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Unit vector
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In mathematics, a unit vector in a normed vector space is a vector (often a spatial vector) of length 1. A unit vector is often denoted by a lowercase letter with a circumflex, or "hat": ı ^ {\displaystyle {\hat {\imath }}} (pronounced "i-hat"). The term direction vector is used to describe a unit vector being used to represent spatial direction, and such quantities are commonly denoted as d. Two 2D direction vectors, d1 and d2 are illustrated. 2D spatial directions represented this way are numerically equivalent to points on the unit circle.
The same construct is used to specify spatial directions in 3D. As illustrated, each unique direction is equivalent numerically to a point on the unit sphere.
Examples of two 2D direction vectors
Examples of two 3D direction vectors
The normalized vector or versor û of a non-zero vector u is the unit vector in the direction of u, i.e.,
u ^ = u | u | {\displaystyle \mathbf {\hat {u}} ={\frac {\mathbf {u} }{|\mathbf {u} |}}}
where |u| is the norm (or length) of u. The term normalized vector is sometimes used as a synonym for unit vector.
Unit vectors are often chosen to form the basis of a vector space. Every vector in the space may be written as a linear combination of unit vectors.
By definition, in a Euclidean space the dot product of two unit vectors is a scalar value amounting to the cosine of the smaller subtended angle. In three-dimensional Euclidean space, the cross product of two arbitrary unit vectors is a third vector orthogonal to both of them having length equal to the sine of the smaller subtended angle. The normalized cross product corrects for this varying length, and yields the mutually orthogonal unit vector to the two inputs, applying the right-hand rule to resolve one of two possible directions.
Contents
1 Orthogonal coordinates
1.1 Cartesian coordinates
1.2 Cylindrical coordinates
1.3 Spherical coordinates
1.4 General unit vectors
2 Curvilinear coordinates
3 Right versor
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
Orthogonal coordinates[edit]
Cartesian coordinates[edit]
Main articles: Standard basis and Versor (physics)
Unit vectors may be used to represent the axes of a Cartesian coordinate system. For instance, the unit vectors in the direction of the x, y, and z axes of a three dimensional Cartesian coordinate system are
i ^ = [ 1 0 0 ] , j ^ = [ 0 1 0 ] , k ^ = [ 0 0 1 ] {\displaystyle \mathbf {\hat {i}} ={\begin{bmatrix}1\\0\\0\end{bmatrix}},\,\,\mathbf {\hat {j}} ={\begin{bmatrix}0\\1\\0\end{bmatrix}},\,\,\mathbf {\hat {k}} ={\begin{bmatrix}0\\0\\1\end{bmatrix}}}
They are sometimes referred to as the versors of the coordinate system, and they form a set of mutually orthogonal unit vectors, typically referred to as a standard basis in linear algebra.
They are often denoted using normal vector notation (e.g., i or ı → {\displaystyle {\vec {\imath }}} ) rather than standard unit vector notation (e.g., ı ^ {\displaystyle \mathbf {\hat {\imath }} } ). In most contexts it can be assumed that i, j, and k, (or ı → , {\displaystyle {\vec {\imath }},} ȷ → , {\displaystyle {\vec {\jmath }},} and k → {\displaystyle {\vec {k}}} ) are versors of a 3-D Cartesian coordinate system. The notations ( x ^ , y ^ , z ^ ) {\displaystyle (\mathbf {\hat {x}} ,\mathbf {\hat {y}} ,\mathbf {\hat {z}} )} , ( x ^ 1 , x ^ 2 , x ^ 3 ) {\displaystyle (\mathbf {\hat {x}} _{1},\mathbf {\hat {x}} _{2},\mathbf {\hat {x}} _{3})} , ( e ^ x , e ^ y , e ^ z ) {\displaystyle (\mathbf {\hat {e}} _{x},\mathbf {\hat {e}} _{y},\mathbf {\hat {e}} _{z})} , or ( e ^ 1 , e ^ 2 , e ^ 3 ) {\displaystyle (\mathbf {\hat {e}} _{1},\mathbf {\hat {e}} _{2},\mathbf {\hat {e}} _{3})} , with or without hat, are also used, particularly in contexts where i, j, k might lead to confusion with another quantity (for instance with index symbols such as i, j, k, used to identify an element of a set or array or sequence of variables).
When a unit vector in space is expressed, with Cartesian notation, as a linear combination of i, j, k, its three scalar components can be referred to as direction cosines. The value of each component is equal to the cosine of the angle formed by the unit vector with the respective basis vector. This is one of the methods used to describe the orientation (angular position) of a straight line, segment of straight line, oriented axis, or segment of oriented axis (vector).
Cylindrical coordinates[edit]
The three orthogonal unit vectors appropriate to cylindrical symmetry are:
ρ ^ {\displaystyle \mathbf {\hat {\rho }} } (also designated e ^ {\displaystyle \mathbf {\hat {e}} } or s ^ {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\hat {s}}}} ), representing the direction along which the distance of the point from the axis of symmetry is measured;
φ ^ {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\hat {\varphi }}}} , representing the direction of the motion that would be observed if the point were rotating counterclockwise about the symmetry axis;
z ^ {\displaystyle \mathbf {\hat {z}} } , representing the direction of the symmetry axis;
They are related to the Cartesian basis x ^ {\displaystyle {\hat {x}}} , y ^ {\displaystyle {\hat {y}}} , z ^ {\displaystyle {\hat {z}}} by:
ρ ^ {\displaystyle \mathbf {\hat {\rho }} } = cos  φ x ^ + sin  φ y ^ {\displaystyle \cos \varphi \mathbf {\hat {x}} +\sin \varphi \mathbf {\hat {y}} }
φ ^ {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\hat {\varphi }}}} = − sin  φ x ^ + cos  φ y ^ {\displaystyle -\sin \varphi \mathbf {\hat {x}} +\cos \varphi \mathbf {\hat {y}} }
z ^ = z ^ . {\displaystyle \mathbf {\hat {z}} =\mathbf {\hat {z}} .}
It is important to note that ρ ^ {\displaystyle \mathbf {\hat {\rho }} } and φ ^ {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\hat {\varphi }}}} are functions of φ {\displaystyle \varphi } , and are not constant in direction. When differentiating or integrating in cylindrical coordinates, these unit vectors themselves must also be operated on. For a more complete description, see Jacobian matrix. The derivatives with respect to φ {\displaystyle \varphi } are:
∂ ρ ^ ∂ φ = − sin  φ x ^ + cos  φ y ^ = φ ^ {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial \mathbf {\hat {\rho }} }{\partial \varphi }}=-\sin \varphi \mathbf {\hat {x}} +\cos \varphi \mathbf {\hat {y}} ={\boldsymbol {\hat {\varphi }}}}
∂ φ ^ ∂ φ = − cos  φ x ^ − sin  φ y ^ = − ρ ^ {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial {\boldsymbol {\hat {\varphi }}}}{\partial \varphi }}=-\cos \varphi \mathbf {\hat {x}} -\sin \varphi \mathbf {\hat {y}} =-\mathbf {\hat {\rho }} }
∂ z ^ ∂ φ = 0 . {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial \mathbf {\hat {z}} }{\partial \varphi }}=\mathbf {0} .}
Spherical coordinates[edit]
The unit vectors appropriate to spherical symmetry are: r ^ {\displaystyle \mathbf {\hat {r}} } , the direction in which the radial distance from the origin increases; φ ^ {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\hat {\varphi }}}} , the direction in which the angle in the x-y plane counterclockwise from the positive x-axis is increasing; and θ ^ {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\hat {\theta }}}} , the direction in which the angle from the positive z axis is increasing. To minimize redundancy of representations, the polar angle θ {\displaystyle \theta } is usually taken to lie between zero and 180 degrees. It is especially important to note the context of any ordered triplet written in spherical coordinates, as the roles of φ ^ {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\hat {\varphi }}}} and θ ^ {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\hat {\theta }}}} are often reversed. Here, the American "physics" convention[1] is used. This leaves the azimuthal angle φ {\displaystyle \varphi } defined the same as in cylindrical coordinates. The Cartesian relations are:
r ^ = sin  θ cos  φ x ^ + sin  θ sin  φ y ^ + cos  θ z ^ {\displaystyle \mathbf {\hat {r}} =\sin \theta \cos \varphi \mathbf {\hat {x}} +\sin \theta \sin \varphi \mathbf {\hat {y}} +\cos \theta \mathbf {\hat {z}} }
θ ^ = cos  θ cos  φ x ^ + cos  θ sin  φ y ^ − sin  θ z ^ {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\hat {\theta }}}=\cos \theta \cos \varphi \mathbf {\hat {x}} +\cos \theta \sin \varphi \mathbf {\hat {y}} -\sin \theta \mathbf {\hat {z}} }
φ ^ = − sin  φ x ^ + cos  φ y ^ {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\hat {\varphi }}}=-\sin \varphi \mathbf {\hat {x}} +\cos \varphi \mathbf {\hat {y}} }
The spherical unit vectors depend on both φ {\displaystyle \varphi } and θ {\displaystyle \theta } , and hence there are 5 possible non-zero derivatives. For a more complete description, see Jacobian matrix and determinant. The non-zero derivatives are:
∂ r ^ ∂ φ = − sin  θ sin  φ x ^ + sin  θ cos  φ y ^ = sin  θ φ ^ {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial \mathbf {\hat {r}} }{\partial \varphi }}=-\sin \theta \sin \varphi \mathbf {\hat {x}} +\sin \theta \cos \varphi \mathbf {\hat {y}} =\sin \theta {\boldsymbol {\hat {\varphi }}}}
∂ r ^ ∂ θ = cos  θ cos  φ x ^ + cos  θ sin  φ y ^ − sin  θ z ^ = θ ^ {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial \mathbf {\hat {r}} }{\partial \theta }}=\cos \theta \cos \varphi \mathbf {\hat {x}} +\cos \theta \sin \varphi \mathbf {\hat {y}} -\sin \theta \mathbf {\hat {z}} ={\boldsymbol {\hat {\theta }}}}
∂ θ ^ ∂ φ = − cos  θ sin  φ x ^ + cos  θ cos  φ y ^ = cos  θ φ ^ {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial {\boldsymbol {\hat {\theta }}}}{\partial \varphi }}=-\cos \theta \sin \varphi \mathbf {\hat {x}} +\cos \theta \cos \varphi \mathbf {\hat {y}} =\cos \theta {\boldsymbol {\hat {\varphi }}}}
∂ θ ^ ∂ θ = − sin  θ cos  φ x ^ − sin  θ sin  φ y ^ − cos  θ z ^ = − r ^ {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial {\boldsymbol {\hat {\theta }}}}{\partial \theta }}=-\sin \theta \cos \varphi \mathbf {\hat {x}} -\sin \theta \sin \varphi \mathbf {\hat {y}} -\cos \theta \mathbf {\hat {z}} =-\mathbf {\hat {r}} }
∂ φ ^ ∂ φ = − cos  φ x ^ − sin  φ y ^ = − sin  θ r ^ − cos  θ θ ^ {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial {\boldsymbol {\hat {\varphi }}}}{\partial \varphi }}=-\cos \varphi \mathbf {\hat {x}} -\sin \varphi \mathbf {\hat {y}} =-\sin \theta \mathbf {\hat {r}} -\cos \theta {\boldsymbol {\hat {\theta }}}}
General unit vectors[edit]
Main article: Orthogonal coordinates
Common general themes of unit vectors occur throughout physics and geometry:[2]
Unit vector
Nomenclature
Diagram
Tangent vector to a curve/flux line t ^ {\displaystyle \mathbf {\hat {t}} }
A normal vector n ^ {\displaystyle \mathbf {\hat {n}} } to the plane containing and defined by the radial position vector r r ^ {\displaystyle r\mathbf {\hat {r}} } and angular tangential direction of rotation θ θ ^ {\displaystyle \theta {\boldsymbol {\hat {\theta }}}} is necessary so that the vector equations of angular motion hold.
Normal to a surface tangent plane/plane containing radial position component and angular tangential component n ^ {\displaystyle \mathbf {\hat {n}} }
In terms of polar coordinates; n ^ = r ^ × θ ^ {\displaystyle \mathbf {\hat {n}} =\mathbf {\hat {r}} \times {\boldsymbol {\hat {\theta }}}}
Binormal vector to tangent and normal b ^ = t ^ × n ^ {\displaystyle \mathbf {\hat {b}} =\mathbf {\hat {t}} \times \mathbf {\hat {n}} } [3]
Parallel to some axis/line e ^ ∥ {\displaystyle \mathbf {\hat {e}} _{\parallel }}
One unit vector e ^ ∥ {\displaystyle \mathbf {\hat {e}} _{\parallel }} aligned parallel to a principal direction (red line), and a perpendicular unit vector e ^ ⊥ {\displaystyle \mathbf {\hat {e}} _{\bot }} is in any radial direction relative to the principal line.
Perpendicular to some axis/line in some radial direction e ^ ⊥ {\displaystyle \mathbf {\hat {e}} _{\bot }}
Possible angular deviation relative to some axis/line e ^ ∠ {\displaystyle \mathbf {\hat {e}} _{\angle }}
Unit vector at acute deviation angle φ (including 0 or π/2 rad) relative to a principal direction.
Curvilinear coordinates[edit]
In general, a coordinate system may be uniquely specified using a number of linearly independent unit vectors e ^ n {\displaystyle \mathbf {\hat {e}} _{n}} equal to the degrees of freedom of the space. For ordinary 3-space, these vectors may be denoted e ^ 1 , e ^ 2 , e ^ 3 {\displaystyle \mathbf {\hat {e}} _{1},\mathbf {\hat {e}} _{2},\mathbf {\hat {e}} _{3}} . It is nearly always convenient to define the system to be orthonormal and right-handed:
e ^ i ⋅ e ^ j = δ i j {\displaystyle \mathbf {\hat {e}} _{i}\cdot \mathbf {\hat {e}} _{j}=\delta _{ij}}
e ^ i ⋅ ( e ^ j × e ^ k ) = ε i j k {\displaystyle \mathbf {\hat {e}} _{i}\cdot (\mathbf {\hat {e}} _{j}\times \mathbf {\hat {e}} _{k})=\varepsilon _{ijk}}
where δij is the Kronecker delta (which is 1 for i = j and 0 otherwise) and ε i j k {\displaystyle \varepsilon _{ijk}} is the Levi-Civita symbol (which is 1 for permutations ordered as ijk and −1 for permutations ordered as kji).
Right versor[edit]
A unit vector in ℝ3 was called a right versor by W. R. Hamilton as he developed his quaternions ℍ ⊂ ℝ4. In fact, he was the originator of the term vector as every quaternion q = s + v {\displaystyle q=s+v} has a scalar part s and a vector part v. If v is a unit vector in ℝ3, then the square of v in quaternions is –1. By Euler's formula then, exp  ( θ v ) = sin  θ + v cos  θ {\displaystyle \exp(\theta v)=\sin \theta +v\cos \theta } is a versor in the 3-sphere. When θ is a right angle, the versor is a right versor: its scalar part is zero and its vector part v is a unit vector in ℝ3.
See also[edit]
Look up unit vector in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Cartesian coordinate system
Coordinate system
Curvilinear coordinates
Four-velocity
Jacobian matrix and determinant
Polar coordinate system
Unit interval
Unit square, cube, circle, sphere, and hyperbola
Vector of ones
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Tevian Dray and Corinne A. Manogue,Spherical Coordinates, College Math Journal 34, 168-169 (2003).
Jump up ^ F. Ayres; E. Mandelson (2009). Calculus (Schaum's Outlines Series) (5th ed.). Mc Graw Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-150861-2.
Jump up ^ M. R. Spiegel; S. Lipschutz; D. Spellman (2009). Vector Analysis (Schaum's Outlines Series) (2nd ed.). Mc Graw Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-161545-7.
References[edit]
G. B. Arfken & H. J. Weber (2000). Mathematical Methods for Physicists (5th ed.). Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-059825-6.
Spiegel, Murray R. (1998). Schaum's Outlines: Mathematical Handbook of Formulas and Tables (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-038203-4.
Griffiths, David J. (1998). Introduction to Electrodynamics (3rd ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-805326-X.
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Littleton, Colorado
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Littleton, Colorado
Home Rule Municipality
Littleton Town Hall, built 1920. Jacques Benedict, architect

Location of Littleton in Arapahoe County and Douglas County and Jefferson County, Colorado.
Coordinates: 39°35′59″N 105°0′39″W / 39.59972°N 105.01083°W / 39.59972; -105.01083Coordinates: 39°35′59″N 105°0′39″W / 39.59972°N 105.01083°W / 39.59972; -105.01083
Country
United States
State
Colorado
Counties
Arapahoe County Seat[1]
Jefferson County
Douglas County
Incorporated
March 13, 1890[2]
Named for
Richard Little
Government
• Type
Council–manager government
• Mayor
Debbie Brinkman [3]
Area[4]
• Total
13.82 sq mi (35.80 km2)
• Land
12.69 sq mi (32.87 km2)
• Water
1.13 sq mi (2.92 km2)
Elevation[5]
5,351 ft (1,631 m)
Population (2010)
• Total
41,737
• Estimate (2016)[6]
46,333
• Density
3,650.57/sq mi (1,409.45/km2)
Time zone
MST (UTC-7)
• Summer (DST)
MDT (UTC-6)
ZIP codes[7]
80120-80130, 80160-80163 (PO Boxes), 80165, 80166
Area code(s)
Both 303 and 720
FIPS code
08-45255
GNIS feature ID
0169446
Highways
US 85, SH 75, SH 88, SH 470
Website
littletongov.org
Littleton is the Home Rule Municipality in Arapahoe, Douglas, and Jefferson counties that is the county seat of Arapahoe County, Colorado, United States.[8][9] The city is a part of the Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area. The city population was 41,737 at the 2010 United States Census, ranking as the 20th most populous municipality in the State of Colorado.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Geography
2.1 Climate
3 Demographics
4 Economy
5 Government
5.1 ZIP codes
6 Education
6.1 Primary and secondary education
6.2 Colleges and universities
7 Infrastructure
7.1 Transportation
8 Culture
8.1 Arts and music
8.2 Events
8.3 Points of interest
9 Notable people
10 Sister cities
11 See also
12 References
13 External links
History[edit]
See also: Littleton Main Street and Littleton Town Hall
The city of Littleton's history dates back to the 1859 Pike's Peak Gold Rush, which brought not only gold seekers, but merchants and farmers to the community. Richard Sullivan Little was an engineer from New Hampshire who made his way out West to work on irrigation systems. Little soon decided to settle in the area at present day Littleton and brought his wife Angeline out from the East in 1862. The Littles, along with many neighbors, built the Rough and Ready Flour Mill in 1867, which provided a solid economic base in the community. By 1890, the community had grown to 245 people and the residents voted to incorporate the Town of Littleton.[10]
Littleton grew significantly during the Space Race years of approximately 1958 through 1969 due to its proximity to Martin Marietta facilities which produced the Titan rocket.
Littleton became widely known in 1999 when the Columbine High School massacre occurred at Columbine High School.[11] News media reported that the incident happened in the city, because the school’s ZIP code is primarily associated with Littleton.[12] The school is actually located in adjacent Columbine, an unincorporated community, which is not a place name accepted by the U.S. Postal Service;[12] by default, locations in ZIP code 80123 use “Littleton” in their mailing addresses.[13] Columbine High School is in the Jefferson County school system and is not one of the Littleton Public Schools.[14][15]
Geography[edit]
Littleton is located at 39°35′59″N 105°0′39″W / 39.59972°N 105.01083°W / 39.59972; -105.01083 (39.599691, −105.010929) at an elevation of 5,351 feet (1,631 m).[5][16] Located in central Colorado at the junction of U.S. Route 85 and Colorado State Highway 470, the city is 9 miles (14 km) south of downtown Denver and 55 miles (89 km) north of Colorado Springs.[17][18]
Littleton lies on the South Platte River in the Colorado Piedmont region of the Great Plains a few miles east of the Front Range of the Southern Rocky Mountains.[17][19][20] Most of the city lies on the east side of the river. Several small tributaries of the river flow northwest through the city; from north to south, these include Big Dry Creek, Slaughterhouse Gulch, Lee Gulch, and Dad Clark Gulch. In addition, there are several small lakes and reservoirs located along the river in the southwestern part of the city. Immediately west of the river are Cooley Lake, Bufflehead Lake, South Platte Reservoir, Eaglewatch Lake, Redtail Lake, and Blackrock Lake. East of the river lie Wolhurst Lake and McLellen Reservoir which is fed and drained by Dad Clark Gulch. Chatfield Reservoir lies immediately southwest of the city.[17]
Main Street in Downtown Littleton
Main Street in Downtown Littleton
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 13.87 square miles (35.9 km2) of which 12.98 square miles (33.6 km2) is land and 0.89 square miles (2.3 km2) (6.4%) is water.[21]
As a suburb of Denver, Littleton is part of the Denver-Aurora metropolitan area and the Front Range Urban Corridor.[22] It shares a border with Denver and Englewood on the north, Greenwood Village on the northeast, Centennial on the east, Highlands Ranch on the south, Columbine and Columbine Valley on the west, and Bow Mar on the northwest.[21]
Climate[edit]
[hide]Climate data for Littleton, Colorado (Elevation 5,310ft)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °F (°C)
78
(26) 76
(24) 86
(30) 88
(31) 90
(32) 98
(37) 99
(37) 98
(37) 94
(34) 88
(31) 82
(28) 76
(24) 99
(37)
Average high °F (°C)
43.8
(6.6) 47.2
(8.4) 53.9
(12.2) 62.6
(17) 69.4
(20.8) 80.3
(26.8) 85.4
(29.7) 82.7
(28.2) 75.4
(24.1) 64.1
(17.8) 51.0
(10.6) 43.0
(6.1) 63.2
(17.3)
Average low °F (°C)
15.3
(−9.3) 19.1
(−7.2) 27.7
(−2.4) 35.1
(1.7) 43.4
(6.3) 52.6
(11.4) 57.6
(14.2) 55.8
(13.2) 46.6
(8.1) 33.7
(0.9) 22.8
(−5.1) 15.0
(−9.4) 35.4
(1.9)
Record low °F (°C)
−20
(−29) −23
(−31) −5
(−21) 6
(−14) 21
(−6) 36
(2) 44
(7) 42
(6) 17
(−8) 2
(−17) −2
(−19) −29
(−34) −29
(−34)
Average precipitation inches (mm)
0.36
(9.1) 0.47
(11.9) 1.44
(36.6) 1.50
(38.1) 2.75
(69.9) 1.88
(47.8) 1.89
(48) 1.99
(50.5) 1.09
(27.7) 1.23
(31.2) 1.14
(29) 0.64
(16.3) 16.39
(416.3)
Average snowfall inches (cm)
8.9
(22.6) 7.8
(19.8) 11.9
(30.2) 7.8
(19.8) 0.6
(1.5) 0
(0) 0
(0) 0
(0) 0.9
(2.3) 3.0
(7.6) 12.2
(31) 12.7
(32.3) 65.7
(166.9)
Source: The Western Regional Climate Center[23]
Demographics[edit]
Historical population
Census
Pop.
%±
1880 100 —
1900 738 —
1910 1,373 86.0%
1920 1,636 19.2%
1930 2,019 23.4%
1940 2,244 11.1%
1950 3,378 50.5%
1960 13,670 304.7%
1970 26,466 93.6%
1980 28,631 8.2%
1990 33,685 17.7%
2000 40,340 19.8%
2010 41,737 3.5%
Est. 2016 46,333 [6] 11.0%
U.S. Decennial Census[24]
As of the 2010 census, there were 41,737 people, 18,312 households, and 10,724 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,215.5 people per square mile (1,242.2/km²). There were 19,176 housing units at an average density of 1,497.2 per square mile (570.7/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 89.0% White, 2.2% Asian, 1.4% African American, 0.8% American Indian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 3.9% from other races, and 2.6% from two or more races. Hispanics and Latinos of any race were 12.4% of the population.[25]
There were 18,312 households out of which 27.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.8% were married couples living together, 4.3% had a male householder with no wife present, 9.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41.4% were non-families. 34.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.25, and the average family size was 2.93.[25]
The distribution of the population by age was 21.6% under the age of 18, 7.7% from 18 to 24, 25.6% from 25 to 44, 29.3% from 45 to 64, and 15.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41.3 years. The gender makeup of the city was 48.3% male and 51.7% female.[25]
The median income for a household in the city was $54,512, and the median income for a family was $74,744. Males had a median income of $52,674 versus $40,297 for females. The city's per capita income was $33,889. About 7.4% of families and 11.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.8% of those under age 18 and 9.0% of those age 65 or over.[25]
Economy[edit]
As of 2013, 66.8% of the population over the age of 16 was in the labor force. 0.1% was in the armed forces, and 66.7% was in the civilian labor force with 61.2% employed and 5.5% unemployed. The occupational composition of the employed civilian labor force was: 44.4% in management, business, science, and arts; 25.0% in sales and office occupations; 17.8% in service occupations; 6.6% in production, transportation, and material moving; 6.2% in natural resources, construction, and maintenance. The three industries employing the largest percentages of the working civilian labor force were: educational services, health care, and social assistance (20.1%); professional, scientific, and management, and administrative and waste management services (14.1%); retail trade (11.2%).[25]
The cost of living in Littleton is average; compared to a U.S. average of 100, the cost of living index for the community is 101.8.[26] As of 2013, the median home value in the city was $269,000, the median selected monthly owner cost was $1,668 for housing units with a mortgage and $470 for those without, and the median gross rent was $902.[25]
Government[edit]
Littleton is a Home Rule Municipality with a council-manager form of government.[27][28] The city council makes policy for the city, approves the annual city budget, and determines annual property tax rates. The council consists of seven members. For representative purposes, the city is divided into four legislative districts with one council member elected from each for a four-year term. The three remaining council members are elected at-large, two for a four-year term and one for a two-year term. General elections for city council are held in odd-numbered years with four seats up for election. The council elects one member to serve as mayor and another to serve as mayor pro tempore.[29] The city manager implements the council's policies and oversees day-to-day administration of the city government and its departments.[27]
As the county seat, Littleton is the administrative center of Arapahoe County. The county government's main Administration Building is located in Littleton, and most county government departments base their operations in the city.[30]
Littleton lies mostly within Colorado's 6th U.S. Congressional District, but changes made to Colorado's congressional districts in 2012 put the extreme southwestern portion of the city into Colorado's 1st congressional district.[31] For the purposes of representation in the Colorado General Assembly, the city is located in the 26th and 30th districts of the Colorado Senate and the 3rd, 38th, and 43rd districts of the Colorado House of Representatives.[32]
ZIP codes[edit]
The place name “Littleton” is assigned to eleven ZIP codes which cover a vast area west, east, and south of the city much larger than the city itself. This area includes the following unincorporated communities:
Acres Green, Colorado
Carriage Club, Colorado
Columbine, Colorado
Heritage Hills, Colorado
Highlands Ranch, Colorado (“Highlands Ranch” is also acceptable in place of “Littleton” in mailing addresses)
Ken Caryl, Colorado
Roxborough Park, Colorado
In addition, an extreme southwest portion of Denver, the Marston neighborhood, is located in a ZIP code (80123) with “Littleton” as the preferred place name for use in mailing addresses, though “Denver” is also acceptable. The Federal Correctional Institution, Englewood, also located in this ZIP code, is neither in Littleton[33] or Englewood, but in unincorporated Jefferson County.[34]
Education[edit]
Primary and secondary education[edit]
Littleton Public Schools
Jeffco Public Schools
Colleges and universities[edit]
Arapahoe Community College
Denver Seminary
The Colorado Center for the Blind, a skills training program for blind teenagers and adults operated by the National Federation of the Blind, is located in Littleton.
Infrastructure[edit]
Transportation[edit]
Since July 2000, Littleton has been served by the Regional Transportation District's light rail system.
Culture[edit]
Arts and music[edit]
The Depot Art Gallery and Littleton Fine Arts Guild
Littleton Symphony Orchestra
Littleton Chorale
Littleton Museum
Events[edit]
Western Welcome Week
Since the late 1920s, Littleton has celebrated Western Welcome Week - an annual community celebration in the greater Littleton area. Western Welcome Week started in the late 1920s, and has been held every year since. Western Welcome Week includes over 40 events benefiting dozens of local civic and charitable organizations. Western Welcome Week
Candlelight Walk
The Candlelight Walk is a Littleton tradition, featuring an evening of holiday festivities, culminating in the illumination of the trees on Main Street.
Points of interest[edit]
Hudson Gardens
Town Hall Arts Center, providing professional theater to the surrounding metro area.
The Littleton Museum
The Gravesite of Alferd Packer
Notable people[edit]
Main article: List of people from Littleton, Colorado
Composer, arranger and pianist Dave Grusin was born and raised in Littleton. He is the winner of an Academy Award and numerous Grammys.
Matt Stone attended Heritage High School in Littleton, and aspects of his animated television show South Park are loosely based on the city. The South Park series editor Thomas M. Vogt is from Littleton.
Former US Weekly and current Hollywood Reporter Editor in Chief Janice Min is from Littleton.
Several actors were born and raised in Littleton, including Emmy-nominated actress Molly Burnett from NBC's Days of Our Lives and Hollywood Heights star Cody Longo.
Actor Hayden Byerly, who plays Jude Jacob Adams Foster on the TV series The Fosters, was raised in Littleton until the age of ten.
Siblings Riker Lynch, Rydel Lynch, Rocky Lynch and Ross Lynch, who are best known as members of the pop-rock band R5, were born and raised in Littleton until they moved to Los Angeles in 2007.
Supergirl and Glee star Melissa Benoist was raised in Littleton.
Littleton is the present home of former San Francisco Giants pitcher Dave Dravecky and IFBB professional bodybuilder Heather Armbrust.
Other notable Littleton natives include metallurgist James M. Hyde.
Sister cities[edit]
Bega, New South Wales, Australia
See also[edit]
Geography portal
North America portal
United States portal
Colorado portal
Outline of Colorado
Index of Colorado-related articles
State of Colorado
Colorado cities and towns
Colorado municipalities
Colorado counties
Arapahoe County, Colorado
Jefferson County, Colorado
Douglas County, Colorado
Colorado metropolitan areas
Front Range Urban Corridor
North Central Colorado Urban Area
Denver-Aurora-Boulder, CO Combined Statistical Area
Denver-Aurora-Broomfield, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Littleton, Colorado.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Active Colorado Municipalities". State of Colorado, Department of Local Affairs. Archived from the original on 2010-11-23. Retrieved 2007-12-01.
Jump up ^ "Colorado Municipal Incorporations". State of Colorado, Department of Personnel & Administration, Colorado State Archives. 2004-12-01. Retrieved 2007-09-02.
Jump up ^ "City Council Members". Littleton, Colorado. City of Littleton. Retrieved 21 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved Jul 25, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. 2007-10-25. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
^ Jump up to: a b "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved June 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ "ZIP Code Lookup". United States Postal Service. Archived from the original (JavaScript/HTML) on January 1, 2008. Retrieved November 14, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Retrieved 2011-06-07.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2010-11-23. Retrieved 2007-12-07.
Jump up ^ https://www.littletongov.org/my-littleton/littleton-history/general-history
Jump up ^ Eric W. Hickey (22 July 2003). Encyclopedia of Murder and Violent Crime. SAGE Publications. p. 86. ISBN 978-0-7619-2437-1.
Seymour Bernard Sarason (1 January 2001). American Psychology & Schools: A Critique. Teachers College Press. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-8077-4087-3.
^ Jump up to: a b Ralph W. Larkin (1 January 2007). Comprehending Columbine. Temple University Press. p. 37. ISBN 978-1-59213-492-2.
Jump up ^ "Look Up a ZIP Code™". usps.com. Retrieved 2015-03-19.
Jump up ^ "School Web Sites". jeffcopublicschools.org. Retrieved 2015-03-20.
Jump up ^ "High Schools". littletonpublicschools.net. Retrieved 2015-03-20.
Jump up ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. 2011-02-12. Retrieved 2011-04-23.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Littleton, CO". Google Maps. Retrieved 2016-02-24.
Jump up ^ "Distance Calculator". Infoplease. Retrieved 2016-02-24.
Jump up ^ "Physiographic Provinces of Colorado [Map]". Colorado Geological Survey. Retrieved 2015-02-24.
Jump up ^ "General Map of Colorado". Colorado Life Zones. Retrieved 2016-02-24.
^ Jump up to: a b "Colorado: 2010 - Population and Housing Unit Counts" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. August 2012. Retrieved 2015-02-18.
Jump up ^ "OMB Bulletin No. 13-01" (PDF). Office of Management and Budget. 2013-02-28. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-01-18. Retrieved 2015-02-09.
Jump up ^ "Seasonal Temperature and Precipitation Information". Western Regional Climate Center. Retrieved November 18, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2015-02-18.
Jump up ^ "Littleton, Colorado". City-Data.com. Retrieved 2015-02-18.
^ Jump up to: a b "City Manager". City of Littleton, Colorado. Retrieved 2018-01-25.
Jump up ^ "2015 Budget". City of Littleton, Colorado. p. 4. Retrieved 2015-02-26.
Jump up ^ "City Council". City of Littleton, Colorado. Retrieved 2015-02-26.
Jump up ^ "County Locations". Arapahoe County, Colorado. Retrieved 2015-02-26.
Jump up ^ "Find a Senator or Representative [Map]". Govtrack.us. Retrieved 2016-02-26.
Jump up ^ "Colorado State Legislature". Open States. Sunlight Foundation. Retrieved 2015-02-26.
Jump up ^ Jones, Rebecca. "Article: PRISON HAS A FIELD OF VISION.(Spotlight)." Rocky Mountain News. May 2, 1999. Retrieved on July 28, 2010.
Jump up ^ "FCI Englewood Contact Information." Federal Bureau of Prisons. Retrieved on July 28, 2010.
External links[edit]
City of Littleton website
CDOT map of the City of Littleton
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Municipalities and communities of Arapahoe County, Colorado, United States
County seat: Littleton
Cities
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Englewood
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Littleton‡
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‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
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VIAF: 141709158
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GND: 4503786-3
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Littleton,_Colorado&oldid=833533984"
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Littleton, Colorado
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text:
Celia Cruz
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Celia Cruz
Celia Cruz in 1957
Background information
Birth name
Úrsula Hilaria Celia de la Caridad Cruz Alfonso
Also known as
La Guarachera de Cuba
Born
(1925-10-21)October 21, 1925
Havana, Cuba
Died
July 16, 2003(2003-07-16) (aged 77)
Fort Lee, New Jersey, US
Genres
Guaracha, son, bolero, rumba, salsa
Occupation(s)
Singer, actress
Years active
1947–2003
Labels
Fania Records, RMM Records & Video, Sony Discos
Associated acts
Sonora Matancera, Tito Puente, Fania All-Stars
Úrsula Hilaria Celia de la Caridad Cruz Alfonso (October 21, 1925 – July 16, 2003), better known as Celia Cruz, was a Cuban singer of Latin music. She was known for her powerful voice and her rhythm-centric musical style.[1] She was the most popular Latin artist of the 20th century, gaining twenty-three gold albums during her career. US President Bill Clinton awarded her the National Medal of Arts in 1994. She was renowned internationally as the "Queen of Salsa", "La Guarachera de Cuba", as well as The Queen of Latin Music.[2][3]
She spent much of her career working in the United States and several Latin American countries. Leila Cobo of Billboard Magazine once said "Cruz is indisputably the best known and most influential female figure in the history of Cuban and Latin music". She was an ambassador for the variety and vitality of the music of her native Havana, and after the Cuban revolution she became a symbol of artistic freedom for Cuban American exiles. She died of brain cancer.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Personal life
4 Death
5 Legacy
6 Discography
7 Filmography
8 Grammy Awards
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
Early life[edit]
Úrsula Hilaria Celia de la Caridad Cruz Alfonso was born on October 21, 1925[4] in the diverse, working-class neighborhood of Santos Suárez in Havana, Cuba, the second of four children. Her father, Simon Cruz, was a railroad stoker and her mother, Catalina Alfonso was a homemaker who took care of an extended family. Celia was one of the eldest among fourteen children- brothers, sisters, and many cousins- she often had to put the younger ones to bed by singing them to sleep. .[4][5][6]
While growing up in Cuba's diverse 1930s musical climate, Cruz listened to many musicians who influenced her adult career, including Fernando Collazo, Abelardo Barroso, Pablo Quevedo and Arsenio Rodríguez. Despite her father's opposition and the fact that she was Catholic, as a child Cruz learned santería songs from her neighbor who practiced santería.[7] Cruz also later studied the words to Yoruba songs with colleague Mercedita Valdés (an Akpwon santería singer) from Cuba and made various recordings of this religious genre, even singing backup for other female akpwons like Candita Batista.[8]
As a teenager, her aunt took her and her cousin to cabarets to sing, but her father encouraged her to attend school in the hope she would become a teacher. After high school she attended the Normal School for Teachers in Havana with the intent of becoming a literature teacher.[1] At the time being a singer was not viewed as an entirely respectable career. However, one of her teachers told her that as an entertainer she could earn in one day what most Cuban teachers earned in a month. From 1947, Cruz studied music theory, voice, and piano at Havana's National Conservatory of Music. Cruz began singing at Havana's radio station Radio García Serra as a contestant on this station's popular "Hora del Té" daily broadcast, where she sang the tango "Nostalgias" and won a cake as first-place finisher. She often won cakes and also opportunities to participate in more contests.[9] Her first recordings were made in 1948 in Venezuela.[citation needed]
Career[edit]
Her big break came in 1950 when Myrta Silva, the singer with Cuba's Sonora Matancera, returned to her native Puerto Rico. Since they were in need of a new singer, the band decided to give the young Celia Cruz a chance. Here, she won the support of Sonora's band leader, Rogelio Martinez, and went on to record hits such as "Yembe Laroco" and "Caramelo". Soon her name was bigger than the bands. During her 15 years with Sonora Matancera, she appeared in cameos in some Mexican films such as Rincón Criollo (1950), Una gallega en La Habana (1955) and Amorcito Corazón (1961), toured all over Latin America, and became a regular at Havana's famous Tropicana nightspot.
Celia Cruz in the 1950s with the members of the Sonora Matancera in Havana
When Fidel Castro assumed control of Cuba in 1959, Cruz and her husband, Pedro Knight, were prohibited from returning to their homeland and became citizens of the United States. In 1966, Cruz and Tito Puente began an association that would lead to eight albums for Tico Records. The albums were not as successful as expected. However, Puente and Cruz later joined the Vaya Records label. There, she joined accomplished pianist Larry Harlow and was soon headlining a concert at New York's Carnegie Hall.
Cruz's 1974 album with Johnny Pacheco, Celia y Johnny, was very successful, and Cruz soon found herself in a group named the Fania All-Stars, which was an ensemble of salsa musicians from every orchestra signed by the Fania label (owner of Vaya Records). In Celia y Johnny, "Quimbara" became one of her signature songs. With the Fania All-Stars, Cruz had the opportunity to visit England, France, Zaire (today's DR Congo), and to return to tour Latin America; her performance in Zaire is included in the film Soul Power.[10] In the late 1970s, she participated in an Eastern Air Lines commercial in Puerto Rico, singing the catchy phrase ¡Esto sí es volar! (This is to truly fly!).
Celia Cruz performing in Paris at the Olympia in 1980
In 1976, she participated in a documentary film Salsa about the Latin culture, along with figures like Dolores del Río and Willie Colón. She also made three albums with Willie Colon (1977, 1981, 1987). With a voice described as operatic, Cruz moved through high and low pitches with an ease that belied her age, and her style improvising rhymed lyrics added a distinctive flavor to salsa. Her flamboyant costume, which included: various colored wigs, tight sequined dresses, and very high heels, became so famous that one of them was acquired by the Smithsonian institution.[1]
Celia Cruz used to sing the identifying spot for WQBA radio station in Miami, formerly known as "La Cubanísima": "I am the voice of Cuba, from this land, far away...I am liberty, I am WQBA, the most Cuban! (Yo soy de Cuba, la voz, desde esta tierra lejana...soy libertad, soy WQBA, Cubanísima!) During the 1980s, Cruz began to garner the international recognition that was her due, she made many tours in Latin America and Europe, doing multiple concerts and television shows wherever she went, and singing both with younger stars and stars of her own era. She began a crossover of sorts, when she participated in the 1988 feature film Salsa alongside Robby Draco Rosa.
In 1990, Cruz won a Grammy Award for Best Tropical Latin Performance – Ray Barretto & Celia Cruz – Ritmo en el Corazón. She later recorded an anniversary album with Sonora Matancera. In 1992, she starred with Armand Assante and Antonio Banderas in the film The Mambo Kings. In 1994, President Bill Clinton awarded Cruz the National Medal of Arts. In the same year, she was inducted into Billboards Latin Music Hall of Fame along with fellow Cuban musician Cachao López.[11] In 1999, Cruz was inducted into the International Latin Music Hall of Fame.[12] In 2001, she recorded a new album, on which Johnny Pacheco was one of the producers.
On July 16, 2002, Cruz performed to a full house at the free outdoor performing arts festival Central Park SummerStage in New York City. During the performance she sang "Bemba Colora'." A live recording of this song was subsequently made available in 2005 on a commemorative CD honoring the festival's then 20-year history entitled, "Central Park SummerStage: Live from the Heart of the City". Cruz appeared on the Dionne Warwick albums 1998 Dionne Sings Dionne & 2006 My Friends & Me with their Latin Duet version of (Do You Know The Way To) San Jose.
In March 2003, the Spanish-language television network Telemundo produced and aired a tribute special honoring Cruz, ¡Celia Cruz: Azúcar!. It was hosted by Puerto Rican singer Marc Anthony and Cuban-American singer Gloria Estefan. It featured musical performances by various Latin music and Anglo performers including Victor Manuelle, Paulina Rubio, José Feliciano, Milly Quezada, Los Tri-O, Estefan, Patti Labelle, Arturo Sandoval, Ana Gabriel, Gilberto Santa Rosa, Tito Nieves, Albita, Johnny Pacheco, Alicia Villareal, Olga Tañón, Mikey Perfecto, José Alberto "El Canario", Rosario, Luis Enrique, Anthony and Gloria Gaynor.[13][14]
Personal life[edit]
During July 1960, following the revolution in Cuba, La Sonora Matancera was on tour in Mexico when the band members decided to settle in the United States. Castro vowed that none of the artists would ever be allowed back to Cuba. Cruz attempted to return when her mother died in 1962, but was not granted government permission. Cruz became a US citizen in 1961 and a year later married Sonora's trumpet player Pedro Knight, who became her manager and musical director.
Death[edit]
Celia Cruz's mausoleum in Woodlawn Cemetery, The Bronx, New York.
On July 16, 2003, Cruz died of brain cancer at her home in Fort Lee, New Jersey, at the age of 77.[15][16][17] Knight was there for her while she was going through cancer treatments. She had no children with him. After her death, her body was taken to Miami's Freedom Tower, where more than 200,000 fans paid their final respects. Multiple vigils occurred worldwide in cities such as Havana, Miami, and Cali (the Cali vigil became notorious in Colombian history due to its three-day span).[18] Knight had Cruz buried in a granite mausoleum that he had built in Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx. Knight chose the plot on which it stands, which is near the gravestones of Duke Ellington and Miles Davis, because it was accessible to fans and had four windows built into it so that fans could see inside when paying their respects. Knight himself was buried with Cruz in the same mausoleum following his death on February 3, 2007.[19] An epilogue in her autobiography notes that, in accordance with her wishes, Cuban soil which she had saved from a visit to Guantánamo Bay was used in her entombment.[citation needed]
Legacy[edit]
Through a formidable work ethic, Cruz rose to the very top in her genre; a genre that was traditionally male dominated.[6][20] In February 2004, her last album, Regalo del Alma, she won a posthumous award at the Premios Lo Nuestro for best salsa release of the year. It was announced in December 2005 that a musical called Azucar! would open in Tenerife before touring the world. The name comes from Cruz's well-known catch phrase of "¡Azúcar!".
In 2003 A Music School was Opened in the Bronx, Named the Celia Cruz Bronx High school Of Music. Pedro Knight Visited this school before his death to meet the students and share stories about her life. On June 4, 2004, the heavily Cuban-American community of Union City, New Jersey heralded its annual Cuban Day Parade by dedicating its new Celia Cruz Park (also known as Celia Cruz Plaza), which features a sidewalk star in her honor, at 31st Street and Bergenline Avenue, with Cruz's widower, Pedro Knight, present. There are four other similar dedications to Cruz around the world.[21] Cruz's star has expanded into Union City's "Walk of Fame",[22] as new marble stars are added each spring to honor Latin entertainment and media personalities, such as merengue singer Joseíto Mateo, salsa singer La India, Cuban musician Israel "Cachao" Lopez, Cuban tenor Beny Moré,[23] Tito Puente, Spanish language television news anchor Rafael Pineda, salsa pioneer Johnny Pacheco,[24] singer/bandleader Gilberto Santa Rosa and music promoter Ralph Mercado.[25]
On May 18, 2005, the National Museum of American History, administered by the Smithsonian Institution and located in Washington, D.C., opened "¡Azúcar!", an exhibit celebrating the life and music of Celia Cruz. The exhibit highlights important moments in Cruz's life and career through photographs, personal documents, costumes, videos, and music.
On September 26, 2007, through May 25, 2008, Celia, a musical based on the life of Celia Cruz, played at the Off-Broadway venue New World Stages. The show won four 2008 HOLA Awards from the Hispanic Organization of Latin Actors.[26]
On March 16, 2011, Celia Cruz was honored by the United States Postal Service with a commemorative postage stamp. The Cruz stamp was one of a group of five stamps honoring Latin music greats, also including Selena, Tito Puente, Carmen Miranda, and Carlos Gardel.
The Smithsonian’s National Museum of American History collaborated with photographer Robert Weingarten to create an object-based portrait of Celia Cruz featuring artifacts in the museum. The portrait was unveiled October 3, 2012.[27]
On October 21, 2013, Google honored her with a Google Doodle.[28] At 41st American Music Awards, American singer Jennifer Lopez performed a medley of Cruz's songs.[29]
In 2013, Cruz was inducted into the New Jersey Hall Fame. In October 2015, Telemundo premiered an 80-episode docu-drama based on Cruz's life, Celia (telenovela).[30]
Discography[edit]
2004 Dios disfrute a la Reina
2003 Regalo del Alma
2003 Homenaje a Beny Moré
2002 Unrepeatable
2002 Hits Mix
2001 La Negra Tiene Tumbao
2000 Siempre Viviré
2000 Salsa
2000 Habanera
1999 Celia Cruz and Friends: A Night of Salsa
1999 En Vivo Radio Progreso, Vol. 3
1999 En Vivo Radio Progreso, Vol. 2
1999 En Vivo Radio Progreso, Vol. 1
1999 En Vivo C.M.Q., Vol. 5
1999 En Vivo C.M.Q., Vol. 4
1998 Mi Vida Es Cantar
1998 Afro-Cubana
1997 También Boleros
1997 Duets
1997 Cambiando Ritmos
1996 Celia Cruz Delta
1995 Irresistible
1995 Festejando Navidad
1995 Double Dynamite
1995 Cuba's Queen of Rhythm
1994 Merengue Saludos Amigos
1994 Mambo del Amor
1994 Irrepetible
1994 Homenaje a Los Santos
1994 Guaracheras de La Guaracha
1993 Introducing
1993 Homenaje a Beny Moré, Vol. 3
1993 Boleros Polydor
1993 Azucar Negra
1992 Verdadera Historia
1992 Tributo a Ismael Rivera
1991 Reina del Ritmo Cubano
1991 Canta Celia Cruz
1990 Guarachera del Mundo
1988 Ritmo en el Corazón
1987 Winners
1986 De Nuevo
1986 Candela
1983 Tremendo Trío
1982 Feliz Encuentro
1981 Celia & Willie
1980 Celia/Johnny/Pete
1978 Homenaje A Beny More
1977 Only They Could Have Made This Album
1976 Recordando El Ayer
1975 Tremendo Caché
1974 Celia & Johnny
1971 Celia Y Tito Puente en España
1970 Etc. Etc. Etc.
1969 Quimbo Quimbumbia
1968 Serenata Guajira
1968 Excitante
1967 A Ti México
1967 Bravo Celia Cruz
1966 Son con Guaguancó
1966 Cuba Y Puerto Rico Son
1965 Sabor y Ritmo de Pueblos
1965 Canciones que Yo Quería Haber Grabado Prim
1964 Homenaje A Los Santos
1961 Canciones Premiadas
1959 Mi Diario Musical
1958 Incomparable Celia
1958 Cuba's Foremost Rhythm Singer
Filmography[edit]
Salón México (Mexico, 1950)
Una gallega en La Habana (Mexico, 1952)
¡Olé... Cuba! (Mexico/Cuba, 1957)
Affair in Havana (USA/Cuba, 1957)
Amorcito Corazon (Mexico, 1960)
Salsa (Documentary, 1976)
Salsa (USA, 1988)
"Fires Within" (USA, 1991)
The Mambo Kings (USA, 1992)
Valentina (TV) (Mexico, 1993)
The Perez Family (USA, 1995) Luz Pat
El alma no tiene color (TV) (Mexico, 1997)
¡Celia Cruz: Azúcar! (TV) (Tribute, USA, 2003)
Soul Power (Documentary of Kinshasa, Zaire Music Festival 1974) (USA, 2008)
CELIA, Celia Cruz Bio-Drama (2015 on Telemundo)
Grammy Awards[edit]
Year
Nominee/work
Award
Result
1989 "Ritmo En El Corazon" Best Tropical Latin Performance Won
2000 Celia Cruz and Friends: A Night of Salsa Best Salsa Performance Won
2001 "Siempre Viviré" Best Tropical Traditional Album Won
2002 La Negra Tiene Tumbao Best Salsa Album Won
2003 La Negra Tiene Tumbao Best Salsa Album Won
2003 Regalo del Alma Best Salsa/Merengue Album Won
2004 Regalo del Alma Best Salsa Album Won
2016 For All of the Achievements And Dedication That She Has Put In Her Career Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award Won
See also[edit]
Biography portal
Cuba portal
Latin music portal
Music portal
Honorific nicknames in popular music
Music of Cuba
History of Cuba
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "Celia Cruz". Britannica Academic. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Pareles, Jon (December 14, 1992). "Review/Pop; The Queen of Latin Music Takes It From the Top". Retrieved January 27, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Celia Cruz's Shoes". National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2008-06-09.
^ Jump up to: a b "Her Life". National Museum of American History. Accessed October 7, 2012.
Jump up ^ Cobo, Leila (July 26, 2003). "Cuban Salsa Sensation Celia Cruz Dies At 77". AllBusiness.com.
^ Jump up to: a b "Music: The Definitive Visual History". go.galegroup.com. New York: DK Publishing. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Celia Cruz; Ana Cristina Reymundo (2004). Celia: mi vida. Harper Collins. pp. 24, 74. ISBN 0-06-072606-7.
Jump up ^ "¡Azúcar! The Life and Music of Celia Cruz". Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2007-11-04.
Jump up ^ Celia Cruz; Ana Cristina Reymundo (2004). Celia: mi vida. Harper Collins. pp. 32–4. ISBN 0-06-072606-7.
Jump up ^ Scott, O.A. (2009-07-10). "Music and Musicians Still Echo 35 Years Later". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Lannert, John (May 21, 1994). "First Latin Music Awards Recognize Range of Talent". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. 106 (32): LM-52. Retrieved June 3, 2010.
Jump up ^ de Fontenay, Sounni (7 December 1998). "International Latin Music Hall of Fame". Latin American Rhythm Magazine. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
Jump up ^ Pareles, Jon (17 July 2003). "Celia Cruz, Petite Powerhouse of Latin Music, Dies at 77". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Pardillo, Omar (4 February 2003). "Telemundo to Produce Tribute Concert: ¡Celia Cruz: Azucar!". Celia Cruz Foundation. Retrieved 5 July 2016.
Jump up ^ Ellen Pearlman (April 1, 2008). "Azucar! Celia: The Life and Music of Celia Cruz at the New World Theater". The Brooklyn Rail.
Jump up ^ Townsend Rosa; Vicent, Manuel (July 18, 2003). "La muerte de Celia Cruz consterna al exilio cubano y a los artistas de la isla". EDICIONES EL PAÍS, S.L. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
Jump up ^ "¡Azúcar en el cielo!". El Diario de Hoy. July 17, 2003. Archived from the original on October 21, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Azúcar: Google celebra a Celia Cruz" (in Spanish). Telemundo. October 21, 2013. Archived from the original on October 23, 2013. Retrieved October 21, 2013.
Jump up ^ Brady, Emily (February 25, 2007). "Amid the Gravestones, a Final Love Song". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ "Music: The Definitive Visual History". Gale Virtual Reference Library. New York: DK Publishing. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Rosero, Jessica (June 2, 2004). "Homage to Celia Cruz: UC to pay tribute to Queen of Salsa with events, park dedication". The Hudson Reporter.
Jump up ^ Fernandez, Lucio; Karabin, Gerard (2010). Union City in Pictures. Book Press NY. p. 74
Jump up ^ Rosero, Jessica (June 18, 2006). "Viva la comunidad Cubano North Hudson celebrates at the annual Cuban Day Parade". The Hudson Reporter.
Jump up ^ Rosero, Jessica (May 26, 2006). "'La vida es un carnaval' North Hudson celebrates 6th annual Cuban Day Parade". The Hudson Reporter.
Jump up ^ Staab, Amanda (October 5, 2008). "UC first stop for Latin Grammies". The Union City Reporter. pp. 1, 21
Jump up ^ Celia at Lortel Archives; accessed August 24, 2010
Jump up ^ "National Museum of American History Reveals Celia Cruz Portrait". Newsdesk. Smithsonian Institution. October 3, 2012
Jump up ^ Gowens, Otis (2013-10-21). "Celia Cruz, queen of Salsa, gets Google Doodle". AJC.com. Cox Media Group. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "Jennifer Lopez rinde tributo a Celia Cruz en los American Music Awards". The Huffington Post (in Spanish). AOL. November 24, 2013. Retrieved November 25, 2013.
Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/latin/6722633/celia-cruz-series-telemundo-empire
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Celia Cruz.
Celia Cruz collection, 1948–2008 at the Cuban Heritage Collection, University of Miami Libraries. This archival collection contains photographs, newspaper clippings, music scores, and a range of other materials documenting Cruz's professional activities.
Celia Cruz's Discography (album covers) at Florida International University Archives
Celia Cruz's Discography (recordings) at Florida International University Archives
¡Azúcar! The Life and Music of Celia Cruz at the National Museum of American History.
Celia Cruz on IMDb.
Celia Cruz discography at Discogs
Celia Cruz videos
Celia Cruz at Find a Grave
Celia Cruz at Afrocuba.org
In May 2011, the VOA Special English service of the Voice of America broadcast a 15-minute program on Celia Cruz. A transcript and MP3 of the program, intended for English learners, can be found at Celia Cruz, 1925–2003: 'The Queen of Salsa'
[hide]
v
t
e
Celia Cruz
Studio albums
Azúcar Negra (1993)
La Negra Tiene Tumbao (2001)
Regalo del Alma (2003)
Live albums
Celia Cruz and Friends: A Night of Salsa (2000)
Remix albums
Hits Mix (2002)
Songs
"Quizás, Quizás, Quizás"
"Guantanamera"
"Quimbara"
"Isadora Duncan"
"La Vida Es Un Carnaval"
"Do You Know the Way to San Jose"
"En Mi Viejo San Juan"
"Oye Como Va"
"Tres Gotas De Agua Bendita"
"Yo Vivire"
"La Negra Tiene Tumbao"
"Gotta Get Down"
"Ríe y Llora"
"Ella Tiene Fuego"
Related articles
¡Celia Cruz: Azúcar!
Celia Cruz Bronx High School of Music
Authority control
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ISNI: 0000 0001 1559 2780
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SUDOC: 088522407
BNF: cb138928653 (data)
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List of Median household income of cities in Canada
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Median family income of the largest cities (census metropolitan area) in Canada for the year 2010. (All census families)
Contents
1 References
[1]== Canadian Census Metropolitan Areas ranked by median family income ==
Rank
Census Metropolitan Area
Population
Median
Family Income
5 Ottawa CMA 1,236,324 $96,135
1 Calgary CMA 1,214,839 $104,410
2 Edmonton CMA 1,159,869 $101,870
3 Regina CMA 210,556 $97,940
7 Oshawa 149,607 $92,080
6 Saskatoon CMA 260,600 $94,580
4 St John's, NL CMA 196,966 $96,320
9 Victoria, BC CMA 344,630 $89,640
13 Kingston, ON CMA 159,561 $86,870
12 Kitchener-Cambridge-Waterloo CMA 477,160 $86,930
10 Hamilton CMA 721,053 $87,590
8 Greater Sudbury CMA 160,770 $90,550
15 Halifax CMA 390,096 $85,940
11 Québec, QC CMA 765,706 $87,570
14 Thunder Bay CMA 121,596 $86,410
16 Winnipeg CMA 730,018 $81,880
17 London, ON CMA 474,786 $80,570
19 Windsor, ON CMA 319,246 $78,700
23 Saguenay, QC CMA 157,790 $76,880
21 Saint John, NB CMA 127,761 $77,730
20 Toronto CMA 5,583,064 $78,280
18 Vancouver CMA 2,313,328 $79,930
22 Montréal CMA 3,824,221 $76,950
24 St. Catharines–Niagara CMA 392,184 $74,170
27 Trois-Rivières, QC CMA 151,773 $71,520
26 Sherbrooke, QC CMA 201,890 $73,250
25 Abbotsford-Mission, BC CMA 170,191 $73,960
References[edit]
Statistics Canada
Jump up ^ http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/famil107a-eng.htm
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