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Mouth McFadden
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Marvin "Mouth" McFadden
One Tree Hill character
Portrayed by
Lee Norris
First appearance
"Pilot"
(episode 1.01)
Last appearance
"One Tree Hill"
(episode 9.13)
Created by
Mark Schwahn
Profile
Other names
Mouth, Scarecrow,
Lips (by Brooke)
Occupation
Television presenter
(Mouth and Millie in the Morning)
Former
Editor and video logger
Sports commentator
Residence
Tree Hill, North Carolina
[show]Family
Parents
Joe McFadden
(father)
Spouse
Millicent "Millie" Huxtable
(wife; 1 child)
Children
Unnamed son
(expecting, with Millie)
Grandparents
Mel McFadden
(grandfather)
Marvin Leonardo "Mouth" McFadden is a fictional character on the CW television series One Tree Hill, portrayed by Lee Norris. A sports news anchor who attended Tree Hill High School, Mouth was a member of the gang who played basketball at the River Court, commentating on the games with Jimmy Edwards. However, like Lucas and Haley, he eventually became embroiled in the world of the popular clique.
Rocked by the death of Jimmy during the school shooting, Mouth refused to allow people to think of Jimmy as a monster. Mouth is commonly seen as a friend or "little brother" by girls whom he likes, such as Brooke Davis, Rachel Gatina, and Shelley Simon. After graduating college, however, he found love with Millie, Brooke's assistant from the New York branch of Clothes Over Bros. Although their relationship has been strained at times, Mouth and Millie currently live together in Tree Hill and host a morning show.
Contents
[hide]
1 Character development
1.1 Background
2 Storylines
2.1 Season 1
2.2 Season 2
2.3 Season 3
2.4 Season 4
2.5 Missing years
2.6 Season 5
2.7 Season 6
2.8 Season 7
2.9 Season 8
2.10 Season 9
Character development[edit]
Background[edit]
Storylines[edit]
Season 1[edit]
Mouth McFadden is one of Lucas Scott's friends from the River Court, known for commentating on the games with Jimmy Edwards. As the series progressed, Mouth began to develop a major crush on Brooke Davis, Lucas's ex-girlfriend and head cheerleader. During the Boy Toy auction, Mouth is the DJ and Brooke ends up buying him at the highest price, although she then tries to trade him. He and Brooke then go to a strip-club by a limo, but when they leave Brooke starts to cry and Mouth tries to comfort her and tell her Lucas is a good guy and good friend. But she also tells him that all girls want is someone to love them back.
Season 2[edit]
Mouth's crush on Brooke continues to grow throughout the second season. As their friendship grows as well, tensions also rise due to Brooke's friend with benefits (and later boyfriend) Felix Taggaro after the latter claimed to have looked after Brooke all night when it was actually Mouth. Since Mouth didn't take credit for buying Brooke's dollhouse, Felix did, which angered Mouth to the point that he smashes Brooke's car window, for which she blames Felix. When Mouth reveals the truth to her, he and Brooke quit speaking to one another until Mouth gives a speech to the entire school during Brooke's campaign for student body president, telling them how good of a friend she is. Due to Brooke's continued platonic feelings toward Mouth, going as far to call him a "little brother," Mouth helps Anna break into the school's time capsule so she can change her video, where she revealed her bisexuality. At the end of the season, Mouth begins to date Erica Marsh, who was Brooke's opposing candidate in the student election.
Season 3[edit]
Mouth carries on with ravenshoops.com although he is bitter about his break up with Erica. He also helps Brooke move into her apartment. When Brooke set up the fantasy boy draft Mouth wants to be picked although all the cheerleaders dismiss him, Peyton picks him and he was the first pick. When they go on their date Mouth takes her to meet his grandfather, Mel who lives in an care home and Peyton wants to break him out so they go to a go-karting track and race. Mouth reveals to Peyton that Brooke had predicted Mouth would be a senator (something she only said on her time capsule). When they return it is revealed to Peyton that Mel has alzheimers and believes Mouth is Joe (Mouth's father) and Mel tells Mouth to look after his son when he has one. Later Peyton asks why Mouth visits every week when Mel can't remember it and Mouth replies that he will. Later Mouth helps Brooke set up her website for her clothes label and helps her create the clothes. Mouth also forms a close bond with Rachel and is at her house during the black out although he believes the reason Rachel invited him to her room with for them to kiss she tells him it wasn't but when the lights go out she says they can make out but Mouth declines saying he wants her to want to kiss him every day not just then. Their friendship causes a rift between Mouth and Brooke, as she believes Rachel is only friends with Mouth to get at her. Later Mouth helps Rachel open the time capsule which leads to him and Lucas trying to re-build their friendship with Jimmy Edwards, but they can't and the next day Jimmy brings a gun into the school and holds seven hostages including Mouth who begs him to stop, to no avail. Mouth is devastated when Jimmy kills himself. When Mouth finds out that it was Rachel that released the time capsule after she kissed him, he blamed her for the shooting and onlt when she invites him, Nathan, Lucas, Haley, Brooke, Peyton, Skills and Bevin to a cabin her family owns that he forgives her. After the shooting Rachel starts to date Nathan's uncle Cooper, Mouth and Rachel once again stop talking but Mouth and Brooke mend their friendship.
Season 4[edit]
In season 4, Mouth tries to become friends with Rachel again. Mouth and Gigi, his sophomore colleague start a relationship, but break up because Gigi doesn't want to not see him anymore after he leaves High School. They both commentate on the state championship and the games before. They celebrate with their friends. Mid-season Mouth meets clean-teen Shelly Simon. During a lesson, they kiss and Mouth loved her. However, being a clean-teen meant that Shelly couldn't. One night they sleep together but then Shelly leaves Mouth because she could not do it. On prom night, Mouth goes to the prom with Brooke, after they both end up without dates. However Rachel gatecrashes the prom and Mouth leaves with her to go to the airport. Mouth is ready to say goodbye but Rachel persuades him to go with her.
Skills receives a text from Mouth which says that he requires help. He is in jail in Honeygrove, Texas. The teens take a road trip to Honeygrove where they find Mouth and release him. They decide to go to the local prom as their prom did not turn out the way they all hoped.
Mouth enquires why Jimmy has been cut out of the yearbook. Mouth goes to Gigi and asks for an explanation. Gigi surprises Mouth with Jimmy's yearbook with a double page dedicated to him. Mouth goes outside and gives a speech to his classmates and they all sign Jimmy's yearbook. Mouth then gives Jimmy's mother Jimmy's yearbook.
Missing years[edit]
Mouth finish college and moves in with Skills, Junk and Fergie. And he struggles to get a job as a reporter due to his looks. He remains close with Lucas and everyone.
Season 5[edit]
Finally gets a job at a news station although not on air. So Mouth starts sleeping with his boss to get ahead. But when Brooke sets him up with Millie, and Alice threatens to end his job if he carries on seeing her, he ends their affair.
Season 6[edit]
Mouth gets a job in Omaha which strains his relationship with Millicent because of the long distance. Mouth meets Lucas when his book tour starts in Omaha and decides to return to Tree Hill to be with Millicent. Mouth goes back to working in Tree Hill, where his new intern, his ex Gigi, causes trouble for his relationship with Millie, and eventually throws her into the arms of another man, Owen. They struggle to fix their relationship, and Millie goes to work in New York, leaving him. By the end of the season, she comes back to Tree Hill, and they are together again.
Season 7[edit]
While Nathan and Haley were planning Jamie's seventh birthday, Mouth tries to get Skills to move out so he can step things up with Millie, but Skills refuses. Later that week, when Nathan has an argument with Renee Richardson, one of Mouth's boss' friends was there, and told Mouth's boss. After that, Mouth's boss asked him to investigate the tip. When Mouth goes to confront Nathan, he tells Mouth that a woman is claiming that he got her pregnant and that she wants $200,000 or she goes public. Mouth then states that he won't report the story.
When Mouth continues to try and force Skills out, Skills explains why he doesn't want to move out and they call a truce. When Renee goes public, Mouth is confronted by his boss and when Mouth says that he won't report rumors, his boss states that he'll report what he says he'll report. Later that day almost at the end of the broadcast, Nathan's story is put on the TelePrompTer. When Mouth ends the broadcast early, he is taken off the air until he reports the story on Nathan Scott. Then, after Nathan gives Mouth the okay, Mouth locks his boss in his office so he can share his opinion on what he thinks of their station reporting Nathan's story. Afterwards, Mouth leaves the building.
When Skills leaves for a new job in season 7, Mouth begins to date Lauren which ends his friendship with Skills when he finds out. Skills later forgives Mouth. Despite Lauren wanting to continue their relationship, Mouth refused as his friendship with Skills meant more to him. Since Lucas left Tree Hill, Mouth and Nathan have become close friends.
Season 8[edit]
Following being fired for refusing to report Nathan's scandal, Mouth is unemployed and is struggling to find work. During this time he and Millie sleep together and become more friendly, which she believes means they are getting back together, but after he tells her otherwise their friendship ends bitterly. While trying to find a job he does little with his time and can't pay the rent but starts to do podcasts, which aren't very popular until Nathan has his full interview regarding him quitting basketball done by Mouth. He is also part of Julian's documentary and finally gets a job at Tric. Mouth later sends an audition tape of him interviewing Millie to the news station. When they call for Millie, she takes the job, and he remains jobless. Then when Millie has a chance to audition for a morning talks show, she gives it to Mouth, and they end up hosting "Mouth and Millie in the Morning".
Season 9[edit]
Mouth has gained a lot of weight since Season 8. He and Millie have their own morning talk show where Millie proclaims that Mouth is 'fat'. This encourages Mouth to lose weight. He then decides that he would rather present sports so gives Skills his main role in the talkshow and presents the sports segment. Dan gives Mouth $500,000 of his estate when he dies and Mouth uses this to start a sports scholarship in memory of Jimmy Edwards and Keith Scott. In the final time jump, Millicent is shown to be pregnant and Mouth and Millicent are married.
[show]
v
t
e
One Tree Hill
Season 1
Season 2
Season 3
Season 4
Season 5
Season 6
Season 7
Season 8
Season 9
Characters
Original
Lucas Scott
Nathan Scott
Peyton Sawyer
Haley James Scott
Dan Scott
Brooke Davis
Whitey Durham
Keith Scott
Karen Roe
Deb Lee
Mouth McFadden
Skills Taylor
Rachel Gatina
Secondary
Jamie Scott
Millicent Huxtable
Julian Baker
Clay Evans
Quinn James
Alex Dupre
Chase Adams
Chris Keller
Recurring
Jake Jagielski
Tim Smith
Bevin Mirskey
Andy Hargrove
Lindsey Strauss
Victoria Davis
Mia Catalano
Quentin Fields
Nanny Carrie
Sam Walker
Episodes
"Pilot"
"With Tired Eyes, Tired Minds, Tired Souls, We Slept"
"4 Years, 6 Months, 2 Days"
"Hundred"
"Remember Me as a Time of Day"
"Almost Everything I Wish I'd Said the Last Time I Saw You"
"Darkness on the Edge of Town"
"This is My House, This is My Home"
"Last Known Surroundings"
"Danny Boy"
"One Tree Hill"
Related
Official soundtracks
"I Don't Want to Be"
Tree Hill, North Carolina
Clothes Over Bro's
Red Bedroom Records
Created by: Mark Schwahn
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mouth_McFadden&oldid=747760022"
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One Tree Hill (TV series) characters
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Fictional characters from North Carolina
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text:
List of best-selling video games
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This is a list of the best-selling video games of all time. The best-selling video game to date is Tetris, a tile-matching puzzle video game originally released for the Electronika 60 in 1984 and then popularised upon its Game Boy release in 1989.[1] The game has been ported to a wide range of platforms and sold in excess of 170 million units,[2] including 100 million paid downloads on mobile phones[3] and 35 million as sales for the Game Boy version.[4] Minecraft is the only other video game to have sold over 100 million units, with 122 million units sold as of February 2017.[5] Excluding mobile sales, the best-selling video game of all time is Wii Sports with 82.81 million units sold,[6] while Tetris is the fourth best-selling with sales of 70 million units.[1]
Of the top 50 best-selling video games, 20 were developed or published by Nintendo, including seven of the top ten. Other publishers with multiple entries in the top 50 include Activision (seven titles, all in the Call of Duty franchise), Rockstar Games (five titles, four of which are Grand Theft Auto releases) and Electronic Arts (three games in three different series). Aside from Nintendo internal development divisions, Game Freak is the developer with the most games in the top 50, with seven titles from the Pokémon series included. The oldest game in the top 50 is Frogger, which was originally released on June 5, 1981; the newest games in the top 50 are Nintendo 3DS titles Pokémon Sun and Moon, which released on November 18, 2016.
Contents
[hide]
1 Video games
2 See also
3 Footnotes
4 References
Video games
Key
Game was shipped with a console during its lifetime Sales include paid mobile downloads Sales figure includes expansion pack sales
List of best-selling video games on all platforms
No.
Title
Developer(s)[a]
Publisher(s)[a]
Release date
Platform(s)
Sales
Ref.
1
Tetris Elektronorgtechnica Spectrum HoloByte[b] 000000001984-06-06-0000June 6, 1984 Multi-platform 170,000,000 [2]
2
Minecraft Mojang Mojang 000000002011-11-18-0000November 18, 2011 Multi-platform 122,000,000 [5]
3
Wii Sports Nintendo EAD Nintendo 000000002006-11-19-0000November 19, 2006 Wii 82,810,000 [6]
4
Grand Theft Auto V Rockstar North Rockstar Games 000000002013-09-17-0000September 17, 2013 Multi-platform 80,000,000 [8]
5
Super Mario Bros. Nintendo R&D4 Nintendo 000000001985-09-13-0000September 13, 1985 NES 40,240,000 [9]
6
Mario Kart Wii Nintendo EAD Nintendo 000000002008-04-10-0000April 10, 2008 Wii 36,950,000 [6]
7
Wii Sports Resort Nintendo EAD Nintendo 000000002009-06-25-0000June 25, 2009 Wii 33,040,000 [6]
8
Pokémon Red, Green and Blue Game Freak Nintendo 000000001996-02-27-0000February 27, 1996 Game Boy 31,380,000 [10]
9
New Super Mario Bros. Nintendo EAD Nintendo 000000002006-05-15-0000May 15, 2006 Nintendo DS 30,800,000 [11]
10
New Super Mario Bros. Wii Nintendo EAD Nintendo 000000002009-11-11-0000November 11, 2009 Wii 30,050,000 [6]
11
The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim Bethesda Game Studios Bethesda Softworks 000000002011-11-11-0000November 11, 2011 Multi-platform 30,000,000 [12]
12
Diablo III Blizzard Entertainment Blizzard Entertainment 000000002012-05-15-0000May 15, 2012 Multi-platform 30,000,000[c] [13]
13
Duck Hunt Nintendo R&D1 Nintendo 000000001984-04-21-0000April 21, 1984 NES 28,300,000 [14]
14
Wii Play Nintendo EAD Nintendo 000000002006-12-02-0000December 2, 2006 Wii 28,020,000 [6]
15
Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas Rockstar North Rockstar Games 000000002004-10-26-0000October 26, 2004 Multi-platform 27,500,000 [15]
16
Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3 Infinity Ward
Sledgehammer Games Activision 000000002011-11-08-0000November 8, 2011 Multi-platform 26,500,000 [16]
17
Call of Duty: Black Ops Treyarch Activision 000000002010-11-09-0000November 9, 2010 Multi-platform 26,200,000 [16]
18
Grand Theft Auto IV Rockstar North Rockstar Games 000000002008-04-29-0000April 29, 2008 Multi-platform 25,000,000 [17]
19
Call of Duty: Black Ops II Treyarch Activision 000000002012-11-12-0000November 12, 2012 Multi-platform 24,200,000 [16]
20
Kinect Adventures! Good Science Studio Microsoft Studios 000000002010-11-04-0000November 4, 2010 Xbox 360 24,000,000 [18]
21
Nintendogs Nintendo EAD Nintendo 000000002005-04-21-0000April 21, 2005 Nintendo DS 23,960,000 [11]
22
Mario Kart DS Nintendo EAD Nintendo 000000002005-11-14-0000November 14, 2005 Nintendo DS 23,600,000 [11]
23
Pokémon Gold and Silver Game Freak Nintendo 000000001999-11-21-0000November 21, 1999 Game Boy Color 23,100,000 [19]
24
Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 Infinity Ward Activision 000000002009-11-10-0000November 10, 2009 Multi-platform 22,700,000 [16]
25
Wii Fit Nintendo EAD Nintendo 000000002007-12-01-0000December 1, 2007 Wii 22,670,000 [6]
26
Wii Fit Plus Nintendo EAD Nintendo 000000002009-10-01-0000October 1, 2009 Wii 21,120,000 [6]
27
Super Mario World Nintendo EAD Nintendo 000000001990-11-21-0000November 21, 1990 Super NES 20,610,000 [20]
28
Frogger Konami Sega 000000001981-06-05-0000June 5, 1981 Multi-platform 20,000,000 [21]
29
Lemmings DMA Design Psygnosis 000000001991-02-14-0000February 14, 1991 Multi-platform 20,000,000 [22]
30
Terraria Re-Logic Re-Logic 000000002011-05-16-0000May 16, 2011 Multi-platform 20,000,000 [23]
31
Brain Age Nintendo SPD Nintendo 000000002005-05-19-0000May 19, 2005 Nintendo DS 19,010,000 [11]
32
Call of Duty: Ghosts Infinity Ward Activision 000000002013-11-05-0000November 5, 2013 Multi-platform 19,000,000 [24]
33
Super Mario Land Nintendo R&D1 Nintendo 000000001989-04-21-0000April 21, 1989 Game Boy 18,140,000 [20]
34
Pokémon Diamond and Pearl Game Freak The Pokémon Company 000000002006-09-28-0000September 28, 2006 Nintendo DS 17,670,000 [11]
35
Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Rockstar North Rockstar Games 000000002002-10-27-0000October 27, 2002 Multi-platform 17,500,000 [25]
36
Super Mario Bros. 3 Nintendo R&D4 Nintendo 000000001988-10-23-0000October 23, 1988 NES 17,280,000 [20]
37
Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire Game Freak The Pokémon Company 000000002002-11-21-0000November 21, 2002 Game Boy Advance 16,220,000 [26]
38
Pokémon X and Y Game Freak The Pokémon Company 000000002013-10-12-0000October 12, 2013 Nintendo 3DS 16,150,000 [27]
39
The Sims Maxis Electronic Arts 000000002000-01-31-0000January 31, 2000 Multi-platform 16,000,000 [28]
40
Need for Speed: Most Wanted EA Black Box Electronic Arts 000000002005-11-11-0000November 11, 2005 Multi-platform 16,000,000 [29]
41
Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare Infinity Ward Activision 000000002007-11-05-0000November 5, 2007 Multi-platform 15,700,000 [16]
42
Call of Duty: World at War Treyarch Activision 000000002008-11-11-0000November 11, 2008 Multi-platform 15,700,000 [16]
43
Pokémon Sun and Moon Game Freak The Pokémon Company 000000002016-11-18-0000November 18, 2016 Nintendo 3DS 15,670,000 [27]
44
Pokémon Black and White Game Freak The Pokémon Company 000000002010-09-18-0000September 18, 2010 Nintendo DS 15,640,000 [11]
45
Mario Kart 7 Nintendo EAD Nintendo 000000002011-12-01-0000December 1, 2011 Nintendo 3DS 15,570,000 [27]
46
Sonic the Hedgehog Sonic Team Sega 000000001991-06-23-0000June 23, 1991 Sega Mega Drive 15,000,000 [30]
47
Red Dead Redemption Rockstar San Diego Rockstar Games 000000002010-05-18-0000May 18, 2010 Multi-platform 15,000,000 [31]
48
Battlefield 3 EA DICE Electronic Arts 000000002011-10-25-0000October 25, 2011 Multi-platform 15,000,000 [32]
49
Gran Turismo 3: A-Spec Polyphony Digital Sony Computer Entertainment 000000002001-04-28-0000April 28, 2001 PlayStation 2 14,890,000 [33]
50
Brain Age 2 Nintendo SPD Nintendo 000000002005-12-29-0000December 29, 2005 Nintendo DS 14,880,000 [11]
See also
Lists of best-selling video games by platform
List of best-selling video game franchises
List of best-selling game consoles
Footnotes
^ Jump up to: a b Only developers and publishers for the original release of each game are listed, except where noted otherwise.
Jump up ^ Tetris was originally licensed and published by Spectrum HoloByte, although other publishers of early ports of the game included Mirrorsoft, Infogrames and Bullet-Proof Software. In 1996, the license to Tetris was officially transferred to The Tetris Company, which would publish later releases of the title with Blue Planet Software.[7]
Jump up ^ The 30 million unit sales of Diablo III include copies of the Reaper of Souls expansion pack in addition to the base game.[13]
References
^ Jump up to: a b Sparkes, Matthew (June 6, 2014). "Tetris at 30: a history of the world's most successful game". The Daily Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Gera, Emily (May 21, 2014). "This is how Tetris wants you to celebrate for its 30th anniversary". Polygon. Vox Media. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Tetris sells 100 million on mobile devices". GameSpot. CBS Interactive. January 21, 2010. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ Wynne-Jones, Jonathan (June 6, 2009). "Computer game Tetris celebrates 25 years". The Daily Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Blake, Vikki (February 27, 2017). "Minecraft Has 55 Million Monthly Players, 122 Million Sales". IGN. Ziff Davis. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "Sales Data - Top Selling Title Sales Units - Wii Software". Nintendo. September 30, 2016. Retrieved April 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Tetris Inventor Gets His Due in Historic Russia/US Joint Venture". PR Newswire. Cision Inc. April 25, 1996. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Nunneley, Stephany (May 23, 2017). "GTA 5 continues to do the business for Take-Two with 80 million shipped". VG247. Retrieved May 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ Stuart, Keith (September 13, 2010). "Super Mario Bros: 25 Mario facts for the 25th anniversary". The Guardian. Guardian Media Group. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "'Pokken Tournament' and Pokemon's $1.5 Billion Brand". The Huffington Post. AOL. March 19, 2017. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "Sales Data - Top Selling Title Sales Units - Nintendo DS Software". Nintendo. September 30, 2016. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Suellentrop, Chris (November 21, 2016). "'Skyrim' Creator on Why We'll Have to Wait for Another 'Elder Scrolls'". Rolling Stone. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Tassi, Paul (August 5, 2015). "Believe It Or Not, 'Diablo 3' Is Now The 10th Best-Selling Video Game Of All Time". Forbes. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Welch, Hanuman (April 23, 2013). "1984: Duck Hunt - The Best Selling Video Game Of Every Year Since 1977". Complex. Verizon Hearst Media Partners. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "From 1997- 2013: How the Grand Theft Auto series has evolved". ITV. September 13, 2013. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Call of Duty: A Short History". IGN. Ziff Davis. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Vincent, James (October 7, 2013). "GTA 5 has already beaten GTA 4's lifetime sales". The Independent. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Weinberger, Matt (September 9, 2015). "The downfall of Kinect: Why Microsoft gave up on its most promising product". Business Insider. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Top 10 of Everything 2017. London, England: Hachette UK. October 6, 2016. p. 115. ISBN 978-0600633747. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c O'Malley, James (September 11, 2015). "30 Best-Selling Super Mario Games of All Time on the Plumber's 30th Birthday". Gizmodo. Univision Communications. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "New Frogger game arrives on mobiles". Gamesindustry.biz. Eurogamer. February 24, 2006.
"10 things you didn't know about Frogger". Digital Spy. June 5, 2016.
Jump up ^ Plunkett, Luke (August 12, 2011). "What do Grand Theft Auto and Lemmings Have In Common?". Kotaku. Gawker Media. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Terraria Passes 20 Million Units Sold, Future Plans Teased". GameSpot. CBS Interactive. February 18, 2017. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Briers, Michael (November 19, 2015). "Where Will Activision Take the Call of Duty Franchise Next?". PlayStation LifeStyle. CraveOnline. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Videos, leaks and rumours: The inside track to Rockstar's Grand Theft Auto V". ITV. September 12, 2013. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Rose, Mike (October 15, 2013). "Pokemon X & Y sell 4M copies in first weekend". Gamasutra. UBM TechWeb. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Sales Data - Top Selling Title Sales Units - Nintendo 3DS Software". Nintendo. September 30, 2016. Retrieved April 27, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Sims Franchise Celebrates Its Fifth Anniversary and Continues to Break Records". Business Wire. February 7, 2005. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Totu, Florian (October 22, 2009). "100 million Need for Speed Games Have Been Sold to This Day". Softpedia. SoftNews. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Lee, Dave (June 23, 2011). "Twenty years of Sonic the Hedgehog". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Makuch, Eddie (February 7, 2017). "Red Dead Redemption 2: Take-Two Talks Competition With GTA Online, Marketing Support, And More". GameSpot. CBS Interactive. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Oshry, Dave (June 30, 2012). "Battlefield 3 Sells 15 Million, Prompts EA to Give More Games the "Premium" Treatment". Kotaku. Gawker Media. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Gran Turismo Series Software Title List". Polyphony Digital. Archived from the original on July 7, 2012. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
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Pitt
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Look up Pitt or pitt in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
See also: Pitts (disambiguation)
Pitt is a surname of British[1] origin. Used on its own, in Europe or in history it most commonly refers to one of two British statesmen:
William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham (William Pitt the Elder) (1708–1778), British Prime Minister and 1st Earl of Chatham 1766–1768
William Pitt the Younger (1759–1806), British Prime Minister 1783–1801 and 1804–1806, son of Pitt the Elder
In the U.S., mainly in education or sports, it most commonly refers to:
PITT portal
Pittsburgh portal
University of Pittsburgh ("Pitt"), located in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Pitt Panthers, the athletic teams of the University of Pittsburgh
Pittsburg State University ("Pitt State"), located in Pittsburg, Kansas
In American popular culture it commonly refers to:
Brad Pitt (born 1963), American actor
It may also refer to the following people:
Andrew Pitt, motorcycle racer from New South Wales, Australia
Christopher Pitt (1699–1748), English poet and translator
Courtney Pitt (born 1981), English footballer
David Pitt, Baron Pitt of Hampstead (1913–1994), civil rights campaigner and Labour politician in the United Kingdom
Harvey Pitt (born 1945), former chairman of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
Ingrid Pitt (1937–2010), Polish actress in horror films of the 1960s and 70s
Kalanimoku (1768–1827), prominent Hawaiian official given the name William Pitt by visiting Europeans
Malcolm Pitt (1897–1985), American college sports coach
Michael Pitt (born 1981), American actor
Redding Pitt (1944–2016), attorney and chairman of the Alabama Democratic Party
Thomas Pitt (1653–1726), English merchant, grandfather of Pitt the Elder
William Pitt (architect) (1855–1918), architect working in Melbourne, Australia
William Pitt (engineer) (1840–1909), of New Brunswick, Canada, inventor of the underwater cable ferry in the early 1900s
William Fox-Pitt (born 1969), British three-day eventing rider
Bill Pitt (politician) (born 1937), British politician; Liberal Member of Parliament, 1981–1983
William Rivers Pitt (born 1971), leftist author and essayist
Pitt also refers to:
Pitt, Hampshire, a hamlet in Hursley parish, Hampshire, England
Pitt River, British Columbia, Canada
Pit River, also known as Pitt River, California, United States
River Pitt, Somerset, England
Fiction[edit]
Pitt, a comic book published by Full Bleed Studios
The Pitt, a single issue comic book published in 1987 by Marvel Comics
Fallout 3: The Pitt, the second downloadable content pack for Fallout 3
Dirk Pitt, the protagonist of a series of bestselling adventure novels written by Clive Cussler
Justin Pitt, a minor character in the television series Seinfeld
See also[edit]
HMS Pitt, British warships of that name
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Pitt Surname Meaning". forebears.co.uk. Retrieved 20 January 2014
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Pitt.
If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
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The Bear (1988 film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Bear
American film poster
Directed by
Jean-Jacques Annaud
Produced by
Claude Berri
Written by
Gérard Brach
James Oliver Curwood (novel)
Starring
Bart the Bear
Youk the Bear
Tchéky Karyo
Andre Lacombe
Jack Wallace
Music by
Philippe Sarde
Cinematography
Philippe Rousselot
Edited by
Noëlle Boisson
Distributed by
TriStar Pictures
Release date
19 October 1988 (1988-10-19)
Running time
94 minutes
Country
France
Language
English
Box office
$31,753,898 (U.S.)
>$100 million (worldwide)[1]
The Bear (known as L'Ours in its original release) is a 1988 French film directed by Jean-Jacques Annaud and released by TriStar Pictures. Adapted from the novel The Grizzly King (1916) by American author James Oliver Curwood, the screenplay was written by Gérard Brach. Set in late 19th-century British Columbia, Canada, the film tells the story of an orphaned bear cub who befriends an adult male grizzly as hunters pursue them through the wild. Several of the themes explored in the story include orphanhood, peril and protection, and mercy toward and on the behalf of a reformed hunter.
Annaud and Brach began planning the story and production in 1981, although filming did not begin until six years later, due to the director's commitment to another project. The Bear was filmed almost entirely in the Italian and Austrian areas of the Dolomites, with live animals—including Bart the Bear, a trained 9-foot tall Kodiak—present on location. Notable for its almost complete lack of dialogue and its minimal score, the film was nominated for and won numerous international film awards.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Production
2.1 Sources
2.2 Development
2.3 Filming
3 Themes
4 Release
5 Critical reception
6 Awards and nominations
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
Plot[edit]
In the mountainous wilds of British Columbia circa 1885, a young grizzly bear cub suffers the accidental death of his mother from a rockslide while digging for honey. Forced to fend for himself, the cub struggles to find food and shelter. Elsewhere in the mountains, a large male grizzly is pursued by two trophy hunters (Jack Wallace and Tcheky Karyo). Although the younger hunter attempts to kill the bear, his shot fails to take the animal down, and the wounded bear flees. Coming across the grizzly a short time later, the cub attempts to befriend him. Uninterested in the cub and distracted by his wound, the adult bear warns the young orphan away with a growl. The cub approaches again, however, and manages to soothingly lick the other bear's wound. A friendship forms between the two bears, and the grizzly takes the orphan under his wing, teaching him to fish and hunt. At night, the cub suffers from nightmares, reliving the tragic death of his mother.
Determined to find the grizzly, the two hunters are joined by a third man (Andre Lacombe) and a pack of hunting Beaucerons. A chase ensues, in which both bears are driven toward a cliff, with the dogs in pursuit. While the cub hides, the grizzly lures the dogs away, killing some of them. He then escapes over the pass with the remaining dogs following behind. The hunters arrive to find their dogs dead or badly injured, one of them being the favorite Airedale Terrier of one of the hunters. Finding the frightened cub, they take him to their camp, where he is tethered to a tree, and tormented by the hunters and their vicious dogs. That night, the hunters plot how to kill the grizzly.
The next day, the hunters separate, with the younger one manning a spot high on a cliff near a waterfall. He descends from his post to wash up in a small waterfall in the hills. His gun out of reach, the hunter suddenly finds himself cornered by the grizzly, who rears and roars at the sight of the man. Faced with certain death, the hunter cowers in fear. The grizzly, seemingly affected by the hunter's distress, turns and leaves. The young hunter, impressed by the bear's act of mercy, attempts to scare him off more quickly by shooting his gun into the air. When the hunter's companion joins him, having heard the gunshots, the younger man tells him that the bear is dead. However, spying the bear ascending a scree, the older man raises his rifle to shoot, only to be stopped by the other man. The three hunters return to their camp empty-handed, where they free the young cub and then ride off into the wilderness.
Alone again, the cub is soon confronted by a cougar, who corners the young bear near a stream. Trying to defend himself against the cougar's attack, the bear struggles to roar. Suddenly, a loud and menacing roar chases the cougar away. Turning, the cub sees the adult grizzly and runs to his side, where he is comforted. As winter approaches, the two bears enter a cave together for hibernation.
Before the end credits a quote by J.O Curtwood comes up saying "The greatest thrill is not to kill but to let live."
Production[edit]
Sources[edit]
Frontispiece of James Oliver Curwood's The Grizzly King (1916)
American author James Oliver Curwood's novella The Grizzly King was published in 1916. The story was based on several trips he took to British Columbia, and the young hunter, called Jim in the book, is based on Curwood himself.[2] However, many of its plot elements—mainly dealing with the friendship between the cub and the eponymous grizzly bear—were fabricated. Curwood's biographer, Judith A. Eldridge, believes that the incident in which the hunter is spared by a bear is based on truth, a fact that was later related to Jean-Jacques Annaud. He stated during an interview that he "was given a letter from Curwood's granddaughter revealing that what happened in the story happened to him. He was hunting bear, as he had done often, and lost his rifle down a cliff. Suddenly, a huge bear confronted him and menaced him, but for reasons Curwood could never know, spared his life."[3] Shortly after the book's publication, Curwood—once an adamant hunter—became a supporter of wildlife conservation.[4]
Brach and Annaud decided to set the film in the late 19th century in order to create a perception of true wilderness, especially for the human characters.[5] In addition, while both the bears and the two hunters are named in the script, their names are not mentioned in the film. The bear cub is referred to in the script as Youk, and the adult grizzly is known as Kaar. Tchéky Karyo's character is said to have been called Tom and Jack Wallace's is Bill. These names differ from Curwood's novel; for example, the cub is known as Muskwa in the novel, and his adult companion is called Thor.
Development[edit]
After the commercial success of Jean-Jacques Annaud's previous films, including the Academy Award-winning Black and White in Color (1976) and Quest for Fire (1981), producer Claude Berri offered to produce Annaud's next project, no matter the cost.[6] The French filmmaker had first considered the idea of making a film that included mammal communication through behavior, rather than language, while working on Quest for Fire. He became particularly interested in making an animal "the star of a psychological drama", so he "decided to do an entertaining, commercial adventure and psychological film" that would have an animal hero.[7] He discussed this idea with his longtime collaborator, screenwriter Gerard Brach, who within a few days sent Annaud a copy of The Grizzly King, to which the filmmaker quickly agreed.[8]
Although Brach began writing the screenplay in late 1981, Annaud took on another project, that of directing a film adaptation of Umberto Eco's book The Name of the Rose. Between preparing for and filming his next film, Annaud traveled and visited zoos in order to research animal behavior. In an interview he later gave with the American Humane Association, Annaud stated: "Each time I was fascinated with the tigers, to a point that I thought to do a movie called The Tiger instead of The Bear. In those days I felt that the bear, because they're so often vertical, would give me a better identification, or would provide more instant identification from the viewers."[9] The finished script was presented to Berri in early 1983.[10]
Filming[edit]
Saslonch, a mountain in the Dolomites in South Tyrol, Italy
Shot from 13 May to late October 1987, The Bear was filmed almost entirely in the Italian and Austrian areas of the Dolomites. Several additional scenes were also filmed in a Belgian Zoo in early 1988.[11] The crew consisted of 200 individuals. Husband and wife team Tony and Heidi Lüdi served as the film's production designer and art director, respectively, alongside set decorator Bernhard Henrich. In their book, Movie Worlds: Production Design in Film, the Lüdis state that as the film's production designers, they "were constantly faced with the question 'What did you have to do?' To which we answered 'We turned the Alps into British Columbia.'"[11] Cinematographer Philippe Rousselot noted that "the only thing Jean-Jacques was unable to control" while filming in the Bavarian Alps "was the weather: he did not manage to have the clouds take part in pre-production meetings."[12]
While animatronic bears were used for several of the fighting scenes, live animals—including bears, dogs, horses, and honey bees—were used on location for filming.[13] A trained, 9-foot tall Kodiak bear named Bart played the adult grizzly, while a young female bear named Douce ("Sweet" in English) took on the role of the cub, with several alternates.[14] Three trainers worked with Bart (including his owner Doug Seus), eleven with the cubs, three with the dogs, and three with the horses.[13] One day during production, Bart injured Annaud while the two posed for photographers; Annaud's wounds, which included claw-marks on his backside, had to be drained with a shunt for two months.[15] In addition to the real bears, there were animatronic bears which were used in specific scenes that were made by Jim Henson's Creature Shop.
Themes[edit]
With its intersecting story lines of animals and humans, The Bear includes a variety of thematic elements. These themes include orphanhood, peril and protection, and mercy toward and on the behalf of a reformed hunter.
Film critic Derek Bousé has made the connection between The Bear and Disney's model of wildlife films, comparing not only the sympathetic characters but also the filmatic structure, to the animated Bambi (1942) and the live-action Perri (1957).[16] In his 2000 book Wildlife Films, Bousé makes a stronger correlation between Annaud's film and Disney's Dumbo (1941), in that both young animals lost their mothers at an early age, creating an unfortunate situation that allows the rest of the plot to develop (although, Dumbo's mother was merely imprisoned for a while, and was re-united with her son at the film's end).[17] Dumbo and The Bear also share a similarly purposed dream sequence, brought on by alcohol in the former and hallucinogenic mushrooms in the latter.[16]
The theme of the reformed hunter is a direct reference to the original novel and its author. James Oliver Curwood, himself a past hunter and trapper, considered The Grizzly King to be a "confession of one who for years hunted and killed before he learned that the wild offered a more thrilling sport than slaughter".[18] During its American release, the film used one of Curwood's famous quotes as a tagline—"The greatest thrill is not to kill but to let live"—and the film was endorsed by both the American Humane Association and the World Wildlife Fund.[19]
Release[edit]
The Bear was released on 19 October 1988 in France, and 27 October 1989 in the United States. An official tie-in to the movie, The Odyssey of 'The Bear': The Making of the Film by Jean-Jacques Annaud, a translation from the French edition, followed in November. In addition, Curwood's original novel—out of print in the US for fifty years—was republished by Newmarket Press, and a children's book titled The Bear Storybook was published by St. Martin's Press.[20]
Critical reception[edit]
The film was a critical success, holding a 92% "Fresh" rating on the review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes.[21] Some critics pointed to The Bear's adult handling of the wildlife film genre, which is often dismissed as belonging solely to children's films.[22] While positively reviewing the film, critic Roger Ebert wrote that The Bear "is not a cute fantasy in which bears ride tricycles and play house. It is about life in the wild, and it does an impressive job of seeming to show wild bears in their natural habitat" and that scenes from the film, especially those "of horseplay and genuine struggles – gradually build up our sense of the personalities of these animals".[23]
Janet Maslin of The New York Times, however, believing that the film was less about its wild characters and more about personification, wrote: "The Bear...is a remarkable achievement only on its own terms, which happen to be extremely limited and peculiar...its true emphasis is not on wildlife. Instead, it grafts the thoughts and dreams of more commonplace beings onto bear-shaped stand-ins."[24] Writing for the hunting and fishing magazine Field & Stream, editor Cathleen Erring stated that The Bear not only stripped its human characters of "all sympathetic traits and [gave] them to the bears", but it also created "a caricature that will subject anyone embarking on a bear hunt ... to the kind of scorn previously reserved for 'Bambi Butchers'."[25]
Some reviewers were critical of the film's dream sequences, which heavily utilize special effects and deviate from the overall naturalistic feel of the film. In his review for the St. Petersburg Times, Hal Lipper called the dream sequences "existential flights of fancy are accompanied by psychedelic images that seem better suited for '60s 'happenings.'"[26] In addition, one scene in which the adult bear mates with a female bear while the cub looks on was criticized as being unfriendly for children viewers.[24] David Denby of New York Magazine stated as much in his review of the film, noting "I would like to be able to recommend The Bear as a movie that parents and children could see together, but I'm afraid there's a scene in the middle that would have to be... explained."[27]
Awards and nominations[edit]
Won:
1988: National Academy of Cinema, France, Academy Award (Jean-Jacques Annaud)
1989: César, Best Director (Jean-Jacques Annaud)
1990: Genesis Award, Feature Film (Foreign)
1990: Guild of German Art House Cinemas Film Award, Silver Foreign Film (Ausländischer Film) (Jean-Jacques Annaud)
Nominated:
1990: Academy Award, Best Film Editing (Noëlle Boisson)
1990: American Society of Cinematographers Award, Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Theatrical Releases (Philippe Rousselot)
1990: BAFTA Film Award, Best Cinematography (Philippe Rousselot)
1990: Young Artist Award, Best Family Motion Picture - Adventure or Cartoon
César - Best Cinematography (Philippe Rousselot)
César - Best Film (Jean-Jacques Annaud)
César - Best Poster (Claude Millet, Christian Blondel, Denise Millet)
César - Best Sound (Bernard Leroux, Claude Villand, Laurent Quaglio)
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Cerone, Daniel. "How to Train an 1,800 Pound Movie Star: What It Takes to Turn a Kodiak Into a Screen Sensation: A Bear's-Eye View of Grizzly Country," Los Angeles Times, 22 Oct. 1989. Online at Latimes.com, retrieved 16 May 2015.
Jump up ^ Eldridge, p. 7
Jump up ^ Mahar, p. E01
Jump up ^ Eldridge, pp. 7–8
Jump up ^ Thompson, p. 2
Jump up ^ Benabent-Loiseau, p. 7
Jump up ^ Nichols, p. 23
Jump up ^ Benabent-Loiseau, p. 8
Jump up ^ Milosevic, Yvonne. "Film & TV Unit Profiles: Jean-Jacques Annaud". American Humane Association. Retrieved on 6 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Benabent-Loiseau, pp. 11–12
^ Jump up to: a b Lüdi, p. 72
Jump up ^ Baron, p. E1
^ Jump up to: a b Nichols, p. 26
Jump up ^ "EL OSO making off (Jean-Jacques Annaud)". YouTube.
Jump up ^ Schickel, p. 97
^ Jump up to: a b Bousé (1990), p. 31
Jump up ^ Bousé (2000), p. 138
Jump up ^ Curwood, p. vii
Jump up ^ Wilson, p. 154
Jump up ^ McDowell, Edwin. (20 September 1989). "Book Notes". The New York Times. Retrieved 14 December 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Bear Movie Reviews, Pictures". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 14 December 2010.
Jump up ^ Bousé (1990), p. 30
Jump up ^ Ebert, Roger. (27 October 1989). "The Bear". rogerebert.com. Retrieved 14 December 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Maslin, Janet. (25 October 1989). "The Bear (1988) Review/Film; Two Bears Who Are Just Plain Folks". The New York Times. Retrieved 14 December 2010.
Jump up ^ Errig, p. 172
Jump up ^ Lipper, p. 13
Jump up ^ Denby, p. 70
References[edit]
Baron, David. (11 November 1989). "The Bear". The Times-Picayune, EE, 3pp.
Benabent-Loiseau, Josée and Jean-Jacques Annaud. The Odyssey of the Bear: The Making of the Film by Jean-Jacques Annaud. New York: Newmarket Press, 1989.
Bousé, Derek. (Spring 1990). "Review: The Bear". Film Quarterly, 43(3), pp. 30–34.
Bousé, Derek. Wildlife Films. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000. ISBN 0-8122-3555-X.
Curwood, James Oliver. The Grizzly King: A Romance of the Wild. New York: Doubleday, Page & Co., 1916.
Denby, David. (30 October 1989). "Wild Thing". New York Magazine, p. 70.
Eldridge, Judith A. James Oliver Curwood: God's Country and the Man. Bowling Green, OH: Bowling Green State University Popular Press, 1993. ISBN 0-87972-604-0.
Errig, Cathleen. (March 1990). "Books & Comments: The Bear". Field & Stream. 94(11), p. 172.
Hal, Lipper. (27 October 1989). "The Bear Makes the Beast of it: Tale of Survival is 'Bear'ly There". St. Petersburg Times, p. 12.
Lüdi, Heidi, Toni Lüdi and Kathinka Schreiber. Movie Worlds: Production Design in Film. Berlin: Edition Axel Menges, 2000. ISBN 3-932565-13-4.
Maher, Ted. (5 November 1989). "Filmmaker calls 'Bear' Challenging Production". The Oregonian, Lively Arts Fourth, 4pp.
Nichols, Peter M. Children's Movies: A Critic's Guide to the Best Films Available on Video and DVD. New York: Times Books, 2003. ISBN 0-8050-7198-9.
Thompson, Ann. (September 1989). "Quest for Fur". Film Comment, 25(5), pp. 2–4.
Schickel, Richard. (October 1989). "The Bear Review and The Bear Facts". Time, 134(18), p. 97.
Wilson, Alexander. The Culture of Nature: North American Landscape from Disney to the Exxon Valdez. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 1992.
External links[edit]
The Bear (Ours, L') on IMDb
The Bear (Ours, L') at AllMovie
The Bear (Ours, L') at Box Office Mojo
[hide]
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Films directed by Jean-Jacques Annaud
Black and White in Color (1976)
Coup de tête (1979)
Quest for Fire (1981)
The Name of the Rose (1986)
The Bear (1988)
The Lover (1992)
Wings of Courage (1995)
Seven Years in Tibet (1997)
Enemy at the Gates (2001)
Two Brothers (2004)
His Majesty Minor (2007)
Black Gold (2011)
Wolf Totem (2015)
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Films about orphans
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New Zealand at the Commonwealth Games
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
New Zealand at the
Commonwealth Games
CGF code
NZL
CGA
New Zealand Olympic Committee
Website
www.olympic.org.nz
Medals
Ranked 5th
Gold
160
Silver
220
Bronze
278
Total
658
Commonwealth Games appearances (overview)
British Empire Games
1930
1934
1938
1950
British Empire and Commonwealth Games
1954
1958
1962
1966
British Commonwealth Games
1970
1974
Commonwealth Games
1978
1982
1986
1990
1994
1998
2002
2006
2010
2014
2018
Since the first in 1930, New Zealand has competed in all 21 editions of the Commonwealth Games and has won a total of 656 medals including 159 gold.
The New Zealand Olympic Committee (known as The New Zealand Olympic and Commonwealth Games Association prior to 1994) is the body in New Zealand responsible for selecting Athletes to represent New Zealand at the Commonwealth Games. The NZOC is a member of the Commonwealth Games Federation.
In 1978 Nigeria boycotted the Commonwealth Games in protest at New Zealand's sporting contacts with apartheid-era South Africa
Contents
[hide]
1 Host nation
2 Medal tally
2.1 By sport
3 Competitors
4 References
5 External links
Host nation[edit]
New Zealand has hosted the Games three times:
1950 British Empire Games – Auckland
1974 British Commonwealth Games – Christchurch
1990 Commonwealth Games – Auckland
Medal tally[edit]
See also: All-time medal tally of Commonwealth Games
Historically, New Zealand has generally been 4th or 5th, though was up to 3rd (1950 & 1962), and down to 11th (1970 & 2010) and 9th (2006). At the first games in 1930, New Zealand's 4th position was ahead of Australia at 5th. At the conclusion of the 2014 Commonwealth Games, New Zealand has earned 159 gold medals, 220 silver medals and 278 bronze medals. In the all-time medal tally New Zealand is ranked 5th behind Australia, England, Canada and India.
Host country (New Zealand)[1]
Games
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total
Rank
1930 Hamilton 3 4 2 9 4th
1934 London 1 0 2 3 6th
1938 Sydney 5 7 13 25 5th
1950 Auckland 10 22 22 54 3rd
1954 Vancouver 7 7 5 19 5th
1958 Cardiff 4 6 9 19 5th
1962 Perth 10 12 10 32 3rd
1966 Kingston 8 5 13 26 4th
1970 Edinburgh 2 6 6 14 11th
1974 Christchurch 9 8 18 35 4th
1978 Edmonton 5 6 9 20 5th
1982 Brisbane 5 8 13 26 5th
1986 Edinburgh 8 16 14 38 4th
1990 Auckland 17 14 27 58 4th
1994 Victoria 5 16 20 41 8th
1998 Kuala Lumpur 8 6 20 34 6th
2002 Manchester 11 13 21 45 5th
2006 Melbourne 6 12 14 32 9th
2010 Delhi 6 22 8 36 11th
2014 Glasgow 14 14 17 45 6th
2018 Gold Coast 15 16 15 46 5th
Total
159
220
278
657
5th
By sport[edit]
Events in bold featured at the 2018 Commonwealth Games.
Sport
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total
Athletics 37 48 51 136
Cycling 25 47 42 114
Swimming 18 30 36 84
Shooting 15 16 21 52
Lawn bowls 13 12 15 40
Weightlifting 12 12 16 40
Rowing 9 15 7 31
Boxing 7 6 24 37
Rugby sevens 6 1 0 7
Squash 5 4 4 13
Wrestling 3 9 17 29
Netball 2 3 0 5
Gymnastics 2 0 9 11
Judo 1 4 6 11
Hockey 1 3 3 7
Fencing 1 2 3 6
Table tennis 1 1 2 4
Archery 1 0 0 1
Badminton 0 2 9 11
Triathlon 0 2 3 5
Basketball 0 2 2 4
Water polo 0 1 0 1
Diving 0 0 4 4
Synchronised swimming 0 0 2 2
Beach volleyball 0 0 1 1
Cricket 0 0 1 1
Competitors[edit]
Notable competitors for New Zealand include Greg Yelavich in sports shooting, who has won 11 medals at 6 games from 1986 to 2006. Rowan Brassey has also competed at 6 games, and has won 3 medals in lawn bowls. Gary Anderson won 3 golds, 2 silvers and 3 bronze medals for New Zealand in cycling. Athlete Valerie Young has won the most gold medals (5) of any New Zealand competitor.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "New Zealand Commonwealth Games History". Retrieved 25 April 2011.
External links[edit]
New Zealand at the Commonwealth Games
Athletics in the 1966 Encyclopaedia of New Zealand has a paragraph on each Olympiad and Empire Games to 1964
[show]
v
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New Zealand at the Commonwealth Games
British Empire Games
1930
1934
1938
1950
British Empire and Commonwealth Games
1954
1958
1962
1966
British Commonwealth Games
1970
1974
Commonwealth Games
1978
1982
1986
1990
1994
1998
2002
2006
2010
2014
2018
New Zealand hosted the games in 1950, 1974, and 1990.
[show]
v
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Associations at the Commonwealth Games
Current
Anguilla
Antigua and Barbuda
Australia
Bahamas
Bangladesh
Barbados
Belize
Bermuda
Botswana
British Virgin Islands
Brunei
Cameroon
Canada
Cayman Islands
Cook Islands
Cyprus
Dominica
England
Falkland Islands
Fiji
The Gambia
Ghana
Gibraltar
Grenada
Guernsey
Guyana
India
Isle of Man
Jamaica
Jersey
Kenya
Kiribati
Lesotho
Malawi
Malaysia
Malta
Mauritius
Montserrat
Mozambique
Namibia
Nauru
New Zealand
Nigeria
Niue
Norfolk Island
Northern Ireland
Pakistan
Papua New Guinea
Rwanda
Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Samoa
Scotland
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Singapore
Solomon Islands
South Africa
Sri Lanka
Swaziland
Tanzania
Tonga
Trinidad and Tobago
Turks and Caicos Islands
Tuvalu
Uganda
Vanuatu
Wales
Zambia
Historical
Aden
Hong Kong
Ireland
Irish Free State
Malaya
Maldives2
Newfoundland
British North Borneo
Sarawak
South Arabia
Zimbabwe
[show]
v
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e
National sports teams of New Zealand
A1 GP
American football
Association football
M
U-23
U-20
U-17
W
WU-20
WU-17
Australian rules football
Badminton
Baseball
Basketball
M
MU-19
W
WU-17
Beach soccer
Commonwealth Games
Cricket
M
W
U-19
NZA
Blind
Field hockey
M
W
Futsal
M
W
Handball
M
MU-21
MU-19
W
WU-21
WU-19
Ice hockey
M
U-20
U-18
W
WU-18
Korfball
Netball
Olympics
Paralympics
Roller derby
Rugby league
M
W
Rugby sevens
M
W
Rugby union
M
W
Softball
M
W
Squash
M
W
Surf lifesaving
Tennis
M
W
Volleyball
M
W
Water polo
M
W
Wheelchair rugby
[show]
v
t
e
Sport in New Zealand
Team sports
Association football
Australian rules football
Baseball
Cricket
Netball
Rugby league
Rugby union
Individual sports
Cycling
Horse racing (Thoroughbred and Harness)
Motor sport
Professional boxing
Skiing
International competitions
Olympics
Paralympics
Deaflympics
Commonwealth Games
Cricket World Cup
FIFA Confederations Cup
FIFA World Cup
Rugby World Cup
Sportspeople
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Zealand_at_the_Commonwealth_Games&oldid=839741441"
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This page was last edited on 5 May 2018, at 10:22.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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Boiling-point elevation
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Boiling-point elevation describes the phenomenon that the boiling point of a liquid (a solvent) will be higher when another compound is added, meaning that a solution has a higher boiling point than a pure solvent. This happens whenever a non-volatile solute, such as a salt, is added to a pure solvent, such as water. The boiling point can be measured accurately using an ebullioscope.
Contents
[hide]
1 Explanation
2 The general equation for calculations at dilute concentration
2.1 Ebullioscopic constants
3 Uses
4 See also
5 References
Explanation[edit]
The change in chemical potential of a solvent when a solute is added explains why boiling point elevation takes place.
The boiling point elevation is a colligative property, which means that it is dependent on the presence of dissolved particles and their number, but not their identity. It is an effect of the dilution of the solvent in the presence of a solute. It is a phenomenon that happens for all solutes in all solutions, even in ideal solutions, and does not depend on any specific solute–solvent interactions. The boiling point elevation happens both when the solute is an electrolyte, such as various salts, and a nonelectrolyte. In thermodynamic terms, the origin of the boiling point elevation is entropic and can be explained in terms of the vapor pressure or chemical potential of the solvent. In both cases, the explanation depends on the fact that many solutes are only present in the liquid phase and do not enter into the gas phase (except at extremely high temperatures).
Put in vapor pressure terms, a liquid boils at the temperature when its vapor pressure equals the surrounding pressure. For the solvent, the presence of the solute decreases its vapor pressure by dilution. A non-volatile solute has a vapor pressure of zero, so the vapor pressure of the solution is less than the vapor pressure of the solvent. Thus, a higher temperature is needed for the vapor pressure to reach the surrounding pressure, and the boiling point is elevated.
Put in chemical potential terms, at the boiling point, the liquid phase and the gas (or vapor) phase have the same chemical potential (or vapor pressure) meaning that they are energetically equivalent. The chemical potential is dependent on the temperature, and at other temperatures either the liquid or the gas phase has a lower chemical potential and is more energetically favorable than the other phase. This means that when a non-volatile solute is added, the chemical potential of the solvent in the liquid phase is decreased by dilution, but the chemical potential of the solvent in the gas phase is not affected. This means in turn that the equilibrium between the liquid and gas phase is established at another temperature for a solution than a pure liquid, i.e., the boiling point is elevated.[1]
The phenomenon of freezing-point depression is analogous to boiling point elevation. However, the magnitude of the freezing point depression is larger than the boiling point elevation for the same solvent and the same concentration of a solute. Because of these two phenomena, the liquid range of a solvent is increased in the presence of a solute.
The general equation for calculations at dilute concentration[edit]
The extent of boiling-point elevation can be calculated by applying Clausius–Clapeyron relation and Raoult's law together with the assumption of the non-volatility of the solute. The result is that in dilute ideal solutions, the extent of boiling-point elevation is directly proportional to the molal Concentration of the solution according to the equation:[1]
ΔTb = Kb · bB
where
ΔTb, the boiling point elevation, is defined as Tb (solution) - Tb (pure solvent).
Kb, the ebullioscopic constant, which is dependent on the properties of the solvent. It can be calculated as Kb = RTb2M/ΔHv, where R is the gas constant, and Tb is the boiling temperature of the pure solvent [in K], M is the molar mass of the solvent, and ΔHv is the heat of vaporization per mole of the solvent.
bB is the molality of the solution, calculated by taking dissociation into account since the boiling point elevation is a colligative property, dependent on the number of particles in solution. This is most easily done by using the van 't Hoff factor i as bB = bsolute · i. The factor i accounts for the number of individual particles (typically ions) formed by a compound in solution. Examples:
i = 1 for sugar in water
i = 1.9 for sodium chloride in water, due to the near full dissociation of NaCl into Na+ and Cl− (often simplified as 2)
i = 2.3 for calcium chloride in water, due to nearly full dissociation of CaCl2 into Ca2+ and 2Cl− (often simplified as 3)
Non integer i factors result from ion pairs in solution, which lower the effective number of particles in the solution.
Equation after including the van 't Hoff factor
ΔTb = Kb · bsolute · i
At high concentrations, the above formula is less precise due to nonideality of the solution. If the solute is also volatile, one of the key assumptions used in deriving the formula is not true, since it derived for solutions of non-volatile solutes in a volatile solvent. In the case of volatile solutes it is more relevant to talk of a mixture of volatile compounds and the effect of the solute on the boiling point must be determined from the phase diagram of the mixture. In such cases, the mixture can sometimes have a boiling point that is lower than either of the pure components; a mixture with a minimum boiling point is a type of azeotrope.
Ebullioscopic constants[edit]
Values of the ebullioscopic constants Kb for selected solvents:[2]
Compound
Boiling point in °C
Ebullioscopic constant Kb in units of [(°C·kg)/mol] or [°C/molal]
Acetic acid 118.1 3.07
Benzene 80.1 2.53
Carbon disulfide 46.2 2.37
Carbon tetrachloride 76.8 4.95
Naphthalene 217.9 5.8
Phenol 181.75 3.04
Water 100 0.512
Uses[edit]
Together with the formula above, the boiling-point elevation can in principle be used to measure the degree of dissociation or the molar mass of the solute. This kind of measurement is called ebullioscopy (Greek "boiling-viewing"). However, since superheating is difficult to avoid, precise ΔTb measurements are difficult to carry out,[1] which was partly overcome by the invention of the Beckmann thermometer. Furthermore, the cryoscopic constant that determines freezing-point depression is larger than the ebullioscopic constant, and since the freezing point is often easier to measure with precision, it is more common to use cryoscopy.
Among many urban legends related to the effect of ebullioscopic increase, one of them leads to adding salt when cooking pasta only after water has started boiling. The misconception is that since the water boils at a higher temperature, food will cook faster. However, at the approximate concentration of salt in water for cooking (10 g of salt per 1 kg of water, or 1 teaspoon per quart), the ebullioscopic increase is approximately 0.17 °C (0.31 °F), which will arguably make no practical difference for cooking, although salt may add to flavors.
See also[edit]
Colligative properties
Freezing point depression
Dühring's rule
List of boiling and freezing information of solvents
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c P. W. Atkins, Physical Chemistry, 4th Ed., Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1994, ISBN 0-19-269042-6, p. 222-225
Jump up ^ P. W. Atkins, Physical Chemistry, 4th Ed., p. C17 (Table 7.2)
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