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NBA All-Star Game
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National Basketball Association All-Star Game
Frequency
Annual
Inaugurated
1951
Most recent
2018 (Los Angeles)
Previous event
2017 (New Orleans)
Next event
2019 (Charlotte)
Participants
Eastern Conference and Western Conference All-Stars
Organized by
National Basketball Association
The National Basketball Association All-Star Game is a basketball exhibition game hosted every February by the National Basketball Association (NBA), matching a mix of the league's star players, who are drafted by the two players with the most votes. Each team consists of 12 players, making it 24 in total. It is the featured event of NBA All-Star Weekend. NBA All-Star Weekend is a three-day event which goes from Friday to Sunday. The All-Star game was first staged at the Boston Garden on March 2, 1951.
The starting lineup for each squad is selected by a combination of fan, player, and media voting,[1] while the reserves are chosen by a vote among the head coaches from each squad's respective conference.[2] Coaches are not allowed to vote for their own players. If a selected player is injured and cannot participate, the NBA commissioner selects a replacement. The vote leaders for each conferences are assigned as captains and can choose from a pool of players named as all-stars to form their teams. The newly formed teams will also play for a charity of choice to help the games remain competitive.[3] On January 25, 2018, LeBron James and Stephen Curry became the first players to form their own teams according to the new selection format for the 2018 All-Star game.[4]
The head coach of the team with the best record in each conference is chosen to lead their respective conference in the All-Star Game, with a prohibition against repeat appearances.[2] Known as the "Riley Rule", it was created after perennially successful Los Angeles Lakers head coach Pat Riley earned the right to coach the Western Conference team eight times in nine seasons between 1982 and 1990. The coach of the team with the next best record serves instead.
The 2017 All-Star weekend was originally awarded to Charlotte, North Carolina. On March 23, 2016, North Carolina passed House Bill 2 as a remedy to Charlotte Ordinance 7056. This led to the NBA threatening to pull the game from Charlotte if the bill was not repealed or revised so as to not discriminate against the LGBT community. The NBA announced on July 21, 2016 that the game would be moved from Charlotte to New Orleans.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Features of the All-Star Game
3 All-Star Game records
4 All-Star Game results
5 Other All-Star events
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
History[edit]
The idea of holding an All-Star Game was conceived during a meeting between NBA President Maurice Podoloff, NBA publicity director Haskell Cohen and Boston Celtics owner Walter A. Brown. At that time, the basketball world had just been stunned by the college basketball point-shaving scandal.
In order to regain public attention to the league, Cohen suggested the league to host an exhibition game featuring the league's best players, similar to Major League Baseball's All-Star Game.[5] Although most people, including Podoloff, were pessimistic about the idea, Brown remained confident that it would be a success, and he even offered to host the game and to cover all the expenses or potential losses incurred from the game.[6] In the first All-Star Game, the Eastern All-Stars team defeated the Western All-Stars team 111–94.
Boston Celtics' Ed Macauley was named as the first NBA All-Star Game Most Valuable Player, and the All-Star Game became a success, drawing an attendance of 10,094, much higher than that season's average attendance of 3,500.[7] In 2010, the NBA All Star Game attendance record was set when 108,713 fans jammed Cowboys Stadium in Arlington, Texas. This shattered the existing attendance record previously held at Ford Field on Dec. 13, 2003 when 78,129 attendees watched Michigan State play Kentucky.[8]
On October 3, 2017, the NBA and NBPA announced the changes to the NBA All-Star Game format starting with the 2018 NBA All-Star Game. The vote leaders for each conferences will be assigned as team captains and will be able to select players from the rest of the starters and the reserves, regardless of the conference they play in, to form their own teams. This marks the first time, the conferences will not play against each other since the inaugural All-Star game.[3]
Features of the All-Star Game[edit]
The starting five from each conference consists of three frontcourt players and two guards, selected by a combination of fan, player, and media voting. In 2017, the NBA moved from a pure fan vote to a weighted process wherein fan voting accounts for 50% of the total and player and media voting account for 25% each.[9] The league made the change in response to social media campaigns that resulted in mediocre players such as journeyman Zaza Pachulia nearly being voted as All-Star starters over more deserving players.[10], [11] Prior to 2013, fans selected two forwards and one center instead of generic frontcourt players.[12] The NBA in 2003 began offering All-Star ballots in three languages—English, Spanish and Chinese—for fan voting of the starters.[13]
NBA coaches vote for the reserves for their respective conferences, none of which can be players on their own team. Each coach selects two guards, three frontcourt players and two wild cards, with each selected player ranked in order of preference within each category. If a multi-position player is to be selected, coaches are encouraged to vote for the player at the position that is "most advantageous for the All-Star team", regardless of where the player is listed on the All-Star ballot or the position he is listed in box scores.[14] If a player is unavailable for the game due to injury, the NBA commissioner selects a replacement for the roster. If the replacement is for a fan-selected starter, the all-star coach chooses the replacement in the starting lineup, and is not limited to the commissioner's addition to the roster.[15] It is also possible for more than one All-Star to be selected from one team, but there has never been more than 4 All-Stars represent a team in the game. Most recently was the 2017 Golden State Warriors who had 4 players represent that team (Stephen Curry, Kevin Durant, Draymond Green, and Klay Thompson.) This has only occurred 8 times dating back to 1962 Boston Celtics and the 1962 Los Angeles Lakers.[16]
The Game is played under normal NBA rules, but there are notable differences from an average game. Since the starting All-Stars are selected by fan vote, players sometimes start the game at atypical positions. For instance, in 2007 Kobe Bryant and Tracy McGrady had the two highest fan vote totals among Western Conference guards. As both players normally play shooting guard, Bryant, who is 6'6" (198 cm), started the game as a point guard, despite him also manning the shooting guard position on his team.
The player introductions are usually accompanied by a significant amount of fanfare, including lighting effects, dance music, and pyrotechnics. Special uniforms are designed for the game each year, usually red for the Western Conference and blue for the Eastern Conference, but the 1997–2002 games allowed players the opportunity to wear their respective team uniforms, and until 2009 and from 2015 to the present, the host conference wore light uniforms. Originally players from the same team who share a number have the option to either keep or change numbers (e.g. Patrick Ewing trading his familiar #33 for #3 because of Larry Bird wearing the same number), but since 1997 players from the same team can keep their customary uniform numbers even if they share them. A major recording artist typically sings "O Canada" and "The Star-Spangled Banner" prior to tipoff. One of the more memorable performances was given by Marvin Gaye during the 1983 game; Gaye was accompanied by Gordon Banks, who played a tape from an all night session that used numerous elements of soul music and funk, and Banks still has that historic tape of the music to which Gaye sang his soulful version.
Gameplay usually involves players attempting spectacular slam dunks and alley oops. Defensive effort is usually limited and the final score of the game is generally much higher than an average NBA game. The coaches also try to give most of the reserve players some time on the court instead of using a limited rotation as they would in a normal game, but giving the starters more minutes because that's who the fans want to see most. The fourth quarter of the game is often played in a more competitive fashion, if the game is close.
Halftime is also longer than a typical NBA game due to musical performances by popular artists. Recent guests have included Michael Jackson, Snoop Dogg, Ariana Grande, Elton John, Beyoncé, Mariah Carey, OutKast, Alicia Keys, Shakira, Rihanna, Nicki Minaj, Kendrick Lamar, Christina Aguilera, and John Legend.
All-Star Game records[edit]
Main article: NBA All-Star Game records
All-Star Game results[edit]
This is a list of each All-Star Game, the venue at which it was played, and the Game MVP. Parenthesized numbers indicate multiple times that venue, city, or player has occurred as of that instance (e.g. "Michael Jordan (2)" in 1996 indicates that was his second All-Star MVP award). As of the 2017 All-Star Game (the 2016–17 NBA season)[update], the Eastern Conference leads with a record of 37 wins and 29 losses. The Western Conference has won the last 3 games.
Eastern Conference (37 wins)
Western Conference (29 wins)
Note: Stadium names are named based on the name at the day of the All-Star Game.
Year
Result
Host arena
Host city
Game MVP
1951 East 111, West 94 Boston Garden Boston, Massachusetts Ed Macauley, Boston Celtics
1952 East 108, West 91 Boston Garden (2) Boston, Massachusetts (2) Paul Arizin, Philadelphia Warriors
1953 West 79, East 75 Allen County War Memorial Coliseum Fort Wayne, Indiana George Mikan, Minneapolis Lakers
1954 East 98, West 93 (OT) Madison Square Garden III** New York City, New York Bob Cousy, Boston Celtics
1955 East 100, West 91 Madison Square Garden III** (2) New York City, New York (2) Bill Sharman, Boston Celtics
1956 West 108, East 94 Rochester War Memorial Coliseum Rochester, New York Bob Pettit, St. Louis Hawks
1957 East 109, West 97 Boston Garden (3) Boston, Massachusetts (3) Bob Cousy (2), Boston Celtics
1958 East 130, West 118 St. Louis Arena St. Louis, Missouri Bob Pettit (2), St. Louis Hawks
1959 West 124, East 108 Olympia Stadium Detroit, Michigan Elgin Baylor, Minneapolis Lakers
Bob Pettit (3), St. Louis Hawks
1960 East 125, West 115 Convention Hall Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Wilt Chamberlain, Philadelphia Warriors
1961 West 153, East 131 Onondaga County War Memorial Coliseum Syracuse, New York Oscar Robertson, Cincinnati Royals
1962 West 150, East 130 St. Louis Arena (2) St. Louis, Missouri (2) Bob Pettit (4), St. Louis Hawks
1963 East 115, West 108 LA Sports Arena Los Angeles, California Bill Russell, Boston Celtics
1964 East 111, West 107 Boston Garden (4) Boston, Massachusetts (4) Oscar Robertson (2), Cincinnati Royals
1965 East 124, West 123 St. Louis Arena (3) St. Louis, Missouri (3) Jerry Lucas, Cincinnati Royals
1966 East 137, West 94 Cincinnati Gardens Cincinnati, Ohio Adrian Smith, Cincinnati Royals
1967 West 135, East 120 Cow Palace Daly City, California Rick Barry, San Francisco Warriors
1968 East 144, West 124 Madison Square Garden III** (3) New York City, New York (3) Hal Greer, Philadelphia 76ers
1969 East 123, West 112 Baltimore Civic Center Baltimore, Maryland Oscar Robertson (3), Cincinnati Royals
1970 East 142, West 135 The Spectrum Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (2) Willis Reed, New York Knicks
1971 West 108, East 107 San Diego Sports Arena San Diego, California Lenny Wilkens, Seattle SuperSonics
1972 West 112, East 110 The Forum Inglewood, California Jerry West, Los Angeles Lakers
1973 East 104, West 84 Chicago Stadium Chicago, Illinois Dave Cowens, Boston Celtics
1974 West 134, East 123 Seattle Center Coliseum Seattle, Washington Bob Lanier, Detroit Pistons
1975 East 108, West 102 Arizona Veterans Memorial Coliseum Phoenix, Arizona Walt Frazier, New York Knicks
1976 East 123, West 109 The Spectrum (2) Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (3) Dave Bing, Washington Bullets
1977 West 125, East 124 Milwaukee Arena Milwaukee, Wisconsin Julius Erving, Philadelphia 76ers
1978 East 133, West 125 Omni Coliseum Atlanta, Georgia Randy Smith, Buffalo Braves
1979 West 134, East 129 Pontiac Silverdome Pontiac, Michigan† David Thompson, Denver Nuggets
1980 East 144, West 136 (OT) Capital Centre Landover, Maryland George Gervin, San Antonio Spurs
1981 East 123, West 120 Coliseum at Richfield Richfield, Ohio Nate Archibald, Boston Celtics
1982 East 120, West 118 Brendan Byrne Arena East Rutherford, New Jersey Larry Bird, Boston Celtics
1983 East 132, West 123 The Forum (2) Inglewood, California (2) Julius Erving (2), Philadelphia 76ers
1984 East 154, West 145 (OT) McNichols Sports Arena Denver, Colorado Isiah Thomas, Detroit Pistons
1985 West 140, East 129 Hoosier Dome Indianapolis, Indiana† Ralph Sampson, Houston Rockets
1986 East 139, West 132 Reunion Arena Dallas, Texas Isiah Thomas (2), Detroit Pistons
1987 West 154, East 149 (OT) Kingdome Seattle, Washington† (2) Tom Chambers, Seattle SuperSonics
1988 East 138, West 133 Chicago Stadium (2) Chicago, Illinois (2) Michael Jordan, Chicago Bulls
1989 West 143, East 134 Astrodome Houston, Texas† Karl Malone, Utah Jazz
1990 East 130, West 113 Miami Arena Miami, Florida Magic Johnson, Los Angeles Lakers
1991 East 116, West 114 Charlotte Coliseum Charlotte, North Carolina Charles Barkley, Philadelphia 76ers
1992 West 153, East 113 Orlando Arena Orlando, Florida Magic Johnson (2), Los Angeles Lakers
1993 West 135, East 132 (OT) Delta Center Salt Lake City, Utah Karl Malone (2), Utah Jazz
John Stockton, Utah Jazz
1994 East 127, West 118 Target Center Minneapolis, Minnesota Scottie Pippen, Chicago Bulls
1995 West 139, East 112 America West Arena§ Phoenix, Arizona (2) Mitch Richmond, Sacramento Kings
1996 East 129, West 118 Alamodome San Antonio, Texas Michael Jordan (2), Chicago Bulls
1997 East 132, West 120 Gund Arena Cleveland, Ohio Glen Rice, Charlotte Hornets
1998 East 135, West 114 Madison Square Garden*** New York City, New York (4) Michael Jordan (3), Chicago Bulls
1999 Canceled due to the league's lockout.
The game was originally set to play at the First Union Center in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.[17]
2000 West 137, East 126 The Arena in Oakland Oakland, California Tim Duncan, San Antonio Spurs
Shaquille O'Neal, Los Angeles Lakers
2001 East 111, West 110 MCI Center Washington, D.C. Allen Iverson, Philadelphia 76ers
2002 West 135, East 120 First Union Center Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (4) Kobe Bryant, Los Angeles Lakers
2003 West 155, East 145 (2 OT) Philips Arena Atlanta, Georgia (2) Kevin Garnett, Minnesota Timberwolves
2004 West 136, East 132 Staples Center Los Angeles, California (2) Shaquille O'Neal (2), Los Angeles Lakers
2005 East 125, West 115 Pepsi Center Denver, Colorado (2) Allen Iverson (2), Philadelphia 76ers
2006 East 122, West 120 Toyota Center Houston, Texas (2) LeBron James, Cleveland Cavaliers
2007 West 153, East 132 Thomas & Mack Center Las Vegas, Nevada* Kobe Bryant (2), Los Angeles Lakers
2008 East 134, West 128 New Orleans Arena§ New Orleans, Louisiana LeBron James (2), Cleveland Cavaliers
2009 West 146, East 119 US Airways Center (2) Phoenix, Arizona (3) Kobe Bryant (3), Los Angeles Lakers
Shaquille O'Neal (3), Phoenix Suns
2010 East 141, West 139 Cowboys Stadium Arlington, Texas#† Dwyane Wade, Miami Heat
2011 West 148, East 143 Staples Center (2) Los Angeles, California (3) Kobe Bryant (4), Los Angeles Lakers
2012 West 152, East 149 Amway Center Orlando, Florida (2) Kevin Durant, Oklahoma City Thunder
2013 West 143, East 138 Toyota Center (2) Houston, Texas (3) Chris Paul, Los Angeles Clippers
2014 East 163, West 155 Smoothie King Center (2) New Orleans, Louisiana (2) Kyrie Irving, Cleveland Cavaliers
2015 West 163, East 158 Madison Square Garden (2)*** / Barclays Center New York City, New York (5) Russell Westbrook, Oklahoma City Thunder
2016 West 196, East 173 Air Canada Centre Toronto, Ontario Russell Westbrook (2), Oklahoma City Thunder
2017 West 192, East 182 Smoothie King Center (3) New Orleans, Louisiana (3) Anthony Davis, New Orleans Pelicans
2018[3] Team LeBron 148, Team Stephen 145 Staples Center (3) Los Angeles, California (4) LeBron James (3), Cleveland Cavaliers
2019[18] TBA vs. TBA Spectrum Center Charlotte, North Carolina (2)
2020[19] TBA vs. TBA United Center Chicago, Illinois (3)
2021[20] TBA vs. TBA Bankers Life Fieldhouse Indianapolis, Indiana (2)
Notes
* denotes a city without an NBA team in play during that calendar year.
** denotes game played at the "third" Madison Square Garden on 8th Avenue between 49th and 50th Streets, which the first three NBA All-Star Games played in Madison Square Garden (1954, '55 and '68) were.
*** denotes game played at the "fourth" (or current as of 2017) Madison Square Garden that runs from 31st to 33rd Streets from 8th to west of 7th Avenues above the western half of Penn Station in Manhattan that opened in February 1968, approximately one month after the 1968 game was played in the "old" MSG.
† denotes an NBA All-Star game that is held at an NFL or MLB stadium.
§ denotes a stadium or arena whose venue name has since changed AND the venue has hosted a subsequent NBA All-Star game under the alternate name.
Portland, Sacramento, Memphis, and Oklahoma City are the only current NBA cities that have not yet hosted an NBA All-Star Game.[a]
New arenas that have not hosted the All-Star Game in markets that have hosted it previously are BMO Harris Bradley Center in Milwaukee, United Center in Chicago (currently scheduled to host the 2020 Game), TD Garden in Boston, American Airlines Arena in Miami, Bankers Life Fieldhouse in Indianapolis, American Airlines Center in Dallas, Spectrum Center in Charlotte, AT&T Center in San Antonio, and Little Caesars Arena (opened in 2017) in Detroit.
# Arlington, Texas does not have an NBA team within its city limits, but it is a part of the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex that has an NBA team (the Dallas Mavericks).
Other All-Star events[edit]
Main article: NBA All-Star Weekend
The All-Star Game is the featured event of All-Star Weekend, and it is held on a Sunday night. All-Star Weekend also includes a number of popular exhibition games and competitions featuring NBA players and alumni as well as players from the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) and NBA G League (G League).
See also[edit]
National Basketball Association portal
List of NBA All-Stars
WNBA All-Star Game
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Although Brooklyn has not hosted an All-Star Game, New York City has hosted at the third and current Madison Square Gardens, both home to the New York Knicks.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "How NBA's new voting format determined All-Star starters, snubs". ESPN.com. Retrieved 2017-07-03.
^ Jump up to: a b "Anthony snubbed when All-Star reserves announced". espn.com. Associated Press. February 1, 2007. Retrieved February 2, 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b c "No more East vs. West as NBA revamps All-Star Game format". NBA.com. October 3, 2017. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
Jump up ^ Barnewall, Chris. "NBA All-Star Game draft results: LeBron James, Stephen Curry select their teams". CBS Sports. CBS. Retrieved 26 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Goldstein, Richard (July 3, 2000). "Haskell Cohen, 86, Publicist; Created N.B.A. All-Star Game". The New York Times. Retrieved June 21, 2010.
Jump up ^ Forrester, Paul (February 16, 2007). "That's entertainment; Counting down the top 15 All-Star Weekend moments". Sports Illustrated. Time Warner Company. Retrieved June 21, 2010.
Jump up ^ Penikis, Andrejs. "57 Memorable All-Star Moments–1950s". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Archived from the original on March 5, 2009. Retrieved June 21, 2010.
Jump up ^ MacMahon, Tim. "Jones, Cuban hoping to break 100,000". ESPNDallas.com.
Jump up ^ "How NBA's new voting format determined All-Star starters, snubs". ESPN.com. Retrieved 2017-07-03.
Jump up ^ "How NBA's new voting format determined All-Star starters, snubs". ESPN.com. Retrieved 2017-07-03.
Jump up ^ "Players and media can now vote on NBA All-Star starters". SBNation.com. Retrieved 2017-07-03.
Jump up ^ Beck, Howard (October 24, 2012). "The All-Star Center is Officially Extinct". New York Times. Retrieved October 24, 2012. The N.B.A., bowing to new realities in a multi-positional era, has eliminated "center" from its All-Star ballots for the 2012–13 season. Instead, fans will vote for three frontcourt players and two guards.
Jump up ^ Vecsey, George (January 12, 2003). "Fans in Shanghai Are Voting in the Mainstream". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 2, 2011.
Jump up ^ Stein, Marc (January 18, 2013). "1. Reserve Judgment: Stein's All-Star Benches". ESPN.com. Archived from the original on January 24, 2013.
Jump up ^ "DeMarcus Cousins to replace Kobe Bryant in 2015 NBA All-Star Game" (Press release). NBA. January 30, 2015. Archived from the original on January 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Trivia:NBA Teams with 4 All-Stars".
Jump up ^ Steele, David (December 9, 1998). "NBA Drops All-Stars — What's Left? February game in Philly latest casualty of lockout". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved December 17, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Charlotte to host NBA All-Star 2019". NBA.com. May 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Chicago to host NBA All-Star 2020". NBA.com. November 9, 2017.
Jump up ^ "CIndianapolis selected to host NBA All-Star 2021". NBA.com. December 13, 2017.
External links[edit]
NBA All-Star Game at NBA.com
NBA All-Star Game at Basketball-Reference.com
NBA All-Star Game at ESPN.com
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1950s
1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959
1960s
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
1970s
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979
1980s
1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989
1990s
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
2000s
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
2010s
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
2020s
2020 2021
[show]
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NBA All-Star Game Most Valuable Player Award
1951: Macauley
1952: Arizin
1953: Mikan
1954: Cousy
1955: Sharman
1956: Pettit
1957: Cousy
1958: Pettit
1959: Baylor & Pettit
1960: Chamberlain
1961: Robertson
1962: Pettit
1963: Russell
1964: Robertson
1965: Lucas
1966: A. Smith
1967: Barry
1968: Greer
1969: Robertson
1970: Reed
1971: Wilkens
1972: West
1973: Cowens
1974: Lanier
1975: Frazier
1976: Bing
1977: Erving
1978: R. Smith
1979: Thompson
1980: Gervin
1981: Archibald
1982: Bird
1983: Erving
1984: Thomas
1985: Sampson
1986: Thomas
1987: Chambers
1988: Jordan
1989: Malone
1990: Johnson
1991: Barkley
1992: Johnson
1993: Stockton & Malone
1994: Pippen
1995: Richmond
1996: Jordan
1997: Rice
1998: Jordan
1999: No game played
2000: O'Neal & Duncan
2001: Iverson
2002: Bryant
2003: Garnett
2004: O'Neal
2005: Iverson
2006: James
2007: Bryant
2008: James
2009: Bryant & O'Neal
2010: Wade
2011: Bryant
2012: Durant
2013: Paul
2014: Irving
2015: Westbrook
2016: Westbrook
2017: Davis
[show]
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Shabbat
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This article is about the rest day in Judaism. For Sabbath in the Bible, see Biblical Sabbath. For the Talmudic tractate, see Shabbat (Talmud).
Shabbat candles
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Shabbat (/ʃəˈbɑːt/; Hebrew: שַׁבָּת [ʃa'bat], "rest" or "cessation") or Shabbos (['ʃa.bəs], Ashkenazi Hebrew and Yiddish: שבת), or the Sabbath is Judaism's day of rest and seventh day of the week, on which religious Jews, Samaritans and certain Christians (such as Seventh-day Adventists, the 7th Day movement and Seventh Day Baptists) remember the Biblical creation of the heavens and the earth in six days and the Exodus of the Hebrews, and look forward to a future Messianic Age. Shabbat observance entails refraining from work activities, often with great rigor, and engaging in restful activities to honor the day. Judaism's traditional position is that unbroken seventh-day Shabbat originated among the Jewish people, as their first and most sacred institution, though some suggest other origins. Variations upon Shabbat are widespread in Judaism and, with adaptations, throughout the Abrahamic and many other religions.
According to halakha (Jewish religious law), Shabbat is observed from a few minutes before sunset on Friday evening until the appearance of three stars in the sky on Saturday night.[1] Shabbat is ushered in by lighting candles and reciting a blessing. Traditionally, three festive meals are eaten: in the evening, in the early afternoon, and late in the afternoon. The evening meal and the early afternoon meal typically begin with a blessing called kiddush and another blessing recited over two loaves of challah. Shabbat is closed the following evening with a havdalah blessing.
Shabbat is a festive day when Jews exercise their freedom from the regular labors of everyday life. It offers an opportunity to contemplate the spiritual aspects of life and to spend time with family.
Contents
1 History
1.1 Etymology
1.2 Biblical sources
1.3 Origins
1.4 Status as a holy day
2 Rituals
2.1 Welcoming Sabbath
2.2 Other rituals
2.3 Bidding farewell
3 Prohibited activities
3.1 Orthodox and Conservative
3.1.1 Electricity
3.1.2 Automobiles
3.1.3 Modifications
3.1.4 Permissions
3.2 Reform and Reconstructionist
4 Encouraged activities
5 Special Shabbat
6 Sabbath adaptation
7 See also
8 References
History[edit]
Etymology[edit]
Main article: Sabbath etymology
The word "Shabbat" derives from the Hebrew verb shavat (Hebrew: שָׁבַת). Although frequently translated as "rest" (noun or verb), another accurate translation of these words is "ceasing [from work]", as resting is not necessarily denoted.[citation needed] The related modern Hebrew word shevita (labor strike), has the same implication of active rather than passive abstinence from work. The notion of active cessation from labor is also regarded[by whom?] as more consistent with an omnipotent God's activity on the seventh day of Creation according to Genesis. Other significant connotations[citation needed] are to shevet (שֶּׁבֶת) which means sitting or staying, and to sheva (שֶׁבַע) meaning seven, as Shabbat is the seventh day of the week; the other days of the week do not have names but called by their ordinals.
Biblical sources[edit]
Main article: Biblical Sabbath
Sabbath is given special status as a holy day at the very beginning of the Torah in Genesis 2:1–3. It is first commanded after the Exodus from Egypt, in Exodus 16:26 (relating to the cessation of manna) and in Exodus 16:29 (relating to the distance one may travel by foot on the Sabbath), as also in Exodus 20:8–11 (as the fourth of the Ten Commandments). Sabbath is commanded and commended many more times in the Torah and Tanakh; double the normal number of animal sacrifices are to be offered on the day.[2] Sabbath is also described by the prophets Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, Hosea, Amos, and Nehemiah.
Origins[edit]
A silver matchbox holder for Shabbat from the Republic of Macedonia
The longstanding traditional Jewish position is that unbroken seventh-day Shabbat originated among the Jewish people, as their first and most sacred institution.[3] The origins of Shabbat and a seven-day week are not clear to scholars; the Mosaic tradition claims an origin from the Biblical creation.[4][5]
Seventh-day Shabbat did not originate with the Egyptians, to whom it was unknown;[6] and other origin theories based on the day of Saturn, or on the planets generally, have also been abandoned.[7]
The first non-Biblical reference to Sabbath is in an ostracon found in excavations at Mesad Hashavyahu, which is dated 630 BCE.[8]
Connection to Sabbath observance has been suggested in the designation of the seventh, fourteenth, nineteenth, twenty-first and twenty-eight days of a lunar month in an Assyrian religious calendar as a 'holy day', also called ‘evil days’ (meaning "unsuitable" for prohibited activities). The prohibitions on these days, spaced seven days apart, include abstaining from chariot riding, and the avoidance of eating meat by the King. On these days officials were prohibited from various activities and common men were forbidden to "make a wish", and at least the 28th was known as a "rest-day".[9][10] The Universal Jewish Encyclopedia advanced a theory of Assyriologists like Friedrich Delitzsch[3] (and of Marcello Craveri)[11] that Shabbat originally arose from the lunar cycle in the Babylonian calendar[12][13] containing four weeks ending in Sabbath, plus one or two additional unreckoned days per month.[14] The difficulties of this theory include reconciling the differences between an unbroken week and a lunar week, and explaining the absence of texts naming the lunar week as Sabbath in any language.[7]
Status as a holy day[edit]
A challah cover with Hebrew inscription
The Tanakh and siddur describe Shabbat as having three purposes:[citation needed]
To commemorate God's creation of the universe, on the seventh day of which God rested from (or ceased) his work;
To commemorate the Israelites' redemption from slavery in ancient Egypt;
As a "taste" of Olam Haba (the Messianic Age).
Judaism accords Shabbat the status of a joyous holy day. In many ways, Jewish law gives Shabbat the status of being the most important holy day in the Jewish calendar:[citation needed]
It is the first holy day mentioned in the Bible, and God was the first to observe it with the cessation of Creation (Genesis 2:1–3).
Jewish liturgy treats Shabbat as a "bride" and "queen" (see Shekhinah).
The Sefer Torah is read during the Torah reading which is part of the Shabbat morning services, with a longer reading than during the week. The Torah is read over a yearly cycle of 54 parashioth, one for each Shabbat (sometimes they are doubled). On Shabbat, the reading is divided into seven sections, more than on any other holy day, including Yom Kippur. Then, the Haftarah reading from the Hebrew prophets is read.
A tradition states that the Jewish Messiah will come if every Jew properly observes two consecutive Shabbatoth.[15]
The punishment in ancient times for desecrating Shabbat (stoning) is the most severe punishment in Jewish law.[16]
Rituals[edit]
"Shabbat dinner" redirects here. For the film, see Shabbat Dinner.
Welcoming Sabbath[edit]
Reciting blessing over Shabbat candles
Honoring Shabbat (kavod Shabbat) on Preparation Day (Friday) includes bathing, having a haircut and cleaning and beautifying the home (with flowers, for example). According to Jewish law, Shabbat starts a few minutes before sunset. Candles are lit at this time. It is customary in many communities to light the candles 18 minutes before sundown (tosefet Shabbat, though sometimes 36 minutes), and most printed Jewish calendars adhere to this custom. The Kabbalat Shabbat service is a prayer service welcoming the arrival of Shabbat. Before Friday night dinner, it is customary to sing two songs, one "greeting" two Shabbat angels into the house[17] and the other praising the woman of the house for all the work she has done over the past week.[18] After blessings over the wine and challah, a festive meal is served. Singing is traditional at Sabbath meals.[19] In modern times, many composers have written sacred music for use during the Kabbalat Shabbat observance, including Robert Strassburg [20] and Samuel Adler.[21].
According to rabbinic literature, God via the Torah commands Jews to observe (refrain from forbidden activity) and remember (with words, thoughts, and actions) Shabbat, and these two actions are symbolized by the customary two Shabbat candles. Candles are lit usually by the woman of the house (or else by a man who lives alone). Some families light more candles, sometimes in accordance with the number of children.[22]
Other rituals[edit]
"Oyneg Shabes" and "Oneg Shabbat" redirect here. For the collection of documents from the Warsaw Ghetto collected and preserved by the group known by the code name Oyneg Shabes, see Ringelblum Archive.
Shabbat is a day of celebration as well as prayer. It is customary to eat three festive meals: Dinner on Shabbat eve (Friday night), lunch on Shabbat day (Saturday), and a third meal (a Seudah Shlishit) in the late afternoon (Saturday). It is also customary to wear nice clothing (different from during the week) on Shabbat to honor the day.
Many Jews attend synagogue services on Shabbat even if they do not do so during the week. Services are held on Shabbat eve (Friday night), Shabbat morning (Saturday morning), and late Shabbat afternoon (Saturday afternoon).
With the exception of Yom Kippur, which is referred to in the Torah (Lev 23:32) as "Shabbat of Shabbatoth", days of public fasting are postponed or advanced if they coincide with Shabbat. Mourners sitting shivah (week of mourning subsequent to the death of a spouse or first-degree relative) outwardly conduct themselves normally for the duration of the day and are forbidden to display public signs of mourning.
Although most Shabbat laws are restrictive, the fourth of the Ten Commandments in Exodus is taken by the Talmud and Maimonides to allude to the positive commandments of Shabbat. These include:
Honoring Shabbat (kavod Shabbat): on Shabbat, wearing festive clothing and refraining from unpleasant conversation. It is customary to avoid talk about money or business matters on Shabbat.[23]
Recitation of kiddush over a cup of wine at the beginning of Shabbat meals, or at a reception after the conclusion of morning prayers (see the list of Jewish prayers and blessings).
Two homemade whole-wheat challahs covered by traditional embroidered Shabbat challah cover
Eating three festive meals. Meals begin with a blessing over two loaves of bread (lechem mishneh, "double bread"), usually of braided challah, which is symbolic of the double portion of manna that fell for the Jewish people on the day before Sabbath during their 40 years in the desert after the Exodus from Egypt. It is customary to serve meat or fish, and sometimes both, for Shabbat evening and morning meals. Seudah Shlishit (literally, "third meal"), generally a light meal that may be pareve or dairy, is eaten late Shabbat afternoon.
Enjoying Shabbat (oneg Shabbat): Engaging in pleasurable activities such as eating, singing, spending time with the family and marital relations. Sometimes referred to as "Shabbating".
Recitation of havdalah.
Bidding farewell[edit]
Main article: Havdalah
Observing the closing havdalah ritual in 14th-century Spain
Havdalah (Hebrew: הַבְדָּלָה, "separation") is a Jewish religious ceremony that marks the symbolic end of Shabbat, and ushers in the new week. At the conclusion of Shabbat at nightfall, after the appearance of three stars in the sky, the havdalah blessings are recited over a cup of wine, and with the use of fragrant spices and a candle, usually braided. Some communities delay havdalah later into the night in order to prolong Shabbat. There are different customs regarding how much time one should wait after the stars have surfaced until the sabbath technically ends. Some people hold by 72 minutes later and other hold longer and shorter than that.
Prohibited activities[edit]
Main article: Activities prohibited on Shabbat
Jewish law (halakha) prohibits doing any form of melakhah (מְלָאכָה, plural melakhoth) on Shabbat, unless an urgent human or medical need is life-threatening. Though melakhah is commonly translated as "work" in English, a better definition is "deliberate activity" or "skill and craftmanship". There are 39 categories of prohibited activities (melakhoth) listed in Mishnah Tractate Shabbat 7:2.
The term shomer Shabbat is used for a person (or organization) who adheres to Shabbat laws consistently. The shomer Shabbat is an archetype mentioned in Jewish songs (e.g., Baruch El Elyon) and the intended audience for various treatises on Jewish law and practice for Shabbat (e.g., Shemirat Shabbat ke-Hilkhata).
There are often disagreements between Orthodox Jews and non-Orthodox Jews as to the practical observance of the Sabbath. The (strict) observance of the Sabbath is often seen as a benchmark for orthodoxy and indeed has legal bearing on the way a Jew is seen by an orthodox religious court regarding their affiliation to Judaism. See Rabbi Joseph B. Soloveitchik's "Beis HaLevi" commentary on parasha Ki Tissa for further elaboration regarding the legal ramifications.
The 39 categories of melakhah are:
plowing earth
sowing
reaping
binding sheaves
threshing
winnowing
selecting
grinding
sifting
kneading
baking
shearing wool
washing wool
beating wool
dyeing wool
spinning
weaving
making two loops
weaving two threads
separating two threads
tying
untying
sewing stitches
tearing
trapping
slaughtering
flaying
tanning
scraping hide
marking hide
cutting hide to shape
writing two or more letters
erasing two or more letters
building
demolishing
extinguishing a fire
kindling a fire
putting the finishing touch on an object, and
transporting an object (between private and public domains, or over 4 cubits within public domain)
The categories of labors prohibited on Shabbat are exegetically derived – on account of Biblical passages juxtaposing Shabbat observance (Ex. 35:1–3) to making the Tabernacle (Ex. 35:4 ff.) – that they are the kinds of work that were necessary for the construction of the Tabernacle. They are not explicitly listed in the Torah; the Mishnah observes that "the laws of Shabbat ... are like mountains hanging by a hair, for they are little Scripture but many laws".[24] Many rabbinic scholars have pointed out that these labors have in common activity that is "creative", or that exercises control or dominion over one's environment.[25]
Orthodox and Conservative[edit]
Different streams of Judaism view the prohibition on work in different ways. Observant Orthodox and Conservative Jews refrain from performing the 39 prohibited categories of activities. Each melakhah has derived prohibitions of various kinds. There are, therefore, many more forbidden activities on Shabbat; all are traced back to one of the 39 above principal melakhoth.
Given the above, the 39 melakhoth are not so much activities as "categories of activity". For example, while "winnowing" usually refers exclusively to the separation of chaff from grain, and "selecting" refers exclusively to the separation of debris from grain, they refer in the Talmudic sense to any separation of intermixed materials which renders edible that which was inedible. Thus, filtering undrinkable water to make it drinkable falls under this category, as does picking small bones from fish (gefilte fish is one solution to this problem).
Electricity[edit]
Main article: Electricity on Shabbat
Orthodox and some Conservative authorities rule that turning electric devices on or off is prohibited as a melakhah; however, authorities are not in agreement about exactly which one(s). One view is that tiny sparks are created in a switch when the circuit is closed, and this would constitute lighting a fire (category 37). If the appliance is purposed for light or heat (such as an incandescent bulb or electric oven), then the lighting or heating elements may be considered as a type of fire that falls under both lighting a fire (category 37) and cooking (i.e., baking, category 11). Turning lights off would be extinguishing a fire (category 36).
Another view is that a device plugged into an electrical outlet of a wall becomes part of the building, but is nonfunctional while the switch is off; turning it on would then constitute building (category 35) and turning it off would be demolishing (category 34). Some schools of thought consider the use of electricity to be forbidden only by rabbinic injunction, rather than because it violates one of the original categories.
A common solution to the problem of electricity involves preset timers (Shabbat clocks) for electric appliances, to turn them on and off automatically, with no human intervention on Shabbat itself. Some Conservative authorities[26][27][28] reject altogether the arguments for prohibiting the use of electricity. Some Orthodox also hire a "Shabbos goy", a Gentile to perform prohibited tasks (like operating light switches) on Shabbat.
Automobiles[edit]
Main article: Driving during Shabbat
Orthodox and many Conservative authorities completely prohibit the use of automobiles on Shabbat as a violation of multiple categories, including lighting a fire, extinguishing a fire, and transferring between domains (category 39). However, the Conservative movement's Committee on Jewish Law and Standards permits driving to a synagogue on Shabbat, as an emergency measure, on the grounds that if Jews lost contact with synagogue life they would become lost to the Jewish people.
A halakhically authorized Shabbat mode added to a power-operated mobility scooter may be used on the observance of Shabbat for those with walking limitations, often referred to as a Shabbat scooter. It is intended only for individuals whose limited mobility is dependent on a scooter or automobile consistently throughout the week.
Modifications[edit]
Seemingly "forbidden" acts may be performed by modifying technology such that no law is actually violated. In Sabbath mode, a "Sabbath elevator" will stop automatically at every floor, allowing people to step on and off without anyone having to press any buttons, which would normally be needed to work. (Dynamic braking is also disabled if it is normally used, i.e., shunting energy collected from downward travel, and thus the gravitational potential energy of passengers, into a resistor network.) However, many rabbinical authorities consider the use of such elevators by those who are otherwise capable as a violation of Shabbat, with such workarounds being for the benefit of the frail and handicapped and not being in the spirit of the day.
Many observant Jews avoid the prohibition of carrying by use of an eruv. Others make their keys into a tie bar, part of a belt buckle, or a brooch, because a legitimate article of clothing or jewelry may be worn rather than carried. An elastic band with clips on both ends, and with keys placed between them as integral links, may be considered a belt.
Shabbat lamps have been developed to allow a light in a room to be turned on or off at will while the electricity remains on. A special mechanism blocks out the light when the off position is desired without violating Shabbat.
The Shabbos App is a proposed Android app claimed by its creators to enable Orthodox Jews, and all Jewish Sabbath-observers, to use a smartphone to text on the Jewish Sabbath. It has met with resistance from some authorities.[29][30][31][32]
Permissions[edit]
Main article: Pikuach nefesh
In the event that a human life is in danger (pikuach nefesh), a Jew is not only allowed, but required,[33][34] to violate any halakhic law that stands in the way of saving that person (excluding murder, idolatry, and forbidden sexual acts). The concept of life being in danger is interpreted broadly: for example, it is mandated that one violate Shabbat to bring a woman in active labor to a hospital. Lesser rabbinic restrictions are often violated under much less urgent circumstances (a patient who is ill but not critically so).
We did everything to save lives, despite Shabbat. People asked, 'Why are you here? There are no Jews here', but we are here because the Torah orders us to save lives .... We are desecrating Shabbat with pride.
—  Mati Goldstein, commander of the Jewish ZAKA rescue-mission to the 2010 Haiti earthquake[35]
Various other legal principles closely delineate which activities constitute desecration of Shabbat. Examples of these include the principle of shinui ("change" or "deviation"): A violation is not regarded as severe if the prohibited act was performed in a way that would be considered abnormal on a weekday. Examples include writing with one's nondominant hand, according to many rabbinic authorities. This legal principle operates bedi'avad (ex post facto) and does not cause a forbidden activity to be permitted barring extenuating circumstances.
Reform and Reconstructionist[edit]
Generally, adherents of Reform and Reconstructionist Judaism believe that the individual Jew determines whether to follow Shabbat prohibitions or not. For example, some Jews might find activities, such as writing or cooking for leisure, to be enjoyable enhancements to Shabbat and its holiness, and therefore may encourage such practices. Many Reform Jews believe that what constitutes "work" is different for each person, and that only what the person considers "work" is forbidden.[36] The radical Reform rabbi Samuel Holdheim advocated moving Sabbath to Sunday for many no longer observed it, a step taken by dozens of congregations in the United States in late 19th century.[37]
More rabbinically traditional Reform and Reconstructionist Jews believe that these halakhoth in general may be valid, but that it is up to each individual to decide how and when to apply them. A small fraction of Jews in the Progressive Jewish community accept these laws much the same way as Orthodox Jews.
Encouraged activities[edit]
All Jewish denominations encourage the following activities on Shabbat:
Reading, studying, and discussing Torah and commentary, Mishnah and Talmud, and learning some halakha and midrash.
Synagogue attendance for prayers.
Spending time with other Jews and socializing with family, friends, and guests at Shabbat meals (hachnasat orchim, "hospitality").
Singing zemiroth or niggunim, special songs for Shabbat meals (commonly sung during or after a meal).
Marital relations between husband and wife.[38]
Sleeping.
Special Shabbat[edit]
Main article: Special Shabbat
Special Shabbatot are the Shabbatot that precede important Jewish holidays: e.g., Shabbat HaGadol (Shabbat preceding Pesach), Shabbat Zachor (Shabbat preceding Purim), and Shabbat Shuvah (Shabbat between Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur).
Sabbath adaptation[edit]
Main articles: First-day Sabbath and Seventh-day Sabbath
Most Christians do not observe Saturday Sabbath, but instead observe a weekly day of worship on Sunday, which is often called the "Lord's Day". Several Christian denominations, such as the Seventh-day Adventist Church, the Church of God (7th Day), the Seventh Day Baptists, and many others, observe seventh-day Sabbath. This observance is celebrated from Friday sunset to Saturday sunset.
The principle of weekly Sabbath also exists in other beliefs. Examples include the Babylonian calendar, the Buddhist uposatha, and the Unification Church's Ahn Shi Il.
See also[edit]
Look up Shabbat or shabbat in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Look up Sabbath in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Shabbat.
Baqashot
Church attendance
Havdalah
Hebrew calendar
Jewish greetings
Jewish prayer
Jumu'ah
Moed
Sabbath desecration
Sabbath in Christianity
Sabbath in seventh-day churches
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Shulchan Aruch, Orach Chayim 293:2
Jump up ^ Every Person's Guide to Shabbat, by Ronald H. Isaacs, Jason Aronson, 1998, p. 6
^ Jump up to: a b Landau, Judah Leo. The Sabbath. Johannesburg, South Africa: Ivri Publishing Society, Ltd. pp. 2, 12. Retrieved 2009-03-26.
Jump up ^ Graham, I. L. (2009). "The Origin of the Sabbath". Presbyterian Church of Eastern Australia. Archived from the original on December 3, 2008. Retrieved 2009-03-26.
Jump up ^ "Jewish religious year: The Sabbath". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2009. Retrieved 2009-03-26. According to biblical tradition, it commemorates the original seventh day on which God rested after completing the creation. Scholars have not succeeded in tracing the origin of the seven-day week, nor can they account for the origin of the Sabbath.
Jump up ^ Bechtel, Florentine (1912). "Sabbath". The Catholic Encyclopedia. 13. New York City: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved 2009-03-26.
^ Jump up to: a b Sampey, John Richard (1915). "Sabbath: Critical Theories". In Orr, James. The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. Howard-Severance Company. p. 2630. Retrieved 2009-08-13.
Jump up ^ "Mezad Hashavyahu Ostracon, c. 630 BCE". Archived from the original on 2013-01-30. Retrieved 2012-09-12.
Jump up ^ "Histoire du peuple hébreu". André Lemaire. Presses Universitaires de France 2009 (8e édition), p. 66
Jump up ^ Eviatar Zerubavel (1985). The Seven Day Circle: The History and Meaning of the Week. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-98165-7.
Jump up ^ Craveri, Marcello (1967). The Life of Jesus. Grove Press. p. 134.
Jump up ^ Joseph, Max (1943). "Holidays". In Landman, Isaac. The Universal Jewish Encyclopedia: An authoritative and popular presentation of Jews and Judaism since the earliest times. 5. Cohen, Simon, compiler. The Universal Jewish Encyclopedia, Inc. p. 410.
Jump up ^ Joseph, Max (1943). "Sabbath". In Landman, Isaac. The Universal Jewish Encyclopedia: An authoritative and popular presentation of Jews and Judaism since the earliest times. 9. Cohen, Simon, compiler. The Universal Jewish Encyclopedia, Inc. p. 295.
Jump up ^ Cohen, Simon (1943). "Week". In Landman, Isaac. The Universal Jewish Encyclopedia: An authoritative and popular presentation of Jews and Judaism since the earliest times. 10. Cohen, Simon, compiler. The Universal Jewish Encyclopedia, Inc. p. 482.
Jump up ^ Shabbat 118
Jump up ^ See e.g. Numbers 15:32–36.
Jump up ^ Shabbat 119b
Jump up ^ Proverbs 31:10–31
Jump up ^ Ferguson, Joey (May 20, 2011). "Jewish lecture series focuses on Sabbath Course at Chabad center focuses on secrets of sabbath's serenity". Deseret News. The more we are able to invest in it, the more we are able to derive pleasure from the Sabbath." Jewish belief is based on understanding that observance of the Sabbath is the source of all blessing, said Rabbi Zippel in an interview. He referred to the Jewish Sabbath as a time where individuals disconnect themselves from all endeavors that enslave them throughout the week and compared the day to pressing a reset button on a machine. A welcome prayer over wine or grape juice from the men and candle lighting from the women invokes the Jewish Sabbath on Friday at sundown.
Jump up ^ "Strassburg, Robert". Milken Archive of Jewish Music. Retrieved 8 October 2017.
Jump up ^ "Milken Archive of Jewish Music – People – Samuel Adler". Retrieved 2 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Shulchan Aruch, Orach Chaim 261.
Jump up ^ Derived from Isaiah 58:13–14.
Jump up ^ Chagigah 1:8.
Jump up ^ Klein, Miriam (April 27, 2011). "Sabbath Offers Serenity in a Fast-Paced World". Triblocal. Chicago Tribune.
Jump up ^ Neulander, Arthur (1950). "The Use of Electricity on the Sabbath". Proceedings of the Rabbinical Assembly. 14: 165–171.
Jump up ^ Adler, Morris; Agus, Jacob; Friedman, Theodore (1950). "Responsum on the Sabbath". Proceedings of the Rabbinical Assembly. 14: 112–137.
Jump up ^ Klein, Isaac. A Guide to Jewish Religious Practice. The Jewish Theological Seminary of America: New York, 1979.
Jump up ^ Hannah Dreyfus (October 2, 2014). "New Shabbos App Creates Uproar Among Orthodox Circles". The Jewish Week. Archived from the original on October 7, 2014. Retrieved October 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ David Shamah (October 2, 2014). "App lets Jewish kids text on Sabbath – and stay in the fold; The 'Shabbos App' is generating controversy in the Jewish community – and a monumental on-line discussion of Jewish law". The Times of Israel. Retrieved October 3, 2014.
Jump up ^ Daniel Koren (October 2, 2014). "Finally, Now You Can Text on Saturdays Thanks to New 'Shabbos App'". Shalom Life. Archived from the original on October 7, 2014. Retrieved October 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Will the Shabbos App Change Jewish Life, Raise Rabbinic Ire, or Both?". Jewish Business News. October 2, 2014. Retrieved October 12, 2014.
Jump up ^ 8 saved during "Shabbat from hell" Archived 2010-01-19 at the Wayback Machine. (January 17, 2010) in Israel 21c Innovation News Service Retrieved 2010–01–18
Jump up ^ ZAKA rescue mission to Haiti 'proudly desecrating Shabbat' Religious rescue team holds Shabbat prayer with members of international missions in Port au-Prince. Retrieved 2010–01–22
Jump up ^ "ZAKA mission to Haiti 'proudly desecrating Shabbat'". Ynetnews.com. Retrieved 8 October 2017.
Jump up ^ Faigin, Daniel P. (2003-09-04). "Soc.Culture.Jewish Newsgroups Frequently Asked Questions and Answers". Usenet. p. 18.4.7. Retrieved 2009-03-27.
Jump up ^ "The Sunday-Sabbath Movement in American Reform Judaism: Strategy or Evolution" (PDF). Americanjewisharchives.org. Retrieved 8 October 2017.
Jump up ^ Shulkhan Arukh, Orach Chaim 280:1
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interlanguage-link interwiki-nds
display: none;

values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szabat
Szabat – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabat
Shabat – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Шаббат – Russian

values:
https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat
Shabbat – Scots
sco
sco
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-simple badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapatti
Sapatti – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabbat
Sabbat – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values:
https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbat
Shabbat – Tagalog
tl
tl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tl
display: none;

values: ஓய்வு நாள் (யூதம்) – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Шабаш (єврейський) – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Shabbat rootpage-Shabbat skin-vector action-view