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List of Prime Ministers of India
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Narendra Modi is the current (14th) Prime Minister of India, since 26 May 2014.
The Prime Minister of India is the chief executive of the Government of India. In India's parliamentary system, the Constitution names the President as head of state de jure, but his or her de facto executive powers are vested in the Prime Minister and his Council of Ministers. Appointed and sworn-in by the President, the Prime Minister is usually the leader of the party or alliance that has a majority in the Lok Sabha, the lower house of India's Parliament.
Since 1947, India has had fourteen Prime Ministers, fifteen including Gulzarilal Nanda who twice acted in the role. The first was Jawaharlal Nehru of the Indian National Congress party, who was sworn-in on 15 August 1947, when India gained independence from the British. Serving until his death in May 1964, Nehru remains India's longest-serving prime minister. He was succeeded by fellow Congressman Lal Bahadur Shastri, whose 19-month term also ended in death. Indira Gandhi, Nehru's daughter, succeeded Shastri in 1966 to become the country's first woman premier. Eleven years later, she was voted out of power in favour of the Janata Party, whose leader Morarji Desai became the first non-Congress prime minister. After he resigned in 1979, his former deputy Charan Singh briefly held office until Indira Gandhi was voted back six months later. Indira Gandhi's second stint as Prime Minister ended five years later on the morning of 31 October 1984, when she was gunned down by her own bodyguards. That evening, her son Rajiv Gandhi was sworn-in as India's youngest premier, and the third from his family. Thus far, members of Nehru–Gandhi dynasty have been Prime Minister for a total of 37 years and 303 days.[1]
Rajiv's five-year term ended with his former cabinet colleague, V. P. Singh of the Janata Dal, forming the year-long National Front coalition government in 1989. A six-month interlude under Prime Minister Chandra Shekhar followed, after which the Congress party returned to power, forming the government under P. V. Narasimha Rao in June 1991. Rao's five-year term was succeeded by four short-lived governments—the Bharatiya Janata Party's Atal Bihari Vajpayee for 13 days in 1996, a year each under United Front prime ministers H. D. Deve Gowda and I. K. Gujral, and Vajpayee again for 19 months in 1998–99. After Vajpayee was sworn-in for the third time, in 1999, he managed to lead his National Democratic Alliance (NDA) government to a full five-year term, the first non-Congressman to do so. Vajpayee was succeeded by Congressman Manmohan Singh, the first Sikh premier, whose United Progressive Alliance government was in office for 10 years between 2004 and 2014.
The incumbent Prime Minister of India is Narendra Modi who has headed the BJP-led NDA government since 26 May 2014 which is India's first non-Congress single party majority government.[2]
Prime Ministers of India (by state of birth)
Contents
[hide]
1 Key
2 Prime Ministers of India
3 See also
4 References
Key
Colour key for party of the prime ministers
Bharatiya Janata Party
Indian National Congress
designated Indian National Congress (I) 1977–1996[3]
Janata Dal
Janata Party
Janata Party (Secular)
Samajwadi Janata Party
Other key
№: Incumbent number
† Assassinated or died in office
§ Returned to office after a previous term
RES Resigned
NC Resigned following a no-confidence motion
Prime Ministers of India
№
Name
(birth–death)
Portrait
Prior Office
Party
(Alliance)
Elected constituency
Term of office[4]
Elections
(Lok Sabha)
Ministry
Appointed by
1
Jawaharlal Nehru
(1889–1964) Indian freedom fighter Indian National Congress Phulpur, Uttar Pradesh 15 August
1947 27 May
1964[†] 7003613000000000000♠16 years, 286 days — Nehru I Lord Mountbatten
1952 (1st) Nehru II Rajendra Prasad
1957 (2nd) Nehru III
1962 (3rd) Nehru IV
–
Gulzarilal Nanda (acting)
(1898–1998) Union Minister of Labour and Employment Indian National Congress Sabarkantha, Gujarat 27 May
1964 9 June
1964 13 days (3rd) (acting) Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
2
Lal Bahadur Shastri
(1904–1966) Minister of Home Affairs Indian National Congress Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh 9 June
1964 11 January
1966[†] 7002581000000000000♠1 year, 216 days (3rd) Shastri
–
Gulzarilal Nanda (acting)
(1898–1998) Minister of Home Affairs Indian National Congress Sabarkantha, Gujarat 11 January
1966 24 January
1966 13 days (3rd) (acting)
3
Indira Gandhi
(1917–1984) Minister of Information and Broadcasting Indian National Congress Rajya Sabha MP for Uttar Pradesh 24 January
1966 24 March
1977 7003407700000000000♠11 years, 59 days (3rd) I. Gandhi I
Prime Minister
(Re-elected)
Rae Bareli, Uttar Pradesh 1967 (4th)
Prime Minister
(Re-elected)
1971 (5th) I. Gandhi II V. V. Giri
4
Morarji Desai
(1896–1995) Minister of Finance and Deputy Prime Minister of India before he resigned in 1969 Janata Party Surat, Gujarat 24 March
1977 28 July
1979[RES] 7002856000000000000♠2 years, 126 days 1977 (6th) Desai B. D. Jatti
(acting President)
5
Charan Singh
(1902–1987) Minister of Finance Janata Party (Secular)
with INC Baghpat, Uttar Pradesh 28 July
1979 14 January
1980[RES] 170 days – (6th) C. Singh Neelam Sanjiva Reddy
(3)
Indira Gandhi
(1917–1984) Former Prime Minister Indian National Congress (I) Medak, Andhra Pradesh 14 January
1980[§] 31 October
1984[†] 7003175200000000000♠4 years, 291 days 1980 (7th) I. Gandhi III
6
Rajiv Gandhi
(1944–1991) MP for Amethi Indian National Congress (I) Amethi, Uttar Pradesh 31 October
1984 2 December
1989 7003185800000000000♠5 years, 32 days (7th) R. Gandhi Zail Singh
Former Prime Minister
(Re-elected)
1984 (8th)
7
V. P. Singh
(1931–2008) Minister of Defence Janata Dal
(National Front) Fatehpur, Uttar Pradesh 2 December
1989 10 November
1990[NC] 343 days 1989 (9th) V. P. Singh R. Venkataraman
8
Chandra Shekhar
(1927–2007) MP for Ballia Samajwadi Janata Party
with INC Ballia, Uttar Pradesh 10 November
1990 21 June
1991[a] 223 days (9th) Chandra Shekhar
9
P. V. Narasimha Rao
(1921–2004) Minister of External Affairs Indian National Congress (I) Nandyal, Andhra Pradesh 21 June
1991 16 May
1996 7003179100000000000♠4 years, 330 days 1991 (10th) Rao
10
Atal Bihari Vajpayee
(born 1924) Minister of External Affairs Bharatiya Janata Party Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 16 May
1996 1 June
1996[RES] 16 days 1996 (11th) Vajpayee I Shankar Dayal Sharma
11
H. D. Deve Gowda
(born 1933) Chief Minister of Karnataka Janata Dal
(United Front) Rajya Sabha MP for Karnataka 1 June
1996 21 April
1997[RES] 324 days (11th) Deve Gowda
12
Inder Kumar Gujral
(1919–2012) Minister of External Affairs Janata Dal
(United Front) Rajya Sabha MP for Bihar 21 April
1997 19 March
1998 332 days (11th) Gujral
(10)
Atal Bihari Vajpayee
(born 1924) Former Prime Minister Bharatiya Janata Party
(NDA) Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 19 March
1998[§] 22 May
2004 7003225600000000000♠6 years, 64 days 1998 (12th) Vajpayee II K. R. Narayanan
Former Prime Minister
(Re-elected)
1999 (13th) Vajpayee III
13
Manmohan Singh
(born 1932) Minister of Finance Indian National Congress
(UPA) Rajya Sabha MP for Assam 22 May
2004 26 May
2014 7003365600000000000♠10 years, 4 days 2004 (14th) M. Singh I A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
Former Prime Minister
(Re-elected)
2009 (15th) M. Singh II Pratibha Patil
14
Narendra Modi
(born 1950) Chief Minister of Gujarat Bharatiya Janata Party
(NDA) Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 26 May
2014[5] Incumbent 7003125200000000000♠3 years, 156 days 2014 (16th) Modi Pranab Mukherjee
Jump up ^ Shekhar officially resigned as Prime Minister on 13 March 1991, but he and his ministers continued in office until Rao succeeded him
See also
Government of India portal
India portal
Prime Minister's Office
List of Prime Ministers of India by longevity
List of Presidents of India
References
Jump up ^ "In India, next generation of Gandhi dynasty". Washington Post. Retrieved 2016-12-27.
Jump up ^ Diplomat, Ankit Panda, The. "BJP, Modi Win Landslide Victory in Indian Elections". The Diplomat. Retrieved 2016-12-27.
Jump up ^ "Indian National Congress". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 21 May 2014.
Jump up ^ "Former Prime Ministers". PM India. Archived from the original on 9 October 2014. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Narendra Modi appointed Prime Minister, swearing in on May 26". The Times of India. 20 May 2014. Retrieved 22 January 2015.
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Prime Minister of India
Jawaharlal Nehru
Gulzarilal Nanda (acting)
Lal Bahadur Shastri
Gulzarilal Nanda (acting)
Indira Gandhi
Morarji Desai
Charan Singh
Rajiv Gandhi
V. P. Singh
Chandra Shekhar
P. V. Narasimha Rao
Atal Bihari Vajpayee
H. D. Deve Gowda
I. K. Gujral
Manmohan Singh
Narendra Modi
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text:
All the King's Horses
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
All the King's Horses may refer to:
"All the king's horses and all the king's men", a line from the nursery rhyme Humpty Dumpty
Contents
[hide]
1 Films and television
2 Songs
3 Albums
4 Literature
5 See also
Films and television[edit]
All the King's Horses (film), a 1935 American comedy musical film
"All the King's Horses" (Upstairs, Downstairs), an episode of the British drama series Upstairs, Downstairs
Songs[edit]
"All the King's Horses" (The Firm song)
"All the King's Horses", a song by Dusty Springfield from the 1969 album Dusty in Memphis
"All the King's Horses", a song by Aretha Franklin from the 1972 album Young, Gifted and Black, covered by Joss Stone
"All the King's Horses", a song by Nazareth from the 1977 album Expect No Mercy
"All the King's Horses", a song by Petra from the 1987 album This Means War!
"All the King's Horses", a song by The Monkees from the 1990 album Missing Links Volume Two
"All the King's Horses", a song by Robert Plant and the Strange Sensation from the 2005 album Mighty ReArranger
"All the King's Horses", a B-side to Blind Guardian's 2007 single "Another Stranger Me"
Albums[edit]
All the King's Horses (Grover Washington, Jr. album), 1972
All the King's Horses (The Legendary Pink Dots album), 2002
All the King's Horses (Lynn Anderson album), 1976
Literature[edit]
"All the King's Horses" (short story), a 1953 short story by Kurt Vonnegut
All the King's Horses, a novel by Jeffrey A. Nesbit
All the King's Horses, a 1960 novel by Michèle Bernstein
All the King's Horses (play), a 1961 comedy play by John McDonnell
See also[edit]
All the King's Men (disambiguation) - for other articles based on the same verse
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title All the King's Horses.
If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=All_the_King%27s_Horses&oldid=796193235"
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text:
United States twenty-dollar bill
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Twenty dollars
(United States)
Value
$20
Width
156 mm
Height
66.3 mm
Weight
Approx 1 g
Paper type
75% cotton
25% linen
Years of printing
1861–present
Obverse
Design
Andrew Jackson
Design date
2003
Reverse
Design
White House
Design date
2003
The United States twenty-dollar bill ($20) is a denomination of U.S. currency. The seventh U.S. President (1829–37), Andrew Jackson has been featured on the front side of the bill since 1928, while the White House is featured on the reverse side.
As of December 2013, the average circulation life of a $20 bill is 7.9 years before it is replaced due to wear.[1] Approximately 11% of all notes printed in 2009 were $20 bills.[2] Twenty-dollar bills are delivered by Federal Reserve Banks in violet straps.
Contents
[hide]
1 Pre-Federal Reserve history
2 Federal Reserve history
3 Proposal for a woman's portrait
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Pre-Federal Reserve history[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
1863 $20 Legal Tender note
1880 $20 Legal Tender depicting Alexander Hamilton
Series 1905 $20 gold certificate
1861: A demand note with Lady Liberty holding a sword and shield on the front, and an abstract design on the back. The back is printed green.
1862: A note that is very similar, the first $20 United States note. The back is different, with several small variations extant.
1863: A gold certificate $20 note with an Eagle vignette on the face. The reverse has a $20 gold coin and various abstract elements. The back is orange.
1865: A national bank note with "The Battle of Lexington" and of Pocahontas' marriage to John Rolfe in black, and a green border.
1869: A new United States note design with Alexander Hamilton on the left side of the front and Victory holding a shield and sword. The back design is green.
1875: As above, except with a different reverse.
1878: A silver certificate $20 note with a portrait of Stephen Decatur on the right side of the face. The back design is black.
1882: A new gold certificate with a portrait of James Garfield on the right of the face. The back is orange and features an eagle.
1882: A new national bank note. The front is similar, but the back is different and printed in brown.
1886: A new silver certificate $20 note with Daniel Manning on the center of the face.
1890: A treasury (coin) note with John Marshall on the left of the face. Two different backs exist: both with abstract designs.
1902: A new national bank note. The front design features Hugh McCulloch, and the back has a vignette of an allegorical America.
1905: A new gold certificate $20 note with George Washington on the center of the face. The back design is orange.
Federal Reserve history[edit]
1914 $20 Federal Reserve Note.
1928 $20 small-size Federal Reserve Note.
Series 1929 $20 National Currency note issued by the Cleveland Federal Reserve Bank.
Series 1995 $20 Federal Reserve Note.
Series 1996 $20 Federal Reserve Note.
The security strip in a twenty-dollar bill glows green under a blacklight.
Andrew Jackson first appeared on the $20 bill in 1928. Although 1928 coincides with the 100th anniversary of Jackson's election as president, it is not clear why the portrait on the bill was switched from Grover Cleveland to Jackson. (Cleveland's portrait was moved to the new $1000 bill the same year). According to the U.S. Treasury, "Treasury Department records do not reveal the reason that portraits of these particular statesmen were chosen in preference to those of other persons of equal importance and prominence."[3]
The placement of Jackson on the $20 bill may be a historical irony; as president, he vehemently opposed both the National Bank and paper money and made the goal of his administration the destruction of the National Bank.[4][5] In his farewell address to the nation, he cautioned the public about paper money.[6]
1914: Began as a large-sized note, a portrait of Grover Cleveland on the face, and, on the back, a steam locomotive and an automobile approaching from the left, and a steamship approaching from the right.
1918: A federal reserve bank note with Grover Cleveland on the front, and a back design similar to the 1914 Federal Reserve Note.
1928: Switched to a small-sized note with a portrait of Andrew Jackson on the face and the south view of the White House on the reverse. The banknote is redeemable in gold or silver (at the bearer's discretion) at any Federal Reserve Bank.
1933: With the U.S. having abandoned the gold standard, the bill is no longer redeemable in gold, but rather in "lawful money", meaning silver.
1942: A special emergency series, with brown serial numbers and "HAWAII" overprinted on both the front and the back, is issued. These notes are designed to circulate on the islands, and be deemed invalid in the event of a Japanese invasion.
1948: The White House picture was updated to reflect renovations to the building itself, including the addition of the Truman Balcony, as well as the passage of time. Most notably, the trees are larger.
1950: Design elements like the serial numbers are reduced in size and moved around subtly, presumably for aesthetic reasons.
1963: "Will Pay To The Bearer On Demand" is removed from the front of the bill below the portrait, and the legal tender designation is shortened to "This note is legal tender for all debts, public and private" (eliminating "and is redeemable in lawful money at the United States Treasury, or at any Federal Reserve Bank.") Also, "In God We Trust" is added above the White House on the reverse. These two acts (one taking U.S. currency off silver backing, and the other authorizing the national motto) are coincidental, even if their combined result is implemented in one redesign. Also, several design elements are rearranged, less perceptibly than the change in 1950, mostly to make room for the slightly rearranged obligations.
1969: The new treasury seal appears on all denominations, including the $20.
1977: A new type of serial-number press results in a slightly different font. The old presses are gradually retired, and old-style serial numbers appear as late as 1981 for this denomination.
1992: Anti-counterfeiting features are added: microprinting around the portrait, and a plastic strip embedded in the paper. Even though the bills read Series 1990, the first bills were printed in April 1992.[7]
September 24, 1998: Received a completely new appearance to further deter counterfeiting; the picture of the White House was changed to the north side view. A larger, off-center portrait of Jackson was used on front, and several anti-counterfeiting features were added, including color-shifting ink, microprinting, and a watermark. The plastic strip now reads "USA 20" and glows green under a black light.[8] The bills were first printed in June 1998.[9]
October 9, 2003:[10] The current series of 20 dollar bills is released with light background shading in green and yellow, and no oval around Andrew Jackson's portrait (background images of eagles, etc. were also added to the front); the back is the same view of the White House, but without the oval around it. Ninety faint "20"s are scattered on the back in yellow as a "EURion constellation" to prevent photocopying. The first issue's series date is 2004 with Marin-Snow signatures. The bills were first printed in April 2003.[11]
Proposal for a woman's portrait[edit]
In a campaign called "Women on 20s", selected voters were asked to choose three of 15 female candidates to have a portrait on the $20 bill. The goal was to have a woman on the $20 bill by 2020, the centennial of the 19th Amendment which gave women the right to vote.[12] Among the candidates on the petition were Harriet Tubman, Eleanor Roosevelt, Rosa Parks, and Wilma Mankiller, the first female chief of the Cherokee Nation.[13][14][15]
On May 12, 2015, Tubman was announced as the winning candidate of that "grassroots" poll with more than 600,000 people surveyed and more than 118,000 choosing Tubman, followed by Roosevelt, Parks and Mankiller.[16]
On June 17, 2015, then-Treasury Secretary Jack Lew announced that a woman's portrait would be featured on a redesigned $10 bill by 2020, replacing Alexander Hamilton.[17] However, that decision was reversed, at least in part due to Hamilton's surging popularity following the hit Broadway musical Hamilton.[18]
On April 20, 2016, Lew officially announced that Alexander Hamilton would remain on the $10 bill, while Andrew Jackson would be replaced by Tubman on the front of the $20 bill, with Jackson appearing on the reverse.[19][20][21] Lew simultaneously announced that the five- and ten-dollar bills would also be redesigned in the coming years and put into production in the next decade.[19][21] Steven Mnuchin, the current U.S. Treasury Secretary, said that he will not commit to putting Tubman on the twenty-dollar bill, explaining "People have been on the bills for a long period of time. This is something we’ll consider; right now we have a lot more important issues to focus on."[22]
See also[edit]
Twenty Bucks, a 1993 movie that follows the travels of a $20 bill
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "How long is the life span of U.S. paper money?". Federal Reserve. Retrieved April 16, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Money Facts". Bureau of Engraving and Printing.
Jump up ^ "U.S. Currency FAQs". U.S. Bureau of Engraving and Printing. Archived from the original on May 5, 2015. Retrieved 13 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Jackson as President". CliffsNotes. Retrieved November 20, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Jackson Vetoes Bank Bill — July 10, 1832". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Retrieved November 20, 2007.
Jump up ^ Wikisource:Andrew Jackson's Farewell Address
Jump up ^ "USPaperMoney.Info: Series 1990 $20".
Jump up ^ "New $20 Bill Debuts September 24th - 09/21/98".
Jump up ^ "USPaperMoney.Info: Series 1996 $20".
Jump up ^ "Anti-Counterfeiting". Bureau of Engraving and Printing. United States Treasury. 2007. Retrieved May 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ "USPaperMoney.Info: Series 2004 $20".
Jump up ^ "Why the $20?". Women On 20s. Retrieved May 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ Tan, Avianne (April 8, 2015). "'Women on 20s' to Ask President Obama to Put One of These 4 Women on $20 Bill". ABC News. Retrieved April 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ Which country has the least sexist banknotes? BBC. April 13, 2015. Retrieved on April 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Final Round Candidates". Women On 20s. Retrieved May 13, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Harriet Tubman wins poll to replace Andrew Jackson on $20 bill". New York Post. Reuters. May 13, 2015. Retrieved July 27, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Andrew Jackson To Be Taken Off The $20 Bill". Huffington Post. April 17, 2016. Retrieved April 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ Nguyen, Tina. ""Hamilton" Fans, Rejoice: Founding Father to Stay on the $10 Bill". Vanity Fair.
^ Jump up to: a b "Treasury Secretary Lew Announces Front of New $20 to Feature Harriet Tubman, Lays Out Plans for New $20, $10 and $5" (Press release). United States Department of the Treasury. April 20, 2016. Retrieved April 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ White, Ben; McCaskill, Nolan D. "Treasury's Lew to announce Hamilton to stay on $10 bill". Politico. Retrieved April 20, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Korte, Gregory (April 21, 2016). "Anti-slavery activist Harriet Tubman to replace Jackson on the front of the $20 bill". USA Today. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ Temple-West, Patrick (August 31, 2017). "Mnuchin dismisses question about putting Harriet Tubman on $20 bill". Politico. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 20 United States dollar banknotes.
[hide]
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United States currency and coinage
Topics
Federal Reserve System
Federal Reserve Note
U.S. dollar
U.S. Mint
Philadelphia
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Denver
West Point
Bureau of Engraving and Printing
Mutilated currency
Current coinage
Penny (1¢)
Nickel (5¢)
Dime (10¢)
Quarter (25¢)
Half dollar (50¢)
Dollar ($1)
Bullion coinage
America the Beautiful Silver Bullion Coins
American Buffalo
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Current paper money
$1
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See also
Bicentennial coinage
Commemoratives
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Large denominations
Obsolete denominations
Promotional fake denominations
Counterfeit United States currency
Mill
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In God We Trust
E pluribus unum
Annuit cœptis
Nicknames
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_twenty-dollar_bill&oldid=805519077"
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This page was last edited on 15 October 2017, at 22:44.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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