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Hubble Deep Field
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Coordinates: 12h 36m 49.4s, +62° 12′ 58″
The Hubble Deep Field
The Hubble Deep Field (HDF) is an image of a small region in the constellation Ursa Major, constructed from a series of observations by the Hubble Space Telescope. It covers an area about 2.6 arcminutes on a side, about one 24-millionth of the whole sky, which is equivalent in angular size to a tennis ball at a distance of 100 metres.[1] The image was assembled from 342 separate exposures taken with the Space Telescope's Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 over ten consecutive days between December 18 and December 28, 1995.[2][3]
The field is so small that only a few foreground stars in the Milky Way lie within it; thus, almost all of the 3,000 objects in the image are galaxies, some of which are among the youngest and most distant known. By revealing such large numbers of very young galaxies, the HDF has become a landmark image in the study of the early universe.
Three years after the HDF observations were taken, a region in the south celestial hemisphere was imaged in a similar way and named the Hubble Deep Field South. The similarities between the two regions strengthened the belief that the universe is uniform over large scales and that the Earth occupies a typical region in the Universe (the cosmological principle). A wider but shallower survey was also made as part of the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey. In 2004 a deeper image, known as the Hubble Ultra-Deep Field (HUDF), was constructed from a few months of light exposure. The HUDF image was at the time the most sensitive astronomical image ever made at visible wavelengths, and it remained so until the Hubble eXtreme Deep Field (XDF) was released in 2012.
Contents
[hide]
1 Conception
2 Target selection
3 Observations
4 Data processing
5 Contents of the Deep Field
6 Scientific results
7 Multifrequency followup
8 Subsequent HST observations
9 See also
10 Notes and references
11 Bibliography
12 External links
Conception[edit]
The dramatic improvement in Hubble's imaging capabilities after corrective optics were installed encouraged attempts to obtain very deep images of distant galaxies.
One of the key aims of the astronomers who designed the Hubble Space Telescope was to use its high optical resolution to study distant galaxies to a level of detail that was not possible from the ground. Positioned above the atmosphere, Hubble avoids atmospheric airglow allowing it to take more sensitive visible and ultraviolet light images than can be obtained with seeing-limited ground-based telescopes (when good adaptive optics correction at visible wavelengths becomes possible, 10 m ground-based telescopes may become competitive). Although the telescope's mirror suffered from spherical aberration when the telescope was launched in 1990, it could still be used to take images of more distant galaxies than had previously been obtainable. Because light takes billions of years to reach Earth from very distant galaxies, we see them as they were billions of years ago; thus, extending the scope of such research to increasingly distant galaxies allows a better understanding of how they evolve.[2]
After the spherical aberration was corrected during Space Shuttle mission STS-61 in 1993,[4] the improved imaging capabilities of the telescope were used to study increasingly distant and faint galaxies. The Medium Deep Survey (MDS) used the Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 (WFPC2) to take deep images of random fields while other instruments were being used for scheduled observations. At the same time, other dedicated programs focused on galaxies that were already known through ground-based observation. All of these studies revealed substantial differences between the properties of galaxies today and those that existed several billion years ago.[5]
Up to 10% of the HST's observation time is designated as Director's Discretionary (DD) Time, and is typically awarded to astronomers who wish to study unexpected transient phenomena, such as supernovae. Once Hubble's corrective optics were shown to be performing well, Robert Williams, the then-director of the Space Telescope Science Institute, decided to devote a substantial fraction of his DD time during 1995 to the study of distant galaxies. A special Institute Advisory Committee recommended that the WFPC2 be used to image a "typical" patch of sky at a high galactic latitude, using several optical filters. A working group was set up to develop and implement the project.[6]
Target selection[edit]
The HDF is at the centre of this image of one degree of sky. The Moon as seen from Earth would fill roughly one quarter of this image.
Diagram illustrating comparative sampling distance of the HDF and the 2004 Hubble Ultra-Deep Field
The field selected for the observations needed to fulfill several criteria. It had to be at a high galactic latitude, because dust and obscuring matter in the plane of the Milky Way's disc prevents observations of distant galaxies at low galactic latitudes. The target field had to avoid known bright sources of visible light (such as foreground stars), and infrared, ultraviolet and X-ray emissions, to facilitate later studies at many wavelengths of the objects in the deep field, and also needed to be in a region with a low background infrared 'cirrus', the diffuse, wispy infrared emission believed to be caused by warm dust grains in cool clouds of hydrogen gas (H I regions).[6]
These criteria restricted the field of potential target areas. It was decided that the target should be in Hubble's 'continuous viewing zones' (CVZs)—the areas of sky which are not occulted by the Earth or the moon during Hubble's orbit.[6] The working group decided to concentrate on the northern CVZ, so that northern-hemisphere telescopes such as the Keck telescopes, the Kitt Peak National Observatory telescopes and the Very Large Array (VLA) could conduct follow-up observations.[7]
Twenty fields satisfying these criteria were initially identified, from which three optimal candidate fields were selected, all within the constellation of Ursa Major. Radio snapshot observations with the VLA ruled out one of these fields because it contained a bright radio source, and the final decision between the other two was made on the basis of the availability of guide stars near the field: Hubble observations normally require a pair of nearby stars on which the telescope's Fine Guidance Sensors can lock during an exposure, but given the importance of the HDF observations, the working group required a second set of back-up guide stars. The field that was eventually selected is located at a right ascension of 12h 36m 49.4s and a declination of +62° 12′ 58″;[6][7] it is approximately 2.6 arcminutes in width,[2][8] or 1/12 the width of the Moon. The area is approximately 1/28,000,000 of the total area of the sky.[9]
Observations[edit]
The HDF was located in Hubble's northern Continuous Viewing Zone, as shown by this diagram.
Once a field had been selected, an observing strategy had to be developed. An important decision was to determine which filters the observations would use; WFPC2 is equipped with forty-eight filters, including narrowband filters isolating particular emission lines of astrophysical interest, and broadband filters useful for the study of the colours of stars and galaxies. The choice of filters to be used for the HDF depended on the 'throughput' of each filter—the total proportion of light that it allows through—and the spectral coverage available. Filters with bandpasses overlapping as little as possible were desirable.[6]
In the end, four broadband filters were chosen, centred at wavelengths of 300 nm (near-ultraviolet), 450 nm (blue light), 606 nm (red light) and 814 nm (near-infrared). Because the quantum efficiency of Hubble's detectors is quite low at 300 nm, the noise in observations at this wavelength is primarily due to CCD noise rather than sky background; thus, these observations could be conducted at times when high background noise would have harmed the efficiency of observations in other passbands.[6]
Between December 18 and December 28, 1995—during which time Hubble orbited the Earth about 150 times—342 images of the target area in the chosen filters were taken. The total exposure times at each wavelength were 42.7 hours (300 nm), 33.5 hours (450 nm), 30.3 hours (606 nm) and 34.3 hours (814 nm), divided into 342 individual exposures to prevent significant damage to individual images by cosmic rays, which cause bright streaks to appear when they strike CCD detectors. A further 10 Hubble orbits were used to make short exposures of flanking fields to aid follow-up observations by other instruments.[6]
Data processing[edit]
A section of the HDF about 14 arcseconds across in each of the four wavelengths used to construct the final version: 300 nm (top left), 450 nm (top right), 606 nm (bottom left) and 814 nm (bottom right)
The production of a final combined image at each wavelength was a complex process. Bright pixels caused by cosmic ray impacts during exposures were removed by comparing exposures of equal length taken one after the other, and identifying pixels that were affected by cosmic rays in one exposure but not the other. Trails of space debris and artificial satellites were present in the original images, and were carefully removed.[6]
Scattered light from the Earth was evident in about a quarter of the data frames, creating a visible "X" pattern on the images. This was removed by taking an image affected by scattered light, aligning it with an unaffected image, and subtracting the unaffected image from the affected one. The resulting image was smoothed, and could then be subtracted from the bright frame. This procedure removed almost all of the scattered light from the affected images.[6]
Once the 342 individual images were cleaned of cosmic-ray hits and corrected for scattered light, they had to be combined. Scientists involved in the HDF observations pioneered a technique called 'drizzling', in which the pointing of the telescope was varied minutely between sets of exposures. Each pixel on the WFPC2 CCD chips recorded an area of sky 0.09 arcseconds across, but by changing the direction in which the telescope was pointing by less than that between exposures, the resulting images were combined using sophisticated image-processing techniques to yield a final angular resolution better than this value. The HDF images produced at each wavelength had final pixel sizes of 0.03985 arcseconds.[6]
The data processing yielded four monochrome images (at 300 nm, 450 nm, 606 nm and 814 nm), one at each wavelength.[10] One image was designated as red (814 nm), the second as green (606 nm) and the third as blue (450 nm), and the three images were combined to give a colour image.[3] Because the wavelengths at which the images were taken do not correspond to the wavelengths of red, green and blue light, the colours in the final image only give an approximate representation of the actual colours of the galaxies in the image; the choice of filters for the HDF (and the majority of Hubble images) was primarily designed to maximize the scientific utility of the observations rather than to create colours corresponding to what the human eye would actually perceive.[10]
Contents of the Deep Field[edit]
Deep field image taken by ALMA and Hubble.[11]
The final images were released at a meeting of the American Astronomical Society in January 1996,[12] and revealed a plethora of distant, faint galaxies. About 3,000 distinct galaxies could be identified in the images,[13] with both irregular and spiral galaxies clearly visible, although some galaxies in the field are only a few pixels across. In all, the HDF is thought to contain fewer than twenty galactic foreground stars; by far the majority of objects in the field are distant galaxies.[14]
There are about fifty blue point-like objects in the HDF. Many seem to be associated with nearby galaxies, which together form chains and arcs: these are likely to be regions of intense star formation. Others may be distant quasars. Astronomers initially ruled out the possibility that some of the point-like objects are white dwarfs, because they are too blue to be consistent with theories of white dwarf evolution prevalent at the time. However, more recent work has found that many white dwarfs become bluer as they age, lending support to the idea that the HDF might contain white dwarfs.[15]
Scientific results[edit]
Details from the HDF illustrate the wide variety of galaxy shapes, sizes and colours found in the distant universe.
The HDF data provided extremely rich material for cosmologists to analyse and by late 2014 the associated scientific paper for the image had received over 900 citations.[16] One of the most fundamental findings was the discovery of large numbers of galaxies with high redshift values.
As the Universe expands, more distant objects recede from the Earth faster, in what is called the Hubble Flow. The light from very distant galaxies is significantly affected by the cosmological redshift. While quasars with high redshifts were known, very few galaxies with redshifts greater than one were known before the HDF images were produced.[12] The HDF, however, contained many galaxies with redshifts as high as six, corresponding to distances of about 12 billion light-years. Due to redshift the most distant objects in the HDF (Lyman-break galaxies) are not actually visible in the Hubble images; they can only be detected in images of the HDF taken at longer wavelengths by ground-based telescopes.[17]
The HDF galaxies contained a considerably larger proportion of disturbed and irregular galaxies than the local universe;[12] galaxy collisions and mergers were more common in the young universe as it was much smaller than today. It is believed that giant elliptical galaxies form when spirals and irregular galaxies collide.
The wealth of galaxies at different stages of their evolution also allowed astronomers to estimate the variation in the rate of star formation over the lifetime of the Universe. While estimates of the redshifts of HDF galaxies are somewhat crude, astronomers believe that star formation was occurring at its maximum rate 8–10 billion years ago, and has decreased by a factor of about 10 since then.[18]
Another important result from the HDF was the very small number of foreground stars present. For years astronomers had been puzzling over the nature of dark matter, mass which seems to be undetectable but which observations implied made up about 90% of the mass of the Universe.[19] One theory was that dark matter might consist of Massive Astrophysical Compact Halo Objects (MACHOs)—faint but massive objects such as red dwarfs and planets in the outer regions of galaxies.[20] The HDF showed, however, that there were not significant numbers of red dwarfs in the outer parts of our galaxy.[12][14]
Multifrequency followup[edit]
The HDF imaged by the Spitzer Space Telescope. The top segment shows the foreground objects in the field; the bottom shows the background with the foreground objects removed.
Very-high redshift objects (Lyman-break galaxies) cannot be seen in visible light and generally are detected in infrared or submillimetre wavelength surveys of the HDF instead.[17] Observations with the Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) indicated infrared emission from 13 galaxies visible in the optical images, attributed to large quantities of dust associated with intense star formation.[21] Infrared observations have also been made with the Spitzer Space Telescope.[22] Submillimeter observations of the field have been made with SCUBA on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope, initially detecting 5 sources, although with very low resolution.[13] Observations have also been made with the Subaru telescope in Hawaii.[23]
X-ray observations by the Chandra X-ray Observatory revealed six sources in the HDF, which were found to correspond to three elliptical galaxies: one spiral galaxy, one active galactic nucleus and one extremely red object, thought to be a distant galaxy containing a large amount of dust absorbing its blue light emissions.[24]
Ground-based radio images taken using the VLA revealed seven radio sources in the HDF, all of which correspond to galaxies visible in the optical images.[25] The field has also been surveyed with the Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope and the MERLIN array of radio telescopes at 1.4 GHz;[26][27] the combination of VLA and MERLIN maps made at wavelengths of 3.5 and 20 cm have located 16 radio sources in the HDF-N field, with many more in the flanking fields.[13] Radio images of some individual sources in the field have been made with the European VLBI Network at 1.6 GHz with a higher resolution than the Hubble maps.[28]
Subsequent HST observations[edit]
The Hubble Deep Field South looks very similar to the original HDF, demonstrating the cosmological principle.
The Hubble Ultra-Deep Field further corroborates this.
An HDF counterpart in the southern celestial hemisphere was created in 1998: the HDF-South.[29] Created using a similar observing strategy,[29] the HDF-S was very similar in appearance to the original HDF.[30] This supports the cosmological principle that at its largest scale the Universe is homogeneous. The HDF-S survey used the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) and the Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer (NICMOS) instruments installed on the HST in 1997; the Hubble Deep Field has since been re-observed several times using WFPC2, as well as by the NICMOS and STIS instruments.[8][13] Several supernova events were detected by comparing the first and second epoch observations of the HDF-N.[13]
A wider survey, but less sensitive, was carried out as part of the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey; a section of this was then observed for longer to create the Hubble Ultra-Deep Field, which was the most sensitive optical deep field image for years[31] until the Hubble eXtreme Deep Field was completed in 2012.[32] Images from the Extreme Deep Field, or XDF, were released on 26 September 2012 to a number of media agencies. Images released in the XDF show galaxies which are now believed to have formed in the first 500 million years following the Big Bang.[33][34]
See also[edit]
Astronomy portal
Cosmology portal
List of Deep Fields
Notes and references[edit]
Jump up ^ Clark, Stuart (2011). The Big Questions The Universe. Hachette UK. p. 69. ISBN 978-1-84916-609-6.
^ Jump up to: a b c Ferguson et al. (1999), p.84
^ Jump up to: a b "Hubble's Deepest View of the Universe Unveils Bewildering Galaxies across Billions of Years". NASA. 1995. Retrieved 12 January 2009.
Jump up ^ Trauger et al. (1994)
Jump up ^ Abraham et al. (1996)
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Williams et al. (1996)
^ Jump up to: a b Ferguson, H. (1996). "The Hubble Deep Field—field selection". Space Telescope Science Institute. Retrieved December 26, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b Ferguson (2000a)
Jump up ^ Anderson, Ryan (April 2016). "How big is the Hubble Ultra Deep Field image". Curious about astronomy? Ask an astronomer. Retrieved January 7, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b Ferguson et al. (1999), p.88
Jump up ^ "ALMA Explores the Hubble Ultra Deep Field - Deepest ever millimetre observations of early Universe". www.eso.org. Retrieved 24 September 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Summary of Key Findings From the Hubble Deep Field". Space Telescope Science Institute. 1997. Archived from the original on July 1, 2011. Retrieved December 26, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Ferguson et al. (2000b)
^ Jump up to: a b Flynn et al. (1996)
Jump up ^ Hansen (1998)
Jump up ^ Williams, Robert E.; Blacker, Brett; Dickinson, Mark; Dixon, W. Van Dyke; Ferguson, Henry C.; Fruchter, Andrew S.; Giavalisco, Mauro; Gilliland, Ronald L.; Heyer, Inge; Katsanis, Rocio; Levay, Zolt; Lucas, Ray A.; McElroy, Douglas B.; Petro, Larry; Postman, Marc; Adorf, Hans-Martin; Hook, Richard (1996). "NASA ADS entry for Williams et al. (1996)". Astronomical Journal. The SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System. 112: 1335. arXiv:astro-ph/9607174  . Bibcode:1996AJ....112.1335W. doi:10.1086/118105.
^ Jump up to: a b Ferguson et al. (1999), p.105
Jump up ^ Connolly et al. (1997)
Jump up ^ Trimble (1987)
Jump up ^ Alcock et al. (1992)
Jump up ^ Rowan-Robinson et al. (1997)
Jump up ^ "GOODS Spitzer and Ancillary Data". NASA/IPAC Infrared Science Archive. Retrieved January 7, 2009.
Jump up ^ Ferguson, H. (2002). "HDF Clearinghouse". Space Telescope Science Institute. Retrieved December 27, 2008.
Jump up ^ Hornschemeier et al. (2000)
Jump up ^ Kellerman et al. (1998)
Jump up ^ Garratt et al. (2000)
Jump up ^ "Preliminary MERLIN Observations of the HST Deep Field". Jodrell Bank Observatory. Retrieved December 27, 2008.
Jump up ^ Garrett et al. (2001)
^ Jump up to: a b Williams et al. (2000)
Jump up ^ Casertano et al. (2000)
Jump up ^ Beckwith et al. (2006)
Jump up ^ "Hubble goes to the eXtreme to assemble the deepest ever view of the Universe". Hubble press release. Retrieved 25 September 2012.
Jump up ^ Hubble Site News Center
Jump up ^ Astronomers Release Deepest View of the Night Sky
Bibliography[edit]
Abraham, R.G.; et al. (1996). "The Morphologies of Distant Galaxies. II. Classifications from the Hubble Space Telescope Medium Deep Survey". Astrophysical Journal Supplement. 107: 1–17. Bibcode:1996ApJS..107....1A. doi:10.1086/192352.
Alcock, C.; et al. (1992). A.V. Fillipenko, ed. The search for massive compact halo objects with a (semi) robotic telescope. 103rd Annual Meeting of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. Robotic telescopes in the 1990s. 34. pp. 193–202. Bibcode:1992ASPC...34..193A. ISBN 0-937707-53-8.
Beckwith, S.V.; et al. (2006). "The Hubble Ultra Deep Field". The Astronomical Journal. 132 (5): 1729–1755. arXiv:astro-ph/0607632  . Bibcode:2006AJ....132.1729B. doi:10.1086/507302.
Casertano, S.; et al. (2000). "WFPC2 Observations of the Hubble Deep Field South". The Astronomical Journal. 120 (6): 2747–2824. arXiv:astro-ph/0010245  . Bibcode:2000AJ....120.2747C. doi:10.1086/316851.
Connolly, A.J.; et al. (1997). "The evolution of the global star formation history as measured from the Hubble Deep Field". Astrophysical Journal Letters. 486 (1): L11. arXiv:astro-ph/9706255  . Bibcode:1997ApJ...486L..11C. doi:10.1086/310829.
Ferguson, H.C. (2000a). N. Manset; C. Veillet; D. Crabtree, eds. The Hubble Deep Fields. Astronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems IX. ASP Conference Proceedings. 216. Astronomical Society of the Pacific. p. 395. ISBN 1-58381-047-1.
Ferguson, H.C.; Dickinson, Mark; Williams, Robert (2000b). "The Hubble Deep Fields". Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 38 (1): 667–715. arXiv:astro-ph/0004319  . Bibcode:2000ARA&A..38..667F. doi:10.1146/annurev.astro.38.1.667.
Ferguson, A.S. (1998). "The Hubble deep field". Reviews in Modern Astronomy. 11: 83–115. Bibcode:1998RvMA...11...83F.
Flynn, C.; Gould, A.; Bahcall, J. N. (1996). "Hubble Deep Field Constraint on Baryonic Dark Matter". Astrophysical Journal Letters. 466 (2): L55–L58. arXiv:astro-ph/9603035  . Bibcode:1996ApJ...466L..55F. doi:10.1086/310174.
Schilizzi, M.A.; et al. (2000). "WSRT observations of the Hubble Deep Field region". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 361: L41–L44. arXiv:astro-ph/0008509  . Bibcode:2000A&A...361L..41G.
Garrett, M.A.; et al. (2001). "AGN and starbursts at high redshift: High resolution EVN radio observations of the Hubble Deep Field". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 366 (2): L5–L8. arXiv:astro-ph/0102037  . Bibcode:2001A&A...366L...5G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20000537.
Hansen, B.M.S. (1998). J Paul; T Montmerle; E Aubourg, eds. Observational signatures of old white dwarfs. 19th Texas Symposium on Relativistic Astrophysics. arXiv:astro-ph/9808273  . Bibcode:1998astro.ph..8273H. ; also published in Nature 394: 860 Bibcode: 1998Natur.394..860H.
Hornschemeier, A.E.; et al. (2000). "X-Ray sources in the Hubble Deep Field detected by Chandra". The Astrophysical Journal. 541 (1): 49–53. arXiv:astro-ph/0004260  . Bibcode:2000ApJ...541...49H. doi:10.1086/309431.
Richards, E.A.; et al. (1998). "Radio Emission from Galaxies in the Hubble Deep Field". The Astronomical Journal. 116 (3): 1039–1054. arXiv:astro-ph/9803343  . Bibcode:1998AJ....116.1039R. doi:10.1086/300489.
Gonzalez-Serrano, M.; et al. (1997). "Observations of the Hubble Deep Field with the Infrared Space Observatory — V. Spectral energy distributions, starburst models and star formation history". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 289 (2): 490–496. arXiv:astro-ph/9707030  . Bibcode:1997MNRAS.289..490R. doi:10.1093/mnras/289.2.490.
Trauger, J.T.; et al. (1994). "The on-orbit performance of WFPC2". Astrophysical Journal Letters. 435 (1): L3–L6. Bibcode:1994ApJ...435L...3T. doi:10.1086/187580.
Trimble, V. (1987). "Existence and nature of dark matter in the universe". Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 25 (1): 425–472. Bibcode:1987ARA&A..25..425T. doi:10.1146/annurev.aa.25.090187.002233.
Williams, R.E.; et al. (1996). "The Hubble Deep Field: Observations, Data Reduction, and Galaxy Photometry". The Astronomical Journal. 112: 1335–1389. arXiv:astro-ph/9607174  . Bibcode:1996AJ....112.1335W. doi:10.1086/118105.
Williams, R.E.; et al. (2000). "The Hubble Deep Field South: Formulation of the Observing Campaign". The Astronomical Journal. 120 (6): 2735–2746. Bibcode:2000AJ....120.2735W. doi:10.1086/316854.
External links[edit]
Media related to Hubble Deep Field at Wikimedia Commons
"The Hubble Deep Field". STScI. Main Hubble Deep Field website.
"Hubble's Deepest View of the Universe Unveils Bewildering Galaxies across Billions of Years". January 15, 1996. NASA's original press release.
"Opus Cartoon". salon. Archived from the original on 2009-04-14. Opus Cartoon.
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In the Name of the King
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
In the Name of the King
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Uwe Boll
Produced by
Uwe Boll
Dan Clarke
Shawn Williamson
Wolfgang Herold
Written by
Doug Taylor
Based on
Dungeon Siege
by Gas Powered Games
Starring
Jason Statham
Leelee Sobieski
John Rhys-Davies
Ron Perlman
Claire Forlani
Kristanna Loken
Matthew Lillard
Ray Liotta
Burt Reynolds
Music by
Jessica de Rooij
Henning Lohner
Cinematography
Mathias Neumann
Edited by
Paul Klassen
David M. Richardson
Production
company
Boll KG Productions / Herold Productions / Brightlight Pictures
Distributed by
20th Century Fox (Germany)
Freestyle Releasing (US)
Release date
April 11, 2007 (2007-04-11) (Brussels International
Festival of Fantasy Films)
November 29, 2007 (2007-11-29) (Germany)
January 11, 2008 (2008-01-11) (United States)
Running time
127 minutes
Country
Germany
Canada
United States
Language
English
Budget
$60,000,000[1]
Box office
$13,097,915[2]
In the Name of the King: A Dungeon Siege Tale, or simply In the Name of the King, is a 2007 German-Canadian-American action-fantasy film directed by Uwe Boll and starring Jason Statham, Claire Forlani, Leelee Sobieski, John Rhys-Davies, Ron Perlman and Ray Liotta. It is inspired by the Dungeon Siege video game series. The English-language film was an international (German, American, and Canadian) co-production and filmed in Canada. It premiered at the Brussels Festival of Fantastic Films in April 2007 and was released in theatres on November 2007.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Soundtrack
5 Reception
5.1 Box office
5.2 Critical reception
6 Sequels
7 Home media
8 References
9 External links
Plot[edit]
In the previous war involving the Kingdom of Ehb, a three-year-old boy was found wandering the field of the Battle of Oxley Pass by the rancher Norick and adopted by the town of Stonebridge. While Norick could be considered his adoptive father, the child was cared for by the entire town, including the family of Basstian and Solana. His identity unknown, the boy grew up to be known as Farmer, married Solana, and was raising his first son Zeph when war suddenly struck again with a surprise attack by the Krug.
The adversary was a Magus-in-exile, Gallian, sadistic, megalomanical, and very powerful, influencing the normally primitive, almost animal-like Krug to take up arms, don armor, and fight against Ehb with a courage, intelligence, and ferocity that surprises all of the Kingdom's inhabitants. While King Konreid, Commander Tarish, and a significant proportion of Ehb's standing army surveys the damage at and seeks recruits from Stonebridge, the King's nephew Duke Fallow and Muriella allow Gallian to infiltrate the castle. Muriella's father Merick, the King's Magus is with the King at Stonebridge, and takes the liberty to investigate the matter of Farmer's true identity.
Farmer's adopted name belies his leadership and combat abilities and, in defiance of the King, he convinces Stonebridge's civilian combatants to mount a rescue mission. Gallian, via an avatar, had killed Zeph and taken Solana and other inhabitants of Stonebridge prisoner. Farmer's rescue mission goes very badly, Gallian nearly kills him because of the threat he poses (a plot device of Kings, Magi, and magical power in the movie's world.) Farmer kills several of Gallian's avatars and escapes execution with the help of Merick, who brings him before the King to reveal his true identity as Camden Konreid, the King's son, solving a major inheritance problem: Duke Fallow is selfish and immature, poor material for royalty even if he weren't in league with Gallian.
Muriella had betrayed Ehb and her father largely by accident: she fell in love with Gallian, who proceeded to deceive and train her, stealing her power. After she realized his dark nature, she breaks off their romance, and confesses to her father Merick, who finally has an answer to another problem of his: a growing imbalance of the magical power in Gallian's favour. To offset this, the normally reclusive nymphs of Sedgwick Forest, led by Elora side with Ehb against Gallian.
The King decides on a surprise attack against Gallian's advancing forces, and Duke Fallow, caught in his treachery, has only his personal guard remaining. Gallian seeks the blood of Farmer, who prevails, while Duke Fallow succeeds in mortally wounding the King, who dies after the forces of Ehb force Gallian to retreat. Farmer's brief battlefield coronation surprises everyone except Gallian, and he decides to press to the attack all the way to Gallian's keep the following day.
Farmer leads a small force consisting of Merick, Muriella, and Elora through mountains to Gallian's back door. The main force led by Tarish and escape efforts led by Norick and Basstian keep Gallian busy, even as he interrogates Solana. Gallian's magical sense for royal blood reveals to him that Solana is pregnant with Farmer's second child, and because of his preoccupation with this, she is able to join in the final battle between Gallian and Farmer's infiltration team. Elora is not able to enter, while Gallian kills Merick and defeats Muriella's magic; Solana and Farmer kill Gallian together. With his magical influence gone, Gallion's avatars vanish and the Krug immediately revert to their natural disposition, retreating from Tarish's hard-pressed forces. The royal couple, still in their peasants' clothes, are then happily reunited.
Cast[edit]
Jason Statham as Camden Konreid/Farmer
Leelee Sobieski as Muriella
John Rhys-Davies as Merick
Ron Perlman as Norick
Claire Forlani as Solana
Kristanna Loken as Elora
Matthew Lillard as Duke Fallow
Ray Liotta as Gallian
Burt Reynolds as King Konreid
Brian White as Commander Tarish
Mike Dopud as General Backler
Will Sanderson as Basstian
Tania Saulnier as Talwyn
Gabrielle Rose as Delinda
Terence Kelly as Trumaine
Colin Ford as Zeph
Production[edit]
The production budget was $60 million,[1] making it Uwe Boll's most expensive film production to date.
Parts of the film were shot in Robert Burnaby Park
Boll has said that two versions will be produced due to length. The first will run for 127 minutes as a single movie trimmed down for cinematic release. The second, a director's cut, will be for DVD and run for approximately 156 minutes.[3]
The film was shot near the Municipality of Sooke, the westernmost area of the Greater Victoria, Capital Regional District (CRD), British Columbia. Locals and First Nations people were recruited as extras and for other duties.
Visual effects were added in post-production. Companies included Elektrofilm, Frantic Films, The Orphanage, PICTORION das werk, Rocket Science VFX, Technicolor Creative Services, TVT postproduction, and upstart! Animation.
Soundtrack[edit]
The German power metal band Blind Guardian recorded the movie's main theme, "Skalds and Shadows".[4] The British progressive metal band Threshold contributed the song "Pilot in the Sky of Dreams" from their album Dead Reckoning. The Swedish power metal band, HammerFall, also contributed a track, "The Fire Burns Forever". Wolfgang Herold was the executive soundtrack producer.
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
In the Name of the King was a box office bomb, grossing $2.98 million in its United States opening, not cracking that week's top ten.[5] It had grossed $10.3 million worldwide, including $2.47 million in Germany, $1.39 million in Russia and $1.22 million in Spain.[6] Afterwards, Uwe Boll announced that this would be his first and last movie with a large budget.[5]
Critical reception[edit]
The film was critically panned. The film holds a 4% "Rotten" rating on the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 49 reviews, with the consensus "Featuring mostly wooden performances, laughable dialogue, and shoddy production values, In the Name of the King fulfills all expectations of an Uwe Boll film." The film is also ranked in that site's 100 worst reviewed films of the 2000s[7] and in 2008, Time listed the film on their list of top ten worst video games movies.[8] Metacritic reported the film had an average score of 15 out of 100, based on 11 reviews — indicating "overwhelming dislike."[9] Many critics have attacked the film's close resemblances to other fantasy films, especially the popular Lord of the Rings films.[1][10][11]
The film was nominated for five Razzie Awards, including Worst Picture, Worst Screenplay, Worst Supporting Actor (Burt Reynolds) and Worst Supporting Actress (Leelee Sobieski), with Uwe Boll winning Worst Director.
Sequels[edit]
Main article: In the Name of the King 2: Two Worlds
Despite being considered a bomb, Boll filmed a sequel titled In the Name of the King 2: Two Worlds.[12] Filming began on December 1, 2010 and it was released in 2011. The film stars Dolph Lundgren and Natassia Malthe.
A third film, In the Name of the King 3: The Last Mission, was filmed in 2013 but not released until 2014. The film starred Dominic Purcell, with Boll returning to direct.[13]
Home media [edit]
The DVD, released on April 15, 2008, does not include the 156-minute version. The Blu-ray release in December 2008 contains this edition. 813,147 units were sold, gathering a revenue of $14,865,984, more than its box office grossing.[14]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "In the Name of the King: A Dungeon Siege Tale". DVD Talk.
Jump up ^ "In the Name of the King: A Dungeon Siege Tale". The-Numbers. Retrieved 2010-06-30.
Jump up ^ Bloody-Disgusting - All Things Horror Archived January 17, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2007-11-30. Retrieved 2008-01-30.
^ Jump up to: a b In the Name of the King: A Dungeon Siege Tale at Box Office Mojo. Retrieved February 13, 2008.
Jump up ^ "In the Name of the King: A Dungeon Siege Tale (2008) - International Box Office Results - Box Office Mojo". boxofficemojo.com.
Jump up ^ "In the Name of the King: A Dungeon Siege Tale Movie Reviews, Pictures - Rotten Tomatoes". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2012-05-11.
Jump up ^ "Top 10 Worst Video Game Movies". Time. 2008-10-20. Retrieved 2009-04-25.
Jump up ^ "In the Name of the King: A Dungeon Siege Tale (2008): Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved 2008-03-16.
Jump up ^ "Hollywood.com Reviews". Hollywood.com. Retrieved 2008-05-12.
Jump up ^ Kern, Laura. "New York Times: Movies". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-05-12.
Jump up ^ "AFM: Uwe Boll's In the Name of the King 2 "Coming Soon"". Twitchfilm. Retrieved 2010-11-16.
Jump up ^ "Uwe Boll Knights Dominic Purcell for In the Name of the King III, Produces the Knights vs. Werewolves Flick Moonrunners". Dread Central. Retrieved 2012-11-08.
Jump up ^ "In the Name of the King: A Dungeon Siege Tale". the-numbers.com.
External links[edit]
In the Name of the King: A Dungeon Siege Tale on IMDb
In the Name of the King: A Dungeon Siege Tale at AllMovie
In the Name of the King: A Dungeon Siege Tale at Box Office Mojo
In the Name of the King: A Dungeon Siege Tale at Rotten Tomatoes
In the Name of the King: A Dungeon Siege Tale at Metacritic
Interviews at Movieset.com
[show]
v
t
e
Films directed by Uwe Boll
German Fried Movie (1991)
Barschel – Mord in Genf (1993)
Amoklauf (1994)
Das Erste Semester (1997)
Sanctimony (2000)
Blackwoods (2002)
Heart of America (2002)
House of the Dead (2003)
Alone in the Dark (2005)
BloodRayne (2005)
In the Name of the King (2007)
BloodRayne 2: Deliverance (2007)
Postal (2007)
Seed (2007)
Tunnel Rats (2008)
Far Cry (2008)
Stoic (2009)
Rampage (2009)
Darfur (2009)
The Final Storm (2010)
Max Schmeling (2010)
Auschwitz (2011)
Blubberella (2011)
BloodRayne: The Third Reich (2011)
In the Name of the King 2: Two Worlds (2011)
Assault on Wall Street (2013)
Suddenly (2013)
The Profane Exhibit (2013)
In the Name of the King 3: The Last Mission (2014)
Rampage: Capital Punishment (2014)
Rampage: President Down (2016)
[show]
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t
e
Dungeon Siege
Games
Dungeon Siege
II
Broken World
Throne of Agony
Dungeon Siege III
Treasures of the Sun
Comics
The Battle for Aranna
Dungeon Siege III
Films
In the Name of the King (2007)
Two Worlds (2011)
The Last Mission (2014)
Other
Space Siege
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text:
Our Souls at Night (film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Our Souls at Night
Theatrical and Netflix release poster
Directed by
Ritesh Batra
Produced by
Robert Redford
Erin Simms
Finola Dwyer
Written by
Scott Neustadter
Michael H. Weber
Based on
Our Souls at Night
by Kent Haruf
Starring
Jane Fonda
Robert Redford
Matthias Schoenaerts
Judy Greer
Music by
Elliot Goldenthal
Cinematography
Stephen Goldblatt
Edited by
John F. Lyons
Production
company
Netflix
Distributed by
Netflix
Release date
September 1, 2017 (2017-09-01) (Venice)
September 29, 2017 (2017-09-29) (United States)
Running time
101 minutes[1]
Country
United States
Language
English
Our Souls at Night is a 2017 American drama film directed by Ritesh Batra and written by Scott Neustadter and Michael H. Weber. It is based on the novel of same name by Kent Haruf. The film stars Jane Fonda, Robert Redford, Matthias Schoenaerts, and Judy Greer. It had its world premiere at the Venice Film Festival on September 1, 2017. It was released on September 29, 2017 by Netflix. It marked the fourth collaboration between Fonda and Redford having previously starred in The Chase, Barefoot in the Park, and The Electric Horseman.
The film received acclaim from critics on its release with appreciation to the film's direction, adaptation from the novel and performances, with critics widely praised the casting of Fonda and Redford who were appreciated for the respective performances and their chemistry.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Release
5 References
6 External links
Plot[edit]
Louis Waters is a widower. One evening he is visited by Addie, a widow who lives next door. She invites him to sometimes sleep over - platonically - talking in bed to combat loneliness. They try it out, and like it. The community finds out, but assume it's a sexual relationship. After Louis' coffee shop friends make a joke, Louis walks out mad. Addie's friend Ruth asks her a few questions. To stop the gossip, the two have Sunday lunch together at a restaurant.
Addie's son Gene dumps his seven year old child Jamie with her. Louis helps her care for him, sets up his train set and gets Jamie a dog. The boy even sleeps with the elderly couple in a real family setting. After Gene learns of the relationship, he takes Jamie back even though his wife has left him. Louis and Addie go on a trip and get around to having sex.
Addie falls down and ends up in the hospital. Her son wants her to move in with him and Jamie. She decides that family must come first and the couple spend their last night together. Both she and Louis are back to sleeping alone. So Louis sends her the train set and a cell-phone. After getting into bed, she calls him and they start talking as old friends. And the movie ends.
Cast[edit]
Robert Redford as Louis Waters, a widower who lives next door to Addie, and Holly's father.[2]
Jane Fonda as Addie Moore, a widow who lives next door to Louis, Gene's mother, and Jamie's grandmother.[2]
Iain Armitage as Jamie Moore, Gene's son and Addie's grandson.[2]
Matthias Schoenaerts as Gene Moore, Addie's son and Jamie's father.[2]
Judy Greer as Holly Waters, Louis' daughter.[2]
Phyllis Somerville as Ruth, Addie's friend
Bruce Dern as Dorlan Becker[2]
Production[edit]
On July 7, 2016, Netflix hired Ritesh Batra to direct the film adaptation of Kent Haruf's novel Our Souls at Night, scripted by Scott Neustadter and Michael H. Weber.[3]
Principal photography on the film began on September 12, 2016 in Colorado Springs, Colorado, while it would also be shot in Florence.[4][2] Filming was completed on November 2, 2016.[5]
Release[edit]
The film had its world premiere at the Venice Film Festival on September 1, 2017.[6] It was released on September 29, 2017 on Netflix streaming.[7]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.labiennale.org/en/news/films-out-competition
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Evry, Max (September 9, 2016). "Robert Redford & Jane Fonda Re-Team for Our Souls at Night". ComingSoon.net. Retrieved September 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ Jr, Mike Fleming (July 7, 2016). "Netflix Taps Ritesh Batra To Direct Robert Redford-Jane Fonda Reteam 'Our Souls At Night'". Deadline. Retrieved September 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Filming begins for Netflix movie staring Jane Fonda, Robert Redford". KOAA. September 12, 2016. Retrieved September 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ "'Our Souls at Night' films in northeast Colorado Springs". The Gazette. October 27, 2016. Retrieved November 3, 2016.
Jump up ^ Hodderhose, Diana (July 17, 2017). "Jane Fonda & Robert Redford To Be Honored At Venice Film Festival; 'Our Souls At Night' To World Premiere". Deadline.com. Retrieved July 17, 2017.
Jump up ^ Tartaglione, Nancy (August 9, 2017). "'Our Souls At Night' Tease: Jane Fonda, Robert Redford Have A Sunday Kind Of Love". Deadline.com. Retrieved August 9, 2017.
External links[edit]
Our Souls At Night at Netflix
Our Souls at Night on IMDb
Our Souls at Night at Rotten Tomatoes
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Agricultural productivity
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Food production per capita.svg|thumb|Food production per capita since 1961]]
Grain production facilities
Agricultural productivity is measured as the ratio of agricultural outputs to agricultural inputs.[1] While individual products are usually measured by weight, their varying densities make measuring overall agricultural output difficult. Therefore, output is usually measured as the market value of final output, which excludes intermediate products such as corn feed used in the meat industry. This output value may be compared to many different types of inputs such as labour and land (yield). These are called partial measures of productivity.[citation needed]
Agricultural productivity may also be measured by what is termed total factor productivity (TFP). This method of calculating agricultural productivity compares an index of agricultural inputs to an index of outputs. This measure of agricultural productivity was established to remedy the shortcomings of the partial measures of productivity; notably that it is often hard to identify the factors cause them to change. Changes in TFP are usually attributed to technological improvements.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Sources of agricultural productivity
2 Importance of agricultural productivity
3 Agricultural productivity and sustainable development
4 U.S. Agriculture productivity
5 Productive farms
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Sources of agricultural productivity[edit]
Wheat yields in least developed countries since 1961. The steep rise in crop yields in the U.S. began in the 1940s. The percentage of growth was fastest in the early rapid growth stage. In developing countries maize yields are still rapidly rising.[3]
Some sources of agricultural productivity are:[4]
Mechanization
High yield varieties, which were the basis of the Green revolution
Fertilizers: Primary plant nutrients: nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium[5][6] and secondary nutrients such as sulfur, zinc, copper, manganese, calcium, magnesium and molybdenum on deficient soil
Education in management and entrepreneurial techniques to decrease fixed and variable costs and optimise manpower
Liming of acid soils to raise pH and to provide calcium and magnesium
Irrigation
Herbicides
Genetic engineering
Pesticides
Increased plant density
Animal feed made more digestible by processing
Keeping animals indoors in cold weather
See: Productivity improving technologies (historical) Section: 2.4.1: Mechanization: Agriculture, Section 2.6: Scientific agriculture.
Importance of agricultural productivity[edit]
The productivity of a region's farms is important for many reasons. Aside from providing more food, increasing the productivity of farms affects the region's prospects for growth and competitiveness on the agricultural market, income distribution and savings, and labour migration. An increase in a region's agricultural productivity implies a more efficient distribution of scarce resources. As farmers adopt new techniques and differences, the more productive farmers benefit from an increase in their welfare while farmers who are not productive enough will exit the market to seek success elsewhere.[7]
A cooperative dairy factory in Victoria.
As a region's farms become more productive, its comparative advantage in agricultural products increases, which means that it can produce these products at a lower opportunity cost than can other regions. Therefore, the region becomes more competitive on the world market, which means that it can attract more consumers since they are able to buy more of the products offered for the same amount of money.
Increases in agricultural productivity lead also to agricultural growth and can help to alleviate poverty in poor and developing countries, where agriculture often employs the greatest portion of the population. As farms become more productive, the wages earned by those who work in agriculture increase. At the same time, food prices decrease and food supplies become more stable. Labourers therefore have more money to spend on food as well as other products. This also leads to agricultural growth. People see that there is a greater opportunity to earn their living by farming and are attracted to agriculture either as owners of farms themselves or as labourers.[8]
A liquid manure spreader.
However, it is not only the people employed in agriculture who benefit from increases in agricultural productivity. Those employed in other sectors also enjoy lower food prices and a more stable food supply. Their wages may also increase.[8]
Agricultural productivity is becoming increasingly important as the world population continues to grow. India, one of the world's most populous countries, has taken steps in the past decades to increase its land productivity. Forty years ago, North India produced only wheat, but with the advent of the earlier maturing high-yielding wheats and rices, the wheat could be harvested in time to plant rice. This wheat/rice combination is now widely used throughout the Punjab, Haryana, and parts of Uttar Pradesh. The wheat yield of three tons and rice yield of two tons combine for five tons of grain per hectare, helping to feed India's 1.1 billion people. To beat the challenges of Indian farmers like poor finances for agri-investment and real value of growing grains a new concept of e-Farming is being introduced by mykheti that gives a chance to everyone to be an e-Farmer to get the fresh fruits and vegetables direct from Khet/Farm at the cheapest and attracts everyone to invest in the pre-production of grains to share the profit with farmers. [9]
Agricultural productivity and sustainable development[edit]
Increase in agricultural productivity is often linked with questions about sustainability and sustainable development. Changes in agricultural practices necessarily bring changes in demands on resources. This means that as regions implement measures to increase the productivity of their farm land, they must also find ways to ensure that future generations will also have the resources they will need to live and thrive.
U.S. Agriculture productivity[edit]
An hour's work in 1998 bought 11 times as much chicken as in 1900. Shown this way includes the increase in overall buying power plus lowered costs from the farm to the consumer.
Between 1950 and 2000, during the so-called "second agricultural revolution of modern times", U.S. agricultural productivity rose fast, especially due to the development of new technologies. For example, the average amount of milk produced per cow increased from 5,314 pounds to 18,201 pounds per year (+242%), the average yield of corn rose from 39 bushels to 153 bushels per acre (+292%), and each farmer in 2000 produced on average 12 times as much farm output per hour worked as a farmer did in 1950.[10]
Productive farms[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Dairy cattle in Maryland
Some essential food products including bread, rice and pasta
For many farmers (especially in non-industrial countries) agricultural productivity may mean much more.[citation needed] A productive farm is one that provides most of the resources necessary for the farmer's family to live, such as food, fuel, fiber, healing plants, etc. It is a farm which ensures food security as well as a way to sustain the well-being of a community. This implies that a productive farm is also one which is able to ensure proper management of natural resources, such as biodiversity, soil, water, etc. For most farmers, a productive farm would also produce more goods than required for the community in order to allow trade.
Diversity in agricultural production is one key to productivity, as it enables risk management and preserves potentials for adaptation and change. Monoculture is an example of such a nondiverse production system. In a monocultural system a farmer may produce only crops, but no livestock, or only livestock and no crop.
The benefits of raising livestock, among others, are that it provides multiple goods, such as food, wool, hides, and transportation. It also has an important value in term of social relationships (such as gifts in weddings). In case of famine, when crops are not sufficient to ensure food safety, livestock can be used as food. Livestock may also provide manure, which can be used to fertilize cultivated soils, which increases soil productivity. On the other hand, in an agricultural system based only on raising livestock, food has to be bought from other farmers, and wastes produced cannot be easily disposed of. Production has many functions, and diversity is the foundation of such production. To ignore the complex functions provided by a farm is thought by many to turn agricultural production into a commodity.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
Biodiversity
Green Revolution
Mechanized agriculture
Productivity
Productivity (ecology)
Productivity improving technologies (historical) Section 4: Mechanized agriculture, Section 6: Scientific agriculture
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Measuring Agricultural Productivity Using the Average Productivity Index (API) by Lal Mervin Dharmasiri [1]
Jump up ^ Agricultural Investment and Productivity in Developing Countries, FAO Economic And Social Development Paper No. 148, ed. Lydia Zepeda, 2001, FAO Corporate Document Repository, 12 July 2007, http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/X9447E/x9447e00.HTM.[2]
Jump up ^ Fischer, R. A.; Byerlee, Eric; Edmeades, E. O. "Can Technology Deliver on the Yield Challenge to 2050" (PDF). Expert Meeting on How to Feed the World. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
Jump up ^ Egli, D.B. (2008). "Comparison of Corn and Soybean Yields in the United States: Historical Trends and Future Prospects". Agronomy. 100: S79–88. doi:10.2134/agronj2006.0286c.
Jump up ^ http://www.ipni.net/ipniweb/portal.nsf/0/35A687BDB628E999852572050049A51A International Plant Nutrition Institute
Jump up ^ http://www.tfi.org/ The Fertilizer Institute
Jump up ^ Mundlak, Yair, "Agricultural Productivity and Economic Policies: Concepts and Measurements," OECD Working Paper No. 75, OECD Development Center, August 1992, SourceOECD.org, 13 July 2007 http://miranda.sourceoecd.org/vl=4172647/cl=20/nw=1/rpsv/cgi-bin/wppdf?file=5lgsjhvj7g21.pdf (13–16).
^ Jump up to: a b Promoting Pro-Poor Growth: Agriculture, DAC Guidelines and Reference Series, Paris: OECD, 2006, OECD.org, 13 July 2007 "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-08-17. Retrieved 2007-07-13. (10).
Jump up ^ Brown, Lester R. Plan B 2.0: Rescuing a Planet Under Stress an36353d a Civilization in Trouble. New York City: Earth Policy Institute, 2006.
Jump up ^ FUGLIE, Keith O.; MacDONALD, James M. and BALL, Eldon.Productivity Growth in U.S. Agriculture. EB-9, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture (USDA), Econ. Res. Serv. September 2007. Available at: <http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/eb-economic-brief/eb9.aspx#.U8a32LEXtQs>. Accessed on: 01 Oct. 2011
External links[edit]
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations – www.fao.org
OECD Department for Trade and Agriculture: Food, Agriculture and Fisheries
OECD Agricultural Outlook Database (2006–2015)
Field, Alexander J. (2008). "Productivity". In David R. Henderson. Concise Encyclopedia of Economics (2nd ed.). Indianapolis: Library of Economics and Liberty. ISBN 978-0865976658. OCLC 237794267.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agricultural_productivity&oldid=834210361"
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