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Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scales
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Stanford–Binet Intelligence scales
Medical diagnostics
ICD-9-CM
94.01
MeSH
D013195
The Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scales (or more commonly the Stanford–Binet) is an individually administered intelligence test that was revised from the original Binet–Simon Scale by Lewis M. Terman, a psychologist at Stanford University. The Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scale is now in its fifth edition (SB5) and was released in 2003. It is a cognitive ability and intelligence test that is used to diagnose developmental or intellectual deficiencies in young children. The test measures five weighted factors and consists of both verbal and nonverbal subtests. The five factors being tested are knowledge, quantitative reasoning, visual-spatial processing, working memory, and fluid reasoning.
The development of the Stanford–Binet initiated the modern field of intelligence testing and was one of the first examples of an adaptive test. The test originated in France, then was revised in the United States. It was initially created by the French psychologist Alfred Binet, who, following the introduction of a law mandating universal education by the French government, began developing a method of identifying "slow" children, so that they could be placed in special education programs, instead of labelled sick and sent to the asylum.[1] As Binet indicated, case studies might be more detailed and helpful, but the time required to test many people would be excessive. In 1916, at Stanford University, the psychologist Lewis Terman released a revised examination that became known as the Stanford–Binet test.
Contents
1 Development
1.1 Historical use
2 Revisions of the Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scale
2.1 Timeline
3 Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scale: Fifth Edition
3.1 Reliability
3.2 Validity
3.3 Score classification
4 Subtests and factors
5 Present use
6 See also
7 References
8 Further reading
Development[edit]
As discussed by Fancher & Rutherford in 2012, the Stanford–Binet is a modified version of the Binet-Simon Intelligence scale. The Binet-Simon scale was created by the French psychologist Alfred Binet and his student Theodore Simon. Due to changing education laws of the time, Binet had been requested by a government commission to come up with a way to detect children with significantly below-average intelligence and mental retardation.
To create their test, Binet and Simon first created a baseline of intelligence. A wide range of children were tested on a broad spectrum of measures in an effort to discover a clear indicator of intelligence. Failing to find a single identifier of intelligence, Binet and Simon instead compared children in each category by age. The children’s highest levels of achievement were sorted by age and common levels of achievement considered the normal level for that age. Because this testing method merely compares a person's ability to the common ability level of others their age, the general practices of the test can easily be transferred to test different populations, even if the measures used are changed.
Reproduction of an item from the 1908 Binet–Simon intelligence scale, that shows three pairs of pictures, and asks the tested child, "Which of these two faces is the prettier?" Reproduced from the article "A Practical Guide for Administering the Binet-Simon Scale for Measuring Intelligence" by J. W. Wallace Wallin in the March 1911 issue of the journal The Psychological Clinic (volume 5 number 1), public domain
One of the first intelligence tests, the Binet-Simon test quickly gained support in the psychological community, many of whom further spread it to the public. Lewis M. Terman, a psychologist at Stanford University, was one of the first to create a version of the test for people in the United States, naming the localized version the Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scale. Terman used the test not only to help identify children with learning difficulties but also to find children and adults who had above average levels of intelligence. In creating his version, Terman also tested additional methods for his Stanford revision, publishing his first official version as The Measurement of Intelligence: An Explanation of and a Complete Guide for the Use of the Stanford Revision and Extension of the Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale (Fancher & Rutherford, 2012) (Becker, 2003).
The original tests in the 1905 form include:
"Le Regard"
Prehension Provoked by a Tactile Stimulus
Prehension Provoked by a Visual Perception
Recognition of Food
Quest of Food Complicated by a Slight Mechanical Difficulty
Execution of Simple Commands and Imitation of Simple Gestures
Verbal Knowledge of Objects
Verbal Knowledge of Pictures
Naming of Designated Objects
Immediate Comparison of Two Lines of Unequal Lengths
Repetition of Three Figures
Comparison of Two Weights
Suggestibility
Verbal Definition of Known Objects
Repetition of Sentences of Fifteen Words
Comparison of Known Objects from Memory
Exercise of Memory on Pictures
Drawing a Design from Memory
Immediate Repetition of Figures
Resemblances of Several Known Objects Given from Memory
Comparison of Lengths
Five Weights to be Placed in Order
Gap in Weights
Exercise upon Rhymes
Verbal Gaps to be Filled
Synthesis of Three Words in One Sentence
Reply to an Abstract Question
Reversal of the Hands of a Clock
Paper Cutting
Definitions of Abstract Terms
Historical use[edit]
One hindrance to widespread understanding of the test is its use of a variety of different measures. In an effort to simplify the information gained from the Binet-Simon test into a more comprehensible and easier to understand form, German psychologist William Stern created the now well known Intelligence Quotient (IQ). By comparing the age a child scored at to their biological age, a ratio is created to show the rate of their mental progress as IQ. Terman quickly grasped the idea for his Stanford revision with the adjustment of multiplying the ratios by 100 to make them easier to read.
As also discussed by Leslie, in 2000, Terman was another of the main forces in spreading intelligence testing in the United States (Becker, 2003). Terman quickly promoted the use of the Stanford–Binet for schools across the United States where it saw a high rate of acceptance. Terman’s work also had the attention of the U.S. government, who recruited him to apply the ideas from his Stanford–Binet test for military recruitment near the start of World War I. With over 1.7 million military recruits taking a version of the test and the acceptance of the test by the government, the Stanford–Binet saw an increase in awareness and acceptance (Fancher & Rutherford, 2012).
Given the perceived importance of intelligence and with new ways to measure intelligence, many influential individuals, including Terman, began promoting controversial ideas to increase the nation's overall intelligence. These ideas included things such as discouraging individuals with low IQ from having children and granting important positions based on high IQ scores. While there was significant opposition, many institutions proceeded to adjust students' education based on their IQ scores, often with a heavy influence on future career possibilities (Leslie, 2000).
Revisions of the Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scale[edit]
Maud Merrill
Since the first publication in 1916, there have been four additional revised editions of the Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scales, the first of which was developed by Lewis Terman. Over twenty years later, Maud Merrill was accepted into Stanford’s education program shortly before Terman became the head of the psychology department. She completed both her Masters Degree and Ph.D. under Terman and quickly became a colleague of his as they started the revisions of the second edition together. There were 3,200 examinees, aged one and a half to eighteen years, ranging in different geographic regions as well as socioeconomic levels in attempts to comprise a broader normative sample (Roid & Barram, 2004). This edition incorporated more objectified scoring methods, while placing less emphasis on recall memory and including a greater range of nonverbal abilities (Roid & Barram, 2004) compared to the 1916 edition.
When Terman died in 1956, the revisions for the third edition were well underway, and Merrill was able to publish the final revision in 1960 (Roid & Barram, 2004). The use of the deviation IQ made its first appearance in this third edition by replacing the ratio IQ. While new features were added, there were no newly created items included in this revision. Instead, any items from the 1937 form that showed no substantial change in difficulty from the 1930s to the 1950s were either eliminated or adjusted (Roid & Barram, 2004).
Robert Thorndike was asked to take over after Merrill’s retirement. With the help of Elizabeth Hagen and Jerome Sattler, Thorndike produced the fourth edition of the Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scale in 1986. This edition covers the ages two through twenty-three and has some considerable changes compared to its predecessors (Graham & Naglieri, 2003). This edition was the first to use the fifteen subtests with point scales in place of using the previous age scale format. In an attempt to broaden cognitive ability, the subtests were grouped and resulted in four area scores, which improved flexibility for administration and interpretation (Youngstrom, Glutting, & Watkins, 2003). The fourth edition is known for assessing children that may be referred for gifted programs. This edition includes a broad range of abilities, which provides more challenging items for those in their early adolescent years, whereas other intelligence tests of the time did not provide difficult enough items for the older children (Laurent, Swerdlik, & Ryburn, 1992).
Gale Roid published the most recent edition of the Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scale. Roid attended Harvard University where he was a research assistant to David McClelland. McClelland is well known for his studies on the need for achievement. While the fifth edition incorporates some of the classical traditions of these scales, there were several significant changes made.
Timeline[edit]
April 1905: Development of Binet-Simon Test announced at a conference in Rome
June 1905: Binet-Simon Intelligence Test introduced
1908 and 1911: New Versions of Binet-Simon Intelligence Test
1916: Stanford–Binet First Edition by Terman
1937: Second Edition by Terman and Merrill
1973: Third Edition by Merrill
1986: Fourth Edition by Thorndike, Hagen, and Sattler
2003: Fifth Edition by Roid
Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scale: Fifth Edition[edit]
Just as it was used when Binet first developed the IQ test, the Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scale: Fifth Edition (SB5) is based in the schooling process to assess intelligence. It continuously and efficiently assesses all levels of ability in individuals with a broader range in age. It is also capable of measuring multiple dimensions of abilities (Ruf, 2003).
The SB5 can be administered to individuals as early as two years of age. There are ten subsets included in this revision including both verbal and nonverbal domains. Five factors are also incorporated in this scale, which are directly related to Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) hierarchical model of cognitive abilities. These factors include fluid reasoning, knowledge, quantitative reasoning, visual-spatial processing, and working memory (Bain & Allin, 2005). Many of the familiar picture absurdities, vocabulary, memory for sentences, and verbal absurdities still remain from the previous editions (Janzen, Obrzut, & Marusiak, 2003), however with more modern artwork and item content for the revised fifth edition.
For every verbal subtest that is used, there is a nonverbal counterpart across all factors. These nonverbal tasks consist of making movement responses such as pointing or assembling manipulatives (Bain & Allin, 2005). These counterparts have been included to address language-reduced assessments in multicultural societies. Depending on age and ability, administration can range from fifteen minutes to an hour and fifteen minutes.
The fifth edition incorporated a new scoring system, which can provide a wide range of information such as four intelligence score composites, five factor indices, and ten subtest scores. Additional scoring information includes percentile ranks, age equivalents, and a change-sensitive score (Janzen, Obrzut, & Marusiak, 2003). Extended IQ scores and gifted composite scores are available with the SB5 in order to optimize the assessment for gifted programs (Ruf, 2003). To reduce errors and increase diagnostic precision, scores are obtained electronically through the use of computers now.
The standardization sample for the SB5 included 4,800 participants varying in age, sex, race/ethnicity, geographic region, and socioeconomic level (Bain & Allin, 2005).
Reliability[edit]
Several reliability tests have been performed on the SB5 including split-half reliability, standard error of measurement, plotting of test information curves, test-retest stability, and inter-scorer agreement. On average, IQ scores for this scale have been found quite stable across time (Janzen, Obrzut, & Marusiak, 2003). Internal consistency was tested by split-half reliability and was reported to be substantial and comparable to other cognitive batteries (Bain & Allin, 2005). The median interscorer correlation was .90 on average (Janzen, Obrzut, & Marusiak, 2003). The SB5 has also been found to have great precision at advanced levels of performance meaning that the test is especially useful in testing children for giftedness (Bain & Allin, 2005). There have only been a small amount of practice effects and familiarity of testing procedures with retest reliability; however, these have proven to be insignificant. Readministration of the SB5 can occur in a six-month interval rather than one year due to the small mean differences in reliability (Bain & Allin, 2005).
Validity[edit]
Content validity has been found based on the professional judgments Roid received concerning fairness of items and item content as well as items concerning the assessment of giftedness (Bain & Allin, 2005). With an examination of age trends, construct validity was supported along with empirical justification of a more substantial g loading for the SB5 compared to previous editions. The potential for a variety of comparisons, especially for within or across factors and verbal/nonverbal domains, has been appreciated with the scores received from the SB5 (Bain & Allin, 2005).
Score classification[edit]
Main article: IQ classification
The test publisher includes suggested score classifications in the test manual.
Stanford–Binet Fifth Edition (SB5) classification[2]
IQ Range ("deviation IQ")
IQ Classification
145–160
Very gifted or highly advanced
130–144
Gifted or very advanced
120–129
Superior
110–119
High average
90–109
Average
80–89
Low average
70–79
Borderline impaired or delayed
55–69
Mildly impaired or delayed
40–54
Moderately impaired or delayed
The classifications of scores used in the Fifth Edition differ from those used in earlier versions of the test.
Subtests and factors[edit]
Fluid reasoning
Knowledge
Quantitative reasoning
Visual-spatial processing
Working memory
Early reasoning Vocabulary Non-verbal quantitative reasoning (non-verbal) Form board and form patterns
(non-verbal)
Delayed response (non-verbal)
Verbal absurdities Procedural knowledge (non-verbal) Verbal quantitative reasoning Position and direction Block span (non-verbal)
Verbal analogies Picture absurdities (non-verbal) Memory for sentences
Object series matrices (non-verbal) Last word
[3]
Present use[edit]
Since its inception, the Stanford–Binet has been revised several times. Currently, the test is in its fifth edition, which is called the Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scales, Fifth Edition, or SB5. According to the publisher's website, "The SB5 was normed on a stratified random sample of 4,800 individuals that matches the 2000 U.S. Census". By administering the Stanford–Binet test to large numbers of individuals selected at random from different parts of the United States, it has been found that the scores approximate a normal distribution. The revised edition of the Stanford–Binet over time has devised substantial changes in the way the tests are presented. The test has improved when looking at the introduction of a more parallel form and more demonstrative standards. For one, a non-verbal IQ component is included in the present day tests whereas in the past, there was only a verbal component. In fact, it now has equal balance of verbal and non-verbal content in the tests. It is also more animated than the other tests, providing the test-takers with more colourful artwork, toys and manipulatives. This allows the test to have a higher range in the age of the test takers. This test is purportedly useful in assessing the intellectual capabilities of people ranging from young children all the way to young adults. However, the test has come under criticism for not being able to compare people of different age categories, since each category gets a different set of tests. Furthermore, very young children tend to do poorly on the test due to the fact that they lack the ability to concentrate long enough to finish it.
Current uses for the test include clinical and neuropsychological assessment, educational placement, compensation evaluations, career assessment, adult neuropsychological treatment, forensics, and research on aptitude. Various high-IQ societies also accept this test for admission into their ranks; for example, the Triple Nine Society accepts a minimum qualifying score of 151 for Form L or M, 149 for Form LM if taken in 1986 or earlier, 149 for SB-IV, and 146 for SB-V; in all cases the applicant must have been at least 16 years old at the date of the test.
See also[edit]
Science portal
The Flynn effect
Military psychology
Intelligence quotient
IQ classification
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Nicolas, S., Andrieu, B., Croizet, J.-C., Sanitioso, R. B., & Burman, J. T. (2013). Sick? Or slow? On the origins of intelligence as a psychological object. Intelligence, 41(5), 699–711. doi:10.1016/j.intell.2013.08.006 (This is an open access article, made freely available by Elsevier.)
Jump up ^ Kaufman, Alan S. (2009). IQ Testing 101. New York: Springer Publishing. p. 112. ISBN 978-0-8261-0629-2. Sattler, Jerome M. (2008). Assessment of Children: Cognitive Foundations. La Mesa (CA): Jerome M. Sattler, Publisher. inside back cover. ISBN 978-0-9702671-4-6. Lay summary (28 July 2010).
Jump up ^ Chase, Danielle (2005). "Underlying Factor Structures of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales – Fifth Edition". Drexel University.
Bain, S. K., & Allin, J. D. (2005). Book review: Stanford–Binet intelligence scales, fifth edition. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 23, 87–95.
Becker, K. A. (2003). History of the Stanford–Binet intelligence scales: Content and psychometrics.
Fancher, Raymond E., & Rutherford, Alexandra. (2012). Pioneers of psychology. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
Graham, J. & Naglieri, J. (2003). Handbook of Psychology. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Janzen, H., Obrzut, J., & Marusiak, C. (2004). Test review: Roid, G. H. (2003). Stanford–binet intelligence scales, fifth edition (sb:v). Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 19, 235–244.
Laurent, J., Swerdlik, M., & Ryburn, M. (1992). Review of validity research on the stanford–Binet intelligence scale: Fourth edition. Psychological Assessment, 4, 102–112.
Leslie, M. (2000). The vexing legacy of Lewis Terman. Retrieved from http://alumni.stanford.edu/get/page/magazine/article/?article_id=40678
Roid, G. (n.d.). Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scales, Fifth Edition
Roid, G. & Barram, R. (2004). Essentials of Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scales (SB5) Assessment. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Roid, Kamphaus, Randy W., Martha D. Petoskey, and ANNA WALTERS Morgan. "A history of intelligence test interpretation." Contemporary intellectual assessment: Theories, tests, and issues (1997): 3–16.
Ruf, D. L. (2003). Use of the SB5 in the Assessment of High Abilities. Itasca, IL: Riverside Publishing Company.
Stanovich, K. E. (2009). What intelligence tests miss: The psychology of rational thought. Yale University Press.
Youngstrom, E., Glutting, J., & Watkins, M. (2003). Stanford–Binet intelligence scale: Fourth edition (sb4): Evaluating the empirical bases for interpretations. Handbook of Psychological and Educational Assessment: Intelligence, Aptitude, and Achievement, 2, 217–242.
Further reading[edit]
Becker, K.A (2003). "History of the Stanford–Binet Intelligence scales: Content and psychometrics". Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scales, Fifth Edition Assessment Service Bulletin No. 1.
Binet, Alfred; Simon, Th. (1916). The development of intelligence in children: The Binet–Simon Scale. Publications of the Training School at Vineland New Jersey Department of Research No. 11. E. S. Kite (Trans.). Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. Retrieved 18 July 2010.
Brown, A. L.; French, L. A. (1979). "The Zone of Potential Development: Implications for Intelligence Testing in the Year 2000". Intelligence. 3 (3): 255–273. doi:10.1016/0160-2896(79)90021-7.
Fancher, Raymond E. (1985). The Intelligence Men: Makers of the IQ Controversy. New York (NY): W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-95525-5.
Freides, D. (1972). "Review of Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scale, Third Revision". In Oscar Buros. Seventh Mental Measurements Yearbook. Highland Park (NJ): Gryphon Press. pp. 772&ndash, 773.
Gould, Stephen Jay (1981). The Mismeasure of Man. New York (NY): W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-31425-0. Lay summary (10 July 2010).
McNemar, Quinn (1942). The revision of the Stanford–Binet Scale. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Pinneau, Samuel R. (1961). Changes in Intelligence Quotient Infancy to Maturity: New Insights from the Berkeley Growth Study with Implications for the Stanford–Binet Scales and Applications to Professional Practice. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Terman, Lewis Madison; Merrill, Maude A. (1937). Measuring intelligence: A guide to the administration of the new revised Stanford–Binet tests of intelligence. Riverside textbooks in education. Boston (MA): Houghton Mifflin.
Terman, Lewis Madison; Merrill, Maude A. (1960). Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scale: Manual for the Third Revision Form L–M with Revised IQ Tables by Samuel R. Pinneau. Boston (MA): Houghton Mifflin.
Richardson, Nancy (1992). "Stanford–Binet IV, of Course!: Time Marches On! (originally published as Which Stanford–Binet for the Brightest?)". Roeper Review. 15 (1): 32–34. doi:10.1080/02783199209553453.
Waddell, Deborah D. (1980). "The Stanford–Binet: An Evaluation of the Technical Data Available since the 1972 Restandardization". Journal of School Psychology. 18 (3): 203&ndash, 209. doi:10.1016/0022-4405(80)90060-6. Retrieved 29 June 2010.
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Mary Frann
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Mary Frann
Born
Mary Frances Luecke
(1943-02-27)February 27, 1943
St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.
Died
September 23, 1998(1998-09-23) (aged 55)
Beverly Hills, California, U.S.
Cause of death
Heart attack
Resting place
Holy Cross Cemetery
Other names
Jennifer Douglas
Mary Fran
Education
Nerinx Hall High School
Alma mater
Northwestern University
Years active
1964–1998
Spouse(s)
T. J. Escott (m. 1973; div. 1983)
Mary Frann (born Mary Frances Luecke, February 27, 1943 – September 23, 1998) was an American stage, film and television actress. Frann is best known for her role as Bob Newhart's wife, Joanna Loudon, on the CBS sitcom Newhart, which aired from 1982 to 1990.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early years
2 Career
3 Personal life
3.1 Charity work
4 Selected filmography
5 References
6 External links
Early years[edit]
Born in St. Louis, Missouri, Frann was a child model and appeared in commercials for a local television station while she attended Nerinx Hall High School. At the age of 18, she was voted Missouri's "Junior Miss". She went on to win the 1961 national title of America's Junior Miss and earned a college scholarship to study drama at Northwestern University.[1] As America's Junior Miss, she starred in a Jam Handy educational film (Prom: It's a Pleasure) extolling the etiquette and fun of the high school prom.[2] While attending Northwestern, Frann worked as a weather reporter for the NBC station in St. Louis.[3][4] After a year, she dropped out of Northwestern and moved to Chicago where she co-hosted a morning show on an ABC affiliate. While working as a host, Frann worked in local theatre productions and began working in television and films.[5] In 1964, Frann made her television debut in an episode of the Kraft Suspense Theatre. That same year, she appeared in the television movie Nightmare in Chicago, starring Carroll O'Connor. In 1966, Frann made her film debut in the low budget musical drama Nashville Rebel, starring Waylon Jennings.[6]
Career[edit]
Mary (right) under the screen name "Jennifer Douglas", with Ted Bessell and Marlo Thomas on an episode of That Girl in 1968.[7]
After receiving an offer to host another morning show, Frann realized she wanted to pursue a career as an actress rather than a broadcaster. In 1968, she moved to Los Angeles where she stayed with her best friend, actress Joan Van Ark. Shortly after her arrival, Frann won a role on the NBC crime drama series My Friend Tony.[5] After winning the role, Frann's agent told her that he felt she should change her name to something more appealing. Frann adopted the stage name "Jennifer Douglas," a name she picked from the phone book. After My Friend Tony was canceled after one season, Frann returned to using the name "Mary Frann" (which she had gone by since high school) as her professional name.[1][dubious – discuss]
For the next five years, Frann continued to work in television and also worked in theatre in Los Angeles and New York. In 1974, she landed the role of Amanda Howard on the daytime soap opera Days of Our Lives. She would remain on the show until 1979.[8] While on the series, Frann also made guest appearances on Quincy, M.E., The Rockford Files, Fantasy Island, The Mary Tyler Moore Show and WKRP in Cincinnati. In 1978, Frann was nearly cast as Sue Ellen Ewing on the CBS prime-time drama Dallas. Producers later decided to cast actress Linda Gray.[9] In 1982, she starred on the short-lived series King's Crossing with Linda Hamilton. That series was canceled after one season due to low ratings.[10] Later that year, she landed her most memorable role as Joanna Loudon, the wife of Vermont inn owner Dick Loudon (Bob Newhart), in the sitcom Newhart.[11] The series, which aired from October 1982, to September 1990, was a hit with audiences and was nominated for 25 Emmys and five Golden Globes. Shortly after filming the series finale, Frann was cast as "Clementine Duke" in the miniseries Lucky/Chances.[12] The series was based on two of Jackie Collins' novels, Lucky and Chances. The role was a dramatic departure from Frann's work on Newhart and surprised audiences. She later told the Los Angeles Times, "I thought it would be outrageous, flamboyant, glamorous. I wanted to remind people that I was capable of playing many different roles."[13]
During the run of Newhart, Frann continued acting in various projects. In 1985, she co-starred in the TV movie Gidget's Summer Reunion,[14] and in 1988, she appeared in Dance 'til Dawn with Alyssa Milano, Christina Applegate and Kelsey Grammer.[15] Frann also co-hosted the Miss USA and Miss Universe pageants of 1986 and 1987,[16][17][18][19] and acted as hostess for the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade and the Rose Parade.[13]
Her last acting role came in the series Beyond Belief: Fact or Fiction. Due to the sporadic airing of the series, the episode she was in, "The Curse of Hampton Manor," aired two years after her death.[20]
Personal life[edit]
Frann was married once, but had no children. In 1973, she married T.J. Escott. They separated in 1982 and were divorced the following year.[8][13] On September 23, 1998, Frann died in her sleep at her home in Beverly Hills, California.[21] Her body was discovered by her publicist and her longtime partner Jonathan Cookman Jr.[13] An autopsy later determined that she died of a heart attack and also suffered from an undiagnosed scarring of the heart muscle tissue.[22] Her remains are interred in the Holy Cross Cemetery in Culver City, California.[23] At the time of her death, she was in a long-term relationship with Cookman.
Charity work[edit]
Frann was active as a volunteer fund-raiser and was involved with charitable works. She was a member of the Celebrity Action Council, a volunteer group of celebrity women who served the women’s outreach of the Los Angeles Mission, for seven years. The night before her death, she had attended a meeting at the Mission.[13]
Selected filmography[edit]
Film
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1961 The Prom: It's a Pleasure! Junior Miss Missouri Short subject
Uncredited
1966 Nashville Rebel Molly Morgan
1976 Woman in the Rain Alternative title: A Hell Black Night
1990 Fatal Charm Susan Direct-to-video release
Television
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1964 Kraft Suspense Theatre Annette Episode: "Once Upon a Savage Night"
1968 Get Smart Stewardess Episode: "Snoopy Smart vs. the Red Baron"
Credited as Jennifer Douglas
1968 That Girl Pat Crawford Episode: "Ann vs. Secretary"
Credited as Jennifer Douglas
1968-1969 The Wild Wild West Dr. Virginia Mays
Princess Lina 2 episodes
Credited as Jennifer Douglas
1969 My Friend Tony 16 episodes
Credited as Jennifer Douglas
1969 Bonanza Barbara Parker Episode: "The Running Man"
Credited as Jennifer Douglas
1969 Lancer Dorrie Episode: "The Kid"
Credited as Jennifer Douglas
1971 The Bill Cosby Show Louise Episode: "The Miraculous Martin"
1972 The Mary Tyler Moore Show Joanne Episode: "Some of My Best Friends Are Rhoda"
1972 Hawaii Five-O Jean Holland Episode: "Chain of Events"
1972 Search Stephanie Burnside Episode: "Operation Iceman"
1973 Cannon Janice Rogers Episode: "Murder for Murder"
1973–1974 Return to Peyton Place D. B. Bentley Unknown episodes
1974 Firehouse Episode: "Tide of Terror"
1974 The F.B.I. Agent Pat Driscoll Episode: "Confessions of a Madman"
1974 Apple's Way Claudine Delacorte Episode: "The Circus"
1974–1979 Days of Our Lives Amanda Howard Unknown episodes
1975 The Wide World of Mystery Episode: "Distant Early Warning"
1975-1978 The Rockford Files Valerie Thomas/Maria Heller
Ruth Beetson-White 2 episodes
1976 The TVTV Show Mary Kay Television special
1977 The Fantastic Journey Roxanne Episode: "Funhouse"
1977 Quincy, M.E. Christine Hopwood Episode: "No Deadly Secret"
1978 Fantasy Island Grace Arnold Episode: "Family Reunion/Voodoo"
1978 The Incredible Hulk Karen Weiss Episode: "Stop the Presses"
1978 The Rockford Files Ruth Beetson-White Episode: "A Fast Count"
1980 Stone Adelle Lovins Episode: "The Man in the Full Toledo"
1980 Portrait of an Escort Sandy Television movie
1981 Nero Wolfe Janet Eaton Episode: "Wolfe at the Door"
1981 WKRP in Cincinnati Avis Dropkin 2 episodes
1981 Darkroom Linda Beckwith Episode: "Closed Circuit"
1982 King's Crossing Nan Hollister 10 episodes
1982–1990 Newhart Joanna Loudon 184 episodes
1984-1985 Hotel Stephanie
Dr. Ellen Graham 2 episodes
1985 Gidget's Summer Reunion Anne Bedford Television movie
1987 The New Mike Hammer Harriet "Harry" Quail Episode: "A Face in the Night"
1987 Eight Is Enough: A Family Reunion Abby Bradford Television movie
1988 Dance 'Til Dawn Nancy Johnson Television movie
1989 Single Women, Married Men Pat Michaels Television movie
1990 I'm Dangerous Tonight Martha Television movie
1990 CBS Comedy Bloopers Host Television special
1990 Lucky/Chances Clementine Duke Miniseries
1991 The Hitchhiker Veronica Episode: "Secrets"
1994 Burke's Law Brittany Moore Episode: "Who Killed Good Time Charlie?"
1997 Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman Alice White Episode: "Toy Story"
1998 Diagnosis: Murder Lucy Caruso Episode: "Talked to Death"
2000 Beyond Belief: Fact or Fiction Bev Conklin Episode: "The Curse of Hampton Manor"
Aired posthumously
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Reinhold, Toni (January 4, 1987). "Mary Frann has character's spirit". Herald-Journal. Logan, Utah. p. 63. Retrieved July 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ Handy, Jam. "Prom: It's a Pleasure". Jam Handy. Internet Archive. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
Jump up ^ Carter, Bill (1998-09-25). "Mary Frann, 55, Bemused Wife on 'Newhart'". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-09-24.
Jump up ^ "Mary Frann, played Bob Newhart's wife on TV series". southcoasttoday.com. Retrieved September 24, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b Guttman, Monika (March 23, 1986). "Joking Around Way of Life on Set of 'Newhart'". The Victoria Advocate. Victoria, Texas. p. 8. Retrieved July 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ Bogdanov, Vladimir; Woodstra, Chris; Erlewine, Stephen Thomas (2003). Bogdanov, Vladimir; Woodstra, Chris; Erlewine, Stephen Thomas, eds. All Music Guide to Country: The Definitive Guide to Country Music. Backbeat Books. p. 897. ISBN 0-879-30760-9.
Jump up ^ "Ann vs. Secretary" (5 Dec. 1968), That Girl: Season 3, Episode 11 at IMDb, Accessed April 27, 2014
^ Jump up to: a b Norbom, Mary Ann (July 20, 1986). "Proving The Allure Of An 'Older Woman'". philly.com. Retrieved July 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ Gold, Aaron (May 8, 1981). "Jane Wyman lands new TV series role". Boca Raton News. Boca Raton, Florida. p. 20. Retrieved July 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ Heldenfels, R.D. (October 9, 1982). "'Newhart' Actress Mary Frann Knows 'Inns' and Outs of Role". Schenectady Gazette. Schenectady, New York. p. 5. Retrieved July 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ Haviland, Joe (June 17, 1984). "Mary Frann Falls In Love With 'Newhart'". Herald-Journal. Spartanburg, South Carolina. p. 36. Retrieved July 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Vamp role up next". The Victoria Advocate. Victoria, Texas. May 23, 1990. p. 9D. Retrieved July 29, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Oliver, Myrna (September 24, 1998). "Mary Frann; Veteran Actress Played Wife on 'Newhart'". latimes.com. Retrieved July 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ Anderson, Nancy (June 8, 1985). "'Gidget' returns to the tube". The Evening News. Newburgh, New York. p. 5E. Retrieved July 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ Burlingame, Jon (October 21, 1988). "'Mission: Impossible' Is Back!". Ocala Star-Banner. Ocala, Florida. p. 8B. Retrieved July 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Texas Wins Miss USA Title". Lakeland Ledger. Lakeland, Florida. May 21, 1986. p. 8A. Retrieved July 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Miss Texas wins.." Lodi News-Sentinel. Lodi, California. February 18, 1987. p. 12. Retrieved July 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ Zuckerman, Faye B. (July 21, 1986). "Miss Universe crowned tonight". Spokane Chronicle. Spokane, Washington. p. B5. Retrieved July 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ Major Holmes, Sue (February 18, 1987). "Barker wins; furs cut from pageant". The Times-News. Hendersonville, North Carolina. p. 14. Retrieved July 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ IMDb, Beyond Belief: Fact or Fiction:"The Curse of Hampton Manor" airdate
Jump up ^ Errico, Marcus (1998-09-24). ""Newhart" Wife Mary Frann Dies". E! Online. Retrieved 2011-12-23.
Jump up ^ "Coroner: 'Newhart's Mary Frann died of heart attack". cnn.com. November 5, 1998. Retrieved September 24, 2009.
Jump up ^ Ellenberger, Allan R. (2001). Celebrities in Los Angeles Cemeteries: A Directory. McFarland & Company Incorporated Pub. p. 164. ISBN 0-786-40983-5.
External links[edit]
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text:
Great Famine of 1315–17
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From the Apocalypse in a Biblia Pauperum illuminated at Erfurt around the time of the Great Famine. Death sits astride a manticore whose long tail ends in a ball of flame (Hell). Famine points to her hungry mouth.
The Great Famine of 1315–1317 (occasionally dated 1315–1322) was the first of a series of large-scale crises that struck Europe early in the 14th century. Most of Europe (extending east to Russia and south to Italy) was affected.[1] The famine caused millions of deaths over an extended number of years and marked a clear end to the period of growth and prosperity from the 11th to the 13th centuries.
The Great Famine started with bad weather in spring 1315. Crop failures lasted through 1316 until the summer harvest in 1317, and Europe did not fully recover until 1322. The period was marked by extreme levels of crime, disease, mass death, and even cannibalism and infanticide. The crisis had consequences for the Church, state, European society, and for future calamities to follow in the 14th century.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 Great Famine
2.1 Geography
3 Consequences
3.1 Church
3.2 Cultural
3.3 Population
3.4 Ireland
4 See also
5 Notes
6 Further reading
Background[edit]
Famines were familiar occurrences in Medieval Europe. For example, localised famines occurred in France during the fourteenth century in 1304, 1305, 1310, 1315–1317 (the Great Famine), 1330–34, 1349–51, 1358–60, 1371, 1374–75 and 1390.[2] In England, the most prosperous kingdom affected by the Great Famine, there were famines such as in 1315–1317, 1321, 1351 and 1369.[2] For most people there was often not enough to eat, and life was a relatively short and brutal struggle to survive to old age. According to official records about the English royal family, an example of the best off in society, for whom records were kept, the average life expectancy in 1276 was 35.28 years.[2] Between 1301 and 1325, during the Great Famine it was 29.84 years while between 1348 and 1375 during the Plague, it was only 17.33 years.[2] The figures do not necessarily mean the average lifespan of an adult, as child mortality was extremely high in pre-industrial societies.
During the Medieval Warm Period (the period prior to 1300), the population of Europe exploded compared to prior eras, reaching levels that were not matched again in some places until the nineteenth century – indeed parts of rural France today are less populous than at the beginning of the fourteenth century.[2] However, the yield ratios of wheat, the number of seeds one could eat per seed planted, had been dropping since 1280, and food prices had been climbing. After favourable harvests, the ratio could be as high as 7:1, but after unfavourable harvests it was as low as 2:1 – that is, for every seed planted, two seeds were harvested, one for next year's seed, and one for food. By comparison, modern farming has ratios of 30:1 or more (see agricultural productivity).[2]
The onset of the Great Famine coincided with the end of the Medieval Warm Period. Between 1310 and 1330, northern Europe saw some of the worst and most sustained periods of bad weather in the entire Middle Ages, characterized by severe winters and rainy and cold summers. The Great Famine may have been precipitated by a volcanic event,[3] perhaps that of Mount Tarawera, New Zealand, which lasted about five years.[4][5]
Changing weather patterns, the ineffectiveness of medieval governments in dealing with crises and population level at a historical high made it a time for little margin for error in food production.[2]
Great Famine[edit]
Europe in 1328.
In the spring of 1315, unusually heavy rain began in much of Europe. Throughout the spring and the summer, it continued to rain, and the temperature remained cool. Under such conditions, grain could not ripen, leading to widespread crop failures. Grain was brought indoors in urns and pots to keep dry. The straw and hay for the animals could not be cured, so there was no fodder for the livestock. The price of food began to rise; prices in England doubled between spring and midsummer. Salt, the only way to cure and preserve meat, was difficult to obtain because brine could not be effectively evaporated in wet weather; its price increased from 30 shillings to 40 shillings.[6] In Lorraine, wheat prices grew by 320% making bread unaffordable to peasants. Stores of grain for long-term emergencies were limited to royalty, lords, nobles, wealthy merchants and the Church. Because of the general increased population pressures, even lower-than-average harvests meant some people would go hungry; there was little margin for failure. People began to harvest wild edible roots, plants, grasses, nuts and bark in the forests.[6]
A number of documented incidents show the extent of the famine. Edward II, King of England, stopped at St Albans on 10 August 1315 and had difficulty finding bread for himself and his entourage; it was a rare occasion in which the King of England was unable to eat.[7] The French, under Louis X, tried to invade Flanders, but in the low country of the Netherlands, the fields were soaked and the army became so bogged down that they were forced to retreat, burning their provisions where they left them, unable to carry them away.[8]
In the spring of 1316, it continued to rain on a European population deprived of energy and reserves to sustain itself. All segments of society from nobles to peasants were affected but especially the peasants, who represented 95% of the population and who had no reserve food supplies.[9] To provide some measure of relief, the future was mortgaged by slaughtering the draft animals, eating the seed grain, abandoning children to fend for themselves (see "Hansel and Gretel") and, among old people, voluntarily refusing food for the younger generation to survive.[9] The chroniclers of the time noted many incidents of cannibalism.[9]
The height of the famine was reached in 1317, as the wet weather continued. Finally, in that summer, the weather returned to its normal patterns. By then, however, people were so weakened by diseases such as pneumonia, bronchitis and tuberculosis, and so much of the seed stock had been eaten, that it was not until 1325 that the food supply returned to relatively normal levels and the population began to increase again. Historians debate the toll, but it is estimated that 10–25% of the population of many cities and towns died.[2] Though the Black Death (1347–1351) would kill more people, it often swept through an area in a matter of months, whereas the Great Famine lingered for years, prolonging the suffering of the populace.[2]
Geography[edit]
The Great Famine was restricted to Northern Europe, including the British Isles, northern France, the Low Countries, Scandinavia, Germany, and western Poland.[10] It also affected some of the Baltic states except for the far eastern Baltic, which was affected only indirectly.[10] The famine was bounded to the south by the Alps and the Pyrenees.
Consequences[edit]
The Great Famine is noteworthy for the number of people who died, the vast geographic area that was affected and its length but also its lasting consequences.
Church[edit]
When God saw that the world was so over proud,
He sent a dearth on earth, and made it full hard.
A bushel of wheat was at four shillings or more,
Of which men might have had a quarter before...
And then they turned pale who had laughed so loud,
And they became all docile who before were so proud.
A man's heart might bleed for to hear the cry
Of poor men who called out, "Alas! For hunger I die ...!"
Poem on the Evil Times of Edward II, c. 1321.
In a society whose final recourse for all problems had been religion, and Roman Catholicism was the only tolerated Christian faith, no amount of prayer seemed effective against the causes of the famine. That undermined the institutional authority of the Church[2] and helped lay the foundations for later movements that were deemed heretical by the Church, as they opposed the papacy and blamed the perceived failure of prayer upon corruption within the Church.[2]
Cultural[edit]
Medieval Europe in the fourteenth century had already experienced widespread social violence, and even acts then punishable by death such as rape and murder were demonstrably far more common (especially relative to the population), compared to modern times.[2][11]
The famine led to a stark increase in crime, even among those not normally inclined to criminal activity, because people would resort to any means to feed themselves or their family.[2] For the next several decades, after the famine, Europe took on a tougher and more violent edge; it became an even less amicable place than during the twelfth and the thirteenth centuries.[2] This could be seen across all segments of society, perhaps most strikingly in the way warfare was conducted in the fourteenth century during the Hundred Years' War, when chivalry ended, as opposed to the twelfth and the thirteenth centuries when nobles were more likely to die by accident in tournament games than on the field of battle.[2]
The famine also undermined confidence in medieval governments for their failure to deal with its resulting crises.[2]
Population[edit]
The Great Famine marked a clear end to an unprecedented period of population growth that had started around 1050. Although some believe growth had already been slowing down for a few decades, the famine was undoubtedly a clear end of high population growth. The Great Famine would later have consequences for future events in the fourteenth century, such as the Black Death, when an already weakened population would be struck again.[2]
Ireland[edit]
The Great Famine coincided with and greatly influenced the Bruce campaign in Ireland, the attempt of Edward de Bruce, a younger brother of Robert the Bruce of Scotland, to make himself High King of Ireland. At first, the Irish-Scottish alliance seemed unstoppable, as it won battle after battle and gained control of most of Ireland in less than a year. It was on the verge of driving the Anglo-Norman settlers out of Ireland altogether. The famine hit Ireland hard in 1317 and struck most of the country, making it difficult for Edward de Bruce to provide food to most of his men. He never regained momentum and was defeated and killed in the Battle of Faughart in 1318. That ended the last organized effort in many centuries to end English rule in Ireland.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
Medieval demography
Popular revolts in Late Medieval Europe
List of famines
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Lucas, Henry S. (October 1930). "The great European Famine of 1315, 1316, 1317". Speculum. 5 (4): 343–377. doi:10.2307/2848143.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Ruiz, Teofilo F. "Medieval Europe: Crisis and Renewal". An Age of Crisis: Hunger. The Teaching Company. ISBN 1-56585-710-0.
Jump up ^ Cantor, Norman L. (2001). In the wake of the plague: the Black Death and the world it made. New York: Free Press. p. 74. ISBN 0-684-85735-9.
Jump up ^ Nairn I. A.; Shane P. R.; Cole J. W.; Leonard G. J.; Self S.; Pearson N. (2004). "Rhyolite magma processes of the ~AD 1315 Kaharoa eruption episode, Tarawera volcano, New Zealand". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 131 (3–4): 265–94. Bibcode:2004JVGR..131..265N. doi:10.1016/S0377-0273(03)00381-0.
Jump up ^ Hodgson K.A.; Nairn I.A. (September 2005). "The c. AD 1315 syn-eruption and AD 1904 post-eruption breakout floods from Lake Tarawera, Haroharo caldera, North Island, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics. 48 (3): 491. doi:10.1080/00288306.2005.9515128.
^ Jump up to: a b "Famine of 1315". Medieval Sourcebook. Fordham University. Retrieved 1 November 2010.
Jump up ^ Warner, Kathryn. "Edward II: The Great Famine, 1315 to 1317". Edward II. Retrieved 1 November 2010.
Jump up ^ Goldberg, Fred. "Climate Change in the Recent Past" (PDF). Frontier Centre for Public Policy. Retrieved 1 November 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c Nelson, Dr. Lynn H. "The Great Famine and the Black Death 1315–1317, 1346–1351". Lectures in Medieval History. WWW Virtual Library. Retrieved 7 November 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Jordan, William C. (1996). The Great Famine. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 1-4008-0417-5.
Jump up ^ Historical research has calculated that approximately 12% of human deaths from 700-1500 A.D. were homicides, compared to an estimated rate of 1.3% in the 21st century. [1]
Further reading[edit]
Aberth, John From the Brink of the Apocalypse: Confronting Famine, Plague, War and Death In the Later Middle Ages, 2000, ISBN 0415927153—Chapter 1, dealing with the Great Famine, is available online.
Bridbury, A. R. (1977). "Before the Black Death". The Economic History Review. 30 (3): 393–410. doi:10.2307/2594875. JSTOR 2594875.
Campbell, Bruce M. S. (1991). Before the Black Death. Manchester, England: Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-3927-0.
Jordan, William C. (1996). The Great Famine: Northern Europe in the Early Fourteenth Century. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-05891-1. (The first book on the subject, it is the most comprehensive treatment.)
Davidson, Amy (January 11, 2016). "The Next Great Famine". The New Yorker.
Kershaw, Ian, "The Great Famine and Agrarian Crisis in England 1315–1322", Past & Present, 59, pp. 3–50 (May 1973). Available online from JSTOR. Second most widely cited article.
Lucas, Henry S. "The great European Famine of 1315–7", Speculum, Vol. 5, No. 4. (Oct., 1930), pp. 343–377. Available online from JSTOR. The first (in English) and most widely cited article on the Great Famine.
Rosen, William (2014). The third horseman: climate change and the Great Famine of the 14th century. New York: Viking. ISBN 978-0-670-02589-3. (general audience)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Famine_of_1315–17&oldid=849525531"
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Jared S. Gilmore
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Jared S. Gilmore
Gilmore at the 2014 Comic-Con International
Born
Jared Scott Gilmore
(2000-05-30) May 30, 2000 (age 17)
San Diego, California, U.S.
Occupation
Actor
Years active
2008–present
Awards
Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a TV Series – Leading Young Actor
Jared Scott Gilmore (born May 30, 2000) is an American teen actor. He is best known for his roles in Mad Men as Bobby Draper and for the series Once Upon a Time as Henry Mills. He won the Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a TV Series – Leading Young Actor in 2012 for his role in the latter series.
Contents
[hide]
1 Career
2 Personal life
3 Filmography
3.1 Film
3.2 Television
4 Awards and nominations
5 References
6 External links
Career[edit]
Gilmore was cast as Bobby Draper in Mad Men in 2009. He was the third actor to play the character, after Maxwell Huckabee and Aaron Hart, since 2007 when the character was originated.[1][2]
In 2011, Jared left Mad Men and was cast in Once Upon a Time as Henry Mills, the "biological son of Emma Swan (Jennifer Morrison's character) and Neal. He is the only resident of Storybrooke who is not under the spell of the Evil Queen (Lana Parrilla)."[3] Series creators Adam Horowitz and Eddy Kitsis stated of the role, "One of our emotional centers was an 11-year-old boy who had to be precocious and vulnerable at the same time."[4] Kitsis believed that Gilmore "naturally brought [these characteristics] out... We just knew he had to be our Henry!"[4] Gilmore commented, "I relate to Henry, because I'm 11 and also have a very good imagination. I enjoy making up and playing games in worlds with alternate realities myself."[5]
At the 33rd Young Artist Awards, he won the Award for Best Performance in a TV Series – Leading Young Actor.[6] The following year, at the 34th Young Artist Awards, he was nominated for Best Performance in a TV Series – Leading Young Actor.[7] He was also included among the cast of Mad Men when it won the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series.[8] in 2010 for season 3.
Personal life[edit]
He was born on May 30, 2000 in San Diego, California.[9] For two years, he attended John Robert Powers San Diego, a training school for actors, models, and singers.[10]
According to Variety, Gilmore unintentionally began his acting career after running into talent representatives who were interested in his twin sister, Taylor.[4] After many auditions, he acquired his first jobs through modeling T-shirts and acting in commercials.[5]
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2009 Opposite Day Baby Bailiff
2010 Back-up Plan, TheThe Back-up Plan Mona's Kid (6 years)
2010 Nanny for Christmas, AA Nanny for Christmas Jonas Ryland
2012 Overnight Kyle
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2008 Without a Trace Matthew "Driven"
2008 Eleventh Hour Owen "Titans"
2008–09 Talkshow with Spike Feresten Little Bill O'Reilly Recurring role
2009 Roommates Graham "The Trash 'N Treasures"
2009–10 Mad Men Bobby Draper Supporting role
2010 Hawthorne Justin Adams "Road Narrows", "A Mother Knows", "No Exit"
2010 Men of a Certain Age Kenneth "Cold Calls"
2011 Wilfred Young Ryan "Anger"
2011–17 Once Upon a Time Henry Mills Main cast (season 1-6)
Guest star (season 7, episodes 1 and 2)
Awards and nominations[edit]
Year
Award
Category
Work
Result
2009 Screen Actors Guild Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Mad Men Won
2012 Young Artist Award Best Performance in a TV Series - Leading Young Actor Once Upon a Time Won
2013 Young Artist Award Best Performance in a TV Series - Leading Young Actor Once Upon a Time Nominated
2013 Saturn Awards Best Performance by a Younger Actor in a Television Series Once Upon a Time Nominated
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Jeffrey, Morgan (August 22, 2011). "'Mad Men' recasting Bobby Draper for new season". Digital Spy. Retrieved April 4, 2013.
Jump up ^ Brown, Lane (August 24, 2009). "Mad Men Replaces Bobby Draper, Again". Vulture. Retrieved April 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (March 9, 2011). "Jennifer Morrison Set As The Lead In ABC Pilot ‘Once Upon A Time’, 3 Others Cast". Deadline.com. Retrieved April 5, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c Marechal, AJ (October 20, 2011). "Jared Gilmore: ‘Mad Men’ moppet finds ‘Time’". Variety. Retrieved April 4, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Jared Gilmore as Henry – Once Upon a Time Characters & Cast Bios" (Press release). American Broadcasting Company. Retrieved April 4, 2013.
Jump up ^ "33rd Annual Young Artist Awards". Young Artist Foundation. Retrieved May 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ "34th Annual Young Artist Awards". Young Artist Foundation. Retrieved March 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ "The 16th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards". Screen Actors Guild. Retrieved April 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Jared Gilmore Biography". BuddyTV. Retrieved April 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ "John Robert Powers San Diego Acting Student Accepts 'Mad Men' Ensemble Win On Stage At The SAG Awards" (Press release). John Robert Powers. February 11, 2010. Retrieved April 5, 2013.
External links[edit]
Jared S. Gilmore on IMDb
[hide]
v
t
e
Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series (2000–2009)
2000: The West Wing, season 1/season 2
Hill
Janney
Kelly
Lowe
Moloney
Schiff
Sheen
Spencer
Whitford
2001: The West Wing, season 2/season 3
Hill
Janney
Lowe
Moloney
Schiff
Sheen
Spencer
Whitford
2002: Six Feet Under, season 2
Ambrose
Conroy
Griffiths
Hall
Krause
Rodríguez
St. Patrick
2003: Six Feet Under, season 3
Ambrose
Conroy
Foster
Griffiths
Hall
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Macdissi
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St. Patrick
Taylor
Wilson
2004: CSI: Crime Scene Investigation,
season 4/season 5
Dourdan
Eads
Fox
Guilfoyle
Hall
Helgenberger
Petersen
Szmanda
2005: Lost, season 1/season 2
Akinnuoye-Agbaje
Andrews
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Fox
Garcia
Grace
Holloway
Kelley
D. D. Kim
Y. Kim
Lilly
Monaghan
O'Quinn
Perrineau
Rodriguez
Somerhalder
Watros
2006: Grey's Anatomy, season 2/season 3
Chambers
Dane
Dempsey
Heigl
Knight
Oh
Pickens
Pompeo
Ramirez
Walsh
Washington
Wilson
2007 The Sopranos, season 6, part II
Antonacci
Bracco
Falco
Gandolfini
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Iler
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Nascarella
Schirripa
Servitto
Sigler
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Vincent
2008: Mad Men, season 2
Batt
Brie
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Hamm
Hart
Hendricks
Jones
Kartheiser
Moses
Moss
Shipka
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Sommer
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2009: Mad Men, season 3
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Gilmore
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Jones
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Complete list
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Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 255744368
LCCN: no2012115245
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jared_S._Gilmore&oldid=805768452"
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Fez (That '70s Show)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Fez
That '70s Show character
First appearance
"That '70s Pilot"
(episode 1.01)
Last appearance
"That '70s Finale"
(episode 8.22)
Created by
Mark Brazill
Portrayed by
Wilmer Valderrama
Information
Nickname(s)
The Foreign Kid, The Foreigner, Julie, Boy With The Accent, Cocoa Puff, Ali Baba, Hadji, Pele, Tarzan, Sabu, Anwar, Tonto, Desi, Captain Pooface, Chocolate Milk, Fezzy, Tutankhamen, Johnny Table, Anlar, Mushmouth, Muhammad Ali, Prince Edwardo, Ferrari (Fez Ferrari), That Kid from "Not America"
Gender
Male
Occupation
High school student (formerly; graduated)
Foto Hut clerk (formerly)
DMV clerk (formerly)
Shampoo boy (currently)
Family
Unnamed father
Unnamed mother
Unnamed sister
Rebecca Erdman (Host Mother)
Matthew Erdman (Host Father)
Spouse(s)
Laurie Forman (ex-wife)
Significant other(s)
Marsha Sullivan (ex-girlfriend)
Patty (ex-girlfriend)
Caroline (ex-girlfriend)
Nina (ex-girlfriend)
Big Rhonda (ex-girlfriend)
Hillary (ex-girlfriend)
Jackie Burkhart (girlfriend)
Nationality
Unknown
Fez (born August 4, 1960) is a fictional character and one of the four male leads on the Fox Network's That '70s Show, portrayed by Wilmer Valderrama.[1] He was the foreign exchange student in a group of six local teenagers.
Contents
[hide]
1 Origins
2 Fez's homeland
3 Personality
4 References
5 External links
Origins[edit]
Fez was born on August 4, 1960. His real name is deemed unpronounceable by his friends, so they call him "Fez" (short for Foreign Exchange Student). The series' official web site explains the spelling "Fez" (as opposed to "Fes") as "poetic license".[2][3] Red usually calls him "the foreign kid", or by a random foreign (or Native American) name through various backgrounds (e.g. Hadji, Tonto, Anwar, Sabu, Muhammad Ali, Ali Baba, Pelé, Ahmad, Tutankhamun, etc.), which Fez does not mind, with one exception: he hates being called Tarzan because Tarzan is a white man. Eric's grandmother calls him "Desi".
A flashback episode shows when Fez first meets the others. They rescue him from a janitor's closet where several bullies have hung him on a coat hook. The bullies had asked him if he wanted to hang out; he tells the group he "shouldn't have said yes". Moments later, he states his real name, which is drowned out by a long, ringing school bell (what Valderrama was actually saying was the first names of the main actors who appear in the show), after which Hyde (hearing the name) says "OK... I'm not going to remember that." The only known fact about his name is, as he states in the episode "Killer Queen", the first five K's of his last name are silent. His name has no consonants, only vowels.
Valderrama has stated that he fabricated the accent he used on the show so that no one could identify which country his character is from, a mystery the show creators deliberately kept a secret.
Fez's host parents, Matthew (Kevin Farley) and Rebecca Erdman (Shannon Holt) appear only in one episode "Drive In".
Fez's homeland[edit]
Fez's secret country of origin is one of the longest running gags on the show.[4] Through all eight seasons, Fez's nationality remains a mystery, even to his closest friends, and the continual hints and clues Fez drops about his country only leave them more confused. In the episode "Eric's Birthday," Kitty, fantasizing about Eric's friends causing trouble, imagines Fez saying, "in my home country of...wherever it is I'm from; I can never tell..." Much is revealed in the episode "Love of My Life," where one of Fez's compatriots (played by Justin Long) comes for a visit. In the first teaser, when his friend suggests that he goes home, he says "Yes, I will go to Brazil...and then catch a flight home." In the final teaser, when Hyde finally asks them, "Where the hell are you guys from?", his friend says that the name depends on whether you ask the British or the Dutch. But the British won't say it, Fez explains, because they hate the island, and no one understands a word the Dutch say. The friend has a heavy English accent; Fez's explanation to this is that his friend is from the west side of the island.
Fez is often assumed to be of Hispanic or Latino descent; it is never revealed if this is so, though earlier episodes, such as "Sunday, Bloody Sunday," imply he can speak Spanish. In "Eric's Burger Job," during a job interview at Fatso Burger, Fez claims he can speak Dutch. In "The Immigrant Song," Fez retells his catch phrase ("I said good day!") in his native tongue, which sounds like gibberish.
Personality[edit]
Initially burdened by cultural barriers, Fez is fascinated by American life and thinks the knowledge he gains from America makes him superior to other people from his island. In an early episode, he suggests he would one day return to his home country "and rule with an iron fist." Fez is openly regarded as weird by his friends. He exhibits a creepy side, which manifests itself in Fez spying on Kelso and Eric when they are making out with their girlfriends (with Kelso even allowing him to do so). More than once he is caught hiding in Donna's closet. He frequently complains about being lonely and love-starved.
Later on, Fez develops metrosexual habits, appreciating stylish clothes and at times appearing vain and narcissistic about his looks. He shares an antagonistic relationship with his landlord Fenton (played by Jim Rash) because of a previous dispute over what Fez described as "a pair of pants that made my butt look like an oil painting." Fez shows off his superior dancing skills in numerous episodes.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Wilmer Valderrama". That70sShow.com. Carsey-Werner LLC. Archived from the original on 2009-04-29. Retrieved 2009-04-16.
Jump up ^ "Frequently Asked Questions". That70sShow.com. Carsey-Werner LLC. 2004. Archived from the original on 2008-02-06. Retrieved 2009-04-16.
Jump up ^ Barlow, Helen (2007-01-03). "Charmer out of the '70s". Herald Sun. Melbourne. Retrieved 17 April 2009.
Jump up ^ "That 70s Show and the Imaginary Fez". Overthinking It. May 4, 2012. Retrieved August 15, 2014.
External links[edit]
Mastro, Dana. and Morawitz, Elizabeth. Latino Representation on Primetime Television: A Content Analysis, Section Stereotypes of Latinos, pp. 7.
Thanu Yakupitiyage Battling or Creating Stereotypes in ‘Aliens in America’?, October 19, 2007, Racewire.
Ben Megargel Reality spin-off falls into familiar traps, The Michigan Daily, February 6, 2007.
Fez on IMDb
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That '70s Show
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