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Madame Bovary
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Madame Bovary
Title page of the original French edition, 1857
Author
Gustave Flaubert
Country
France
Language
French
Genre
Realist novel
Publisher
Revue de Paris (in serial) & Michel Lévy Frères (in book form, 2 Vols)
Publication date
1856 (in serial) & April 1857 (in book form)
Madame Bovary (full French title: Madame Bovary. Mœurs de province) is the debut novel of French writer Gustave Flaubert, published in 1856. The character lives beyond her means in order to escape the banalities and emptiness of provincial life.
When the novel was first serialized in La Revue de Paris between 1 October 1856 and 15 December 1856, public prosecutors attacked the novel for obscenity. The resulting trial in January 1857 made the story notorious. After Flaubert's acquittal on 7 February 1857, Madame Bovary became a bestseller in April 1857 when it was published in two volumes. A seminal work of literary realism, the novel is now considered Flaubert's masterpiece, and one of the most influential literary works in history. The British critic James Wood writes: "Flaubert established, for good or ill, what most readers think of as modern realist narration, and his influence is almost too familiar to be visible."[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot synopsis
2 Characters
3 Setting
4 Style
5 Literary significance and reception
6 Adaptations
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Plot synopsis[edit]
Illustration by Charles Léandre Madame Bovary, engraved by Eugène Decisy (fr). (Illustration without text on page 322: Emma as a transvestite at the ball)
Madame Bovary takes place in provincial northern France, near the town of Rouen in Normandy. Charles Bovary is a shy, oddly dressed teenager arriving at a new school where his new classmates ridicule him. Charles struggles his way to a second-rate medical degree and becomes an Officier de santé in the Public Health Service. He marries the woman his mother has chosen for him, the unpleasant but supposedly rich widow Héloïse Dubuc. He sets out to build a practice in the village of Tôtes.
One day, Charles visits a local farm to set the owner's broken leg and meets his patient's daughter, Emma Rouault. Emma is a beautiful, daintily dressed young woman who has received a "good education" in a convent. She has a powerful yearning for luxury and romance inspired by reading popular novels. Charles is immediately attracted to her, and visits his patient far more often than necessary, until Héloïse's jealousy puts a stop to the visits.
When Héloïse unexpectedly dies, Charles waits a decent interval before courting Emma in earnest. Her father gives his consent, and Emma and Charles marry.
The novel's focus shifts to Emma. Charles means well but is plodding and clumsy. After he and Emma attend an elegant ball given by the Marquis d'Andervilliers, Emma finds her married life dull and becomes listless. Charles decides his wife needs a change of scenery and moves his practice to the larger market town of Yonville (traditionally identified with the town of Ry). There, Emma gives birth to a daughter, Berthe, but motherhood proves a disappointment to Emma. She becomes infatuated with an intelligent young man she meets in Yonville, a young law student, Léon Dupuis, who shares her appreciation for literature and music and returns her esteem. Concerned with maintaining her self-image as a devoted wife and mother, Emma does not acknowledge her passion for Léon and conceals her contempt for Charles, drawing comfort from the thought of her virtue. Léon despairs of gaining Emma's affection and departs to study in Paris.
One day, a rich and rakish landowner, Rodolphe Boulanger, brings a servant to the doctor's office to be bled. He casts his eye over Emma and imagines she will be easily seduced. He invites her to go riding with him for the sake of her health. Charles, solicitous for his wife's health and not at all suspicious, embraces the plan. Emma and Rodolphe begin an affair. She, consumed by her romantic fantasy, risks compromising herself with indiscreet letters and visits to her lover. After four years, she insists they run away together. Rodolphe does not share her enthusiasm for this plan and on the eve of their planned departure, he ends the relationship with an apologetic, self-effacing letter placed at the bottom of a basket of apricots he has delivered to Emma. The shock is so great that Emma falls deathly ill and briefly turns to religion.
When Emma is nearly fully recovered, she and Charles attend the opera, at Charles' insistence, in nearby Rouen. The opera reawakens Emma's passions, and she encounters Léon who, now educated and working in Rouen, is also attending the opera. They begin an affair. While Charles believes that she is taking piano lessons, Emma travels to the city each week to meet Léon, always in the same room of the same hotel, which the two come to view as their home. The love affair is ecstatic at first, but Léon grows bored with Emma's emotional excesses, and Emma grows ambivalent about Léon. Emma indulges her fancy for luxury goods with purchases made on credit from the crafty merchant Lheureux, who arranges for her to obtain power of attorney over Charles' estate. Emma's debt steadily mounts.
When Lheureux calls in Bovary's debt, Emma pleads for money from several people, including Léon and Rodolphe, only to be turned down. In despair, she swallows arsenic and dies an agonizing death. Charles, heartbroken, abandons himself to grief, preserves Emma's room as a shrine, and adopts her attitudes and tastes to keep her memory alive. In his last months, he stops working and lives by selling off his possessions. His remaining possessions are seized to pay off Lheureux. When he finds Rodolphe and Léon's love letters, he breaks down for good. He dies, and his young daughter Berthe is placed with her grandmother, who soon dies. Berthe then lives with an impoverished aunt, who sends her to work in a cotton mill. The book concludes with the local pharmacist Homais, who had competed with Charles's medical practice, gaining prominence among Yonville people and being rewarded for his medical achievements.
Characters[edit]
Emma Bovary is the novel's eponymous protagonist (Charles's mother and his former wife are also referred to as Madame Bovary, while their daughter remains Mademoiselle Bovary). She has a highly romanticized view of the world and craves beauty, wealth, passion, as well as high society. It is the disparity between these romantic ideals and the realities of her country life that drive most of the novel, leading her into two affairs and to accrue an insurmountable amount of debt that eventually leads to her suicide.
Dr. Charles Bovary, Emma's husband, is a very simple and common man. He is a country doctor by profession but is, as in everything else, not very good at it. He is in fact not qualified enough to be termed a doctor but is instead an officier de santé, or "health officer". Yet he is a healthy man who enjoys his work, riding about to attend to patients. He is outgoing and friendly, with a gift for remembering names and faces, and he is mostly called upon to perform first aid. He does this competently enough to earn the loyalty and friendship of his patients in Tostes, however when he moves to Yonville to practice medicine there he is sabotaged by the pharmacist Homais. Charles adores his wife and finds her faultless, despite obvious evidence to the contrary. He never suspects her affairs and gives her complete control over his finances, thereby securing his own ruin. Despite Charles's complete devotion to Emma, she despises him as she finds him the epitome of all that is dull and common.
Rodolphe Boulanger is a wealthy local man who seduces Emma as one more to a long string of mistresses. Though occasionally charmed by Emma, Rodolphe feels little true emotion towards her. As Emma becomes more and more desperate, Rodolphe loses interest and worries about her lack of caution. After his decision to escape with Emma, he resigns and feels unable to handle it, especially the existence of her daughter, Berthe.
Léon Dupuis is a clerk who introduces Emma to poetry and who falls in love with her. He leaves Yonville when he despairs of Emma reciprocating his feelings, however the two reconnect after Emma's affair with Rodolphe Boulanger collapses. They begin an affair, which is Emma's second.
Monsieur Lheureux is a manipulative and sly merchant who continually convinces people in Yonville to buy goods on credit and borrow money from him. Having led many small businesspeople into financial ruin to support his own business ambitions, Lheureux lends money to Charles and plays Emma masterfully, leading the Bovarys so far into debt as to cause their financial ruin and Emma's suicide.
Monsieur Homais is the town pharmacist. He is vehemently anti-clerical and practices medicine without a license. Though he pretends to befriend Charles, he actively undermines Charles's medical practice by luring away his patients and by setting Charles up to attempt a difficult surgery, which fails and destroys Charles's professional credibility in Yonville.
Justin is Monsieur Homais' apprentice and second cousin. He had been taken into the house from charity and was useful at the same time as a servant. He harbors a crush on Emma. At one point he steals the key to the medical supply room, and Emma tricks him into opening a container of arsenic so she can "kill some rats keeping her awake". She however eats the arsenic herself, much to his horror and remorse.
Setting[edit]
The setting of the novel is important, first as it applies to Flaubert's realist style and social commentary, and, second, as it relates to the protagonist, Emma.
Francis Steegmuller estimated that the novel begins in October 1827 and ends in August 1846. This corresponds with the July Monarchy — the reign of Louis Philippe I, who strolled Paris carrying his own umbrella as if to honor an ascendant bourgeois middle class. Much of the time and effort that Flaubert spends detailing the customs of the rural French people shows them aping an urban, emergent middle class.
Flaubert strove for an accurate depiction of common life. The account of a county fair in Yonville displays this and dramatizes it by showing the fair in real time counterpoised with a simultaneous intimate interaction behind a window overlooking the fair. Flaubert knew the regional setting, the place of his birth and youth, in and around the city of Rouen in Normandy. His faithfulness to the mundane elements of country life has garnered the book its reputation as the beginning of the movement known as literary realism.
Flaubert's capture of the commonplace in his setting contrasts with the yearnings of his protagonist. The practicalities of common life foil Emma's romantic fantasies. Flaubert uses this juxtaposition to reflect both setting and character. Emma becomes more capricious and ludicrous in the light of everyday reality. Yet her yearnings magnify the self-important banality of the local people. Emma, though impractical, and with her provincial education lacking and unformed, still reflects a hopefulness regarding beauty and greatness that seems absent in the bourgeois class.
Style[edit]
The book was in some ways inspired by the life of a schoolfriend of the author who became a doctor. Flaubert's friend and mentor, Louis Bouilhet, had suggested to him that this might be a suitably "down-to earth" subject for a novel and that Flaubert should attempt to write in a "natural way," without digressions.[2] Indeed, the writing style was of supreme importance to Flaubert. While writing the novel, he wrote that it would be "a book about nothing, a book dependent on nothing external, which would be held together by the internal strength of its style,"[3] an aim which, for the critic Jean Rousset, made Flaubert "the first in date of the non-figurative novelists," such as James Joyce and Virginia Woolf.[4] Though Flaubert avowed no liking for the style of Balzac, the novel he produced became arguably a prime example and an enhancement of literary realism in the vein of Balzac. The "realism" in the novel was to prove an important element in the trial for obscenity: the lead prosecutor argued that not only was the novel immoral, but that realism in literature was also an offence against art and decency.[5]
The realist movement was, in part, a reaction against romanticism. Emma may be said to be the embodiment of a romantic: in her mental and emotional process, she has no relation to the realities of her world. Although in some ways he may seem to identify with Emma,[6] Flaubert frequently mocks her romantic daydreaming and taste in literature. The accuracy of Flaubert's supposed assertion that "Madame Bovary, c'est moi" ("Madame Bovary is me") has been questioned.[6][7][8] In his letters, he distanced himself from the sentiments in the novel. To Edma Roger des Genettes, he wrote, "Tout ce que j'aime n'y est pas" ("all that I love is not there") and to Marie-Sophie Leroyer de Chantepie, "je n'y ai rien mis ni de mes sentiments ni de mon existence" ("I have used nothing of my feelings or of my life").[7] For Mario Vargas Llosa, "If Emma Bovary had not read all those novels, it is possible that her fate might have been different."[9]
Madame Bovary has been seen as a commentary on bourgeois, the folly of aspirations that can never be realized or a belief in the validity of a self-satisfied, deluded personal culture, associated with Flaubert's period. For Vargas Llosa, "Emma's drama is the gap between illusion and reality, the distance between desire and its fulfillment" and shows "the first signs of alienation that a century later will take hold of men and women in industrial societies."[10] However, the novel is not simply about a woman's dreamy romanticism. Charles is also unable to grasp reality or understand Emma's needs and desires.
Literary significance and reception[edit]
Long established as one of the greatest novels, the book has been described as a "perfect" work of fiction. Henry James wrote: "Madame Bovary has a perfection that not only stamps it, but that makes it stand almost alone: it holds itself with such a supreme unapproachable assurance as both excites and defies judgment."[11] Marcel Proust praised the "grammatical purity" of Flaubert's style, while Vladimir Nabokov said that "stylistically it is prose doing what poetry is supposed to do".[12] Similarly, in his preface to his novel The Joke, Milan Kundera wrote, "[N]ot until the work of Flaubert did prose lose the stigma of aesthetic inferiority. Ever since Madame Bovary, the art of the novel has been considered equal to the art of poetry."[13] Giorgio de Chirico said that in his opinion "from the narrative point of view, the most perfect book is Madame Bovary by Flaubert".[14]
Adaptations[edit]
An opera Madame Bovary was produced in 1951.
Madame Bovary has been made into several films, beginning with Albert Ray's 1932 version. The most notable of these adaptations was the 1949 film produced by MGM. Directed by Vincente Minnelli, it starred Jennifer Jones in the title role, co-starring James Mason, Van Heflin, Louis Jourdan, and Gene Lockhart. The most recent of these is the 1993 Hindi-language film Maya Memsaab.
It has also been the subject of multiple television miniseries and made-for-TV movies. It was adapted by Giles Cooper for the BBC in 1964, with the same script being used for a new production in 1975. A 2000 miniseries adaptation by Heidi Thomas was made for the BBC, starring Frances O'Connor, Hugh Bonneville and Hugh Dancy.
Edwige Fenech starred in a version in 1969, directed by Hans Schott-Schobinger.
David Lean's film Ryan's Daughter (1970) was a loose adaptation of the story, relocating it to Ireland during the time of the Easter Rebellion. The script had begun life as a straight adaptation of Madame Bovary, but Lean convinced writer Robert Bolt to re-work it into another setting.
Claude Chabrol made his version starring Isabelle Huppert in 1991. Jon Fortgang, writing for Film4, praised the film as "sumptuous period piece and pertinent tragic drama".[15]
Indian director Ketan Mehta adapted the novel into a 1992 Hindi film Maya Memsaab, in which Deepa Sahi played the lead role of disillusioned wife.
Posy Simmonds' graphic novel Gemma Bovery (and Anne Fontaine's film adaptation) reworked the story into a satirical tale of English expatriates in France.
Vale Abraão (1993) (Abraham's Vale) by Manoel de Oliveira is a close interpretation set in Portugal, even referencing and discussing Flaubert's novel several times.
Another film adaptation (2014) directed by Sophie Barthes and starring Mia Wasikowska, Henry Lloyd-Hughes, Paul Giamatti, and Ezra Miller
Madame Bovary has been an inspiration for various other projects, such as bovary.gr which is a Greek website dedicated to women, their well-being and beauty.[16]
The novel was loosely adapted in the Christian video series VeggieTales under the name "Madame Blueberry".
See also[edit]
Novels portal
Delphine Delamare
The Perpetual Orgy
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Wood, James. How Fiction Works.New York: Picador. 2008. 39.
Jump up ^ Flaubert, Oeuvres, vol 1, Bibliothèque de la Pléiade, 1972 p.305
Jump up ^ AS Byatt (26 July 2002). "Scenes from a provincial life". The Guardian. Retrieved 5 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Quoted in Madame Bovary: a Reference Guide, Laurence M Porter, Eugene F Gray, 2002, p. 130
Jump up ^ Jacqueline Lalouette (2007). "Le procès de Madame Bovary". Archives de France (in French). Retrieved 5 December 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Gustave Flaubert". Encyclopédie Larousse en ligne (in French). Retrieved 5 December 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Yvan Leclerc (February 2014). "" Madame Bovary, c'est moi ", formule apocryphe". Le Centre Flaubert (in French). l'Université de Rouen. Retrieved 5 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Pierre Assouline (25 October 2009). "Madame Bovary, c'est qui?". La République des Livres. Archived from the original on 28 October 2009.
Jump up ^ Vargas Llosa quoted in Zuzanna Krasnopolska (November 2010). "Lectures d'Emma Bovary et Teresa Uzeda: deux cas de boulimie littéraire". Le Centre Flaubert (in French). l'Université de Rouen. Retrieved 5 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Erica Jong (15 September 1997). "Fiction Victim". Salon.com. Retrieved 5 December 2015.
Jump up ^ James, Henry (1914). Notes on Novelists. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 80.
Jump up ^ Quoted by Malcolm Bowie, Introduction to Madame Bovary, translated by Margaret Mauldon, OUP, 2004 p. vii
Jump up ^ Kundera, Milan. The Joke.
Jump up ^ Siniscalco, Carmine (1985). Incontro con Giorgio de Chirico. Matera–Ferrara: Edizioni La Bautta. pp. 131–132. See excerpt on Fondazionedechirico.org
Jump up ^ Jon Fortgang. "Madame Bovary". Film4. Retrieved 5 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Bovary (1 July 2016). "Bovary.gr - The Beauty Expert". Retrieved 1 July 2016.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Madame Bovary
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Madame Bovary
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gustave Flaubert - Madame Bovary.
Original text from Project Gutenberg
Madame Bovary in English, translated by Eleanor Marx Aveling 1886, first English translation.
Madame Bovary public domain audiobook at LibriVox
Les manuscrits de Madame Bovary (in French) – Site with images and transcriptions of Flaubert's original manuscripts, plus 4500 pages deleted/censored material
Madame Bovary, 13-part Globe Radio adaptation, aired on NPR Playhouse in the late 1980s.
(in French) Madame Bovary, audio version
Madame Bovary (original version) with 7500+ English annotations at Tailored Texts
[show]
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Works by Gustave Flaubert
Memoirs of a Madman (1838)
November (1842)
Madame Bovary (1856)
Salammbô (1862)
Sentimental Education (1869)
The Temptation of Saint Anthony (1874)
Three Tales (1877)
Le Château des cœurs (1880)
Bouvard et Pécuchet (1881)
Dictionary of Received Ideas (1911–13)
[show]
v
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Gustave Flaubert's Madame Bovary
Films
Unholy Love (1932)
Madame Bovary (1934)
Madame Bovary (1937)
Madame Bovary (1947)
Madame Bovary (1949)
Madame Bovary (1969)
Madame Bovary (1991)
Madame Bovary (2014)
Television
Madame Bovary (2000)
Adaptations
Ryan's Daughter (1970)
Signora Bovary (1987)
Maya Memsaab (1992)
Madame Blueberry (1998)
Gemma Bovery (1999)
The Reasons of the Heart (2011)
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Anuradha
From These Roots
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Henrik Ibsen's A Doll's House (1879)
Henry Arthur Jones's The Case of Rebellious Susan (1894)
Henry James' novella Daisy Miller (serialized 1878)
Amy Levy's The Romance of a Shop (1888)
George Bernard Shaw's Mrs. Warren's Profession (1893)
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Computer worm
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about coding of a worm. For the data storage device, see Write Once Read Many. For other uses, see worm (disambiguation).
Hex dump of the Blaster worm, showing a message left for Microsoft CEO Bill Gates by the worm programmer
Spread of Conficker worm
A computer worm is a standalone malware computer program that replicates itself in order to spread to other computers.[1] Often, it uses a computer network to spread itself, relying on security failures on the target computer to access it. Worms almost always cause at least some harm to the network, even if only by consuming bandwidth, whereas viruses almost always corrupt or modify files on a targeted computer.
Many worms that have been created are designed only to spread, and do not attempt to change the systems they pass through. However, as the Morris worm and Mydoom showed, even these "payload-free" worms can cause major disruption by increasing network traffic and other unintended effects.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Harm
3 Countermeasures
4 Worms with good intent
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
Morris worm source code floppy diskette at the Computer History Museum
The actual term "worm" was first used in John Brunner's 1975 novel, The Shockwave Rider. In that novel, Nichlas Haflinger designs and sets off a data-gathering worm in an act of revenge against the powerful men who run a national electronic information web that induces mass conformity. "You have the biggest-ever worm loose in the net, and it automatically sabotages any attempt to monitor it... There's never been a worm with that tough a head or that long a tail!"[2]
On November 2, 1988, Robert Tappan Morris, a Cornell University computer science graduate student, unleashed what became known as the Morris worm, disrupting a large number of computers then on the Internet, guessed at the time to be one tenth of all those connected.[3] During the Morris appeal process, the U.S. Court of Appeals estimated the cost of removing the virus from each installation at between $200 and $53,000; this work prompted the formation of the CERT Coordination Center[4] and Phage mailing list.[5] Morris himself became the first person tried and convicted under the 1986 Computer Fraud and Abuse Act.[6]
Harm[edit]
Any code designed to do more than spread the worm is typically referred to as the "payload". Typical malicious payloads might delete files on a host system (e.g., the ExploreZip worm), encrypt files in a ransomware attack, or exfiltrate data such as confidential documents or passwords.
Probably the most common payload for worms is to install a backdoor. This allows the computer to be remotely controlled by the worm author as a "zombie". Networks of such machines are often referred to as botnets and are very commonly used for a range of malicious purposes, including sending spam or performing DoS attacks.[7][8][9][10][11]
Countermeasures[edit]
Worms spread by exploiting vulnerabilities in operating systems. Vendors with security problems supply regular security updates[12] (see "Patch Tuesday"), and if these are installed to a machine then the majority of worms are unable to spread to it. If a vulnerability is disclosed before the security patch released by the vendor, a zero-day attack is possible.
Users need to be wary of opening unexpected email,[13][14] and should not run attached files or programs, or visit web sites that are linked to such emails. However, as with the ILOVEYOU worm, and with the increased growth and efficiency of phishing attacks, it remains possible to trick the end-user into running malicious code.
Anti-virus and anti-spyware software are helpful, but must be kept up-to-date with new pattern files at least every few days. The use of a firewall is also recommended.
In the April–June 2008 issue of IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing, computer scientists described a new and potentially effective way to combat internet worms. The researchers discovered how to contain worms that scanned the Internet randomly, looking for vulnerable hosts to infect. They found that the key was to use software to monitor the number of scans that machines on a network send out. When a machine started to send out too many scans, it was a sign that it has been infected, which allowed administrators to take it off line and check it for malware.[15][16] In addition, machine learning techniques can be used to detect new worms, by analyzing the behavior of the suspected computer.[17]
Users can minimize the threat posed by worms by keeping their computers' operating system and other software up to date, avoiding opening unrecognized or unexpected emails and running firewall and antivirus software.[18]
Mitigation techniques include:
ACLs in routers and switches
Packet-filters
TCP Wrapper/ACL enabled network service daemons
Nullroute
Worms with good intent[edit]
Main article: Helpful worm
Beginning with the very first research into worms at Xerox PARC, there have been attempts to create useful worms. Those worms allowed testing by John Shoch and Jon Hupp of the Ethernet principles on their network of Xerox Alto computers. The Nachi family of worms tried to download and install patches from Microsoft's website to fix vulnerabilities in the host system—by exploiting those same vulnerabilities.[19] In practice, although this may have made these systems more secure, it generated considerable network traffic, rebooted the machine in the course of patching it, and did its work without the consent of the computer's owner or user. Regardless of their payload or their writers' intentions, most security experts regard all worms as malware.
Several worms, like XSS worms, have been written to research how worms spread. For example, the effects of changes in social activity or user behavior. One study proposed what seems to be the first computer worm that operates on the second layer of the OSI model (Data link Layer), it utilizes topology information such as Content-addressable memory (CAM) tables and Spanning Tree information stored in switches to propagate and probe for vulnerable nodes until the enterprise network is covered.[20]
See also[edit]
Botnet
Code Shikara (Worm)
Computer and network surveillance
Computer virus
Email spam
Self-replicating machine
Timeline of computer viruses and worms
Trojan horse (computing)
XSS worm
Zombie (computer science)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Barwise, Mike. "What is an internet worm?". BBC. Retrieved 9 September 2010.
Jump up ^ Brunner, John (1975). The Shockwave Rider. New York: Ballantine Books. ISBN 0-06-010559-3.
Jump up ^ "The Submarine".
Jump up ^ "Security of the Internet". CERT/CC.
Jump up ^ "Phage mailing list". securitydigest.org.
Jump up ^ Dressler, J. (2007). "United States v. Morris". Cases and Materials on Criminal Law. St. Paul, MN: Thomson/West. ISBN 978-0-314-17719-3.
Jump up ^ Ray, Tiernan (February 18, 2004). "Business & Technology: E-mail viruses blamed as spam rises sharply". The Seattle Times.
Jump up ^ McWilliams, Brian (October 9, 2003). "Cloaking Device Made for Spammers". Wired.
Jump up ^ "Mydoom Internet worm likely from Russia, linked to spam mail: security firm". www.channelnewsasia.com. 31 January 2004. Archived from the original on 2006-02-19.
Jump up ^ "Uncovered: Trojans as Spam Robots". Hiese online. 2004-02-21. Archived from the original on 2009-05-28. Retrieved 2012-11-02.
Jump up ^ "Hacker threats to bookies probed". BBC News. February 23, 2004.
Jump up ^ "USN list". Ubuntu. Retrieved 2012-06-10.
Jump up ^ Threat Description Email-Worm
Jump up ^ Threat Description Email-Worm: VBS/LoveLetter
Jump up ^ Sellke, S. H.; Shroff, N. B.; Bagchi, S. (2008). "Modeling and Automated Containment of Worms". IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing. 5 (2): 71–86. doi:10.1109/tdsc.2007.70230. Archived from the original on 25 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "A New Way to Protect Computer Networks from Internet Worms". Newswise. Retrieved July 5, 2011.
Jump up ^ Moskovitch R., Elovici Y., Rokach L. (2008), "Detection of unknown computer worms based on behavioral classification of the host", Computational Statistics and Data Analysis, 52(9):4544–4566, doi:10.1016/j.csda.2008.01.028
Jump up ^ "Computer Worm Information and Removal Steps". Veracode. Retrieved 2015-04-04.
Jump up ^ "Virus alert about the Nachi worm". Microsoft.
Jump up ^ Al-Salloum, Z. S.; Wolthusen, S. D. (2010). "A link-layer-based self-replicating vulnerability discovery agent". The IEEE symposium on Computers and Communications. p. 704. ISBN 978-1-4244-7754-8. doi:10.1109/ISCC.2010.5546723.
External links[edit]
Malware Guide – Guide for understanding, removing and preventing worm infections on Vernalex.com.
"The 'Worm' Programs – Early Experience with a Distributed Computation", John Shoch and Jon Hupp, Communications of the ACM, Volume 25 Issue 3 (March 1982), pages 172–180.
"The Case for Using Layered Defenses to Stop Worms", Unclassified report from the U.S. National Security Agency (NSA), 18 June 2004.
Worm Evolution[permanent dead link], paper by Jago Maniscalchi on Digital Threat, 31 May 2009.
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text:
List of men's major championships winning golfers
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The men's major golf championships, also known simply as the majors, are the four most prestigious events in professional golf.[1] The competitions are the Masters Tournament, the U.S. Open, The Open Championship and the PGA Championship, contested annually in that order. Should the same golfer win all four majors in one year, this would be recognized as a grand slam; no one has completed this feat, although Tiger Woods has held all four majors at once, a feat dubbed the Tiger slam.[2]
Jack Nicklaus has won 18 men's major golf championships, more than any other man.
Jack Nicklaus has won the most majors; he won 18 during his career.[3] Second on the list is Tiger Woods, who has won 14 majors to date; his most recent major victory was at the 2008 U.S. Open.[4] Walter Hagen is third with 11 majors;[5] he and Nicklaus have both won the most PGA Championships with five.[6] Nicklaus also holds the record for the most victories in the Masters, winning the competition six times.[7] Nicklaus also shares the record for the most U.S. Open victories with Willie Anderson, Bobby Jones and Ben Hogan, each winning this competition four times.[8] Harry Vardon holds the record for the most Open Championship victories, winning six times during his career.[9] Nicklaus, Woods, Hogan, Gary Player and Gene Sarazen are the only golfers to have won all four of the majors during their career,[10] thus achieving the so-called career slam.
Although the U.S. Amateur and The Amateur Championship were once considered to be majors,[11] they are no longer recognized as such, and victories in these competitions are not included in the list.
To date, a total of 219 different men have won majors. Of these, 81 have won at least two.
Contents
[hide]
1 By golfer
2 By country
3 Gallery
4 References
By golfer[edit]
Men's major championship winning golfers
Rank
Country
Golfer
Winning span
Masters
U.S. Open
The Open
PGA
Total
1 United States
Nicklaus, JackJack Nicklaus
1962–1986 6 4 3 5 18
2 United States
Woods, TigerTiger Woods
1997–2008 4 3 3 4 14
3 United States
Hagen, WalterWalter Hagen
1914–1929 0 2 4 5 11
4 United States
Hogan, BenBen Hogan
1946–1953 2 4 1 2 9
4 South Africa
Player, GaryGary Player
1959–1978 3 1 3 2 9
6 United States
Watson, TomTom Watson
1975–1983 2 1 5 0 8
7 United States
Sarazen, GeneGene Sarazen
1922–1935 1 2 1 3 7
7 United States
Palmer, ArnoldArnold Palmer
1958–1964 4 1 2 0 7
7 United States
Snead, SamSam Snead
1942–1954 3 0 1 3 7
7 United States
Jones, BobbyBobby Jones
1923–1930 0 4 3 0 7
7 Jersey
Vardon, HarryHarry Vardon
1896–1914 0 1 6 0 7
12 United States
Trevino, LeeLee Trevino
1968–1984 0 2 2 2 6
12 England
Faldo, NickNick Faldo
1987–1996 3 0 3 0 6
14 United States
Mickelson, PhilPhil Mickelson
2004–2013 3 0 1 1 5
14 United States
Nelson, ByronByron Nelson
1937–1945 2 1 0 2 5
14 Spain
Ballesteros, SeveSeve Ballesteros
1979–1988 2 0 3 0 5
14 Scotland
Braid, JamesJames Braid
1901–1910 0 0 5 0 5
14 England
Taylor, John HenryJohn Henry Taylor
1894–1913 0 0 5 0 5
14 Australia
Thomson, PeterPeter Thomson
1954–1965 0 0 5 0 5
20 United States
Floyd, RaymondRaymond Floyd
1969–1986 1 1 0 2 4
20 Scotland
Anderson, WillieWillie Anderson
1901–1905 0 4 0 0 4
20 South Africa
Els, ErnieErnie Els
1994–2012 0 2 2 0 4
20 England
Barnes, JimJim Barnes
1916–1925 0 1 1 2 4
20 Northern Ireland
McIlroy, RoryRory McIlroy
2011–2014 0 1 1 2 4
20 South Africa
Locke, BobbyBobby Locke
1949–1957 0 0 4 0 4
20 Scotland
Morris, Sr., TomTom Morris, Sr.
1861–1867 0 0 4 0 4
20 Scotland
Morris, Jr., TomTom Morris, Jr.
1868–1872 0 0 4 0 4
20 Scotland
Park, Sr., WillieWillie Park, Sr.
1860–1875 0 0 4 0 4
29 United States
Demaret, JimmyJimmy Demaret
1940–1950 3 0 0 0 3
29 United States
Middlecoff, CaryCary Middlecoff
1949–1956 1 2 0 0 3
29 United States
Guldahl, RalphRalph Guldahl
1937–1939 1 2 0 0 3
29 United States
Casper, BillyBilly Casper
1959–1970 1 2 0 0 3
29 United States
Spieth, JordanJordan Spieth
2015–2017 1 1 1 0 3
29 Fiji
Singh, VijayVijay Singh
1998–2004 1 0 0 2 3
29 United States
Irwin, HaleHale Irwin
1974–1990 0 3 0 0 3
29 United States
Boros, JuliusJulius Boros
1952–1968 0 2 0 1 3
29 United States
Stewart, PaynePayne Stewart
1989–1999 0 2 0 1 3
29 United States
Nelson, LarryLarry Nelson
1981–1987 0 1 0 2 3
29 United States
Armour, TommyTommy Armour
1927–1931 0 1 1 1 3
29 Scotland
Anderson, JamesJames Anderson
1877–1879 0 0 3 0 3
29 England
Cotton, HenryHenry Cotton
1934–1948 0 0 3 0 3
29 Scotland
Ferguson, BobBob Ferguson
1880–1882 0 0 3 0 3
29 Ireland
Harrington, PádraigPádraig Harrington
2007–2008 0 0 2 1 3
29 Zimbabwe
Price, NickNick Price
1992–1994 0 0 1 2 3
29 United States
Shute, DennyDenny Shute
1933–1937 0 0 1 2 3
46 United States
Crenshaw, BenBen Crenshaw
1984–1995 2 0 0 0 2
46 Germany
Langer, BernhardBernhard Langer
1985–1993 2 0 0 0 2
46 Spain
Olazábal, José MaríaJosé María Olazábal
1994–1999 2 0 0 0 2
46 United States
Smith, HortonHorton Smith
1934–1936 2 0 0 0 2
46 United States
Watson, BubbaBubba Watson
2012–2014 2 0 0 0 2
46 Argentina
Cabrera, ÁngelÁngel Cabrera
2007–2009 1 1 0 0 2
46 United States
Wood, CraigCraig Wood
1941 1 1 0 0 2
46 United States
Zoeller, FuzzyFuzzy Zoeller
1979–1984 1 1 0 0 2
46 Scotland
Lyle, SandySandy Lyle
1985–1988 1 0 1 0 2
46 United States
O'Meara, MarkMark O'Meara
1998 1 0 1 0 2
46 United States
Johnson, ZachZach Johnson
2007–2015 1 0 1 0 2
46 United States
Burke, Jr., JackJack Burke, Jr.
1956 1 0 0 1 2
46 United States
Ford, DougDoug Ford
1955–1957 1 0 0 1 2
46 United States
Picard, HenryHenry Picard
1938–1939 1 0 0 1 2
46 South Africa
Goosen, RetiefRetief Goosen
2001–2004 0 2 0 0 2
46 United States
Janzen, LeeLee Janzen
1993–1998 0 2 0 0 2
46 United States
McDermott, JohnJohn McDermott
1911–1912 0 2 0 0 2
46 United States
North, AndyAndy North
1978–1985 0 2 0 0 2
46 Scotland
Smith, AlexAlex Smith
1906–1910 0 2 0 0 2
46 United States
Strange, CurtisCurtis Strange
1988–1989 0 2 0 0 2
46 England
Jacklin, TonyTony Jacklin
1969–1970 0 1 1 0 2
46 United States
Miller, JohnnyJohnny Miller
1973–1976 0 1 1 0 2
46 Jersey
Ray, TedTed Ray
1912–1920 0 1 1 0 2
46 United States
Dutra, OlinOlin Dutra
1932–1934 0 1 0 1 2
46 Australia
Graham, DavidDavid Graham
1979–1981 0 1 0 1 2
46 United States
Green, HubertHubert Green
1977–1985 0 1 0 1 2
46 Germany
Kaymer, MartinMartin Kaymer
2010–2014 0 1 0 1 2
46 England
Hilton, HaroldHarold Hilton
1892–1897 0 0 2 0 2
46 Scotland
Martin, BobBob Martin
1876–1885 0 0 2 0 2
46 Australia
Norman, GregGreg Norman
1986–1993 0 0 2 0 2
46 Scotland
Park, Jr., WillieWillie Park, Jr.
1887–1889 0 0 2 0 2
46 United States
Daly, JohnJohn Daly
1991–1995 0 0 1 1 2
46 United States
Hutchison, JockJock Hutchison
1920–1921 0 0 1 1 2
46 United States
Diegel, LeoLeo Diegel
1928–1929 0 0 0 2 2
46 United States
Runyan, PaulPaul Runyan
1934–1938 0 0 0 2 2
46 United States
Stockton, DaveDave Stockton
1970–1976 0 0 0 2 2
82 United States
Aaron, TommyTommy Aaron
1973 1 0 0 0 1
82 United States
Archer, GeorgeGeorge Archer
1969 1 0 0 0 1
82 United States
Brewer, GayGay Brewer
1967 1 0 0 0 1
82 United States
Coody, CharlesCharles Coody
1971 1 0 0 0 1
82 United States
Couples, FredFred Couples
1992 1 0 0 0 1
82 Spain
García, SergioSergio García
2017 1 0 0 0 1
82 United States
Goalby, BobBob Goalby
1968 1 0 0 0 1
82 United States
Harmon, ClaudeClaude Harmon
1948 1 0 0 0 1
82 South Africa
Immelman, TrevorTrevor Immelman
2008 1 0 0 0 1
82 United States
Keiser, HermanHerman Keiser
1946 1 0 0 0 1
82 United States
Mize, LarryLarry Mize
1987 1 0 0 0 1
82 South Africa
Schwartzel, CharlCharl Schwartzel
2011 1 0 0 0 1
82 Australia
Scott, AdamAdam Scott
2013 1 0 0 0 1
82 United States
Stadler, CraigCraig Stadler
1982 1 0 0 0 1
82 United States
Wall, Jr., ArtArt Wall, Jr.
1959 1 0 0 0 1
82 Canada
Weir, MikeMike Weir
2003 1 0 0 0 1
82 England
Willett, DannyDanny Willett
2016 1 0 0 0 1
82 Wales
Woosnam, IanIan Woosnam
1991 1 0 0 0 1
82 Scotland
Auchterlonie, LaurieLaurie Auchterlonie
1902 0 1 0 0 1
82 United States
Bolt, TommyTommy Bolt
1958 0 1 0 0 1
82 United States
Burke, BillyBilly Burke
1931 0 1 0 0 1
82 New Zealand
Campbell, MichaelMichael Campbell
2005 0 1 0 0 1
82 United States
Evans, ChickChick Evans
1916 0 1 0 0 1
82 United States
Farrell, JohnnyJohnny Farrell
1928 0 1 0 0 1
82 United States
Fleck, JackJack Fleck
1955 0 1 0 0 1
82 Scotland
Foulis, JamesJames Foulis
1896 0 1 0 0 1
82 United States
Furgol, EdEd Furgol
1954 0 1 0 0 1
82 United States
Furyk, JimJim Furyk
2003 0 1 0 0 1
82 United States
Glover, LucasLucas Glover
2009 0 1 0 0 1
82 United States
Goodman, JohnnyJohnny Goodman
1933 0 1 0 0 1
82 United States
Graham, LouLou Graham
1975 0 1 0 0 1
82 Scotland
Herd, FredFred Herd
1898 0 1 0 0 1
82 United States
Johnson, DustinDustin Johnson
2016 0 1 0 0 1
82 United States
Jones, SteveSteve Jones
1996 0 1 0 0 1
82 United States
Kite, TomTom Kite
1992 0 1 0 0 1
82 United States
Koepka, BrooksBrooks Koepka
2017 0 1 0 0 1
82 United States
Little, LawsonLawson Little
1940 0 1 0 0 1
82 United States
Littler, GeneGene Littler
1961 0 1 0 0 1
82 England
Lloyd, JoeJoe Lloyd
1897 0 1 0 0 1
82 Scotland
Macfarlane, WillieWillie Macfarlane
1925 0 1 0 0 1
82 United States
Manero, TonyTony Manero
1936 0 1 0 0 1
82 United States
Mangrum, LloydLloyd Mangrum
1946 0 1 0 0 1
82 United States
Mayer, DickDick Mayer
1957 0 1 0 0 1
82 Northern Ireland
McDowell, GraemeGraeme McDowell
2010 0 1 0 0 1
82 Scotland
McLeod, FredFred McLeod
1908 0 1 0 0 1
82 United States
Moody, OrvilleOrville Moody
1969 0 1 0 0 1
82 Australia
Ogilvy, GeoffGeoff Ogilvy
2006 0 1 0 0 1
82 United States
Ouimet, FrancisFrancis Ouimet
1913 0 1 0 0 1
82 United States
Parks, Jr., SamSam Parks, Jr.
1935 0 1 0 0 1
82 United States
Pate, JerryJerry Pate
1976 0 1 0 0 1
82 United States
Pavin, CoreyCorey Pavin
1995 0 1 0 0 1
82 England
Rawlins, HoraceHorace Rawlins
1895 0 1 0 0 1
82 England
Rose, JustinJustin Rose
2013 0 1 0 0 1
82 Scotland
Ross, AlecAlec Ross
1907 0 1 0 0 1
82 England
Sargent, GeorgeGeorge Sargent
1909 0 1 0 0 1
82 United States
Simpson, ScottScott Simpson
1987 0 1 0 0 1
82 United States
Simpson, WebbWebb Simpson
2012 0 1 0 0 1
82 Scotland
Smith, WillieWillie Smith
1899 0 1 0 0 1
82 United States
Travers, JeromeJerome Travers
1915 0 1 0 0 1
82 United States
Venturi, KenKen Venturi
1964 0 1 0 0 1
82 England
Walker, CyrilCyril Walker
1924 0 1 0 0 1
82 United States
Worsham, LewLew Worsham
1947 0 1 0 0 1
82 Scotland
Auchterlonie, WilliamWilliam Auchterlonie
1893 0 0 1 0 1
82 England
Ball, JohnJohn Ball
1890 0 0 1 0 1
82 Australia
Baker-Finch, IanIan Baker-Finch
1991 0 0 1 0 1
82 Scotland
Brown, DavidDavid Brown
1886 0 0 1 0 1
82 Scotland
Burns, JackJack Burns
1888 0 0 1 0 1
82 England
Burton, DickDick Burton
1939 0 0 1 0 1
82 United States
Calcavecchia, MarkMark Calcavecchia
1989 0 0 1 0 1
82 New Zealand
Charles, BobBob Charles
1963 0 0 1 0 1
82 United States
Cink, StewartStewart Cink
2009 0 0 1 0 1
82 Northern Ireland
Clarke, DarrenDarren Clarke
2011 0 0 1 0 1
82 United States
Curtis, BenBen Curtis
2003 0 0 1 0 1
82 Northern Ireland
Daly, FredFred Daly
1947 0 0 1 0 1
82 Argentina
DeVicenzo, RobertoRoberto DeVicenzo
1967 0 0 1 0 1
82 Scotland
Duncan, GeorgeGeorge Duncan
1920 0 0 1 0 1
82 United States
Duval, DavidDavid Duval
2001 0 0 1 0 1
82 England
Faulkner, MaxMax Faulkner
1951 0 0 1 0 1
82 Scotland
Fernie, WillieWillie Fernie
1883 0 0 1 0 1
82 United States
Hamilton, ToddTodd Hamilton
2004 0 0 1 0 1
82 England
Havers, ArthurArthur Havers
1923 0 0 1 0 1
82 Scotland
Herd, SandySandy Herd
1902 0 0 1 0 1
82 Scotland
Kidd, TomTom Kidd
1873 0 0 1 0 1
82 Scotland
Kirkaldy, HughHugh Kirkaldy
1891 0 0 1 0 1
82 Scotland
Lawrie, PaulPaul Lawrie
1999 0 0 1 0 1
82 United States
Lehman, TomTom Lehman
1996 0 0 1 0 1
82 United States
Lema, TonyTony Lema
1964 0 0 1 0 1
82 United States
Leonard, JustinJustin Leonard
1997 0 0 1 0 1
82 France
Massy, ArnaudArnaud Massy
1907 0 0 1 0 1
82 Australia
Nagle, KelKel Nagle
1960 0 0 1 0 1
82 South Africa
Oosthuizen, LouisLouis Oosthuizen
2010 0 0 1 0 1
82 England
Padgham, AlfAlf Padgham
1936 0 0 1 0 1
82 Scotland
Park, MungoMungo Park
1874 0 0 1 0 1
82 England
Perry, AlfAlf Perry
1935 0 0 1 0 1
82 United States
Rogers, BillBill Rogers
1981 0 0 1 0 1
82 Scotland
Simpson, JackJack Simpson
1884 0 0 1 0 1
82 Sweden
Stenson, HenrikHenrik Stenson
2016 0 0 1 0 1
82 Scotland
Strath, AndrewAndrew Strath
1865 0 0 1 0 1
82 United States
Weiskopf, TomTom Weiskopf
1973 0 0 1 0 1
82 England
Whitcombe, RegReg Whitcombe
1938 0 0 1 0 1
82 Scotland
White, JackJack White
1904 0 0 1 0 1
82 United States
Azinger, PaulPaul Azinger
1993 0 0 0 1 1
82 United States
Barber, JerryJerry Barber
1961 0 0 0 1 1
82 United States
Beem, RichRich Beem
2002 0 0 0 1 1
82 United States
Bradley, KeeganKeegan Bradley
2011 0 0 0 1 1
82 United States
Brooks, MarkMark Brooks
1996 0 0 0 1 1
82 United States
Burkemo, WalterWalter Burkemo
1953 0 0 0 1 1
82 United States
Creavy, TomTom Creavy
1931 0 0 0 1 1
82 Australia
Day, JasonJason Day
2015 0 0 0 1 1
82 United States
Dufner, JasonJason Dufner
2013 0 0 0 1 1
82 Australia
Elkington, SteveSteve Elkington
1995 0 0 0 1 1
82 Australia
Ferrier, JimJim Ferrier
1947 0 0 0 1 1
82 United States
Finsterwald, DowDow Finsterwald
1958 0 0 0 1 1
82 United States
Geiberger, AlAl Geiberger
1966 0 0 0 1 1
82 United States
Ghezzi, VicVic Ghezzi
1941 0 0 0 1 1
82 Australia
Grady, WayneWayne Grady
1990 0 0 0 1 1
82 United States
Hamilton, BobBob Hamilton
1944 0 0 0 1 1
82 United States
Harbert, ChickChick Harbert
1954 0 0 0 1 1
82 United States
Harper, ChandlerChandler Harper
1950 0 0 0 1 1
82 United States
Hebert, JayJay Hebert
1960 0 0 0 1 1
82 United States
Hebert, LionelLionel Hebert
1957 0 0 0 1 1
82 United States
January, DonDon January
1967 0 0 0 1 1
82 United States
Love III, DavisDavis Love III
1997 0 0 0 1 1
82 United States
Mahaffey, JohnJohn Mahaffey
1978 0 0 0 1 1
82 United States
Marr, DaveDave Marr
1965 0 0 0 1 1
82 United States
Micheel, ShaunShaun Micheel
2003 0 0 0 1 1
82 United States
Nichols, BobbyBobby Nichols
1964 0 0 0 1 1
82 United States
Revolta, JohnnyJohnny Revolta
1935 0 0 0 1 1
82 United States
Rosburg, BobBob Rosburg
1959 0 0 0 1 1
82 United States
Sluman, JeffJeff Sluman
1988 0 0 0 1 1
82 United States
Sutton, HalHal Sutton
1983 0 0 0 1 1
82 United States
Thomas, JustinJustin Thomas
2017 0 0 0 1 1
82 United States
Toms, DavidDavid Toms
2001 0 0 0 1 1
82 United States
Turnesa, JimJim Turnesa
1952 0 0 0 1 1
82 United States
Tway, BobBob Tway
1986 0 0 0 1 1
82 United States
Wadkins, LannyLanny Wadkins
1977 0 0 0 1 1
82 United States
Walker, JimmyJimmy Walker
2016 0 0 0 1 1
82 South Korea
Yong-eun, YangYang Yong-eun
2009 0 0 0 1 1
By country[edit]
Men's major championship winning golfers by country
Country
Masters
U.S. Open
The Open
PGA
Total
United States
59 83 44 81 267
Scotland
1 13 41 0 55
England
4 7 22 2 35
South Africa
5 5 10 2 22
Australia
1 2 9 5 17
Jersey
0 2 7 0 9
Spain
5 0 3 0 8
Northern Ireland
0 2 3 2 7
Germany
2 1 0 1 4
Argentina
1 1 1 0 3
Fiji
1 0 0 2 3
Ireland
0 0 2 1 3
Zimbabwe
0 0 1 2 3
New Zealand
0 1 1 0 2
Canada
1 0 0 0 1
Wales
1 0 0 0 1
France
0 0 1 0 1
Sweden
0 0 1 0 1
South Korea
0 0 0 1 1
Gallery[edit]
Tiger Woods, who has won 14 majors
Walter Hagen, who won 11 majors during his career
Ben Hogan, who won 9 majors during his career
Gary Player, who won 9 majors during his career
Tom Watson, who has won 8 majors during his career
Bobby Jones, who won four U.S. Opens and three Open Championships, but won a total of 13 Major Championships if you consider the old Majors
Arnold Palmer, who won 7 majors during his career
Gene Sarazen, who won 7 majors during his career
Sam Snead, who won 7 majors during his career
Harry Vardon, who won The Open Championship a record six times, and won one U.S. Open, for a total of seven majors
Nick Faldo, who won six majors during his career
Seve Ballesteros, who won five majors during his career
James Braid, who won five majors during his career
Phil Mickelson, who has won five majors
John Henry Taylor, who won five Open Championships
Willie Anderson, who won four U.S. Opens
Tom Morris, Sr. and Tom Morris, Jr., who both won four Open Championships
Willie Park, Sr., who won four Open Championships
References[edit]
Book: Men's major professional golf championships
General
"Masters Champions". Masters. Archived from the original on October 12, 2013. Retrieved August 19, 2011.
"Past Champions". U.S. Open. Retrieved 26 October 2008.
"Open Champions". Open Golf. Retrieved 24 October 2008.
"PGA Championship". PGA Media Center. Retrieved August 20, 2011.
Specific
Jump up ^ Harig, Bob (7 April 2008). "Golf's professional Grand Slam has developed over time". ESPN.com. Retrieved 7 April 2008.
Jump up ^ Jenkins, Dan (1 June 2001). "A slam by any name : Tiger Woods makes history at Augusta". Golf Digest. Archived from the original on 3 June 2006. Retrieved 24 October 2008.
Jump up ^ Dodd, Mike (21 August 2006). "Tiger cruises to 12th major title with easy win at PGA Championship". USA Today. Retrieved 24 October 2008.
Jump up ^ Lillywhite, Jamie (16 June 2008). "Woods seals dramatic US Open win". BBC Sport. Retrieved 24 October 2008.
Jump up ^ "Walter Hagen profile". World Golf Hall of Fame. Retrieved 1 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "Championship Record Book". PGA Championship. Retrieved 22 September 2008.
Jump up ^ "Champions". Masters. Archived from the original on 19 January 2008. Retrieved 21 January 2008.
Jump up ^ "Champions". US Open.com. Archived from the original on 3 March 2008. Retrieved 26 April 2008.
Jump up ^ "Do You Know (Question 48)". The Open Championship. Retrieved 8 April 2010.
Jump up ^ Harig, Bob (11 June 2014). "Career Grand Slam has grown in stature over time". ESPN. Retrieved 13 April 2015.
Jump up ^ Hack, Damon (15 May 2008). "Setting a new standard: Bobby Jones wins the Grand Slam in 1930". Golf.com. Retrieved 22 July 2013.
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