSteve Patterson University of California, Los Angeles
1971 2 35 Long, WillieWillie Long University of New Mexico
1971 3 36 Lockett, GeraldGerald Lockett University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff
1971 3 41 Ridgle, JackieJackie Ridgle University of California
1971 4 52 Harris, CliffCliff Harris Hardin-Simmons University
1971 5 69 Mahoney, BrianBrian Mahoney Manhattan College
1971 6 86 Childress, MikeMike Childress Colorado State University
1971 7 103 Bush, TomTom Bush Drake University
1971 8 120 Davis, CharlieCharlie Davis Wake Forest University
1971 9 137 Walker, RichRich Walker Bowling Green State University
1971 10 153 Meredith, JimJim Meredith Washington State University
1971 11 169 Casey, MikeMike Casey University of Kentucky
1971 12 183 Hess, DougDoug Hess University of Toledo
1971 13 196 Jones, BobbyBobby Jones Drake University
1971 14 208 Harris, BubblesBubbles Harris Indiana University
1971 15 217 Baker, LarryLarry Baker Wittenberg University
1971 16 225 Tyree, VanceVance Tyree University of Wisconsin–La Crosse
1970 1 7 Johnson, JohnJohn Johnson University of Iowa
1970 2 26 Sorenson, DaveDave Sorenson Ohio State University
1970 3 41 Oliver, SurrySurry Oliver Stephen F. Austin State University
1970 4 60 Vidnovic, GlenGlen Vidnovic University of Iowa
1970 5 75 Sokolowski, WayneWayne Sokolowski Ashland University
1970 6 94 Cooke, JoeJoe Cooke Indiana University
1970 7 109 Anderson, NarvisNarvis Anderson Stephen F. Austin State University
1970 8 128 Robertson, WalterWalter Robertson Loyola University Chicago
1970 9 143 Lagodich, TomTom Lagodich Kent State University
1970 10 162 Johnson, KenKen Johnson Indiana University
1970 11 175 Schneider, DaveDave Schneider Wayne State University
1970 12 189 Taylor, OliverOliver Taylor University of Houston
1970 13 198 Wilson, KevinKevin Wilson Ashland University
1970 14 209 Tomilson, DonDon Tomilson University of Missouri
1970 15 217 Wannamaker, SteveSteve Wannamaker Drake University
1970 16 227 Wilson, StephenStephen Wilson Hanover College
1970 17 231 Peterson, BobBob Peterson Concordia College (Minnesota)
1970 18 236 Cannon, JohnJohn Cannon Grambling State University
1970 19 238 Waller, AllenAllen Waller Saint Mary of the Plains College
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Now known as Abdul Qadir Jeelani.
References[edit]
"Cleveland Cavaliers Draft Register". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2008-10-23.
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Cleveland Cavaliers
Founded in 1970
Based in Cleveland, Ohio
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1970 Expansion Draft
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cleveland_Cavaliers_draft_history&oldid=796140906"
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list-style-type: lower-alpha;

values: List of New York Knicks first and second round draft picks

values: List of Los Angeles Lakers first and second round draft picks

values: List of Houston Rockets first and second round draft picks

values: List of defunct National Basketball Association teams

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Executive order (United States)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Executive order" redirects here. For other uses, see Executive order (disambiguation). Not to be confused with Presidential proclamation or Presidential memorandum.
Executive Order 9981 of July 26, 1948 by President Harry S. Truman banning segregation of the Armed Forces.
Executive orders are published in the Federal Register. Here, Executive Order 13799 of Donald Trump is reproduced.
In the United States, an executive order is a directive issued by the President of the United States that manages operations of the federal government, and have the force of law.[1] The legal or constitutional basis for executive orders has multiple sources. Article Two of the United States Constitution gives the president broad executive and enforcement authority to use their discretion to determine how to enforce the law or to otherwise manage the resources and staff of the executive branch. The ability to make such orders is also based on express or implied Acts of Congress that delegate to the President some degree of discretionary power (delegated legislation).[2]
Like both legislative statutes and regulations promulgated by government agencies, executive orders are subject to judicial review and may be overturned if the orders lack support by statute or the Constitution.[3] Major policy initiatives require approval by the legislative branch, but executive orders have significant influence over the internal affairs of government, deciding how and to what degree legislation will be enforced, dealing with emergencies, waging wars, and in general fine-tuning policy choices in the implementation of broad statutes.
Contents
[hide]
1 Basis in the United States Constitution
2 History and use
2.1 Franklin Roosevelt
3 Table of U.S. presidents using executive orders
4 Reaction
4.1 Legal conflicts
5 State governors' executive orders
6 Presidential proclamation
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
Basis in the United States Constitution[edit]
The United States Constitution does not have a provision that explicitly permits the use of executive orders. The term executive power in Article II, Section 1, Clause 1 of the Constitution is not entirely clear. The term is mentioned as direction to "take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed" and is part of Article II, Section 3. The consequence of failing to comply could possibly be removal from office.[4][5]
The U.S. Supreme Court has held[6] that all executive orders from the President of the United States must be supported by the Constitution, whether from a clause granting specific power, or by Congress delegating such to the executive branch.[7] Specifically, such orders must be rooted in Article II of the US Constitution or enacted by the congress in statutes. Attempts to block such orders have been successful at times when such orders exceeded the authority of the president or could be better handled through legislation.[8]
The Office of the Federal Register is responsible for assigning the executive order a sequential number after receipt of the signed original from the White House and printing the text of the executive order in the daily Federal Register and Title 3 of the Code of Federal Regulations.[9]
History and use[edit]
President Nixon signing an executive order, 1969
With the exception of William Henry Harrison, all presidents beginning with George Washington in 1789 have issued orders that in general terms can be described as executive orders. Initially they took no set form. Consequently, such orders varied as to form and substance.[10]
The first executive order was issued by George Washington on June 8, 1789, addressed to the heads of the federal departments, instructing them “to impress me with a full, precise, and distinct general idea of the affairs of the United States” in their fields.[11]
The most famous executive order was by President Abraham Lincoln when he issued the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863. Political scientist Brian R. Dirck states:
The Emancipation Proclamation was an executive order, itself a rather unusual thing in those days. Executive orders are simply presidential directives issued to agents of the executive department by its boss.[12]
Until the early 1900s, executive orders went mostly unannounced and undocumented, seen only by the agencies to which they were directed. This changed when the Department of State instituted a numbering scheme in 1907, starting retroactively with United States Executive Order 1 issued on October 20, 1862, by President Abraham Lincoln.[13] The documents that later came to be known as "executive orders" apparently gained their name from this order issued by Lincoln, which was captioned "Executive Order Establishing a Provisional Court in Louisiana".[14] This court functioned during the military occupation of Louisiana during the American Civil War, and Lincoln also used Executive Order 1 to appoint Charles A. Peabody as judge, and to designate the salaries of the court's officers.[13]
President Truman's Executive Order 10340 in Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer, 343 US 579 (1952) placed all steel mills in the country under federal control. This was found invalid because it attempted to make law, rather than clarify or act to further a law put forth by the Congress or the Constitution. Presidents since this decision have generally been careful to cite which specific laws they are acting under when issuing new executive orders. Likewise, when presidents believe their authority for issuing an executive order stems from within the powers outlined in the Constitution, the order will simply proclaim "under the authority vested in me by the Constitution" instead.
Wars have been fought upon executive order, including the 1999 Kosovo War during Bill Clinton's second term in office. However, all such wars have had authorizing resolutions from Congress. The extent to which the president may exercise military power independently of Congress and the scope of the War Powers Resolution remain unresolved constitutional issues, although all presidents since its passage have complied with the terms of the resolution while maintaining that they are not constitutionally required to do so.
President Truman issued 907 executive orders, with 1,081 orders by Theodore Roosevelt, 1,203 orders by Calvin Coolidge, and 1,803 orders by Woodrow Wilson. Franklin D. Roosevelt has the distinction of making a record 3,522 executive orders.
Franklin Roosevelt[edit]
Prior to 1932, uncontested executive orders had determined such issues as national mourning on the death of a president, and the lowering of flags to half-staff. President Franklin Roosevelt issued the first of his 3,522 executive orders on March 6, 1933, declaring a bank holiday, forbidding banks to release gold coin or bullion. Executive Order 6102 forbade the hoarding of gold coin, bullion and gold certificates. A further executive order required all newly mined domestic gold be delivered to the Treasury.[15]
By Executive Order 6581, the president created the Export-Import Bank of the United States. On March 7, 1934, he created the National Industrial Recovery Act (Executive Order 6632). On June 29, the president issued Executive Order 6763 "under the authority vested in me by the Constitution", thereby creating the National Labor Relations Board.
In 1934, while Charles Evans Hughes was Chief Justice of the United States (in the time period known as the Hughes Court), the Court found that the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) was unconstitutional. The president then issued Executive Order 7073 "by virtue of the authority vested in me under the said Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935", reestablishing the National Emergency Council to administer the functions of the NIRA in carrying out the provisions of the Emergency Relief Appropriations Act. On June 15, he issued Executive Order 7075, which terminated NIRA and replaced it with the Office of Administration of the National Recovery Administration.[16]
In the years that followed, President Roosevelt replaced the outgoing judges with those more in line with his views, ultimately appointing Hugo Black, Stanley Reed, Felix Frankfurter, William O. Douglas, Frank Murphy, Robert H. Jackson and James F. Byrnes to the Court. Historically, only George Washington had equal or greater influence over Supreme Court appointments, choosing all of its original members. Justices Frankfurter, Douglas, Black, and Jackson dramatically checked presidential power by invalidating the executive order at issue in The Steel Seizure Case (i.e., Executive Order 10340). In that case Roosevelt's successor, President Truman, had ordered private steel production facilities seized in support of the Korean War effort, but the Court held the executive order was not within the power granted to the President by the Constitution.
Table of U.S. presidents using executive orders[edit]
President
Number
issued[15]
Starting with
E.O. number[15]
George Washington 8 n/a
John Adams 1 n/a
Thomas Jefferson 4 n/a
James Madison 1 n/a
James Monroe 1 n/a
John Quincy Adams 3 n/a
Andrew Jackson 12 n/a
Martin van Buren 10 n/a
William Henry Harrison 0 n/a
John Tyler 17 n/a
James K. Polk 18 n/a
Zachary Taylor 5 n/a
Millard Fillmore 12 n/a
Franklin Pierce 35 n/a
James Buchanan 16 n/a
Abraham Lincoln 48 1
Andrew Johnson 79
Ulysses S. Grant 217
Rutherford B. Hayes 92
James Garfield 6
Chester Arthur 96
Grover Cleveland (first term) 113
Benjamin Harrison 143
Grover Cleveland (second term) 140
William McKinley 185
Theodore Roosevelt 1,081
William Howard Taft 724
Woodrow Wilson 1,803
Warren G. Harding 522
Calvin Coolidge 1,203
Herbert Hoover 968 5075
Franklin D. Roosevelt (~3.05 terms) 3,522 6071
Harry S. Truman 907 9538
Dwight D. Eisenhower 484 10432
John F. Kennedy 214 10914
Lyndon B. Johnson 325 11128
Richard Nixon 346 11452
Gerald R. Ford 169 11798
Jimmy Carter 320 11967
Ronald Reagan 381 12287
George H. W. Bush 166 12668
Bill Clinton[17] 308 12834
George W. Bush[17] 291 13198
Barack Obama[17] 276 13489
Donald Trump (as of December 22, 2017[update])[17][18] 55 13765
Reaction[edit]
Large policy changes with wide-ranging effects have been implemented through executive order, including the racial integration of the armed forces under Harry Truman and the desegregation of public schools under Dwight D. Eisenhower.[citation needed]
Two extreme examples of an executive order are Franklin Roosevelt's Executive Order 6102 "forbidding the hoarding of gold coin, gold bullion, and gold certificates within the continental United States" and Executive Order 9066, which delegated military authority to remove any or all people in a military zone (used to target Japanese-Americans and German-Americans in certain regions). The order was then delegated to General John L. DeWitt, and subsequently paved the way for all Japanese-Americans on the West Coast to be sent to internment camps for the duration of World War II.
President George W. Bush issued Executive Order 13233 in 2001, which restricted public access to the papers of former presidents. The order was criticized by the Society of American Archivists and other groups, who stated that it "violates both the spirit and letter of existing U.S. law on access to presidential papers as clearly laid down in 44 USC 2201–07", and adding that the order "potentially threatens to undermine one of the very foundations of our nation". President Barack Obama revoked Executive Order 13233 in January 2009.[19]
The Heritage Foundation has accused presidents of abusing executive orders by using them to make laws without Congressional approval and moving existing laws away from their original mandates.[20]
Legal conflicts[edit]
In 1935, the Supreme Court overturned five of President Franklin Roosevelt's executive orders (6199, 6204, 6256, 6284, 6855). Executive Order 12954, issued by President Bill Clinton in 1995, attempted to prevent the federal government from contracting with organizations that had strike-breakers on the payroll; a federal appeals court subsequently ruled that the order conflicted with the National Labor Relations Act, and invalidated the order.[21][22]
Congress has the power to overturn an executive order by passing legislation that invalidates it. Congress can also refuse to provide funding necessary to carry out certain policy measures contained with the order or to legitimize policy mechanisms. In the case of the former, the president retains the power to veto such a decision; however, the Congress may override a veto with a two-thirds majority to end an executive order. It has been argued that a congressional override of an executive order is a nearly impossible event, due to the supermajority vote required and the fact that such a vote leaves individual lawmakers vulnerable to political criticism.[23]
On July 30, 2014, the Republican-led House of Representatives approved a resolution authorizing Speaker of the House John Boehner to sue President Barack Obama over claims that he exceeded his executive authority in changing a key provision of the Affordable Care Act ("Obamacare") on his own[24] and over what Republicans claimed had been "inadequate enforcement of the health care law", which Republican lawmakers opposed. In particular, Republicans "objected that the Obama administration delayed some parts of the law, particularly the mandate on employers who do not provide health care coverage".[25] The suit was filed in the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia on November 21, 2014.[26]
Part of President Donald Trump's executive order Protecting the Nation from Foreign Terrorist Entry into the United States, which temporarily banned entry to the US from citizens of seven Muslim-majority countries, including for permanent residents, was stayed by a federal court on January 28, 2017.[27]
State governors' executive orders[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Executive orders issued by state governors are not the same as statutes passed by state legislatures, but do have the force of law in a similar way to the federal system. State executive orders are usually based on existing constitutional or statutory powers of the governor and do not require any action by the state legislature to take effect.
Executive orders may, for example, demand budget cuts from state government when the state legislature is not in session, and economic conditions take a downturn, thereby decreasing tax revenue below what was forecast when the budget was approved. Depending on the state constitution, a governor may specify what percentage each government agency must reduce by, and may exempt those that are already particularly underfunded, or cannot put long-term expenses (such as capital expenditures) off until a later fiscal year. The governor may also call the legislature into special session.
There are also other uses for gubernatorial executive orders. In 2007, for example, George "Sonny" Perdue, governor of Georgia, issued an executive order for all of its state agencies to reduce water use during a major drought. This was also demanded of its counties' water systems, however it is unclear whether this order would have the force of law.
Presidential proclamation[edit]
Main article: Presidential proclamation
According to political expert Phillip J. Cooper, a presidential proclamation "states a condition, declares a law and requires obedience, recognizes an event or triggers the implementation of a law (by recognizing that the circumstances in law have been realized)".[28] Presidents define situations or conditions on situations that become legal or economic truth. These orders carry the same force of law as executive orders—the difference between the two is that executive orders are aimed at those inside government while proclamations are aimed at those outside government.
The administrative weight of these proclamations is upheld because they are often specifically authorized by congressional statute, making them "delegated unilateral powers." Presidential proclamations are often dismissed as a practical presidential tool for policy making because of the perception of proclamations as largely ceremonial or symbolic in nature. However, the legal weight of presidential proclamations suggests their importance to presidential governance.[29]
See also[edit]
Delegated legislation
List of United States federal executive orders
Presidential directive
Presidential proclamation
Presidential Determination
Presidential memorandum
Signing statement (United States)
Decree
Ukase (Russian Federation)
Order in Council
Ordonnance
Military fiat
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "What is an Executive Order?". Insights on Law and Society. Vol. 17 no. 1. American Bar Association. Fall 2016. ISSN 1531-2461. Retrieved January 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ John Contrubis, Executive Orders and Proclamations, CRS Report for Congress #95-722A, March 9, 1999, Pp. 1-2
Jump up ^ Rebecca M. Patton, MSN, RN, CNOR, FAAN; Margarete L. Zalon, PhD, RN, ACNS-BC, FAAN; Ruth Ludwick, PhD, RN-BC, CNS, FAAN (13 November 2014). Nurses Making Policy: From Bedside to Boardroom. Springer Publishing Company. p. 94. ISBN 978-0-8261-9892-1. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Richard D. Newbold, JD, MBA, CIPP/G (12 June 2008). Newbold's Biometric Dictionary for Military and Industry: 2nd Edition. AuthorHouse. p. 76. ISBN 978-1-4678-5979-0. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ SCOTUS, Myers v. United States, 272 U.S. 52 (1926), Majority Opinion.
Jump up ^ Southern reporter: Cases argued and determined in the courts of Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi. West Publishing Company. 1986. p. 723.
Jump up ^ Chester James Antieau; William J. Rich (1997). Modern Constitutional Law: The states and the federal government. West Group. p. 528. ISBN 978-0-7620-0194-1.
Jump up ^ American Bar Association (January 1971). ABA Journal. American Bar Association. p. 35. ISSN 0747-0088.
Jump up ^ "Executive orders page of the National Archives and Records Administration".
Jump up ^ 93rd Cong., 2nd sess. (1974). Executive Orders in Times of War and National Emergency: Report of the Special Committee on National Emergencies and Delegated Emergency Powers, United States Senate. U.S. Govt. Print. Off. p. 23.
Jump up ^ DiBacco, Thomas V. (2014-08-14). "DiBACCO: George Washington had a pen, but no phone, for executive orders". The Washington Times. Archived from the original on 2016-05-14. Retrieved 2017-02-04.
Jump up ^ Brian R. Dirck (2007). The Executive Branch of Federal Government: People, Process, and Politics. ABC-CLIO. p. 102.
^ Jump up to: a b Lord, Clifford et al. Presidential Executive Orders, p. 1 (Archives Publishing Company, 1944).
Jump up ^ Relyea, Harold C. (26 November 2008). "Presidential Directives: Background and Overview" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. p. 1. Order Code 98-611 GOV.
^ Jump up to: a b c Gerhard Peters. "The American Presidency Project / Executive Orders". Retrieved 26 August 2015.
Jump up ^ American Presidency Project, Executive Order 7075 (5/29/2009).
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Executive Orders". Federal Register. Retrieved 2016-11-10.
Jump up ^ "Executive Orders". White House Briefing Room. Retrieved 2017-06-16.
Jump up ^ "Executive Order 13489 of January 21, 2009 — Presidential Records". Retrieved 2009-01-22. , Federal Register publication page and date: 74 FR 4669, January 26, 2009.
Jump up ^ Gaziano, Todd F. (2001-02-21). "The Use and Abuse of Executive Orders and Other Presidential Directives". Legal Memorandum #2. The Heritage Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-11.
Jump up ^ Catherine Edwards, "Emergency Rule, Abuse of Power?" Insight on the News, August 23, 1999, Pg. 18
Jump up ^ "Chamber of Commerce of the United States, et al, v. Reich, 74 F.3d 1322 (D.C. Cir. 1996)". Public.Resource.org. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
Jump up ^ Harold Hongju Koh, The National Security Constitution: Sharing Power after the Iran-Contra Affair, 1990, pg. 118–19
Jump up ^ Deirdre Walsh, "GOP-led House authorizes lawsuit against Obama". CNN.com, July 30, 2014
Jump up ^ Michael McAuliff and Sam Levine, "House Authorizes Lawsuit Against President Obama" Huff Post: Politics, July 30, 2014,
Jump up ^ Parker, Ashley (21 November 2014). "House G.O.P. Files Lawsuit in Battling Health Law" – via NYTimes.com.
Jump up ^ "Federal court halts Trump's immigration ban". The Verge. 2017-01-28. Retrieved 2016-01-28.
Jump up ^ Phillip J. Cooper. 2002. By Order of The President. University of Kansas Press. Page 116.
Jump up ^ Presidential Proclamations Project, University of Houston, Political Science Dept.
Further reading[edit]
Bush, Ann M., "Executive Disorder: The Subversion of the United States Supreme Court, 1914-1940" [Amazon], 2010.
Mayer, Kenneth R., With the Stroke of a Pen: Executive Orders and Presidential Power, Princeton University Press, 2002.
Warber, Adam L., Executive Orders and the Modern Presidency: Legislating from the Oval Office, Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2006.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Executive orders of the United States.
Wikisource has several original texts related to: United States executive orders
Archive of U.S. Executive Orders
Executive Orders: Issuance and Revocation Congressional Research Service
Executive Orders at The American Presidency Project, Searchable Archive of Over 3,600 Executive Orders
Executive Orders and Other Presidential Documents: Sources and Explanations, LLSDC.org
Presidential Proclamations Project, University of Houston, Political Science Dept.
Governor of Missouri's executive orders 2012-1982, Missouri Secretary of State's
Federal Register: The Daily Register of the United States Government Publishes executive orders shortly after receipt
White House: List of executive orders of the current US administration shortly after issue
[hide]
v
t
e
Executive orders of Presidents of the United States
Executive orders 1–5074 (1789–1929)
05075–06070 (Herbert Hoover)
06071–09537 (Franklin D. Roosevelt)
09538–10431 (Harry S. Truman)
10432–10913 (Dwight D. Eisenhower)
10914–11127 (John F. Kennedy)
11128–11451 (Lyndon B. Johnson)
11452–11797 (Richard Nixon)
11798–11966 (Gerald Ford)
11967–12286 (Jimmy Carter)
12287–12667 (Ronald Reagan)
12668–12833 (George H. W. Bush)
12834–13197 (Bill Clinton)
13198–13488 (George W. Bush)
13489–13764 (Barack Obama)
13765–00000 (Donald Trump)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Executive_order_(United_States)&oldid=818118365"
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