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House of Cards (UK TV series)
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For the 2013 US adaptation of the series, see House of Cards (U.S. TV series).
House of Cards
Based on
House of Cards
by Michael Dobbs
Written by
Andrew Davies
Michael Dobbs
Directed by
Paul Seed
Starring
Ian Richardson
Susannah Harker
David Lyon
Diane Fletcher
Music by
Jim Parker
Country of origin
United Kingdom
Original language(s)
English
No. of episodes
4
Production
Producer(s)
Ken Riddington
Running time
4 x 55 minutes
Distributor
BBC
Release
Original release
18 November – 9 December 1990
Chronology
Followed by
To Play the King
The Final Cut
House of Cards (U.S. TV series)
House of Cards is a 1990 British political thriller television serial in four episodes, set after the end of Margaret Thatcher's tenure as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. It was televised by the BBC from 18 November to 9 December 1990, to critical and popular acclaim.
Andrew Davies adapted the story from the novel of the same name by Michael Dobbs, a former Chief of Staff at Conservative Party headquarters. Neville Teller also dramatised Dobbs's novel for BBC World Service in 1996, and it had two television sequels (To Play the King and The Final Cut). The opening and closing theme music for those TV series is entitled "Francis Urquhart's March."[1]
House of Cards was ranked 84th in the British Film Institute list of the 100 Greatest British Television Programmes in 2000.[2] In 2013, the serial and the Dobbs novel were the basis for a US adaptation set in Washington, D.C., commissioned and released by Netflix.
Contents
1 Overview
2 Plot
3 Deviations from the novel in the series
4 Reception
5 American adaptation
6 In popular culture
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Overview[edit]
The antihero of House of Cards is Francis Urquhart, a fictional Chief Whip of the Conservative Party, played by Ian Richardson. The plot follows his amoral and manipulative scheme to become leader of the governing party and, thus, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.
Michael Dobbs did not envision writing the second and third books, as Urquhart dies at the end of the first novel. The screenplay of the BBC's dramatisation of House of Cards differs from the book, and hence allows future series. Dobbs wrote two following books, To Play the King and The Final Cut, which were televised in 1993 and 1995, respectively.[3]
House of Cards was said to draw from Shakespeare's plays Macbeth and Richard III,[4] both of which feature main characters who are corrupted by power and ambition. Richardson has a Shakespearean background and said he based his characterisation of Urquhart on Shakespeare's portrayal of Richard III.[4]
Urquhart frequently talks through the camera to the audience, breaking the fourth wall.[5]
Plot[edit]
After Margaret Thatcher's resignation, the ruling Conservative Party is about to elect a new leader. Francis Urquhart (Ian Richardson), an MP and the Government Chief Whip in the House of Commons, introduces viewers to the contestants, from which Henry "Hal" Collingridge (David Lyon) emerges victorious. Urquhart is secretly contemptuous of the well-meaning but weak Collingridge, but expects a promotion to a senior position in the Cabinet. After the general election, which the party wins by a reduced majority, Urquhart submits his suggestions for a reshuffle that includes his desired promotion. However, Collingridge – citing Harold Macmillan's political demise after the 1962 Night of the Long Knives – effects no changes at all. Urquhart resolves to oust Collingridge, with encouragement from his wife, Elizabeth (Diane Fletcher).
At the same time, with Elizabeth's blessing, Urquhart begins an affair with Mattie Storin (Susannah Harker), a junior political reporter at a Conservative-leaning tabloid newspaper called The Chronicle. The affair allows Urquhart to manipulate Mattie and indirectly skew her coverage of the Conservative leadership contest in his favour. Mattie has an apparent Electra complex; she finds appeal in Urquhart's much older age and later refers to him as "Daddy." Another unwitting pawn is Roger O'Neill (Miles Anderson), the party's cocaine-addicted public relations consultant.
Urquhart blackmails O'Neill into leaking information on budget cuts that humiliates Collingridge during the Prime Minister's Questions. Later, he blames party chairman Lord "Teddy" Billsborough (Nicholas Selby) for leaking an internal poll showing a drop in Tory numbers, leading Collingridge to sack him. As Collingridge's image suffers, Urquhart encourages ultraconservative Foreign Secretary Patrick Woolton (Malcolm Tierney) and Chronicle owner Benjamin Landless to support his removal. Urquhart also poses as Collingridge's alcoholic brother Charles (James Villiers), to trade shares in a chemical company about to benefit from advance information confidential to the government. Consequently, Collingridge becomes falsely accused of insider trading and is forced to resign.
In the ensuing leadership race, Urquhart initially feigns unwillingness to stand before announcing his candidacy. With the help of his underling, Tim Stamper (Colin Jeavons), Urquhart goes about making sure his competitors drop out of the race: Health Secretary Peter MacKenzie (Christopher Owen) accidentally runs his car over a disabled protester at a demonstration staged by Urquhart and is forced by the public outcry to withdraw, while Education Secretary Harold Earle (Kenneth Gilbert) is blackmailed into withdrawing when Urquhart anonymously sends pictures of him in the company of a rent boy whom Earle had paid for sex.
The first ballot leaves Urquhart to face Woolton and Michael Samuels, the moderate Environment Secretary supported by Billsborough. Urquhart eliminates Woolton by a prolonged scheme: at the party conference, he pressures O'Neill into persuading his personal assistant and lover, Penny Guy (Alphonsia Emmanuel), to have a one-night stand with Woolton in his suite, which Urquhart records via a bugged ministerial red box. When the tape is sent to Woolton, he is led to assume that Samuels is behind the scheme and backs Urquhart in the contest. Urquhart also receives support from Collingridge, who is unaware of Urquhart's role in his own downfall. Samuels is forced out of the running when the tabloids reveal that he backed leftist causes as a student at University of Cambridge.
Stumbling across contradictions in the allegations against Collingridge and his brother, Mattie begins to dig deeper. On Urquhart's orders, O'Neill arranges for her car and flat to be vandalised in a show of intimidation. However, O'Neill becomes increasingly uneasy with what he is being asked to do, and his cocaine addiction adds to his instability. Urquhart mixes O'Neill's cocaine with rat poison, causing him to kill himself when taking the cocaine in a motorway lavatory. Though initially blind to the truth of matters thanks to her relations with Urquhart, Mattie eventually deduces that Urquhart is responsible for O'Neill's death and is behind the unfortunate downfalls of Collingridge and all of Urquhart's rivals.
Mattie looks for Urquhart at the point when it seems his victory is certain. She eventually finds him on the roof garden of the Houses of Parliament, where she confronts him. He admits to O'Neill's murder and everything else he has done. He then asks whether he can trust Mattie, and, though she answers in the affirmative, he does not believe her and throws her off the roof onto a van parked below. An unseen person picks up Mattie's tape recorder, which she had been using to secretly record her conversations with Urquhart. The series ends with Urquhart defeating Samuels in the second leadership ballot and being driven to Buckingham Palace to be invited to form a government by Elizabeth II.
Deviations from the novel in the series[edit]
In the first novel, but not in the television series:
Urquhart never speaks directly to the reader; the character is written solely in a third-person perspective.
When alone, Urquhart is much less self-assured and decisive.
Mattie Storin works for The Daily Telegraph. (In the television series she is a journalist with the fictional Chronicle newspaper.)
Mattie Storin does not have a relationship with Urquhart; she does not even talk to him frequently. She does, however, have a sexual relationship with John Krajewski.
Urquhart's wife is called Miranda and is a minor character, not sharing in his schemes. (In the later novels, To Play the King and The Final Cut, however, she is called "Elizabeth" and plays a larger role, as in the television series.)
The Conservative party conference is held in Bournemouth. (In the television series it occurs in Brighton.)
The minor character Tim Stamper is introduced for the on-screen adaptation (although Dobbs introduces him in the novel To Play the King).
Earle's rent boy appears in person at an important speech of Earle's, distracting him; subsequently, Earle is harassed by reporters who have been told of his indiscretion.
In the final confrontation scene Urquhart throws himself from the roof terrace and Mattie survives.
Before the series was reissued in 2013 to coincide with the release of the US version of House of Cards, Dobbs rewrote portions of the novel to bring the series in line with the television mini-series and restore continuity among the three novels.[citation needed] In the 2013 version:
Urquhart murders Mattie Storin, throwing her off the roof after she confronts Urquhart about his actions.
Mattie Storin does not scream "Daddy" as she falls.
Urquhart covers up his murder of Mattie Storin by claiming she was an obsessed stalker who was mentally ill and vows to make mental health amongst the young a priority policy-wise.
Mattie Storin works for newspaper The Chronicle, per the TV series.
Urquhart's wife Miranda is changed to Mortima.
Tim Stamper, though present in the TV mini-series, does not appear in the revised version of the novel.
Urquhart makes asides to the audience in the form of epigraphs at the beginning of each chapter (the original novel has no chapters).
Reception[edit]
The first installment of the TV series coincidentally aired two days before the Conservative Party leadership election.[4] Author Dobbs said that John Major's leadership headquarters "came to a halt" to view the show.[6] During a time of "disillusionment with politics", the series "caught the nation's mood".[7]
Ian Richardson won a Best Actor BAFTA in 1991 for his role as Urquhart, and Andrew Davies won an Emmy for outstanding writing in a miniseries.
The series ranked 84th in the British Film Institute list of the 100 Greatest British Television Programmes.[2]
American adaptation[edit]
Main article: House of Cards (U.S. TV series)
The Urquhart trilogy has been adapted in the United States as House of Cards. The show stars Kevin Spacey as Francis "Frank" Underwood, the Majority Whip of the Democratic Party, who schemes and murders his way to becoming President of the United States. It is produced by David Fincher and Spacey's Trigger Street Productions, with the initial episodes directed by Fincher.
The series, produced and financed by independent studio Media Rights Capital, is one of Netflix's first forays into original programming. Series one was made available online on 1 February 2013.[8] The series is filmed in Baltimore, Maryland.[9][10][11] The first series was critically acclaimed and earned four Golden Globe Nominations, including Best Drama, actor, actress and supporting actor, with Robin Wright winning best actress. It also earned nine Primetime Emmy Award nominations, winning three, and was the first show to earn nominations that was broadcast solely via an internet streaming service.[citation needed]
In popular culture[edit]
The drama introduced and popularised[4] the phrase: "You might very well think that; I couldn't possibly comment". It was a non-confirmation confirmative statement, used by Urquhart whenever he could not be seen to agree with a leading statement, with the emphasis on either the "I" or the "possibly", depending on the situation. The phrase was even used in the House of Commons, House of Lords and Parliamentary Committees following the series.[12][13][14]
A variation on the phrase was written into the TV adaptation of Terry Pratchett's Hogfather for the character Death, as an in-joke on the fact that he was voiced by Richardson.
During the first Gulf War, a British reporter speaking from Baghdad, conscious of the possibility of censorship, used the code phrase "You might very well think that; I couldn't possibly comment" to answer a BBC presenter's question.
A further variation was used by Nicola Murray, a fictional government minister, in the third series finale of The Thick of It.
In the U.S. adaptation, the phrase is used by Frank Underwood in the first episode during his initial meeting with Zoe Barnes, the US counterpart of Mattie Storin.
See also[edit]
List of House of Cards trilogy characters
Politics in fiction
A Very British Coup, a similar drama of fictional contemporary British politics from a left-wing perspective
Yes Minister (and its sequel Yes, Prime Minister), a satirical sitcom about a generic British government
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Jim Parker: Francis Urquhart's March".
^ Jump up to: a b "British Film Institute list of 100 Greatest British Television Programmes, No. 84". Archived from the original on 27 May 2008. Retrieved 4 June 2008.
Jump up ^ "BBC Four Drama – House of Cards". BBC.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Richardson's rule in House of Cards". London: BBC. 9 February 2007. Retrieved 4 June 2008.
Jump up ^ Cartmell, Deborah (2007). The Cambridge Companion to Literature on Screen. Cambridge University Press. p. 244. ISBN 0521614864.
Jump up ^ "House of Cards actor Ian Richardson dies in his sleep". London: Daily Mail. 9 February 2007. Retrieved 16 July 2009.
Jump up ^ Kirby, Terry (10 February 2007). "Ian Richardson, the PM who couldn't possibly comment, dies aged 72". London: The Independent. Retrieved 16 July 2009.
Jump up ^ Itzkoff, Dave (4 October 2012). "Netflix Sets February Premiere for 'House of Cards'". The New York Times. Retrieved 13 November 2012.
Jump up ^ "House of Cards". netflix.com. 17 March 2011. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "Netflix To Enter Original Programming With Mega Deal For David Fincher-Kevin Spacey Series House of Cards". deadline.com. 15 March 2011.
Jump up ^ "Netflix Builds a 'House of Cards' That Could Knock Down the Networks". aoltv.com. 18 March 2011. Retrieved 8 July 2011.
Jump up ^ "House of Commons Hansard for 11 Mar 1998 (pt 46)".
Jump up ^ "House of Lords Hansard for 27 Nov 2000 (pt 4)".
Jump up ^ "House of Commons - Treasury - Minutes of Evidence".
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: House of Cards (trilogy)
House of Cards on IMDb
House of Cards trilogy at the BBC website
House of Cards at British Film Institute Screen Online
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Cell wall
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
A cell wall is a structural layer surrounding some types of cells, situated outside the cell membrane. It can be tough, flexible, and sometimes rigid. It provides the cell with both structural support and protection, and also acts as a filtering mechanism. Cell walls are present in most prokaryotes (except mycoplasma bacteria), in algae, plants and fungi but rarely in other eukaryotes including animals. A major function is to act as pressure vessels, preventing over-expansion of the cell when water enters.
The composition of cell walls varies between species and may depend on cell type and developmental stage. The primary cell wall of land plants is composed of the polysaccharides cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin. Often, other polymers such as lignin, suberin or cutin are anchored to or embedded in plant cell walls. Algae possess cell walls made of glycoproteins and polysaccharides such as carrageenan and agar that are absent from land plants. In bacteria, the cell wall is composed of peptidoglycan. The cell walls of archaea have various compositions, and may be formed of glycoprotein S-layers, pseudopeptidoglycan, or polysaccharides. Fungi possess cell walls made of the glucosamine polymer chitin. Unusually, diatoms have a cell wall composed of biogenic silica.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Properties
2.1 Rigidity of cell walls
2.2 Permeability
3 Evolution
4 Plant cell walls
4.1 Layers
4.2 Composition
4.3 Formation
5 Fungal cell walls
5.1 True fungi
6 Other eukaryotic cell walls
6.1 Algae
6.2 Water molds
6.3 Slime molds
7 Prokaryotic cell walls
7.1 Bacterial cell walls
7.2 Archaeal cell walls
8 Other cell coverings
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
History[edit]
A plant cell wall was first observed and named (simply as a "wall") by Robert Hooke in 1665.[2] However, "the dead excrusion product of the living protoplast" was forgotten, for almost three centuries, being the subject of scientific interest mainly as a resource for industrial processing or in relation to animal or human health.[3]
In 1804, Karl Rudolphi and J.H.F. Link proved that cells had independent cell walls.[4][5][6] Before, it had been thought that cells shared walls and that fluid passed between them this way.
The mode of formation of the cell wall was controversial in the 19th century. Hugo von Mohl (1853, 1858) advocated the idea that the cell wall grows by apposition. Carl Nägeli (1858, 1862, 1863) believed that the growth of the wall in thickness and in area was due to a process termed intussusception. Each theory was improved in the following decades: the apposition (or lamination) theory by Eduard Strasburger (1882, 1889), and the intussusception theory by Julius Wiesner (1886).[7]
In 1930, Ernst Münch coined the term apoplast in order to separate the "living" symplast from the "dead" plant region, the latter of which included the cell wall.[8]
By the 1980s, some authors suggested replacing the term "cell wall", particularly as it was used for plants, with the more precise term "extracellular matrix", as used for animal cells,[9][10] but others preferred the older term.[11]
Properties[edit]
Diagram of the plant cell, with the cell wall in green.
Cell walls serve similar purposes in those organisms that possess them. They may give cells rigidity and strength, offering protection against mechanical stress. In multicellular organisms, they permit the organism to build and hold a definite shape (morphogenesis). Cell walls also limit the entry of large molecules that may be toxic to the cell. They further permit the creation of stable osmotic environments by preventing osmotic lysis and helping to retain water. Their composition, properties, and form may change during the cell cycle and depend on growth conditions.
Rigidity of cell walls[edit]
In most cells, the cell wall is flexible, meaning that it will bend rather than holding a fixed shape, but has considerable tensile strength. The apparent rigidity of primary plant tissues is enabled by cell walls, but is not due to the walls' stiffness. Hydraulic turgor pressure creates this rigidity, along with the wall structure. The flexibility of the cell walls is seen when plants wilt, so that the stems and leaves begin to droop, or in seaweeds that bend in water currents. As John Howland explains:
Think of the cell wall as a wicker basket in which a balloon has been inflated so that it exerts pressure from the inside. Such a basket is very rigid and resistant to mechanical damage. Thus does the prokaryote cell (and eukaryotic cell that possesses a cell wall) gain strength from a flexible plasma membrane pressing against a rigid cell wall.[12]
The apparent rigidity of the cell wall thus results from inflation of the cell contained within. This inflation is a result of the passive uptake of water.
In plants, a secondary cell wall is a thicker additional layer of cellulose which increases wall rigidity. Additional layers may be formed by lignin in xylem cell walls, or suberin in cork cell walls. These compounds are rigid and waterproof, making the secondary wall stiff. Both wood and bark cells of trees have secondary walls. Other parts of plants such as the leaf stalk may acquire similar reinforcement to resist the strain of physical forces.
Permeability[edit]
The primary cell wall of most plant cells is freely permeable to small molecules including small proteins, with size exclusion estimated to be 30-60 kDa.[citation needed] The pH is an important factor governing the transport of molecules through cell walls.[13]
Evolution[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (October 2013)
Cell walls evolved independently in many groups, even in the photosynthetic eukaryotes. In these lineages, the cell wall is closely related to the evolution of multicellularity, terrestrialization and vascularization.[14]
Plant cell walls[edit]
The walls of plant cells must have sufficient tensile strength to withstand internal osmotic pressures of several times atmospheric pressure that result from the difference in solute concentration between the cell interior and external solutions.[15] Plant cell walls vary from 0.1 to several µm in thickness.[16]
Layers[edit]
Cell wall in multicellular plants- its different layers and their placement with respect to protoplasm (highly diagrammatic)
Molecular structure of the primary cell wall in plants.
Up to three strata or layers may be found in plant cell walls:[17]
The primary cell wall, generally a thin, flexible and extensible layer formed while the cell is growing.
The secondary cell wall, a thick layer formed inside the primary cell wall after the cell is fully grown. It is not found in all cell types. Some cells, such as the conducting cells in xylem, possess a secondary wall containing lignin, which strengthens and waterproofs the wall.
The middle lamella, a layer rich in pectins. This outermost layer forms the interface between adjacent plant cells and glues them together.
Composition[edit]
In the primary (growing) plant cell wall, the major carbohydrates are cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin. The cellulose microfibrils are linked via hemicellulosic tethers to form the cellulose-hemicellulose network, which is embedded in the pectin matrix. The most common hemicellulose in the primary cell wall is xyloglucan. In grass cell walls, xyloglucan and pectin are reduced in abundance and partially replaced by glucuronarabinoxylan, another type of hemicellulose. Primary cell walls characteristically extend (grow) by a mechanism called acid growth, which involves turgor-driven movement of the strong cellulose microfibrils within the weaker hemicellulose/pectin matrix, catalyzed by expansin proteins. The outer part of the primary cell wall of the plant epidermis is usually impregnated with cutin and wax, forming a permeability barrier known as the plant cuticle.
Secondary cell walls contain a wide range of additional compounds that modify their mechanical properties and permeability. The major polymers that make up wood (largely secondary cell walls) include:
cellulose, 35-50%
xylan, 20-35%, a type of hemicellulose
lignin, 10-25%, a complex phenolic polymer that penetrates the spaces in the cell wall between cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin components, driving out water and strengthening the wall.
Additionally, structural proteins (1-5%) are found in most plant cell walls; they are classified as hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (HRGP), arabinogalactan proteins (AGP), glycine-rich proteins (GRPs), and proline-rich proteins (PRPs). Each class of glycoprotein is defined by a characteristic, highly repetitive protein sequence. Most are glycosylated, contain hydroxyproline (Hyp) and become cross-linked in the cell wall. These proteins are often concentrated in specialized cells and in cell corners. Cell walls of the epidermis may contain cutin. The Casparian strip in the endodermis roots and cork cells of plant bark contain suberin. Both cutin and suberin are polyesters that function as permeability barriers to the movement of water.[18] The relative composition of carbohydrates, secondary compounds and proteins varies between plants and between the cell type and age. Plant cells walls also contain numerous enzymes, such as hydrolases, esterases, peroxidases, and transglycosylases, that cut, trim and cross-link wall polymers.
Secondary walls - especially in grasses - may also contain microscopic silica crystals, which may strengthen the wall and protect it from herbivores.
Cell walls in some plant tissues also function as storage deposits for carbohydrates that can be broken down and resorbed to supply the metabolic and growth needs of the plant. For example, endosperm cell walls in the seeds of cereal grasses, nasturtium[19]:228 and other species, are rich in glucans and other polysaccharides that are readily digested by enzymes during seed germination to form simple sugars that nourish the growing embryo.
Formation[edit]
Photomicrograph of onion root cells, showing the centrifugal development of new cell walls (phragmoplast).
The middle lamella is laid down first, formed from the cell plate during cytokinesis, and the primary cell wall is then deposited inside the middle lamella.[clarification needed] The actual structure of the cell wall is not clearly defined and several models exist - the covalently linked cross model, the tether model, the diffuse layer model and the stratified layer model. However, the primary cell wall, can be defined as composed of cellulose microfibrils aligned at all angles. Cellulose microfibrils are produced at the plasma membrane by the cellulose synthase complex, which is proposed to be made of a hexameric rosette that contains three cellulose synthase catalytic subunits for each of the six units.[20] Microfibrils are held together by hydrogen bonds to provide a high tensile strength. The cells are held together and share the gelatinous membrane called the middle lamella, which contains magnesium and calcium pectates (salts of pectic acid). Cells interact though plasmodesmata, which are inter-connecting channels of cytoplasm that connect to the protoplasts of adjacent cells across the cell wall.
In some plants and cell types, after a maximum size or point in development has been reached, a secondary wall is constructed between the plasma membrane and primary wall.[21] Unlike the primary wall, the cellulose microfibrils are aligned parallel in layers, the orientation changing slightly with each additional layer so that the structure becomes helicoidal.[22] Cells with secondary cell walls can be rigid, as in the gritty sclereid cells in pear and quince fruit. Cell to cell communication is possible through pits in the secondary cell wall that allow plasmodesmata to connect cells through the secondary cell walls.
Fungal cell walls[edit]
Chemical structure of a unit from a chitin polymer chain.
There are several groups of organisms that have been called "fungi". Some of these groups (Oomycete and Myxogastria) have been transferred out of the Kingdom Fungi, in part because of fundamental biochemical differences in the composition of the cell wall. Most true fungi have a cell wall consisting largely of chitin and other polysaccharides.[23] True fungi do not have cellulose in their cell walls.[24]
True fungi[edit]
In fungi, the cell wall is the outer-most layer, external to the plasma membrane. The fungal cell wall is a matrix of three main components:[25]
chitin: polymers consisting mainly of unbranched chains of β-(1,4)-linked-N-Acetylglucosamine in the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, or poly-β-(1,4)-linked-N-Acetylglucosamine (chitosan) in the Zygomycota. Both chitin and chitosan are synthesized and extruded at the plasma membrane.[25]
glucans: glucose polymers that function to cross-link chitin or chitosan polymers. β-glucans are glucose molecules linked via β-(1,3)- or β-(1,6)- bonds and provide rigidity to the cell wall while α-glucans are defined by α-(1,3)- and/or α-(1,4) bonds and function as part of the matrix.[25]
proteins: enzymes necessary for cell wall synthesis and lysis in addition to structural proteins are all present in the cell wall. Most of the structural proteins found in the cell wall are glycosylated and contain mannose, thus these proteins are called mannoproteins or mannans.[25]
Other eukaryotic cell walls[edit]
Algae[edit]
Scanning electron micrographs of diatoms showing the external appearance of the cell wall
Like plants, algae have cell walls.[26] Algal cell walls contain either polysaccharides (such as cellulose (a glucan)) or a variety of glycoproteins (Volvocales) or both. The inclusion of additional polysaccharides in algal cells walls is used as a feature for algal taxonomy.
Mannans: They form microfibrils in the cell walls of a number of marine green algae including those from the genera, Codium, Dasycladus, and Acetabularia as well as in the walls of some red algae, like Porphyra and Bangia.
Xylans:
Alginic acid: It is a common polysaccharide in the cell walls of brown algae.
Sulfonated polysaccharides: They occur in the cell walls of most algae; those common in red algae include agarose, carrageenan, porphyran, furcelleran and funoran.
Other compounds that may accumulate in algal cell walls include sporopollenin and calcium ions.
The group of algae known as the diatoms synthesize their cell walls (also known as frustules or valves) from silicic acid (specifically orthosilicic acid, H4SiO4). The acid is polymerised intra-cellularly, then the wall is extruded to protect the cell. Significantly, relative to the organic cell walls produced by other groups, silica frustules require less energy to synthesize (approximately 8%), potentially a major saving on the overall cell energy budget[27] and possibly an explanation for higher growth rates in diatoms.[28]
In brown algae, phlorotannins may be a constituent of the cell walls.[29]
Water molds[edit]
The group Oomycetes, also known as water molds, are saprotrophic plant pathogens like fungi. Until recently they were widely believed to be fungi, but structural and molecular evidence[30] has led to their reclassification as heterokonts, related to autotrophic brown algae and diatoms. Unlike fungi, oomycetes typically possess cell walls of cellulose and glucans rather than chitin, although some genera (such as Achlya and Saprolegnia) do have chitin in their walls.[31] The fraction of cellulose in the walls is no more than 4 to 20%, far less than the fraction of glucans.[31] Oomycete cell walls also contain the amino acid hydroxyproline, which is not found in fungal cell walls.
Slime molds[edit]
The dictyostelids are another group formerly classified among the fungi. They are slime molds that feed as unicellular amoebae, but aggregate into a reproductive stalk and sporangium under certain conditions. Cells of the reproductive stalk, as well as the spores formed at the apex, possess a cellulose wall.[32] The spore wall has been shown to possess three layers, the middle of which is composed primarily of cellulose, and the innermost is sensitive to cellulase and pronase.[32]
Prokaryotic cell walls[edit]
Bacterial cell walls[edit]
Diagram of a typical Gram-positive bacterium. The cell envelope comprises a plasma membrane, seen here in light brown, and a thick peptidoglycan-containing cell wall (the purple layer). No outer lipid membrane is present, as would be the case in Gram-negative bacteria. The red layer, known as the capsule, is distinct from the cell envelope.
Further information: Cell envelope
Around the outside of the cell membrane is the bacterial cell wall. Bacterial cell walls are made of peptidoglycan (also called murein), which is made from polysaccharide chains cross-linked by unusual peptides containing D-amino acids.[33] Bacterial cell walls are different from the cell walls of plants and fungi which are made of cellulose and chitin, respectively.[34] The cell wall of bacteria is also distinct from that of Archaea, which do not contain peptidoglycan. The cell wall is essential to the survival of many bacteria, although L-form bacteria can be produced in the laboratory that lack a cell wall.[35] The antibiotic penicillin is able to kill bacteria by preventing the cross-linking of peptidoglycan and this causes the cell wall to weaken and lyse.[34] The lysozyme enzyme can also damage bacterial cell walls.
There are broadly speaking two different types of cell wall in bacteria, called Gram-positive and Gram-negative. The names originate from the reaction of cells to the Gram stain, a test long-employed for the classification of bacterial species.[36]
Gram-positive bacteria possess a thick cell wall containing many layers of peptidoglycan and teichoic acids. In contrast, Gram-negative bacteria have a relatively thin cell wall consisting of a few layers of peptidoglycan surrounded by a second lipid membrane containing lipopolysaccharides and lipoproteins. Most bacteria have the Gram-negative cell wall and only the Firmicutes and Actinobacteria (previously known as the low G+C and high G+C Gram-positive bacteria, respectively) have the alternative Gram-positive arrangement.[37] These differences in structure can produce differences in antibiotic susceptibility, for instance vancomycin can kill only Gram-positive bacteria and is ineffective against Gram-negative pathogens, such as Haemophilus influenzae or Pseudomonas aeruginosa.[38]
Archaeal cell walls[edit]
Although not truly unique, the cell walls of Archaea are unusual. Whereas peptidoglycan is a standard component of all bacterial cell walls, all archaeal cell walls lack peptidoglycan,[39] with the exception of one group of methanogens.[12] In that group, the peptidoglycan is a modified form very different from the kind found in bacteria.[39] There are four types of cell wall currently known among the Archaea.
One type of archaeal cell wall is that composed of pseudopeptidoglycan (also called pseudomurein). This type of wall is found in some methanogens, such as Methanobacterium and Methanothermus.[40] While the overall structure of archaeal pseudopeptidoglycan superficially resembles that of bacterial peptidoglycan, there are a number of significant chemical differences. Like the peptidoglycan found in bacterial cell walls, pseudopeptidoglycan consists of polymer chains of glycan cross-linked by short peptide connections. However, unlike peptidoglycan, the sugar N-acetylmuramic acid is replaced by N-acetyltalosaminuronic acid,[39] and the two sugars are bonded with a β,1-3 glycosidic linkage instead of β,1-4. Additionally, the cross-linking peptides are L-amino acids rather than D-amino acids as they are in bacteria.[40]
A second type of archaeal cell wall is found in Methanosarcina and Halococcus. This type of cell wall is composed entirely of a thick layer of polysaccharides, which may be sulfated in the case of Halococcus.[40] Structure in this type of wall is complex and not fully investigated.
A third type of wall among the Archaea consists of glycoprotein, and occurs in the hyperthermophiles, Halobacterium, and some methanogens. In Halobacterium, the proteins in the wall have a high content of acidic amino acids, giving the wall an overall negative charge. The result is an unstable structure that is stabilized by the presence of large quantities of positive sodium ions that neutralize the charge.[40] Consequently, Halobacterium thrives only under conditions with high salinity.
In other Archaea, such as Methanomicrobium and Desulfurococcus, the wall may be composed only of surface-layer proteins,[12] known as an S-layer. S-layers are common in bacteria, where they serve as either the sole cell-wall component or an outer layer in conjunction with polysaccharides. Most Archaea are Gram-negative, though at least one Gram-positive member is known.[12]
Other cell coverings[edit]
Many protists and bacteria produce other cell surface structures apart from cell walls, external (extracellular matrix) or internal.[41][42][43] Many algae have a sheath or envelope of mucilage outside the cell made of exopolysaccharides. Diatoms build a frustule from silica extracted from the surrounding water; radiolarians, foraminiferans, testate amoebae and silicoflagellates also produce a skeleton from minerals, called test in some groups. Many green algae, such as Halimeda and the Dasycladales, and some red algae, the Corallinales, encase their cells in a secreted skeleton of calcium carbonate. In each case, the wall is rigid and essentially inorganic. It is the non-living component of cell. Some golden algae, ciliates and choanoflagellates produces a shell-like protective outer covering called lorica. Some dinoflagellates have a theca of cellulose plates, and coccolithophorids have coccoliths.
An extracellular matrix is also present in metazoans. Its composition varies between cells, but collagens are the most abundant protein in the ECM.[44][45]
See also[edit]
Extracellular matrix
Bacterial cell structure
Plant cell
References[edit]
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External links[edit]
Look up cell wall in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Cell wall ultrastructure
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Curse of Chucky
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Curse of Chucky
DVD and Blu-ray cover
Directed by
Don Mancini
Produced by
David Kirschner
Written by
Don Mancini
Based on
Characters
by Don Mancini
Starring
Fiona Dourif
Danielle Bisutti
Brennan Elliott
Maitland McConnell
Chantal Quesnel
Summer H. Howell
A Martinez
Brad Dourif
Music by
Joseph LoDuca
Cinematography
Michael Marshall
Edited by
James Coblentz
Production
company
Universal 1440 Entertainment
Distributed by
Universal Studios Home Entertainment
Release date
August 2, 2013 (2013-08-02) (Fantasia Festival)
September 24, 2013 (2013-09-24)
(VOD)
October 8, 2013 (2013-10-08)
(DVD/Blu-ray)
Running time
97 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$5,000,000 [1]
Curse of Chucky is a 2013 American supernatural slasher film and the sixth installment of the Child's Play franchise. The film was written and directed by Don Mancini, who created the franchise and wrote all films to date. It stars Brad Dourif as Chucky and Fiona Dourif as Nica Pierce, as well as Danielle Bisutti, A Martinez and Brennan Elliott. The film grossed $3.4 million in DVD sales.
The film sees the return to the franchise's source material and bringing back the straightforward horror elements found in the first three Child's Play films. The film, which went into production in September 2012, is the first direct-to-video installment of the series. Curse of Chucky is distributed by Universal Studios Home Entertainment, and debuted via VOD, September 24, 2013. This was followed by a DVD and Blu-ray Disc release, October 8, 2013, in the United States. The film was also turned into a scare zone for 2013's annual Halloween Horror Nights at Universal Studios Hollywood. Even the film was filmed direct-to-video, it also was released theatrically in some countries as Mexico and Brazil. The film was followed by Cult of Chucky in 2017.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Development
3.2 Filming
4 Release and marketing
5 Reception
6 Halloween Horror Nights
7 Sequel
8 References
9 External links
Plot[edit]
Twenty-five years after the first film, Chucky (voiced by Brad Dourif) mysteriously arrives in the mail to the home of paraplegic Nica Pierce (Fiona Dourif) and her mother Sarah (Chantal Quesnel). Later that night Sarah is found dead from a stab wound, and her death is ruled as a suicide.
A short while later, Nica is visited by her domineering older sister Barb (Danielle Bisutti), accompanied by Barb's husband Ian (Brennan Elliott), their six-year-old daughter Alice (Summer H. Howell), live-in nanny Jill (Maitland McConnell), and Father Frank (A Martinez). Alice finds Chucky, and, since everyone thinks that he's just a doll, is allowed to keep him. That evening, while Alice and Nica are making soup, Chucky secretly pours rat poison into one of the dinner bowls. Father Frank eats the poison and, after leaving the house, is decapitated in a car accident.
Later that night, after everyone else has gone to sleep, Nica investigates the Chucky doll on the internet and finds news articles of the unsolved Chucky murders and the doll's link to serial killer Charles Lee Ray. Elsewhere, Chucky kicks a bucket of rain water onto the floor's power outlets, killing Jill and causing an electrical blackout. Barb gets up to check on Alice and is attacked by Chucky, who stabs her in the eye with a kitchen knife. Nica hears Barb's cries but has to crawl up the stairs with her hands due to the blackout making the elevator unusable. By the time Nica gets there, Barb is dead with her eyes gouged out, and Nica sees for herself that the Chucky doll is alive. When Chucky flees, Nica wakes Ian up in a panic. He takes Nica to the garage before going back into the house to look for Alice.
Ian cannot find Alice, so he returns to the garage and disarms Nica, believing her to be responsible for the murders. Nica tries to explain that Chucky is alive, but Chucky acts like a lifeless doll when Ian looks at him. Ian decides to review the footage from a hidden camera that he planted on Chucky earlier (to get evidence of Barb's affair with Jill) and learns that Alice is locked in a closet and that Chucky truly is alive. Exposed, Chucky murders Ian with a hatchet before he can act. Nica manages to break out of her restraints and tries to kill Chucky, but she fails and Chucky pushes her over the balcony onto the ground floor.
When Nica asks why Chucky is doing this, he explains through flashbacks that as Charles Lee Ray, he was a friend of her family and in love with Sarah. Ray killed Nica's father and kidnapped Sarah while she was pregnant with Nica. When Sarah betrayed him, he stabbed her in the stomach (which resulted in Nica being born paraplegic) and escaped. Ray's flight from the police ultimately led to his death as a human, which is why he came back to Sarah for revenge. Before Chucky can kill Nica, she fights back, leading to an extended scuffle. A police officer then arrives at the house, but when he enters he only sees Barb's body upstairs and Nica holding the bloody knife. A motionless Chucky watches from a nearby chair.
Some time later, Nica is sent to a mental asylum for the murders. Chucky has been retained by the police as an exhibit for the trials, and afterward the arresting officer takes Chucky away. The officer gets in his car and sees Chucky breathing in the bag. Before the officer can inspect the bag, he is killed by Tiffany, who had been hiding in the backseat. Tiffany collects Chucky and asks, "Who's next?"
Alice, now living with her grandmother, comes home from school to find Chucky waiting for her. Chucky persuades Alice to play "Hide The Soul", and starts the infamous voodoo chant to transfer his soul to Alice's body. The grandmother, who had been tied up and strangled with a bag over her head but is not dead, sits up suddenly, shortly after Chucky begins the chant.
In a post-credits scene set six months later, Chucky, still in his doll body, is delivered to the now-adult Andy Barclay (Alex Vincent). When Andy turns his back to answer a phone call from his mother, Chucky cuts his way out of the package with a knife. However, after Chucky looks at a picture of Kyle and Andy with his mother, he turns to face Andy, who had anticipated Chucky coming after him again and is now pointing a shotgun at Chucky's head. Andy says firmly, "Play with this," right before pulling the trigger.
Cast[edit]
Jennifer Tilly, returns to play the role of Tiffany
Brad Dourif as Charles Lee Ray / Chucky
Fiona Dourif as Nica Pierce
Danielle Bisutti as Barb Pierce
Brennan Elliott as Ian
Maitland McConnell as Jill
Chantal Quesnel as Sarah Pierce
Summer H. Howell as Alice Pierce
A Martinez as Father Frank
Jennifer Tilly as Tiffany
Alex Vincent as Andy Barclay
Adam Hurtig as Officer Stanton
Jordan Gavaris as Ex-Delivery guy
Catherine Hicks as Karen Barclay (Photograph, during post-credits scene)
Chris Sarandon as Detective Mike Norris (Archive Footage)
Christine Elise as Kyle (Photograph, during post-credits scene)
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
In an August 2008 interview, Don Mancini and David Kirschner spoke of a planned reboot of the Chucky franchise to be written and directed by Mancini. They described their choice of a remake over a sequel as a response to the will of the fans, who "want to see a scary Chucky movie again", and "want to go back to the straightforward horror rather than the horror comedy." They indicated that Brad Dourif would return as the voice of Chucky.[2]
In a subsequent interview, Mancini described the remake as a darker and scarier retelling of the original movie, but one that, while having new twists and turns, will not stray too far from the original concept.[3] At a 2009 horror convention, Brad Dourif confirmed his role in the remake.[4] At a reunion panel at the Mad Monster Party horror and sci-fi convention, the cast and crew from the original film confirmed both a remake and a spin-off are in development. Writer Don Mancini and producer David Kirschner were working on a sequel titled Revenge of Chucky.[5]
In June 2012, it was confirmed that a sequel would enter production, entitled Curse of Chucky and be released direct-to-video.
Filming[edit]
The film began production in early September 2012 in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada and ended in mid-October. In November 2012, Don Mancini announced that filming for Curse of Chucky had been completed and he planned to release it Halloween 2013.[citation needed]
Release and marketing[edit]
In May 2013, Fiona Dourif released the first image of Chucky through her Instagram. The image is from the film's soundtrack cover and shows Chucky looking more like the doll from the first three films rather than the previous last two films.[6] The official trailer was released on July 8, 2013.[7] The film's official Red band trailer was released August 1, 2013.[8] The film received its world premiere on August 2, 2013, at the Fantasia Festival[9] in Montreal. The film also received its European premiere at the London FrightFest Film Festival on August 22, 2013, accompanied with a screening of the original trilogy of Child's Play films.[10] The DVD was released on October 8, 2013, and grossed $3.4 million in the US.[11]
Reception[edit]
The film holds an 81% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 16 reviews, making it the best-reviewed film in the Child's Play franchise.[12] An early review posted on Bloody Disgusting on August 2, 2013, was very favorable of the film. Brad Miska stated, "Curse of Chucky may just be the best home video sequel since Wrong Turn 2. It's alarmingly good, which puts pressure on Universal to answer as to why they didn't let Mancini shoot this for theaters". He continued to say, "Chucky fans should rejoice, though, as Curse of Chucky is clearly going to re-ignite the franchise for years to come."[13] Ryan Larson of Shock Till You Drop also had mostly positive things to say about it, stating that "the movie does so much right that it’s easy to overlook the very few flaws it has. The pacing and writing coincide to create a fun blood-soaked jaunt that never gets boring or dull." He goes on to praise the director, pointing out that "Mancini (pulling double duty as writer as well as director) does a great job at introducing and ushering off characters in a fashion that doesn’t bog the film down with a bunch of characters who get three minutes of film time before getting the axe, or butcher knife in this case. The kills are kitschy, but in the best way possible, waxing nostalgic of the slasher films of the late eighties and early nineties."[14]
At the film's world premiere at the Montreal Fantasia Festival, it received a Gold Award for Best International Feature.[15]
Halloween Horror Nights[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Curse of Chucky received its own scarezone in the 2013 lineup at Universal Studios Hollywood's Halloween Horror Nights.
This is not the first time Chucky has been featured at Halloween Horror Nights. In 2009, the franchise received its own maze, entitled Chucky's Fun House in Hollywood, a seasonal re-themeing of Universal Studios Hollywood's year-round attraction Universal's House of Horrors and Chucky: Friends Till the End at Universal Studios Florida, themed around the Good Guys factory and scenes featuring Chucky and other childhood toys gone bad. Since 1992, Chucky has starred in his own shows Hollywood, Chucky's In-Your-Face Insults and Chucky's Insult Emporium. In 2010, Chucky was featured in the "20 Years of Fear" scarezone in Florida.
Sequel[edit]
Main article: Cult of Chucky
On December 2, 2013, it was confirmed that there would be a sequel to Curse of Chucky. Mainstream news and quotes from cast and crew via Twitter say that filming will take place in South Africa.[16] In February 2015, Mancini confirmed that the script was being written.[17] A year later, Mancini, Jennifer Tilly and Fiona Dourif confirmed that shooting would begin soon for the film. On January 5th 2017 it was confirmed the film will be titled Cult of Chucky and would begin filming soon. [18] The film was released on October 3, 2017, to mostly positive reviews.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ DVD Commentary
Jump up ^ "Quint chats up Don Mancini, David Kirschner and Michelle Gold about the CHILD'S PLAY REMAKE and the new DVD!!!". Ain't It Cool News. August 19, 2008. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Child's PlayMancini&Kirschner". ShockTillYouDrop.com. CraveOnline Media. September 8, 2008. Retrieved October 11, 2009.
Jump up ^ "MGM Gets Rolling On A ‘Child’s Play’ Remake". 25 March 2011. Retrieved 25 March 2011.
Jump up ^ "The Cynical Optimist: Child's Play spin-off Revenge of Chucky in the works!". March 28, 2012. Retrieved March 28, 2012.
Jump up ^ Orange, B. Alan (May 28, 2013). "First Look at Chucky in Curse of Chucky!". MovieWeb. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ "I'm Your Friend to the End! The Trailer for CURSE OF CHUCKY is Here!". Ain't It Cool News. July 8, 2013. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ Miska, Brad (August 1, 2013). "Exclusive: ‘Curse of Chucky’ Red Band Trailer Will Slice You Into Silence!". Bloody Disgusting. Retrieved January 7, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Curse of Chucky". Fantasia Festival. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ "2013 Film4 FrightFest-Curse Of Chucky". London FrightFest Film Festival. Archived from the original on July 1, 2013. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Curse of Chucky (2013)". The Numbers. Retrieved October 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/curse_of_chucky/
Jump up ^ http://bloody-disgusting.com/news/3246893/fantasia-13-review-curse-of-chucky-brings-the-old-school-wrath-of-childs-play/
Jump up ^ http://www.shocktillyoudrop.com/reviews/176329-review-curse-of-chucky/
Jump up ^ fantasia-13-curse-of-chucky-wins-audience-award-big-bad-wolves-for-best-film
Jump up ^ Barton, Steve (December 2, 2013). "Don Mancini Confirms Seventh Chucky Film on its Way!". Dread Central. Retrieved February 24, 2016.
Jump up ^ Barton, Steve (February 18, 2015). "New ‘Child’s Play’ Still In the Works!". Bloody Disgusting. Retrieved February 24, 2016.
Jump up ^ Gallagher, Brian (February 23, 2016). "‘Chucky 7’ Is Shooting Soon, Jennifer Tilly Will Return". MovieWeb. Retrieved February 24, 2016.
External links[edit]
Curse of Chucky at AllMovie
Curse of Chucky at Rotten Tomatoes
Curse of Chucky on IMDb
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