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Eren Yeager
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Eren Yeager
Attack on Titan character
Eren as depicted in the Attack on Titan anime
First appearance
Attack on Titan chapter 1: "To You, 2,000 Years from Now"
Created by
Hajime Isayama
Voiced by
Japanese
Yūki Kaji
English
Bryce Papenbrook
Portrayed by
Haruma Miura
Profile
Aliases
Eren Jaeger (Funimation dub)
Relatives
Kalura Yeager (mother)
Grisha Yeager (father)
Zeke (half-brother)
Eren Yeager (Japanese: エレン・イェーガー, Hepburn: Eren Yēgā), spelled Eren Jaeger in the Funimation dub, is a fictional character and the protagonist of the Attack on Titan manga series created by Hajime Isayama. Eren is a teenager who swears revenge on enormous creatures known as Titans that devoured his mother and destroyed his town. In order to defeat the Titans, Eren, alongside his childhood friends Mikasa Ackerman and Armin Arlert, enlist in the Military and join the Survey Corps—an elite group of soldiers who fight Titans outside the walls. As the story progresses it is revealed Eren has the power of becoming a Titan which mankind uses to their advantage to defeat their enemies.
In the anime adaptation of the series, Eren has been voiced by Yūki Kaji in Japanese and Bryce Papenbrook in English. In the live-action film adaptations, he is portrayed by Haruma Miura. Critical reception to Eren has been mixed, though the character has proven popular within the Attack on Titan fanbase and anime in general.
Contents
[hide]
1 Creation and design
2 Appearances
2.1 In Attack on Titan
2.2 Other media
3 Reception
4 References
Creation and design[edit]
Japanese voice actor Yūki Kaji
Author Hajime Isayama created Eren to be "an ordinary youngster who gets paralyzed with fear when he sees a titan" rather than a stereotypical hotheaded protagonist often seen in shonen manga.[1] He also stated that Eren's wish to go outside the city's walls is similar to his own when he was a child: He lived in a rural Japanese town surrounded by mountains. One day, he wanted to go beyond the mountains, which reflected in the town surrounded by walls in the manga where Eren lived in the series' beginning.[2] The character's Titan form's physique was modeled after middleweight mixed martial artist Yushin Okami.[3][4] Japanese actor Yūki Kaji commented on how it was important that he should voice Eren's Titan form because he believes it is an extension of the character. He had a meal with Isayama after he visited the recording studio and the manga artist told him he found Eren quite a difficult character but complimented Kaji by saying "You know Eren already", which gave him confidence.[5] Eren's characterization was briefly altered for the English dub of the series making him self-reflective and eloquent in some scenes.[6]
English voice actor Bryce Papenbrook
English voice actor Bryce Papenbrook got excited when he got the role of Eren as he was a fan of the show before it was announced that it would be dubbed into English. As a result, he viewed this as an advantage as he managed to understand the character beforehand.[7] For example, he could understand the delivery of several lines because he already knew of the anime's series of twists. Additionally, he saw himself prepared for the role's pressure due to his previous works in popular anime.[8]
He was excited because Eren was different from his previous characters despite sharing a similar age and vocal range, He commented "It's a very raw sound. Some of the noises he pulled out of me were just disgusting. I loved it. I loved every second of it." Papenbrook noted how different was Eren from his previous role as noted in the delivery of emotions and notable screams.[7] There were three different kinds of voices he used for Eren: One for his kid persona, another deeper for his young adult self and a third "which was different from anything else." He recorded all three of those, and "there were noises that were required that were just disgusting and nasty."[7] While he saw Eren's screams as challenging, he believes it was not the most difficult he ever had.[8]
Appearances[edit]
In Attack on Titan[edit]
Eren is introduced as a hot-headed, vocal ten-year-old in the town of Shiganshina who dreams of joining the Survey Corps in order to explore the outside world beyond the walls, but is constantly chastised by his mother Carla. When the Titans invade his town, he is powerless to save her from being devoured by one of the Titans, and vows to kill every Titan henceforth.[9] Enlisting in the military, Eren eventually places fifth overall in his graduating class.[9] Parts of Eren's past are revealed through the series. Following Shingashina's fall, he has a brief encounter with his father Grisha who entrusts him with a key to the basement of their house, and who injects him with a mysterious liquid.[9] When he was nine years old, he and his father were planning to meet Mikasa Ackerman and her family, but they discover that her parents have been killed and that she is held hostage. He kills two of the captors and convinces Mikasa to kill the third as he is being strangled by the latter.[10]
During a mission, Eren is swallowed by a Titan when he sacrifices himself to save his friend Armin Arlert.[11] Inside the Titan, however, he suddenly transforms into a 15-meter class Titan that attacks the other Titans and disregards humans before the Titan collapses and his real body is exposed, unconscious, at the back of the neck.[12] Though he is distrusted initially by the military, especially due to his inability to control himself in Titan form, Eren earns a place in the Special Operations Squad, a branch of Survey Corps under Levi assigned to watch over him.[13][14] Shortly after joining, Eren finds himself hunted by a female Titan who kills all of his squadmates to get to him. With help of Levi and Mikasa, Eren is saved from the Titan who is later revealed to be Annie Leonhart. Though Eren defeats Annie alongside his allies, they are unable to get answers as they watch her encase herself using her Titan's hardening ability.
When encountering the Titan that devoured his mother years earlier during his kidnapping by Reiner Braun and Bertolt Hoover, who are the human forms of the Titans responsible for the Shiganshina attack (The Armored and Colossal Titans respectively), Eren develops a new ability to mentally control other Titans called "The Coordinate". After first subconsciously directing a group to kill and devour the Titan that killed his mother, he then directs the Titans to attack the Armored Titan so he and his friends can escape back to within the Walls.[15] After being rescued, Eren is sent with his friends to an isolated village while preparations are made for a campaign to retake Wall Maria for good, by making use of his newfound power. However, Eren is then captured by the royal family's patriarch Rod Reiss, who reveals that his family long possessed a power that created the walls. Eren also learned that his ability to become a Titan was caused by his father, another human who can assume Titan form, whom he devoured once subjected to the liquid that caused his transformation and inheriting the power that Grisha obtained from eating Historia's half sister Frieda Reiss. Eren realizes by then that Rod Reiss intends to restore his family by having Historia become a Titan and eat Eren, accepting his fate out of guilt for the people he failed to save as he asks Historia to save humanity in his place. However, Eren finds Historia refusing to aid her father as she frees him while Rod becomes an Abnormal Titan while Misaka, Levi, and Jean arrive. Eren ingests a liquid labeled "Armor" that bestows him a new power to harden his Titan form, using it to save himself and his friends from being crushed by a collapsing ceiling before he and the Survey Corps head to the Orvud district where they confront and kill Rod.
After the old regime is ousted and Historia ascends to the throne in his place, Eren and the rest of the Survey Corps depart to Shiganshina to reclaim Wall Maria by sealing its breach with his new power. However, upon arriving there, they face an army of Titans led by Zeke, the Beastly Titan, as well as Bertoldt and Reiner. The vicious battle ends with almost all members of the expedition killed, including Erwin, save for Eren and his companions, but Zeke ends up forced to flee, leaving a captured Bertoldt behind, which is later consumed by Armin to save his life. With Shiganshina secured, Eren fulfills his promise to his father by reaching the basement of their old house, where he and his friends retrieve some books and a photograph of Grisha, his first wife, Dina, who Eren recognizes as the same Titan who killed his mother, and their son, who is no other than Zeke. Upon returning home, Eren realizes that to control the power of the coordinate, he must obtain the blood of someone from the royalty, as the only moment when he managed to use it was when he got into contact with Dina, a descendant of the Eldian kings herself, in her Titan form.
Four years later, Eren and Armin, who acquired the Colossal Titan from Bertholt after their confrontation at Shiganshina District, fended off forces from Marley who tried to invade Paradis. Soon after, Eren infiltrates Marley and assumes the name of Mr. Kruger, a former Marleyan military officer who utilizes the Attack Titan who had an acquaintance to his father Grisha and shares his first name. Despite his left leg amputated, he facilitates his espionage and information gathering by using Falco Grice, an Eldian cadet who aspires to become the Armored Titan. He was later discovered by Reiner Braun.
Other media[edit]
Eren stars in the parody manga Attack on Titan: Junior High where he is presented as a student from high school who is obsessed with the Titans.[16] He is a playable character in Attack on Titan: The Last Wings of Mankind for the Nintendo 3DS.[17] His Titan form also makes an appearance in the game.[18] Jin Haganeya's visual novel Burning bright in the forest of the night has Eren and Levi as the leading characters.
Reception[edit]
Critical reception to Eren's character has been varied. Jacob Hope Chapman of Anime News Network referred to Eren as "almost deliberately not a 'likable' protagonist, even by 15-year-old boy standards" based on his rude behavior and intelligence. However, he liked that he inspires people by believing in his feelings, hopes, and dreams, making him the "heart of humanity".[19] Theron Martin noted that while Eren initially has hardly any emotion besides anger,[20] in later episodes he eventually does have emotions beyond that.[21] Jeffrey Kaufman of Blu-ray.com calls Eren "a compelling character, and once a really surprising development crops up a few episodes in, he becomes even more compelling."[22] Ken Iikura Anime Now highly acclaimed Eren for the way his emotions are shown in the series due to his constant rage regarding his desire to take vengeance for the Titans who ate his mother as well as his reaction to the discovery of the two Titans who have been posing as his friends. As a result, Iikura said Eren was more appealing due to his emotions rather than the powers he reveals across the series to fight.[23]
Kyle Charizanis of The Fandom Post found the anime portrayal of Eren's transformation to be amusing, starting from his "almost pitiful" look while declaring how he's going to kill all of the Titans. When the anime portrays him as capable of controlling his transformation, Charizanis adds "Maybe one day he’ll be able to contort his body to be used as a bridge, or heal other people’s wounds, or morph his arms into sharp blades like a certain other anime character."[24] In the final anime episode, when Eren is fighting the Female Titan, he describes Eren's internal monologue as changing "from the usual violent determination to a kind of gleeful madness." and likens his tone to that of The Joker.[25] Elijah Watson from Complex magazine liked the plot twist of Eren's titan form turning on the other titans that he called it a Worldstar moment.[26] Bamboo Dong of Anime News Network was fond on Eren's Titan abilities as "there has not been anything as uncomfortable for me to watch as Eren chomping into his own hand, trying to transform. There is something visceral and real about Eren drawing blood from his own hand, and boy, it gave me the chills," and later praised his thoughts when fighting the Female Titan due to the portrayal of Eren's humanity despite being a Titan.[27][28]
Other writers were more critical on the character. Nicoletta Browne of THEM Anime Reviews found him "a frustrating protagonist" based on his fits of rage often seen as childish.[29] Elliot Gray from Japanator called him a "typical shonen manga lead" based on some of his cliche traits and instead found Mikasa and Armin more appealing.[30] Similarly, Anna Neatrour from Manga Bookshelf called him a "fairly typical brash and opinionated shonen hero" and considered the manga design of the humans to be "drawn stiffly and not in proportion. For much of the time Eren and his comrades are yelling at each other, with facial expressions that don’t have very much variation".[31] On the other hand, Justin Wu from The Artifice saw Eren's hotheadness as a positive trait of the character.[32] Chapman found Papenbrook's child Eren forced but noted his performance once the character grew up was far better.[6]
In the Newtype anime awards for 2013, Eren was voted as eighth best male character.[33] In Animage's Anime Grand Prix 2014 polls, Eren ranked as the fourth most popular male anime character, behind Levi who was voted the most popular. However, his Japanese voice actor ranked first among all voice actors, with Eren as his primary credit for that period.[34] In the Animedia Eren was nominated for multiple categories including "Most Valuable Player", "Darkness", "Hot" and "Brave"; He only won the "Hot" award, but took high places in the rest.[35] Anime News Network also listed his Titan form as one of the weirdest power ups seen in anime.[36]
Eren is featured in a variety of merchandise. In December 2013, the Good Smile Company released the Eren Picktam! strap along with straps of other characters from the series.[37] The official Eren Yeager nendoroid and figma were also launched after the series' success. These figures exist via a variety of figurine and merchandise companies. Eren's figma was released in May 2014, and the nendoroid was released in April 2014.[38] [39] In addition to figures, Bandai has released Eren plushes, a smaller one in December 2013 and a larger one in July 2014.[40][41] Eren Yeager, along with many other characters from the series, also has a dedicated perfume inspired by his character traits. His perfume was released by Koubutsuya in fall of 2013 along with the perfumes for Mikasa Ackerman and Levi.[42][43]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Nelkin, Sarah (July 22, 2015). "Live-Action Attack on Titan Writer Warns Fans of More Changes". Anime News Network. Retrieved July 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ Nelkin, Sarah (September 23, 2013). "Attack on Titan Creator Reveals Secrets on Japanese TV Show". Anime News Network. Retrieved July 26, 2014.
Jump up ^ Alverson, Brigid (2012-06-14). "MTV Geek – Interview with Attack on Titan Creator Hajime Isayama". MTV Geek News. Viacom. Retrieved May 19, 2013.
Jump up ^ Attack on Titan manga, volume 1, interview "For the Titan version of Eren, I use martial artist Yuushin Okami's body as a model. My ideal is the physique of a middleweight mixed martial artist. I only use the shape of the body as a model."
Jump up ^ "Bessatsu SPOON 2Di". 41.
^ Jump up to: a b Chapman, Hope. "Attack on Titan Episodes 1-5 (English Dub)". Anime News Network. Retrieved July 26, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Dong, Bamboo. "Interview: Bryce Papenbrook". Anime News Network. Retrieved June 13, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Dong, Bamboo. "Voice Acting Titan: The Bryce Papenbrook Interview - Page 2". UK Anime Network. Retrieved September 2, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Isayama, Hajime (2012). Attack on Titan, vol. 1. Kodansha Comics. ISBN 978-1-61262-024-4.
Jump up ^ Isayama, Hajime (2012). "Chapter 6". Attack on Titan, vol. 2. Kodansha Comics. ISBN 978-1-61262-025-1.
Jump up ^ Isayama, Hajime (2012). "Chapter 4". Attack on Titan, vol. 1. Kodansha Comics. ISBN 978-1-61262-024-4.
Jump up ^ Isayama, Hajime (2012). "Chapter 9". Attack on Titan, vol. 2. Kodansha Comics. ISBN 978-1-61262-025-1.
Jump up ^ Isayama, Hajime (2012). "Chapter 12". Attack on Titan, vol. 3. Kodansha Comics. ISBN 978-1-61262-026-8.
Jump up ^ Isayama, Hajime (2013). "Chapter 20". Attack on Titan, vol. 5. Kodansha Comics. ISBN 978-1-61262-254-5.
Jump up ^ Isayama, Hajime (2014). "Chapter 50". Attack on Titan, vol. 12. Kodansha Comics. ISBN 978-1-61262-678-9.
Jump up ^ Nakagawa, Saki (2014). Attack on Titan: Junior High, vol. 1. Kodansha Comics. ISBN 978-1-61262-916-2.
Jump up ^ "One More Glimpse At The Attack On Titan Game For 3DS". Siliconera.
Jump up ^ "Matters of Import: Grappling With Attack On Titan: The Last Wings Of Mankind". Nintendo Life.
Jump up ^ Chapman, Jacob Hope (June 12, 2014). "Attack on Titan BD+DVD - Part 1 [Limited Edition]". Anime News Network. Retrieved February 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Attack on Titan episodes 1-6 - Review". Anime News Network. 2013-05-20. Retrieved 2014-07-29.
Jump up ^ Martin, Theron. "Attack on Titan". Anime News Network. Retrieved July 26, 2014.
Jump up ^ Kaufman, Jeffrey. "Attack on Titan Part 1 Limited Edition". Blu-Ray. Retrieved June 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ Iikura, Ken. "Why Eren from Attack on Titan Is Such a Captivating Character". Anime Now. Retrieved June 13, 2017.
Jump up ^ Charizanis, Kyle. "Attack On Titan Episode #09 Anime Review". The Fandom Post. Retrieved June 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ Charizanis, Kyle. "Attack On Titan Episode #25 Anime Review". The Fandom Post. Retrieved June 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ Watson, Elijah (March 22, 2014). "I Binge-Watched "Attack On Titan," an Anime About Giants Eating People". 'Complex'. Retrieved June 25, 2014.
Jump up ^ Dong, Bamboo. "The Stream - Unhappy Families". Anime News Network. Retrieved June 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ Dong, Bamboo. "The Stream - Last Call". Anime News Network. Retrieved June 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ Browne, Nicoletta. "Attack on Titan". THEM Anime Reviews. Retrieved May 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ Gray, Elliot (August 7, 2013). "It's an attack on your senses". Japanator / The Fandom Post. Retrieved June 19, 2014.
Jump up ^ Neatrour, Anna (January 28, 2014). "Attack on Titan, Vol 1". Manga Report. Manga Bookshelf. Retrieved July 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ Wu, Justin (July 3, 2013). "5 Reasons Why ‘Attack on Titan’ Is So Popular". Articife. Retrieved July 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Attack on Titan Wins Top Prizes in Newtype Anime Awards". Anime News Network. October 13, 2013. Retrieved June 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ "[Seiyuu] Shingeki no Kyojin cast sweeps Animage's Anime Grand Prix Seiyuu Polls!". AFA Channel. Archived from the original on June 16, 2014. Retrieved June 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ "2013 Animedia Character Awards". Animedia (in Japanese). Gakken. February 2013.
Jump up ^ "7 Powered-Up Forms That Are More Weird Than Awesome". Anime News Network. September 13, 2014. Retrieved September 13, 2014.
Jump up ^ Eren Yeager Picktam! Strap
Jump up ^ Erin Yeager Nendoroid
Jump up ^ Erin Yeager Figma
Jump up ^ Smaller Bandai Eren Plush
Jump up ^ Larger Bandai Eren Plush
Jump up ^ Attack on Titan Perfume Announcement
Jump up ^ Second Line of Attack on Titan Perfumes
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Schenck v. United States
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Schenck v. United States
Supreme Court of the United States
Argued January 8–10, 1919
Decided March 3, 1919
Full case name
Charles T. Schenck v. United States, Elizabeth Baer v. United States
Citations
249 U.S. 47 (more)
63 L. Ed. 470; 1919 U.S. LEXIS 2223; 17 Ohio L. Rep. 26; 17 Ohio L. Rep. 149
Prior history
Defendants convicted, E.D. Pa.; motion for new trial denied, 253 F. 212 (E.D. Pa. 1918)
Subsequent history
None
Holding
Defendant's criticism of the draft was not protected by the First Amendment, because it created a clear and present danger to the enlistment and recruiting service of the U.S. armed forces during a state of war.
Court membership
Chief Justice
Edward D. White
Associate Justices
Joseph McKenna · Oliver W. Holmes, Jr.
William R. Day · Willis Van Devanter
Mahlon Pitney · James C. McReynolds
Louis Brandeis · John H. Clarke
Case opinions
Majority
Holmes, joined by unanimous
Laws applied
50 U.S.C. § 33
Overruled by
Brandenburg v. Ohio, 395 U.S. 444 (1969)
Schenck v. United States, 249 U.S. 47 (1919), is a United States Supreme Court case concerning enforcement of the Espionage Act of 1917 during World War I. A unanimous Supreme Court, in an opinion by Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., concluded that defendants who distributed fliers to draft-age men, urging resistance to induction, could be convicted of an attempt to obstruct the draft, a criminal offense. The First Amendment did not alter the well-established law in cases where the attempt was made through expressions that would be protected in other circumstances. In this opinion, Holmes said that expressions which in the circumstances were intended to result in a crime, and posed a "clear and present danger" of succeeding, could be punished.
The Court didn't continue to follow this reasoning to uphold a series of convictions arising out of prosecutions during wartime, but Holmes began to dissent in the case of Abrams v. United States, insisting that the Court had departed from the standard he had crafted for them, and had begun to allow punishment for ideas. But the Court has set another line of precedents to govern cases in which the constitutionality of a statute is challenged on its face.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background of the case
2 The Court's decision
3 Subsequent jurisprudence
4 See also
5 References
6 Further reading
7 External links
Background of the case[edit]
Schenck v. United States was the first in a line of Supreme Court Cases defining the modern understanding of the First Amendment. Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. wrote the often-cited opinion in the case, because of events that were not publicly known at the time. The United States' entry into the First World War had caused deep divisions in society, and was vigorously opposed, especially by those on the radical left and by those who had ties to Ireland or Germany. The Woodrow Wilson Administration launched a broad campaign of criminal enforcement that resulted in thousands of prosecutions. Many of these were for trivial acts of dissent. In the first case arising from this campaign to come to the Court, Baltzer v. United States, the defendants had signed a petition criticizing their governor's administration of the draft, threatening him with defeat at the polls. They were charged with obstructing the recruitment and enlistment service, and convicted. When a majority of the Court voted during their conference to affirm the conviction, Holmes quickly drafted and circulated a strongly worded dissenting opinion:
Real obstructions of the law, giving real aid and comfort to the enemy, I should have been glad to see punished more summarily and severely than they sometimes were. But I think that our intention to put out all our powers in aid of success in war should not hurry us into intolerance of opinions and speech that could not be imagined to do harm, although opposed to our own. It is better for those who have unquestioned and almost unlimited power in their hands to err on the side of freedom.[1]
Rather than proceed in the face of Holmes's biting dissent, Chief Justice Edward Douglass White set the case aside and word of the situation evidently reached the Administration, because the prosecution was abandoned. White then asked Holmes to write the opinion for a unanimous Court in the next case, one in which they could agree, Schenck v. United States. Holmes wrote that opinion, and wrote again for a unanimous court upholding convictions in two more cases that spring, Frohwerk v. United States and Debs v. United States, establishing what remains the standard for deciding the constitutionality of criminal convictions based on expressive behavior. Holmes disliked legislative-style formulas, and did not repeat the language of "clear and present danger" in any subsequent opinion, however. The Schenck opinion alone accordingly is often cited as the source of this legal standard, and some scholars have suggested that Holmes changed his mind and offered a different view in his equally famous dissent in Abrams v. United States. The events leading to the assignment of the Schenck opinion to Holmes were discovered when Holmes's biographer Sheldon Novick unearthed the unpublished Baltzer opinion among Holmes's papers at Harvard Law School.[2]
Obverse
Reverse
The leaflet at issue in Schenck v. United States
The facts of the Schenck Case were as follows. Charles Schenck and Elizabeth Baer were members of the Executive Committee of the Socialist Party in Philadelphia, of which Schenck was General Secretary. The executive committee authorized, and Schenck oversaw, printing and mailing more than 15,000 fliers to men slated for conscription during World War I. The fliers urged men not to submit to the draft, saying "Do not submit to intimidation", "Assert your rights", "If you do not assert and support your rights, you are helping to deny or disparage rights which it is the solemn duty of all citizens and residents of the United States to retain," and urged men not to comply with the draft on the grounds that military conscription constituted involuntary servitude, which is prohibited by the Thirteenth Amendment.[3]
After jury trials Schenck and Baer were convicted of violating Section 3 of the Espionage Act of 1917.[4] Both defendants appealed to the United States Supreme Court, arguing that their conviction, and the statute which purported to authorize it, were contrary to the First Amendment. They relied heavily on the text of the First Amendment, and their claim that the Espionage Act of 1917 had what today one would call a "chilling effect" on free discussion of the war effort.[5]
The Court's decision[edit]
The Court, in a unanimous opinion written by Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., held that Schenck's criminal conviction was constitutional. The statute only applied to successful obstructions of the draft, but common-law precedents allowed prosecution for attempts that were dangerously close to success. Attempts made by speech or writing could be punished like other attempted crimes; the First Amendment did not protect speech encouraging men to resist induction, because, "when a nation is at war, many things that might be said in time of peace are such a hindrance to its effort that their utterance will not be endured so long as men fight, and that no Court could regard them as protected by any constitutional right."[6] In other words, the court held, the circumstances of wartime allow greater restrictions on free speech than would be allowed during peacetime, if only because new and greater dangers are present.
The opinion's most famous and most often quoted passage was this:
The most stringent protection of free speech would not protect a man in falsely shouting fire in a theatre and causing a panic. [...] The question in every case is whether the words used are used in such circumstances and are of such a nature as to create a clear and present danger that they will bring about the substantive evils that Congress has a right to prevent.[6]
The phrase "shouting fire in a crowded theater" has since become a popular metaphor for dangers or limitations of free speech.
Subsequent jurisprudence[edit]
In subsequent cases, when it appeared to him that the Court was departing from the precedents established in Schenck and companion cases, Holmes dissented, reiterating his view that expressions of honest opinion were entitled to near absolute protection, but that expressions made with the specific intent to cause a criminal harm, or that threatened a clear and present danger of such harm, could be punished. In Abrams v. United States, he elaborated on the common-law privileges for freedom of speech and of the press, and stated his conviction that freedom of opinion was central to the constitutional scheme because competition in the "marketplace" of ideas was the best test of their truth. In Whitney v. California (1927), concerning a conviction for seditious speech forbidden by California law, Holmes joined a concurring opinion written by Justice Louis D. Brandeis once again explaining the clear-and-present-danger standard for criminal attempts in these terms, reiterating the argument that political speech was protected because of the value of democratic deliberation. The Supreme Court continued to affirm convictions for seditious speech in a series of prosecutions of leftists, however, culminating in Dennis v. United States, 341 U.S. 494 (1951) in which a bitterly divided Court upheld the sedition convictions for the leaders of the Communist Party. Judge Learned Hand in the court below and Chief Justice Vinson for the plurality in the Supreme Court cited Schenck, and the language of "clear and present danger" accordingly fell into disfavor among the advocates of free speech and freedom of the press.
A unanimous Court in a brief per curiam opinion (Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969)) abandoned the disfavored language while seemingly applying the reasoning of Schenck to reverse the conviction of a Ku Klux Klan member prosecuted for giving an inflammatory speech. The Court now said that speech could be prosecuted only when it posed a danger of "imminent lawless action," a formulation which is sometimes said to reflect Holmes reasoning as more fully explicated in his Abrams dissent, rather than the common law of attempts explained in Schenck. Brandenburg is also taken to have repudiated the clear-and-present-danger standard as construed in Dennis, and to have adopted something more like the explication given by Holmes and Brandeis in subsequent opinions. Partly because the standard for protecting expressive behavior under the First Amendment was stated differently in his different opinions, "revisionist" scholars have argued that Holmes changed his mind in the summer of 1919, and that after writing three opinions for a unanimous court, he stated a different and more liberal view in his Abrams dissent a few weeks later.[7] Bolstered by this argument, a number of advocates for freedom of expression have insisted that the Supreme Court has rejected Schenck and the majority opinion in Abrams, and in practice has followed the reasoning of Holmes' Abrams dissent and Brandeis' and Holmes' concurring opinion in Whitney.[8] The Court has repeatedly reaffirmed Schenck, however, holding that the destruction of a draft card could be prosecuted as a violation of Selective Service regulations even though carried out as a protest (United States v. O'Brien), but that burning an American flag at a protest could not be prosecuted because it posed no danger of causing a harm that the legislature had power to forbid (Texas v. Johnson).
In 2010, the Supreme Court rejected the argument of Holmes's Abrams dissent. The facts in Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project were similar to those in Abrams: persons who planned to advocate the causes of Sri Lankan and Kurdish organizations, designated terrorist groups, had a reasonable fear of prosecution under the USA PATRIOT Act, 18 U.S.C. Section 2339B, for providing material support for terrorist organizations. The Supreme Court held that such prosecutions were not barred by the First Amendment, expressly rejecting the argument that a "specific intent" to assist terrorist acts was required, rejecting also the claim of the dissenting justices that the case was governed by the concurrence in Whitney, or by the standard stated in Brandenburg. Finally, in Citizens United v. FEC, the majority of the Court rejected the argument made by the dissenters that the First Amendment was premised on the value of democratic deliberation in the "marketplace of ideas." Instead, they held that First Amendment rights are individual, not based on communitarian considerations.
As the precedents stand at present, therefore, it appears that Schenck is still good law. Criminal attempts may be prosecuted even if carried out solely through expressive behavior, and a majority of the justices continue to view such prosecutions in the light of the majority opinion in Abrams: the Court will defer to legislative judgments, at least in national security matters, that some forms of political advocacy may be prosecuted.
See also[edit]
Freedom for the Thought That We Hate, by Anthony Lewis
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Sheldon Novick, "The Unrevised Holmes and Freedom of Expression," 1991 Supreme Court Review 303, 389 (1992)
Jump up ^ Sheldon Novick, "Preface, Honorable Justice at twenty-five," in Honorable Justice: The Life of Oliver Wendell Holmes (1989, 2013)
Jump up ^ Schenck v. United States, 249 U.S. 47, 49-51 (1917)
Jump up ^ University of Texas at Austin. "The Espionage Act and The Limitations of the First Amendment". edb.utexas.edu. , which prohibited willful obstruction of the recently-enacted draft.
Jump up ^ Brief of Plaintiffs in Error - Schenk
^ Jump up to: a b Holmes, Oliver Wendell. "Schenck v. United States 249 U.S. 47". Opinion. Legal Information Institute. Retrieved 23 February 2012.
Jump up ^ Albert W. Alschuler, Law Without Values: The Life, Work, and Legacy of Justice Holmes; Chicago University Press, 2000, ISBN 0-226-01520-3, pp 76-77, citing numerous commentaries
Jump up ^ Thomas Healey, The Great Dissent: How Oliver Wendell Holmes Changed his Mind--and Changed the History of Freedom of Speech in America (2013)
Further reading[edit]
Kessler, Mark (1993). "Legal Discourse and Political Intolerance: The Ideology of Clear and Present Danger". Law & Society Review. Law & Society Review, Vol. 27, No. 3. 27 (3): 559–598. JSTOR 3054105. doi:10.2307/3054105.
Smith, Stephen A. (2003). "Schenck v. United States and Abrams v. United States". In Parker, Richard A. (ed.). Free Speech on Trial: Communication Perspectives on Landmark Supreme Court Decisions. Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press. pp. 20–35. ISBN 0-8173-1301-X. CS1 maint: Extra text: editors list (link)
Sheldon Novick, "Preface: Honorable Justice at Twenty-five," in Honorable Justice: the Life of Oliver Wendell Holmes (1989, 2013).
External links[edit]
Works related to Schenck v. United States at Wikisource
Text of Schenck v. United States, 249 U.S. 47 (1919) is available from: Findlaw Justia LII
The Holmes Blog
First Amendment Library entry for Schenck v. United States
New York Times article on decision (March 4, 1919)
"Supreme Court Landmark Case Schenck v. United States" from C-SPAN's Landmark Cases: 12 Historic Supreme Court Decisions
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United States First Amendment case law
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Establishment Clause
Public funding
Everson v. Board of Education (1947)
McCollum v. Board of Education (1948)
Walz v. Tax Commission of the City of New York (1970)
Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971)
Tilton v. Richardson (1971)
Committee for Public Education & Religious Liberty v. Nyquist (1973)
Sloan v. Lemon (1973)
Wolman v. Walter (1977)
Marsh v. Chambers (1983)
Mueller v. Allen (1983)
Aguilar v. Felton (1985)
Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet (1994)
Agostini v. Felton (1997)
Mitchell v. Helms (2000)
Zelman v. Simmons-Harris (2002)
Locke v. Davey (2004)
Arizona Christian School Tuition Organization v. Winn (2011)
Public displays
Stone v. Graham (1980)
Lynch v. Donnelly (1984)
Board of Trustees of Scarsdale v. McCreary (1985)
County of Allegheny v. ACLU (1989)
McCreary County v. ACLU of Kentucky (2005)
Van Orden v. Perry (2005)
Pleasant Grove City v. Summum (2009)
School prayer
Zorach v. Clauson (1952)
Engel v. Vitale (1962)
Abington School District v. Schempp (1963)
Stone v. Graham (1980)
Wallace v. Jaffree (1985)
Lee v. Weisman (1992)
Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe (2000)
Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow (2004)
Creationism
Epperson v. Arkansas (1968)
Edwards v. Aguillard (1987)
Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District (M.D. Pa. 2005)
Legislature prayer
Marsh v. Chambers (1983)
Town of Greece v. Galloway (2014)
Establishment Clause, Other
McGowan v. Maryland (1961)
Walz v. Tax Commission of the City of New York (1970)
McDaniel v. Paty (1978)
Widmar v. Vincent (1981)
Larkin v. Grendel's Den, Inc. (1982)
Estate of Thornton v. Caldor, Inc. (1985)
Texas Monthly, Inc. v. Bullock (1989)
[show]
Free Exercise Clause
Vidal v. Girard's Executors (1844)
Reynolds v. United States (1879)
Davis v. Beason (1890)
Schneider v. New Jersey (1939)
Cantwell v. Connecticut (1940)
Minersville School District v. Gobitis (1940)
Murdock v. Pennsylvania (1943)
United State v. Ballard (1944)
Braunfeld v. Brown (1961)
Torcaso v. Watkins (1961)
Sherbert v. Verner (1963)
Presbyterian Church v. Hull Church (1969)
Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972)
NLRB v. Catholic Bishop of Chicago (1979)
Harris v. McRae (1980)
Thomas v. Review Board of the Indiana Employment Security Division (1981)
United States v. Lee (1982)
Bob Jones University v. United States (1983)
Bowen v. Roy (1986)
Goldman v. Weinberger (1986)
Employment Division v. Smith (1990)
Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah (1993)
City of Boerne v. Flores (1997)
Watchtower Society v. Village of Stratton (2002)
Cutter v. Wilkinson (2005)
Gonzales v. UDV (2006)
Trinity Lutheran Church of Columbia, Inc. v. Comer (2017)
[hide]
Freedom of speech (portal)
Sedition and
imminent danger
Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)
Masses Publishing Co. v. Patten (S.D.N.Y. 1917)
Schenck v. United States (1919)
Abrams v. United States (1919)
Gitlow v. New York (1925)
Whitney v. California (1927)
Dennis v. United States (1951)
Communist Party v. Subversive Activities Control Board (1955, 1961)
Yates v. United States (1957)
Bond v. Floyd (1966)
Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969)
False speech
Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc. (1974)
United States v. Alvarez (2012)
Fighting words and
the heckler's veto
Cantwell v. Connecticut (1940)
Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire (1942)
Terminiello v. Chicago (1949)
Feiner v. New York (1951)
Gregory v. Chicago (1969)
National Socialist Party of America v. Village of Skokie (1977)
R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul (1992)
Snyder v. Phelps (2011)
Elonis v. United States (2015)
Freedom of assembly
and public forums
Hague v. CIO (1939)
Schneider v. New Jersey (1939)
Thornhill v. Alabama (1940)
Martin v. City of Struthers (1943)
Marsh v. Alabama (1946)
Niemotko v. Maryland (1951)
Edwards v. South Carolina (1963)
Cox v. Louisiana (1965)
Brown v. Louisiana (1966)
Adderley v. Florida (1966)
Carroll v. Town of Princess Anne (1968)
Coates v. Cincinnati (1971)
Organization for a Better Austin v. Keefe (1971)
Lloyd Corp. v. Tanner (1972)
Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins (1980)
Widmar v. Vincent (1981)
Hill v. Colorado (2000)
McCullen v. Coakley (2014)
Packingham v. North Carolina (2017)
Symbolic speech
Stromberg v. California (1931)
United States v. O'Brien (1968)
Cohen v. California (1971)
Smith v. Goguen (1974)
Texas v. Johnson (1989)
United States v. Eichman (1990)
Virginia v. Black (2003)
Compelled speech
Minersville School District v. Gobitis (1940)
West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette (1943)
Wooley v. Maynard (1977)
Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System v. Southworth (2000)
Davenport v. Washington Education Association (2007)
Knox v. Service Employees International Union, Local 1000 (2012)
Agency for International Development v. Alliance for Open Society International, Inc. (2013)
Loyalty oaths
American Communications Association v. Douds (1950)
Garner v. Board of Public Works (1951)
Speiser v. Randall (1958)
Keyishian v. Board of Regents (1965)
Communist Party of Indiana v. Whitcomb (1974)
School speech
Minersville School District v. Gobitis (1940)
West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette (1943)
Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969)
Island Trees School District v. Pico (1982)
Bethel School District v. Fraser (1986)
Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier (1988)
Rosenberger v. University of Virginia (1995)
Morse v. Frederick (2007)
Obscenity
Rosen v. United States (1896)
United States v. One Book Called Ulysses (S.D.N.Y. 1933)
Roth v. United States (1957)
One, Inc. v. Olesen (1958)
Marcus v. Search Warrant (1961)
MANual Enterprises v. Day (1962)
Jacobellis v. Ohio (1964)
Quantity of Books v. Kansas (1964)
Freedman v. Maryland (1965)
Memoirs v. Massachusetts (1966)
Redrup v. New York (1967)
Ginsberg v. New York (1968)
Stanley v. Georgia (1969)
Cohen v. California (1971)
United States v. Thirty-seven Photographs (1971)
Kois v. Wisconsin (1972)
Miller v. California (1973)
Paris Adult Theatre I v. Slaton (1973)
United States v. 12 200-ft. Reels of Film (1973)
Jenkins v. Georgia (1974)
Erznoznik v. City of Jacksonville (1975)
Young v. American Mini Theatres (1976)
New York v. Ferber (1982)
American Booksellers v. Hudnut (7th Cir., 1985)
Renton v. Playtime Theatres, Inc. (1986)
Osborne v. Ohio (1990)
United States v. X-Citement Video (1994)
Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union (1997)
United States v. Playboy Entertainment Group (2000)
Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition (2002)
Ashcroft v. American Civil Liberties Union (2002)
Nitke v. Gonzales (S.D.N.Y., 2005)
United States v. Williams (2008)
FCC v. Fox Televisions Stations - 2 cases (2009 and 2012)
American Booksellers Foundation for Free Expression v. Strickland (6th Cir., 2009)
United States v. Kilbride (9th Cir., 2009)
United States v. Stevens (2010)
Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Association (2011)
Public employees
Pickering v. Board of Education (1968)
Perry v. Sindermann (1972)
Board of Regents of State Colleges v. Roth (1972)
Mt. Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle (1977)
Givhan v. Western Line Consolidated School District (1979)
Connick v. Myers (1983)
Rankin v. McPherson (1987)
Waters v. Churchill (1994)
Garcetti v. Ceballos (2006)
Borough of Duryea v. Guarnieri (2011)
Heffernan v. City of Paterson (2016)
Hatch Act
and similar laws
Ex parte Curtis (1882)
United Public Workers v. Mitchell (1947)
United States Civil Service Commission v. National Association of Letter Carriers (1973)
Broadrick v. Oklahoma (1973)
Licensing and
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Mutual Film Corporation v. Industrial Commission of Ohio (1915)
Joseph Burstyn, Inc. v. Wilson (1952)
Freedman v. Maryland (1965)
Virginia State Pharmacy Board v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council (1976)
Hoffman Estates v. The Flipside, Hoffman Estates, Inc. (1982)
Walker v. Texas Division, Sons of Confederate Veterans (2015)
Matal v. Tam (2017)
Commercial speech
Valentine v. Chrestensen (1942)
Rowan v. U.S. Post Office Dept. (1970)
Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Pittsburgh Commission on Human Relations (1973)
Bigelow v. Commonwealth of Virginia (1974)
Virginia State Pharmacy Board v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council (1976)
Bates v. State Bar of Arizona (1977)
Linmark Associates, Inc. v. Willingboro (1977)
Ohralik v. Ohio State Bar Ass’n (1978)
Friedman v. Rogers (1979)
Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public Service Commission (1980)
Consol. Edison Co. v. Public Serv. Comm'n (1980)
Bolger v. Youngs Drug Products (1983)
Zauderer v. Office of Disciplinary Counsel (1985)
Pacific Gas & Electric Co. v. Public Utilities Commission of California (1986)
Posadas de Puerto Rico Associates v. Tourism Company of Puerto Rico (1986)
San Francisco Arts & Athletics, Inc. v. United States Olympic Committee (1987)
44 Liquormart, Inc. v. Rhode Island (1996)
Sorrell v. IMS Health Inc. (2011)
Campaign finance and
political speech
Buckley v. Valeo (1976)
First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti (1978)
Citizens Against Rent Control v. City of Berkeley (1981)
California Medical Association v. FEC (1981)
Brown v. Socialist Workers '74 Campaign Committee (1982)
Regan v. Taxation with Representation of Washington (1983)
FEC v. National Conservative Political Action Committee (1985)
FEC v. Massachusetts Citizens for Life (1986)
Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce (1990)
McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Commission (1995)
Colorado Republican Federal Campaign Committee v. FEC (1996)
Nixon v. Shrink Missouri Government PAC (2000)
FEC v. Colorado Republican Federal Campaign Committee (2001)
Republican Party of Minnesota v. White (2002)
McConnell v. FEC (2003)
FEC v. Beaumont (2003)
Randall v. Sorrell (2006)
FEC v. Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc. (2007)
Davis v. FEC (2008)
Citizens United v. FEC (2010)
McComish v. Bennett (2011)
American Tradition Partnership v. Bullock (2012)
McCutcheon v. Federal Election Commission (2014)
Williams-Yulee v. The Florida Bar (2015)
[show]
Freedom of the press
Prior restraints
and censorship
Near v. Minnesota (1931)
Lovell v. City of Griffin (1938)
Hannegan v. Esquire, Inc. (1946)
New York Times Co. v. United States (1971)
Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo (1974)
Nebraska Press Ass'n v. Stuart (1976)
Landmark Communications, Inc. v. Virginia (1978)
Smith v. Daily Mail Publishing Co. (1979)
Tory v. Cochran (2005)
Privacy
Time, Inc. v. Hill (1967)
Cox Broadcasting Corp. v. Cohn (1975)
Florida Star v. B. J. F. (1989)
Taxation and
privileges
Grosjean v. American Press Co. (1936)
Branzburg v. Hayes (1972)
Minneapolis Star Tribune Company v. Commissioner (1983)
Defamation
Beauharnais v. Illinois (1952)
New York Times Co. v. Sullivan (1964)
Curtis Publishing Co. v. Butts (1967)
Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc. (1974)
Time, Inc. v. Firestone (1976)
Bose Corp. v. Consumers Union of United States, Inc. (1984)
Dun & Bradstreet, Inc. v. Greenmoss Builders, Inc. (1985)
McDonald v. Smith (1985)
Hustler Magazine v. Falwell (1988)
Harte-Hanks Communications v. Connaughton (1989)
Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co. (1990)
Obsidian Finance Group, LLC v. Cox (9th Cir., 2014)
Broadcast media
Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC (1969)
FCC v. Pacifica Foundation (1978)
Turner Broadcasting v. FCC (1994)
Bartnicki v. Vopper (2001)
[show]
Freedom of association
Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee v. McGrath (1951)
Watkins v. United States (1957)
NAACP v. Alabama (1958)
Baggett v. Bullitt (1964)
In re Primus (1978)
Roberts v. United States Jaycees (1984)
Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, & Bisexual Group of Boston (1995)
Boy Scouts of America v. Dale (2000)
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A Bronx Tale
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the 1993 film. For the Broadway musical, see A Bronx Tale (musical).
A Bronx Tale
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Robert De Niro
Produced by
Jane Rosenthal
Written by
Chazz Palminteri
Based on
A Bronx Tale
by Chazz Palminteri
Starring
Lillo Brancato, Jr.
Robert De Niro
Chazz Palminteri
Francis Capra
Cinematography
Reynaldo Villalobos
Edited by
David Ray
Robert Q. Lovett
Production
company
TriBeCa Productions
Distributed by
Savoy Pictures
Release date
September 14, 1993 (1993-09-14) (Toronto Festival of Festivals)
September 29, 1993 (1993-09-29) (United States)
Running time
120 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$10 million[1]
Box office
$17.3 million[2]
A Bronx Tale is a 1993 American crime drama film, adapted from Chazz Palminteri's 1989 play of the same name. It tells the coming of age story of an Italian-American boy, Calogero Anello, who, after encountering a local mafia boss, is torn between the temptations of organized crime and the values of his honest, hardworking father. The Broadway production was converted to film with limited changes, and starred Palminteri and Robert De Niro.
De Niro, who first viewed the play in Los Angeles in 1990, acquired the rights from Palminteri, intent on making the play his directorial debut. The duo then worked heavily together on the screenplay, with Palminteri aiming to retain many of the aspects of the original script, as it was based largely on his own childhood. Production began in 1991, and was funded in collaboration with De Niro's TriBeCa Productions and Savoy Pictures, as the first film released by each studio.
Upon its release on September 29, A Bronx Tale achieved limited commercial success, grossing over $17 million domestically. However, it fared much better with critics, who praised the performances of the leads, and launched Palminteri's acting career, while also helping De Niro gain acceptance as a director.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Writing
4 Reception
5 Release
6 Awards and nominations
7 References
8 External links
Plot[edit]
In 1960, Lorenzo Anello lives in Belmont, an Italian-American neighborhood in The Bronx, with his wife Rosina and his 9-year old young son Calogero, who is fascinated by the local mobsters led by Sonny LoSpecchio. One day, Calogero witnesses a murder committed by Sonny in defense of an assaulted friend in his neighborhood. When Calogero chooses to keep quiet when questioned by NYPD detectives, Sonny takes a liking to him and gives him the nickname "C". Sonny's men offer Lorenzo a better paying job, but Lorenzo, preferring a law-abiding life as an MTA bus driver, politely declines. Sonny befriends Calogero and introduces him to his crew. Calogero earns tips amounting to $600 working in the Mafia bar and throwing dice, and is admonished harshly by Lorenzo when he discovers it. Lorenzo speaks severely to Sonny, returns the money, and angrily warns him to keep away from Calogero.
Eight years later, Calogero has grown into a young man who has been visiting Sonny regularly without his father's knowledge. Calogero is also part of a gang of local Italian-American boys, which concerns Sonny, who warns Calogero to keep away from them and focus more on his schoolwork. Later on, Calogero meets an African American girl, Jane Williams, and is smitten with her. Despite the high level of racial tension and dislike between Italian Americans and African Americans, Calogero arranges a date with Jane. He asks for advice from both his father and Sonny, with the latter lending Calogero his car. Later, Calogero's friends beat up the black cyclists who ride through their neighborhood, despite Calogero's attempts to defend them. One of the cyclists turns out to be Jane's brother, Willie. Willie mistakes Calogero for one of the assailants and accuses "C" of beating him up when Calogero and Jane meet for their date. Calogero loses his temper over the accusation and Willie's lack of gratitude, responding by accidentally addressing him with a racial slur, which he instantly regrets. Jane leaves with Willie.
At home, Calogero is confronted by his father who just saw him driving Sonny's car. An argument ensues and Calogero storms out. Shortly thereafter, Calogero is confronted by Sonny and his crew, who found a bomb in Sonny's car and suspected Calogero of planning to assassinate him. Calogero tearfully proclaims his love for and dedication to Sonny. Sonny recognizes Calogero's innocence and allows him to leave. Lorenzo emerges to defend his son, but is held back by Sonny's men. The African-American boys egg the Italian-American boys' usual spot in retaliation for the previous beating, and Calogero's friends make a plan to strike back using Molotov cocktails. They try to force Calogero to participate, but Sonny stops the car and orders Calogero out. Calogero catches up with Jane, who tells him that Willie had since admitted that the boy who beat him up was not Calogero. Jane and Calogero make amends, but Calogero suddenly remembers his friends' plans to attack Jane's neighborhood, and the two rush to stop them. Calogero and Jane arrive to find the Italian-American boys' car in flames. During the attack, someone threw one of the Molotov cocktails back into the car window, igniting the remaining bottles. The resulting crash and explosion killed everyone in the vehicle.
Calogero rushes into the crowded bar to thank Sonny for saving his life, but an unnamed assailant shoots Sonny in the back of the head before Calogero can warn him. Calogero later learns that the assailant was the son of the man Sonny killed in front of Calogero's house eight years earlier. At Sonny's funeral, countless people come to pay their respects. When the crowd disperses, a lone man, Carmine, visits the funeral, claiming that Sonny once saved his life as well. Calogero does not recognize Carmine until he sees a scar on his forehead and realizes he was the assaulted man whom Sonny had defended eight years ago. Carmine tells Calogero that he will be taking care of the neighborhood for the time being, and promises Calogero help should he ever need anything. Carmine leaves just as Calogero's father unexpectedly arrives to pay his respects to Sonny, thanking him for saving his son's life and admitting that he had never hated Sonny, but merely resented him for making Calogero grow up so quickly. Calogero makes peace with his father, and the two walk home together as Calogero narrates the lessons he learned from his two mentors.
Cast[edit]
Robert De Niro as Lorenzo Anello
Chazz Palminteri as Sonny LoSpecchio
Francis Capra as Calogero Anello (age 9)
Lillo Brancato, Jr. as Calogero Anello (age 17)
Kathrine Narducci as Rosina Anello
Taral Hicks as Jane Williams
Joe Pesci as Carmine
Louis Vanaria as Crazy Mario
Domenick Lombardozzi as Nicky Zero
Production[edit]
Writing[edit]
After acquiring the rights to create the film, with De Niro famously claiming the deal was struck solely with a gentlemen's agreement with Palminteri, the duo began crafting the screenplay.[3] Prior to partnering with De Niro, Palminteri rejected several offers for the film's rights, including some as high as $1 million, if he was not granted the roles of primary screenwriter and Sonny, the gangster Calogero meets. This was due to the original play, which was performed as a one-man show, being largely inspired by or drawn from his own childhood, specifically the shooting Calogero witnesses as a child, as well as the occupation and name of his father.
Reception[edit]
A Bronx Tale received positive reviews from critics. Rotten Tomatoes gave the film an approval rating of 96% based on 28 reviews. The site's critical consensus reads, "A Bronx Tale sets itself apart from other coming-of-age dramas thanks to a solid script, a terrific cast, and director Robert De Niro's sensitive work behind the camera."[4] Metacritic gave it a weighted average score of 80 out of 100, based on 15 critics, indicating "generally positive reviews".[5]
Critic Roger Ebert gave the film four stars, calling it "a very funny [and] very touching. It is filled with life and colorful characters and great lines of dialogue, and De Niro, in his debut as a director, finds the right notes as he moves from laughter to anger to tears [while] retaining its values."[6]
In 2008, the American Film Institute nominated this film for its Top 10 Gangster Films list.[7]
Release[edit]
Sometime after the film's theatrical run, HBO released the movie on VHS, CD and in 1998 on DVD. The DVD is out of print, but in January 2010, Focus Features released a DVD copy of the film exclusive to online-retailer Amazon.
Awards and nominations[edit]
Year
Award
Category
Nominee
Result
1994 Artios Award Best Casting for Feature Film Ellen Chenoweth Nominated
1994 Young Artist Award Best Youth Actor Co-Starring in a Motion Picture Drama Francis Capra Nominated
1996 Jordi Award Best Foreign Actor Chazz Palminteri Also for Bullets Over Broadway and The Usual Suspects Won
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Kachka, Boris (2007-10-14). "How 'A Bronx Tale' Got Told – New York Magazine". Nymag.com. Retrieved 2014-02-20.
Jump up ^ "A Bronx Tale (1993)". Box Office Mojo. 1993-11-16. Retrieved 2014-02-20.
Jump up ^ Vlastelica, Ryan (March 2, 2016). "Chazz Palminteri on A Bronx Tale, Keyser Söze, and Stallone's career advice". The A.V. Club. Retrieved January 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ "A Bronx Tale". Rotten Tomatoes.
Jump up ^ "A Bronx Tale". Metacritic.
Jump up ^ "A Bronx Tale". rogerebert.suntimes.com. 1993-10-01. Retrieved January 21, 2010.
Jump up ^ "AFI's 10 Top 10 Nominees" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2016-08-19.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: A Bronx Tale
A Bronx Tale on IMDb
A Bronx Tale at AllMovie
A Bronx Tale at Metacritic
A Bronx Tale at Rotten Tomatoes
A Bronx Tale at Box Office Mojo
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Robert De Niro
Films directed
A Bronx Tale (1993)
The Good Shepherd (2006)
Related articles
Martin Scorsese and Robert De Niro
Filmography
Awards and nominations
TriBeCa Productions
TriBeCa Film Festival
Tribeca Grill
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Bronx_Tale&oldid=846607810"
Categories:
1993 films
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Films directed by Robert De Niro
Films set in the Bronx
Films set in 1960
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