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Proud Mary
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This article is about the song by Creedence Clearwater Revival. For the band, see Proud Mary (band). For the film, see Proud Mary (film).
"Proud Mary"
Single by Creedence Clearwater Revival
from the album Bayou Country
B-side
"Born on the Bayou"
Released
January 1969 (1969-01)[1][2]
Format
7" 45 RPM
Recorded
1968
Studio
RCA Studios in Hollywood, California[3]
Genre
Roots rock
swamp rock[4]
Length
3:07
Label
Fantasy
Songwriter(s)
John Fogerty
Producer(s)
John Fogerty[1]
Creedence Clearwater Revival singles chronology
"I Put a Spell on You"
(1968) "Proud Mary"
(1969) "Bad Moon Rising"
(1969)
"I Put a Spell on You"
(June 1968) "Proud Mary"
(January 1969) "Bad Moon Rising"
(April 1969)
Music video
"Proud Mary" (lyric video) on YouTube
"Proud Mary" is a rock song written by John Fogerty and first recorded by his band Creedence Clearwater Revival. The song was released by Fantasy Records as a single from the band's second studio album, Bayou Country, which was released by the same record company in January 1969. The single is generally considered to have been released in early January 1969,[1][2] although at least one source[3] states that it came out just before Christmas 1968. The song became a major hit in the United States, peaking at #2 on the Billboard Hot 100 in March 1969, the first of five non-consecutive singles to peak at #2 for the group.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Background and recording
2 Chart performance
2.1 Weekly charts
2.2 Year-end charts
3 Solomon Burke version
4 Tina Turner versions
4.1 Formats and track listings
4.2 Chart performance
4.2.1 Weekly charts
4.2.2 Year-end charts
4.3 Certifications and sales
5 Accolades
6 Other versions
7 References
8 External links
Background and recording[edit]
In a 1969 interview, Fogerty said that he wrote it in the two days after he was discharged from the National Guard.[6] In the liner notes for the 2008 expanded reissue of Bayou Country, Joel Selvin explained that the songs for the album started when John Fogerty was in the National Guard, that the riffs for "Proud Mary", "Born on the Bayou", and "Keep on Chooglin'" were conceived by Fogerty at a concert in the Avalon Ballroom, and "Proud Mary" was arranged from parts of different songs, one of which was about a washerwoman named Mary.[3] The line "Left a good job in the city" was written following Fogerty's discharge from the National Guard, and the line "rollin' on the river" was from a movie by Will Rogers.[7]
In the Macintosh program "Garage Band", Fogerty explained that he liked Beethoven's Fifth Symphony and wanted to open a song with a similar intro, implying the way "Proud Mary" opens with the repeated C chord to A chord. The basic track for "Proud Mary", as with the other songs on the album, was recorded by John Fogerty (lead guitar), Tom Fogerty (rhythm guitar), Stu Cook (bass), and Doug Clifford (drums) at RCA Studios in Hollywood, California, with John overdubbing instruments and all the vocals later.[3]
Chart performance[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1969–70)
Peak
position
Australia (Go-Set) 5
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[8] 1
Belgium 7
Canada (RPM)[9] 2
Germany (Official German Charts)[10] 4
Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[11] 8
New Zealand (Listener)[12] 3
Norway (VG-lista)[13] 6
Sweden 13
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[14] 8
US Billboard Hot 100[5] 2
US Record World 1
Yugoslavia 1
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1969)
Rank
Australia [15] 25
Canada [16] 56
US Billboard Hot 100[17] 19
Solomon Burke version[edit]
"Proud Mary"
Single by Solomon Burke
from the album Proud Mary
B-side
"What Am I Living For"
Released
1969
Recorded
1969
Genre
Country soul
Length
3:26
Label
Bell Records
783
Songwriter(s)
John Fogerty
In 1969 Solomon Burke had a small hit with his cover of the song, which was his second release for Bell and was co-produced by singer Tamiko Jones,[18] who was being rehabilitated after a bout of polio,[19] and was at the time Burke's fiancé and manager. Burke recalls: “We went to Muscle Shoals and recorded Proud Mary, which they didn’t like at all. They thought it was stupid to record a song Proud Mary, which was already on the charts. I was explaining to them that it was a very big record, but it’s a very white record, a pop record. We will redo the record, open up the doors for it to get on the r&b charts and make the black stations to play the record... It was a Solomon Burke record made in Muscle Shoals. We proved that we can make a hit record without Jerry Wexler eating sandwiches with us. This record was a hit without anybody’s help. Proud Mary was only promoted by Tamiko Jones and myself.” According to Mark Denning, "While that may have seemed like a bald-faced bid for pop radio play, in Burke's hands the song became a bracing tale of life in the Deep South as African-Americans searched for liberation aboard the ship that carried them as slaves and put them to undignified labor serving wealthy whites."[20]
John Fogerty, the song's composer, was impressed by Burke's version of his song: "Two thousand miles away this man had crawled right up inside my head to learn what Proud Mary was all about. Sure, it's great when someone sings your song, but when he understands it, you listen like it was the first time." "Reworked as a celebration of black consciousness, his potent mix of gospel and country – the kind that defined his earlier sides for Atlantic – and driven by a Southern funk-like strut, .... it returned Burke to the US R&B Top 20",[21] with the single reaching #15 on the R&B charts and #45 on the pop charts. According to Burke in a 2002 interview: "I was in Vegas for sixteen weeks at the Sands Hotel. I missed this record being a hit, because we weren’t there to promote the record, we had no backing. The greatest thing I ever did was tell Ike Turner, “Hey man, you should get on this record… I think you and Tina could tear this thing up.”[22] On 24 May 1969 Burke sang his version of "Proud Mary" on American Bandstand.[23][24][25]
Tina Turner versions[edit]
"Proud Mary"
Single by Ike & Tina Turner
from the album Workin' Together
B-side
"Funkier Than a Mosquita's Tweeter" (U.S.)
"Honky Tonk Women" (Intl.)
Released
January 30, 1971
Format
45 single
Recorded
1970, Los Angeles, California
Genre
Funk rock
soul
roots rock
progressive rock
Length
5:00
3:15 (7" version)
Label
Liberty Records
Songwriter(s)
John Fogerty
Producer(s)
Ike Turner
Ike & Tina Turner singles chronology
"Workin' Together"
(1970) "Proud Mary"
(1971) "Ooh Poo Pah Doo"
(1971)
"Workin' Together"
(1970) "Proud Mary"
(1971) "Ooh Poo Pah Doo"
(1971)
"Proud Mary"
Single by Tina Turner
from the album
What's Love Got to Do with It
B-side
"Disco Inferno"
Released
November 19, 1993
Format
Promotional recording
Recorded
1993
Genre
Rock
soul
Length
5:27
Label
Parlophone
Songwriter(s)
John Fogerty
Producer(s)
Chris Lord-Alge
Tina Turner
Roger Davies
Tina Turner singles chronology
"Why Must We Wait Until Tonight"
(1993) "Proud Mary"
(1993) "GoldenEye"
(1995)
"Why Must We Wait Until Tonight"
(1993) "Proud Mary"
(1993) "GoldenEye"
(1995)
Ike & Tina Turner first covered "Proud Mary" in 1970. This version was released as a single from their Workin' Together album and the song differed greatly from the structure of the original, but is also well known and has become one of Tina Turner's most recognizable signature songs. The Turners' version was substantially rearranged by Soko Richardson[26][27] and Ike Turner. The song started off with a slow, sultry soulful tone in which Tina introduced the song and warned the audience that she and the band were gonna start it off "nice and easy" as "we never do nothing nice and easy" but said they would finish it "nice and rough". After the lyrics are first sung softly by the Turners, the song is then turned into a funk rock vamp with Tina and the Ikettes delivering gospel-influenced vocals. It reached #4 on the pop charts on March 27, 1971, two years to the week after Creedence Clearwater Revival's version was at its peak, and won the Grammy Award for Best R&B Vocal Performance by a Group in 1972.
In the Tina Turner biopic, What's Love Got to Do with It, the song is performed in a timeline of events in Ike and Tina's career in which the couple are transformed from an opening act to The Rolling Stones to a major headlining act by the mid-1970s. However, the film took significant liberties with that timeline; for instance, the film has the group performing the song in 1968 when they reportedly opened for The Stones in the UK, the Turners first opened for them in the UK in 1966. When they opened for the Stones in 1969 the song was in their set list. Following the original version's release and its success, Ike and Tina included the song in their live act and first performed a version of the song on The Ed Sullivan Show. It was also performed in 1971 (the year of the Turners' version's release) and 1974. The Turners performed the song on Soul Train on April 22, 1972.[28]
In 1988, a live solo version was included on the album Tina Live in Europe. Tina Turner later re-recorded the song in the studio for the biopic's 1993 soundtrack album of the same name. This version was released as a promotional single issued to radio stations and DJs. Tina's solo version was later included on her 2004 greatest hits album All the Best. After a contestant's performance of the song on The X Factor in 2010, this version entered the UK Singles Chart at #62 and fell to #121 the next week, it also entered the Scottish Singles Chart at #40.
Another live version was released in 2009 on the Tina Live album. It was recorded on March 21, 2009 in Arnhem, Netherlands as part of Turner's 50th Anniversary Tour. The song has now become a staple in all of Tina's live shows, including live duet versions with Beyoncé and Cher.
Formats and track listings[edit]
1993 US 7" and cassette single
"Proud Mary (Edit Live Version) – 4:32
"The Best" (Live) – 5:22
1993 US CD single
"Proud Mary (Edit Live Version) – 4:32
"Proud Mary (Edit) – 4:10
"We Don't Need Another Hero (Thunderdome)" (Live) – 4:55
"The Best" (Live) – 5:22
Chart performance[edit]
Ike & Tina Turner version
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1971)
Peak
position
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[29]
16
Canada Top Singles (RPM)[30]
11
Germany (Official German Charts)[31]
21
Italy (Hit Parade Italia)[32]
57
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[33]
5
US Billboard Hot 100[34]
4
US Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs[34]
5
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1971)
Rank
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[35]
96
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[36]
7
US Billboard Hot 100[37]
55
Tina Turner version
Chart (2010)
Rank
Scotland (Official Charts Company)[38]
40
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[39]
62
Certifications and sales[edit]
Ike & Tina Turner version
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
United States (RIAA)[40]
Gold 1,000,000^
^shipments figures based on certification alone
Accolades[edit]
"Proud Mary" placed at #155 on Rolling Stone's 2004 list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time.[41] Both CCR and Ike & Tina Turner's versions of the song received Grammy Hall of Fame Awards, in 1998 and 2003, respectively.[42]
Other versions[edit]
"Proud Mary" has, over the years, been covered by a number of artists. Anthony Armstrong Jones' 1969 version reached number 22 on the U.S. country charts. Also in 1969, a version recorded by the Checkmates, Ltd. and produced by Phil Spector reached number 30 on the U.K. Singles Chart and number 69 on the Billboard Hot 100.[43]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Chronicle: The 20 Greatest Hits (CD booklet). Creedence Clearwater Revival. U.S.A.: Fantasy Records. 1991. FCD-CCR2-2.
^ Jump up to: a b Bordowitz, Hank. Bad moon rising: the unauthorized history of Creedence Clearwater Revival. Schirmer Books, 1998, p. 58
^ Jump up to: a b c d Selvin, Joel (2008). Bayou Country [Expanded Reissue] (PDF) (CD booklet). Creedence Clearwater Revival. U.S.A.: Concord Music Group. FAN-30877-02 https://web.archive.org/web/20110921072253/http://www.concordmusicgroup.com/assets/documents01/Artists/Creedence-Clearwater-Revival/FAN-30877-02/Bayou-Country-40th-Anniversary-Liner-Notes.pdf |archiveurl= missing title (help). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-09-21.
Jump up ^ Hardeep Phull (2008). Story Behind the Protest Song: A Reference Guide to the 50 Songs that Changed the 20th Century. Greenwood Press. p. 92. ISBN 978-0-313-34141-0.
^ Jump up to: a b "Creedence Clearwater Revival – Billboard Singles". Allmusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved November 21, 2010.
Jump up ^ John Fogerty interviewed on the Pop Chronicles (1970)
Jump up ^ Michael Goldberg (1993). Jann S. Wenner, ed. "Fortunate Son: John Fogerty – The 1993 Rolling Stone Interview". Rolling Stone. United States: Jann S. Wenner. Retrieved December 29, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Creedence Clearwater Revival – Proud Mary" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40.
Jump up ^ "RPM – Item Display: Top Singles – Volume 11, No. 3, March 17, 1969" (.Php). Library and Archives Canada. March 31, 2004.
Jump up ^ "Musicline.de – Creedence Clearwater Revival Single-Chartverfolgung" (in German). Media Control Charts. PhonoNet GmbH.
Jump up ^ "Top40: Creedence Clearwater Revival – Proud Mary". Dutch Top 40. November 10, 2004.
Jump up ^ http://www.flavourofnz.co.nz/index.php?qpageID=search%20listener&qartistid=742#n_view_location Flavour of New Zealand, 13 June 1969
Jump up ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – Creedence Clearwater Revival – Proud Mary". VG-lista.
Jump up ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company.
Jump up ^ "Go-Set Australian charts – Top Records for the Year of 1969". www.poparchives.com.au.
Jump up ^ "Item Display – RPM – Library and Archives Canada". www.collectionscanada.gc.ca.
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Hits of 1969/Top 100 Songs of 1969". www.musicoutfitters.com.
Jump up ^ John S. Wilson, "CAREER RESUMED BY TAMIKO JONES; Recent Polio Victim Presents Songs at Rainbow Grill", The New York Times (January 14, 1971):43; "Solomon Burke – Proud Mary"; "Tamiko Jones: The Collection (1963–1986)" (18 November 2009); "Original Soul Man Cared for Spiritual and Temporal Needs Right to the Grave", The Age (October 13, 2010). For more regarding Tamiko Jones, see "Tamiko Jones" Archived 2013-05-05 at Archive.is
Jump up ^ Cordell S. Thompson, "New York Beat", Jet (8 October 1970):63.
Jump up ^ The Soul Clan Album & Song Chart History. Billboard.com (1968-07-27). Retrieved on 2011-04-07.
Jump up ^ Mojo, Issues 158–161 (EMAP Performance Ltd., 2007).
Jump up ^ Solomon Burke, in James Porter, "Songs of Solomon: Solomon Burke Interview", Roctober 33 (2002)
Jump up ^ "Saturday on Eight", Lewiston Evening Journal (May 23, 1969):22
Jump up ^ American Bandstand: The Guess Who / Solomon Burke Episode Summary on. Tv.com. Retrieved on 2011-04-07.
Jump up ^ Watch American Bandstand Season 12 Episode 39|The Guess Who / Solomon Burke. SideReel. Retrieved on 2011-04-07.
Jump up ^ Soko Richardson Archived 2007-10-06 at the Wayback Machine. press release from pressnetwork.com January 30, 2004
Jump up ^ Noted Soul Drummer Soko Richardson Dies[permanent dead link] Paiste Cymbals, February 2004
Jump up ^ The Best of Soul Train Live (booklet). Time Life. 2011.
Jump up ^ "Ultratop.be – Ike & Tina Turner – Proud Mary" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved October 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Top RPM Singles: Issue 5223." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved October 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Ike & Tina Turner – Top Titel" (in German). GfK Entertainment. Retrieved October 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Indice per Interprete: T". Hit Parade Italia. Retrieved October 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Ike & Tina Turner – Proud Mary" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved October 6, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Ike & Tina Turner – Billboard Singles". Allmusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved November 21, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Jaaroverzichten 1971" (in Dutch). Ultratop. Retrieved October 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Jaaroverzichten – Single 1971" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved October 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Year in Music: 1971" (PDF). Billboard. December 25, 1971. Retrieved October 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved October 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Tina Turner: Artist Chart History". Official Charts Company. Retrieved October 6, 2015.
Jump up ^ "American single certifications – ike & Tina Turner – Proud Mary". Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
Jump up ^ "The RS 500 Greatest Songs of All Time". Rolling Stone. 2004-12-09. Archived from the original on 2008-06-22. Retrieved 2008-04-10.
Jump up ^ "Grammy Hall of Fame". Grammy Awards. United States: National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. Retrieved January 10, 2011.
Jump up ^ Checkmates, Ltd., "Proud Mary" U.S. chart position Retrieved January 26, 2016.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
[show]
v
t
e
Creedence Clearwater Revival
Doug Clifford
Stu Cook
John Fogerty
Tom Fogerty
Studio albums
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Cosmo's Factory
Pendulum
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Compilations
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Chronicle, Vol. 2
Rollin' on the River
Heartland Music Presents Creedence Clearwater Revival
Keep On Chooglin'
Creedence Clearwater Revival: Box Set
Bad Moon Rising: The Best of Creedence Clearwater Revival
Platinum
Creedence Clearwater Revival Covers the Classics
Singles
"Porterville"/"Call It Pretending"
"Suzie Q. (Part 1)"/"Suzie Q. (Part 2)"
"I Put a Spell on You"/"Walk on the Water"
"Proud Mary"/"Born on the Bayou"
"Bad Moon Rising"/"Lodi"
"Green River"/"Commotion"
"Down on the Corner"/"Fortunate Son"
"Travelin' Band"/"Who'll Stop the Rain"
"Run Through the Jungle"/"Up Around the Bend"
"Lookin' Out My Back Door"/"Long As I Can See the Light"
"Have You Ever Seen the Rain?"/"Hey Tonight"
"Sweet Hitch-Hiker"/"Door to Door"
"Someday Never Comes"/"Tearin' up the Country"
"I Heard It Through the Grapevine"/"Good Golly Miss Molly"
Related articles
Discography
Song list
The Blue Velvets
The Golliwogs
Creedence Clearwater Revisited
Fogerty v. Fantasy, Inc.
Saul Zaentz
Fantasy Records
Book:Creedence Clearwater Revival
[show]
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e
Ike & Tina Turner
Ike Turner
Tina Turner
Studio albums
The Soul of Ike & Tina Turner
Dynamite!
Don't Play Me Cheap
It's Gonna Work Out Fine
Get It, Get It
River Deep - Mountain High
So Fine
Outta Season
Cussin’, Cryin’ And Carryin’ On
The Hunter
Ooh Poo Pah Doo
Come Together
Workin' Together
Nuff Said
Feel Good
Let Me Touch Your Mind
Nutbush City Limits
The Gospel According to Ike and Tina
Sweet Rhode Island Red
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Compilations
Proud Mary: The Best of Ike & Tina Turner
Funkier Than a Mosquito's Tweeter
Singles
"A Fool in Love"
"Whole Lotta Love"
"I Idolize You"
"It's Gonna Work Out Fine"
"River Deep – Mountain High"
"A Love Like Yours"
"I've Been Loving You Too Long"
"The Hunter
"Come Together"
"I Want To Take You Higher"
"Proud Mary"
"Nutbush City Limits"
Related topics
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Book:Tina Turner
[show]
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e
Tina Turner singles
Acid Queen
"Baby Get It On"
"Whole Lotta Love"
"Acid Queen"
Rough
"Viva La Money"
"Root, Toot Undisputable Rock 'n Roller"
"Sometimes When We Touch"
"Night Time Is the Right Time"
Love Explosion
"Love Explosion"
"Back Stabbers"
"Music Keeps Me Dancin'"
Private Dancer
"Let's Stay Together"
"Help!"
"What's Love Got to Do With It"
"Better Be Good to Me"
"Private Dancer"
"I Can't Stand the Rain"
"Show Some Respect"
Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome
"We Don't Need Another Hero (Thunderdome)"
"One of the Living"
Break Every Rule
"Typical Male"
"Back Where You Started"
"Two People"
"Girls"
"What You Get Is What You See"
"Break Every Rule"
"Paradise Is Here"
"Afterglow"
Tina Live in Europe
"Nutbush City Limits"
"Addicted to Love"
"Tonight"
"A Change Is Gonna Come"
"634-5789"
Foreign Affair
"The Best"
"I Don't Wanna Lose You"
"Steamy Windows"
"Look Me in the Heart"
"Foreign Affair"
"Be Tender with Me Baby"
Simply the Best
"Nutbush City Limits (The 90s Version)"
"Way of the World"
"Love Thing"
"I Want You Near Me"
"(Simply) The Best"
What's Love Got to Do with It
"I Don't Wanna Fight"
"Disco Inferno"
"Why Must We Wait Until Tonight"
"Proud Mary"
Wildest Dreams
"GoldenEye"
"Whatever You Want"
"On Silent Wings"
"Missing You"
"Something Beautiful Remains"
"In Your Wildest Dreams"
Twenty Four Seven
"When the Heartache Is Over"
"Whatever You Need"
"Don't Leave Me This Way"
All the Best
"Open Arms"
"Complicated Disaster"
Guest singles
"Ball of Confusion"
"Tonight"
"It's Only Love"
"Tearing Us Apart"
"It Takes Two"
"Cose della vita - Can't Stop Thinking of You"
"Teach Me Again"
Book:Tina Turner
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Spiritual gift
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For the gifts listed in Isaiah 11:2–3, see Seven gifts of the Holy Spirit. For how Mormonism looks at spiritual gifts, see Gifts of the Spirit in Mormonism.
Not to be confused with chrism.
The term charism denotes any good gift that flows from God's benevolent love.[1]
A spiritual gift or charism (plural: charisms or charismata; in Greek singular: χάρισμα charism, plural: χαρίσματα charismata) is an endowment or extraordinary power given by the Holy Spirit [2][3] These are the supernatural graces which individual Christians need (and were needed in the days of the Apostles) to fulfill the mission of the Church.[4][5] In the narrowest sense, it is a theological term for the extraordinary graces given to individual Christians for the good of others and is distinguished from the graces given for personal sanctification, such as the Seven Gifts of the Holy Spirit and the fruit of the Holy Spirit.[1]
These extraordinary spiritual gifts, often termed "charismatic gifts", are the word of wisdom, the word of knowledge, increased faith, the gifts of healing, the gift of miracles, prophecy, the discernment of spirits, diverse kinds of tongues, interpretation of tongues. To these are added the gifts of apostles, prophets, teachers, helps (connected to service of the poor and sick), and governments (or leadership ability) which are connected with certain offices in the Church. These gifts are given by the Holy Spirit to individuals, but their purpose is to build up the entire Church.[1] They are described in the New Testament, primarily in 1 Corinthians 12,[6] Romans 12,[7] and Ephesians 4.[8] 1 Peter 4[9] also touches on the spiritual gifts.[2]
The gifts are related to both seemingly "natural" abilities and seemingly more "miraculous" abilities, empowered by the Holy Spirit.[5] The two major opposing theological positions on their nature is that they ceased long ago or that they continue (Cessationism versus Continuationism).
Contents
1 Biblical and theological overview
2 Descriptions
3 Other spiritual gifts
4 Social meaning
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
Biblical and theological overview[edit]
The New Testament contains several lists of spiritual gifts, most authored by St. Paul. While each list is unique, there is overlap.
Romans 12:6–8
1 Corinthians 12:8–10
1 Corinthians 12:28
Ephesians 4:11
1 Peter 4:11
Prophecy
Serving
Teaching
Exhortation
Giving
Leadership
Mercy
Word of wisdom
Word of knowledge
Faith
Gifts of healings
Miracles
Prophecy
Distinguishing between spirits
Tongues
Interpretation of tongues
Apostle
Prophet
Teacher
Miracles
Kinds of healings
Helps
Administration
Tongues
Apostle
Prophet
Evangelist
Pastor
Teacher
Whoever speaks
Whoever renders service[10]
Christians believe that the charismata were foretold by the Prophet Joel (2:28) and promised by Christ (Gospel of Mark 16:17–18). This promise was fulfilled on the Day of Pentecost and elsewhere as the church spread. In order to correct abuses concerning the spiritual gifts at Corinth, Paul devoted much attention to spiritual gifts in his First Epistle to the Corinthians (chapters 12–14).[1]
In 1 Corinthians 12, two Greek terms are translated as "spiritual gifts". In verse 1, the word pneumatika ("spirituals" or "things of the Spirit") is used. In verse 4, charisma is used. This word is derived from the word charis, which means "grace". In verses 5 and 6, the words diakonia (translated "administrations", "ministries", or "service") and energemata ("operations" or "inworkings") are used in describing the nature of the spiritual gifts. In verse 7, the term "manifestation (phanerosis) of the Spirit" is used.[11]
From these scriptural passages, Christians understand the spiritual gifts to be enablements or capacities that are divinely bestowed upon individuals. Because they are freely given by God, these cannot be earned or merited. Though worked through individuals, these are operations or manifestations of the Holy Spirit—not of the gifted person. They are to be used for the benefit of others, and in a sense they are granted to the church as a whole more than they are given to individuals. There is diversity in their distribution—an individual will not possess all of the gifts.[11] The purpose of the spiritual gifts is to edify (build up), exhort (encourage), and comfort the church.[12]
It is generally acknowledged that Paul did not list all of the gifts of the Spirit,[1] and many believe that there are as many gifts as there are needs in the body of Christ.[13] The gifts have at times been organized into distinct categories based on their similarities and differences to other gifts. Some divide them into three categories using Old Testament offices. "Prophetic" gifts include any gift involving teaching, encouraging, or rebuking others. "Priestly" gifts include showing mercy and care for the needy or involve intercession before God. "Kingly" gifts are those involving church administration or government.[14] Others categorize them into "gifts of knowledge" (word of wisdom, word of knowledge, distinguishing between spirits), "gifts of speech" (tongues, interpretation, prophecy), and "gifts of power" (faith, healing, miracles).[15] The gifts have also been categorized as those that promote the inner growth of the church (apostle, prophecy, distinguishing between spirits, teaching, word of wisdom/knowledge, helps, and administration) and those that promote the church's outer development (faith, miracles, healing, tongues, interpretation of tongues).[1]
Proponents of cessationism distinguish between the "extraordinary", "miraculous", or "sign" gifts (such as prophecy, tongues, and healing) and the other gifts.[16] Cessationism is held by some Protestants, especially from the Calvinist tradition, who believe that miraculous gifts and their operations were limited to early Christianity and "ceased" afterward.[17] Other Protestants, including Lutheran,[18] Methodist,[19] Pentecostals and charismatics, adhere to the continuationist position, believing that all the spiritual gifts are distributed among Christians by the Holy Spirit and that they are normative in contemporary Christendom. In addition, Roman Catholicism[20] and Eastern Orthodox Church also continue to believe in and make use of all of the spiritual gifts.
Descriptions[edit]
Apostle: The title apostle comes from the Greek word apostolos which means "a messenger, one sent forth with orders".[21] It refers to one who has been delegated authority by another in a foreign land.[22] Apostles were the first leaders of the Church; they were commissioned by Jesus to initiate and direct the preaching of the gospel. While many Christians agree that the title of apostle is reserved for those among the first generation of Christians, many Christian denominations continue in one way or another to recognize a continuing apostolic ministry. Many churches, such as the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Churches, believe in the doctrine of apostolic succession, which holds that properly ordained bishops are the successors to the apostles. Other Christian groups, such as classical Pentecostals, consider the role of a missionary to be fulfilling an apostolic ministry.[23] There are some Christians, however, who advocate restoring the Fivefold ministry, including the formal recognition of the office of apostle. Others would say that the office no longer exists.[24]
Prophet: In the New Testament, the office of prophet is to equip the saints for the work of service through exhortation, edification, and consolation (1 Corinthians 12:28; 1 Corinthians 14:3 Ephesians 4:11).[25] The prophet's corresponding gift is prophecy. Prophecy is "reporting something that God spontaneously brings to your mind".[26] Many, particularly Pentecostals and charismatics, distinguish between the "office of prophet" and the "gift of prophecy", believing that a Christian can possess the gift of prophecy without holding the prophetic office.[27]
Evangelist: An evangelist is one who devotes himself to preaching the gospel. In the New Testament, evangelists preached from city to city, church to church.[28]
Pastor: This term derives from a Greek word for "shepherd". In theory pastors are gifted to lead, guide, and set an example for other Christians. The grammatical structure of Ephesians 4:11 leads many to conclude that teacher and pastor should be considered one term (pastor-teacher). Even so, the two terms are not interchangeable; while all pastors are teachers, not all teachers are pastors. Pastoral Gifts include integrity and compassion. [29]
Teacher: Someone who devotes his or her life to preaching and teaching the Christian faith. When teaching is provided for the Church by God, two gifts are actually given—to the Church is given a teacher and along with the teacher comes a divine capacity to teach.[30]
Service: The word translated as "ministry" is diakonia, which can also be translated "service".[30] Since there are many types of ministries and service to the Church, this then describes a broad array of gifts rather than a single gift.
Exhortation: The ability to motivate Christians "to patient endurance, brotherly love, and good works".[31]
Giving: Those with this gift share their own possessions with others with extraordinary generosity. While all Christians should be givers, those possessing this gift will go beyond this normal giving.[31]
Leading: This gift speaks to the various leadership roles found in the Church. While many think of roles such as administration, management of funds, strategy planning, etc. as functions outside of the supernatural realm, in reality individuals in these positions are just as in need of supernatural empowerment as are ministers of the gospel.[32] Some writers consider the gifts of governments and leading to be the same gift, but others consider them closely related yet different.
Mercy: Possibly identical to the gift of helps, the mercy-shower possesses a ministry of visitation, prayer, and compassion to the poor and sick.[32]
Word of wisdom: An utterance or message of wisdom supernaturally granted to an individual. For Paul, wisdom refers to "the knowledge of the great Christian mysteries: the Incarnation, Passion, and Resurrection of Christ, and the indwelling in the believer of the Spirit of God (1 Corinthians 2; Ephesians 1:17)".[1]
Word of knowledge: The knowledge referred to is often said to relate to understanding Christian doctrine or scriptural truth.[1] It is sometimes said to be connected with the ministry of teachers.
Faith: This refers to that strong or special faith "which removes mountains, casts out devils (Matthew 17:19–20), and faces the most cruel martyrdom without flinching".[1] It is distinguished from the "saving" and "normal" Christian faith.[33]
Gifts of healings: The ability to supernaturally minister healing to others. The plural indicates the variety of sickness healed and the many forms the gift takes, such as healing by anointing with oil, by the laying on of hands, by saying the name of Jesus or by the sign of the cross.[1]
Working of miracles: The performance of deeds beyond ordinary human ability by the power of the Holy Spirit.[1]
Visions. An outpouring of this gift is prophesied in Joel 2:28 and Acts 2:17 shows that early Christians believed this prophecy was fulfilled on the day of Pentecost. Visions tend to be more private experiences than the other gifts. Some researchers expand the definition of visions to include a strongly felt presence.[34]
Discerning of spirits: The capacity to discern, distinguish, or to discriminate the source of a spiritual manifestation—whether it emanates from a good or evil spirit. It seemed to have been particularly associated with prophecy as it would be necessary to know whether a prophetic utterance was truly inspired by God.[1][35]
Tongues: The supernatural ability of speaking an unlearned language.[1] Paul seems to have distinguished between the public use of the gift (which must always be interpreted) and the private use which was for the spiritual strengthening of oneself.[36] Currently among Christians there is a dispute as to whether tongues were/are always xenoglossy (speaking an unlearned human language) or whether it also included/includes glossolalia (speaking an unlearned and allegedly non-human language of heavenly or angelic origin).
Interpretation of tongues: This gift always follows the public exercise of the gift of tongues.[1] In 1 Corinthians 14, the Apostle Paul required that all speech in Christian worship should be intelligible. This required that speech given in an unknown tongue be interpreted in the common language of the gathered Christians.
Helps: This gift has to do with service to the sick and the poor.[1] Possessor of this gift has a "spiritual burden and a God-given love for the needy and afflicted".[37]
Administration: Also called the gift of governing,[1] the Greek word translated "governments" is kubernesis, the verb form of which means "to steer" or "to be a helmsman". This gift then refers to the God-given capacity to lead or guide the Church through storms and difficult seas.[37]
Other spiritual gifts[edit]
While not specifically defined as spiritual gifts in the Bible, other abilities and capacities have been considered as spiritual gifts by some Christians. Some are found in the New Testament such as:
celibacy (I Corinthians 7:7)[38]
hospitality (1 Peter 4:9–10)[39]
intercession (Rom. 8:26–27)[39]
marriage (I Corinthians 7:7)[40]
(effective) witnessing (Acts 1:8, 5:32, 26:22, 1 John 5:6)[39]
Others are found in the Old Testament such as:
craftsmanship (such as the special abilities given to artisans who constructed the Tabernacle in Exodus 35:30–33)[39]
interpretation of dreams (e.g. Joseph and Daniel) genesis ch43-50, daniel ch3
composing spiritual music, poetry, and prose[39]
Social meaning[edit]
The word is also used in secular circumstances within social psychology. In that context, charism is defined as personal influence on other people individually or as a group.
Religious orders (including Anglican, Catholic, Lutheran and Methodist) use the word "charism" to describe their spiritual orientation and any special characteristics of their mission or values that might be exhibited as a result of the vows that they have taken and the orientation of the order to which they belong. An example might be the works of a teaching order compared to that of a missionary order or one devoted to the care of the poor or the sick and those in need of help.
See also[edit]
Christianity portal
Charisma
Charismatic Christianity
Charity (virtue)
Barakah (Islamic/Sufi term for the same concept)
Charismatic authority
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Wilhelm, Joseph (1908). "Charismata". The Catholic Encyclopedia. III. Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved 6 July 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Spiritual gifts". A Dictionary of the Bible by W. R. F. Browning. Oxford University Press Inc. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. Accessed 22 June 2011.
Jump up ^ "charisma". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2014.
Jump up ^ "Charismata". The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. Ed F. L. Cross and E. A. Livingstone. Oxford University Press Inc. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. Accessed 22 June 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Wayne Grudem, Systematic Theology: An Introduction to Biblical Doctrine (Zondervan, 1994): 1016–17.
Jump up ^ 1 Corinthians 12
Jump up ^ Romans 12
Jump up ^ Ephesians 4
Jump up ^ 1 Peter 4
Jump up ^ Wayne Grudem, Systematic Theology: An Introduction to Biblical Doctrine (Zondervan, 1994): 1020.
^ Jump up to: a b Guy P. Duffield and Nathaniel M. Van Cleave, Foundations of Pentecostal Theology, 1983, (Los Angeles: Foursquare Media, 2008), pp. 332–33.
Jump up ^ Duffield and Van Cleave, Foundations of Pentecostal Theology, p. 334.
Jump up ^ Duffield and Van Cleave, Foundations of Pentecostal Theology, p. 335.
Jump up ^ Grudem, Systematic Theology, p. 1021.
Jump up ^ Sumrall, Lester "The Gifts of the Holy Spirit" p. 25 Aug 2000
Jump up ^ Easton, Matthew George. "Gifts, spiritual". Easton's Bible Dictionary. 1897. Accessed June 22, 2011.
Jump up ^ Ruthven, Jon. On the Cessation of the Charismata: The Protestant Polemic on Post-Biblical Miracles Archived 2009-03-19 at the Wayback Machine.. Deo Press, 1993, rev. 2008. pp. 3, 7. Accessed June 27, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Spiritual Gifts Survey". Peace Lutheran Church. Retrieved 11 March 2017. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "Spiritual Gifts". The United Methodist Church. Retrieved 11 March 2017.
Jump up ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church 799–800 Archived 2011-10-19 at the Wayback Machine..
Jump up ^ Duffield and Van Cleave, Foundations of Pentecostal Theology, p. 351.
Jump up ^ Coppieters, Honoré (1907). "Apostles". The Catholic Encyclopedia. 1. Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved 22 June 2011.
Jump up ^ Duffield and Van Cleave, Foundations of Pentecostal Theology, p. 353.
Jump up ^ Grudem, Systematic Theology, p. 1031 note 21.
Jump up ^ Duffield and Van Cleave, Foundations of Pentecostal Theology, pp. 353–54.
Jump up ^ Grudem, Systematic Theology, p. 1024.
Jump up ^ Duffield and Van Cleave, Foundations of Pentecostal Theology, pp. 339–40, 353–55.
Jump up ^ Duffield and Van Cleave, Foundations of Pentecostal Theology, pp. 356–57.
Jump up ^ Duffield and Van Cleave, Foundations of Pentecostal Theology, pp. 357–58.
^ Jump up to: a b Duffield and Van Cleave, Foundations of Pentecostal Theology, pp. 347–48.
^ Jump up to: a b Duffield and Van Cleave, Foundations of Pentecostal Theology, pp. 348–49.
^ Jump up to: a b Duffield and Van Cleave, Foundations of Pentecostal Theology, pp. 349–50.
Jump up ^ Duffield and Van Cleave, Foundations of Pentecostal Theology, pp. 336–37.
Jump up ^ Kavan, Heather (2013). "A psychodynamic interpretation of gender differences in descriptions of religious visions". The International Journal of Religion and Spirituality in Society. 2 (2): 77–87.
Jump up ^ Duffield and Van Cleave, Foundations of Pentecostal Theology, pp. 340–41.
Jump up ^ Duffield and Van Cleave, Foundations of Pentecostal Theology, p. 345.
^ Jump up to: a b Duffield and Van Cleave, Foundations of Pentecostal Theology, p. 343.
Jump up ^ See for example "Stephen Vantassel, "Celibacy: The Forgotten Gift of the Spirit," Journal of Biblical Counseling. 12, no. 3 (1994): 20–23"[permanent dead link], 10 January 2008
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Duffield and Van Cleave, Foundations of Pentecostal Theology, pp. 358–59.
Jump up ^ Grudem, Systematic Theology, p. 1020.
Further reading[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Catholic Encyclopedia: Charismata
Grudem, Wayne A. (editor). Are Miraculous Gifts for Today? Zondervan, 1996. ISBN 978-0-310-20155-7. Four authors each provide four viewpoints concerning spiritual gifts: Cessationist, "Open But Cautious", Third Wave, and Pentecostal/Charismatic.
Bullock, Warren D. When the Spirit Speaks: Making Sense Out of Tongues, Interpretation, and Prophecy. Gospel Publishing House, 2009. ISBN 0-88243-284-2.
Deere, Jack. Surprised by the Power of the Spirit. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1993. ISBN 978-0-310-21127-3.
Deere, Jack. Surprised by the Voice of God. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1996. ISBN 978-0-310-22558-4.
Greig, Gary and Springer, Kevin (eds.). The Kingdom and the Power: Are Healing and the Spiritual Gifts Used By Jesus and the Early Church Meant for the Church Today? Ventura, CA: Gospel Light, 1993 (thorough and practical). ISBN 978-0-8307-1659-3.
Hurst, Randy (editor). Divine Order: Leading the Public Use of Spiritual Gifts. Gospel Publishing House, 2009.
Lim, David. "Spiritual Gifts" in Systematic Theology, A Pentecostal Perspective revised edition, edited by Stanley M. Horton. Springfield, MO: Logion Press, 1994. ISBN 0-88243-855-7.
Wagner, C. Peter. Discover Your Spiritual Gifts: The Easy-To-Use, Self-Guided Questionnaire That Helps You Identify and Understand Your Various God-Given Spiritual Gifts, expanded edition. Regal, 2010. ISBN 978-0-8307-3678-2.
Wimber, John and Springer, Kevin. Power Evangelism, revised and enlarged edition. Regal, 2009 (originally 1986). ISBN 978-0-8307-4796-2.
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