text:
Igbo people
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Ndigbo" redirects here. For the pan-Igbo organization, see Ohanaeze Ndigbo.
Igbo people
Ṇ́dị́ Ìgbò[citation needed]
Location of the Igbo homeland (dark green)
in Nigeria (green)
Total population
(c. 34 million (2016 est.))
Regions with significant populations
Nigeria 33 million (2016)[1]
Languages
Igbo
Religion
Primarily Christianity, sometimes syncretised with indigenous Igbo religion and belief systems, minority Islam.[2]
Related ethnic groups
Cross River groups of southeastern Nigeria (Ibibio, Efik, Annang, Ogoni); more remotely the YEAI group within Volta-Niger.
The Igbo people (English: /ˈɪɡboʊ/; erroneously Ibo,[3][4] formerly also Iboe, Ebo, Eboe,[5] Eboans,[6] Heebo;[7] natively Ṇ́dị́ Ìgbò [ìɡ͡bò] ( listen)[citation needed]) are an ethnic group native to the present-day south-central and southeastern Nigeria. Geographically, the Igbo homeland is divided into two unequal sections by the Niger River – an eastern (which is the larger of the two) and a western section.[8][9] The Igbo people are one of the largest ethnic groups in Africa.[10]
The Igbo language is divided into numerous regional dialects, and somewhat mutually intelligible with the larger "Igboid" cluster.[11] The Igbo homeland straddles the lower Niger River, east and south of the Edoid and Idomoid groups, and west of the Ibibioid (Cross River) cluster.
In rural Nigeria, Igbo people work mostly as craftsmen, farmers and traders. The most important crop is the yam.[12] Other staple crops include cassava and taro.[13] The Igbos are also highly urbanized, with some of the largest metropolitan areas, cities and towns in Igboland being Onitsha, Enugu, Aba, Owerri, Orlu, Okigwe, Asaba, Awka, Nsukka, Nnewi, Umuahia, Abakaliki, Afikpo, Agbor and Arochukwu.
Before British colonial rule in the 20th century, the Igbo were a politically fragmented group, with a number of centralized chiefdoms such as Nri, Arochukwu, Agbor and Onitsha.[14] Frederick Lugard introduced the Eze system of "Warrant Chiefs".[15] Unaffected by the Islamic jihad sweeping Nigeria in the 19th century, they became overwhelmingly Christian under colonization. In the wake of decolonisation, the Igbo developed a strong sense of ethnic identity.[13] During the Nigerian Civil War of 1967–1970 the Igbo territories seceded as the short-lived Republic of Biafra.[16] MASSOB, a sectarian organization formed in 1999, continues a non-violent struggle for an independent Igbo state.[17]
Small ethnic Igbo populations are found in Cameroon[18] and Equatorial Guinea,[19] as well as outside Africa.
Contents
[hide]
1 Definition and subgroups
2 History
2.1 Prehistory
2.2 Nri Kingdom
2.3 Traditional society
2.4 Transatlantic slave trade and diaspora
2.5 Colonial period
2.6 Nigerian–Biafran War
2.7 Recent history (1970 to present)
3 Archives
4 Political organisation
5 Culture
5.1 Language and literature
5.2 Performing arts
5.3 Visual art and architecture
5.4 Religion and rites of passage
5.4.1 Native religion
5.4.2 Burials
5.4.3 Marriage
5.5 Attire
5.6 Cuisine
6 Demographics
6.1 Nigeria
6.2 Diaspora
7 Notable people of Igbo origin
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links
Definition and subgroups
Part of a series on
Igbo people
Subgroups
Anioma · Agbo · Aro · Edda · Ekpeye
Etche · Ezza · Ika · Ikwerre · Ikwo
Ishielu · Izzi · Mbaise · Mgbo · Ngwa
Nkalu · Nri-Igbo · Ogba · Ohafia
Ohuhu · Omuma · Onitsha
Oratta · Ubani · Ukwuani
List of Igbo people
Igbo culture
Art · Performing arts
Dress · Education · Flag
Calendar · Cuisine · Language
Literature · Music (Ogene, Igbo Highlife)
Odinani (religion) · New Yam Festival
Diaspora
United States · Jamaica · Japan
Trinidad and Tobago
Canada · United Kingdom · Saros
Languages and dialects
Igbo · Igboid · Delta Igbo
Enuani Igbo · Ika Igbo
Ikwerre · Ukwuani · names
Politics (History)
List of rulers of Nri · Biafra
MASSOB · Anti-Igbo sentiment
Eastern Nigeria · Nigeria
Geography
States (Nigeria):
Abia · Anambra · Ebonyi · Enugu
Imo · Rivers · Delta · Akwa Ibom
Cross River
Major cities:
Onicha · Enugwu · Aba
Ugwu Ọcha · Owerre · Ahaba Abakiliki
Igbo portal
v
t
e
"Igbo" as an ethnic identity developed comparatively recently, in the context of decolonisation and the Nigerian Civil War. The various Igbo-speaking communities were historically fragmented and decentralised,[20] In the opinion of Chinua Achebe (2000), Igbo identity should be placed somewhere between a "tribe" and a "nation".[21] Since the defeat of the Republic of Biafra in 1970, the Igbo are sometimes classed as a "stateless nation".[22]
History
Prehistory
Further information: Niger–Congo homeland
The Igboid languages form a cluster within the Volta–Niger phylum, most likely grouped with Yoruboid and Edoid.[23] The greatest differentiation within the Igboid group is between the Ekpeye and the rest. Williamson (2002) argues that based on this pattern, proto-Igboid migration would have moved down the Niger from a more northern area in the savannah and first settled close to the delta, with a secondary center of Igbo proper more to the north, in the Awka area.[24]
Pottery dated at around 2500 BCE showing similarities with later Igbo work was found at Nsukka in the 1970s, along with pottery and tools at nearby Ibagwa; the traditions of the Umueri clan have as their source the Anambra valley. In the 1970s the Owerri, Okigwe, Orlu, Awgu, Udi and Awka divisions were determined to constitute "an Igbo heartland" from the linguistic and cultural evidence.[25]
Genetic studies have shown the Igbo to cluster most closely with other Niger-Congo-speaking peoples.[26] The predominant Y-chromosmoal haplogroup is E-V38 (E1b1a).[27]
Nri Kingdom
Main article: Kingdom of Nri
Bronze from the ninth century town of Igbo Ukwu, now at the British Museum.[28]
The Nri people of Igbo land have a creation myth which is one of the many creation myths that exist in various parts of Igbo land. The Nri and Aguleri people are in the territory of the Umueri clan who trace their lineages back to the patriarchal king-figure Eri.[29] Eri's origins are unclear, though he has been described as a "sky being" sent by Chukwu (God).[29][30] He has been characterized as having first given societal order to the people of Anambra.[30] The historian Elizabeth Allo Isichei says "Nri and Aguleri and part of the Umueri clan, [are] a cluster of Igbo village groups which traces its origins to a sky being called Eri."[31]
Archaeological evidence suggests that Nri hegemony in Igboland may go back as far as the 9th century,[32] and royal burials have been unearthed dating to at least the 10th century. Eri, the god-like founder of Nri, is believed to have settled the region around 948 with other related Igbo cultures following after in the 13th century.[33] The first Eze Nri (King of Nri) Ìfikuánim followed directly after him. According to Igbo oral tradition, his reign started in 1043.[34] At least one historian puts Ìfikuánim's reign much later, around 1225 AD.[35]
Each king traces his origin back to the founding ancestor, Eri. Each king is a ritual reproduction of Eri. The initiation rite of a new king shows that the ritual process of becoming Ezenri (Nri priest-king) follows closely the path traced by the hero in establishing the Nri kingdom.
E. Elochukwu Uzukwu[36]
An Igbo man with facial scarifications, known as ichi, early 20th century[37]
The Kingdom of Nri was a religio-polity, a sort of theocratic state, that developed in the central heartland of the Igbo region.[33] The Nri had seven types of taboos which included human (such as the birth of twins), animal (such as killing or eating of pythons),[38] object, temporal, behavioral, speech and place taboos.[39] The rules regarding these taboos were used to educate and govern Nri's subjects. This meant that, while certain Igbo may have lived under different formal administration, all followers of the Igbo religion had to abide by the rules of the faith and obey its representative on earth, the Eze Nri.[39][40]
Traditional society
Traditional Igbo political organization was based on a quasi-democratic republican system of government. In tight knit communities, this system guaranteed its citizens equality, as opposed to a feudalist system with a king ruling over subjects.[41] This government system was witnessed by the Portuguese who first arrived and met with the Igbo people in the 15th century.[42] With the exception of a few notable Igbo towns such as Onitsha, which had kings called Obi, and places like the Nri Kingdom and Arochukwu, which had priest kings; Igbo communities and area governments were overwhelmingly ruled solely by a republican consultative assembly of the common people.[41] Communities were usually governed and administered by a council of elders.[43]
Three Igbo women in the early 20th century[44]
Although title holders were respected because of their accomplishments and capabilities, they were never revered as kings, but often performed special functions given to them by such assemblies. This way of governing was immensely different from most other communities of Western Africa, and only shared by the Ewe of Ghana. Umunna are a form of patrilineage maintained by the Igbo. Law starts with the Umunna which is a male line of descent from a founding ancestor (who the line is sometimes named after) with groups of compounds containing closely related families headed by the eldest male member. The Umunna can be seen as the most important pillar of Igbo society.[45][46][47]
Mathematics in indigenous Igbo society is evident in their calendar, banking system and strategic betting game called Okwe.[48] In their indigenous calendar, a week had four days, a month consisted of seven weeks and 13 months made a year. In the last month, an extra day was added.[49][50] This calendar is still used in indigenous Igbo villages and towns to determine market days.[51] They settled law matters via mediators, and their banking system for loans and savings, called Isusu, is also still used.[52] The Igbo new year, starting with the month Ọ́nwạ́ M̀bụ́ (Igbo: First Moon) occurs on the third week of February,[53] although the traditional start of the year for many Igbo communities is around springtime in Ọ́nwạ́ Ágwụ́ (June).[54][55] Used as a ceremonial script by secret societies, the Igbo have an indigenous ideographic set of symbols called Nsibidi, originating from the neighboring Ejagham people.[56] Igbo people produced bronzes from as early as the 9th century, some of which have been found at the town of Igbo Ukwu, Anambra state.[28]
Igbo Trade Routes before 1900
A system of indentured servitude existed among the Igbo before and after the encounter with Europeans.[57][58] Indentured service in Igbo areas was described by Olaudah Equiano in his memoir. He describes the conditions of the slaves in his community of Essaka, and points out the difference between the treatment of slaves under the Igbo in Essaka, and those in the custody of Europeans in West Indies:
…but how different was their condition from that of the slaves in the West Indies! With us, they do no more work than other members of the community,… even their master;… (except that they were not permitted to eat with those… free-born;) and there was scarce any other difference between them,… Some of these slaves have… slaves under them as their own property… for their own use.[58]
The Niger coast was an area of contact between African and European traders from the years 1434–1807. The Portuguese were the first traders, then the Dutch and finally the British.[59] Prior to European contact, Igbo trade routes stretched as far as Mecca, Medina and Jeddah on the continent.[60]
Transatlantic slave trade and diaspora
Main article: The Igbo in the Atlantic slave trade
Bussa, Barbadian slave revolt leader of Igbo descent.[61]
Edward Blyden, Americo-Liberian educator, writer and politician of Igbo descent.[62][63]
Paul Robeson, American actor and writer whose father was of Igbo descent.[64]
Aimé Césaire, Martiniquais poet and politician claimed Igbo descent.[65]
Chambers (2002) argued that many of the slaves taken from the Bight of Biafra across the Middle Passage would have been Igbo.[66] These slaves were usually sold to Europeans by the Aro Confederacy, who kidnapped or bought slaves from Igbo villages in the hinterland.[67] Most Igbo slaves were not victims of slave-raiding wars or expeditions, but were sometimes debtors and people who committed what their communities considered to be abominations or crimes.[68] With the goal for freedom, enslaved Igbos were known to the British colonists as being rebellious and having a high rate of suicide to escape slavery.[69][70][71] There is evidence that traders sought Igbo women.[72][73] Igbo women were paired with Coromantee (Akan) men to subdue the men because of the belief that the women were bound to their first-born sons’ birthplace.
Contrary to common belief, European slave traders were fairly well informed about various African ethnicities, leading to slavers' targeting certain ethnic groups which plantation owners preferred. Particular desired ethnic groups consequently became fairly concentrated in certain parts of the Americas.[74] The Igbo were dispersed to colonies such as Jamaica,[5] Cuba,[5] Saint-Domingue,[5] Barbados,[75] the United States,[76] Belize[77] and Trinidad and Tobago,[78] among others.
Elements of Igbo culture can still be found in these places. For example, in Jamaican Patois, the Igbo word unu, meaning "you" plural, is still used.[79] "Red Ibo" (or "red eboe") describes a black person with fair or "yellowish" skin. This term had originated from the reported prevalence of these skin tones among the Igbo but eastern Nigerian influences may not be strictly Igbo.[80] The word Bim, a colloquial term for Barbados, was commonly used among enslaved Barbadians (Bajans). This word is said to have derived from bém in the Igbo language meaning 'my place or people', but may have other origins (see: Barbados etymology).[81][82] A section of Belize City was named Eboe Town after its Igbo inhabitants.[83] In the United States, the Igbo were imported most commonly to the Chesapeake Bay colonies and states of Maryland and Virginia, where they constituted the largest group of Africans.[84][85] Since the late 20th century, a wave of Nigerian immigrants, mostly English and Igbo-speaking, have settled in Maryland, attracted to its strong professional job market.[86]
Colonial period
Main article: Colonial Nigeria
The 19th-century British colonization effort in present-day Nigeria and increased encounters between the Igbo and other ethnicities near the Niger River led to a deepening sense of a distinct Igbo ethnic identity. The Igbo proved decisive and enthusiastic in their embrace of Christianity and Western education.[87][88] Due to the incompatibility of the Igbo decentralized style of government and the centralized system including the appointment of warrant chiefs required for British indirect rule, British colonial rule was marked with open conflicts and much tension.[57] Under British colonial rule, the diversity within each of Nigeria's major ethnic groups slowly decreased and distinctions between the Igbo and other large ethnic groups, such as the Hausa and the Yoruba, became sharper.[89]
Colonial rule transformed Igbo society, as portrayed in Chinua Achebe's novel Things Fall Apart. British rule brought about changes in culture, such as the introduction of Warrant Chiefs as Eze (indigenous rulers) where there were no such monarchies.[90] Christian missionaries introduced aspects of European ideology into Igbo society and culture, sometimes shunning parts of the culture.[91] The rumours that the Igbo women were being assessed for taxation sparked off the 1929 Igbo Women's War in Aba (also known as the 1929 Aba Riots), a massive revolt of women never encountered before in Igbo history.[92]
Aspects of Igbo culture such as construction of houses, education and religion changed following colonialism. The tradition of building houses out of mud walls and thatched roofs ended as the people shifted to materials such as cement blocks for houses and zinc roofs. Roads for vehicles were built. Buildings such as hospitals and schools were erected in many parts of Igboland. Along with these changes, electricity and running water were installed in the early 20th century. With electricity, new technology such as radios and televisions were adopted, and have become commonplace in most Igbo households.[93]
Nigerian–Biafran War
Main article: Nigerian Civil War
Flag of the Republic of Biafra (1967–1970), sometimes regarded as the ethnic flag of the Igbo.[22]
A series of ethnic clashes between Northern Muslims and the Igbo, and other ethnic groups of Eastern Nigeria Region living in Northern Nigeria took place between 1966 and 1967. Elements in the army had assassinated the Nigerian military head of state General Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi (29 July 1966)[94] and peace negotiations failed between the military government that deposed Ironsi and the regional government of Eastern Nigeria at the Aburi Talks in Ghana in 1967.[95] These events led to a regional council of the peoples of Eastern Nigeria deciding that the region should secede and proclaim the Republic of Biafra on May 30, 1967.[96] Late General Emeka Odumegwu-Ojukwu made this declaration and became the Head of state of the new republic.[97] The resultant war, which became known as the Nigerian Civil War or the Nigerian-Biafran War, lasted from July 6, 1967 until January 15, 1970, after which the federal government re-absorbed Biafra into Nigeria.[96][98] Several million Eastern Nigerians died from the pogroms against them, such as the 1966 anti-Igbo pogrom where between 10,000 and 30,000 Igbo people were killed.[99][100] In their struggle, the people of Biafra earned the respect of figures such as Jean-Paul Sartre and John Lennon, who returned his British honor, MBE, partly in protest against British collusion in the Nigeria-Biafra war.[101] In July 2007 the former President of Biafra, Late General Emeka Odumegwu-Ojukwu, renewed calls for the secession of the Biafran state as a sovereign entity.[102]
Recent history (1970 to present)
The Nigerian–Biafran War left Igboland devastated. Fighting had completely destroyed many hospitals, schools, and homes. In addition to the loss of their savings, many Igbo people faced discrimination from other ethnic groups and from the new non-Igbo federal government.[103] Some Igbo subgroups, such as the Ikwerre, started dissociating themselves from the larger Igbo population after the war.[104] In the post-war era, people of eastern Nigeria changed the names of both people and places to non-Igbo-sounding words. For instance, the town of Igbuzo was anglicized to Ibusa.[105] Due to discrimination, many Igbo had trouble finding employment, and during the early 1970s, the Igbo became one of the poorest ethnic groups in Nigeria.[103][106][107]
Igboland was gradually rebuilt by its citizens and some contribution from the Nigerian government over a period of twenty years and the economy prospered again due to the rise of the petroleum industry in the adjacent Niger Delta region. This led to the establishment of new factories in southern Nigeria. Many Igbo people eventually took government positions,[108] although many were engaged in private business.[109] Since the early 21st century, there has been a wave of Nigerian Igbo immigration to other African countries, Europe, and the Americas.[110]
Archives
Archives A series of black and white, silent films about the Igbo people made by George Basden in the 1920s and 1930s are held in the British Empire and Commonwealth Collection at Bristol Archives (Ref. 2006/070) (online catalogue).
Political organisation
The 1930s saw the rise of Igbo unions in the cities of Lagos and Port Harcourt. Later, the Ibo Federal Union (renamed the Ibo State Union in 1948) emerged as an umbrella pan-ethnic organization. Headed by Nnamdi Azikiwe, it was closely associated with the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC), which he co-founded with Herbert Macaulay. The aim of the organization was the improvement and advancement (such as in education) of the Igbo and their indigenous land and included an Igbo "national anthem" with a plan for an Igbo bank.[111][112]
In 1978 after Olusegun Obasanjo's military regime lifted the ban on independent political activity, the Ohaneze Ndi Igbo organization was formed, an elite umbrella organization which speaks on behalf of the Igbo people.[113][114] Their main concerns are the marginalization of the Igbo people in Nigerian politics and the neglect of indigenous Igbo territory in social amenities and development of infrastructure. Other groups which protest the perceived marginalization of the Igbo people are the Igbo Peoples Congress (IPC).[115] Even before the 20th century there were numerous Igbo unions and organizations existing around the world, such as the Igbo union in Bathurst, Gambia in 1842, founded by a prominent Igbo trader and ex-soldier named Thomas Refell. Another was the union founded by the Igbo community in Freetown, Sierra Leone by 1860, of which Africanus Horton, a surgeon, scientist and soldier, was an active member.[116]
Decades after the Nigerian-Biafran war, the Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra (MASSOB), a secessionist group, was founded in September 1999 by Ralph Uwazurike for the goal of an independent Igbo state. Since its creation, there have been several conflicts between its members and the Nigerian government, resulting in the death of members.[115][117][118] After the 2015 Nigerian general elections a group known as the Indigenous People of Biafra (IPOB) became the most prominent vocal group for the agitation of the creation of an independent state of Biafra through a radio station named Radio Biafra.[119][120][121] For the promotion of the Igbo language and culture, the Society for Promoting Igbo Language and Culture (SPILC) was founded in 1949 by Frederick Chidozie Ogbalu, and has since created a standard dialect for Igbo.[122][123]
Culture
Anklet beaten from a solid brass bar of the type once fashionable among Igbo women. Now in the collection of Wolverhampton Art Gallery. The leg-tube extends approx 7 cm each side of the 35 cm disc.[124][125]
Main article: Igbo culture
Igbo culture includes the various customs, practices and traditions of the people. It comprises archaic practices as well as new concepts added into the Igbo culture either through evolution or outside influences. These customs and traditions include the Igbo people's visual art, use of language, music and dance forms, as well as their attire, cuisine and language dialects. Because of their various subgroups, the variety of their culture is heightened further.
Language and literature
Main article: Igbo language
Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe is perhaps the most popular and renowned novel that deals with the Igbo and their traditional life.
The Igbo language was used by John Goldsmith as an example to justify deviating from the classical linear model of phonology as laid out in The Sound Pattern of English. It is written in the Roman script as well as the Nsibidi formalized ideograms, which is used by the Ekpe society and Okonko fraternity, but is no longer widely used.[126] Nsibidi ideography existed among the Igbo before the 16th century, but died out after it became popular among secret societies, who made Nsibidi a secret form of communication.[127] Igbo language is difficult because of the huge number of dialects, its richness in prefixes and suffixes and its heavy intonation.[128] Igbo is a tonal language and there are hundreds of different Igbo dialects and Igboid languages, such as the Ikwerre and Ekpeye languages.[11] In 1939, Dr. Ida C. Ward led a research expedition on Igbo dialects which could possibly be used as a basis of a standard Igbo dialect, also known as Central Igbo. This dialect included that of the Owerri and Umuahia groups, including the Ohuhu dialect. This proposed dialect was gradually accepted by missionaries, writers, publishers, and Cambridge University.[129]
In 1789, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano was published in London, England, written by Olaudah Equiano, a former slave. The book featured 79 Igbo words.[130] In the first and second chapter, the book illustrates various aspects of Igbo life based on Olaudah Equiano's life in his hometown of Essaka.[131] Although the book was one of the first books published to include Igbo material, Geschichte der Mission der evangelischen Brüder auf den caraibischen Inseln St. Thomas, St. Croix und S. Jan (German: History of the Evangelical Brothers' Mission in the Caribbean Islands St. Thomas, St. Croix and St. John),[132] published in 1777, written by the German missionary C. G. A. Oldendorp, was the first book to publish any Igbo material.[130]
Perhaps the most popular and renowned novel that deals with the Igbo and their traditional life was the 1959 book by Chinua Achebe, Things Fall Apart. The novel concerns influences of British colonialism and Christian missionaries on a traditional Igbo community during an unspecified time in the late nineteenth or early 20th century. Most of the novel is set in Umuofia, one of nine villages on the lower Niger.[133]
Performing arts
For more details on this topic, see Igbo music.
A contemporary Igbo masquerade, Umuahia
The Igbo people have a musical style into which they incorporate various percussion instruments: the udu, which is essentially designed from a clay jug; an ekwe, which is formed from a hollowed log; and the ogene, a hand bell designed from forged iron. Other instruments include opi, a wind instrument similar to the flute, igba, and ichaka.[134] Another popular musical form among the Igbo is Highlife. A widely popular musical genre in West Africa, Highlife is a fusion of jazz and traditional music. The modern Igbo highlife is seen in the works of Dr Sir Warrior, Oliver De Coque, Bright Chimezie and Chief Osita Osadebe, who were among the most popular Igbo highlife musicians of the 20th century.[135]
Masking is one of the most common art styles in Igboland and is linked strongly with Igbo traditional music. A mask can be made of wood or fabric, along with other materials including iron and vegetation.[136] Masks have a variety of uses, mainly in social satires, religious rituals, secret society initiations (such as the Ekpe society) and public festivals, which now include Christmas time celebrations.[137] Some of the best known include the Agbogho Mmuo (Igbo: Maiden spirit) masks of the Northern Igbo which represent the spirits of deceased maidens and their mothers with masks symbolizing beauty and Ijele.[136]
Other impressive masks include Northern Igbo Ijele masks. At 12 feet (3.7 m) high, Ijele masks consist of platforms 6 feet (1.8 m) in diameter,[136] supporting figures made of coloured cloth and representing everyday scenes with objects such as leopards. Ijele masks are used for honoring the dead to ensure the continuity and well-being of the community and are only seen on rare occasions such as the death of a prominent figure in the community.[136]
There are many Igbo dance styles, but perhaps, Igbo dance is best known for its Atilogwu dance troops. These performances include acrobatic stunts such as high kicks and cartwheels, with each rhythm from the indigenous instruments indicating a movement to the dancer.[138]
Visual art and architecture
Main article: Igbo art
There is such variety among Igbo groups that it is not possible to define a general Igbo art style.[136] Igbo art is known for various types of masquerade, masks and outfits symbolising people, animals, or abstract conceptions. Bronze castings found in the town of Igbo Ukwu from the 9th century, constitute the earliest sculptures discovered in Igboland. Here, the grave of a well-established man of distinction and a ritual store, dating from the 9th century AD, contained both chased copper objects and elaborate castings of leaded bronze.[28] Along with these bronzes were 165,000 glass beads said to have originated in Egypt, Venice and India.[139] Some popular Igbo art styles include Uli designs. The majority of the Igbo carve and use masks, although the function of masks vary from community to community.[140]
Thatching with palm leaf mats, early 20th century
Traditional Igbo house/room from the Anambra area, 1967
Igbo art is noted for Mbari architecture.[140]
Mbari houses of the Owerri-Igbo are large opened-sided square planned shelters. They house many life-sized, painted figures (sculpted in mud to appease the Alusi (deity) and Ala, the earth goddess, with other deities of thunder and water).[141] Other sculptures are of officials, craftsmen, foreigners (mainly Europeans), animals, legendary creatures and ancestors.[141] Mbari houses take years to build in what is regarded as a sacred process. When new ones are constructed, old ones are left to decay.[141] Everyday houses were made of mud and thatched roofs with bare earth floors with carved design doors. Some houses had elaborate designs both in the interior and exterior. These designs could include Uli art designed by Igbo women.[142]
One of the unique structures of Igbo culture was the Nsude Pyramids, at the town of Nsude, in Abaja, northern Igboland. Ten pyramidal structures were built of clay/mud. The first base section was 60 ft. in circumference and 3 ft. in height. The next stack was 45 ft. in circumference. Circular stacks continued, till it reached the top. The structures were temples for the god Ala/Uto, who was believed to reside at the top. A stick was placed at the top to represent the god's residence. The structures were laid in groups of five parallel to each other. Because it was built of clay/mud like the Deffufa of Nubia, time has taken its toll requiring periodic reconstruction.[143]
Religion and rites of passage
Main article: Odinani
See also: Religion in Nigeria
Igbo Roman Catholics in the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels, Los Angeles, California
Most Igbo are Christian; confessional groups are estimated at 56% Roman Catholic and 43% Protestant/Evangelical.[144][145]
The Igbos were unaffected by the Islamic jihad waged in Nigeria in the 19th century, but a small minority has been converted to Islam in the 20th century [2] There is also a small population of Igbo Jews,[146][self-published source] some of whom merely identifying as Jews, while others having converted to Judaism. These draw their inspiration from Olaudah Equiano, a Christian-educated freed slave who remarked in his autobiography of 1789 on "the strong analogy which... appears to prevail in the manners and customs of my countrymen and those of the Jews, before they reached the Land of Promise, and particularly the patriarchs while they were yet in that pastoral state which is described in Genesis—an analogy, which alone would induce me to think that the one people had sprung from the other." Equiano's speculation has given rise to a great debate on the origins of the Igbo.
Native religion
The Igbo traditional religion is known Odinani.[29] The supreme deity is called Chukwu ("great spirit"); Chukwu created the world and everything in it and is associated with all things on Earth. They believe the Cosmos is divided into four complex parts: creation, known as Okike; supernatural forces or deities called Alusi; Mmuo, which are spirits; and Uwa, the world.[147]
Chukwu is the supreme deity in Odinani as he is the creator, and the Igbo people believe that all things come from him[148] and that everything on earth, heaven and the rest of the spiritual world is under his control.[149] Linguistic studies of the Igbo language suggests the name Chukwu is a compound of the Igbo words Chi (spiritual being) and Ukwu (great in size).[150] Each individual is born with a spiritual guide/guardian angel or guardian principle, "Chi", unique to each individual and the individual's fate and destiny is determined by their Chi. Thus the Igbos say that the siblings may come of the same mother but no two people have the same Chi and thus different destinies for all. Alusi, alternatively known as Arusi or Arushi (depending on dialect), are minor deities that are worshiped and served in Odinani. There are many different Alusi, each with its own purpose. When an individual deity is no longer needed, or becomes too violent, it is discarded.[151]
Wooden sculpture of Ikenga, an Alusi, in the British Museum
The Igbo have traditionally believed in reincarnation. People are believed to reincarnate into families that they were part of while alive. Before a relative dies, it is said that the soon to be deceased relative sometimes give clues of who they will reincarnate as in the family. Once a child is born, he or she is believed to give signs of who they have reincarnated from. This can be through behavior, physical traits and statements by the child. A diviner can help in detecting who the child has reincarnated from. It is considered an insult if a male is said to have reincarnated as a female.[152]
Children are not allowed to call elders by their names without using an honorific (as this is considered disrespectful). As a sign of respect, children are required to greet elders when seeing them for the first time in the day. Children usually add the Igbo honorifics Mazi or Dede before an elder's name when addressing them.[153][154]
Burials
After a death, the body of a prominent member of society is placed on a stool in a sitting posture and is clothed in the deceased's finest garments. Animal sacrifices may be offered and the dead person is well perfumed.[155] Burial usually follows within 24 hours of death. In the 21st century, the head of a home is usually buried within the compound of his residence.[154] Different types of deaths warrant different types of burials. This is determined by an individual's age, gender and status in society. For example, children are buried in hiding and out of sight; their burials usually take place in the early mornings and late nights. A simple untitled man is buried in front of his house and a simple mother is buried in her place of origin: in a garden or a farm-area that belonged to her father.[156] In the 21st century, a majority of the Igbo bury their dead in the western way, although it is not uncommon for burials to be practiced in the traditional Igbo ways.[157]
Marriage
See also: Polygamy in Nigeria
The process of marrying usually involves asking the young woman's consent, introducing the woman to the man's family and the same for the man to the woman's family, testing the bride's character, checking the woman's family background, and paying the brides' wealth.[158] Marriages were sometimes arranged from birth through negotiation of the two families.[159]
A modern Igbo wedding, Nnewi, Nigeria
In the past, many Igbo men practiced polygamy. The polygamous family is made up of a man and his wives and all their children.[154] Men sometimes married multiple wives for economic reasons so as to have more people in the family, including children, to help on farms.[160] Christian and civil marriages have changed the Igbo family since colonization. Igbo people now tend to enter monogamous courtships and create nuclear families, mainly because of Western influence.[161] Some Western marriage customs, such as weddings in a church, take place either before or after the lgbo cultural traditional marriage.[162]
Attire
Traditionally, the attire of the Igbo generally consisted of little clothing, as the purpose of clothing originally was simply to conceal private parts.Uli body art was used to decorate both men and women in the form of lines forming patterns and shapes on the body.[163]
Men wearing contemporary Isiagu with the ceremonial Igbo men's hat Okpu Agu
Women traditionally carry their babies on their backs with a strip of clothing binding the two with a knot at her chest, a practice used by many ethnic groups across Africa.[164] This method has been modernized in the form of the child carrier. Maidens usually wore a short wrapper with beads around their waist and other ornaments such as necklaces and beads.[164] Both men and women wore wrappers.[163][164] Men would wear loin cloths that wrapped round their waist and between their legs to be fastened at their back, the type of clothing appropriate for the intense heat as well as jobs such as farming.[163][164]
In Olaudah Equiano's narrative, Equiano describes fragrances that were used by the Igbo in the community of Essaka;
Our principal luxury is in perfumes; one sort of these is an odoriferous wood of delicious fragrance: the other a kind of earth; a small portion of which thrown into the fire diffuses a most powerful odor. We beat this wood into powder, and mix it with palm oil; with which both men and women perfume themselves.
— Olaudah Equiano[165]
As colonialism became more influential, the Igbo adapted their dress customs.[166] Clothing worn before colonialism became "traditional" and worn on cultural occasions. Modern Igbo traditional attire, for men, is generally made up of the Isiagu top, which resembles the Dashiki worn by other African groups. Isiagu (or Ishi agu) is usually patterned with lions' heads embroidered over the clothing and can be a plain colour.[167] It is worn with trousers and can be worn with either a ceremonial title holders hat or with the conventional striped men's hat known as Okpu Agu.[168] For women, a puffed sleeve blouse along with two wrappers and a head tie are worn.[164][166]
Cuisine
Yam porridge (or yam pottage) is an Igbo dish known as awaị[169]
Main article: Igbo cuisine
The yam is very important to the Igbo as the staple crop. There are celebrations such as the New yam festival (Igbo: Iwaji) which are held for the harvesting of the yam.[12] During the festival, yam is eaten throughout the communities as celebration. Yam tubers are shown off by individuals as a sign of success and wealth.[170] Rice has replaced yam for many ceremonial occasions. Other indigenous foods include cassava, garri, maize and plantains. Soups or stews are included in a typical meal, prepared with a vegetable (such as okra, of which the word derives from the Igbo language, Okwuru)[171] to which pieces of fish, chicken, beef, or goat meat are added. Jollof rice is popular throughout West Africa and Palm wine is a popular alcoholic traditional beverage.[172][173]
Demographics
Nigeria
See also: Demographics of Nigeria
The Igbo in Nigeria are found in Abia, Akwa Ibom, Anambra, Benue, Cross River, Ebonyi, Edo, Enugu, Imo, Delta and Rivers State.[174] The Igbo language is predominant throughout these areas, although Nigerian English (the national language) is spoken as well. Prominent towns and cities in Igboland include Aba, Enugu (considered the 'Igbo capital'),[175] Onitsha, Owerri, Abakaliki, Asaba and Port Harcourt among others.[176] A significant number of Igbo people have migrated to other parts of Nigeria, such as the cities of Lagos, Abuja, and Kano.[93]
The official data on the population of ethnic groups in Nigeria continues to be controversial as a minority of these groups have claimed that the government deliberately deflates the official population of one group, to give the other numerical superiority.[177][178][179] The CIA World Factbook puts the Igbo population of Nigeria at 18% of a total population of 177 million, or approximately 32 million people.
Southeastern Nigeria, which is inhabited primarily by the Igbo, is the most densely populated area in Nigeria, and possibly in all of Africa.[180][181] Most ethnicities that inhabit southeastern Nigeria, such as the closely related Efik and Ibibio people, are sometimes regarded as Igbo by other Nigerians and ethnographers who are not well informed about the southeast.[182][183]
Diaspora
See also: Nigerian diaspora, Igbo American, Igbo Canadian, and The Igbo in the Atlantic slave trade
Igbo people celebrating the New Yam festival in Dublin, Ireland
After the Nigerian-Biafran War, many Igbo people emigrated out of the indigenous Igbo homeland in southeastern Nigeria due to an absence of federal presence, lack of jobs, and poor infrastructure.[184] In recent decades the Igbo region of Nigeria has suffered from frequent environmental damage mainly related to the oil industry.[185] Igbo people have moved to both Nigerian cities such as Lagos and Abuja, and other countries such as Gabon,[186] Canada, the United Kingdom and the United States. Prominent Igbo communities outside Africa include those of London in the United Kingdom and Houston, Baltimore, Chicago, Detroit, Seattle, Atlanta and Washington, D.C. in the United States.[187][188][189][190]
About 21,000 Igbo people were recorded in Ghana in 1969.[191] A small number (8,680) in Bioko island in 2002.[192] Small numbers live in Japan making up the majority of the Nigerian immigrant population based in Tokyo.[193][194] A large amount of the African population of Guangdong, China, are Igbo-speaking and are mainly businessmen trading between factories in China and southeastern Nigeria, particularly Enugu.[195] Other Igbo immigrants are found in the Americas (Igbo Canadian, Igbo American and elsewhere.[196]
In the 2003 PBS programme African American Lives, Bishop T.D. Jakes had his DNA analyzed; his Y chromosome showed[dubious – discuss] that he is descended from the Igbo.[197] American actors Forest Whitaker, Paul Robeson, and Blair Underwood have traced their genealogy back to the Igbo people.[198][199][200]
Notable people of Igbo origin
This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: unstructured listcruft Please help improve this section if you can. (April 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Adiele Afigbo
Akanu Ibiam
Alex Ekwueme
Alex Iwobi
Andy Uba
Anyim Pius Anyim
Arunma Oteh
Azubuike Ihejirika
Basketmouth
Bennet Omalu
Bianca Odumegwu-Ojukwu
Buchi Emecheta
Charles Chukwuma Soludo
Chief Stephen Osita Osadebe
Chigul
Chika Unigwe
Chike Obi
Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie
Chimaroke Nnamani
Chinedu Ikedieze
Chinua Achebe
Chioma Ajunwa
Chiwetalu Agu
Chiwetel Ejiofor
Chris Ngige
Chuba Okadigbo
Chuka Umunna
Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu
Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu
Cyprian Ekwensi
Cyprian Michael Iwene Tansi
Dave Umahi
Destiny Chukunyere
Dora Akunyili
Emeka Anyaoku
Emmanuel Ifeajuna
Eni Njoku
Flavour N'abania
Flora Nwapa
Francis Arinze
Genevieve Nnaji
Ifeanyi Ubah
Ifeanyi Ugwuanyi
Ike Ekweremadu
Ikechukwu Uche
Jaja of Opobo
Jay-Jay Okocha
Jidenna
John Obi Mikel
Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi
Jordon Ibe
Joy Chinwe Eyisi
Kalu Uche
Kanayo O. Kanayo
Kelechi Iheanacho
Ken Nnamani
Kenneth Dike
Mary Onyali-Omagbemi
Michael Okpara
Ndubuisi Kanu
Ngozi Ezeonu
Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala
Nkem Owoh
Nnamdi Asomugha
Nnamdi Azikiwe
Nnamdi Kanu
Nnedi Okorafor
Nwankwo Kanu
Obiageli Ezekwesili
Ogbonnaya Onu
Oguchi Onyewu
Okezie Ikpeazu
Olaudah Equiano
Oluchi Onweagba
Onyeka Onwenu
Orji Uzor Kalu
Osi Umenyiora
Osita Iheme
P. N. Okeke-Ojiudu
P-Square
Patience Ozokwor
Pete Edochie
Peter Obi
Phyno
Pius Okigbo
Rems Umeasiegbu
Rita Dominic
Rochas Okorocha
Stella Oduah
Stephanie Okereke Linus
Sullivan Chime
Tinie Tempah
Uche Okeke
Willie Obiano
Zain Asher
See also
Igbo portal
Igbo-Ukwu
Timeline of Igbo history
Things Fall Apart
References
Jump up ^ Nigeria at CIA World Factbook: "Igbo 18%" out of a population of 186 million (2016 estimate). Less than one million are estimated to live outside of Nigeria, most of them in the USA (Joshuaproject.net: 28 million total, 0.22 million in the USA, 0.1 million in Cameroon, 0.06 million in Ghana.
^ Jump up to: a b UCHENDU, EGODI (1 January 2010). "BEING IGBO AND MUSLIM: THE IGBO OF SOUTH-EASTERN NIGERIA AND CONVERSIONS TO ISLAM, 1930s TO RECENT TIMES". The Journal of African History. 51 (1): 63–87. JSTOR 40985002.
Jump up ^ Isichei, Elizabeth (1978). Igbo Worlds. Institute for the Study of Human Issues.
Jump up ^ " Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Ibo". Encyclopædia Britannica. 14 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 223.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Lovejoy, Paul (2000). Identity in the Shadow of Slavery. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 58. ISBN 0-8264-4725-2. Floyd, E. Randall (2002). In the Realm of Ghosts and Hauntings. Harbor House. p. 51. ISBN 1-891799-06-1. Cassidy, Frederic Gomes; Robert Brock Le Page (2002). A Dictionary of Jamaican English (2nd ed.). University of the West Indies Press. p. 168. ISBN 976-640-127-6.
Jump up ^ Equiano, Olaudah (1837). The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano. I. Knapp. p. 27.
Jump up ^ Obichere, Boniface I. (1982). Studies in Southern Nigerian History: A Festschrift for Joseph Christopher Okwudili Anene 1918–68. Routledge. p. 207. ISBN 0-7146-3106-X.
Jump up ^ Slattery, Katharine. "The Igbo People – Origins & History". www.faculty.ucr.edu. School of English, Queen's University of Belfast. Retrieved April 20, 2016.
Jump up ^ Chigere, Nkem Hyginus (2000). Foreign Missionary Background and Indigenous Evangelization in Igboland: Igboland and The Igbo People of Nigeria. Transaction Publishers, USA. p. 17. ISBN 3-8258-4964-3. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ Williams, Lizzie (2008). Nigeria: The Bradt Travel Guide. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 32. ISBN 1-84162-239-7.
^ Jump up to: a b Fardon, Richard; Furniss, Graham (1994). African languages, development and the state. Routledge. p. 66. ISBN 0-415-09476-3. Retrieved 2009-04-12.
^ Jump up to: a b Agwu, Kene. "Yam and the Igbos". BBC Birmingham. Retrieved 2008-11-24.
^ Jump up to: a b "Igbo". Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2009-02-01.
Jump up ^ Miers, Suzanne; Roberts, Richard L. (1988). The End of slavery in Africa. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 437. ISBN 0-299-11554-2.
Jump up ^ Falola, Toyin (2003). Adebayo Oyebade, ed. The foundations of Nigeria: essays in honor of Toyin Falola. Africa World Press. p. 476. ISBN 1-59221-120-8. Retrieved 2010-06-27.
Jump up ^ Forsythe, Frederick (2006). Shadows: Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria 1967–1970. p. 1. ISBN 1-902109-63-5.
Jump up ^ Adekson, Adedayo Oluwakayode (2004). The "civil society" problematique: deconstructing civility and southern Nigeria's ethnic radicalization. Routledge. pp. 87, 96. ISBN 0-415-94785-5.
Jump up ^ Forrest, Tom (1994). The Advance of African Capital: The Growth of Nigerian Private Enterprise (illustrated ed.). Edinburgh University Press. p. 272. ISBN 0-7486-0492-8.
Jump up ^ Mwakikagile, Godfrey (2006). African Countries: An Introduction with Maps. Pan-African Books: Continental Press. p. 86. ISBN 0-620-34815-1.
Jump up ^ Levinson, David; Timothy J O'Leary (1995). Encyclopedia of World Cultures. G.K. Hall. p. 120. ISBN 0-8161-1815-9.
Jump up ^ Achebe, Chinua (2000). Home and Exile. Oxford University Press US. p. 4. ISBN 0-19-513506-7. ...Igbo people might score poorly on the Oxford dictionary test for tribe... Now, to call them a nation... This may not be perfect for the Igbo, but it is close.
^ Jump up to: a b Minahan, James (2002). Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: S-Z. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 762. ISBN 0-313-32384-4.
Jump up ^ Williamson & Blench (2000) 'Niger–Congo', in Heine & Nurse, African Languages.
Jump up ^ Kay Williamson in Ebiegberi Joe Alagoa, F. N. Anozie, Nwanna Nzewunwa (eds.), The Early History of the Niger Delta (1988) 92f.
Jump up ^ Elizabeth, Isichei (1976). A History of the Igbo People. London: Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-18556-0. ; excerpted in "Cultural Harmony I: Igboland—the World of Man and the World of Spirits", section 4 of Kalu Ogbaa, ed., Understanding Things Fall Apart (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1999; ISBN 0-313-30294-4), pp. 83–85.
Jump up ^ Michael C. Campbell; Sarah A. Tishkoff (September 2008). "African Genetic Diversity: Implications for Human Demographic History, Modern Human Origins, and Complex Disease Mapping, Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics" (pdf). 9. Retrieved December 22, 2013.
Jump up ^ M191/P86 positive samples occurred in tested populations of Annang (38.3%), Ibibio (45.6%), Efik (45%), and Igbo (54.3%). Veeramah, Krishna R; Bruce A Connell; Naser Ansari Pour; Adam Powell; Christopher A Plaster; David Zeitlyn; Nancy R Mendell; Michael E Weale; Neil Bradman; Mark G Thomas (31 March 2010). "Little genetic differentiation as assessed by uniparental markers in the presence of substantial language variation in peoples of the Cross River region of Nigeria". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 10: 92. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-92. PMC 2867817  . PMID 20356404. Retrieved 2010-09-16.
^ Jump up to: a b c Apley, Apley. "Igbo-Ukwu (ca. 9th century)". The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 2008-11-23.
^ Jump up to: a b c Isichei, Elizabeth Allo (1997). A History of African Societies to 1870. Cambridge University Press Cambridge, UK. p. 512. ISBN 0-521-45599-5.
^ Jump up to: a b Uzukwu, E. Elochukwu (1997). Worship as Body Language. Liturgical Press. p. 93. ISBN 0-8146-6151-3.
Jump up ^ Isichei, Elizabeth Allo (1997). A History of African Societies to 1870. Cambridge University Press. p. 246. ISBN 0-521-45599-5. Retrieved 2008-12-13.
Jump up ^ Hrbek, Ivan; Fāsī, Muḥammad (1988). Africa from the Seventh to the Eleventh Century. London: Unesco. p. 254. ISBN 92-3-101709-8.
^ Jump up to: a b Lovejoy, Paul (2000). Identity in the Shadow of Slavery. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 62. ISBN 0-8264-4725-2.
Jump up ^ Onwuejeogwu, M. Angulu (1981). Igbo Civilization: Nri Kingdom & Hegemony. Ethnographica. ISBN 0-905788-08-7.
Jump up ^ Chambers, Douglas B. (2005). Murder at Montpelier: Igbo Africans in Virginia (illustrated ed.). Univ. Press of Mississippi. p. 33. ISBN 1-57806-706-5.
Jump up ^ Uzukwu, E. Elochukwu (1997). Worship as Body Language. Liturgical Press. p. 93. ISBN 0-8146-6151-3.
Jump up ^ Basden, George Thomas (1921). Among the Ibos of Nigeria: An Account of the Curious & Interesting Habits, Customs & Beliefs of a Little Known African People, by One who Has for Many Years Lived Amongst Them on Close & Intimate Terms. Seeley, Service. p. 184.
Jump up ^ Hodder, Ian (1987). The Archaeology of Contextual Meanings (illustrated ed.). CUP Archive. p. 72. ISBN 0-521-32924-8.
^ Jump up to: a b Nyang, Sulayman; Olupona, Jacob K. (1995). Religious Plurality in Africa: Essays in Honour of John S. Mbiti. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. p. 118. ISBN 3-11-014789-0.
Jump up ^ Hodder, Ian (1987). The Archaeology of Contextual Meanings (illustrated ed.). CUP Archive. p. 72. ISBN 0-521-32924-8.
^ Jump up to: a b Furniss, Graham; Elizabeth Gunner; Liz Gunner (1995). Power, Marginality and African Oral Literature. Cambridge University Press. p. 65. ISBN 0-521-48061-2.
Jump up ^ Chigere, Nkem Hyginus M. V. (2001). Foreign Missionary Background and Indigenous Evangelization in Igboland (illustrated ed.). LIT Verlag Berlin-Hamburg-Münster. p. 113. ISBN 3-8258-4964-3.
Jump up ^ Gordon, April A. (2003). Nigeria's Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook (illustrated, annotated ed.). ABC-CLIO. p. 37. ISBN 1-57607-682-2.
Jump up ^ Basden, George Thomas (1921). Among the Ibos of Nigeria: An Account of the Curious & Interesting Habits, Customs & Beliefs of a Little Known African People, by One who Has for Many Years Lived Amongst Them on Close & Intimate Terms. Seeley, Service. p. 96.
Jump up ^ Ilogu, Edmund (1974). Christianity and Ibo culture. Brill Archive. p. 11. ISBN 90-04-04021-8.
Jump up ^ Ndukaihe, Vernantius Emeka; Fonk, Peter (2006). Achievement as Value in the Igbo/African Identity: The Ethics. LIT Verlag Berlin-Hamburg-Münster. p. 204. ISBN 3-8258-9929-2.
Jump up ^ Agbasiere, Joseph Thérèse (2000). Women in Igbo Life and Thought. Routledge. p. 12. ISBN 0-415-22703-8. Retrieved 2008-12-19.
Jump up ^ Chambers, Douglas B. (2005). Murder at Montpelier: Igbo Africans in Virginia (illustrated ed.). Univ. Press of Mississippi. p. 183. ISBN 1-57806-706-5.
Jump up ^ Liamputtong, Pranee (2007). Childrearing and Infant Care Issues: A Cross-cultural Perspective. Nova Publishers. p. 155. ISBN 1-60021-610-2.
Jump up ^ Holbrook, Jarita C.; R. Thebe Medupe; Johnson O. Urama. African Cultural Astronomy: Current Archaeoastronomy and Ethnoastronomy Research in Africa. Springer, 2007. p. 235. ISBN 1-4020-6638-4.
Jump up ^ Holbrook, Jarita C. (2007). African Cultural Astronomy: Current Archaeoastronomy and Ethnoastronomy Research in Africa. Springer. p. 35. ISBN 1-4020-6638-4. Retrieved 2008-01-10.
Jump up ^ Njoku, Onwuka N. (2002). Pre-colonial economic history of Nigeria. Ethiope Publishing Corporation, Benin City, Nigeria. ISBN 978-2979-36-8.
Jump up ^ Onwuejeogwu, M. Angulu (1981). An Igbo civilization: Nri kingdom & hegemony. Ethnographica. ISBN 978-123-105-X.
Jump up ^ Aguwa, Jude C. U. (1995). The Agwu deity in Igbo religion. Fourth Dimension Publishing Co., Ltd. p. 29. ISBN 978-156-399-0.
Jump up ^ Hammer, Jill (2006). The Jewish book of days: a companion for all seasons. Jewish Publication Society. p. 224. ISBN 0-8276-0831-4.
Jump up ^ Peek, Philip M.; Kwesi Yankah (2004). African Folklore: An Encyclopedia (illustrated ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 299. ISBN 0-415-93933-X.
^ Jump up to: a b Shillington, Kevin (2005). Encyclopedia of African History. CRC Press. p. 674. ISBN 1-57958-245-1.
^ Jump up to: a b Equiano, Olaudah (1837). The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano. I. Knapp. pp. 20–21.
Jump up ^ Uchendu, Victor Chikezie (1965). The Igbo of southeast Nigeria (illustrated ed.). Holt, Rinehart and Winston. p. 4. ISBN 0-03-052475-X.
Jump up ^ Glenny, Misha (2008). McMafia Seriously Organised Crime. Random House. p. 200. ISBN 0-09-948125-1.
Jump up ^ Williams, Emily Allen (2004). The Critical Response to Kamau Brathwaite. Praeger Publishers. p. 235. ISBN 0-275-97957-1.
Jump up ^ "Edward Wilmot Blyden". Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 31 October 2009. Retrieved 19 November 2008.
Jump up ^ "Edward Wilmot Blyden:- Father of Pan Africanism (August 3, 1832 to February 7, 1912)". Awareness Times (Sierra Leone). 2 August 2006. Archived from the original on 25 October 2005.
Jump up ^ Robeson II, Paul (2001). The Undiscovered Paul Robeson: An Artist’s Journey, 1898–1939 (PDF). Wiley. p. 3. ISBN 0-471-24265-9. Retrieved 2008-12-27. A dark-skinned man descended from the Ibo tribe of Nigeria, Reverend Robeson was of medium height with broad shoulders, and had an air of surpassing dignity.
Jump up ^ Azuonye, Chukwuma (1990). "Igbo Names in the Nominal Roll of Amelié, An Early 19th Century Slave Ship from Martinique: Reconstructions, Interpretations and Inferences". footnote: University of Massachusetts Boston. p. 1. Retrieved 2015-03-26.
Jump up ^ Chambers, D.B. "REJOINDER – The Significance of Igbo in the Bight of Biafra Slave". Routledge, part of the Taylor & Francis Group. Retrieved 2009-01-23. Guo, Rongxing (2006). Territorial Disputes and Resource Management: A Global Handbook. Nova Publishers. p. 130. ISBN 1-60021-445-2.
Jump up ^ Douglas, Chambers B. (2005). Murder at Montpelier: Igbo Africans in Virginia. Univ. Press of Mississippi. p. 25. ISBN 1-57806-706-5.
Jump up ^ Talbot, Percy Amaury; Mulhall, H. (1962). The physical anthropology of Southern Nigeria. Cambridge University Press. p. 5.
Jump up ^ Lovejoy, Paul E. (2003). Trans-Atlantic Dimensions of Ethnicity in the African Diaspora. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 92–93. ISBN 0-8264-4907-7.
Jump up ^ Isichei, Elizabeth Allo (2002). Voices of the Poor in Africa. Boydell & Brewer. p. 81.
Jump up ^ Rucker, Walter C. (2006). The River Flows on: Black Resistance, Culture, and Identity Formation in Early America. LSU Press. p. 52. ISBN 0-8071-3109-1.
Jump up ^ Holloway, Joseph E. (2005). Africanisms in American Culture. bottom of 3rd paragraph: Indiana University Press. p. 32. ISBN 0-253-21749-0. Retrieved 2008-12-19.
Jump up ^ Philips, John Edward (2005). Writing African History. Boydell & Brewer. p. 412. ISBN 1-58046-164-6.
Jump up ^ Berlin, Ira. "African Immigration to Colonial America". History Now. Archived from the original on 2008-09-19. (paragraph 11) Preferences on both side of the Atlantic determined, to a considerable degree, which enslaved Africans went where and when, populating the mainland with unique combinations of African peoples and creating distinctive regional variations in the Americas.
Jump up ^ Morgan, Philip D.; Sean Hawkins (2004). Black Experience and the Empire. Oxford University Press. p. 82. ISBN 0-19-926029-X.
Jump up ^ "Ethnic Identity in the Diaspora and the Nigerian Hinterland". Toronto, Canada: York university. Retrieved 2008-11-23. As is now widely known, enslaved Africans were often concentrated in specific places in the diaspora...USA (Igbo)
Jump up ^ Appiah, Anthony; Henry Louis Gates. Africana. p. 212. ISBN 0-465-00071-1.
Jump up ^ Craton, Michael. Roots and Branches. University of Waterloo Dept. of History. p. 125. ISBN 0-08-025367-9.
Jump up ^ McWhorter, John H. (2005). Defining Creole. Oxford University Press US. p. 217. ISBN 0-19-516670-1. Retrieved 2009-01-10.
Jump up ^ Robotham, Don (January 13, 2008). "Jamaica and Africa (Part II)". Gleaner Company. Archived from the original on December 26, 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-23. ...It is not possible to declare that the Eastern Nigerian influence in Jamaica – apparent in expressions such as 'red ibo' – is Igbo.
Jump up ^ Allsopp, Richard; Jeannette Allsopp (2003). Dictionary of Caribbean English Usage. Contributor Richard Allsopp. University of the West Indies Press. p. 101. ISBN 976-640-145-4.
Jump up ^ Carrington, Sean (2007). A~Z of Barbados Heritage. Macmillan Caribbean Publishers Limited. p. 25. ISBN 0-333-92068-6.
Jump up ^ Gibbs, Archibald Robertson (1883). British Honduras: an historical and descriptive account of the colony from its settlement, 1670. S. Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington. Eboe Town, a section of the town of Belize reserved for that African tribe, was destroyed by fire
Jump up ^ Fischer, David Hackett; Kelly, James C. (2000). Bound Away: Virginia and the Westward Movement. University of Virginia Press. p. 62. ISBN 0-8139-1774-3.
Jump up ^ Opie, Frederick Douglass (2008). Hog and Hominy: Soul Food from Africa to America. Columbia University Press. p. 18. ISBN 0-231-14638-8.
Jump up ^ "list of languages #25 along with Kru and Yoruba" (PDF). U.S. ENGLISH Foundation, Inc. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-02-20. Retrieved 2009-01-10.
Jump up ^ Ekechi, Felix K. (1972). Missionary Enterprise and Rivalry in Igboland, 1857–1914 (illustrated ed.). last paragraph on page 146: by Routledge. p. 146. ISBN 0-7146-2778-X.
Jump up ^ Chuku, Gloria (2005). Igbo Women and Economic Transformation in Southeastern Nigeria, 1900–1960: 1900–1960 (illustrated ed.). Routledge. p. 145. ISBN 0-415-97210-8.
Jump up ^ Afigbo, A. E. (1992). Groundwork of Igbo history. Lagos: Vista Books. pp. 522–541. ISBN 978-134-400-8.
Jump up ^ Furniss, Graham; Elizabeth Gunner; Liz Gunner (1995). Power, Marginality and African Oral Literature. Cambridge University Press. p. 67. ISBN 0-521-48061-2.
Jump up ^ Ilogu, Edmund (1974). Christianity and Ibo Culture. Brill Archive. p. 63. ISBN 90-04-04021-8.
Jump up ^ Sanday, Peggy Reeves (1981). Female Power and Male Dominance: On the Origins of Sexual Inequality (illustrated, reprint ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 136. ISBN 0-521-28075-3.
^ Jump up to: a b Gordon, April A. (2003). Nigeria's Diverse Peoples. ABC-CLIO. p. 87. ISBN 1-57607-682-2. Retrieved 2008-12-19.
Jump up ^ Rubin, Neville. Annual Survey of African Law. Routledge, 1970. p. 20. ISBN 0-7146-2601-5.
Jump up ^ Fielding, Steven; John W. Young (2003). The Labour Governments 1964–1970: International Policy. Manchester University Press. p. 197. ISBN 0-7190-4365-4.
^ Jump up to: a b Mathews, Martin P. (2002). Nigeria: Current Issues and Historical Background. Nova Publishers. p. 38. ISBN 1-59033-316-0.
Jump up ^ Minogue, Martin; Judith Molloy (1974). African Aims & Attitudes: Selected Documents. General C. O. Ojukwu: CUP Archive. p. 393. ISBN 0-521-20426-7.
Jump up ^ Bocquené, Henri; Oumarou Ndoudi; Gordeen Gorder (2002). Memoirs of a Mbororo: The Life of Ndudi Umaru, Fulani Nomad of Cameroon. Berghahn Books. p. 285. ISBN 1-57181-844-8.
Jump up ^ Diamond, Stanley (June 1967). "The Biafra Secession". Africa Today. Indiana University Press. 14 (3): 1–2. doi:10.2307/4184781 (inactive 2017-01-15). JSTOR 4184781.
Jump up ^ Keil, Charles (January 1970). "The Price of Nigerian Victory". Africa Today. Indiana University Press. 17 (1). JSTOR 4185054.
Jump up ^ "John Lennon". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame + Museum. 2007. Retrieved 2008-11-24. September 1, 1969: John Lennon returns his MBE. He says it is to protest the British government's involvement in Biafra, its support of the U.S. in Vietnam and the poor chart performance of his latest single, 'Cold Turkey'.
Jump up ^ "Call for Biafra to leave Nigeria". BBC. 6 July 2007. Retrieved 2008-11-23.
^ Jump up to: a b Howard-Hassmann, Rhoda E. (1986). Human Rights in Commonwealth Africa. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 95. ISBN 0-8476-7433-9. Retrieved 2008-12-18.
Jump up ^ Ihemere, Kelechukwu U. (2007). A Tri-Generational Study of Language Choice & Shift in Port Harcourt. Universal-Publishers. p. 26. ISBN 1-58112-958-0.
Jump up ^ Emenanjọ, Nọlue (1985). Auxiliaries in Igbo Syntax: A Comparative Study. Indiana University Linguistics Club. p. 64.
Jump up ^ Udogu, Emmanuel Ike (2005). Nigeria in the Twenty-first Century: Strategies for Political Stability and Peaceful Coexistence. Africa World Press. p. 51. ISBN 1-59221-320-0. Retrieved 2008-12-18.
Jump up ^ Nwachuku, Levi Akalazu (2004). Troubled Journey: Nigeria Since the Civil War. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 59. ISBN 0-7618-2712-9. Retrieved 2008-12-18.
Jump up ^ Groundwork of Igbo history. Vista Books, Lagos,. 1992. pp. 161–177. ISBN 978-134-400-8.
Jump up ^ Amadiume, Ifi (2000). The Politics of Memory: Truth, Healing and Social Justice. Zed Books. pp. 104–106. ISBN 1-85649-843-3.
Jump up ^ Odi, Amusi. "Igbo in Diaspora: The Binding Force of Information" (PDF). University of Texas. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 25, 2011. Retrieved 2008-11-23.
Jump up ^ Bah, Abu Bakarr (2005). Breakdown and reconstitution: democracy, the nation-state, and ethnicity in Nigeria. Lexington Books. pp. 23–24. ISBN 0-7391-0954-5.
Jump up ^ Uwazie, Ernest E.; Albert, Isaac Olawale (1999). Inter-ethnic and religious conflict resolution in Nigeria. Lexington Books. pp. 11–12. ISBN 0-7391-0033-5.
Jump up ^ Nwogu, Nneoma V. (2007). Shaping truth, reshaping justice: sectarian politics and the Nigerian truth commission. Lexington Books. ISBN 0-7391-2249-5.
Jump up ^ Parijs, Philippe van (2004). Cultural Diversity Versus Economic Solidarity. De Boeck Université. p. 122. ISBN 2-8041-4660-X.
^ Jump up to: a b Agbu, Osita (2004). Ethnic militias and the threat to democracy in post-transition Nigeria. Nordic Africa Institute. p. 23. ISBN 91-7106-525-3.
Jump up ^ Obichere, Boniface I. (1982). Studies in Southern Nigerian history. Routledge. p. 173. ISBN 0-7146-3106-X.
Jump up ^ Smith, Daniel Jordan (2006). A culture of corruption: everyday deception and popular discontent in Nigeria. Princeton University Press. pp. 193–194. ISBN 0-691-12722-0.
Jump up ^ Adekson, Adedayo Oluwakayode (2004). The "civil society" problematique: deconstructing civility and southern Nigeria's ethnic radicalization. Routledge. p. 106. ISBN 0-415-94785-5.
Jump up ^ "Nigeria vows to shut down Radio Biafra". BBC News. July 15, 2015. Retrieved 2015-09-06.
Jump up ^ "Nigeria Blocks Radio Biafra Station Aimed at Breakaway State". The New York Times. July 16, 2015. Retrieved 2015-09-06.
Jump up ^ "Nigerian pirate Radio Biafra returns". BBC News. August 28, 2015. Retrieved 2015-09-06.
Jump up ^ Gikandi, Simon (2003). Encyclopedia of African literature. Taylor & Francis. p. 328. ISBN 0-415-23019-5.
Jump up ^ Zabus, Chantal (2007). The African palimpsest: indigenization of language in the West African europhone novel. Rodopi. p. 33. ISBN 90-420-2224-8.
Jump up ^ "Discomfort of fashion". Antique images and videos of Alaigbo/Ala Igbo (Igboland) posted at Ukpuru blog. Retrieved 2013-09-29. Photograph of dancer wearing anklets – Thomas Whitridge Northcote (pre 1913)
Jump up ^ "Willing Submission to Life Sentence to the Stocks". Antique images and videos of Alaigbo/Ala Igbo (Igboland) posted at Ukpuru blog. Retrieved 2013-09-29. Photograph of female sitting wearing anklets – Thomas Whitridge Northcote (pre 1913)
Jump up ^ "Nsibidi". National Museum of African Art. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2010-02-25. Nsibidi is an ancient system of graphic communication indigenous to the Ejagham peoples of southeastern Nigeria and the southwestern Cameroon in the Cross River region. It is also used by neighboring Ibibio, Efik and Igbo peoples.
Jump up ^ Oraka, L. N. (1983). The foundations of Igbo studies. University Publishing Co. pp. 17, 13. ISBN 978-160-264-3.
Jump up ^ "igboenglish". igboenglish. Retrieved 2015-12-08.
Jump up ^ Oraka, L. N. (1983). The foundations of Igbo studies. University Publishing Co. p. 35. ISBN 978-160-264-3.
^ Jump up to: a b Oraka, L. N. (1983). The foundations of Igbo studies. University Publishing Co. p. 21. ISBN 978-160-264-3.
Jump up ^ Equiano, Olaudah (1789). The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano. I. Knapp. p. 9. ISBN 1-4250-4524-3.
Jump up ^ Geschichte der Mission der evangelischen Brüder auf den caraibischen Inseln ... - Christian Georg Andreas Oldendorp, Johann Jakob Bossart – Google Boeken. Books.google.com. 1777. Retrieved 2013-08-25.
Jump up ^ Achebe, Chinua (1994). Things fall apart. Anchor. p. 11. ISBN 0-385-47454-7.
Jump up ^ Grove, George; Stanley Sadie (1980). The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians (6 ed.). Macmillan Publishers. p. 239. ISBN 0-333-23111-2.
Jump up ^ Falola, Toyin (2001). Culture and Customs of Nigeria. Greenwood Press. pp. 174–183. ISBN 0-313-31338-5.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Picton, John (2008). "art, African". West Africa, Igbo,: Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2008-11-23.
Jump up ^ Eltis, David; David Richardson (1997). Routes to Slavery: Direction, Ethnicity, and Mortality in the Transatlantic Slave Trade. Routledge. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-7146-4820-0. Retrieved 2008-11-24.
Jump up ^ Harper, Peggy (2008). "African dance". 18th paragraph under 'Dance style': Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2009-01-12.
Jump up ^ Chuku, Gloria (2005). Igbo women and economic transformation in southeastern Nigeria, 1900–1960. Routledge. pp. 43–44. ISBN 978-0-415-97210-9.
^ Jump up to: a b Gikandi, Simon (1991). Reading Chinua Achebe: Language & Ideology in Fiction. James Currey Publishers. p. 52. ISBN 978-0-85255-527-9. Retrieved 2008-12-19.
^ Jump up to: a b c Oliver, Paul (2008). "African architecture". Geographic influences, Palaces and shrines, last paragraph: Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2008-11-23.
Jump up ^ "The Poetics of Line". National Museum of African Art. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2008-12-19.
Jump up ^ Basden, G. S. (1966). Among the Ibos of Nigeria, 1912. Psychology Press. p. 109. ISBN 0-7146-1633-8.
Jump up ^ Joshuaproject: "Igbo Populations".
Jump up ^ Greenaway, Theresa; Rolf E. Johnson; Nathan E. Kraucunas (2002). Rain Forests of the World. Marshall Cavendish. p. 292. ISBN 0-7614-7254-1.
Jump up ^ Njemanze PC. Igbo Mediators of Yahweh Culture of Life. London: Xlibris, 2015
Jump up ^ Onwuejeogwu, M. Angulu (1975). The Social Anthropology of Africa: An Introduction (illustrated ed.). Heinemann. p. 179. ISBN 0-435-89701-2.
Jump up ^ Basden, G.T.; John Ralph Willis (1912). Among the Ibos of Nigeria. Seeley, Service. p. 216.
Jump up ^ Elechi, O. Oko (2006). Doing Justice Without the State: The Afikpo (Ehugbo) Nigeria Model. CRC Press. p. 32. ISBN 0-415-97729-0.
Jump up ^ Sucher, Sandra J (2007). The Moral Leader: Challenges, Tools and Insights. Routledge. p. 63. ISBN 0-415-40064-3.
Jump up ^ Kirch, Patrick Vinton (1986). Island Societies: Archaeological Approaches to Evolution and Transformation (illustrated ed.). CUP Archive. p. 71. ISBN 0-521-30189-0.
Jump up ^ Newell, William Hare (1976). "Ancestoride! Are African Ancestors Dead?". Ancestors. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 293–294. ISBN 90-279-7859-X.
Jump up ^ Oluikpe, Benson Omenihu A. (1979). Igbo Transformational Syntax: The Ngwa Dialect Example. Africana Publishers. p. 182.
^ Jump up to: a b c Njoku, John E. Eberegbulam (1990). The Igbos of Nigeria: Ancient Rites, Changes, and Survival. E. Mellen Press. p. 28. ISBN 0-88946-173-2.
Jump up ^ Equiano, Olaudah (1837). The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano. I. Knapp. p. 24.
Jump up ^ Chigere, Nkem Hyginus M. V. (2001). Foreign Missionary Background and Indigenous Evangelization in Igboland. LIT Verlag Berlin-Hamburg-Münster. p. 97. ISBN 3-8258-4964-3. Retrieved 2008-11-24.
Jump up ^ Agbasiere, Joseph Thérèse (2000). Women in Igbo Life and Thought. Routledge. p. 143. ISBN 0-415-22703-8. Retrieved 2008-12-19.
Jump up ^ Agbasiere, Joseph Thérèse; Shirley Ardener (2000). Women in Igbo Life and Thought. Routledge. p. 114. ISBN 0-415-22703-8. Retrieved 2008-11-24.
Jump up ^ Ritzer, George (2004). Handbook of Social Problems: A Comparative International Perspective. Contributor George Ritzer. SAGE. p. 248. ISBN 0-7619-2610-0. Retrieved 2008-11-24.
Jump up ^ Uchendu, Patrick Kenechukwu (1995). Education and the Changing Economic Role of Nigerian Women. Fourth Dimension Publishing. p. 114. ISBN 978-156-403-2. Formerly, there were many polygamous marriages because of the need for many hands to work in the farm.
Jump up ^ Okeke-Ihejirika, Philomina Ezeagbor (2004). Negotiating Power and Privilege: Igbo Career Women in Contemporary Nigeria. Ohio University Press. p. 34. ISBN 0-89680-241-8. Retrieved 2008-11-24.
Jump up ^ Oheneba-Sakyi, Yaw (2006). African families at the turn of the 21st century. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 161. ISBN 0-275-97274-7.
^ Jump up to: a b c Chuku, Gloria (2005). Igbo Women and Economic Transformation in Southeastern Nigeria, 1900–1960: 1900–1960. Routledge. p. 135. ISBN 0-415-97210-8. Retrieved 2008-12-18.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Masquelier, Adeline Marie (2005). Dirt, Undress, and Difference: Critical Perspectives on the Body's Surface. Indiana University Press. pp. 38–45. ISBN 0-253-34628-2. Retrieved 2008-12-18.
Jump up ^ Equiano, Olaudah (1837). The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano. I. Knapp. p. 14.
^ Jump up to: a b Ukwu, Dele C. "Igbo People: Clothing & Cosmetic Makeup at the Time of Things Fall Apart". last paragraph. Retrieved 2008-11-23.
Jump up ^ Isichei, Elizabeth Allo (1977). Igbo Worlds: An Anthology of Oral Histories and Historical Descriptions. Macmillan. p. 113. ISBN 0-333-19836-0. Retrieved 2008-12-18.
Jump up ^ McCall, John Christensen (2000). Dancing histories: heuristic ethnography with the Ohafia Igbo. University of Michigan Press. p. 53. ISBN 0-472-11070-5.
Jump up ^ Emenanjọ, E. Nọlue (1978). Elements of modern Igbo grammar: a descriptive approach. Oxford University Press. p. 42. ISBN 978-154-078-8.
Jump up ^ Glasgow, Jacqueline; Linda J. Rice (2007). Exploring African Life and Literature: Novel Guides to Promote Socially Responsive Learning. International Reading Assoc. p. 335. ISBN 0-87207-609-1. Retrieved 2009-01-10.
Jump up ^ McWhorter, John H. (2000). The Missing Spanish Creoles: Recovering the Birth of Plantation Contact Languages. University of California Press. p. 77. ISBN 0-520-21999-6. Retrieved 2008-11-29.
Jump up ^ O'Halloran, Kate (1997). Hands-on Culture of West Africa. Walch Publishing. p. 63. ISBN 0-8251-3087-5.
Jump up ^ Blacking, John; Joann W. Kealiinohomoku (1979). The Performing Arts: Music and Dance. 4th paragraph: Walter de Gruyter. p. 265. ISBN 90-279-7870-0. Retrieved 2009-01-10.
Jump up ^ Uchem, Rose N. (2001). Overcoming Women's Subordination in the Igbo African Culture and in the Catholic Church: Envisioning an Inclusive Theology with Reference to Women. Universal-Publishers. p. 36. ISBN 1-58112-133-4.
Jump up ^ Williams, Lizzie (2008). Nigeria: The Bradt Travel Guide. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 196. ISBN 1-84162-239-7.
Jump up ^ Nwachuku, Levi Akalazu; G. N. Uzoigwe (2004). Troubled Journey: Nigeria Since the Civil War. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 8. ISBN 0-7618-2712-9. Retrieved 2009-01-10.
Jump up ^ Onuah, Felix (29 December 2006). "Nigeria gives census result, avoids risky details". Reuters. Retrieved 2008-11-23.
Jump up ^ Lewis, Peter (2007). Growing Apart: Oil, Politics, and Economic Change in Indonesia and Nigeria. University of Michigan Press. p. 132. ISBN 0-472-06980-2. Retrieved 2008-11-23.
Jump up ^ Suberu, Rotimi T. (2001). Federalism and Ethnic Conflict in Nigeria. US Institute of Peace Press. p. 154. ISBN 1-929223-28-5. Retrieved 2008-12-18.
Jump up ^ IITA Annual Report. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture. 1988. p. 8. ISBN 978-978-131-048-5. Retrieved 2008-12-26.
Jump up ^ Jarmon, Charles (1988). Nigeria. BRILL. p. 113. ISBN 90-04-08340-5. Retrieved 2008-12-26.
Jump up ^ Udeani, Chibueze (2007). Inculturation as Dialogue: Igbo Culture and the Message of Christ. Rodopi. p. 7. ISBN 90-420-2229-9.
Jump up ^ Taylor, William H. (1996). Mission to Educate: A History of the Educational Work of the Scottish Presbyterian Mission in East Nigeria, 1846–1960. BRILL. p. 31. ISBN 90-04-10713-4. Retrieved 2008-12-26.
Jump up ^ Pojmann, Wendy Ann (2006). Immigrant Women and Feminism in Italy. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 35–36. ISBN 0-7546-4674-2.
Jump up ^ "World Igbo Environmental Federation" (PDF). Retrieved 2008-11-23.
Jump up ^ Falola, Toyin; Niyi Afolabi (2008). Trans-Atlantic Migration: The Paradoxes of Exile. Routledge. p. 35. ISBN 0-415-96091-6.
Jump up ^ Mwakikagile, Godfrey (2004). Africa Is In A Mess What Went Wrong And What Should Be Done. Fultus Corporation. p. 82. ISBN 0-9744339-7-7.
Jump up ^ Ciment, James (2001). Encyclopedia of American Immigration. M.E. Sharpe. p. 1075. ISBN 0-7656-8028-9.
Jump up ^ Farr, Marcia (2004). Ethnolinguistic Chicago: Language and Literacy in the City's Neighborhoods. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. p. 182. ISBN 0-8058-4345-0.
Jump up ^ Dresser, Norine (2005). Multicultural Manners: Essential Rules of Etiquette for the 21st Century (revised, illustrated ed.). John Wiley and Sons. p. 212. ISBN 0-471-68428-7.
Jump up ^ Eades, Jeremy Seymour (1993). Strangers and Traders: Yoruba Migrants, Markets and the State in Northern Ghana (illustrated ed.). Edinburgh University Press. p. 200. ISBN 0-7486-0386-7.
Jump up ^ Minahan, James (2002). Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: S-Z. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 330. ISBN 0-313-32384-4.
Jump up ^ Richard, Dreux (July 19, 2011). "Japan's Nigerians pay price for prosperity". The Japan Times. Retrieved 2012-03-31.
Jump up ^ Richard, Dreux (June 11, 2013). "Japan's Nigerians see symbol of change in masquerade". The Japan Times. Retrieved 2013-07-21.
Jump up ^ "Migration and business: Weaving the world together". The Economist. 2011-11-19. Retrieved 2015-04-12.
Jump up ^ "Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for Canada, provinces and territories". bottom: Statistics Canada. Retrieved 2010-04-04. . 19,520 identify as Nigerian, 61,430 identify as black.
Jump up ^ Crews, Chip (February 1, 2006). "'Lives' Makes a Present of Black Americans' Past". The Washington Post Company. Retrieved 2009-01-10.
Jump up ^ James Lipton (Himself – Host), Forest Whitaker (Himself) (2006-12-11). "Inside the Actors Studio: Forest Whitaker (2006)". Inside the Actors Studio. Season 13. New York City, New York, USA. Bravomedia. Bravotv.
Jump up ^ Garner, Jack (October 10, 2006). "Movies: Forest Whitaker takes viewer inside Idi Amin". Gannett News Service. ninth paragraph. Archived from the original on December 26, 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-23. "I wanted to understand what it was like to be Ugandan, even though my roots are in Nigeria and other parts of West Africa."
Jump up ^ Underwood, Blair. "Testimonials". Africanancestry.com. Archived from the original on 2008-12-19. Retrieved 2008-11-23. A welcome surprise that my people are from Nigeria & Ibo people
Further reading
General
Forde, Cyril Daryll; Jones, G. I. (1950). The Ibo and Ibibio-Speaking Peoples of South-Eastern Nigeria. International African Institute by Oxford Unive.
Njoku, John Eberegbulam (1990). The Igbos of Nigeria: Ancient Rites, Changes, and Survival. Lewiston, NY: E. Mellen Press. ISBN 0-88946-173-2.
Art
Ottenberg, Simon (2006). Toyin Falola, ed. Igbo Art & Culture. Africa World Press. ISBN 1-59221-442-8.
Music
Blacking, John; Kealiinohomoku, Joann W. (1979). The Performing arts: music and dance. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 90-279-7870-0.
Agawu, Kofi (2003). Representing African Music: Postcolonial Notes, Queries, Positions. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-94390-6.
Economy
Chidi Leonard Ilechukwu: Igbo – Indigenous Economy and the Search for Sustainable Development in Post Colonial African Society. Cidjap Press, Enugu, Nigeria 2008, ISBN 978-978-087-181-9.
Politics
Smock, Audrey C. (1971). Ibo Politics: The Role Of Ethnic Unions In Eastern Nigeria. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-44025-0.
Njaka, Elechukwu Nnadibuagha (1974). Igbo political culture. Northwestern University Press. ISBN 0-8101-0428-8.
Society
Rwomire, Apollo (2001). Social Problems in Africa: New Visions. Praeger/Greenwood. ISBN 0-275-96343-8.
Emenyonu, Ernest, ed. (2003). Emerging Perspectives on Chinua Achebe. Africa World Press. ISBN 0-86543-876-5.
Smith, David Jordan (2004). "Igbo". Encyclopedia of Sex and Gender: Men and Women in the World's Cultures. Volume I: Topics and Cultures A–K. Springer. ISBN 0-306-47770-X.
Okpala, Benneth (2003). Toasting the Bride: Memoirs of Milestones to Manhood (2nd ed.). Trafford Publishing. ISBN 1-4120-0777-1.
P.E. Aligwekwe, The Continuity of Traditional Values in the African Societies (the Igbo of Nigeria), Xlibris Publishing Company, IN, USA, 2008.
Diaspora
Chambers, Douglas B. (2005). Murder at Montpelier: Igbo Africans in Virginia. Univ. Press of Mississippi. ISBN 1-57806-706-5.
Morgan, Philip D.; Omohundro Institute of Early American History & Culture (1998). Slave counterpoint: Black culture in the eighteenth-century Chesapeake and Lowcountry. UNC Press. ISBN 0-8078-4717-8.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Igbo.
GI Jones Photographic Archive of southeastern Nigeria
Igboguide.org – Insight into Igbo Culture and Language
Pictorial tour of Igboland,
[show]
v
t
e
Igbo topics
History
(chronological order)
Origin
Lejja
Opi
Igbo-Ukwu
Kingdom of Nri
Atlantic slave trade
Aro Confederacy
Ekumeku Movement
Anglo-Aro War
Women's War
Eastern Nigeria
1966 anti-Igbo pogrom
Nigerian-Biafran War
Nigeria
Subgroups
Anioma
Aro
Edda
Ekpeye
Etche
Ezaa
Ika
Ikwerre
Ikwo
Ishielu
Isu
Izzi
Mbaise
Mgbo
Ngwa
Nkalu
Nri-Igbo
Ogba
Ohafia
Ohuhu
Omuma
Onitsha
Oratta
Ukwuani
Waawa
Politics
Anti-Igbo sentiment
Biafra
Eastern Nigeria
MASSOB
Nigeria
Ohanaeze Ndigbo
Rulers of Nri
Geography
(Igboland)
States
Abia
Anambra
Bayelsa
Ebonyi
Enugu
Delta
Imo
Rivers
Major cities
Aba
Ahaba
Énugwú
Ọnịcha Mmili
Owèrrè
Ugwu Ọcha
Demographics
Igbo people
list
Barbados
Dominica
Canada
Guangzhou, China
Jamaica
Japan
Saros
United Kingdom
United States (Dallas–Fort Worth)
Culture
Art
Calendar
Cuisine
Jews
Music
Highlife
Igbo rap
Odumodu
Ogene
Names
New Yam Festival
Ofala Festival
Odinani (religion)
Language
Language
Igbo
Igboid
Names - SPILC
Dialects
Delta Igbo
Enuani Igbo
Ika Igbo
Ikwerre
Izzi
Waawa
Wikipedia
Igbo Wikipedia
Category
Portal
[show]
v
t
e
Ethnic groups in Nigeria
Anlo Ewe
Annang
Atyap
Bariba
Berom
Buduma
Chamba
Defaka
Dendi
Djerma
Ebira
Edo
Efik
Eket
Ekoi
Eleme
Esan
Etsakor
Fon
Fula
Goemai
Gwari
Hausa
Ibibio
Idoma
Igala
Igbo
Ijaw
Isoko
Itsekiri
Iwellemmedan
Jukun
Kamuku
Kanuri
Kilba
Kirdi
Kofyar
Kotoko
Kuteb
Longuda
Mafa
Mumuye
Nupe
Ogoni
Saro
Tarok
Teda
Tiv
Urhobo
Yoruba
[show]
v
t
e
Ethnic groups in Equatorial Guinea
Benga
Beti-Pahuin
Bubi
Fang
Fernandino
Igbo
Kombe
Kwasio
Lengue
Spanish
Authority control
LCCN: sh85064199
SUDOC: 027356663
BNF: cb11941639m (data)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Igbo_people&oldid=817353026"
Categories:
Igbo people
Ethnic groups in Africa
Ethnic groups in Nigeria
Indigenous peoples of the Niger Delta
Hidden categories:
Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference
Pages with DOIs inactive since 2017
Wikipedia semi-protected pages
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017
Articles using Template:Infobox ethnic group with deprecated parameters
Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters
Articles with hAudio microformats
Articles containing Igbo-language text
Articles containing German-language text
Accuracy disputes from December 2017
All accuracy disputes
Articles with disputed statements from April 2017
Articles needing cleanup from April 2017
All pages needing cleanup
Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from April 2017
Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from April 2017
Good articles
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
View source
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Afrikaans
العربية
Български
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
Français
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Igbo
Italiano
עברית
Кырык мары
Лакку
Latviešu
Lietuvių
Magyar
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Scots
Simple English
Slovenščina
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
Türkçe
Українська
اردو
Yorùbá
粵語
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 27 December 2017, at 20:57.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: This is a good article. Follow the link for more information.

values: mw-indicator-good-star mw-indicator

values: This article is semi-protected until January 11, 2018.

values: mw-indicator-pp-default mw-indicator

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2017)

attrs: class style

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: Igbo Community in Nigeria and Africa.svg

values:
/wiki/Igbo_homeland
mw-redirect
Igbo homeland

values:
/wiki/Annang_people
mw-redirect
Annang people

values: Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

values:
/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Africa
mw-redirect
Ethnic groups in Africa

values:
/wiki/Aba,_Nigeria
mw-redirect
Aba, Nigeria

values:
/wiki/Frederick_Lugard
mw-redirect
Frederick Lugard

values:
/wiki/Republic_of_Biafra
mw-redirect
Republic of Biafra

values: padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;padding-top:0;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em;font-size:175%; line-height:1.0em; padding-bottom:0.4em;

values: padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;border:none; padding:0.6em 0.4em;

values: padding:0.1em;padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;

values:
/wiki/Omuma_people
mw-redirect
Omuma people

values: padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;

values:
/wiki/Igbo_Highlife
mw-redirect
Igbo Highlife

values:
/wiki/Igbo_American
mw-redirect
Igbo American

values:
/wiki/Afro-Trinidadian_and_Tobagonian
mw-redirect
Afro-Trinidadian and Tobagonian

values:
/wiki/Igbo_Canadian
mw-redirect
Igbo Canadian

values:
/wiki/Politics_of_Nigeria
mw-redirect
Politics of Nigeria

values: padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;border-top: 1px solid #aaa; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;border-top:none; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;

values: float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%

values:
/wiki/Orlu,_Nigeria
mw-redirect
Orlu, Nigeria

values:
/wiki/Eri_(divine_king)
mw-redirect
Eri (divine king)

values:
/wiki/Obi_(title)
mw-redirect
Obi (title)

values:
/wiki/Nri_Kingdom
mw-redirect
Nri Kingdom

values:
/wiki/Anambra_state
mw-redirect
Anambra state

values:
/wiki/Indentured_servant
mw-redirect
Indentured servant

values: The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano

values:
/wiki/Bussa%27s_Rebellion
mw-redirect
Bussa's Rebellion

values:
/wiki/African_American
mw-redirect
African American

values:
/wiki/Barbadian_people
mw-redirect
Barbadian people

values:
/wiki/Igbo_Women%27s_War
mw-redirect
Igbo Women's War

values:
/wiki/Running_water
mw-redirect
Running water

values:
/wiki/Emeka_Odumegwu-Ojukwu
mw-redirect
Emeka Odumegwu-Ojukwu

values:
/wiki/President_of_Biafra
mw-redirect
President of Biafra

values: National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons

values: Society for Promoting Igbo Language and Culture

values:
/wiki/Tonal_language
mw-redirect
Tonal language

values:
/wiki/Cambridge_University
mw-redirect
Cambridge University

values:
/wiki/St._John,_U.S._Virgin_Islands
mw-redirect
St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands

values:
/wiki/River_Niger
mw-redirect
River Niger

values:
/wiki/Chief_Osita_Osadebe
mw-redirect
Chief Osita Osadebe

values:
/wiki/Ala_(mythology)
mw-redirect
Ala (mythology)

values:
/wiki/Thatched_roofs
mw-redirect
Thatched roofs

values:
/wiki/Ala_(Odinani)
mw-redirect
Ala (Odinani)

values:
/wiki/Roman_Catholic
mw-redirect
Roman Catholic

values: The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (December 2017)

values:
/wiki/Child_carrier
mw-redirect
Child carrier

values: File:Little world, Aichi prefecture - African plaza - Hat of a vassal - Ìgbo people in Nigeria - Collected in 2006.jpg

values:
/wiki/Staple_crop
mw-redirect
Staple crop

values:
/wiki/New_yam_festival
mw-redirect
New yam festival

values:
/wiki/Asaba,_Nigeria
mw-redirect
Asaba, Nigeria

values:
/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Nigeria
mw-redirect
Ethnic groups in Nigeria

values:
/wiki/CIA_World_Factbook
mw-redirect
CIA World Factbook

values:
/wiki/Southeastern_Nigeria
mw-redirect
Southeastern Nigeria

values:
/wiki/Nigerian_diaspora
mw-redirect
Nigerian diaspora

values:
/wiki/Nigerian-Biafran_War
mw-redirect
Nigerian-Biafran War

values:
/wiki/Oil_industry
mw-redirect
Oil industry

values:
/wiki/Nigerian_British
mw-redirect
Nigerian British

values:
/wiki/Nigerian_American
mw-redirect
Nigerian American

values:
/wiki/Houston,_Texas
mw-redirect
Houston, Texas

values: The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (April 2017)

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Cleanup

values:
/wiki/Alex_Ekwueme
mw-redirect
Alex Ekwueme

values:
/wiki/Obiageli_Ezekwesili
mw-redirect
Obiageli Ezekwesili

values: -moz-column-width: 18em; -webkit-column-width: 18em; column-width: 18em;

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/40985002

values: Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition

values:
/wiki/Britannica_Online_Encyclopedia
mw-redirect
Britannica Online Encyclopedia

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20356404

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2307%2F4184781

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/4184781

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/4185054

values:
nofollow
http://www.igboenglish.com/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://africa.si.edu/exhibits/uli.htm

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.economist.com/node/21538700

values:
nofollow
http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1013110/
external text

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: width: 50%;text-align: left; vertical-align: top;

values: border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; border: 0; background:transparent; width:100%;

values:
nofollow
http://www.igboguide.org/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.panoramio.com/user/8598610

values:
/wiki/Origins_of_the_Igbo_people
mw-redirect
Origins of the Igbo people

values: History of Nigerian Americans in Dallas–Fort Worth

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
/wiki/Etsakor_people
mw-redirect
Etsakor people

values:
/wiki/Isoko_people
mw-redirect
Isoko people

values:
/wiki/Teda_people
mw-redirect
Teda people

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Template:Ethnic groups in Equatorial Guinea

values: Template talk:Ethnic groups in Equatorial Guinea

values: Spanish immigration to Equatorial Guinea

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.idref.fr/027356663

values: Category:Indigenous peoples of the Niger Delta

values: Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference

values: Category:Pages with DOIs inactive since 2017

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017

values: Category:Articles using Template:Infobox ethnic group with deprecated parameters

values: Category:Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters

values: Category:Articles with hAudio microformats

values: Category:Articles containing Igbo-language text

values: Category:Articles containing German-language text

values: Category:Accuracy disputes from December 2017

values: Category:Articles with disputed statements from April 2017

values: Category:Articles needing cleanup from April 2017

values: Category:Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from April 2017

values: Category:Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from April 2017

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Igbo_people
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
This page is protected.
You can view its source [ctrl-alt-e]

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: إغبو (شعب) – Arabic

values:
https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbos
Igbos – Catalan
ca
ca
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbo
Igbo – Czech
cs
cs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbo
Igbo – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

values: Ίγκμπο (φυλή) – Greek

values:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igboj
Igboj – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbo
Igbo – Basque
eu
eu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbos
Igbos – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

values: इगबो लोग – Hindi

values:
https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbo
Igbo – Croatian
hr
hr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbo
Igbo – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values: איגבו – Hebrew

values: Игбо халкь – Lak

values:
https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbo
Igbo – Latvian
lv
lv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbai
Igbai – Lithuanian
lt
lt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibo
Ibo – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbos
Igbos – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values: Игбо (народ) – Russian

values:
https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iboji
Iboji – Slovenian
sl
sl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbo
Igbo – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbot
Igbot – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values: اگبو قوم – Urdu

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Igbo_people rootpage-Igbo_people skin-vector action-view