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It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia
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It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia
Genre
Sitcom
Black comedy
Created by
Rob McElhenney
Developed by
Rob McElhenney
Glenn Howerton
Starring
Charlie Day
Glenn Howerton
Rob McElhenney
Kaitlin Olson
Danny DeVito
Opening theme
"Temptation Sensation" by Heinz Kiessling
Composer(s)
Cormac Bluestone
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
12
No. of episodes
134 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Charlie Day
Glenn Howerton
Rob McElhenney
Michael Rotenberg
Nick Frenkel
Scott Marder
Rob Rosell
David Hornsby
Dan Attias
John Fortenberry
Matt Shakman
Producer(s)
Tom Lofaro
Fred Savage
Matt Shakman
Randall Einhorn
Dave Chernin
John Chernin
Hunter Covington
Todd Biermann
Location(s)
Los Angeles, California
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Cinematography
Peter Smokler
John Tanzer
Editor(s)
Josh Drisko
Tim Roche
Robert Bromwell
Camera setup
Single-camera
Running time
18–25 minutes[1]
Production company(s)
3 Arts Entertainment
RCG Productions
FX Productions (2007–16)
FXP (2017–present)
Distributor
FX Networks
20th Television
Release
Original network
FX (2005–12)
FXX (2013–present)
Picture format
480i (4:3 SDTV) (2005–08)
480i (16:9 SDTV) (2009)
1080i (16:9 HDTV) (2010–present)
Original release
August 4, 2005 (2005-08-04) – present
External links
Website
It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia is an American black comedy television series that first premiered on FX on August 4, 2005 and has since moved to FXX beginning with the ninth season. It was created by Rob McElhenney who developed it with Glenn Howerton. It is executive produced and primarily written by McElhenney, Howerton, and Charlie Day, all of whom star alongside Kaitlin Olson and Danny DeVito. The series follows the exploits of "The Gang", a group of debauched, self-centered friends who run the Irish bar Paddy's Pub in South Philadelphia.
On April 1, 2016, the series was renewed for a thirteenth and fourteenth season, which will tie it with The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet as the longest running (in number of seasons) live-action sitcom in American TV history.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Premise
2 Cast and characters
3 Episodes
4 Production
5 Broadcast and syndication
6 Music
6.1 Soundtrack track listing
7 Reception
8 Other media
8.1 The Nightman Cometh live
8.2 Russian adaptation
8.3 Book
9 References
10 External links
Premise[edit]
The series follows "The Gang", a group of five depraved underachievers: twins Dennis Reynolds (Glenn Howerton) and Deandra "Sweet Dee" Reynolds (Kaitlin Olson), their friends Charlie Kelly (Charlie Day) and Ronald "Mac" McDonald (Rob McElhenney), and (from season 2 onward) Frank Reynolds (Danny DeVito), Dennis' and Dee's legal father. The Gang runs the dilapidated Paddy's Pub, an Irish bar in South Philadelphia.
Each member of the gang shows varying degrees of dishonesty, egotism, selfishness, greed, pettiness, ignorance, laziness, and unethical behavior; they are often engaged in controversial activities. Episodes usually find them hatching elaborate schemes and often conspiring against one another and others for personal gain, vengeance, or simply the entertainment of watching another's downfall. They habitually inflict mental, emotional, and physical pain on each other and anyone who crosses their path. They also regularly use blackmail to manipulate one another and others outside of the group.
The Gang's unity is never solid, and any of them would quickly dump any of the others for quick profit or personal gain, regardless of the consequences. Everything they do results in contention among themselves, and much of the show's dialogue involves the characters arguing or yelling at one another. Despite their lack of success or achievements, they maintain high opinions of themselves and display an obsessive interest in their own reputations and public images.
The Gang has no sense of shame when attempting to get what they want and often engage in activities that others would find humiliating, disgusting, or shocking. Some of these situations include smoking crack cocaine and pretending to be mentally challenged in order to qualify for welfare, attempted cannibalism, kidnapping, blackface, hiding naked inside a couch in order to eavesdrop on people, tricking a man into giving his daughter a lap dance, forcing each other to eat inedible items, huffing paint, foraging in the sewers for valuables, sleeping with each other's romantic interests, seducing a priest, secretly feeding someone their dead pet, plugging their open wounds with trash, setting a room full of people on fire and locking the door to avoid an uncomfortable Thanksgiving meal, fantasizing about killing each other, pretending to have AIDS in order to get priority access to water park rides, taking out life insurance on a suicidal person, orally siphoning gasoline, and stalking their crushes.
During the Season 7 episode "The Gang Gets Trapped", in which The Gang breaks into a family's home and has to hide from them when they return, an angry monologue by Dennis captures the essence of The Gang's modus operandi:
“ We immediately escalate everything to a ten... somebody comes in with some preposterous plan or idea, then all of a sudden everyone's on the gas, nobody's on the brakes, nobody's thinking, everyone's just talking over each other with one idiotic idea after another! Until, finally, we find ourselves in a situation where we've broken into somebody's house – and the homeowner is home! ”
Cast and characters[edit]
Main article: List of It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia characters
McElhenney, Howerton, Day, Olson, and DeVito at the 2013 San Diego Comic-Con.
Charlie Day as Charlie Kelly – Charlie was a co-owner at Paddy's Pub, but traded his capital investment for "goods and services", half a sandwich, and other undisclosed compensation. He is a childhood friend of Mac, and high school friend of Dennis and Dee. He is also the roommate of Frank, who may be his biological father. Charlie does most of the actual work and maintenance (referred to as "Charlie Work") at the pub. He is unable to properly read or write, and is an alcoholic substance abuser who is often seen huffing glue or paint, as well as eating various items not meant for human consumption, such as cat food. He lives in squalor with Frank in a run-down, vermin-infested apartment and suffers from deep-seated psychological problems, believing his dreams to be haunted by a figure known as "The Nightman", who breaks into his home and rapes him. Charlie has unresolved anger issues, often screaming as a means of getting his point across. He also has an unhealthy obsession with "The Waitress", a recurring character who finds Charlie repulsive and shows no interest in him.
Glenn Howerton as Dennis Reynolds – Dennis is a co-owner of Paddy's Pub and is Dee's twin brother. Easily the most sociopathic of the characters, Dennis is abrasive, narcissistic, selfish, histrionic, and vain. Dennis graduated from the University of Pennsylvania. It is at times hinted that Dennis may be a psychopathic serial killer, but this remains ambiguous. After the season 12 finale it is unclear whether or not Dennis will be returning for the show's 13th and 14th seasons.[3]
Rob McElhenney as Ronald "Mac" McDonald – Mac is a co-owner of Paddy's Pub. He is Charlie Kelly's childhood friend and Dennis's high school friend and later roommate. The son of a convicted felon who has been in prison for much of Mac's life, he frequently attempts to demonstrate his toughness and refers to himself as the "sheriff of Paddy's". He also often brags about his hand-to-hand combat skills, although he typically flees from physical confrontation. Mac is a Roman Catholic, though he often espouses strong Christian fundamentalist opinions, despite his often amoral behavior, such as engaging in casual sex with numerous women, including Dennis' mother. Though it is frequently insinuated Mac harbors homosexual feelings, he maintained an adamant denial of any such proclivity, much to the annoyance of the gang, until the season 12 episode "Hero or Hate Crime?", when he finally comes out.
Kaitlin Olson as Deandra "Sweet Dee" Reynolds – Dee is Dennis's twin sister and is the bartender at Paddy's Pub. Dee dreams of becoming an actress, although she lacks any apparent talent and suffers from debilitating stage fright. She wore a back brace in high school, leaving her with the nickname of "The Aluminum Monster", and she is constantly referred to by the gang as a bird, due to their perception of her as a giant, awkward, avian-like creature. She majored in psychology at the University of Pennsylvania, but did not graduate. Dee lives alone in an apartment. Her comments and ideas are usually disregarded by the others, though they will often repeat what she has said word-for-word and pretend it was their idea, at which point it will be hailed as a great idea. She is often left to deal with the negative consequences of the gang's activities. Though often the butt of the gang's jokes, she is frequently involved in their schemes. She is portrayed as the angriest and most physically violent of the group and has a history of assault, including setting her roommate on fire in college.
Danny DeVito as Frank Reynolds – Frank is the legal father of twins Dennis and Dee, and may be the biological father of his roommate Charlie. He used to be a successful businessman with a long history of illegal operations and dealings with sordid characters, but chose to abandon that life and redeem himself after leaving his "whore wife". He has since embraced his "feral" nature and describes himself as "fringe class". Despite having substantial financial resources, he chooses to share a decrepit studio apartment with Charlie, where they live in squalor and sleep together on a pullout couch. The two also share similar interests, such as playing the inexplicable game of 'Night Crawlers' and foraging naked in sewers for valuables. He is also a severe compulsive gambler, seen betting on everything from grade school basketball to Russian roulette, usually with his chain smoking, and high-stakes betting ring of Vietnamese friends. He styles himself a master manipulator and frequently takes the lead in the group's schemes. He is frequently armed with a handgun and often snorts cocaine as part of his daily routine.
Episodes[edit]
Main article: List of It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia episodes
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
First aired
Last aired
Network
1 7 August 4, 2005 (2005-08-04) September 15, 2005 (2005-09-15) FX
2 10 June 29, 2006 (2006-06-29) August 17, 2006 (2006-08-17)
3 15 September 13, 2007 (2007-09-13) November 15, 2007 (2007-11-15)
4 13 September 18, 2008 (2008-09-18) November 20, 2008 (2008-11-20)
5 12 September 17, 2009 (2009-09-17) December 10, 2009 (2009-12-10)
6 14 September 16, 2010 (2010-09-16) December 16, 2010 (2010-12-16)
7 13 September 15, 2011 (2011-09-15) December 15, 2011 (2011-12-15)
8 10 October 11, 2012 (2012-10-11) December 20, 2012 (2012-12-20)
9 10 September 4, 2013 (2013-09-04) November 6, 2013 (2013-11-06) FXX
10 10 January 14, 2015 (2015-01-14) March 18, 2015 (2015-03-18)
11 10 January 6, 2016 (2016-01-06) March 9, 2016 (2016-03-09)
12 10 January 4, 2017 (2017-01-04) March 8, 2017 (2017-03-08)
Production[edit]
The show began as a short film idea written by Rob McElhenney and Glenn Howerton about a man telling his friend he might have cancer, while the friend is only intent on trying to borrow a cup of sugar for the "shitload of coffee" he has made. This was then developed into a pilot called It's Always Sunny on TV and was shot on a digital camcorder by Charlie Day, Glenn Howerton, and Rob McElhenney. It was believed the pilot was shot with a budget of just $200, but Day would later comment, "We shot it for nothing...I don't know where this $200 came from...We were a bunch of kids with cameras running around shooting each other and [the] next thing you know, we're eleven years in and we're still doing the show."[4] This pilot was shopped by the actors around various studios, their pitch being simply showing the DVD of the pilot to executives. After viewing the pilot, FX Network ordered the first season. Although it is often stated publicly that It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia was one of the first shows to be shot in 24p standard-definition video, using Panasonic's DVX100 MiniDV prosumer video camera, from the sixth season forward, the show was shot in 24p using high-definition video cameras.
Danny DeVito joined the cast in the first episode of the second season, playing the father of Dennis (played by Glenn Howerton) and Dee (played by Kaitlin Olson).
In March 2017, after the conclusion of the twelfth season, Glenn Howerton revealed he might not return to the series, due to working on other projects.[5] In an August 2017 interview, Charlie Day said that he believes Howerton will be back, and that he would not feel right continuing without him.[6]
Broadcast and syndication[edit]
The first season ran for seven episodes with the finale airing September 13, 2005. According to McElhenney,[7] word of mouth on the show was good enough for FX to renew it for a second season, which ran from June 29 to August 17, 2006. Reruns of edited first-season episodes began airing on FX's parent network, Fox, in June 2006, for a planned three-episode run—"The Gang Finds a Dead Guy",[8] "Gun Fever" (which was renamed as "Gun Control")[9] and "Charlie Gets Molested"[10] were shown. The show would not be shown on broadcast television again until 2011, when FX began offering the show for syndication.
The third season ran from September 13, 2007 to November 15, 2007. On March 5, 2008, FX renewed It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia for a fourth season.[11] On July 15, 2008, it was reported that FX had ordered 39 additional episodes of the series, consisting of the fifth and sixth seasons. All five main cast members were secured for the entire scheduled run.[12] The fifth season ran from September 17, 2009 to December 10, 2009.[13] On May 31, 2010, Comedy Central began airing reruns of It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia.[14] WGN America also began broadcasting the show as part of its fall 2011 schedule.[15]
The sixth season ran from September 16, 2010 until December 9, 2010, running twelve episodes, plus the Christmas special. The seventh season ran from September 15, 2011 until December 15, 2011, running 13 episodes. On August 6, 2011, FX announced it had picked up the show for an additional two seasons (the show's eighth and ninth) running through 2013.[16] On March 28, 2013, FX renewed the show for a tenth season, along with the announcement that the series would move to its new sister network, FXX.[17]
In April 2017, it was announced by Kaitlin Olson that It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia would go on an extended hiatus. In an interview with TV Guide Olson stated, "We ended up pushing our next season a year because we were all busy with separate projects this year. So at the end of this coming shooting season of The Mick I'll step right into Sunny after that." The show is currently under contract for two more seasons and is expected to return in 2019.[18]
On October 2, 2017, the show premiered on Viceland.[19]
Music[edit]
The theme song is a piece of production music called "Temptation Sensation" by German composer Heinz Kiessling. Additionally, Kiessling's work ("On Your Bike" and "Blue Blood") can also be heard during various scene transitions throughout the show, along with other composers and pieces such as Werner Tautz ("Off Broadway"), Joe Brook ("Moonbeam Kiss") and Karl Grell ("Honey Bunch"). Many of the tracks heard in the series have been taken from Cafe Romantique, an album of easy listening production music collected by Extreme Music, the production music library unit of Sony/ATV Music Publishing. Independent record label Fervor Records has also contributed music to the show. Songs from The Jack Gray Orchestra's album, Easy Listening Symph-O-Nette ("Take A Letter Miss Jones", "Golly Gee Whiz", and "Not a Care in the World") and the John Costello III release Giants of Jazz ("Birdcage", "Cotton Club" and "Quintessential") are heard in several episodes. The soundtrack, featuring most of the music heard on the show, was released in 2010.[20]
Soundtrack track listing[edit]
It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia (Music from the Original TV Series)
No.
Title
Music
Artist
Length
1. "Temptation Sensation (Main Title Theme)" Heinz Kiessling The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra 2:53
2. "Derby Day" Werner Tautz The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra 2:39
3. "Blue Blood" Heinz Kiessling The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra 2:54
4. "On Your Bike" Heinz Kiessling The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra 2:15
5. "Take the Plunge" Heinz Kiessling The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra 3:10
6. "Hotsy-Totsy" Heinz Kiessling The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra 2:18
7. "Off Broadway" Werner Tautz The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra 2:31
8. "Coconut Shy" Heinz Kiessling The Diamontinos 2:25
9. "Honey Bunch" Karl Grell The Ralph Manning Orchestra 2:44
10. "Glitterati Party" Werner Tautz The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra 2:51
11. "Singles Soiree" Richard Faecks The Rüdiger Piesker Orchestra 2:09
12. "Pink Deville" Paul Rothman The Ole Olafsen Band 2:34
13. "Captain's Table" Heinz Kiessling The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra 2:44
14. "Starlet Express" Werner Tautz The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra 2:31
15. "Final Fling" Heinz Kiessling The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra 2:29
16. "Sweetheart Serenade" Werner Tautz The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra 2:54
17. "Tea at Tiffani's" Werner Tautz The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra 2:28
18. "Moonbeam Kiss" Joe Brook The Rüdiger Piesker Orchestra 2:21
19. "Grand Central" Werner Tautz The Heinz Kiessling Orchestra 3:15
Total length: 50:05
Reception[edit]
It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia has received critical acclaim. Emily Nussbaum of The New Yorker praised the show, calling it "not merely the best sitcom on television but one of the most arresting and ambitious current TV series, period".[21] Gillian Flynn of Entertainment Weekly reviewed the first season negatively, commenting "it is smug enough to think it's breaking ground, but not smart enough to know it isn't".[22] Brian Lowry of Variety gave the first season a positive review, saying it was "invariably clever and occasionally a laugh-out-loud riot, all while lampooning taboo topics".[23] Later seasons of the show have received favorable ratings on review aggregator Metacritic, receiving 70/100, 78/100 and 85/100 for seasons 4, 5 and 6 respectively.[24] The show has become a cult hit with viewers and is often compared in style to Seinfeld—particularly due to the self-centered nature of its main characters. The Philadelphia Inquirer reviewer Jonathan Storm wrote "It's like Seinfeld on crack," a quote that became widely used to describe the series,[25] to the point that FX attached the tagline, "It's Seinfeld on crack."[26]
In 2014, Entertainment Weekly listed the show at #7 in the "26 Best Cult TV Shows Ever", with the comment that "it's a great underdog story ... If it sounds too dark for you, consider that there's an episode about making mittens for kittens, and it's adorable."[27] In 2016, a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that Sunny was "more popular in college towns (and most popular in Philadelphia)".[28]
In 2015, Rolling Stone rated the top 20 greatest and funniest It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia episodes, stating "for 10 seasons, the series had mined comic gold from the execrable behavior of the owners of Paddy's Pub." They claimed the two-part season 4 episode, "Mac and Charlie Die" is the sitcom's greatest episode yet.[29]
Year
Award
Category
Winner/nominee
Result[30]
2008 Satellite Award Best Actor in a Series, Comedy or Musical Danny DeVito Nominated
Best Television Series, Comedy or Musical It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia Nominated
2011 Best Actor in a Series, Comedy or Musical Charlie Day Nominated
Best Television Series, Comedy or Musical It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia Won
2012 People's Choice Award Favorite Cable TV Comedy Nominated
2013 Nominated
Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Stunt Coordination for a Comedy Series or a Variety Program Marc Scizak Nominated
2014 Nominated
2015 Nominated
2016 People's Choice Award Favorite Cable TV Comedy It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia Won
Other media[edit]
The Nightman Cometh live[edit]
In September 2009, the cast took their show live. The "Gang" performed the musical The Nightman Cometh in New York City, Boston, Seattle, San Francisco, Los Angeles, and Philadelphia.[31] Mary Elizabeth Ellis and Artemis Pebdani also appeared in the performance as The Waitress and Artemis. Actress Rhea Perlman (wife of Danny DeVito) assumed the role of Gladys.[32]
Creator Rob McElhenney said that Live Nation originally approached the cast about doing the show at 30 cities, but in the end the cast settled on 6.[33] Co-developer Glenn Howerton described the show as "essentially an expanded version of the actual episode of "The Nightman Cometh", which was the final episode for season four. There are some added moments, added scenes, added songs, and extended versions of songs that already existed."[34] Two new songs were included in the performance and a longer running time allowed for greater improvisation by the actors. The performance was also preceded by a preview screening of a season five episode.
The Los Angeles performance, filmed at The Troubadour, was included as a bonus feature on the season four DVD box set.
Russian adaptation[edit]
A Russian adaptation of It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia premiered in Russia on the television channel TNT on May 12, 2014. This version is titled В Москве всегда солнечно (V Moskve vsegda solnechno, It's Always Sunny in Moscow) and like the original, centers around four friends, who own a bar called "Philadelphia" in Moscow.[35]
Book[edit]
A book based upon It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia was released on January 6, 2015, titled The Gang Writes a Self-Help Book: The 7 Secrets of Awakening the Highly Effective Four-Hour Giant, Today.[36]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia". Amazon.com. Retrieved January 4, 2016.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (April 1, 2016). "It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia Renewed for Seasons 13 and 14 at FXX". TVLine. Retrieved April 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Is Glen Howerton Leaving 'It's Always Sunny In Philadelphia'?". UPROXX. 2017-03-09. Retrieved 2017-10-16.
Jump up ^ Dowling, Kyle (January 20, 2016). "Charlie Day Claims 'It's Always Sunny' Pilot was Shot for Nothing, Report of $200 is False". MStarsNews. Retrieved January 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Sepinwall, Alan (March 8, 2017). "Was This Glenn Howerton's 'Always Sunny' Farewell? 'It's A Little Complicated,' He Says". Uproxx. Retrieved August 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ Bradley, Bill (August 15, 2017). "Charlie Day Wouldn't Want To Do 'It's Always Sunny' Without Dennis". HuffPost. Retrieved August 31, 2017.
Jump up ^ Goldman, Eric (June 28, 2006). "It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia Premiere". IGN. Retrieved June 22, 2009.
Jump up ^ "(SP-0635) "The Gang Finds a Dead Guy" (Repeat)". The Futon Critic. Retrieved April 26, 2014.
Jump up ^ "(SP-0636) "Gun Control" (Repeat)". The Futon Critic. Retrieved April 26, 2014.
Jump up ^ "(SP-0637) "Charlie Gets Molested" (Repeat)". The Futon Critic. Retrieved April 26, 2014.
Jump up ^ "'Always Sunny in Philadelphia' Gets Another Season". Entertainment Weekly. March 5, 2008. Retrieved March 5, 2008.
Jump up ^ Goldman, Eric (July 15, 2008). "FX Shows Love for It's Always Sunny". IGN. Retrieved July 15, 2008.
Jump up ^ "It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia Season 5 episodes". TV Guide. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ Gorman, Bill (May 3, 2010). "'It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia' Debuts On Comedy Central May 31". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved April 26, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Cable Guide 2011". Advertising Age. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
Jump up ^ Mitovich, Matt Webb (August 6, 2011). "FX Renews Louie and Wilfred, Orders Two More Seasons of It's Always Sunny". TVLine. Retrieved April 26, 2014.
Jump up ^ Etkin, Jaimie (March 28, 2013). "'It's Always Sunny In Philadelphia' Renewed For Season 10 And 'The League' For Season 6 On FX". The Huffington Post. Retrieved March 28, 2013.
Jump up ^ Matthews, Liam (April 27, 2017). "It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia Season 13 Will Be a Year Late". TV Guide. Retrieved June 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ "It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia on VICELAND - Begins Oct 2". Viceland. September 30, 2017. Retrieved November 21, 2017 – via YouTube.
Jump up ^ Barrett, Annie (August 26, 2010). "'It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia' soundtrack to be released September 1: Ta-da, ta-da, ta-da-daah-daah-daah..." Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved October 7, 2011.
Jump up ^ Nussbaum, Emily (November 11, 2013). "Bar None: "It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia" and "The Mindy Project"". New Yorker. Retrieved December 5, 2015.
Jump up ^ Flynn, Gillian (August 2, 2005). "It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved August 16, 2010.
Jump up ^ Lowry, Brian (July 31, 2005). "Review: 'It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia'". Variety. Retrieved August 16, 2010.
Jump up ^ "It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia". Metacritic. Retrieved April 26, 2014.
Jump up ^ Storm, Jonathan (October 16, 2008). "Slackers' revenge – The jokers of 'It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia' take on a (fictional) Inquirer critic, while those on Testees take the juvenile quotient even higher". The Philadelphia Inquirer. p. E01.
Jump up ^ Mellor, Louisa (April 12, 2012). "Why you need to watch It's Always Sunny In Philadelphia". Den of Geek. Retrieved April 26, 2014.
Jump up ^ "26 Best Cult TV Shows Ever". Entertainment Weekly. March 17, 2014. Retrieved April 26, 2014.
Jump up ^ Katz, Josh (December 27, 2016). "'Duck Dynasty' vs. 'Modern Family': 50 Maps of the U.S. Cultural Divide". The New York Times. Retrieved December 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ Murray, Noel (February 20, 2015). "20 Best 'It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia' Episodes". Rolling Stone. Retrieved February 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ "It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia - Awards". IMDb. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ Matheson, Whitney (August 6, 2009). "The 'Nightman Cometh' to a city near you". USA Today. Retrieved October 7, 2011.
Jump up ^ Goldman, Eric (April 20, 2009). "It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia: Live!". IGN. Retrieved October 7, 2011.
Jump up ^ Tucker, Alyssa (August 4, 2009). "Rob McElhenney & Glenn Howerton Interview". Flash Flood Media. Retrieved April 26, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Glenn Howerton Talks "It's Always Sunny In Philadelphia" And More!". Icon vs. Icon. September 16, 2009. Retrieved October 7, 2011.
Jump up ^ В Москве всегда солнечно (in Russian). THT-Online. Archived from the original on May 4, 2014. Retrieved May 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ "It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia by The Gang". HarperCollins. Retrieved July 23, 2014.
External links[edit]
Philadelphia portal
Wikiquote has quotations related to: It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia
Official website
It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia on IMDb
It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia at TV.com
[show]
v
t
e
It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia
Characters
Charlie Kelly
Dennis Reynolds
Mac
Deandra Reynolds
Frank Reynolds
The Waitress
Seasons
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Category
[show]
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t
e
FX original programming
Current
American Crime Story (since 2016)
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The Americans (since 2013)
Atlanta (since 2016)
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Better Things (since 2016)
Fargo (since 2014)
Feud (since 2017)
Legion (since 2017)
Snowfall (since 2017)
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Former
1990s debuts
Backchat (1995–2007)
Baseball, Minnesota (1996)
Bobcat's Big Ass Show (1998)
Penn & Teller's Sin City Spectacular (1998)
The Dick & Paula Celebrity Special (1999–2000)
The X Show (1999–01)
2000s debuts
30 Days (2005–08)
Archer (2009–16)
Black. White. (2006)
Damages (2007–12)
Dirt (2007–08)
It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia (2005–12)
The League (2009–15)
Lucky (2003)
NASCAR Drivers: Non-Stop (2004–06)
NASCAR on Fox (2001–06)
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Thief (2006)
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UFC on FX (2012–13)
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[show]
v
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e
FXX original programming
Current
It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia (since 2013)
You're the Worst (since 2015)
Archer (since 2017)
Former
Totally Biased with W. Kamau Bell (2013)
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Axe Cop (2015)
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Man Seeking Woman (2015–17)
See also: Animation Domination High-Def
[show]
v
t
e
Satellite Award for Best Television Series – Musical or Comedy
The Larry Sanders Show (1996)
Frasier (1997)
Ellen (1998)
Action (1999)
Sex and the City (2000)
Sex and the City (2001)
The Bernie Mac Show (2002)
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13 (musical)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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13
2008 Original Broadway Cast Recording
Music
Jason Robert Brown
Lyrics
Jason Robert Brown
Book
Dan Elish
Robert Horn
Productions
2007 Los Angeles
2008 Goodspeed Musicals
2008 Broadway
2012 London
13 is an original musical with music and lyrics by Jason Robert Brown and book by Dan Elish and Robert Horn.
Following a move from New York City to small-town Indiana, young Evan Goldman grapples with his parents' divorce, prepares for his impending Bar Mitzvah, and navigates the complicated social circles of a new school. 13 is the only Broadway musical ever with a cast and band entirely made of teenagers. It originally began previews on September 16, 2008 and officially opened on October 5, 2008 at the Bernard B. Jacobs Theatre.
The Broadway production closed on January 4, 2009 after a total of 105 performances. The show was directed by Jeremy Sams and starred Graham Phillips as Evan Goldman and Allie Trimm as Patrice. It also starred Corey Snide as Evan on the matinee performances, Aaron Simon Gross as Archie Walker, Eric Nelsen as Brett Samson, and Delaney Moro as Kendra. The Broadway production is notable for being the professional debuts of Ariana Grande and Elizabeth Gillies who would later go on to star together in the television series Victorious.
Contents
1 Plot synopsis
2 Musical numbers
3 Characters and cast
4 Productions
4.1 Pre-Broadway
4.1.1 Los Angeles
4.1.2 Goodspeed
4.2 Broadway
4.3 Post-Broadway productions
4.4 13: The Musical in Canada
5 Proposed film adaptation
6 References
7 External links
Plot synopsis[edit]
Twelve-year-old New Yorker Evan Goldman is soon to have his Bar Mitzvah, and he wants his party to be amazing, but that might not happen because his parents are splitting up as his father starts to fall in love with a stewardess, which causes his mother to file a divorce against her husband ("Thirteen/Becoming A Man"). Just as Evan thinks that maybe things will be fine, his mother calls to tell him that they are moving to Appleton, Indiana. Once there, however, Evan finds a friend in his neighbor, Patrice, who develops a small crush on Evan while telling him how Appleton, Indiana is ("The Lamest Place in the World").
Later that month, Evan meets Brett Sampson, the most popular kid in school with his goons Malcolm and Eddie, and tells Brett and his friends to take Kendra, a real pretty girl whom Brett wants to date, to a scary movie where Brett can do "The Tongue". Brett nicknames Evan "Brain" because of his idea. Later, Brett asks out Kendra, but Lucy, her jealous friend, tries to tell Kendra she can't go ("Hey, Kendra"). When Brett tells Evan that the idea seems to have worked, Evan is thrilled; this means that Brett will come to his Bar Mitzvah, and if Brett comes, everyone else will come. Patrice, however, is displeased. If she goes to the Bar Mitzvah, nobody else will go because all of the others hate her and Evan will be viewed as hanging out with a geek and uncool. Evan does not think that it will be that bad, but when he hands out the invitations, he sees that Patrice is right, and in a moment of panic, he rips up her invitation so that the popular kids will come ("13 (Reprise)"). As the other kids express their excitement over Evan's party, Archie enters and introduces himself. He is upset at Evan for humiliating Patrice – his best and only friend – but promises to help to make it up to her if Evan gets him a date with Kendra. When Archie’s attempts to use his degenerative illness to guilt Evan into getting him the date do not work, Archie tries to convince him that Evan is the only one who can get Archie the date and if he doesn't, Archie will show up to Evan's Bar Mitzvah and ruin it ("Get Me What I Need"). Evan finally relents. Later, at cheerleading practice, Kendra teaches a new cheer while Lucy resolves to make Brett her boyfriend. (“Opportunity”) Archie tries to talk Patrice into giving Evan a second chance, especially since she has a crush on him, but she has lost faith in him and is still upset at what he did to her ("What It Means To Be A Friend").
In class, Brett tells Evan to get his mother to buy them all tickets to "The Bloodmaster." Evan protests that his mother will not buy them tickets to an R-rated movie, but Brett points out that if she does not, nobody will go to his Bar Mitzvah and Evan will be the uncool one. Evan cycles through possible plans, eventually realizing that he will have Archie use his illness to guilt Evan's mother ("All Hail the Brain/Terminal Illness"). To make things better with Patrice, Evan asks her to go to the movie with him as a date. He then realizes that he "just set Brett and Archie up to be on dates with the same girl, on the same night, in the same place...." Evan makes Archie promise to do nothing more than sit next to Kendra so as not to screw up Brett's date. Archie agrees, and everyone prepares for Friday night ("Getting Ready").
Everyone gets to the movie, and Brett prepares for "The Tongue", Lucy is on "Tongue Patrol", and Kendra waits for it along with Brett's goons, Eddie and Malcolm, but amidst it all, Patrice is upset because Evan is not sitting with her; he is saving a seat for Archie ("Any Minute"). When Archie gets there, he pokes Brett with a crutch, and panic ensues: Archie squeezes his face, closes his eyes, and goes in to kiss Kendra, while Brett at the same time, turns his head, sticks out his tongue, and goes in for the kiss. Evan sees, and as he mouths 'Nooooo!', reaches to pull Kendra back, while Lucy reaches for Kendra, too, but only so she can stop Kendra from getting the tongue. When Brett and Archie don't realize that Kendra is out of their way, their mouths meet. Kendra knees Brett in the crotch, trying to stop him from hurting Evan or Archie, after Archie reveals how Evan set him up on a date with Kendra. Brett breaks up with Kendra, and Lucy asks if Brett's "tongue is still available." Meanwhile, Evan is left alone by Patrice ("Good Enough").
As Lucy and Brett begin dating, she forces him to spend increasingly more time with her. Brett's friends recognize that Lucy is good neither for Brett nor for them at all ("Bad Bad News"). Evan promises to help to get Brett and Kendra back together so that he can get back on everyone’s good side. Archie, fearing that this is a suicide mission, begs Patrice to help Evan. She tells Archie she is not going, but he knows that she is lying. When Patrice gets there, she surprises Evan by helping him help Brett, but instead of telling Brett what to say to Kendra, they end up telling each other that they are sorry, but Brett is oblivious ("Tell Her"). Brett takes their advice, and when he learns that Lucy and Kendra are fighting over him, he interferes, and makes a feeble attempt to get Kendra back, and, to his surprise, she comes back to him. Meanwhile, Lucy learns of it and won't take the hit. She spreads a rumor that Kendra is cheating on Brett with Evan, and then gets Evan and Kendra in the same place so that Brett can catch them ("It Can't Be True"). Her plan works, and Brett lashes out at Evan. Evan, finally having enough of Brett, stands up to him and says that Archie and Patrice are his real friends. After Brett insults Archie and Patrice, Evan shoves him, but Brett only punches him in the nose, causing it to bleed. Patrice immediately rushes to Evan's aid. Kendra shows kindness towards Archie before running after Brett. Evan wants to call off the Bar Mitzvah because it would only be him, Patrice, and Archie, but Patrice and Archie point out it that won't be that bad, and Evan starts to agree, and then he surprises Patrice with a kiss, and she surprises him back ("If That's What It Is"). Evan has his Bar Mitzvah after all; he is starting to understand what growing up means, and the characters tell of what surprises turning thirteen brought for each of them ("A Little More Homework"). Evan tells the audience that he is "thirteen years old. And [he's] just getting started."
An encore is performed to end the show ("Brand New You").
Musical numbers[edit]
"13/Becoming a Man" – Evan and Company
"The Lamest Place in the World" – Patrice
"Hey Kendra" – Brett, Malcolm, Eddie, Lucy, and Kendra
"Get Me What I Need" – Archie and Company
"Opportunity" – Lucy and Cheerleaders
"What It Means to Be a Friend" – Patrice
"All Hail the Brain" – Evan
"Terminal Illness" – Evan, Archie, and Company
"Getting Ready" – Company
"Any Minute" – Brett, Kendra, Patrice, and Archie
"Good Enough" – Patrice
"Being a Geek" – Evan, Rabbi, and Rabbis
"Bad Bad News" – Eddie, Malcolm, Simon, and Richie
"Tell Her" – Evan and Patrice
"It Can't Be True" – Lucy, Molly, Cassie, Charlotte, and Company
"If That's What It Is" – Archie, Patrice, and Evan
"A Little More Homework" – Evan and Company
"Brand New You" – Cassie, Charlotte, Molly, and Company
"Good Enough" was included in the Original Broadway Production, but was not on the Cast Recording.
"Opportunity" and "Here I Come" were both included on the Original Broadway Cast Recording, but were cut from the production before opening night. The song "Here I Come" originally came after "Good Enough", followed by "Opportunity", which was retooled and included in the MTI Version with new lyrics and a new spot in the show. "Being a Geek" was likewise not included in the Original Broadway Production, but took the place of "Here I Come" in the MTI Version.
Characters and cast[edit]
13 the Musical
Character
Description
Original Broadway Cast[1][2]
Original West End Cast[3]
Evan Goldman
A twelve-and-a-half-year-old Jewish city boy from New York City. Graham Phillips (Corey Snide on matinee performances.) Guy Harvey
Patrice
A somewhat bookish girl. She is the first person which Evan meets and they soon become friends. She has a little crush on Evan. Allie Trimm Sienna Kelly
Archie
A boy whose energy and looks are unlike anything else in Appleton. He walks on crutches as the result of muscular dystrophy. Patrice's best friend. Madly in love with Kendra. Aaron Simon Gross Tim Mahendran
Brett
The prototypical junior high school football star. Cool, handsome, and about as smart as a postage stamp. All the girls on the cheerleading team are head over heels to date him. Eric Nelsen Jacques Miché
Kendra
The prettiest and most popular girl in school. She has a major crush on Brett and they are an on-and-off couple. Delaney Moro Hannah Thompson
Lucy
Kendra's best friend, who shouldn't be trusted by anyone. She also has a huge crush on Brett, and tries to get Brett to break up with Kendra so she can start dating him. Elizabeth Gillies Georgia Riley
Eddie
One of Brett's goons. A wanna-be who flanks him constantly. Al Calderon Jack Cashion
Malcolm
Malik Hammond Robin Franklin
Molly
One of the cheerleaders. Caitlin Gann Lindsay Kearns
Charlotte
Ariana Grande Lauren Ellington
Cassie
Brynn Williams Amara Okereke
Simon
One of the boys in school. Joey La Varco Toby Turpin
Richie
Eamon Foley Sario Watanabe-Solomon
Productions[edit]
Pre-Broadway[edit]
Los Angeles[edit]
The musical premiered on January 7, 2007 at The Mark Taper Forum in Los Angeles, California and ran through February 18, 2007. The production was directed by Todd Graff, with choreography by Michele Lynch, and the cast and band were all teenagers.[4] This production received a nomination for the 2007 LA Stage Alliance Ovation Awards, World Premiere Musical.[5] The cast and band for the Mark Taper Forum production: Ricky Ashley, Caitlin Baunoch, Molly Bernstein, Jenáe Burrows, Emma Degerstedt, Jamie Eblen, Julia Harriman, Jordan Johnson, Tinashe Kachingwe, Tyler Mann, Sara Niemietz, Ryan Ogburn, J.D. Phillips, Ellington Ratliff, Chris Raymond, Charlie Rosen, Alex Scolari, Chloé Smith, Christian Vandal, Nehemiah Williams and Seth Zibalese.[4]
Goodspeed[edit]
The musical was next presented at the Norma Terris Theatre in Chester, Connecticut, by Goodspeed Musicals from May 9, 2008 through June 8, 2008, with direction by Jeremy Sams and choreography by Christopher Gattelli. It starred most of the original Broadway cast, except that it featured Ashton Smalling as Kendra, Taylor Bright as Cassie, Matthew McGinn as Eddie and Kyle Crews as Malcolm.[6]
Broadway[edit]
The musical opened on Broadway at the Bernard B. Jacobs Theatre on September 16, 2008 in previews, with an official opening on October 5, 2008 and closed on January 4, 2009 after 105 performances and 22 previews.[7] The director and choreographer were the same as at Goodspeed, and most of the Broadway cast was also in the Goodspeed production (except Moro, Hammond and Williams). There was a teen band, as in prior productions.[8] The production received one Drama Desk Award nomination, for Outstanding Lyrics by Brown. 13 is the first and only all Teenager Cast and Band to ever hit Broadway.[citation needed]
Post-Broadway productions[edit]
Revivals featuring revisions to the show made by Brown, Dan Elish and Robert Horn were staged at French Woods Performing Arts Camp in summer 2009, Theatre Under the Stars, Houston, in the fall 2009, and Indian Head camp in summer 2010.[9] In 2010, Ransom Everglades Theatre staged a revival in Miami from March 19–22, directed and choreographed by Angelica Torres.[citation needed]
The musical opened Off-Broadway at the McGinn/Cazale Theatre on April 23, 2011, in a production by the Children's Acting Company. This six-performance engagement used the revisions by Brown, Elish and Horn.[9]
13 had its first production in Seattle at Nathan Eckstein Middle School in May of 2010. It was produced the following year by Broadway Bound Children's Theatre at ACT Theatre in Seattle Washington, under the direction of the company's artistic director, Jimmy Nixon. It was performed twice by that company, first in December of 2011, and later in July 2015.[citation needed] In 2009–2010, show was performed in several productions in Jerusalem, Israel.[10][11]
The first UK production of 13 was given by Riverside Theatre Company of Cambridgeshire and very closely followed by Young Performers Theatre Company, of Shrewsbury, both in June 2010. The West End production of 13, by the National Youth Music Theatre, premiered at the Apollo Theatre in Westminster, London on August 22, 2012 and ran for 6 performances. The production was directed by Jason Robert Brown. As with the Broadway production, the cast were all teenagers. A West End cast recording was made at Sphere Recording Studios in Battersea, London[12] and released on December 18, 2012.[13][14]
In 2011, Theatre Noir presented the first Hong Kong productions in both English and Cantonese.[15] The premiere of the Cantonese version took place at Jockey Club Auditorium, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 7 October 2011.[16] In September 2014, Theatre Noir presented a re-run in both English and Cantonese in Yuen Long Theatre.[citation needed]
In March 2012, 13 made its South Australian debut when it was performed by Adelaide Youth Theatre for the Adelaide Fringe Festival at the Adelaide College of the Arts. It was directed by Rodney Hutton and musically directed by Michelle Nightingale.[17]
A West Australian production of "13" opened on February 4, 2015 as part of the Fringeworld Festival. Presented by Playlovers at Hackett Hall, Floreat, it was directed by Kimberley Shaw with musical direction by Stepnhen Beerkens and Madeleine Shaw.[18][19][20] In December 2013, a Flemish/Dutch version was mounted by Jeugdtheater Ondersteboven, a youth theatre company in Sint-Niklaas, Belgium.[21]
In 2018 the show was produced at the Peter Sarah Theatre in Newcastle, UK. The production had 4 performances and was directed by Tom Guest and Musical direction by James Hedges.
13: The Musical in Canada[edit]
13 the Musical's production of 13 The Musical was produced by Eternal Theatre Collective. It was performed at the Red Gate Review stage in downtown Vancouver from August 9th- 12th, 2017.[22] The cast consisted of youth between the ages of 13-20 , and ran a nearly sold out run. This was one of the very few Canadian productions of 13: The Musical and the first in Vancouver of over eight years. The production received rave reviews,[23] however, they did not extend the production.
Elias Verheyen: Evan, Colette Richardson: Patrice, Matthew Tucker: Archie, Jen Shannon: Lucy, Kendra Cordick: Kendra, Brittany Kliewer: Dance captain/ensemble, Maya Piscopo: Molly, Raine Welsh: Charlotte, McKenzie Newton: Cassie, Ryan Horton: Brett, Cameron Leong: Eddie, Jeremy Cruz: Malcolm, Nicholas Kluftinger: Richie, William Davis: Simon,
Proposed film adaptation[edit]
In 2014, CBS Films announced that they intend to produce a film adaption of the musical.[24] The screenplay is set to be written by Bert V. Royal, with producers Laurence Mark, Bob Boyett and executive producer, David Blackman. Jason Robert Brown is expected to oversee the adaptation's music and lyrics.[25]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "13: Opening Night Cast". Bernard B. Jacobs Theatre. Playbill. Archived from the original on 2013-10-19. Retrieved 18 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "Playbill Vault". Musical 13. Playbill Vault. Archived from the original on 2013-10-19. Retrieved 18 October 2013.
Jump up ^ "13: Opening Night Cast". National Youth Music Theatre. Archived from the original on 2014-07-14. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Hernandez, Ernio."Middle School Musical: Jason Robert Brown's '13' Opens in Los Angeles" Archived 2008-07-05 at the Wayback Machine. playbill.com, January 7, 2007
Jump up ^ Hernandez, Ernio."Kaye, Fishburne, Felder Among Nominees for 2007 L.A. Stage Alliance Ovation Awards" Archived 2012-10-19 at the Wayback Machine. playbill.com, September 24, 2007
Jump up ^ Jones, Kenneth. "Teen Time! Cast Announced for Goodspeed Run of '13' Musical" Archived 2008-05-02 at the Wayback Machine., playbill.com, April 22, 2008
Jump up ^ Gans, Andrew and Kenneth Jones. "New Musical 13 to Close on Broadway in January 2009" Archived 2008-12-16 at the Wayback Machine., playbill.com, November 21, 2008
Jump up ^ Jones, Kenneth. "13, A New Musical Comes of Age on Broadway Sept. 16" Archived 2008-09-18 at the Wayback Machine., Playbill.com, September 16, 2008
^ Jump up to: a b Hetrick, Adam. After Broadway Growing Pains, 13 The Musical Returns to NYC in Revised Version April 23" Archived 2011-04-27 at the Wayback Machine., playbill.com, April 23, 2011
Jump up ^ Dekel, Ayelet. "13 Mania Grips Jerusalem", MidnightEast.com, March 1, 2010
Jump up ^ World News
Jump up ^ Shenton, Mark (30 August 2012). "U.K. Company of Jason Robert Brown's 13 Records Cast Album". Playbill. Retrieved 20 June 2014.
Jump up ^ https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/13-musical-original-west-end/id584839768
Jump up ^ http://www.sh-k-boom.com/13london.html
Jump up ^ Theatre-Noir Hong Kong
Jump up ^ Hong Kong Cultural Centre Studio Theatre
Jump up ^ "13" the musical
Jump up ^ Chris Eaton. "New Adelaide Theatre Guide: South Australia's Only Comprehensive Internet Guide to Local Arts". Archived from the original on 2012-03-10. Retrieved 2012-03-06.
Jump up ^ 13 – A New Musical
Jump up ^ "13 – A New Musical | BankSA Talk Fringe". Archived from the original on 2012-03-10. Retrieved 2012-03-06.
Jump up ^ Jeugdtheater Ondersteboven vzw, Production details for first dutch performance.
Jump up ^ https://www.eternaltheatre.com/about http://vancouversun.com/entertainment/local-arts/navigating-the-treacherous-hallways-of-middle-school
Jump up ^ http://outtv.ca/blogs/13-musical-vancouver/
Jump up ^ Gioia, Michael (12 August 2014). "Teenage Dream! CBS Films Will Bring Jason Robert Brown's 13 to the Big Screen". Playbill. Archived from the original on 6 January 2015. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
Jump up ^ Kit, Borys (12 August 2014). "CBS Films Bringing Musical '13' to Big Screen". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
External links[edit]
Official website
13 at the Internet Broadway Database
13 at the Music Theatre International website
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Veiled chameleon
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Veiled chameleon
Conservation status

Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Clade: Tetrapodomorpha
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Suborder: Iguania
Family: Chamaeleonidae
Genus: Chamaeleo
Species: C. calyptratus
Binomial name
Chamaeleo calyptratus
Duméril & Bibron, 1851
The veiled chameleon (Chamaeleo calyptratus) is a species of chameleon native to the Arabian Peninsula in Yemen and Saudi Arabia. Other common names include cone-head chameleon and Yemen chameleon.[1]
Contents
1 Description
2 Behavior and ecology
3 In captivity
4 Invasive species
5 Culture
6 Gallery
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
Description[edit]
The male is 43 to 61 cm (17 to 24 in) long from the snout to the tip of the tail. The female is shorter, no more than about 35 cm (14 in), but it has a thicker body. Both sexes have a casque on the head which grows larger as the chameleon matures, reaching about 5 cm (2.0 in) in the largest adults. Newly hatched young are pastel green in color and develop stripes as they grow. Adult females are green with white, orange, yellow, or tan mottling. Adult males are brighter with more defined bands of yellow or blue and some mottling.[2]
Coloration can be affected by several factors, including social status. In experimental conditions, young veiled chameleons reared in isolation are darker and duller in color than those raised with other individuals.[3] Females change color across their reproductive cycles.[4] Chameleons also tend to change to a much darker color when stressed.[2]
Behavior and ecology[edit]
This chameleon lives in a number of habitat types in its native range, including plateaus, mountains, and valleys. Like other chameleons, it is arboreal, living in trees and other large plants. It prefers warmer temperatures, generally between 24 to 35 °C (75 to 95 °F).[2]
The veiled chameleon is an omnivore. It favors insects, and it also eats plant matter, especially as a source of water.[2]
The life span is about 5 years for females, and up to 8 years for males. They reach sexual maturity at four to five months. They breed more than once a year. The female lays large clutches of up to 85 eggs and buries them in sand. The eggs are white with a tough skin.[2] The embryos experience a diapause, a length of time when they are dormant in the egg before they begin developing. Increasing temperatures in the substrate initiate development.[5]
Males display for females during courtship, performing behaviors such as "head rolls" and "chin rubs". Females change color when they are receptive to breeding, and males are more likely to court them during this time.[4]
In captivity[edit]
The veiled chameleon is the most common Chamaeleo species in the pet trade. It is easy to breed and prolific in its egg production. It tolerates a range of conditions and survives well in captivity.[2]
Invasive species[edit]
This chameleon is an introduced species in Hawaii, where it is invasive in the local ecosystem. There is a breeding population established on Maui.[6] It can also be found in the wild in Florida, where escaped pets have established populations.[1]
Culture[edit]
The veiled chameleon is the logo of the SUSE Linux operating system.[7]
Gallery[edit]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Wilms, T., R. Sindaco, and M. Shobrak. 2012. Chamaeleo calyptratus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.2. Downloaded on 23 October 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Veiled Chameleon. Archived 2011-12-17 at the Wayback Machine. Smithsonian National Zoological Park.
Jump up ^ Ballen, C., et al. (2014). Effects of early social isolation on the behaviour and performance of juvenile lizards, Chamaeleo calyptratus. Animal Behaviour 88 1-6.
^ Jump up to: a b Kelso, E. C. and P. A. Verrell. (2002). Do male veiled chameleons, Chamaeleo calyptratus, adjust their courtship displays in response to female reproductive status? Ethology 108(6) 495-512.
Jump up ^ Andrews, R. M. and S. Donoghue. (2004). Effects of temperature and moisture on embryonic diapause of the veiled chameleon (Chamaeleo calyptratus). Journal of Experimental Zoology 301A 629-35.
Jump up ^ Detecting the Veiled Chameleon (Chamaeleo calyptratus) on Maui: Enhancing Control of an Injurious Species. First Progress Report. Maui Invasive Species Committee.
Jump up ^ Linux Questions: What kind of lizard is the SUSE mascot
Further reading[edit]
Andrews, R. M. (2008). Effects of incubation temperature on growth and performance of the veiled chameleon (Chamaeleo calyptratus). Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A: Ecological Genetics and Physiology 309(8), 435-46.
Herrel, A., et al. (2014). The scaling of tongue projection in the veiled chameleon, Chamaeleo calyptratus. Zoology 117 227-36.
McCartney, K. L., et al. (2014). The effect of carotenoid supplementation on immune system development in juvenile male veiled chameleons (Chamaeleo calyptratus). Frontiers in Zoology 11 26.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Veiled chameleon.
Veiled Chameleon Care Sheet. The Lizard Lounge.
Veiled Chameleon. Biotropics.com
Taxon identifiers
Wikidata: Q1124882
Wikispecies: Chamaeleo calyptratus
ADW: Chamaeleo_calyptratus
EoL: 791826
GBIF: 2449133
iNaturalist: 32873
IRMNG: 10369933
ITIS: 690738
IUCN: 176306
NCBI: 179908
Species+: 3031
uBio: 5756466
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Veiled_chameleon&oldid=858727078"
Categories:
IUCN Red List least concern species
Chamaeleo
Fauna of Saudi Arabia
Fauna of Yemen
Invasive reptile species
Reptiles described in 1851
Hidden categories:
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