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List of National Basketball Association single-game scoring leaders
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This is a complete listing of National Basketball Association players who have scored 60 or more points in a game.
This feat has been accomplished 68 times in NBA history. Twenty-five different players have scored 60 or more points in a game. Only four players have scored 60 or more points on more than one occasion: Wilt Chamberlain (32 times), Kobe Bryant (6 times), Michael Jordan (5 times), and Elgin Baylor (4 times). Chamberlain holds the single-game scoring record, having scored 100 in game in 1962.
Jordan (63) and Baylor (61) are the only players to score at least 60 points in a game during the playoffs, each accomplishing this once.
Contents
[hide]
1 Key
2 List
3 See also
4 Notes
5 References
6 External links
Key[edit]
^ Denotes player who is currently active in the NBA
* Denotes player who has been inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame
Occurred in playoff competition
Player's team lost the game
MP Minutes played FGM Field goals made FGA Field goal attempts
3PM 3-point field goals made 3PA 3-point field goal attempts DNP Did not play
FTM Free throws made FTA Free throw attempts
List[edit]
Rank
Points
Player
Date
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
Team
Opponent
Score
MP
FGM
FGA
3PM
3PA
FTM
FTA
Notes
Ref.
Scoring by quarter
1 100 Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain* 000000001962-03-02-0000March 2, 1962 23 18 28 31 Philadelphia Warriors New York Knicks 169–147 48 36 63 — — 28 32 [A] [1][2] [3][4][5]
2 81 Bryant, KobeKobe Bryant 000000002006-01-22-0000January 22, 2006 14 12 27 28 Los Angeles Lakers Toronto Raptors 122–104 41:56 28 46 7 13 18 20 [B] [6][7][8]
3 78 Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain* 000000001961-12-08-0000December 8, 1961 — — — — Philadelphia Warriors Los Angeles Lakers 147–151 63 31 62 — — 16 31 [C] [5]
4 73 Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain* 000000001962-01-13-0000January 13, 1962 — — — — Philadelphia Warriors Chicago Packers 135–117 48 29 48 — — 15 25 [D] [5]
73 Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain* 000000001962-11-16-0000November 16, 1962 — — — — San Francisco Warriors New York Knicks 127–111 48 29 43 — — 15 19 [E] [9]
73 Thompson, DavidDavid Thompson* 000000001978-04-09-0000April 9, 1978 32 21 9 11 Denver Nuggets Detroit Pistons 137–139 43 28 38 — — 17 20 [F]
7 72 Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain* 000000001962-11-03-0000November 3, 1962 — — — — San Francisco Warriors Los Angeles Lakers 115–127 — 29 48 — — 14 18 [9]
8 71 Baylor, ElginElgin Baylor* 000000001960-11-15-0000November 15, 1960 — — — — Los Angeles Lakers New York Knicks 123–108 45 28 48 — — 15 18 [G]
71 Robinson, DavidDavid Robinson* 000000001994-04-24-0000April 24, 1994 18 6 19 28 San Antonio Spurs Los Angeles Clippers 112–97 44 26 41 1 2 18 25 [H] [10][11]
10 70 Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain* 000000001963-03-10-0000March 10, 1963 — — — — San Francisco Warriors Syracuse Nationals 148–163 48 27 38 — — 16 22 [9]
70 Booker, DevinDevin Booker^ 000000002017-03-24-0000March 24, 2017 10 9 23 28 Phoenix Suns Boston Celtics 120–130 45 21 40 4 11 24 26 [I]
12 69 Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan* 000000001990-03-28-0000March 28, 1990 16 15 20 18 Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers 117–113 50 23 37 2 6 21 23 [J] [12][13][14]
13 68 Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain* 000000001967-12-16-0000December 16, 1967 14 15 15 24 Philadelphia 76ers Chicago Bulls 143–123 — 30 40 — — 8 22
68 Maravich, PetePete Maravich* 000000001977-02-25-0000February 25, 1977 17 14 17 20 New Orleans Jazz New York Knicks 124–107 43 26 43 — — 16 19
15 67 Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain* 000000001961-03-09-0000March 9, 1961 — — — — Philadelphia Warriors New York Knicks 135–126 — 27 37 — — 13 17
67 Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain* 000000001962-02-17-0000February 17, 1962 — — — — Philadelphia Warriors St. Louis Hawks 121–128 48 26 44 — — 15 20 [5]
67 Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain* 000000001962-02-25-0000February 25, 1962 — — — — Philadelphia Warriors New York Knicks 135–149 48 25 38 — — 17 22 [5]
67 Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain* 000000001963-01-11-0000January 11, 1963 — — — — San Francisco Warriors Los Angeles Lakers 129–134 — 28 47 — — 11 17 [9]
19 66 Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain* 000000001969-02-09-0000February 9, 1969 17 17 22 10 Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns 134–116 48 29 35 — — 8 18 [K]
20 65 Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain* 000000001962-02-13-0000February 13, 1962 — — — — Philadelphia Warriors Cincinnati Royals 132–152 48 24 40 — — 17 30 [5]
65 Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain* 000000001962-02-27-0000February 27, 1962 — — — — Philadelphia Warriors St. Louis Hawks 147–137 48 25 43 — — 15 20 [5]
65 Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain* 000000001966-02-07-0000February 7, 1966 — — — — Philadelphia 76ers Los Angeles Lakers 132–125 — 28 43 — — 9 20
65 Bryant, KobeKobe Bryant 000000002007-03-16-0000March 16, 2007 4 19 9 24 Los Angeles Lakers Portland Trail Blazers 116–111 49:58 23 39 8 12 11 12 [L] [15]
24 64 Baylor, ElginElgin Baylor* 000000001959-11-08-0000November 8, 1959 13 12 17 22 Minneapolis Lakers Boston Celtics 136–115 — 25 47 — — 14 19 [M]
64 Barry, RickRick Barry* 000000001974-03-26-0000March 26, 1974 — — 23 22 Golden State Warriors Portland Trail Blazers 143–120 43 30 45 — — 4 5
64 Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan* 000000001993-01-16-0000January 16, 1993 22 8 11 16 Chicago Bulls Orlando Magic 124–128 47 27 49 1 5 9 11 [N] [16]
27 63 Fulks, JoeJoe Fulks* 000000001949-02-10-0000February 10, 1949 — — — — Philadelphia Warriors Indianapolis Jets 108–87 — 27 56 — — 9 14 [O]
63 Baylor, ElginElgin Baylor* 000000001961-12-08-0000December 8, 1961 — — — — Los Angeles Lakers Philadelphia Warriors 151–147 — 23 55 — — 17 24 [P] [17]
63 West, JerryJerry West* 000000001962-01-17-0000January 17, 1962 — — — — Los Angeles Lakers New York Knicks 129–121 39 22 36 — — 19 22
63 Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain* 000000001962-12-14-0000December 14, 1962 — — — — San Francisco Warriors Los Angeles Lakers 118–120 — 24 41 — — 15 20 [9]
63 Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain* 000000001964-11-26-0000November 26, 1964 — — — — San Francisco Warriors Philadelphia 76ers 117–128 — 27 58 — — 9 20
63 Gervin, GeorgeGeorge Gervin* 000000001978-04-09-0000April 9, 1978 20 33 10 DNP San Antonio Spurs New Orleans Jazz 132–153 33 23 49 — — 17 20 [Q]
63 Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan* 000000001986-04-20-0000April 20, 1986 17 6 13 18 Chicago Bulls Boston Celtics 131–135 53 22 41 0 0 19 21 [R]
34 62 Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain* 000000001962-01-14-0000January 14, 1962 — — — — Philadelphia Warriors Boston Celtics 136–145 48 27 45 — — 8 10 [5]
62 Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain* 000000001962-01-17-0000January 17, 1962 — — — — Philadelphia Warriors St. Louis Hawks 136–130 53 24 48 — — 14 20 [S] [5]
62 Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain* 000000001962-01-21-0000January 21, 1962 — — — — Philadelphia Warriors Syracuse Nationals 139–132 53 25 42 — — 12 17 [T] [5]
62 Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain* 000000001963-01-29-0000January 29, 1963 — — — — San Francisco Warriors New York Knicks 123–103 — 27 44 — — 8 17 [9]
62 Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain* 000000001964-11-15-0000November 15, 1964 — — — — San Francisco Warriors Cincinnati Royals 122–106 — 26 44 — — 10 21
62 Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain* 000000001966-03-03-0000March 3, 1966 — — — — Philadelphia 76ers San Francisco Warriors 135–125 — 26 39 — — 10 19
62 McGrady, TracyTracy McGrady* 000000002004-03-10-0000March 10, 2004 7 21 24 10 Orlando Magic Washington Wizards 108–99 45:50 20 37 5 14 17 26 [18]
62 Bryant, KobeKobe Bryant 000000002005-12-20-0000December 20, 2005 15 17 30 DNP Los Angeles Lakers Dallas Mavericks 112–90 32:53 18 31 4 10 22 25 [U] [19][20]
62 Anthony, CarmeloCarmelo Anthony^ 000000002014-01-24-0000January 24, 2014 20 17 19 6 New York Knicks Charlotte Bobcats 125–96 38:39 23 35 6 11 10 10 [V] [21]
43 61 Mikan, GeorgeGeorge Mikan* 000000001952-01-20-0000January 20, 1952 18 18 — — Minneapolis Lakers Rochester Royals 91–81 — 22 45 — — 17 21 [W]
61 Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain* 000000001961-12-09-0000December 9, 1961 — — — — Philadelphia Warriors Chicago Packers 135–113 48 28 48 — — 5 10 [5]
61 Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain* 000000001962-02-22-0000February 22, 1962 — — — — Philadelphia Warriors St. Louis Hawks 139–121 48 21 36 — — 19 34 [5]
61 Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain* 000000001962-02-28-0000February 28, 1962 — — — — Philadelphia Warriors Chicago Packers 128–119 48 24 46 — — 13 17 [5]
61 Baylor, ElginElgin Baylor* 000000001962-04-14-0000April 14, 1962 18 15 13 15 Los Angeles Lakers Boston Celtics 126–121 — 22 46 — — 17 19 [X]
61 Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain* 000000001962-11-21-0000November 21, 1962 — — — — San Francisco Warriors Cincinnati Royals 139–143 — 27 52 — — 7 15 [9]
61 Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain* 000000001962-12-11-0000December 11, 1962 — — — — San Francisco Warriors Syracuse Nationals 136–124 — 27 57 — — 7 11 [9]
61 Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain* 000000001962-12-18-0000December 18, 1962 — — — — San Francisco Warriors St. Louis Hawks 130–110 — 26 53 — — 9 14 [9]
61 Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan* 000000001987-03-04-0000March 4, 1987 14 10 7 26 Chicago Bulls Detroit Pistons 125–120 43 22 39 0 0 17 18 [Y] [22][23][24]
61 Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan* 000000001987-04-16-0000April 16, 1987 15 17 16 13 Chicago Bulls Atlanta Hawks 114–117 41 22 38 0 3 17 21 [Z] [25][26][27][28][29]
61 Malone, KarlKarl Malone* 000000001990-01-27-0000January 27, 1990 17 13 20 11 Utah Jazz Milwaukee Bucks 144–96 33 21 26 0 0 19 23 [30]
61 O'Neal, ShaquilleShaquille O'Neal* 000000002000-03-06-0000March 6, 2000 10 16 16 19 Los Angeles Lakers Los Angeles Clippers 123–103 44:52 24 35 0 0 13 22 [AA] [31]
61 Bryant, KobeKobe Bryant 000000002009-02-02-0000February 2, 2009 18 16 12 15 Los Angeles Lakers New York Knicks 126–117 36:48 19 31 3 6 20 20 [32]
61 James, LeBronLeBron James^ 000000002014-03-03-0000March 3, 2014 11 13 25 12 Miami Heat Charlotte Bobcats 124–107 41:12 22 33 8 10 9 12 [AB] [33][34]
57 60 Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain* 000000001961-12-01-0000December 1, 1961 — — — — Philadelphia Warriors Los Angeles Lakers 138–117 48 22 47 — — 16 26 [5]
60 Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain* 000000001961-12-29-0000December 29, 1961 — — — — Philadelphia Warriors Los Angeles Lakers 123–118 48 24 43 — — 12 19 [AC] [5]
60 Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain* 000000001969-01-26-0000January 26, 1969 18 9 10 23 Los Angeles Lakers Cincinnati Royals 126–113 — 22 36 — — 16 24 [AD]
60 King, BernardBernard King* 000000001984-12-25-0000December 25, 1984 21 19 11 9 New York Knicks New Jersey Nets 114–120 41 19 30 0 0 22 26 [35]
60 Bird, LarryLarry Bird* 000000001985-03-12-0000March 12, 1985 12 11 19 18 Boston Celtics Atlanta Hawks 126–115 43 22 36 1 4 15 16 [AE] [36]
60 Chambers, TomTom Chambers 000000001990-03-24-0000March 24, 1990 14 21 14 11 Phoenix Suns Seattle SuperSonics 121–95 42 22 32 0 0 16 18 [37][38][39][40]
60 Iverson, AllenAllen Iverson* 000000002005-02-12-0000February 12, 2005 17 12 11 20 Philadelphia 76ers Orlando Magic 112–99 42:01 17 36 2 5 24 27 [41][42]
60 Arenas, GilbertGilbert Arenas 000000002006-12-17-0000December 17, 2006 12 5 12 15 Washington Wizards Los Angeles Lakers 147–141 49:00 17 32 5 12 21 27 [AF] [43]
60 Bryant, KobeKobe Bryant 000000002007-03-22-0000March 22, 2007 13 11 19 17 Los Angeles Lakers Memphis Grizzlies 121–119 45:11 20 37 3 7 17 18 [AG] [44]
60 Bryant, KobeKobe Bryant 000000002016-04-13-0000April 13, 2016 15 7 15 23 Los Angeles Lakers Utah Jazz 101–96 42 22 50 6 21 10 12 [AH] [45][46]
60 Klay Thompson^ 000000002016-12-05-0000December 5, 2016 17 23 20 DNP Golden State Warriors Indiana Pacers 142–106 29 21 33 8 14 10 11 [AI] [47]
60 James Harden^ 000000002018-01-30-0000January 30, 2018 16 13 13 18 Houston Rockets Orlando Magic 114–107 46:26 19 30 5 14 17 18 [AJ] [48]
See also[edit]
National Basketball Association portal
NBA regular season records
List of National Basketball Association single-game playoff scoring leaders
List of NCAA Division I men's basketball players with 60 or more points in a game
List of basketball players who have scored 100 points in a single game
Notes[edit]
A Chamberlain set the following, still-standing (as of the 2016-17 season) single-game NBA records: points scored (100), points scored in a half (59), shots made (36), shots attempted (63), and free throws made (28). Also set a then-record for points scored in a quarter (31). Last game in a streak in which Chamberlain scored 60 points or more in four straight games. Game played at Hershey Sports Arena in Hershey, Pennsylvania.
B Outscored the Raptors 55-41 in the second half. Led Lakers from an 18-point deficit. Bryant was in the middle of a free throw scoring streak which came to an end at 62. Scored 28 of the Lakers' 31 points in the fourth quarter. Scored 19 consecutive Laker points between the end of the first half and the middle of the third quarter.
C 3 OT; set a then-record for points in a game. Most points scored in a losing effort. Also recorded 43 rebounds.
D Set a then-record for points in a regulation game.
E Most points scored in an opposing arena.
F Last game of the season; George Gervin scored 63 on the same night to win the scoring title by a .07 margin.
G Set a then-record for points in a game.
H Last game of regular season to win a scoring title over Shaquille O'Neal.
I Youngest player to score at least 60 points in a game.
J 8 points in overtime. OT victory; also recorded his regular season career-high for rebounds in this game with 18.
K Last time Chamberlain scored 60.
L Scored basket that sent game in OT. Scored nine in extra period.
M Set a then-record for points in a game.
N Scored 7 points in OT.
O Pre-shot clock era; set a then-record for points in a game.
P 3 OT.
Q Scored a then-record 33 points in the second quarter. Lost game but won the scoring title on last game of the season over David Thompson.
R NBA Playoffs record. 5 points in first OT, 4 points in second OT.
S OT; Game played at Detroit, Michigan.
T OT; Game played at Utica, New York.
U Sat out the fourth quarter; outscored Dallas alone through three quarters, 62–61.
V Anthony made a half-court buzzer-beater at the end of the first half.
W 2 OT; Mikan scored 67% of his team's points.
X NBA Finals record (game 5 victory); most points in a regulation playoff game.
Y Scored four points in OT.
Z Part of a streak in which Jordan scored 50 or more points in three consecutive games to become the only player besides Wilt Chamberlain with a 3,000 point season.
AA On his 28th birthday.
AB Made his first 8 three-pointers.
AC Chamberlain's seventh straight 50+ point game (an NBA record) and 13th straight 40+ point game (he would push this streak to 14 the next evening). Game played at Hershey Sports Arena in Hershey, Pennsylvania.
AD Game played at Cleveland, Ohio.
AE Scored last basket at the buzzer. Game played at Lakefront Arena in New Orleans, Louisiana.
AF Scored 16 of his team's 21 points in OT, setting an NBA record.
AG 3rd game of a four-game 50+ streak; Bryant's 50+ streak exceeded only by Chamberlain's streaks of seven (twice), six, and five (four times).
AH Final game of Bryant's career. Oldest player to score 60.
AI Sat out the fourth quarter.
AI New Rockets franchise single-game scoring record, as well as setting the record for highest scoring triple double in league history.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Lawrence, Mitch. "Chamberlain's feats the stuff of legend". ESPN.com. Retrieved 2009-03-18.
Jump up ^ "This Date in History-March". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved 2009-03-18.
Jump up ^ hoophall.com (2007-02-10). "The Story Behind Wilt Chamberlain's 100-point game". Archived from the original on 2006-11-18.
Jump up ^ "Wilt's 100-Point Game Box Score". NBA.com. Retrieved May 6, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Wilt Chamberlain 1961-62 game log". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Kobe's 81-point game second only to Wilt". ESPN.com. Retrieved 18 March 2009.
Jump up ^ "Toronto Raptors @ Los Angeles Lakers Box Score". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved 8 February 2017.
Jump up ^ "Kobe's 81 point game highlights". Retrieved 9 February 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i "Wilt Chamberlain 1962-63 game log". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 5 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "ROBINSON GETS 71, SCORING TITLE". Chicago Tribune. April 25, 1994. p. C10.
Jump up ^ "Robinson Wins Title with 71 Big Ones". The Washington Post. April 25, 1994. p. B8.
Jump up ^ "Basketball; 69 Points F>or Jordan". The New York Times. March 29, 1990. Retrieved May 6, 2013.
Jump up ^ Smith, Sam (March 29, 1990). "Jordan pours in 69 His `best game ever' beats Cavs in OT". Chicago Tribune. p. C1.
Jump up ^ "Michael Jordan top rebounding regular season games". Basketball-Reference. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Portland Trail Blazers @ Los Angeles Lakers - Friday, March 16th, 2007". NBA.com. Retrieved May 6, 2013.
Jump up ^ Povtak, Tim (January 17, 1993). "Jordan's 64 can't stop Magic Anderson steals show in overtime". Orlando Sentinel. p. C1.
Jump up ^ "T-Mac has first 60-point game since 2000". ESPN.com. March 10, 2004. Retrieved May 6, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Washington Wizards @ Orlando Magic - Wednesday, March 10th, 2004". NBA.com. Retrieved May 6, 2013.
Jump up ^ "It's Kobe's night as Mavs have no answers". ESPN.com. December 20, 2005. Retrieved May 6, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Dallas Mavericks @ Los Angeles Lakers - Tuesday, December 20th, 2005". NBA.com. Retrieved May 6, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Bobcats at Knicks - Game Preview, Play-by-Play, Scores and Recap on NBA.com". ESPN.com. January 24, 2014. Retrieved January 24, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Jordan Lights Up Silverdome With 61 Points".
Jump up ^ "MICHAEL JORDAN: 61 pts vs Detroit Pistons (1987.03.04)".
Jump up ^ "Michael Jordan 61 Points vs Pistons & Isiah Thomas 31Pts 18Assists (1987) MUST Watch!".
Jump up ^ "61 for Jordan, 23 in a Row". The New York Times. April 17, 1987. Retrieved May 6, 2013.
Jump up ^ Sakamoto, Bob (April 17, 1987). "Jordan triumphant in Bulls' defeat". Chicago Tribune. p. C1.
Jump up ^ "Michael Jordan 61pts vs Hawks part 1".
Jump up ^ "Michael Jordan 61pts vs Hawks part 2".
Jump up ^ "Michael Jordan 61pts vs Hawks part 3".
Jump up ^ Enlund, Tom (January 28, 1990). "Malone answers all-star snub with 61 points against Bucks", The Milwaukee Journal, p. 1C.
Jump up ^ "Los Angeles Lakers @ Los Angeles Clippers - Monday, March 6th, 2000". NBA.com. Retrieved May 6, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Los Angeles Lakers @ New York Knicks - Monday, February 2nd, 2009". NBA.com. Retrieved May 6, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Bobcats at Heat - March 3, 2014". NBA.com. Retrieved March 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Bobcats vs Heat game recap". Retrieved 4 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Goldpaper, Sam (December 26, 1984). "King Scores Knick-Record 60 Points in Loss to Nets". The New York Times. p. D9.
Jump up ^ "'It Was Like Living in a Video Game': An Oral History of Larry Bird's 60-Point Game". archive.boston.com. Retrieved 2016-12-06.
Jump up ^ "Nosedive Persists For Nets". The New York Times. March 25, 1990. p. S4.
Jump up ^ "Suns' Chambers lights up Sonics for 60 points". Chicago Tribune. March 25, 1990. p. C15.
Jump up ^ "On This Day In History (3.24.90) Tom Chambers scored a franchise high 60 points vs the Sonics". Ballislife.com. Retrieved 2016-02-24.
Jump up ^ "Chambers Lights It Up". www.nba.com. Retrieved 2016-12-06.
Jump up ^ "Three-time scoring champ hits career high". ESPN.com. February 12, 2005. Retrieved May 6, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Orlando Magic @ Philadelphia 76ers - Saturday, February 12th, 2005". NBA.com. Retrieved May 6, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Washington Wizards @ Los Angeles Lakers - Sunday, December 17th, 2006". NBA.com. Retrieved May 6, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Los Angeles Lakers @ Memphis Grizzlies - Thursday, March 22nd, 2007". NBA.com. Retrieved May 6, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Jazz vs. Lakers - Box Score - April 13, 2016". Retrieved April 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Kobe scores 60 in unbelievable farewell victory". NBA.com. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
Jump up ^ "Pacers vs. Warriors - Box Score - December 5, 2016 - ESPN". ESPN.com. Retrieved 2016-12-06.
Jump up ^ "Magic vs. Rockets - Box Score - January 30, 2018 - ESPN". ESPN.com. Retrieved 2018-01-30.
External links[edit]
Top single-game scorers (60-plus) from NBA.com
NBA Almanac: Most Points
Historical NBA Box Scores
Wilt Chamberlain Career Retrospective
Harvey Pollack's Statistical Yearbook
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values: List of National Basketball Association career steals leaders

values: List of National Basketball Association career blocks leaders

values: List of National Basketball Association career turnovers leaders

values: List of National Basketball Association career 3-point scoring leaders

values: List of National Basketball Association career free throw scoring leaders

values: List of National Basketball Association seasons played leaders

values: List of National Basketball Association career games played leaders

values: List of National Basketball Association career minutes played leaders

values: List of National Basketball Association career playoff scoring leaders

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values: List of National Basketball Association career playoff assists leaders

values: List of National Basketball Association career playoff steals leaders

values: List of National Basketball Association career playoff blocks leaders

values: List of National Basketball Association career playoff turnovers leaders

values: List of National Basketball Association career playoff 3-point scoring leaders

values: List of National Basketball Association career playoff free throw scoring leaders

values: List of National Basketball Association career playoff games played leaders

values: List of National Basketball Association career playoff minutes leaders

values: List of National Basketball Association annual statistical leaders

values: List of National Basketball Association annual scoring leaders

values: List of National Basketball Association annual rebounding leaders

values: List of National Basketball Association annual assists leaders

values: List of National Basketball Association annual steals leaders

values: List of National Basketball Association annual blocks leaders

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values: List of National Basketball Association annual field goal percentage leaders

values: List of National Basketball Association annual three-point field goals leaders

values: List of National Basketball Association annual three-point field goal percentage leaders

values: List of National Basketball Association annual free throw percentage leaders

values: List of National Basketball Association single-season scoring leaders

values: List of National Basketball Association rookie single-season scoring leaders

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Western Highlands Province
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Information in this article has not yet been updated to take into account the effects of the creation of Jiwaka Province.
Place in Papua New Guinea
Western Highlands Province

Flag

Western Highlands Province in Papua New Guinea
Coordinates: 5°40′S 144°30′E / 5.667°S 144.500°E / -5.667; 144.500
Country
Papua New Guinea
Capital
Mount Hagen
Districts
List[hide]
Dei District
Mount Hagen District
Mul-Baiyer District
Tambul-Nebilyer District
Government
• Governor
Paias Wingti 2012-
Area
• Total
4,299 km2 (1,660 sq mi)
Population (2011 census)
• Total
362,580
• Density
84/km2 (220/sq mi)
Time zone
AEST (UTC+10)
Western Highlands is a province of Papua New Guinea. The provincial capital is Mount Hagen. The province covers an area of 4,299 km², and there are 362,850 inhabitants (2011 census), making the Western Highlands the most densely populated province (apart from the National Capital District). Tea and coffee are grown in the Western Highlands.
Contents
1 Split to create Jiwaka Province
2 Economy
3 Districts and LLGs
4 Provincial leaders
4.1 Premiers (1978–1995)
4.2 Governors (1995–present)
5 Members of the National Parliament
6 References
Split to create Jiwaka Province[edit]
In July 2009, Parliament passed legislation to create two new provinces by 2012. One of these was to be created by removing Jimi District, North Waghi District, and the South Waghi part of Anglimp-South Waghi District from the Western Highlands Province to form the new Jiwaka Province.[1] "Jiwaka" is a portanteau word combining the first two letters each of Jimi, Waghi and Kambia.
Jiwaka Province officially came into being on 17 May 2012.[2]
Economy[edit]
The Western Highlands economy is primarily based on coffee. Coffee is grown on plantations and small-holder blocks. They are picked, dried and processed for export. In addition, tea is also a major crop grown and processed, but in plantations by W. R. Carpenter & Co Ltd for local consumption and export. Apart from these, vegetables are grown for the domestic market, and sold mainly to markets Lae and Port Moresby.[clarification needed]
Districts and LLGs[edit]
Since the separation of Jiwaka there are now four districts in the province. Each district has one or more Local Level Government (LLG) areas. For census purposes, the LLG areas are subdivided into wards and those into census units.[3]
District
District Capital
LLG Name
Dei District
Dei
Muglamp Rural
Kotna Rural
Mount Hagen District
Mount Hagen
Mount Hagen Rural
Mount Hagen Urban
Mul-Baiyer District
Baiyer
Baiyer Rural
Lumusa Rural
Mul Rural
Tambul-Nebilyer District
Nebilyer
Mount Giluwe Rural
Nebilyer Rural
Provincial leaders[edit]
The province was governed by a decentralised provincial administration, headed by a Premier, from 1978 to 1995. Following reforms taking effect that year, the national government reassumed some powers, and the role of Premier was replaced by a position of Governor, to be held by the winner of the province-wide seat in the National Parliament of Papua New Guinea.[4][5]
Premiers (1978–1995)[edit]
Premier
Term
Nambuga Mara 1978–1984
Kagel Koroka 1984
Philip Kapal 1984–1987
provincial government suspended 1987
Philip Kapal 1987–1990
Lukas Roika 1990–1992
provincial government suspended 1992–1995
Governors (1995–present)[edit]
Premier
Term
Paias Wingti 1995–1997
Robert Lak 1997–2002
Paias Wingti 2002–2007
Tom Olga 2007–2012
Paias Wingti 2012–present
Members of the National Parliament[edit]
The province and each district is represented by a Member of the National Parliament. There is one provincial electorate and each district is an open electorate.
Premier
Term
Western Provincial Paias Wingti
Baiyer-Mul Open Koi Trape
Dei Open Wesley Nukundj
Hagen Open William Duma
Tambul-Nebilyer Open Win Bakri Daki
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "PNG to create two new provinces", Sydney Morning Herald, July 15, 2009
Jump up ^ "PNG’S new province Hela, Jiwaka declared", The National, 17 May 2012
Jump up ^ National Statistical Office of Papua New Guinea
Jump up ^ May, R. J. "8. Decentralisation: Two Steps Forward, One Step Back". State and society in Papua New Guinea: the first twenty-five years. Australian National University. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "Provinces". rulers.org. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
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Provinces of Papua New Guinea
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Authority control
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Medieval university
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Studium" redirects here. For the concept in photography, see Camera Lucida (book).
This article is about Western European institutions. For other early centers of higher learning, see ancient higher-learning institutions. For an overview of medieval foundations, see List of medieval universities.
For a broader coverage related to this topic, see History of universities.
Illustration from a 14th-century manuscript showing a meeting of doctors at the University of Paris.
A medieval university is a corporation organized during the High Middle Ages for the purposes of higher learning.
The first Western European institutions generally considered to be universities were established in the Kingdom of Italy, then part of the Holy Roman Empire, the Kingdom of England, the Kingdom of France, the Kingdom of Spain, and the Kingdom of Portugal between the 11th and 15th centuries for the study of the Arts and the higher disciplines of Theology, Law, and Medicine.[1] These universities evolved from much older Christian cathedral schools and monastic schools, and it is difficult to define the exact date at which they became true universities, although the lists of studia generalia for higher education in Europe held by the Vatican are a useful guide.
"The word universitas originally applied only to the scholastic guilds— that is, the corporation of students and masters— within the studium, and it was always modified, as universitas magistrorum, or universitas scholarium, or universitas magistrorum et scholarium. In the course of time, however, probably toward the latter part of the 14th century, the term began to be used by itself, with the exclusive meaning of a self-regulating community of teachers and scholars whose corporate existence had been recognized and sanctioned by civil or ecclesiastical authority."[2]
From the early modern period onwards, this Western-style organizational form gradually spread from the medieval Latin west across the globe, eventually replacing all other higher-learning institutions and becoming the preeminent model for higher education everywhere.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Antecedents
2 Establishment
3 Characteristics
4 The students
4.1 Course of study
4.2 Legal status
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
8 External links
Antecedents[edit]
A map of medieval universities.
The university is generally regarded as a formal institution that has its origin in the Medieval Christian setting.[4][5] Prior to the establishment of universities, European higher education took place for hundreds of years in Christian cathedral schools or monastic schools (scholae monasticae), in which monks and nuns taught classes; evidence of these immediate forerunners of the later university at many places dates back to the 6th century AD.[6]
With the increasing growth and urbanization of European society during the 12th and 13th centuries, a demand grew for professional clergy. Before the 12th century, the intellectual life of Western Europe had been largely relegated to monasteries, which were mostly concerned with performing the liturgy and prayer; relatively few monasteries could boast true intellectuals. Following the Gregorian Reform's emphasis on canon law and the study of the sacraments, bishops formed cathedral schools to train the clergy in Canon law, but also in the more secular aspects of religious administration, including logic and disputation for use in preaching and theological discussion, and accounting to more effectively control finances. Pope Gregory VII was critical in promoting and regulating the concept of modern university as his 1079 Papal Decree ordered the regulated establishment of cathedral schools that transformed themselves into the first European universities.[7]
Learning became essential to advancing in the ecclesiastical hierarchy, and teachers also gained prestige. Demand quickly outstripped the capacity of cathedral schools, each of which was essentially run by one teacher. In addition, tensions rose between the students of cathedral schools and burghers in smaller towns. As a result, cathedral schools migrated to large cities, like Bologna, Rome and Paris.
Some scholars such as Syed Farid Alatas have noted some parallels between Madrasahs and early European colleges and have thus inferred that the first universities in Europe were influenced by the Madrasahs in Islamic Spain and the Emirate of Sicily.[8] Other scholars such as George Makdisi, Toby Huff and Norman Daniel, however, have questioned this, citing the lack of evidence for an actual transmission from the Islamic world to Christian Europe and highlighting the differences in the structure, methodologies, procedures, curricula and legal status of the "Islamic college" (madrasa) versus the European university.[9][10][11]
Establishment[edit]
Teaching at Paris, in a late 14th-century Grandes Chroniques de France: the tonsured students sit on the floor.
Hastings Rashdall set out the modern understanding[12] of the medieval origins of the universities, noting that the earliest universities emerged spontaneously as "a scholastic Guild, whether of Masters or Students... without any express authorisation of King, Pope, Prince or Prelate."[13]
Among the earliest universities of this type were the University of Bologna (1088), University of Paris (teach. mid-11th century, recogn. 1150), University of Oxford (teach. 1096, recogn. 1167), University of Modena (1175), University of Palencia (1208), University of Cambridge (1209), University of Salamanca (1218), University of Montpellier (1220), University of Padua (1222), University of Toulouse (1229), University of Orleans (1235), University of Siena (1240), University of Northampton (1261), University of Coimbra (1288), University of Pisa (1343), Charles University in Prague (1348), Jagiellonian University (1364), University of Vienna (1365), Heidelberg University (1386) and the University of St Andrews (1413) begun as private corporations of teachers and their pupils.[14][15]
In many cases universities petitioned secular power for privileges and this became a model. Emperor Frederick I in Authentica Habita (1158) gave the first privileges to students in Bologna. Another step was when Pope Alexander III in 1179 "forbidding masters of the church schools to take fees for granting the license to teach (licentia docendi), and obliging them to give license to properly qualified teachers".[16] Hastings Rashdall considered that the integrity of a university was only preserved in such an internally regulated corporation, which protected the scholars from external intervention. This independently evolving organization was absent in the universities of southern Italy and Spain, which served the bureaucratic needs of monarchs and which Rashdall considered to be their artificial creations.[17]
The University of Paris was formally recognized when Pope Gregory IX issued the bull Parens scientiarum (1231).[16] This was a revolutionary step: studium generale (university) and universitas (corporation of students or teachers) existed even before, but after the issuing of the bull, they attained autonomy. "[T]he papal bull of 1233, which stipulated that anyone admitted to be a teacher in Toulouse had the right to teach everywhere without further examinations (ius ubique docendi), in time, transformed this privilege into the single most important defining characteristic of the university and made it the symbol of its institutional autonomy . . . By the year 1292, even the two oldest universities, Bologna and Paris, felt the need to seek similar bulls from Pope Nicholas IV."[16]
Mob Quad, in Merton College, Oxford. This group of buildings was constructed in three phases and concluded in c. 1378.
By the 13th century, almost half of the highest offices in the Church were occupied by degreed masters (abbots, archbishops, cardinals), and over one-third of the second-highest offices were occupied by masters. In addition, some of the greatest theologians of the High Middle Ages, Thomas Aquinas and Robert Grosseteste, were products of the medieval university.
The development of the medieval university coincided with the widespread reintroduction of Aristotle from Byzantine and Arab scholars. In fact, the European university put Aristotelian and other natural science texts at the center of its curriculum,[18] with the result that the "medieval university laid far greater emphasis on science than does its modern counterpart and descendent."[19]
Although it has been assumed that the universities went into decline during the Renaissance due to the scholastic and Aristotelian emphasis of its curriculum being less popular than the cultural studies of Renaissance humanism, Toby Huff has noted the continued importance of the European universities, with their focus on Aristotle and other scientific and philosophical texts into the early modern period, arguing that they played a crucial role in the Scientific Revolution of the 16th and 17th centuries. As he puts it "Copernicus, Galileo, Tycho Brahe, Kepler, and Newton were all extraordinary products of the apparently procrustean and allegedly Scholastic universities of Europe... Sociological and historical accounts of the role of the university as an institutional locus for science and as an incubator of scientific thought and arguments have been vastly understated."[20]
Characteristics[edit]
Diagrams, in a volume of treatises on natural science, philosophy, and mathematics. This 1300 manuscript is typical of the sort of book owned by medieval university students.
Initially medieval universities did not have physical facilities such as the campus of a modern university. Classes were taught wherever space was available, such as churches and homes. A university was not a physical space but a collection of individuals banded together as a universitas. Soon, however, universities began to rent, buy or construct buildings specifically for the purposes of teaching.[21]
Universities were generally structured along three types, depending on who paid the teachers. The first type was in Bologna, where students hired and paid for the teachers. The second type was in Paris, where teachers were paid by the church. Oxford and Cambridge were predominantly supported by the crown and the state, a fact which helped them survive the Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1538 and the subsequent removal of all the principal Catholic institutions in England. These structural differences created other characteristics. At the Bologna university the students ran everything—a fact that often put teachers under great pressure and disadvantage. In Paris, teachers ran the school; thus Paris became the premiere spot for teachers from all over Europe. Also, in Paris the main subject matter was theology, so control of the qualifications awarded was in the hands of an external authority - the Chancellor of the diocese. In Bologna, where students chose more secular studies, the main subject was law.
It was also characteristic of teachers and scholars to move around. There was often competition between universities to secure the best and most popular teachers, leading to the marketisation of teaching. Universities would publish their list of scholars, in a bid to entice students to study at their institution. Students of Peter Abelard followed him to Melun, Corbeil and Paris,[22] showing that popular teachers would bring students with them.
The students[edit]
Students attended the medieval university at different ages, ranging from 14 if they were attending Oxford or Paris to study the Arts to their 30s if they were studying Law in Bologna. During this period of study students were often living far from home and unsupervised and as such developed a reputation, both among contemporary commentators and modern historians, for drunken debauchery. Students are frequently criticised in the Middle Ages for neglecting their studies for drinking, gambling and sleeping with prostitutes.[23]
Course of study[edit]
Universitas Istropolitana (A former university building in present-day Bratislava)
University studies took six years for a Master of Arts degree (a Bachelor of Arts degree would be awarded after completing the third or fourth year). The studies for this were organized by the faculty of arts, where the seven liberal arts were taught: arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music theory, grammar, logic, and rhetoric.[24][25] All instruction was given in Latin and students were expected to be able to converse in that language.[26] The trivium comprised the three subjects that were taught first: grammar, logic, and rhetoric. These three subjects were the most important of the seven liberal arts for medieval students.[27] The curriculum came also to include the three Aristotelian philosophies: physics, metaphysics and moral philosophy.[27]
Much of medieval thought in philosophy and theology can be found in scholastic textual commentary because scholasticism was such a popular method of teaching. Aelius Donatus' Ars grammatica was the standard textbook for grammar; also studied were the works of Priscian and Graecismus by Eberhard of Béthune.[28] Cicero's works were used for the study of rhetoric.[27] Studied books on logic included Porphyry's introduction to Aristotelian logic, Gilbert de la Porrée's De sex principiis and Summulae Logicales by Petrus Hispanus (later Pope John XXI).[29] The standard work of astronomy was Tractatus de sphaera.[29]
Once a Master of Arts degree had been conferred, the student could leave the university or pursue further studies in one of the higher faculties, law, medicine, or theology, the last one being the most prestigious. A popular textbook for theological study was called the Sentences (Quattuor libri sententiarum) of Peter Lombard; theology students as well as masters were required to write extensive commentaries on this text as part of their curriculum.[citation needed] Studies in the higher faculties could take up to twelve years for a master's degree or doctorate (initially the two were synonymous), though again a bachelor's and a licentiate's degree could be awarded along the way.[30]
Courses were offered according to books, not by subject or theme. For example, a course might be on a book by Aristotle, or a book from the Bible. Courses were not elective: the course offerings were set, and everyone had to take the same courses. There were, however, occasional choices as to which teacher to use.[31]
A university class, Bologna (1350s).
Students often entered the University at fourteen to fifteen years of age, though many were older.[32] Classes usually started at 5:00 or 6:00 AM.
Legal status[edit]
Further information: Tenure (academic)
Students were afforded the legal protection of the clergy. In this way no one was allowed to physically harm them; they could only be tried for crimes in an ecclesiastical court, and were thus immune from any corporal punishment. This gave students free rein in urban environments to break secular laws with impunity, a fact which produced many abuses: theft, rape and murder were not uncommon among students, who did not face serious consequences[33] and students were known to engage in drunkenness.
This led to uneasy tensions with secular authorities - the demarcation between town and gown. Masters and students would sometimes "strike" by leaving a city and not returning for years. This happened at the University of Paris strike of 1229 after a riot left a number of students dead. The University went on strike and they did not return for two years. As the students had the legal status of clerics which, according to the Canon Law, could not be held by women, women were not admitted into universities.
Most universities in Europe were recognised by the Holy See as a Studium Generale, testified by a papal bull. Members of these institutions were encouraged to disseminate their knowledge across Europe, often lecturing at a different Studia Generales. Indeed, one of the privileges the papal bull confirmed was the right to confer the Ius ubique docendi, the right to teach everywhere.[34]
See also[edit]
List of oldest universities in continuous operation
Renaissance of the 12th century
Studium Generale
Ancient universities of Scotland
Town and gown
Nation (university)
University
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ de Ridder-Symoens 1992, pp. 47–55
Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica: History of Education. The development of the universities.
Jump up ^ Rüegg, Walter (ed.): Geschichte der Universität in Europa, 3 vols., C.H. Beck, München 1993, ISBN 3-406-36956-1
Jump up ^ Rüegg, Walter: "Foreword. The University as a European Institution", in: A History of the University in Europe. Vol. 1: Universities in the Middle Ages, Cambridge University Press, 1992, ISBN 0-521-36105-2, pp. XIX–XX
Jump up ^ Verger 1999
Jump up ^ Riché, Pierre (1978): "Education and Culture in the Barbarian West: From the Sixth through the Eighth Century", Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, ISBN 0-87249-376-8, pp. 126-7, 282-98
Jump up ^ Thomas Oestreich (1913). "Pope St. Gregory VII". In Herbermann, Charles. Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
Jump up ^ Alatas, S. F. (2006), "From Jami`ah to University: Multiculturalism and Christian–Muslim Dialogue", Current Sociology, 54 (1): 112–132 [123–4], doi:10.1177/0011392106058837
Jump up ^ George Makdisi: "Madrasa and University in the Middle Ages", in: Studia Islamica, Vol. 32 (1970), S. 255-264 (264):
Thus the university, as a form of social organization, was peculiar to medieval Europe. Later, it was exported to all parts of the world, including the Muslim East; and it has remained with us down to the present day. But back in the middle ages, outside of Europe, there was nothing anything quite like it anywhere.
Jump up ^ The scholarship on these differences is summarized in Toby Huff, Rise of early modern science, 2nd ed. p. 149-159; p. 179-189.
Jump up ^ Norman Daniel: Review of "The Rise of Colleges. Institutions of Learning in Islam and the West by George Makdisi", Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 104, No. 3 (Jul. - Sep., 1984), pp. 586-588 (587)
Jump up ^ Pryds, Darleen (2000), "Studia as Royal Offices: Mediterranean Universities of Medieval Europe", in Courtenay, William J.; Miethke, Jürgen; Priest, David B., Universities and Schooling in Medieval Society, Education and Society in the Middle Ages and Renaissance, 10, Leiden: Brill, p. 83, ISBN 90-04-11351-7, ISSN 0926-6070, In his magisterial work on European universities, Hastings Rashdall [considered that] the integrity of a university is preserved only when the institution evolved into an internally regulated corporation of scholars, be they students or masters.
Jump up ^ Rashdall, Hastings (1895), The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages, 1, Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 17–18, retrieved February 2012, The University was originally a scholastic Guild, whether of Masters or Students. Such Guilds sprang into existence, like other Guilds, without any express authorisation of King, Pope, Prince, or Prelate. They were spontaneous products of the instinct of association which swept like a great wave over the towns of Europe in the course of the eleventh and twelfth centuries. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
Jump up ^ "10 of the Oldest Universities in the World". Top Universities. 2016-09-16. Retrieved 2017-05-30.
Jump up ^ Seelinger, Lani. "The 13 Oldest Universities In The World". Culture Trip. Retrieved 2017-05-30.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kemal Gürüz, Quality Assurance in a Globalized Higher Education Environment: An Historical Perspective, Istanbul, 2007, p. 5
Jump up ^ Pryds, Darleen (2000), "Studia as Royal Offices: Mediterranean Universities of Medieval Europe", in Courtenay, William J.; Miethke, Jürgen; Priest, David B., Universities and Schooling in Medieval Society, Education and Society in the Middle Ages and Renaissance, 10, Leiden: Brill, pp. 83–99, ISBN 90-04-11351-7, ISSN 0926-6070
Jump up ^ Toby Huff, Rise of early modern science 2nd ed. p. 180-181
Jump up ^ Edward Grant, "Science in the Medieval University", in James M. Kittleson and Pamela J. Transue, ed., Rebirth, Reform and Resilience: Universities in Transition, 1300-1700, Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1984, p. 68
Jump up ^ Toby Huff, Rise of Early Modern science, 2nd ed., p. 344.
Jump up ^ A. Giesysztor, Part II, Chapter 4, page 136: University Buildings, in A History of the University In Europe, Volume I: Universities in the Middle Ages, W. Ruegg (ed.), Cambridge University Press, 1992.
Jump up ^ James M. Kittleson, Rebirth, reform and resilience: Universities in transition 1300-1700, (Columbus, Ohio State University Press, 1984), p. 164.
Jump up ^ https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5022p3bhfmEC&lpg=PA150&dq=medieval%20universities%20nations&pg=PA125#v=onepage&q=false&f=false
Jump up ^ H. Rashdall, The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages, 3 Volumes, F.M. Powicke, A.B. Emden (Eds. of 2nd Edition), Oxford University Press, 1936.
Jump up ^ G. Leff and J. North, Chapter 10: The Faculty of Arts, in A History of the University in Europe, Volume I: Universities in the Middle Ages, W. Ruegg (ed.), Cambridge University Press, 1992.
Jump up ^ Rait, R.S. 1912. Life in the Medieval University, p. 133
^ Jump up to: a b c Rait, R.S. 1912. Life in the Medieval University, p. 138
Jump up ^ Rait, R.S. 1912. Life in the Medieval University, pp. 138-139
^ Jump up to: a b Rait, R.S. 1912. Life in the Medieval University, p. 139
Jump up ^ O. Pedersen, The First Universities - Studium Generale and the Origins of University Education in Europe, Cambridge University Press, 1997
Jump up ^ Pedersen, o.c., Chapter 10: Curricula and intellectual trends.
Jump up ^ H. Rashdall, o.c., Volume 3, page 352.
Jump up ^ H. Rashdall, o.c., Volume 3, page 360.
Jump up ^ Rashdall, o.c., Chapter I, page 8.
References[edit]
Cobban, Alan B. English University Life in the Middle Ages Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-8142-0826-6
Ferruolo, Stephen: The Origins of the University: The Schools of Paris and their Critics, 1100-1215 Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1998. ISBN 0-8047-1266-2
Haskins, Charles Homer: The Rise of Universities. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1972. ISBN 0-87968-379-1
Rashdall, Hastings, rev. by F. M. Powicke, and A. B. Emden: The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages, 3 vols. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1895; 1987, ISBN 0-19-821431-6
Ridder-Symoens, Hilde de (ed.): A History of the University in Europe. Vol. I: Universities in the Middle Ages, Cambridge University Press, 1992, ISBN 0-521-36105-2
Rait, Robert S.: Life in the Medieval University, Cambridge University Press, 1931, ISBN 0-527-73650-3
Pedersen, Olaf, The First Universities: Studium Generale and the Origins of University Education in Europe, Cambridge University Press, 1997.
Seybolt, Robert Francis, trans.: The Manuale Scholarium: An Original Account of Life in the Mediaeval University, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1921
Thorndike, Lynn, trans. and ed.: University Records and Life in the Middle Ages, New York: Columbia University Press, 1975, ISBN 0-393-09216-X
Verger, Jacques (1999), "Universität", Lexikon des Mittelalters, 8, Stuttgart: J.B. Metzler, cols:1249–1255
External links[edit]
The Shift of Medical Education into the Universities
The Educational Legacy of Mediaeval and Renaissance Traditions.
From Manuscript to Print: Evolution of the Mediaeval Book.
Life of the Students at Paris.
Mediaeval History: A Mediaeval Atlas
Cambridge, A Brief History: The Mediaeval University.
Mediaeval Science, the Church, and Universities
Quality Assurance In A Globalized Higher Education Environment: An Historical Perspective (DOC file)
The Rise of Universities (classic), Charles Homer Haskins, 1923
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