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Light My Fire
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For other uses, see Light My Fire (disambiguation).
"Light My Fire"
Single by The Doors
from the album The Doors
B-side
"The Crystal Ship"
Released
April 24, 1967
Format
7" vinyl
Recorded
August 22, 1966
Genre
Psychedelic rock[1]
Length
7:06 (Album Version)
2:52 (Single Version)
Label
Elektra
Songwriter(s)
Jim Morrison, Robbie Krieger, John Densmore, Ray Manzarek
Producer(s)
Paul A. Rothchild
The Doors singles chronology
"Break On Through (To the Other Side)"
(1967) "Light My Fire" / "The Crystal Ship"
(1967) "People Are Strange"
(1967)
"Break On Through (To the Other Side)"
(1967) "Light My Fire"/"The Crystal Ship"
(1967) "People Are Strange"
(1967)
"Light My Fire" is a song by the Doors, which was recorded in August 1966 and released in January 1967 on their self-titled debut album. Released as an edited single on April 24, 1967,[2] it spent three weeks at number 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in late July, and one week on the Cash Box Top 100, nearly a year after its recording.
A year later, it re-entered the Billboard Hot 100 in 1968 following the success of José Feliciano's version of the song (which peaked at number 3 on the Billboard chart), peaking at number 87. The song was largely written by the band's guitarist Robby Krieger,[3] and was credited to the entire band. The single was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America in September 1967 for 1,000,000 units shipped.[4] As of December 1971, it was the band's best-selling single; with over 927,000 copies sold.[5]
A live version was released in 1983 on their album Alive, She Cried, the first of several live albums released in subsequent decades to include the song. "Light My Fire" achieved modest success in Australia, where it peaked at number 22 on the ARIA chart. The single originally reached number 49 in the UK in 1967, but experienced belated success in that country in 1991, when a reissue peaked at number 7. This reissue was more successful in Ireland, peaking atop the IRMA chart for two weeks in June. The reissue occurred due to a revived interest in the band following Oliver Stone's film biopic The Doors. The song is ranked at number 35 on Rolling Stone's list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time.[6] It was included in the Songs of the Century list, ranking number 52. Feliciano's cover version won a 1969 Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance, the same year he won another Grammy for Best New Artist.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 The Ed Sullivan Show
1.2 Buick TV commercial
2 Speed discrepancy
3 Charts and certifications
3.1 Weekly charts
3.2 Certifications
4 Personnel
5 Appearances in other media
6 Covers
6.1 José Feliciano
6.2 Shirley Bassey
6.3 Will Young
6.3.1 Charts
6.3.2 Certifications
6.4 Others
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
History[edit]
The song originated as a Robby Krieger composition,[7] with Jim Morrison writing the second verse. Although the album version was just over seven minutes long, it was widely requested for radio play,[3] so a single version was edited to under three minutes with nearly all the instrumental break removed for airplay on AM radio.[7]
Ray Manzarek played the song's bass line with his left hand on a Fender Rhodes Piano Bass, while performing the other keyboard parts on a Vox Continental using his right hand. After the recording session, producer Paul A. Rothchild brought in session musician Larry Knechtel to overdub[8] a Fender Precision Bass guitar to double the keyboard bass line.[9][10][11] When the Doors played the song at live concerts, Manzarek used the Fender Rhodes Piano Bass without augmentation.
The Ed Sullivan Show[edit]
The band appeared on various TV shows, such as American Bandstand, miming to a playback of the single. However, "Light My Fire" was performed live by the Doors on The Ed Sullivan Show broadcast on September 17, 1967. The Doors were asked by producer Bob Precht, Sullivan's son-in-law, to change the line "girl, we couldn't get much higher", as the sponsors were uncomfortable with the possible reference to drugs.[12][13] The band agreed to do so, and did a rehearsal using the amended lyrics, "girl, we couldn't get much better"; however, during the live performance, the band's lead singer Jim Morrison sang the original, unaltered lyrics.[12] Ed Sullivan did not shake Jim Morrison's hand as he left the stage. The band had been negotiating a multi-episode deal with the producers; however, after violating the agreement not to perform the offending line, they were informed they would never do the Sullivan show again. Morrison's response was "Hey man. We just did the Sullivan show."[14]
This performance was portrayed in the 1991 Oliver Stone film The Doors, but without Morrison's subsequent retort to Sullivan and the show's producer.[15]
Buick TV commercial[edit]
John Densmore recalled that Buick offered $75,000 in October 1968 to adapt the song for use in a Buick TV commercial ("Come on, Buick, light my fire").[16][17] Morrison, however, was still in London after a European tour had just ended on September 20 and could not be contacted by the other band members, who agreed to the deal in his absence. As the band had agreed in 1965 to both equal splits and everyone having veto power in decisions, Morrison consequently called Buick and threatened to personally smash a Buick with a sledgehammer on television, should the commercial be aired.[18]
Speed discrepancy[edit]
The 40th Anniversary mix of the debut album presents a stereo version of "Light My Fire" in speed-corrected form for the first time. The speed discrepancy (being about 3.5% slow) was brought to Bruce Botnick's attention by Brigham Young University professor Michael Hicks, who noted that all video and audio live performances of the Doors performing the song, the sheet music, and statements of band members show the song in a key almost a half step higher (key of A) than the stereo LP release (key of A♭/G♯). Until the 2006 remasters, only the original 45 RPM singles ("Light My Fire" and "Break On Through") were produced at the correct speed.[19]
Charts and certifications[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1967)
Peak
position
Australia (Go-Set National Top 40)[20] 16
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[21] 2
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[22] 27
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[23] 49
US Billboard Hot 100[24] 1
US Cash Box Top 100[25] 1
Chart (1991)
Peak
position
Ireland (IRMA)[26] 1
UK Singles Chart[27] 7
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
United States (RIAA)[4]
Gold 1,000,000[5]
Personnel[edit]
The Doors
John Densmore – drums
Robby Krieger – Gibson SG electric guitar
Ray Manzarek – Vox Continental combo organ, Rhodes piano bass
Jim Morrison – lead vocals
Session musician
Larry Knechtel – bass guitar, credited by Robby Krieger[28]
Appearances in other media[edit]
The song was made available to download on October 26, 2010 for use in the Rock Band 3 music gaming platform in both Basic rhythm, and PRO mode which takes advantage of the use of a real guitar / bass guitar, along with support for standard MIDI-compatible electronic drum kits / keyboards in addition to main and backup vocals.[29][30]
Covers[edit]
José Feliciano[edit]
"Light My Fire"
Single by José Feliciano
from the album Feliciano!
B-side
"California Dreamin'"
Released
1968
Format
7" single
Recorded
1968
Genre
Soft rock
Length
3:33
Label
RCA Victor
Songwriter(s)
Jim Morrison, Robbie Krieger, John Densmore, Ray Manzarek
Producer(s)
Rick Jarrard
José Feliciano singles chronology
"La Copa Rota"
(1968) "Light My Fire"
(1968) "Hi-Heel Sneakers" / "Hitchcock Railway"
(1968)
"La Copa Rota"
(1968) "Light My Fire"
(1968) "Hi-Heel Sneakers" / "Hitchcock Railway"
(1968)
Vocalist and guitarist José Feliciano experienced significant international success when he released his version of "Light My Fire" in 1968 as a single on the RCA Victor label. It is perhaps the best known cover of this song, reaching number 3 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 charts, only a year after the original had been a number 1 hit on the same chart. Feliciano's remake blended Latin influences, including a mixture of classic Spanish guitar, flute and flamenco, with American pop. Feliciano's version of the song is played at a slower tempo than the Doors. The single helped to spur the worldwide success of its album, Feliciano!, which was nominated for multiple Grammy Awards in 1969. Feliciano's arrangement of "Light My Fire" has influenced several subsequent versions, including that by Will Young. Songwriter Robby Krieger said in an interview about the cover: "It's really a great feeling to have written a classic. I think I owe a big debt to Jose Feliciano because he is actually the one, when he did it, everybody started doing it. He did a whole different arrangement on it."[31]
Feliciano revisited the song, singing a duet with Minnie Riperton on her 1979 album Minnie.
Shirley Bassey[edit]
"Light My Fire"
Single by Shirley Bassey
Released
1999
Format
12" single, CD single
Recorded
1970
Genre
Dance-pop
Length
3:17
Label
Blue Note EMI Music France
Songwriter(s)
Jim Morrison Robbie Krieger John Densmore Ray Manzarek
Producer(s)
Nicolas Pflug
Shirley Bassey singles chronology
"History Repeating"
(1997) "Light My Fire"
(1999) "World in Union"
(2000)
"History Repeating"
(1997) "Light My Fire"
(1999) "World in Union"
(2000)
"Light My Fire Remix" is a single released by Shirley Bassey in 1999. This is a remix of the vocal recorded in 1970 for the album Something, which is also included on this release.[32][33] The single was issued by Blue Note, EMI Music France in two formats a 12" single and a CD single.
In spring 1998, Blue Note France and Radio Nova organised a competition to find the best remix, created from the Groove and Jazz back catalogues. The DJ had to be an unknown, who had not yet had any work published. DJ Booster was the winner and the hip-hop and club dance remixes of "Light My Fire" were released to the public. French musician DJ Olivier Armbuster, alias Booster, has origins in the suburbs of Paris. He is a musician, who plays a variety of instruments and went on to release an album entitled Loop in 2001.
Bassey's original recording of the song was arranged by Johnny Harris, who also recorded his own instrumental version using a similar arrangement for his 1970 album Movements.
Track listing
"Light My Fire" (Booster-Remix Edit) – 3:17
"Light My Fire" (Booster Mix) – 5:05
"Light My Fire" (Shirley Bassey original version) – 3:23
"Light My Fire" (Booster Jungle Mix) – 4:23
Personnel
Shirley Bassey – vocals
Rob Nicolas Gueguen – keyboards
Will Young[edit]
"Light My Fire"
Single by Will Young
from the album From Now On
B-side
"Ain't No Sunshine"
"Beyond the Sea"
Released
May 27, 2002
Format
CD single
Recorded
2002
Genre
Pop
Label
BMG
Songwriter(s)
Jim Morrison Robbie Krieger John Densmore Ray Manzarek
Producer(s)
Absolute
Will Young singles chronology
"Anything Is Possible" / "Evergreen"
(2002) "Light My Fire"
(2002) "The Long and Winding Road" / "Suspicious Minds"
(2002)
"Anything Is Possible" / "Evergreen"
(2002) "Light My Fire"
(2002) "The Long and Winding Road" / "Suspicious Minds"
(2002)
Pop Idol series 1 winner Will Young covered the song in 2002.[34] He originally performed a piano version of the song in the final 50 of Pop Idol, and again, with a backing track, in the final 10. It was later released as his second single. It went straight to the number one spot in the UK Singles Chart, selling 177,000 copies in its first week of release. The single stayed at number one for two weeks. The cover version was recorded in the style of José Feliciano's version.
Young also performed the song on World Idol, where he came in fifth place.[35]
Charts[edit]
Chart (2002)
Peak
position
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[36] 1
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Italy (FIMI)[37]
Gold 25,000*
United Kingdom (BPI)[38]
Gold 400,000^
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
Others[edit]
Singer and actress Amii Stewart, who is most famous for her cover of the Eddie Floyd song "Knock on Wood", also covered this is in 1979 as a double A-side with "137 Disco Heaven". It was a substantial hit getting to number 5 in the UK Singles Chart as well as number 26 in Germany, number 69 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 36 on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. It was later re-released as a remix in 1985 as a double A-side with a remix of "Knock on Wood", this remix was also successful returning Stewart to the British Top 10.[citation needed]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Forty years on, Jim Morrison cult thrives at Paris cemetery". The Independent. July 1, 2011. Retrieved September 14, 2017.
Jump up ^ "April 24, 1967: The Doors Release "Light My Fire" as a Single - The Doors Examiner, Redux". April 24, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b The Doors interviewed on the Pop Chronicles (1969)
^ Jump up to: a b "American single certifications – Light My Fire". Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
^ Jump up to: a b "'Doors Sold 4,190,457 Albums': Court Report". Billboard. Billboard Publications, Inc. 83 (51): 3. December 18, 1971. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved November 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ "The RS 500 Greatest Songs of All Time". RollingStone.com. Retrieved June 4, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Light My Fire". guitarworld.com. Archived from the original on February 12, 2012. Retrieved March 31, 2010.
Jump up ^ Myers, Marc, ‘’Anatomy of a Song:The Oral History of 45 Iconic Hits That Changed Rock, R&B and Pop,’’ Grove Press, New York, 2016 p. 81
Jump up ^ Davis, Stephen (2005). Jim Morrison: LIfe, Death, Legend. Penguin. p. 139. ISBN 9781101218273.
Jump up ^ Sullivan, Steve (2013). Encyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings. 2. Scarecrow Press. pp. 484–5. ISBN 9780810882966.
Jump up ^ Hartman, Kent (2012). The Wrecking Crew: The Inside Story of Rock and Roll's Best-Kept Secret. Macmillan. p. 2. ISBN 9780312619749.
^ Jump up to: a b Korpe, Marie. Marie Korpe (September 4, 2004). Shoot the singer!: music censorship today. Zed Books. p. 178. ISBN 978-1-84277-505-9. Retrieved October 7, 2009.
Jump up ^ Hicks, Michael (August 1, 2000). Sixties Rock: Garage, Psychedelic, and Other Satisfactions. University of Illinois Press. p. 83. ISBN 978-0-252-06915-4. Retrieved October 7, 2009.
Jump up ^ Hogan, Peter K. (1994). Charlesworth, Chris, ed. The complete guide to the music of the Doors. Music Sales Group. p. 30. ISBN 978-0-7119-3527-3. Retrieved October 7, 2009.
Jump up ^ Melissa U. D. Goldsmith; Paige A. Willson; Anthony J. Fonseca (October 7, 2016). The Encyclopedia of Musicians and Bands on Film. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 205. ISBN 9781442269873.
Jump up ^ "July 8, 2002". The Nation. Retrieved May 10, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Light My Fire Lyrics - The Doors". Web.archive.org. Archived from the original on April 3, 2010. Retrieved May 10, 2014.
Jump up ^ Harmon, Rod. "From the Editor: The Doors, the Buick, and the book". Portland Press Herald. Portland Press Herald. Retrieved April 24, 2014.
Jump up ^ Botnick, Bruce: Liner notes to 40th Anniversary CD release, May 2006.
Jump up ^ "27 September 1967 Singles". poparchives.com.au. Archived from the original on July 8, 2012. Retrieved March 1, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Top RPM Singles: Issue 10087." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved June 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – The Doors – Light My Fire" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved June 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Doors: Artist Chart History". Official Charts Company. Retrieved May 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Doors Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved May 18, 2017.
Jump up ^ "CASH BOX Top 100 Singles". cashboxmagazine.com. Archived from the original on July 8, 2012. Retrieved February 28, 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Irish Charts - All there is to know". Retrieved December 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ David Roberts (May 2005). British Hit Singles and Albums 18 Ed. Gullane Children's Books. ISBN 978-1-904994-00-8.
Jump up ^ "Robby Krieger talks guitars and The Doors". Retrieved September 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ staff, IGN (October 22, 2010). "The Doors Most Loved Songs Kick Off Rock Band 3 DLC". IGN. Retrieved November 8, 2012.
Jump up ^ Snider, Mike (June 10, 2010). "Rock Band 3: What's New, What's Notable". USA Today. Retrieved November 8, 2012.
Jump up ^ James, Gary (1994). "Interview With Robby Krieger". Classic Bands. Retrieved January 18, 2011.
Jump up ^ "All Albums by Shirley Bassey". Amazon.com. Retrieved April 24, 2014.
Jump up ^ Weidman, Rich (October 1, 2011). The Doors FAQ: All That's Left to Know About the Kings of Acid Rock. Backbeat Books. p. (page number not displayed). ISBN 1617131105.
Jump up ^ Cowell, Simon (April 29, 2004). I Don't Mean to be Rude, But... Ebury Press. p. 180. ISBN 0091898285.
Jump up ^ Wilkes, Neil. "Will insulted by 'World Idol' judges". Digital Spy. Retrieved April 23, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Will Young: Artist Chart History". Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ "Light My Gold" (in Italian). MTV Italy. June 27, 2003. Retrieved July 10, 2003. [dead link]
Jump up ^ "British single certifications – Will Young – Light My Fire". British Phonographic Industry. Enter Light My Fire in the search field and then press Enter.
Further reading[edit]
Burns, Gary. "A Typology of 'Hooks' in Popular Records."Popular Music 6.1 (1987): 1-20. Web.
External links[edit]
Ray Manzarek of The Doors, an interview on Fresh Air
Light My Fire from All Things Considered, 2000 interviews about the song with the surviving members of the Doors
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
Preceded by
"Windy" by The Association US Billboard Hot 100 number one single
July 29, 1967 (three weeks) Succeeded by
"All You Need Is Love" by The Beatles
Preceded by
"Born to Be Wild" by Steppenwolf Canadian RPM 100 number-one single
(Jose Feliciano cover version)
September 9, 1968 (one week) Succeeded by
"1, 2, 3, Red Light" by 1910 Fruitgum Company
Preceded by
"Without Me" by Eminem UK Singles Chart number one single
(Will Young cover version)
June 2, 2002 – June 15, 2002 Succeeded by
"A Little Less Conversation" by Elvis and JXL
[show]
v
t
e
The Doors track listing
Songs
Side one
"Break On Through (To the Other Side)"
"Soul Kitchen"
"The Crystal Ship"
"Twentieth Century Fox"
"Alabama Song"
"Light My Fire"
Side two
"Back Door Man"
"I Looked at You"
"End of the Night"
"Take It as It Comes"
"The End"
Related articles
Classic Albums
[show]
v
t
e
The Doors
Jim Morrison
Ray Manzarek
John Densmore
Robby Krieger
Studio albums
The Doors (1967)
Strange Days (1967)
Waiting for the Sun (1968)
The Soft Parade (1969)
Morrison Hotel (1970)
L.A. Woman (1971)
Other Voices (1971)
Full Circle (1972)
An American Prayer (1978)
Live albums
Absolutely Live (1970)
Alive, She Cried (1983)
Live at the Hollywood Bowl (1987)
In Concert (1991)
Message to Love: The Isle of Wight Festival 1970 (1996)
Compilations
and soundtracks
13 (1970)
Weird Scenes Inside the Gold Mine (1972)
The Best of The Doors (1973)
Greatest Hits (1980)
The Doors Classics (1985)
The Best of The Doors (1985)
The Doors (1991 film soundtrack) (1991)
Greatest Hits (1996)
Essential Rarities (1999)
The Best of The Doors (2000)
The Very Best of The Doors (2001)
Legacy: The Absolute Best (2003)
The Very Best of The Doors (2007)
The Future Starts Here: The Essential Doors Hits (2008)
The Platinum Collection (2008)
When You're Strange: Music from the Motion Picture (2010)
The Singles (2017)
Bright
Midnight
Archives
The Bright Midnight Sampler (2000)
Live in Detroit (2000)
Bright Midnight: Live in America (2001)
Live in Hollywood: Highlights from the Aquarius Theater Performances (2001)
Live at the Aquarius Theatre: The First Performance (2001)
Live at the Aquarius Theatre: The Second Performance (2001)
No One Here Gets Out Alive (2002)
Backstage and Dangerous: The Private Rehearsal (2002)
Live in Hollywood (2002)
Boot Yer Butt: The Doors Bootlegs (2003)
Live in Philadelphia '70 (2005)
Live in Boston (2007)
Pittsburgh Civic Arena (2008)
Live at the Matrix 1967 (2008)
Live in New York (2009)
Live in Vancouver 1970 (2010)
Live at the Bowl '68 (2012)
London Fog 1966 (2016)
Live at The Isle of Wight festival 1970 (2018)
Box sets
The Doors: Box Set (1997)
The Complete Studio Recordings (1999)
No One Here Gets Out Alive (2002)
Boot Yer Butt: The Doors Bootlegs (2003)
Love/Death/Travel Box Set (2005)
Perception (2006)
The Doors: Vinyl Box Set (2008)
A Collection (2011)
Singles
"Break On Through (To the Other Side)" / "End of the Night" (1967)
"Light My Fire" / "The Crystal Ship" (1967)
"People Are Strange" (1967)
"Love Me Two Times" / "Moonlight Drive" (1967)
"The Unknown Soldier"/"We Could Be So Good Together" (1968)
"Hello, I Love You" / "Love Street" (1968)
"Touch Me" (1968)
"Wishful Sinful" (1969)
"Tell All the People" / "Easy Ride" (1969)
"Runnin' Blue" (1969)
"Roadhouse Blues"(1970)
"Love Her Madly" (1971)
"Riders on the Storm" (1971)
"The Mosquito" (1972)
"Treetrunk" (1972)
"Gloria" / "Moonlight Drive" (1983)
Books
Wilderness: The Lost Writings of Jim Morrison
The American Night
No One Here Gets Out Alive
Light My Fire
Video and film
The Doors (1991)
The Doors – 30 Years Commemorative Edition (1999)
When You're Strange (2008)
Live at the Bowl '68 (2012)
Live at the Isle of Wight festival 1970 (2018)
Related articles
Discography
Rick & the Ravens
Bill Siddons
Danny Sugerman
Paul A. Rothchild
Bruce Botnick
London Fog
Whisky a Go Go
Manzarek–Krieger
"Craigslist"
The Lost Paris Tapes
Stoned Immaculate: The Music of The Doors
Barbaturex morrisoni
HWY: An American Pastoral
Night Divides the Day – The Music of the Doors
Light My Fire: A Classic Rock Salute to The Doors
Book
Category
[show]
v
t
e
Will Young
Discography
Studio albums
From Now On
Friday's Child
Keep On
Let It Go
Echoes
85% Proof
Compilation albums
The Hits
The Essential
Extended plays
Leave Right Now
Singles
"Anything Is Possible" / "Evergreen"
"Light My Fire"
"The Long and Winding Road"
"Don't Let Me Down" / "You and I"
"Leave Right Now"
"Your Game"
"Friday's Child"
"Switch It On"
"All Time Love"
"Who Am I"
"Changes"
"Grace"
"Let It Go"
"Tell Me the Worst"
"Hopes & Fears"
"Jealousy"
"Come On"
"Losing Myself"
"I Just Want a Lover"
"Love Revolution"
"Like a River"
"Thank You"
"Joy"
Live releases
Will Young Live
Live in London
Concert tours
Echoes Tour
Love Revolution Tour
Related articles
Pop Idol
series 1
series 1 finalists
World Idol
Mrs Henderson Presents
Bedlam
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Dome of the Rock
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Not to be confused with Al-Aqsa Mosque or Mosque of Omar (Jerusalem).
Dome of the Rock
Qubbat As-Sakhrah
قبّة الصخرة
Location within the Old City of Jerusalem
Basic information
Location
Jerusalem
Geographic coordinates
31°46′41″N 35°14′07″E / 31.7780°N 35.2354°E / 31.7780; 35.2354Coordinates: 31°46′41″N 35°14′07″E / 31.7780°N 35.2354°E / 31.7780; 35.2354
Affiliation
Islam
Administration
Ministry of Awqaf (Jordan)
Architectural description
Architectural type
Shrine
Architectural style
Umayyad, Abbasid, Ottoman
Date established
built 688–692,[1] expanded 820s, restored 1020s, 1545–1566, 1721/2, 1817, 1874/5, 1959–1962, 1993.
Specifications
Dome(s)
1
Minaret(s)
0
The Dome of the Rock (Arabic: قبة الصخرة Qubbat al-Sakhrah, Hebrew: כיפת הסלע Kippat ha-Sela) is an Islamic shrine located on the Temple Mount in the Old City of Jerusalem.
It was initially completed in 691 CE at the order of Umayyad Caliph Abd al-Malik during the Second Fitna, built on the site of the Roman temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, which had in turn been built on the site of the Second Jewish Temple, destroyed during the Roman Siege of Jerusalem in 70 CE. The original dome collapsed in 1015 and was rebuilt in 1022–23. The Dome of the Rock is in its core one of the oldest extant works of Islamic architecture.[2]
Its architecture and mosaics were patterned after nearby Byzantine churches and palaces,[3] although its outside appearance has been significantly changed in the Ottoman period and again in the modern period, notably with the addition of the gold-plated roof, in 1959–61 and again in 1993. The octagonal plan of the structure may also have been influenced by the Byzantine Church of the Seat of Mary (also known as Kathisma in Greek and al-Qadismu in Arabic) built between 451 and 458 on the road between Jerusalem and Bethlehem.[3]
The site's great significance for Muslims derives from traditions connecting it to the creation of the world and to the belief that the Prophet Muhammad's Night Journey to heaven started from the rock at the center of the structure.[4][5] The rock also bears great significance for Jews as the site of Abraham's attempted sacrifice of his son.
It has been called "Jerusalem's most recognizable landmark,"[6] and it is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, along with two nearby Temple Mount structures, the Western Wall, and the "Resurrection Rotunda" in the nearby Church of the Holy Sepulchre.[7]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Pre-Islamic
1.2 Original construction
1.3 Abbasids and Fatimids
1.4 Crusaders
1.5 Ayyubids and Mamluks
1.6 Ottoman Empire (1517–1917)
1.7 Modern history
2 Accessibility
3 Religious significance
4 Architectural homages
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
History
Pre-Islamic
Main articles: Temple Mount, Herod's Temple, and Aelia Capitolina
Reconstruction of Herod's Temple as seen from the east (Holyland Model of Jerusalem, 1966)
The Dome of the Rock is situated in the center of the Temple Mount, the site of the Temple of Solomon and the Jewish Second Temple, which had been greatly expanded under Herod the Great in the 1st century BCE. Herod's Temple was destroyed in 70 CE by the Romans, and after the Bar Kokhba revolt in 135 CE, a Roman temple to Jupiter Capitolinus was built at the site.[8]
Jerusalem was ruled by the Christian Byzantine Empire throughout the 4th to 6th centuries. During this time, Christian pilgrimage to Jerusalem began to develop.[9] The Church of the Holy Sepulchre was built under Constantine in the 320s, but the Temple Mount was left undeveloped after a failed project of restoration of the temple under Julian the Apostate.[10]
Original construction
The Dome of the Rock is now mostly assumed to have been built by the order of Umayyad Caliph Abd al-Malik and his son and successor Al-Walid I. According to Sibt ibn al-Jawzi, construction started in 687. Construction cost was reportedly seven times the yearly tax income of Egypt.[11] A dedicatory inscription in Kufic script is preserved inside the dome. The date is recorded as AH 72 (691/2 CE), the year historians believe the construction of the original Dome was completed.[12] In this inscription, the name of al-Malik was deleted and replaced by the name of Abbasid caliph Al-Ma'mun. This alteration of the original inscription was first noted by Melchior de Vogüé in 1864.[13] Some scholars have suggested that the dome was added to an existing building, built either by Muawiyah I (r. 661–680),[14] or indeed a Byzantine building dating to before the Muslim conquest, built under Heraclius (r. 610–641).[15]
Its architecture and mosaics were patterned after nearby Byzantine churches and palaces.[3] The two engineers in charge of the project were Raja ibn Haywah, a Muslim theologian from Beit She'an and Yazid Ibn Salam, a non-Arab who was Muslim and a native of Jerusalem.[3][16]
Cross section of the Dome (print from 1887, after the first detailed drawings of the Dome, made by Frederick Catherwood in 1833).[17]
Shelomo Dov Goitein of the Hebrew University has argued that the Dome of the Rock was intended to compete with the many fine buildings of worship of other religions: "The very form of a rotunda, given to the Qubbat as-Sakhra, although it was foreign to Islam, was destined to rival the many Christian domes."[18] K.A.C. Creswell in his book The Origin of the Plan of the Dome of the Rock notes that those who built the shrine used the measurements of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. The diameter of the dome of the shrine is 20.20 m (66.3 ft) and its height 20.48 m (67.2 ft), while the diameter of the dome of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre is 20.90 m (68.6 ft) and its height 21.05 m (69.1 ft).
The structure was basically octagonal. It comprised a wooden dome, approximately 20 m (66 ft) in diameter, which was mounted on an elevated drum consisting of a circle of 16 piers and columns.[19] Surrounding this circle was an octagonal arcade of 24 piers and columns.
Abbasids and Fatimids
The original construction was surrounded by open arcades, like the Dome of the Chain.[citation needed][dubious – discuss] Under Abbasid caliph Al-Ma'mun (r. 813–833), an octagonal wall was added.[citation needed][dubious – discuss]
The building was severely damaged by earthquakes in 808 and again in 846.[20] The dome collapsed in an earthquake in 1015 and was rebuilt in 1022–23. The mosaics on the drum were repaired in 1027–28.[21]
Crusaders
Main article: Templum Domini
Depiction of the Templum Domini on the reverse side of the seal of the Knights Templar
For centuries Christian pilgrims were able to come and experience the Temple Mount, but escalating violence against pilgrims to Jerusalem (Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, who ordered the destruction of the Holy Sepulchre, was an example) instigated the Crusades.[22] The Crusaders captured Jerusalem in 1099 and the Dome of the Rock was given to the Augustinians, who turned it into a church, while the Al-Aqsa Mosque became a royal palace. The Knights Templar, active from c. 1119, identified the Dome of the Rock as the site of the Temple of Solomon and set up their headquarters in the Al-Aqsa Mosque adjacent to the Dome for much of the 12th century. The Templum Domini, as they called the Dome of the Rock, featured on the official seals of the Order's Grand Masters (such as Everard des Barres and Renaud de Vichiers), and soon became the architectural model for round Templar churches across Europe.
Ayyubids and Mamluks
Jerusalem was recaptured by Saladin on 2 October 1187, and the Dome of the Rock was reconsecrated as a Muslim shrine. The cross on top of the dome was replaced by a crescent,[citation needed] and a wooden screen was placed around the rock below.[citation needed] Saladin's nephew al-Malik al-Mu'azzam Isa carried out other restorations within the building, and added the porch to the Al-Aqsa Mosque.[citation needed]
The Dome of the Rock was the focus of extensive royal patronage by the sultans during the Mamluk period, which lasted from 1250 until 1510.[citation needed]
Ottoman Empire (1517–1917)
During the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent (1520–1566) the exterior of the Dome of the Rock was covered with tiles. This work took seven years.[citation needed]
The interior of the dome is lavishly decorated with mosaic, faience and marble, much of which was added several centuries after its completion. It also contains Qur'anic inscriptions. Surah Ya Sin (the "Heart of the Quran") is inscribed across the top of the tile work and was commissioned in the 16th century by Suleiman the Magnificent. Al-Isra, the Surah 17 which tells the story of the Isra or Night Journey, is inscribed above this.
Adjacent to the Dome of the Rock, the Ottomans built the free-standing Dome of the Prophet in 1620. Large-scale renovation was undertaken during the reign of Mahmud II in 1817.
In a major restoration project undertaken in 1874–75 during the reign of the Ottoman Sultan Abdülaziz, all the tiles on the west and southwest walls of the octagonal part of the building were removed and replaced by copies that had been made in Turkey.[23][24]
View from the north, Francis Bedford (1862)
West front in 1862. By this date many of the 16th century tiles were missing.
Interior showing mosaic decoration (1914)
Tiled façade (2013)
Interior showing rock (1915)
Modern history
1920s photograph
Haj Amin al-Husseini, appointed Grand Mufti by the British during the 1917 mandate of Palestine, along with Yaqub al-Ghusayn, implemented the restoration of the Dome of the Rock and the Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem.
The Dome of the Rock was badly shaken during the 11 July 1927 Jericho earthquake, damaging many of the repairs that had taken place over previous years.
In 1955, an extensive program of renovation was begun by the government of Jordan, with funds supplied by Arab governments and Turkey. The work included replacement of large numbers of tiles dating back to the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, which had become dislodged by heavy rain. In 1965, as part of this restoration, the dome was covered with a durable aluminium bronze alloy made in Italy that replaced the lead exterior. Before 1959, the dome was covered in blackened lead. In the course of substantial restoration carried out from 1959 to 1962, the lead was replaced by aluminum-bronze plates covered with gold leaf.
A few hours after the Israeli flag was hoisted over the Dome of the Rock in 1967 during the Six-Day War, Israelis lowered it on the orders of Moshe Dayan and invested the Muslim waqf (religious trust) with the authority to manage the Temple Mount / Haram al-Sharif, in order to "keep the peace".[25]
The reverse of a 1000-rials banknote from 1982.
In 1993, the golden dome covering was refurbished following a donation of USD 8.2 million by King Hussein of Jordan who sold one of his houses in London to fund the 80 kilograms of gold required.[citation needed]
The Dome of the Rock is depicted on the reverse of the Iranian 1000 rials banknote.[26]
Accessibility
Sign at visitors entrance to Temple Mount
The Dome is maintained by the Ministry of Awqaf in Amman, Jordan.[27]
Until the mid-twentieth century, non-Muslims were not permitted in the area. Since 1967, non-Muslims have been permitted limited access; however non-Muslims are not permitted to pray on the Temple Mount, bring prayer books, or wear religious apparel. The Israeli police help enforce this.[28] Israel restricted access for a short time during 2012 of Palestinian residents of the West Bank to the Temple Mount. West Bank Palestinian men had to be over 35 to be eligible for a permit.[29] Palestinian residents of Jerusalem, who hold Israeli residency cards, and Palestinians with Israeli citizenship are permitted unrestricted access.
Some Orthodox rabbis encourage Jews to visit the site, while most forbid entry to the compound lest there be a violation of Jewish law. Even rabbis who encourage entrance to the Temple Mount prohibit entrance to the actual Dome of the Rock.[30]
Religious significance
The Temple in Jerusalem depicted as the Dome of the Rock on the printer's mark of Marco Antonio Giustiniani, Venice 1545–52
According to some Islamic scholars, the rock is the spot[31] from which the Islamic prophet Muhammad ascended to Heaven accompanied by the angel Gabriel. Further, Muhammad was taken here by Gabriel to pray with Abraham, Moses, and Jesus.[32] Other Islamic scholars believe that the Prophet ascended to Heaven from the Al-Aqsa Mosque.[33][34]
Muslims believe the location of the Dome of the Rock to be the site mentioned in Sura 17 of the Qur'an, which tells the story of the Isra and Mi'raj, the miraculous Night Journey of Prophet Muhammad from Mecca to "the farthest mosque", where he leads prayers and rises to heaven to receive instructions from Allah. The Night Journey is mentioned in the Qur'an in a very brief form and is further elaborated by the hadiths. Caliph Umar ibn Al-Khattab (579–644) was advised by Ka'ab al-Ahbar, a Jewish rabbi who converted to Islam,[35] that "the farthest mosque" is identical with the site of the former Jewish Temples in Jerusalem.[citation needed]
The Foundation Stone viewed from the dome. Photograph was taken between 1900 and 1920, before the removal of the surrounding iron grill.
The Foundation Stone and its surroundings is the holiest site in Judaism. Though Muslims now pray towards the Kaaba at Mecca, they once[year needed] faced the Temple Mount as the Jews do. Muhammad changed the direction of prayer for Muslims after a revelation from Allah. Jews traditionally regarded[year needed] the location of the stone as the holiest spot on Earth, the site of the Holy of Holies during the Temple Period.
According to Jewish tradition, the stone is the site where Abraham prepared to sacrifice his son Isaac.
On the walls of the Dome of the Rock is an inscription in a mosaic frieze that includes an explicit rejection of the divinity of Christ, from Quran (19:33–35):
33. "So peace is upon me the day I was born, and the day I die, and the day I shall be raised alive!" 34. Such is Jesus, son of Mary. It is a statement of truth, about which they doubt. 35. It is not befitting to (the majesty of) Allah that He should take himself a child. Glory be to Him! when He determines a matter, He only says to it, "Be", and it is.
According to Goitein, the inscriptions decorating the interior clearly display a spirit of polemic against Christianity, whilst stressing at the same time the Qur'anic doctrine that Jesus was a true prophet. The formula la sharika lahu ("God has no companion") is repeated five times; the verses from Sura Maryam 19:35–37, which strongly reaffirm Jesus' prophethood to God, are quoted together with the prayer: Allahumma salli ala rasulika wa'abdika 'Isa bin Maryam – "O Lord, send your blessings to your Prophet and Servant Jesus son of Mary." He believes that this shows that rivalry with Christendom, together with the spirit of Muslim mission to the Christians, was at work at the time of construction.[18]
Groups such as the Temple Mount and Eretz Yisrael Faithful Movement wish to relocate the Dome to Mecca and replace it with a Third Temple.[citation needed] Many Israelis are ambivalent about the Movement's wishes. Some religious Jews, following rabbinic teaching, believe that the Temple should only be rebuilt in the messianic era, and that it would be presumptuous of people to force God's hand. However, some Evangelical Christians consider rebuilding of the Temple to be a prerequisite to Armageddon and the Second Coming.[36] Jeremy Gimpel, a US-born candidate for Habayit Hayehudi in the 2013 Israeli elections, caused a controversy when he was recorded telling a Fellowship Church evangelical group in Florida in 2011 to imagine the incredible experience that would follow were the Dome to be destroyed. All Christians would be immediately transported to Israel, he opined.[37]
Architectural homages
The Dome of the Rock has inspired the architecture of a number of buildings. These include the octagonal Church of St. Giacomo in Italy, the Mausoleum of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent in Istanbul, the octagonal Moorish Revival style Rumbach Street Synagogue in Budapest, and the New Synagogue in Berlin, Germany. It was long believed by Christians that the Dome of the Rock echoed the architecture of the Temple in Jerusalem, as can be seen in Raphael's The Marriage of the Virgin and in Perugino's Marriage of the Virgin.[38]
Panorama of the Temple Mount, including Al-Aqsa Mosque and Dome of the Rock, from the Mount of Olives
See also
Islam portal
Christianity portal
Judaism portal
Ablaq
History of Medieval Arabic and Western European domes
List of the oldest mosques in the world
New Jerusalem
Well of Souls
Notes
Jump up ^ Gil, Moshe (1997). A History of Palestine, 634–1099. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-59984-9.
Jump up ^ Slavik, Diane (2001). Cities through Time: Daily Life in Ancient and Modern Jerusalem. Geneva, Illinois: Runestone Press. p. 60. ISBN 978-0-8225-3218-7.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Avner, Rina (2010). "The Dome of the Rock in light of the development of concentric martyria in Jerusalem" (PDF). Muqarnas. Volume 27: An Annual on the Visual Cultures of the Islamic World. Leiden: Brill. pp. 31–50 [43–44]. ISBN 978-900418511-1. JSTOR 25769691.
Jump up ^ M. Anwarul Islam and Zaid F. Al-hamad (2007). "The Dome of the Rock: Origin of its octagonal plan". Palestine Exploration Quarterly. 139 (2): 109–128.
Jump up ^ Nasser Rabbat (1989). "The meaning of the Umayyad Dome of the Rock". Muqarnas. 6: 12–21.
Jump up ^ Goldberg, Jeffrey (29 January 2001). "Arafat's Gift". The New Yorker. Retrieved 11 July 2015.
Jump up ^ "UNESCO World Heritage".
Jump up ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Aelia Capitolina". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 256. Lester L. Grabbe (2010). An Introduction to Second Temple Judaism: History and Religion of the Jews in the Time of Nehemiah, the Maccabees, Hillel, and Jesus. A&C Black. p. 29.
Jump up ^ Davidson, Linda Kay and David Martin Gitlitz Pilgrimage: From the Ganges to Graceland : an Encyclopedia Volume 1, ABC-CLIO, Inc, Santa Barbara, CA 2002, p. 274.
Jump up ^ "Julian thought to rebuild at an extravagant expense the proud Temple once at Jerusalem, and committed this task to Alypius of Antioch. Alypius set vigorously to work, and was seconded by the governor of the province, when fearful balls of fire, breaking out near the foundations, continued their attacks, till the workmen, after repeated scorchings, could approach no more: and he gave up the attempt." Ammianus Marcellinus, Res Gestae, 23.1.2–3.
Jump up ^ Jacob Lassner: Muslims on the sanctity of Jerusalem: preliminary thoughts on the search for a conceptual framework. In: Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam. Band 31 (2006), p. 176.
Jump up ^ Necipoğlu 2008, p. 22.
Jump up ^ Vogüé 1864, p. 85.
Jump up ^ Olge Grabar: The Meaning of the Dome of the Rock.
Jump up ^ Busse, Heribert (1991). "Zur Geschichte und Deutung der frühislamischen Ḥarambauten in Jerusalem". Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins (in German). 107: 144–154. JSTOR 27931418.
Jump up ^ "Islamic Art and Architecture 650–1250". google.ca. p. 20.
Jump up ^ "Drawings of Islamic Buildings: Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem.". Victoria and Albert Museum. Archived from the original on 9 March 2009. Until 1833 the Dome of the Rock had not been measured or drawn; according to Victor von Hagen, 'no architect had ever sketched its architecture, no antiquarian had traced its interior design...' On 13 November in that year, however, Frederick Catherwood dressed up as an Egyptian officer and accompanied by an Egyptian servant 'of great courage and assurance', entered the buildings of the mosque with his drawing materials... 'During six weeks, I continued to investigate every part of the mosque and its precincts.' Thus, Catherwood made the first complete survey of the Dome of the Rock, and paved the way for many other artists in subsequent years, such as William Harvey, Ernest Richmond and Carl Friedrich Heinrich Werner.
^ Jump up to: a b Goitein, Shelomo Dov (1950). "The historical background of the erection of the Dome of the Rock". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 70 (2): 104–108. JSTOR 595539.
Jump up ^ "Dome of the Rock". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 4 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Amiran, D.H.K.; Arieh, E.; Turcotte, T. (1994). "Earthquakes in Israel and adjacent areas: macroseismic observations since 100 B.C.E.". Israel Exploration Journal. 44 (3/4): 260-305 [267]. JSTOR 27926357.
Jump up ^ Necipoğlu 2008, p. 31.
Jump up ^ Stark, Rodney. God's Battalions; a Case for the Crusades. Harper Collins, NY, 2009, pp. 84–85.
Jump up ^ Clermont-Ganneau 1899, p. 179.
Jump up ^ St. Laurent, Beatrice; Riedlmayer, András (1993). "Restorations of Jerusalem and the Dome of the Rock and their political significance, 1537–1928" (PDF). In Necipoğlu, Gülru. Muqarnas. Volume 10: Essays in Honor of Oleg Grabar. Leiden: Brill. pp. 76–84. JSTOR 1523174.
Jump up ^ "Letter from Jerusalem: A Fight Over Sacred Turf by Sandra Scham". Archaeology.org. Retrieved 4 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Central Bank of Iran. Banknotes & Coins: 1000 Rials. – Retrieved on 24 March 2009.
Jump up ^ Business Optimization Consultants B.O.C. "Hashemite Restorations of the Islamic Holy Places in Jerusalem – kinghussein.gov.jo – Retrieved 21 January 2008". Kinghussein.gov.jo. Retrieved 4 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Jerusalem's Holy Places and the Peace Process Marshall J. Breger and Thomas A. Idinopulos, Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 1998.
Jump up ^ Browning, Noah (15 August 2012). "Palestinians flock to Jerusalem as Israeli restrictions eased – Yahoo! News". News.yahoo.com. Archived from the original on 18 August 2012. Retrieved 31 October 2012.
Jump up ^ Zivotofsky. "Tzarich Iyun: The Har HaBayit – OU Torah". OU Torah. Retrieved 2015-11-16.
Jump up ^ Braswell, G. Islam – Its Prophets, People, Politics and Power. Nashville, TN: Broadman and Holman Publishers. 1996. p. 14
Jump up ^ Ali, A. The Holy Qur'an – Translation and Commentary. Bronx, NY: Islamic Propagation Centre International. 1946. pp. 1625–31
Jump up ^ "Me'raj – The Night Ascension". Al-islam.org. Retrieved 31 October 2012.
Jump up ^ "Meraj Article". Duas.org. Retrieved 31 October 2012.
Jump up ^ Yakub of Syria (Ka'b al-Ahbar) Last Jewish Attempt at Islamic Leadership Committee for Historical Research in Islam and Judaism, © 2004–2012, accessed July 2013.[dead link] "He continued to follow Rabbinic tradition such that later Islamic historians questioned whether he ever 'converted' to Islam."
Jump up ^ Stephen Spector, Evangelicals and Israel:The Story of American Christian Zionism, Oxford University Press, 2008 p. 202.
Jump up ^ Andrew Esensten U.S.-born Knesset candidate, Jeremy Gimpel, and his Dome of the Rock 'joke', Haaretz 20 January 2013.
Jump up ^ Burckhardt, Jacob; Peter Murray; James C. Palmes (1986). The Architecture of the Italian Renaissance. University of Chicago Press. p. 81.
References
Creswell, K.A.C. (1924). The Origin of the Plan of the Dome of the Rock (2 Volumes). London: British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem. OCLC 5862604.
Peterson, Andrew (1994). Dictionary of Islamic Architecture. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-06084-2
Braswell, G. (1996). Islam – Its Prophets, People, Politics and Power. Nashville, TN: Broadman and Holman Publishers.
Clermont-Ganneau, Charles (1899). "Chapter VIII The Kubbet es Sakhra". Archaeological Researches in Palestine During the Years 1873–1874. Volume 1. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. pp. 179–227.
Necipoğlu, Gülru (2008). "The Dome of the Rock as palimpsest: 'Abd al-Malik's grand narrative and Sultan Süleyman's glosses" (PDF). In Necipoğlu, Gülru; Bailey, Julia. Muqarnas: An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic World. Volume 25. Leiden: Brill. pp. 17–105. ISBN 978-900417327-9.
Ali, A. (1946). The Holy Qur’an – Translation and Commentary. Bronx, NY: Islamic Propagation Centre International.
Islam, M. Anwarul; Al-Hamad, Zaid (2007). "The Dome of the Rock: origin of its octagonal plan". Palestine Exploration Quarterly. 139 (2): 109–128. doi:10.1179/003103207x194145.
Christoph Luxenberg: Neudeutung der arabischen Inschrift im Felsendom zu Jerusalem. In: Karl-Heinz Ohlig / Gerd-R. Puin (Hg.): Die dunklen Anfänge. Neue Forschungen zur Entstehung und frühen Geschichte des Islam, Berlin (Verlag Hans Schiler) 2005, S. 124–147. English version: "A New Interpretation of the Arabic Inscription in Jerusalem's Dome of the Rock". In: Karl-Heinz Ohlig / Gerd-R. Puin (eds.): The Hidden Origins of Islam: New Research into Its Early History, Amherst, N.Y. (Prometheus Books) 2010
Vogüé, Melchior de (1864). Le Temple de Jérusalem : monographie du Haram-ech-Chérif, suivie d'un essai sur la topographie de la Ville-sainte (in French). Paris: Noblet & Baudry.
Further reading
Grabar, Oleg (2006). The Dome of the Rock. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press. ISBN 978-0-674-02313-0.
Flood, Finbarr B. (2000). "The Ottoman windows in the Dome of the Rock and the Aqsa Mosque" (PDF). In Auld, Sylvia; Hillenbrand, Robert. Ottoman Jerusalem: The Living City: 1517–1917. Volume 1. London: Altajir World of Islam Trust. pp. 431–463. ISBN 978-1-901435-03-0.
Kessler, Christel (1964). "Above the ceiling of the outer ambulatory in the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland (3/4): 83–94. JSTOR 25202759.
Kessler, Christel (1970). "'Abd Al-Malik's inscription in the Dome of the Rock: a reconsideration". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland (1): 2–14. JSTOR 25203167.
Richmond, Ernest Tatham (1924). The Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem: A Description of its Structure and Decoration. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
St. Laurent, Beatrice (1998). "The Dome of the Rock and the politics of restoration". Bridgewater Review. 17 (2): 14–20.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dome of the Rock.
"Qubba al-Sakhra, Jerusalem". Archnet Digital Archive.
Dome of the Rock Sacred sites
The Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem Masterpieces of Islamic Architecture
Ochs, Christoph (2010). "Dome of the Rock". Bibledex in Israel. Brady Haran for the University of Nottingham.
Allen, Terry (2014). "The Marble Revetment of the Piers of the Dome of the Rock". Occidental, CA: Solipsist Press. Retrieved 26 March 2017.
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