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Trollhunters
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Trollhunters
Promotional poster
Genre
Adventure
Action
Fantasy
Created by
Guillermo del Toro
Based on
Trollhunters
by
Guillermo del Toro
Daniel Kraus
Written by
Guillermo del Toro
Marc Guggenheim
Kevin Hageman
Dan Hageman
Aaron Waltke
Chad Quandt
A.C. Bradley
Voices of
Anton Yelchin
Kelsey Grammer
Ron Perlman
Charlie Saxton
Steven Yeun
Jonathan Hyde
Lexi Medrano
Amy Landecker
Fred Tatasciore
Theme music composer
Alexandre Desplat
Composer(s)
Tim Davies
Country of origin
United States
No. of seasons
1
No. of episodes
26 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Rodrigo Blaas[1]
Guillermo del Toro
Marc Guggenheim
Kevin Hageman
Dan Hageman
Christina Steinberg
Producer(s)
Chad Hammes
Production company(s)
DreamWorks Animation
Double Dare You
Distributor
Netflix
NBCUniversal Television Distribution
Release
Original network
Netflix
Original release
December 23, 2016 – present
External links
Website
www.dreamworkstv.com/shows/dreamworks-trollhunters/
Trollhunters is an American computer-animated fantasy television series created for Netflix by Guillermo del Toro and produced by DreamWorks Animation and Double Dare You.[2]
The first two episodes of the series premiered on October 8, 2016, at the New York Comic Con.[1][3] It was released worldwide on Netflix on December 23, 2016.[4] The series was nominated for nine Daytime Emmy Awards in 2017, winning six including Outstanding Directing, Writing and Casting in an Animated Program. It was also nominated for four Annie Awards in 2017, winning three in the categories of Outstanding Achievement in Character Animation, Character Design, and Storyboarding in an Animated Television/Broadcast Production. On February 9, 2017, Netflix renewed the series for a second season of thirteen episodes, which is set to be released later in 2017.[5] It will be adapted into a comic book by Marc Guggenheim and Richard Hamilton.[6]
Contents
[hide]
1 Synopsis
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Episodes
5 Reception
5.1 Critical reception
5.2 Accolades
6 References
7 External links
Synopsis[edit]
Beneath the fictional town of Arcadia lives a secret civilization of trolls, which humans are oblivious to. The trolls' common enemy are the Gumm-Gumms, evil trolls from the Darklands, whom the trolls' chosen warrior, known as the "Trollhunter", is supposed to protect them from, among other dark miscreants.
Fifteen year-old James "Jim" Lake Jr and his friend Toby find a mystical amulet which grants him the Trollhunter mantle. He is shortly approached by his new troll mentors, Blinky and AAARRRGGHH!!!. Despite his initial reluctance of leading two difficult lives, he eventually accepts his role after discovering that neglecting the amulet will nevertheless lead to its return. During his visits to Heartstone Trollmarket, the presence of the first human Trollhunter stirs resentment, but he quickly gains their honor. Throughout his training and missions, he befriends a gnome (which Toby dubs "Gnome Chomsky") and discovers that goblins and Changelings (human-morphing trolls that replace humans to spy) are gathering for the completion of Killahead Bridge, which will be a portal for the Gumm-Gumms from the Darklands – the project is being lead by Bular, the son of the Gumm-Gumm's leader Gunmar, and the Changeling replacing Jim's high school teacher Mr. Strickler.
While discovering more mysteries, he is forced to reveal the truth about his life to Claire Nuñez when she becomes a target of the goblins. After he, Toby, Blinky, AAARRRGGHH!!! and Draal infiltrate the gathering and destroy the bridge, Jim is forced to battle Bular and eventually kills him. He returns to Trollmarket, where the citizens celebrate Bular's defeat.
Shortly afterwards, Claire proposes a quest into the Darklands to rescue her baby brother Enrique, who has been replaced with a Changeling who they dub NotEnrique. Blinky informs them that the only way out of the Darklands is to kill Gunmar – the only way to destroy him is with the three Triumbic Stones. After finding the first two, their enemy Strickler frees ancient troll assassin Angor Rot from his bonds – using Angor's ring, he forces him under his control. After Jim indirectly causes his ring to break, Angor goes on a rampage, attempting to kill Strickler and Jim – in the process, Strickler and Jim's mother are injured. Trollmarket's leader, Vendel, informs Jim that the only way to cure it is to break the binding spell that ties his mother's and Strickler's fates together – however, his mother's memories of the troll world are erased. Strickler hands Jim the last Triumbic Stone.
Angor Rot begins to invade Trollmarket after stealing the key from Toby and Claire. They defeat him. During his rampage, however, AAARRRGGHH!!! is killed, much to the grief of the group, especially Toby. Thinking that he was responsible for the death and the endangerment of his friends, Jim sets off to the Darklands alone, not wanting to lose any more of them.
Cast[edit]
Anton Yelchin as James "Jim" Lake Jr./Trollhunter,[1][2] the first human Trollhunter and a reluctant hero under pressure of leading two difficult lives. He has a talent for cooking and sword-fighting, and cares deeply for his mother and friends.
Charlie Saxton as Tobias "Toby" Domzalski,[7] Jim's best friend and brother figure who aids him in his quests. He obtains a magical warhammer.
Jonathan Hyde as Walt Strickler,[7] Jim's teacher (truly a Changeling), who works alongside the Gumm-Gumms.
Kelsey Grammer as Blinky,[2] Jim's troll mentor whose head holds six eyes. Jim sees him as his surrogate father. A wise and scholarly troll with a heart of gold, Blinky is fascinated by the human world and takes full advantage of a period in which he is cursed into the form of a human to satisfy his curiosity. His secret desire has always been to drive a car.
Fred Tatasciore as AAARRRGGHH!!!,[7] Jim's ally who has a deep bond with Toby. He was born a Krubera troll but joined the Gumm-Gumm army – after his traumatizing experience there, he became a self-proclaimed pacifist and remains guilty about his past. Despite his peaceful demeanor, he will fight with all his considerable strength to protect those he cares about.
Lexi Medrano as Claire Nuñez,[7] Jim's friend and love interest. She is a feisty, kind, jolly, sarcastic, curious, and intelligent tomboy who enjoys books and is a talented martial artist and gymnast. She obtains the Shadowstaff, a staff capable of creating portals through the user's emotions.
Victor Raider-Wexler as Vendel, leader of Trollmarket. An ancient and wizened troll, Vendel is at first suspicious of Jim and seems a forever pessimist, but shows a softer side.
Ron Perlman as Bular,[2] the son of Gunmar. A hulking, powerful troll warrior, Bular was obsessed with freeing his father from the Darklands, so that they might be a family again.
Amy Landecker as Barbara Lake,[7] Jim's overprotective and suspicious mother. Her husband left her when Jim was five years old.
Steven Yeun as Steve Palchuk,[1] Jim's narcissistic bully.
Matthew Waterson as Draal, the son of previous Trollhunter Kanjigar. He is originally jealous and suspicious of Jim but later befriends him – he acts as Jim's fighting tutor. During the final battle with Bular, Draal sacrificed his lower right arm to save the Trollhunter amulet, and later attained a mechanical prosthetic. Draal explains that his father kept a distance from him as he grew up, and he had hoped to become the next Trollhunter that he might earn his father's approval.
Lauren Tom as Ms. Nomura, the changeling museum curator.
Jimmie Wood as NotEnrique, the Changeling replacing Enrique. He has a rocky but brotherly relationship with Claire.
Clancy Brown as Gunmar, the iron-fisted leader of the Gumm-Gumms who resides in the Darklands.
Tom Hiddleston & James Purefoy as Kanjigar the Courageous, the noble Trollhunter before Jim and Drall's father. His ghost tutors Jim and often worries of his team fighting, believing that to endanger his friends – this leads to Jim's guilt and venturing into the Darklands alone.
Ike Amadi as Angor Rot, a mysterious ancient troll assassin and wizard with an unknown past who hunts down Trollhunters' souls. In ancient times, Angor made a deal with the witch Baba Yaga, surrendering his own soul in return for his mystic powers.
Rodrigo Blaas as Gnome Chompsky, a Gnome with sharp teeth adopted by Toby.
Production[edit]
Initially, del Toro envisioned the idea as a live action television series; however this was deemed impractical due to budgetary concerns, and as a result he instead turned the idea into a book. DreamWorks then planned to turn the book into an animated feature film, but eventually decided to instead turn it into a series.[8]
Del Toro modeled the show's sensibilities after shows he grew up with such as Johnny Quest, identifying them as "really earnest and emotionally beautiful".[9] To this end, he sought to make the main character of Jim "in that '70s mold," and "really a very good boy" with del Toro noting that this was a constant struggle for him to express to both writers and actors.[10] Eventually he came across Anton Yelchin, who embodied those qualities although by del Toro's estimate it still took him a few sessions to fully understand the character.[10]
When creating the show's narrative, del Toro noted that he wanted a "bittersweet journey" for the main character dealing with issues that most such "power fantasies" failed to address, telling indiewire "I wanted to say, 'Look, you can be in high school and you can have your problems. Then you get all these powers and then you have a different set of problems. There is not such a thing as a final, great outcome.'"[9]
The show serves as one of Yelchin's final projects as he died shortly after recording most of his character's dialogue.[11] Producer del Toro refused to replace his recordings,[12] which del Toro noted was a challenge for the show's recording engineers.[10] Of his decision del Toro stated that the actor "was proud of what he did, and we were so proud of how he did it." adding that his experience as a father and Yelchin's young age were also factors that led to the decision.[8]
Episodes[edit]
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date
1
"Becoming: Part 1" Guillermo del Toro & Rodrigo Blaas Story by : Guillermo del Toro, Marc Guggenheim & Rodrigo Blaas
Teleplay by : Guillermo del Toro & Marc Guggenheim December 23, 2016 (2016-12-23)
Two trolls in an epic battle lead to consequences in the human world, especially for one boy.
2
"Becoming: Part 2" Guillermo del Toro & Rodrigo Blaas Story by : Guillermo del Toro
Teleplay by : Marc Guggenheim December 23, 2016 (2016-12-23)
Still reeling from discovering the amulet's power, Jim meets with his new mentors, and learns about the sacred responsibility he has been tasked with.
3
"Wherefore Art Thou, Trollhunter?" Rodrigo Blaas & Johane Matte Marc Guggenheim December 23, 2016 (2016-12-23)
Toby and Jim tour Heartstone Trollmarket, where Jim starts his training; the presence of a human Trollhunter creates resentment.
4
"Gnome Your Enemy" Elaine Bogan Story by : Dan Hageman & Kevin Hageman
Teleplay by : A.C. Bradley, Chad Quandt & Aaron Waltke December 23, 2016 (2016-12-23)
Jim gets a crash course in troll history, and is faced with problems, his first mission and a bully.
5
"Waka Chaka!" Elaine Bogan Story by : Dan Hageman & Kevin Hageman
Teleplay by : Chad Quandt & Aaron Waltke December 23, 2016 (2016-12-23)
During a field trip to a museum, Jim tries to get closer to Claire; Jim discovers that the museum curator has a surprising secret.
6
"Win Lose or Draal" Rodrigo Blaas & Johane Matte Story by : Dan Hageman & Kevin Hageman
Teleplay by : A.C. Bradley December 23, 2016 (2016-12-23)
Jim gets ready for a high-stakes rematch against Draal, who seems to be the amulet's rightful heir; a surprising partnership emerges.
7
"To Catch a Changeling" Simon Otto Story by : Dan Hageman & Kevin Hageman
Teleplay by : Marc Guggenheim December 23, 2016 (2016-12-23)
With the help of an ancient troll-hunting tool, Jim and Toby try to unmask the changelings living among them; Claire presents Jim with a tempting offer.
8
"Adventures in Trollsitting" Rodrigo Blaas & Johane Matte Story by : Dan Hageman & Kevin Hageman
Teleplay by : A.C. Bradley, Chad Quandt & Aaron Waltke December 23, 2016 (2016-12-23)
Draal gets accustomed to his new digs; Jim tries to find out if Claire's little brother is a changeling.
9
"Bittersweet Sixteen" Elaine Bogan A.C. Bradley, Chad Quandt & Aaron Waltke December 23, 2016 (2016-12-23)
Jim's birthday is full of surprises, including the arrival of a new species of troll that is immune to the effects of sunlight.
10
"Young Atlas" Andrew L. Schmidt Chad Quandt & Aaron Waltke December 23, 2016 (2016-12-23)
Draal gives Jim a totem to help lessen his anxiety about Claire; Jim's resulting overconfidence leads to a realisation.
11
"Recipe for Disaster" Elaine Bogan Story by : Dan Hageman & Kevin Hageman
Teleplay by : A.C. Bradley December 23, 2016 (2016-12-23)
Claire's suspicions grow; Jim's mother invites Strickler over for a tension-filled dinner.
12
"Claire and Present Danger" Andrew L. Schmidt A.C. Bradley, Chad Quandt & Aaron Waltke December 23, 2016 (2016-12-23)
The door to the Darklands still won't open, even though the Killahead bridge is complete; when Claire becomes a target, Jim must tell her the truth.
13
"The Battle of Two Bridges" Rodrigo Blaas & Johane Matte Dan Hageman & Kevin Hageman December 23, 2016 (2016-12-23)
Two battles unfold when Strickler and Bular make Jim unlock the portal and free Gunmar and his army from the Darklands.
14
"Return of the Trollhunter" Elaine Bogan Story by : Dan Hageman & Kevin Hageman
Teleplay by : A.C. Bradley, Chad Quandt & Aaron Waltke December 23, 2016 (2016-12-23)
Claire sees the Heartstone Trollmarket for the first time; Jim receives a summons; Strickler rouses an ancient assassin.
15
"Mudslinging" Rodrigo Blaas Story by : Dan Hageman & Kevin Hageman
Teleplay by : Marc Guggenheim December 23, 2016 (2016-12-23)
Jim looks for a way to destroy Gunmar so Claire can bring her brother home; a power-hungry Strickler comes back to Arcadia.
16
"Roaming Fees May Apply" Andrew L. Schmidt Story by : Dan Hageman & Kevin Hageman
Teleplay by : A.C. Bradley, Chad Quandt & Aaron Waltke December 23, 2016 (2016-12-23)
The heroes go on a dangerous quest in search of the first Triumbric Stone; Angor Rot creates a charm that links Barbara and Strickler's fates.
17
"Blinky's Day Out" Elaine Bogan Story by : Dan Hageman & Kevin Hageman
Teleplay by : A.C. Bradley, Chad Quandt & Aaron Waltke December 23, 2016 (2016-12-23)
An unrecognizable Blinky experiences the highs and lows of being a human; Angor Rot marks Jim for a fate that is worse than death.
18
"The Shattered King" Rodrigo Blaas & Johane Matte Story by : Dan Hageman & Kevin Hageman
Teleplay by : A.C. Bradley December 23, 2016 (2016-12-23)
As the heroes look for the second Triumbric Stone, they wind up in unfamiliar marshlands. Claire wants Jim to be her dance partner.
19
"Airheads" Andrew L. Schmidt Story by : Dan Hageman & Kevin Hageman
Teleplay by : Chad Quandt & Aaron Waltke December 23, 2016 (2016-12-23)
Toby and Claire are constantly fighting because Claire got the Shadow Staff and Toby feels slighted. Toby and Claire tackle a Trollhunter task so Jim can win a Spring King challenge. In the process, they master new weapons.
20
"Where Is My Mind?" Elaine Bogan Story by : Dan Hageman & Kevin Hageman
Teleplay by : A.C. Bradley December 23, 2016 (2016-12-23)
When a horde of pixies descends on Arcadia Oaks High, the students are sent into a tailspin; Angor Rot has a surprising proposal for Jim.
21
"Party Monster" Rodrigo Blaas Story by : Dan Hageman & Kevin Hageman
Teleplay by : Chad Quandt & Aaron Waltke December 23, 2016 (2016-12-23)
The changeling posing as Claire's brother throws a party for the trolls of Arcadia; Jim and Toby want to take Strickler's ring.
22
"It's About Time" Andrew L. Schmidt Story by : Dan Hageman & Kevin Hageman
Teleplay by : Chad Quandt, Aaron Waltke & Marc Guggenheim December 23, 2016 (2016-12-23)
Every second counts when Jim uses a time-stopping Kairosect to take Strickler's ring and find the second Triumbric Stone.
23
"Wingmen" Elaine Bogan Story by : Dan Hageman & Kevin Hageman
Teleplay by : A.C. Bradley December 23, 2016 (2016-12-23)
A troll queen arrives and a devastating secret is revealed; Strickler asks for Jim's protection.
24
"Angor Management" Rodrigo Blaas Story by : Dan Hageman & Kevin Hageman
Teleplay by : Chad Quandt & Aaron Waltke December 23, 2016 (2016-12-23)
Jim reluctantly joins forces with Strickler to keep Barbara alive; Gnome Chompksy returns with important news regarding Enrique.
25
"A Night to Remember" Andrew L. Schmidt Story by : A.C. Bradley, Dan Hageman & Kevin Hageman
Teleplay by : Marc Guggenheim December 23, 2016 (2016-12-23)
Jim races to break a spell that bonds Barbara and Strickler; Angor Rot attacks Claire and Toby.
26
"Something Rotten This Way Comes" Elaine Bogan Story by : Dan Hageman & Kevin Hageman
Teleplay by : A.C. Bradley December 23, 2016 (2016-12-23)
The heroes brace for Angor Rot's invasion and get ready for the fight of their lives; Jim finds the last Triumbric Stone.
Reception[edit]
Critical reception[edit]
Trollhunters has received positive reviews from critics. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 93% approval rating with an average rating of 7.81/10 based on 15 reviews for the first season. The website's consensus reads, "Trollhunters manages to capture del Toro's enthusiasm for telling monster stories, in a youthful and more colorful fashion that may well earn him a new generation of fans."[13] On Metacritic, the season has a normalized score of 69 out of 100 based on 7 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[14]
In 2017, it received six Daytime Emmys, more than any other television program, animated or live action, that year.[15]
On January 30, 2017, Trollhunters writers Kevin & Dan Hageman stated that it is the most successful Netflix original show to date that is targeted at a younger audience.[16]
Accolades[edit]
Year
Award
Category
Nominee(s)
Result
Ref.
2017 Annie Awards Outstanding Achievement, Character Animation in an Animated Television/Broadcast Production Mike Chaffe for character Blinky in "Becoming, Part 1" Won [17]
Outstanding Achievement, Character Design in an Animated TV/Broadcast Production Victor Maldonado, Alfredo Torres and Jules Rigolle for "Win, Lose or Draal" Won
Outstanding Achievement, Music in an Animated TV/Broadcast Production Alexandre Desplat and Tim Davies for "Becoming, Part 1" Nominated
Outstanding Achievement, Storyboarding in an Animated TV/Broadcast Production Hyunjoo Song for "Win, Lose or Draal" Won
Saturn Awards Best Animated Series or Film on Television Trollhunters Nominated [18]
Daytime Emmy Awards Outstanding Individual Achievement in Character Animation Mike Chaffe, "Becoming, Part 1" Won [19][20]
Outstanding Individual Achievement in Character Design Victor Maldonado, "Win, Lose Or Draal" Won
Outstanding Special Class Animated Program Guillermo del Toro, Rodrigo Blaas, Marc Guggenheim, Chad Hammes, Christina Steinberg, Dan Hageman, Kevin Hageman, Lawrence Jonas Nominated
Outstanding Performer in an Animated Program Kelsey Grammer, for Blinky Won
Outstanding Casting for an Animated Series or Special Mary Hidalgo, Ania O'Hare, CSA Won
Outstanding Writing in an Animated Program Marc Guggenheim Won
Outstanding Directing in an Animated Program Rodrigo Blaas, Guillermo del Toro Won
Outstanding Main Title and Graphic Design Rodrigo Blaas, Andy Erekson, Jonathan Catalan, Dai Weier, John Laus, David M.V. Jones Nominated
Outstanding Sound Mixing – Animation Matthew Thomas Hall and Carlos Sanches, CAS Nominated
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Milligan, Mercedes (September 22, 2016). "DreamWorks TV to Premiere 'Trollhunters' at NYCC". Animation Magazine. Retrieved September 25, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Andreeva, Nellie (June 15, 2016). "'Trollhunters': Anton Yelchin, Kelsey Grammer & Ron Perlman To Lead Cast of Guillermo del Toro Netflix Animated Series". Deadline. Retrieved June 18, 2016.
Jump up ^ Lesnick, Silas (September 22, 2016). "DreamWorks Animation and Netflix Head to New York Comic-Con". ComingSoon.net. Retrieved September 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ Patten, Dominic (October 8, 2016). "'Trollhunters' Sets December Debut Date on Netflix, Drops New Trailer & Key Art – NY Comic-Con". Deadline. Retrieved October 8, 2016.
Jump up ^ Snetiker, Marc (February 9, 2017). "Guillermo del Toro announces Trollhunters season 2". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved February 11, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Guillermo Del Toro's Trollhunters To Be A Comic Book From Marc Guggenheim And Richard Hamilton #C2Ccon2017". Bleeding Cool Comic Book, Movie, TV News. March 4, 2017. Retrieved 2017-03-14.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Agard, Chancellor (September 30, 2016). "Trollhunters: Guillermo del Toro previews one of Anton Yelchin's final roles — first look". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved October 1, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Mancuso, Vinnie. "Guillermo del Toro Talks 'Trollhunters': 'The Best Creative Experience I've Ever Had'". Observer. Retrieved January 29, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Miller, Liz Shannon. "Guillermo del Toro: How Netflix’s ‘Trollhunters’ Reconnected Him With the Joy of Childhood (And ‘Fraiser’)". indiewire. Retrieved January 29, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Miller, Liz Shannon. "Guillermo del Toro on Losing Anton Yelchin, And What That Means for 'Trollhunters' Season 2". Indiewire. Retrieved January 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The mangled gate which Star Trek star Anton Yelchin, 27, was pinned against by his two TON Jeep when it rolled backwards and killed him in freak accident". Daily Mail. Retrieved October 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ "New York Comic Con: Guillermo Del Toro refuses to nix late Anton Yelchin's voice work in his 'Trollhunters'". New York Daily News. Retrieved October 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Trollhunters: Season 1". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved December 31, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Trollhunters: Season 1". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved February 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ http://www.cartoonbrew.com/awards/trollhunters-tops-tv-programs-6-creative-arts-emmys-150505.html
Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iqb2goy__dI&t=641s
Jump up ^ "Annie Awards Nominees". Annie Awards. Retrieved November 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ McNary, Dave (March 2, 2017). "Saturn Awards Nominations 2017: 'Rogue One,' 'Walking Dead' Lead". Variety. Archived from the original on March 3, 2017. Retrieved March 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ "THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF TELEVISION ARTS & SCIENCES ANNOUNCES NOMINATIONS FOR THE 44TH ANNUAL DAYTIME EMMY® AWARDS" (PDF). Emmy Awards Official Site. March 23, 2017. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF TELEVISION ARTS & SCIENCES ANNOUNCES WINNERS FOR THE 44TH ANNUAL DAYTIME CREATIVE ARTS EMMY® AWARDS" (PDF). April 30, 2017. Retrieved April 30, 2017.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Trollhunters panel at WonderCon 2017.
Official website at DreamWorks TV
Official website at Netflix
Trollhunters on IMDb
[show]
v
t
e
DreamWorks Animation
A subsidiary of NBCUniversal, a Comcast company
Feature
films
Computer-
animated
Antz (1998)
Shrek (2001)
Shrek 2 (2004)
Shark Tale (2004)
Madagascar (2005)
Over the Hedge (2006)
Shrek the Third (2007)
Bee Movie (2007)
Kung Fu Panda (2008)
Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa (2008)
Monsters vs. Aliens (2009)
How to Train Your Dragon (2010)
Shrek Forever After (2010)
Megamind (2010)
Kung Fu Panda 2 (2011)
Puss in Boots (2011)
Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted (2012)
Rise of the Guardians (2012)
The Croods (2013)
Turbo (2013)
Mr. Peabody & Sherman (2014)
How to Train Your Dragon 2 (2014)
Penguins of Madagascar (2014)
Home (2015)
Kung Fu Panda 3 (2016)
Trolls (2016)
The Boss Baby (2017)
Captain Underpants: The First Epic Movie (2017)
Traditionally
animated
The Prince of Egypt (1998)
The Road to El Dorado (2000)
Joseph: King of Dreams (2000)
Spirit: Stallion of the Cimarron (2002)
Sinbad: Legend of the Seven Seas (2003)
Produced with
Aardman
Chicken Run (2000)
Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit (2005)
Flushed Away (2006)
Upcoming
How to Train Your Dragon 3 (2019)
Everest (2019)
Trolls 2 (2020)
The Boss Baby 2 (2021)
Franchises
Shrek (2001–)
Madagascar (2005–)
Kung Fu Panda (2008–)
Monsters vs. Aliens (2009–14)
How to Train Your Dragon (2010–)
Trolls (2016–)
TV series
Computer-
animated
Father of the Pride (2004–2005)
The Penguins of Madagascar (2008–15)
Kung Fu Panda: Legends of Awesomeness (2011–16)
DreamWorks Dragons (2012–)
Monsters vs. Aliens (2013–14)
VeggieTales in the House (2014–16)
All Hail King Julien (2014–)
The Adventures of Puss in Boots (2015–)
Dinotrux (2015–)
Trollhunters (2016–)
VeggieTales in the City (2017–)
Spirit Riding Free (2017–)
Traditionally
animated
Toonsylvania (1998)
Invasion America (1998)
Alienators: Evolution Continues (2001–2002)
Dawn of the Croods (2015–)
Voltron: Legendary Defender (2016–)
Flash
animated
Neighbors from Hell (2010)
Turbo FAST (2013–16)
The Mr. Peabody & Sherman Show (2015–)
Home: Adventures with Tip & Oh (2016–)
Television
specials
Shrek the Halls (2007)
Monsters vs. Aliens: Mutant Pumpkins from Outer Space (2009)
Merry Madagascar (2009)
Scared Shrekless (2010)
Kung Fu Panda Holiday (2010)
Madly Madagascar (2013)
Trolls Hoilday (2017)
Short films
Shrek 4-D (2003)
Far Far Away Idol (2004)
The Madagascar Penguins in a Christmas Caper (2005)
First Flight (2006)
Hammy's Boomerang Adventure (2006)
Secrets of the Furious Five (2008)
B.O.B.'s Big Break (2009)
Legend of the Boneknapper Dragon (2010)
Megamind: The Button of Doom (2011)
Night of the Living Carrots (2011)
Gift of the Night Fury (2011)
Book of Dragons (2011)
Kung Fu Panda: Secrets of the Masters (2011)
Puss in Boots: The Three Diablos (2012)
Dawn of the Dragon Racers (2014)
Kung Fu Panda: Secrets of the Scroll (2016)
People
Bill Damaschke
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Jeffrey Katzenberg
Subsidiaries
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Amblimation
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In amusement parks
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[show]
v
t
e
Guillermo del Toro
Filmography
Unrealized projects
Awards and nominations
Films directed
Doña Lupe (short; 1985)
Geometria (short; 1987)
Cronos (1993)
Mimic (1997)
The Devil's Backbone (2001)
Blade II (2002)
Hellboy (2004)
Pan's Labyrinth (2006)
Hellboy II: The Golden Army (2008)
Pacific Rim (2013)
Crimson Peak (2015)
The Shape of Water (2017)
Films written
Don't Be Afraid of the Dark (2010)
The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey (2012)
The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug (2013)
The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies (2014)
Films produced
Crónicas (2004)
Insignificant Things (2008)
Rudo y Cursi (2008)
Julia's Eyes (2010)
Don't Be Afraid of the Dark (2010)
Mama (2013)
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History of laws concerning immigration and naturalization in the United States
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This is a history of laws concerning immigration and naturalization in the United States. Immigration is distinct from naturalization. For the first century of the United States' history, immigration to the country was unrestricted. Anyone could move into the United States, start a new life, pay taxes, participate in military service and conduct business. However, while the United States had an "open-borders" policy for the first century of its existence, meaning anyone could immigrate into the country without any restrictions, it had very clear naturalization laws from the first years of its existence. Anyone who wanted to vote or hold elective office had to be naturalized. That is, anyone could immigrate in, but only those who went through the naturalization process and became a citizen could vote or hold elective office.
This set of policies, in which open immigration was permitted, but naturalization was tightly controlled, persisted until the 1870s and 1880s, when growing support for Darwinian eugenics eventually drove the US government to adopt immigration laws. These laws were intended to end the open immigration policy which the Founding Fathers had permitted, in favor of preventing "racial taint" from immigrants who entered from undesirable countries. The political movement which fought against "racial taint" was called "Progressivism", and included such luminaries as Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson
Contents
1 18th century
2 19th century
3 20th century
3.1 1960s
3.2 1980s
3.3 1990s
4 21st century
4.1 Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act (S.744)
4.2 Executive actions
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
18th century[edit]
The United States Constitution was adopted on September 17, 1787. Article I, section 8, clause 4 of the Constitution expressly gives the United States Congress the power to establish a uniform rule of naturalization.[1]
Pursuant to this power, Congress in 1790 passed the first naturalization law for the United States, the Naturalization Act of 1790. The law enabled those who had resided in the country for two years and had kept their current state of residence for a year to apply for citizenship. However it restricted naturalization to "free white persons" of "good moral character".
The Naturalization Act of 1795 increased the residency requirement to five years residence and added a requirement to give a three years notice of intention to apply for citizenship, and the Naturalization Act of 1798 further increased the residency requirement to 14 years and required five years notice of intent to apply for citizenship.
19th century[edit]
The Naturalization Law of 1802 repealed the Naturalization Act of 1798.
The Fourteenth Amendment, passed in 1868, protects children born in the United States. The phrase: "All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside" was interpreted by the Supreme Court in the 1898 case United States v. Wong Kim Ark as covering everyone born in the U.S. to parents who had at the time a permanent domicile and residence in the United States, regardless of the parents' citizenship, with the exception of the children of diplomats and Native Americans. See the articles jus soli (birthplace) and jus sanguinis (bloodline) for further discussion.
In 1870, the law was broadened to allow blacks to be naturalized.[2] Asian immigrants were excluded from naturalization but not from living in the United States. There were also significant restrictions on some Asians at the state level; in California, for example, non-citizen Asians were not allowed to own land.
After the immigration of 123,000 Chinese in the 1870s, who joined the 105,000 who had immigrated between 1850 and 1870, Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882 which targeted a single ethnic group by specifically limiting further Chinese immigration. Chinese had immigrated to the Western United States as a result of unsettled conditions in China, the availability of jobs working on railroads, and the Gold Rush that was going on at that time in California. The expression "Yellow Peril" became popular at this time.
The act excluded Chinese laborers from immigrating to the United States for ten years and was the first immigration law passed by Congress. Laborers in the United States and laborers with work visas received a certificate of residency and were allowed to travel in and out of the United States. Amendments made in 1884 tightened the provisions that allowed previous immigrants to leave and return, and clarified that the law applied to ethnic Chinese regardless of their country of origin. The act was renewed in 1892 by the Geary Act for another ten years, and in 1902 with no terminal date. It was repealed in 1943, although large scale Chinese immigration did not occur until 1965.[citation needed]
20th century[edit]
The Empire of Japan's State Department negotiated the so-called Gentlemen's Agreement in 1907, a protocol where Japan agreed to stop issuing passports to its citizens who wanted to emigrate to the United States. In practice, the Japanese government compromised with its prospective emigrants and continued to give passports to the Territory of Hawaii where many Japanese resided. Once in Hawaii, it was easy for the Japanese to continue on to Japanese settlements on the west coast if they so desired. In the decade of 1901 to 1910, 129,000 Japanese immigrated to the United States or Hawaii; nearly all were males and on five-year work contracts and 117,000 more came in the decades from 1911 to 1930. How many of them stayed and how many returned at the end of their contracts is unknown but it is estimated that about one-half returned. Again this immigrant flow was at least 80% male and the demand for female Japanese immigrants almost immediately arose. This need was met in part by what are called "postcard wives" who immigrated to new husbands who had chosen them on the basis of their pictures (similar marriages also occurred in nearly all cultures throughout the female-scarce west). The Japanese government finally quit issuing passports to the Territory of Hawaii for single women in the 1920s.
Congress also banned persons because of poor health or lack of education. An 1882 law banned entry of "lunatics" and infectious disease carriers. After President William McKinley was assassinated by an anarchist of immigrant parentage, Congress enacted the Anarchist Exclusion Act in 1901 to exclude known anarchist agitators.[3] A literacy requirement was added in the Immigration Act of 1917.
In 1921 the United States Congress passed the Emergency Quota Act, which established national immigration quotas. The quotas were based on the number of foreign-born residents of each nationality who were living in the United States as of the 1910 census.
The crucial 1923 Supreme Court case United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind created the official stance to classify South Asian Indians as non-white, which at the time allowed Indians who had already been naturalized to be retroactively stripped of their citizenship after prosecutors argued that they had gained their citizenship illegally.[4] The California Alien Land Law of 1913, overturned in 1952 by the holding in Sei Fujii v. California, 38 Cal. 2d 718, and other similar laws prohibited aliens from owning land property, thus effectively stripping Indian Americans of land rights. While the decision was placating Asiatic Exclusion League (AEL) demands, spurned by growing outrage at the Turban Tide/Hindoo Invasion [sic] alongside the pre-existing outrage at the "Yellow Peril", and while more recent legislation influenced by the civil-rights movement has removed much of the statutory discrimination against Asians, no case has overturned this 1923 classification.
A more complex quota plan, the National Origins Formula, replaced this "emergency" system under the Immigration Act of 1924 (Johnson-Reed Act). The reference census used was changed to that of 1890, which greatly reduced the number of Southern and Eastern European immigrants. An annual ceiling of 154,227 was set for the Eastern Hemisphere. Each country had a quota proportional to its population in the U.S. as of the 1890 census.
In 1932 President Hoover and the State Department essentially shut down immigration during the Great Depression as immigration went from 236,000 in 1929 to 23,000 in 1933. This was accompanied by voluntary repatriation to Europe and Mexico, and coerced repatriation and deportation of between 500,000 and 2 million Mexican Americans, mostly citizens, in the Mexican Repatriation. Total immigration in the decade of 1931 to 1940 was 528,000 averaging less than 53,000 a year.
The Chinese exclusion laws were repealed in 1943. The Luce-Celler Act of 1946 ended discrimination against Indian Americans and Filipinos, who were accorded the right to naturalization, and allowed a quota of 100 immigrants per year.
The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 (the McCarran-Walter Act) revised the quotas again, basing them on the 1920 census. For the first time in American history, racial distinctions were omitted from the U.S. Code. As could be expected, most of the quota allocation went to immigrants from Ireland, the United Kingdom and Germany who already had relatives in the United States.[citation needed] The anti-subversive features of this law are still in force.[citation needed]
1960s[edit]
The Immigration and Nationality Act Amendments of 1965 (the Hart-Celler Act) abolished the system of national-origin quotas. There was, for the first time, a limitation on Western Hemisphere immigration (120,000 per year), with the Eastern Hemisphere limited to 170,000. The law changed the preference system for immigrants. Specifically, the law provided preference to immigrants with skills needed in the U.S. workforce, refugees and asylum seekers, as well as family members of U.S. citizens. Family reunification became the cornerstone of the bill. At the time, the then-chairman of the Senate Immigration Subcommittee Edward Kennedy remarked that "the bill will not flood our cities with immigrants. It will not upset the ethnic mix of our society. It will not relax the standards of admission. It will not cause American workers to lose their jobs." (U.S. Senate, Subcommittee on Immigration and Naturalization of the Committee on the Judiciary, Washington, D.C., Feb. 10, 1965. pp. 1–3.)
1980s[edit]
The Refugee Act of 1980 established policies for refugees, redefining "refugee" according to United Nations norms. A target for refugees was set at 50,000 and the worldwide ceiling for immigrants was reduced to 270,000 annually.
In 1986, the Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) was passed, creating for the first time penalties for employers who knowingly hired undocumented immigrants. IRCA also contained an amnesty for about 3 million undocumented immigrants already in the United States, and mandated the intensification of some of the activities of the United States Border Patrol or INS (now part of Department of Homeland Security).
1990s[edit]
The U.S. Commission on Immigration Reform, led by former Rep. Barbara Jordan, ran from 1990 to 1997. The Commission covered many facets of immigration policy, but started from the perception that the "credibility of immigration policy can be measured by a simple yardstick: people who should get in, do get in; people who should not get in, are kept out; and people who are judged deportable are required to leave".[5] From there, in a series of four reports, the commission looked at all aspects of immigration policy.[6] In the first, it found that enforcement was lax and needed improvement on the border and internally. For internal enforcement, it recommended that an automated employment verification system be created to enable employers to distinguish between legal and illegal workers. The second report discussed legal immigration issues and suggested that immediate family members and skilled workers receive priority. The third report covered refugee and asylum issues. Finally, the fourth report reiterated the major points of the previous reports and the need for a new immigration policy. Few of these suggestions were implemented.
The Immigration Act of 1990 (IMMACT) modified and expanded the 1965 act; it significantly increased the total immigration limit to 700,000 and increased visas by 40 percent. Family reunification was retained as the main immigration criterion, with significant increases in employment-related immigration.
Several pieces of legislation signed into law in 1996 marked a turn towards harsher policies for both legal and illegal immigrants. The Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act (AEDPA) and Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA) vastly increased the categories of criminal activity for which immigrants, including green card holders, can be deported and imposed mandatory detention for certain types of deportation cases. As a result, well over 2 million individuals have been deported since 1996.[7]
21st century[edit]
The terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001 affected American perspectives on many issues, including immigration. A total of 20 foreign terrorists were involved, 19 of whom took part in the attacks that caused the deaths of 2,977 victims, most of them civilians. The terrorists had entered the United States on tourist or student visas. Four of them, however, had violated the terms of their visas. The attack exposed long-standing weaknesses in the U.S. immigration system that included failures in the areas of visa processing, internal enforcement, and information sharing.[8]
The REAL ID Act of 2005 changed some visa limits, tightened restrictions on asylum applications and made it easier to exclude suspected terrorists, and removed restrictions on building border fences.
In 2005, Senators John McCain and Ted Kennedy revived the discussion of comprehensive immigration reform with the proposal of the Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act, incorporating legalization, guest worker programs, and enhanced border security. The bill was never voted on in the Senate, but portions are incorporated in later Senate proposals.
In 2006, the House of Representatives and the Senate produced their own, conflicting bills. In December 2005, the House passed the Border Protection, Anti-terrorism, and Illegal Immigration Control Act of 2005, which was sponsored by Rep. James Sensenbrenner (R-WI). The act was limited to enforcement and focused on both the border and the interior. In the Senate, the Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2006 (CIRA) was sponsored by Sen. Arlen Specter (R-PA) and passed in May 2006. CIRA would have given a path to eventual citizenship to a majority of undocumented immigrants already in the country as well as dramatically increased legal immigration. Although the bills passed their respective chambers, no compromise bill emerged.[9]
In 2007, the Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007 was discussed in the Senate, which would have given a path to eventual citizenship to a large majority of illegal entrants in the country, significantly increased legal immigration and increased enforcement. The bill failed to pass a cloture vote, essentially killing it.[10]
Individual components of various reform packages have been separately introduced and pursued in the Congress. The DREAM Act is a bill initially introduced in 2001, incorporated in the various comprehensive reform bills, and then separately reintroduced in 2009 and 2010. The bill would provide legal residency and a path to citizenship for undocumented immigrants who graduate from U.S. high schools and attend college or join the military.
Immigrant visa limits set by Congress remain at 700,000 for the combined categories of employment, family preference, and family immediate. There are additional provisions for diversity and a small number of special visas. In 2008 immigration in these categories totaled slightly less than 750,000 and similar totals (representing maximums allowed by Congress) have been tallied in recent years.[11]
Naturalization numbers have ranged from about 500,000 to just over 1,000,000 per year since the early 1990s, with peak years in 1996 and 2008 each around 1,040,000. These numbers add up to more than the number of visas issued in those years because as many as 2.7 million of those who were granted amnesty by IRCA in 1986 have converted or will convert to citizenship.[12] In general, immigrants become eligible for citizenship after five years of residence. Many do not immediately apply, or do not pass the test on the first attempt. This means that the counts for visas and the counts for naturalization will always remain out of step, though in the long run the naturalizations add up to somewhat less than the visas.
These numbers are separate from illegal immigration, which peaked at probably over 1 million per year around the year 2000 and has probably declined to about 500,000 per year by 2009, which seems comparable or perhaps less than the outflow returning to their native countries.[13] Some of the legal immigrant categories may include former illegal immigrants who have come current on legal applications and passed background checks; these individuals are included in the count of legal visas, not as a separate or additional number.
For Mexico and the Philippines, the only categories of immigrant visa available in practice are those for immediate dependent family of U.S. citizens. Persons who applied since 1994 have not been in the categories for adult children and siblings, and trends show that these data are unlikely to change. In fact, the trend has recently been moving in the opposite direction. Immigrant work visas run about 6 to 8 years behind current.[clarification needed][citation needed] While the government does not publish data on the number of pending applications, the evidence is that the backlog in those categories dwarfs the yearly quotas.
Legal immigration visas should not be confused with temporary work permits. Permits for seasonal labor (about 285,000 in 2008) or students (about 917,000 in 2008)[14] generally do not permit conversion to immigrant status. Even those who are legally authorized to work temporarily in the United States (such as H1-B workers) must apply for permanent residence separately, and gain no advantage from their temporary employment authorization. This is unlike many other countries, whose laws provide for permanent residence after a certain number of years of legal employment. Temporary workers, therefore, do not form a distinctly counted source of immigration.[15]
Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act (S.744)[edit]
On April 17, 2013, the so-called "Gang of Eight" in the United States Senate introduced S.744, the long-awaited Senate version of the immigration reform bill proposed in Congress.[16] Text of the proposed legislation was promptly released on the website of Senator Charles Schumer. On June 27, 2013, the Senate passed the bill on 68-32 margin. The bill has not been taken up by the United States House of Representatives.[17]
Executive actions[edit]
On November 21, 2014, president Barack Obama signed two executive actions which had the effect of delaying deportation for millions of illegal immigrants. The orders apply to parents of United States citizens and young people brought into the country illegally.[18]
For continued executive action see Immigration policy of Donald Trump.
See also[edit]
Alien and Sedition Acts
Citizenship of the United States
Ellis Island
Eugenics in the United States
Family reunification
Guest Worker Program
History of immigration to the United States
Illegal immigration to the United States
Immigration and Naturalization Service
Immigration detention
Immigration reform in the United States
Immigration Restriction League
Judicial aspects of race in the United States
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References[edit]
Jump up ^ The relevant enumerated power reads: "To establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization..."
Jump up ^ "Race, Nationality, and Reality: INS Administration of Racial Provisions in U.S. Immigration and Nationality Law Since 1898, Part 1". National Archives. Retrieved 2015-06-02.
Jump up ^ "Key Dates and Landmarks in United States Immigration History". Harvard University Library Open Collections Program. Retrieved 2015-06-04.
Jump up ^ Coulson, Doug (2015). "British Imperialism, the Indian Independence Movement, and the Racial Eligibility Provisions of the Naturalization Act: United States v. Thind Revisited". Georgetown Journal of Law & Modern Critical Race Perspectives. 7: 1–42. SSRN 2610266  .
Jump up ^ "Becoming an American: Immigration & Immigrant Policy" (PDF). U.S. Commission on Immigration Reform. September 1997. Retrieved 2013-11-08.
Jump up ^ "Reports to Congress". U.S. Commission on Immigration Reform. 1998-04-10. Retrieved 2013-11-08.
Jump up ^ "The Great Expulsion". Economist. February 8, 2013. Retrieved 2014-12-16.
Jump up ^ Kephart, Janice (September 2005). "Moving Beyond the 9/11 Staff Report on Terrorist Travel". Center for Immigration Studies. Retrieved 2013-11-08.
Jump up ^ North, David. "Immigration History". Center for Immigration Studies. Retrieved 2013-11-08.
Jump up ^ Gaouette, Nicole (June 29, 2007). "Senate buries immigration bill". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2013-11-08.
Jump up ^ "How the United States Immigration System Works". Immigration Policy Center. March 1, 2014. Retrieved 2014-12-16.
Jump up ^ Lee, James; Rytina, Nancy (March 2009). "Naturalizations in the United States: 2008" (PDF). Department of Homeland Security Office of Immigration Statistics. Retrieved 2013-11-08.
Jump up ^ "Trends in Unauthorized Immigration: Undocumented Inflow Now Trails Legal Inflow" (PDF). Pew Hispanic Center. October 2, 2008. Retrieved 2013-11-08.
Jump up ^ Monger, Randall; Barr, Macreadie (April 2009). "Nonimmigrant Admissions to the United States: 2008" (PDF). Department of Homeland Security Office of Immigration Statistics. Retrieved 2013-11-08.
Jump up ^ "Temporary (Nonimmigrant) Workers". U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. 2009-12-20. Retrieved 2013-11-08.
Jump up ^ "Bill text. Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act". Library of Congress. 2013-06-27. Retrieved 2014-12-01.
Jump up ^ "US Immigration Reform Issues since 2013". Migration as a travel business. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "Obama signs executive action delaying deportations for millions of illegal immigrants". Fox News. 21 November 2014. Retrieved 22 November 2014.
External links[edit]
History of Legislation from the U.S. Citizenship & Immigration Services:
Legislation from 1790 - 1900
Legislation from 1901 - 1940
Legislation from 1941 - 1960
Legislation from 1961 - 1980
Legislation from 1981 - 1996
How Democracy Works Now: Twelve Stories — Series page, a documentary film series that examines the American political system through the lens of immigration reform during 2001–2007
Bolger, Eilleen. Background History of the United States Naturalization Process, archive
Center for Immigration Studies. Historical Overview of Immigration Policy
Ellis Island and Immigration Regulation. U.S. immigration policy of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century.
Immigration Policy Center. History of Immigration.
Smith, Marian. '"Any woman who is now or may hereafter be married . . ." Women and Naturalization, ca. 1802-1940'. Prologue, Summer 1998, vol. 30, no. 2.
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Southern belle
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the archetype. For other uses, see Southern Belle (disambiguation).
Cover illustration of Harper's Weekly, September 7, 1861 showing a stereotypical Southern belle
The Southern belle (derived from the French word belle, 'beautiful') is a stock character[1] representing a young woman of the American Deep South's upper socioeconomic class.
Contents
[hide]
1 Origin
2 Characteristics
3 Controversy
4 In popular culture
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Origin[edit]
The image of the Southern belle developed in the South during the antebellum era. It was based on the young, unmarried woman in the plantation-owning upper class of Southern society.[2]
Sallie Ward, a Southern belle
Characteristics[edit]
The image of a Southern belle is often characterized by fashion elements such as a hoop skirt, a corset, pantalettes, a wide-brimmed straw hat, and gloves. As signs of tanning were considered working-class and unfashionable during this era, parasols and fans are also often represented.[2]
Southern belles were expected to marry respectable young men, and become ladies of society dedicated to the family and community.[2] The Southern belle archetype is characterized by Southern hospitality, a cultivation of beauty, and a flirtatious yet chaste demeanor.[3]
For example, Sallie Ward, who was born into the Southern aristocracy of Kentucky in the Antebellum South, was called a Southern belle.[4]
Controversy[edit]
The Southern belle archetype has been criticized as part of an overall idealization of the Antebellum era American South in popular culture.[5][6] Slavery figured strongly into the region's economy during the plantation era. In turn, the image of the idyllic Southern plantation is considered by many to be insensitive to the plight of slaves.[7]
In popular culture[edit]
During the early 20th century, the release of the film Gone with the Wind popularized the image of the Southern belle.
Southern belles have also been featured in A Streetcar Named Desire, The Glass Menagerie, Jezebel, Fried Green Tomatoes, Wacky Races, Steel Magnolias, and Sweet Home Alabama.
Dick Pope, Sr., promoter of Florida tourism, played an important role in popularizing the archetypal image.[8] Hostesses at his famed Cypress Gardens were portrayed as Southern belles in promotional materials for the theme park.[9] The X-Men member Rogue is the team's self-described Southern belle.
See also[edit]
Scarlett O'Hara
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Southern belle". TV Tropes.com.
^ Jump up to: a b c "History Engine: Tools for Collaborative Education and Research | Episodes". Historyengine.richmond.edu. Retrieved September 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Anatomy of a Southern Belle | Deep South Magazine – Southern Food, Travel & Lit". Deepsouthmag.com. June 2, 2011. Retrieved September 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ Clark, Thomas D. (2015). The Kentucky. Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky. pp. 238–255.
Jump up ^ Biddle, Sam (October 17, 2014). "The 'Southern Belle' is a Racist Fiction". Gawker.
Jump up ^ Boyd, Elizabeth (August 21, 2015). "Remove the Southern belle from her inglorious perch". The Washington Post.
Jump up ^ Cox, Karen L. "The Ongoing Allure of the Antebellum South". Pop South.
Jump up ^ APPublished: January 30, 1988 (January 30, 1988). "Richard Downing Pope, 87, Dies; Promoter of Florida and Tourism - New York Times". Nytimes.com. Retrieved September 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ The Lakeland Ledger, January 29, 1988. Vol. 82 No.99 Pg11A
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Southern belles.
Look up southern belle in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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