text:
Cape of Good Hope
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Cape of Good Hope (disambiguation).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The Cape of Good Hope; looking towards the west, from the coastal cliffs above Cape Point, overlooking Dias beach
The Cape of Good Hope (Afrikaans: Kaap die Goeie Hoop [ˌkɑːp di ˌχujə ˈɦʊəp], Dutch: Kaap de Goede Hoop [ˌkaːb də ˌɣudə ˈɦoːp] ( listen),[1] Portuguese: Cabo da Boa Esperança [ˈkabu dɐ ˈboɐ ʃpɨˈɾɐ̃sɐ]) is a rocky headland on the Atlantic coast of the Cape Peninsula, South Africa.
A common misconception is that the Cape of Good Hope is the southern tip of Africa. This misconception was based on the misbelief that the Cape was the dividing point between the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Contemporary scientific knowledge instead states the southernmost point of Africa is Cape Agulhas about 150 kilometres (90 mi) to the east-southeast.[2] The currents of the two oceans meet at the point where the warm-water Agulhas current meets the cold water Benguela current and turns back on itself. That oceanic meeting point fluctuates between Cape Agulhas and Cape Point (about 1.2 kilometres (0.75 mi) east of the Cape of Good Hope).
When following the western side of the African coastline from the equator, however, the Cape of Good Hope marks the point where a ship begins to travel more eastward than southward. Thus, the first modern rounding of the cape in 1488 by Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias was a milestone in the attempts by the Portuguese to establish direct trade relations with the Far East (although Herodotus mentioned a claim that the Phoenicians had done so far earlier).[3] Dias called the cape Cabo das Tormentas ("Cape of Storms"; Dutch: Stormkaap), which was the original name of the "Cape of Good Hope".[4]
As one of the great capes of the South Atlantic Ocean, the Cape of Good Hope has long been of special significance to sailors, many of whom refer to it simply as "the Cape".[5] It is a waypoint on the Cape Route and the clipper route followed by clipper ships to the Far East and Australia, and still followed by several offshore yacht races.
The term Cape of Good Hope is also used in three other ways:
It is a section of the Table Mountain National Park, within which the cape of the same name, as well as Cape Point, falls. Prior to its incorporation into the national park, this section constituted the Cape Point Nature Reserve.[6]
It was the name of the early Cape Colony established by the Dutch in 1652, on the Cape Peninsula.
Just before the Union of South Africa was formed, the term referred to the entire region that in 1910 was to become the Cape of Good Hope Province (usually shortened to the Cape Province).
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Geography
3 Fauna
3.1 Chacma baboons
4 Flora
5 Legends
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
Eudoxus of Cyzicus (/ˈjuːdəksəs/; Greek: Εὔδοξος, Eúdoxos; fl. c. 130 BC) was a Greek navigator for Ptolemy VIII, king of the Hellenistic Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt, who found the wreck of a ship in the Indian Ocean that appeared to have come from Gades (today's Cádiz in Spain), rounding the Cape.
When Eudoxus was returning from his second voyage to India the wind forced him south of the Gulf of Aden and down the coast of Africa for some distance. Somewhere along the coast of East Africa, he found the remains of the ship. Due to its appearance and the story told by the natives, Eudoxus concluded that the ship was from Gades and had sailed anti-clockwise around Africa, passing the Cape and entering the Indian Ocean. This inspired him to repeat the voyage and attempt a circumnavigation of the continent. Organising the expedition on his own account he set sail from Gades and began to work down the African coast. The difficulties were too great, however, and he was obliged to return to Europe.[7]
After this failure he again set out to circumnavigate Africa. His eventual fate is unknown. Although some, such as Pliny, claimed that Eudoxus did achieve his goal, the most probable conclusion is that he perished on the journey.[8]
In the 1450 Fra Mauro map, the Indian Ocean is depicted as connected to the Atlantic. Fra Mauro puts the following inscription by the southern tip of Africa, which he names the "Cape of Diab", describing the exploration by a ship from the East around 1420:[9][10]
Detail of the Fra Mauro Map describing the construction of the junks that navigate in the Indian Ocean.
"Around 1420 a ship, or junk, from India crossed the Sea of India towards the Island of Men and the Island of Women, off Cape Diab, between the Green Islands and the shadows. It sailed for 40 days in a south-westerly direction without ever finding anything other than wind and water. According to these people themselves, the ship went some 2,000 miles ahead until - once favourable conditions came to an end - it turned round and sailed back to Cape Diab in 70 days".
"The ships called junks (lit. "Zonchi") that navigate these seas carry four masts or more, some of which can be raised or lowered, and have 40 to 60 cabins for the merchants and only one tiller. They can navigate without a compass, because they have an astrologer, who stands on the side and, with an astrolabe in hand, gives orders to the navigator". (Text from the Fra Mauro map, 09-P25.)
Fra Mauro explained that he obtained the information from "a trustworthy source", who traveled with the expedition, possibly the Venetian explorer Niccolò da Conti who happened to be in Calicut, India at the time the expedition left:
"What is more, I have spoken with a person worthy of trust, who says that he sailed in an Indian ship caught in the fury of a tempest for 40 days out in the Sea of India, beyond the Cape of Soffala and the Green Islands towards west-southwest; and according to the astrologers who act as their guides, they had advanced almost 2,000 miles. Thus one can believe and confirm what is said by both these and those, and that they had therefore sailed 4,000 miles".
Fra Mauro also comments that the account of the expedition, together with the relation by Strabo of the travels of Eudoxus of Cyzicus from Arabia to Gibraltar through the southern Ocean in Antiquity, led him to believe that the Indian Ocean was not a closed sea and that Africa could be circumnavigated by her southern end (Text from Fra Mauro map, 11, G2). This knowledge, together with the map depiction of the African continent, probably encouraged the Portuguese to intensify their effort to round the tip of Africa.
Map showing the Cape Peninsula, illustrating the position of the Cape of Good Hope. The main mountains and their peaks, including Table Mountain, and its relation to the City of Cape Town are shown.
Map of the Cape of Good Hope and Cape Agulhas the southernmost point of Africa.
Main article: Cape Colony
Reproduction of the Cross of Vasco da Gama at the Cape of Good Hope.
In the Early Modern Era, the first European to reach the cape was the Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias on 12 March 1488, who named it the "Cape of Storms" (Cabo das Tormentas). It was later renamed by John II of Portugal as "Cape of Good Hope" (Cabo da Boa Esperança) because of the great optimism engendered by the opening of a sea route to India and the East.
The land around the cape was home to the Khoikhoi people when the Dutch first settled there in 1652. The Khoikhoi had arrived in these parts about fifteen hundred years before.[11] They were called Hottentots by the Dutch, a term that has now come to be regarded as pejorative.
Dutch colonial administrator Jan van Riebeeck established a resupply camp for the Dutch East India Company some 50 km north of the cape in Table Bay on 6 April 1652 and this eventually developed into Cape Town. Supplies of fresh food were vital on the long journey around Africa and Cape Town became known as "The Tavern of the Seas".
On 31 December 1687 a community of Huguenots—who are Protestants—arrived at the Cape of Good Hope from the Netherlands. They had escaped to the Netherlands from France in order to flee religious persecution there; examples of these are Pierre Joubert who came from La Motte-d'Aigues for religious reasons. The Dutch East India Company needed skilled farmers at the Cape of Good Hope and the Dutch Government saw opportunities for the Huguenots at the Cape and sent them over. The colony gradually grew over the next 150 years or so until it stretched for hundreds of kilometres to the north and north-east.
When the Dutch Republic, during the Napoleonic Wars, was occupied by the French in 1795, henceforth becoming their vassal and enemy of the British, the United Kingdom invaded and occupied the Cape Colony that same year; relinquished control of the territory in 1803; only to return and reoccupy the Cape on 19 January 1806 following the Battle of Blaauwberg. The territory was ceded to the British in the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 and was thereafter administered as the Cape Colony. It remained a British colony until being incorporated into the independent Union of South Africa in 1910 (now known as the Republic of South Africa).
The Portuguese government erected two navigational beacons, Dias Cross and Gama Cross, to commemorate Vasco da Gama and Bartolomeu Dias as explorers who as mentioned were the first explorers to reach the cape. When lined up, the crosses point to Whittle Rock (34°21′24.63″S 18°28′26.36″E / 34.3568417°S 18.4739889°E / -34.3568417; 18.4739889), a large, permanently submerged shipping hazard in False Bay. Two other beacons in Simon's Town provide the intersection.
Geography[edit]
Sign at the Cape of Good Hope
The Cape of Good Hope is at the southern tip of the Cape Peninsula, about 2.3 kilometres (1.4 mi) west and a little south of Cape Point on the south-east corner. Cape Town is about 50 kilometres to the north of the Cape, in Table Bay at the north end of the peninsula. The peninsula forms the western boundary of False Bay. Geologically, the rocks found at the two capes, and indeed over much of the peninsula, are part of the Cape Supergroup, and are formed of the same type of sandstones as Table Mountain itself. Both the Cape of Good Hope and Cape Point offer spectacular scenery; the whole of the southernmost portion of the Cape Peninsula is a wild, rugged, scenic and generally unspoiled national park.
The term the Cape has also been used in a wider sense, to indicate the area of the European colony centred on Cape Town, and the later South African province. Since 1994, it has been broken up into three smaller provinces: the Western Cape, Eastern Cape and Northern Cape; parts of the province were also absorbed into the North West.
Fauna[edit]
Male ostrich at the Cape of Good Hope
With its diverse habitat, ranging from rocky mountain tops to beaches and open sea, the Cape of Good Hope is home to at least 250 species of birds including one of the two mainland colonies of African penguins.
"Bush birds" tend to be rather scarce because of the coarse, scrubby nature of fynbos vegetation. When flowering, however, proteas and ericas attract sunbirds, sugarbirds, and other species in search of nectar. For most of the year, there are more small birds in coastal thicket than in fynbos.
The Cape of Good Hope section of Table Mountain National Park is home to several species of antelope. Bontebok and eland are easily seen, and red hartebeest can be seen in the grazing lawns in Smitswinkel Flats. Grey rhebok are less commonly seen and are scarce, but may be observed along the beach hills at Olifantsbos. Most visitors are unlikely to ever see either Cape grysbok or klipspringer.
The Cape of Good Hope section is home to four Cape mountain zebra. They might be seen by the attentive or lucky visitor, usually in Smitswinkel Flats.
There are a wealth of small animals such as lizards, snakes, tortoises and insects. Small mammals include rock hyrax, four-striped grass mouse, water mongoose, Cape clawless otter and fallow deer.
The area offers excellent vantage points for whale watching. The southern right whale is the species most likely to be seen in False Bay between June and November. Other species are the humpback whale and Bryde's whale. Seals, dusky dolphins and killer whales have also been seen.
The strategic position of the Cape of Good Hope between two major ocean currents, ensures a rich diversity of marine life. There is a difference between the sea life west of Cape Point and that to the east due to the markedly differing sea temperatures.
The South African Marine Living Resources Act is strictly enforced throughout the Table Mountain National Park, and especially in marine protected areas. Disturbance or removal of any marine organisms is strictly prohibited between Schusters Bay and Hoek van Bobbejaan, but is allowed in other areas during season and with relevant permits.
Chacma baboons[edit]
Chacma baboons (Papio ursinus) are the mammals most intimately associated with the Cape of Good Hope. Baboons inside the Cape of Good Hope section of the park are a major tourist attraction. There are 11 troops consisting of about 375 individuals throughout the entire Cape Peninsula. Six of these 11 troops either live entirely within the Cape of Good Hope section of the park, or use the section as part of their range. The Cape Point, Kanonkop, Klein Olifantsbos, and Buffels Bay troops live entirely inside the Cape of Good Hope section of the Park. The Groot Olifantsbos and Plateau Road troops range into the park.
Chacma baboons are widely distributed across southern Africa and are classified as ″least concern" in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. However, the South African Parks Department states in its publication Mountains in the Sea that the baboon population on the Cape is "critically endangered." This is due to habitat loss, genetic isolation, and conflicts with humans. Cape baboons have been eliminated from the majority of their range across the Cape Peninsula, and the Cape of Good Hope section of Table Mountain National Park provides a sanctuary for the troops that live within its boundaries. It provides relative safety from nearby towns, where people have killed many baboons after the baboons raid their houses looking for food. Baboons are also frequently injured or killed outside of the park by cars and by electrocution on power lines. Inside the park, some management policies such as allowing barbecues and picnics in the baboon home ranges cause detriment to the troops, as they become embroiled in conflicts with guests to the park.
Flora[edit]
Fynbos at Cape Peninsula
The Cape of Good Hope is an integral part of the Cape Floristic Kingdom, the smallest but richest of the world's six floral kingdoms. This comprises a treasure trove of 1100 species of indigenous plants, of which a number are endemic (occur naturally nowhere else on earth). The main type of fynbos ("fine bush") vegetation at the Cape of Good Hope is Peninsula Sandstone Fynbos, an endangered vegetation type that is endemic to the Cape Peninsula. Coastal Hangklip Sand Fynbos grows on low-lying alkaline sands and, right by the sea, small patches of Cape Flats Dune Strandveld can be found.[12][13]
Characteristic fynbos plants include proteas, ericas (heath), and restios (reeds). Some of the most striking and well-known members belong to the Proteacae family, of which up to 24 species occur. These include king protea, sugarbush, tree pincushion and golden cone bush (Leucadendron laureolum).
Many popular horticultural plants like pelargoniums, freesias, daisies, lilies and irises also have their origins in fynbos.
Legends[edit]
The Cape of Good Hope is the legendary home of The Flying Dutchman. Crewed by tormented and damned ghostly sailors, it is doomed forever to beat its way through the adjacent waters without ever succeeding in rounding the headland.
Adamastor is a Greek-type mythological character invented by the Portuguese poet Luís de Camões in his epic poem Os Lusíadas (first printed in 1572), as a symbol of the forces of nature Portuguese navigators had to overcome during their discoveries and more specifically of the dangers Portuguese sailors faced when trying to round the Cape of Storms.
See also[edit]
Cape Peninsula
Cape Horn, its South American counterpart
Cape Point
Western Cape
History of Cape Colony
Simon's Town
Postage stamps and postal history of the Cape of Good Hope
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Every word in isolation [ˌkaːp də ˌɣudə ˈɦoːp].
Jump up ^ "Cape of Good Hope, South Africa - 360° Aerial Panoramas".
Jump up ^ The first circumnavigation of Africa. livius.org
Jump up ^ Sarah Mytton Maury (1848). Englishwoman In America. p. 33.
Jump up ^ Along the Clipper Way, Francis Chichester; page 78. Hodder & Stoughton, 1966. ISBN 0-340-00191-7
Jump up ^ Map of the Park, showing the Cape of Good Hope section (retrieved 27 March 2010).
Jump up ^ Tozer, Henry F. (1997). History of Ancient Geography. Biblo & Tannen. pp. 189–190. ISBN 0-8196-0138-1. ; online at Google Books
Jump up ^ Tozer, Henry F. (1997). History of Ancient Geography. Biblo & Tannen. pp. xxiii. ISBN 0-8196-0138-1. ; online at Google Books
Jump up ^ Marco Polo, p. 409
Jump up ^ Needham 1971, p. 501
Jump up ^ Ehret, Christopher (2001). An African Classical Age. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press. p. 219. ISBN 0-8139-2057-4.
Jump up ^ "Peninsula Sandstone Fynbos. Cape Town Biodiversity Factsheets" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-12-12.
Jump up ^ "Cape Flats Dune Strandveld. Cape Town Biodiversity Factsheets" (PDF). [dead link]
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cape of Good Hope.
List of birds of the Cape of Good Hope Nature Reserve, with paragraph describing each species
Cape of Good Hope, Panoramic view
Cape of Good Hope is a map by John Arrowsmith in 1842
Cape of Good Hope Tour
Coordinates: 34°21′24.63″S 18°28′26.36″E / 34.3568417°S 18.4739889°E / -34.3568417; 18.4739889 (Cape of Good Hope)
Authority control
GND: 4110003-7
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cape_of_Good_Hope&oldid=801063168"
Categories:
Headlands of the Western Cape
Geography of Cape Town
Maritime history of South Africa
Hidden categories:
All articles with dead external links
Articles with dead external links from June 2016
Use South African English from February 2017
All Wikipedia articles written in South African English
Articles needing additional references from January 2011
All articles needing additional references
Articles containing Afrikaans-language text
Articles containing Dutch-language text
Articles with hAudio microformats
Articles containing Portuguese-language text
Articles containing Greek-language text
Coordinates on Wikidata
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikivoyage
Languages
Адыгэбзэ
Afrikaans
العربية
ܐܪܡܝܐ
Asturianu
Azərbaycanca
Беларуская
Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
Български
Bosanski
Brezhoneg
Буряад
Català
Cebuano
Čeština
Corsu
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Frysk
Gaeilge
Galego
ગુજરાતી
한국어
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Ido
Bahasa Indonesia
Ирон
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
ქართული
Kiswahili
Latina
Latviešu
Lëtzebuergesch
Lietuvių
Magyar
Македонски
മലയാളം
मराठी
Bahasa Melayu
မြန်မာဘာသာ
Nāhuatl
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Occitan
Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Scots
Shqip
Sicilianu
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
தமிழ்
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
اردو
Tiếng Việt
Winaray
粵語
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 17 September 2017, at 12:37.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

attrs: class href

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

value: small

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values:
/wiki/Afrikaans_language
mw-redirect
Afrikaans language

values: Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

values:
/wiki/Agulhas_current
mw-redirect
Agulhas current

values:
/wiki/Benguela_current
mw-redirect
Benguela current

values:
/wiki/Clipper_ship
mw-redirect
Clipper ship

values:
/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope_Province
mw-redirect
Cape of Good Hope Province

values:
/wiki/Ethnic_Greek
mw-redirect
Ethnic Greek

values:
/wiki/Hellenistic_civilization
mw-redirect
Hellenistic civilization

values:
/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_da_Conti
mw-redirect
Niccolò da Conti

values:
/wiki/Early_Modern_Era
mw-redirect
Early Modern Era

values: Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location

values:
/wiki/Table_Mountain_(South_Africa)
mw-redirect
Table Mountain (South Africa)

values:
/wiki/Spheniscus_demersus
mw-redirect
Spheniscus demersus

values:
/wiki/Cape_clawless_otter
mw-redirect
Cape clawless otter

values:
/wiki/Papio_ursinus
mw-redirect
Papio ursinus

values:
/wiki/Cape_Floristic_Kingdom
mw-redirect
Cape Floristic Kingdom

values:
/wiki/King_protea
mw-redirect
King protea

values:
/wiki/Tree_pincushion
mw-redirect
Tree pincushion

values:
/wiki/The_Flying_Dutchman
mw-redirect
The Flying Dutchman

values:
/wiki/History_of_Cape_Colony
mw-redirect
History of Cape Colony

values:
nofollow
external text
http://oo.adu.org.za/content.php?id=130

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.wdl.org/en/item/51

values:
nofollow
http://www.africanatheart.co.za/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://d-nb.info/gnd/4110003-7

values: Category:Maritime history of South Africa

values: Category:All articles with dead external links

values: Category:Articles with dead external links from June 2016

values: Category:Use South African English from February 2017

values: Category:All Wikipedia articles written in South African English

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from January 2011

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:Articles containing Afrikaans-language text

values: Category:Articles containing Dutch-language text

values: Category:Articles with hAudio microformats

values: Category:Articles containing Portuguese-language text

values: Category:Articles containing Greek-language text

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: Къуапэ ГугъэфI – Kabardian

values: رأس الرجاء الصالح – Arabic

values: ܪܝܫܐ ܕܣܒܪܐ ܛܒܐ – Aramaic

values: Мыс Добрай Надзеі – Belarusian

values: Мыс Добрай Надзеі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values: Добра надежда – Bulgarian

values: Һайн Найдалай хушуу – Russia Buriat

values: Ακρωτήριο της Καλής Ελπίδος – Greek

values: دماغه امید نیک – Persian

values: કેપ ઓફ ગુડ હોપ – Gujarati

values: Բարեհուսո հրվանդան – Armenian

values: केप ऑफ़ गुड होप – Hindi

values: Хорз Ныфсы сынæг – Ossetic

values: כף התקווה הטובה – Hebrew

values: კეთილი იმედის კონცხი – Georgian

values: Kap vun der Gudder Hoffnung – Luxembourgish

values: 'Рт на Добрата Надеж – Macedonian

values: പ്രതീക്ഷാ മുനമ്പ് – Malayalam

values: केप ऑफ गुड होप – Marathi

values: ဂွတ်ဟုပ်အငူ – Burmese

values: Мыс Доброй Надежды – Russian

values: Рт добре наде – Serbian

values: நன்னம்பிக்கை முனை – Tamil

values: แหลมกู๊ดโฮป – Thai

values: Мис Доброї Надії – Ukrainian

values: راس امید – Urdu

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Cape_of_Good_Hope rootpage-Cape_of_Good_Hope vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view


text:
Billionaire
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Billionaire (disambiguation).
A billionaire, in countries that use the short scale number naming system, is a person with a net worth of at least one billion (1,000,000,000, i.e. a thousand million) units of a given currency, usually major currencies such as the United States dollar, the euro or the pound sterling. The American business magazine Forbes produces a complete global list of known U.S. dollar billionaires every year and updates an Internet version of this list in real time.[1] The American oil magnate John D. Rockefeller became the world's first confirmed U.S. dollar billionaire in 1916.[2] As of 2017, there are over 2,000 U.S. dollar billionaires worldwide, with a combined wealth of over US$7.6 trillion.[3] According to a 2017 Oxfam report, the top eight richest billionaires own as much combined wealth as "half the human race".[4][5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Current U.S. dollar billionaires
2 Billionaires who own the same wealth as half the world
3 Statistics
4 See also
5 References
6 Further reading
Current U.S. dollar billionaires[edit]
See also: The World's Billionaires
According to the Forbes report released in March 2017, there are currently 2,043 U.S. dollar billionaires worldwide, from 66 countries, with a combined net worth of $7.67 trillion, which is more than the combined GDP of 152 countries.[3] The majority of billionaires are male, but as of 2015 there are 197 female billionaires.[6] In 2015, there were ten LGBT billionaires. The United States has the largest number of billionaires of any country, with 536 as of 2015,[6] while China, India and Russia are home to 213, 90 and 88 billionaires respectively.[7][8] Among American billionaires, the average age is 66 years,[9] but as of 2015 there are globally also 46 billionaires under the age of 40.[6]
Billionaires who own the same wealth as half the world[edit]
Number of billionaires who together own the same wealth as half the world population and what transport they would fit on between years 2010 to 2016[10]
According to a 2016 Oxfam report, the wealth of the poorest 50% dropped by 41% between 2010 and 2015, despite an increase in the global population of 400 million.[10] In the same period, the wealth of the richest 62 people between the World's Billionaires increased by $500bn (£350bn) to $1.76tn. Runaway income inequality has created a world where 62 people own as much as the poorest half of the world's population. This number has fallen dramatically from 388 as recently as 2010. More recently, in 2017 an Oxfam report noted that just eight billionaires own as much combined wealth as "half the human race".[4][5]
Statistics[edit]
The table below lists numerous statistics relating to billionaires, including the total number of known billionaires and the net worth of the world's wealthiest individual for each year since 2008. Data for each year is from the annual Forbes list of billionaires, with currency figures given in U.S. dollars.
Year
Total number of billionaires
Combined wealth of known billionaires
Number of U.S. billionaires
Number of Chinese billionaires
Number of Russian billionaires
Number of Indian billionaires
World's wealthiest individual
Wealthiest individual's net worth
2017[3] 2,043 $7.71 trillion 565 319 101 Bill Gates $86 billion
2016 1,810 $6.48 trillion 540 251 75 Bill Gates $75 billion
2015[7] 1,826 $7.05 trillion 536 213 88 90[8] Bill Gates $79.2 billion
2014[11] 1,645 $6.4 trillion 492 152 111 56[12] Bill Gates $78 billion
2013[13] 1,426 $5.4 trillion 442 122 110 – Carlos Slim $73 billion
2012[14] 1,226 $4.6 trillion 425 95 96 – Carlos Slim $73 billion
2011[15] 1,210 $4.5 trillion 413 115 101 – Carlos Slim $74 billion
2010[16] 1,011 $3.6 trillion 404 (est.) 89 62 – Carlos Slim $53.5 billion
2009[17] 793 $2.4 trillion 359 28 32 – Bill Gates $40 billion
2008[18] 1,125 $4.4 trillion 470 (est.) – 87 – Warren Buffett $62 billion
See also[edit]
Foundation
List of members of the Forbes 400 (Americans only)
Bloomberg Billionaires Index world-encompassing
List of countries by the number of billionaires
List of universities by number of billionaire alumni
List of wealthiest families
List of wealthiest historical figures
Millionaire
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Miller, Matthew; Kroll, Luisa (10 March 2010). "Bill Gates No Longer World's Richest Man". Forbes. Retrieved 7 June 2010.
Jump up ^ O'Donnell, Carl (11 July 2014). "The Rockefellers: The Legacy Of History's Richest Man". Forbes. Retrieved 7 January 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Kroll, Luisa. "Forbes 2017 billionaires list: Meet the richest people on the planet". Forbes. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Ratcliff, Anna (16 January 2017). "Just 8 men own same wealth as half the world". Oxfam. Retrieved 16 January 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Mullany, Gerry (16 January 2017). "World's 8 Richest Have as Much Wealth as Bottom Half of Global Population". New York Times. Retrieved 16 January 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Behind the Numbers in Forbes' Billionaires List". U.S. News & World Report. 2 March 2015. Retrieved 3 March 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "Inside The 2015 Forbes Billionaires List: Facts And Figures". Forbes. 2 March 2015. Retrieved 3 March 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "A Record 90 Indians On Forbes Billionaires List 2015". Forbes. 3 March 2015. Retrieved 9 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Rappeport, Alan (9 March 2011). "Brics becoming billionaire factory". Financial Times. Retrieved 20 May 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "62 people own same as half world – Oxfam". Oxfam.
Jump up ^ "Billionaires". Forbes. 3 March 2014. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
Jump up ^ "Indian Billionaires 2014: Big Winners, Big Losers". Forbes. 3 March 2014. Retrieved 9 August 2015.
Jump up ^ "Inside The 2013 Billionaires List". Forbes. 25 March 2013. Retrieved 20 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "Forbes World's Billionaires 2012". Forbes. 7 March 2012. Retrieved 20 October 2014.
Jump up ^ "World's Billionaires 2011: A Record Year In Numbers, Money And Impact". Forbes. 9 March 2011. Retrieved 1 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Bill Gates No Longer World's Richest Man". Forbes. 10 March 2010. Retrieved 1 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "The World's Billionaires". Forbes. 11 March 2009. Retrieved 1 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "World's Billionaires". Forbes. 5 March 2008. Retrieved 1 April 2012.
Further reading[edit]
Ritholtz, Barry (26 December 2016). "Map of World Billionaires by Country and by Origin of Wealth". The Big Picture.
[show]
v
t
e
Lists of people by net worth
By citizenship
Australia
Austria
Belgium
Brazil
Canada
China (PRC)
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Egypt
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hong Kong
India
Indonesia
Iran
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
South Korea
Kuwait
Lebanon
Malaysia
Mexico
Monaco
Netherlands
New Zealand
Nigeria
Norway
Pakistan
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Russia
Saudi Arabia
Singapore
South Africa
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Taiwan (ROC)
Thailand
Turkey
Uganda
Ukraine
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
United States
Venezuela
By region
Arab League
South Asia
South East Asia
Africa
Forbes lists
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
Forbes 400
members
In history
List of wealthiest historical figures
List of richest Americans in history
Other
Countries by the number of US dollar billionaires
Forbes Fictional 15
Royals
Sunday Times Rich List (UK)
Financial Review Rich List (Australia)
Women
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Billionaire&oldid=808643843"
Categories:
Billionaires
Distribution of wealth
Hidden categories:
Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages
Use dmy dates from July 2013
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Cymraeg
Dansk
Español
Esperanto
فارسی
Français
한국어
Kurdî
Malagasy
Nederlands
Norsk
Română
Саха тыла
Simple English
Suomi
Svenska
Tiếng Việt
ייִדיש
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 4 November 2017, at 05:15.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Billionaire_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Billionaire (disambiguation)

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: b

attrs: href title

value: i

value: sup

values:
/wiki/Oil_magnate
mw-redirect
Oil magnate

values: Edit section: Current U.S. dollar billionaires

values:
/wiki/Female_billionaires
mw-redirect
Female billionaires

values: Edit section: Billionaires who own the same wealth as half the world

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Global_population
mw-redirect
Global population

values:
/wiki/Income_inequality
mw-redirect
Income inequality

values:
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values:
/wiki/List_of_Russians_by_net_worth
mw-redirect
List of Russians by net worth

values:
/wiki/List_of_Indians_by_net_worth
mw-redirect
List of Indians by net worth

values: div-col columns column-count column-count-2

values: -moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;

values:
/wiki/New_York_Times
mw-redirect
New York Times

values: -moz-column-width: 33em; -webkit-column-width: 33em; column-width: 33em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: Template talk:Lists of people by net worth

values:
/wiki/List_of_richest_Cypriots
mw-redirect
List of richest Cypriots

values: List of Israeli billionaires by net worth

values:
/wiki/List_of_Italian_billionaires
mw-redirect
List of Italian billionaires

values: List of Kazakhstani billionaires by net worth

values: List of Kuwaiti billionaires by net worth

values:
/wiki/List_of_Nigerians_by_net_worth
mw-redirect
List of Nigerians by net worth

values: List of Portuguese billionaires by net worth

values:
/wiki/List_of_Saudi_billionaires
mw-redirect
List of Saudi billionaires

values: List of South African billionaires by net worth

values: List of Spanish billionaires by net worth

values: List of Turkish billionaires by net worth

values:
/wiki/List_of_richest_people_of_Ukraine
mw-redirect
List of richest people of Ukraine

values:
/wiki/List_of_billionaires_in_UAE
mw-redirect
List of billionaires in UAE

values:
/wiki/List_of_British_by_net_worth
mw-redirect
List of British by net worth

values: List of South East Asian people by net worth

values:
/wiki/List_of_African_millionaires
mw-redirect
List of African millionaires

values: List of countries by the number of US dollar billionaires

values:
/wiki/List_of_the_richest_royals
mw-redirect
List of the richest royals

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: Category:Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Billionaire
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: ملياردير – Arabic

values:
https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biliwnydd
Biliwnydd – Welsh
cy
cy
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilionulo
Bilionulo – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

values: میلیاردر – Persian

values:
https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milyarder
Milyarder – Kurdish
ku
ku
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miliardar
Miliardar – Romanian
ro
ro
interlanguage-link-target

values: Миллиардер – Sakha

values: ביליאנער – Yiddish

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Billionaire rootpage-Billionaire vector-experimental-print-styles vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view


text:
Indian summer
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Indian Summer (disambiguation).
Indian summer
Indian summer is a period of unseasonably warm, dry weather that sometimes occurs in autumn in the Northern Hemisphere. The US National Weather Service defines this as weather conditions that are sunny and clear with above normal temperatures, occurring late-September to mid-November.[1] It is usually described as occurring after a killing frost.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology and usage
2 Similar phenomena
3 In media
3.1 Books
3.2 Comics
3.3 Music
3.4 Movies
3.5 Poetry
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Etymology and usage[edit]
Late-19th century Boston lexicographer Albert Matthews made an exhaustive search of early American literature in an attempt to discover who coined the expression.[2] The earliest reference he found dated from 1851. He also found the phrase in a letter written in England in 1778, but discounted that as a coincidental use of the phrase.
Later research showed that the earliest known reference to Indian Summer in its current sense occurs in an essay written in the United States in the late 1770s (probably 1778) by J. Hector St. John de Crevecoeur. The letter was first published in French. The essay remained unavailable in the United States until the 1920s.[3]
Although the exact origins of the term are uncertain,[4] it was perhaps so-called because it was first noted in regions inhabited by Native Americans ("Indians"), or because the Native Americans first described it to Europeans,[5] or it had been based on the warm and hazy conditions in autumn when Native Americans hunted.[4]
In literature and history, the term is sometimes used metaphorically. The title of Van Wyck Brooks' New England: Indian Summer (1940) suggests an era of inconsistency, infertility, and depleted capabilities, a period of seemingly robust strength that is only an imitation of an earlier season of actual strength.[6] William Dean Howells' 1886 novel "Indian Summer" uses the term to mean a time when one may recover some of the happiness of youth. The main character, jilted as a young man, leads a solitary life until he rediscovers romance in early middle age.
In British English, the term is used in the same way as in North America. In the UK, observers knew of the American usage from the mid-19th century onwards, and The Indian Summer of a Forsyte is the metaphorical title of the 1918 second volume of The Forsyte Saga by John Galsworthy. However, early 20th-century climatologists Gordon Manley and Hubert Lamb used it only when referring to the American phenomenon, and the expression did not gain wide currency in Great Britain until the 1950s. In former times such a period was associated with the autumn feast days of St. Martin and Saint Luke.[7]
Similar phenomena[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Similar weather conditions, with local variations also exist. A warm period in autumn is called "Altweibersommer" (de: "old women's summer") in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Lithuania, Hungary, Estonia (Estonian: vananaistesuvi), Finland,[8] and in a number of Slavic-language countries—for example, in Poland, Russia, Serbia, and Croatia—it is known as "old woman's summer" (Polish: babie lato, Russian: бабье лето; IPA: [babje ljeto], Croatian: bablje ljeto). In Bulgaria, it is known as "gypsy summer" or "poor man's summer". In Sweden, there's "Brittsommar" (out of "Birgitta" and "Britta", having their name days around the time).
In temperate parts of South America—such as southernmost Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay—the phenomenon is known as "Veranico", "Veranito" or "Veranillo" (literally, "little summer"), and usually occurs in early autumn between late April and mid-May, when it is known as "Veranico de Mayo" ("May's little summer") or as "Veranito de San Juan" ("Saint John's little summer"). Its onset and duration are directly associated with the occurrence of El Niño.
In other countries it is associated with autumnal name days or saint days such as Teresa of Ávila (Portugal, Spain and France), St. Martin's Summer (France, Italy and Portugal), Michaelmas summer (Serbia and Republika Srpska), St. Martin's Day (Netherlands), Bridget of Sweden in Sweden, and Saint Michael the Archangel in Wales. In Turkey it is called pastirma yazı, meaning pastrami summer, since the month of November was considered to be the best time to make pastrami.[9]
In media[edit]
Books[edit]
Engine Summer by John Crowley is named after and references the event, with the spelling changed to reflect the post-apocalyptic setting of the book.
Comics[edit]
Injun summer, John T. McCutcheon, Chicago Tribune, September 30, 1907
Music[edit]
Victor Herbert composed the song "Indian Summer" in 1919.
It was a number one hit for Tommy Dorsey's orchestra in 1939.
It was recorded by Frank Sinatra on his album with Duke Ellington, Francis A, and Edward K., in 1968.
It was recorded by Tony Bennett for his Frank Sinatra tribute album, "Perfectly Frank," in 1992.
In 1969, Brewer & Shipley recorded ″Indian Summer″ for their ″Weeds″ album.
In 1970 The Doors recorded ″Indian Summer″.
In 1975, Joe Dassin recorded "Indian Summer" in French, English, Spanish and German. "L'Été indien" went on to become Dassin's biggest hit, selling almost 2 million copies worldwide.
In 1977 Poco released the album, Indian Summer, which also contained the title track.
In 1978 Joe Walsh recorded "Indian Summer" for the album But Seriously, Folks....
In 1985 Larry Gatlin, Roy Orbison, and Barry Gibb released "Indian Summer"
U2 included "Indian Summer Sky" on their The Unforgettable Fire album.
The Dream Academy recorded the song "Indian Summer" for the album Remembrance Days in 1987.
In 1988 Beat Happening released "Indian Summer" on their album "Jamboree".
Go West released an album Indian Summer in the 90's
Pedro the Lion released "Indian Summer" on their Control album in 2002.
Tori Amos featured a song of the same name in her 2004 EP Scarlet's Hidden Treasures.
In 2007 jazz pianist Dave Brubeck released an album called "Indian Summer."
In 2007 Manic Street Preachers released "Indian Summer" the third single released from their eighth studio album Send Away the Tigers
In 2009, country duo Brooks and Dunn released a single, "Indian Summer.
In 2011 Loaded (sometimes called Duff McKagan's Loaded) released "Indian Summer" on the album called The Taking
In 2013 Stereophonics released "Indian Summer" as the second single from their eighth studio album Graffiti on the Train
In 2014, Tyler Hilton released the album Indian Summer, which also contained the title track.
In 2015, Jai Wolf released the single "Indian Summer" from Foreign Family Collective.[10]
Movies[edit]
In the 1995 movie Die Hard With A Vengeance, Bruce Willis as John McClane references the phenomenon in order to verify that the policemen he is speaking with are actually European imposters with convincing accents.
Mad Men Season 1, Episode 11 makes reference to Indian Summer calling that episode with the same name.
Poetry[edit]
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow poem, 'Hiawatha', 1855 mentions "the tender Indian Summer"
See also[edit]
Blackberry winter
Velvet season
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Deedler, William (Fall 1996). "Just What Is Indian Summer And Did Indians Really Have Anything To Do With It?". Detroit/Pontiac, MI: National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office. Archived from the original on October 9, 2014. Retrieved September 24, 2014.
Jump up ^ Matthews, Albert (February 1902). "The Term Indian Summer". Monthly Weather Review. 30 (2): 69–80. Bibcode:1902MWRv...30...69M. doi:10.1175/1520-0493-30.2.69c. Retrieved 2015-10-03.
Jump up ^ Sweeting, Adam W. (2003). Beneath the Second Sun: A Cultural History of Indian Summer. New Hampshire. p. 14-15.
^ Jump up to: a b "Hints of an Indian Summer". BBC. Retrieved 19 September 2015.
Jump up ^ "Indian summer". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 19 September 2015.
Jump up ^ Commager, Henry Steele (August 18, 1940). "In New England's Lesser Days". New York Times. Retrieved October 6, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Indian summer: What exactly is it?". BBC. 1 October 2011. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Kallio, Jussi (October 13, 2009). "Intiaanikesä". Kotimaisten kielten keskus (in Finnish). Retrieved September 12, 2015.
Jump up ^ "İstanbul'a kış 20 Ocak’ta gelecek!" (in Turkish). Retrieved November 11, 2014.
Jump up ^ https://soundcloud.com/foreignfamily/jai-wolf
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Indian summer.
"Indian Summer". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_summer&oldid=804106105"
Categories:
Autumn
Anomalous weather
Hidden categories:
CS1 Finnish-language sources (fi)
CS1 Turkish-language sources (tr)
Use mdy dates from August 2015
Articles needing additional references from October 2011
All articles needing additional references
Articles containing Polish-language text
Articles containing Russian-language text
Articles containing Croatian-language text
Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Беларуская
Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
Български
Català
Чӑвашла
Čeština
Corsu
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deitsch
Deutsch
Eesti
Emiliàn e rumagnòl
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
한국어
Hrvatski
Italiano
עברית
Lietuvių
Limburgs
Lumbaart
Мокшень
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Polski
Português
Русский
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
Татарча/tatarça
Türkçe
Українська
Walon
粵語
Žemaitėška
Edit links
This page was last edited on 6 October 2017, at 19:42.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: id class style

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values:
/wiki/Indian_Summer_(disambiguation)
mw-redirect mw-disambig
Indian Summer (disambiguation)

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: img

attrs: href class

attrs: class style

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

values:
/wiki/Slavic_language
mw-redirect
Slavic language

values: Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

values:
/wiki/Saint_Michael_the_Archangel
mw-redirect
Saint Michael the Archangel

values:
/wiki/Dream_Academy
mw-redirect
Dream Academy

values:
/wiki/Brooks_and_Dunn
mw-redirect
Brooks and Dunn

values:
/wiki/Die_Hard_With_A_Vengeance
mw-redirect
Die Hard With A Vengeance

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: s:The New International Encyclopædia/Indian Summer

values: Category:CS1 Finnish-language sources (fi)

values: Category:CS1 Turkish-language sources (tr)

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from October 2011

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:Articles containing Polish-language text

values: Category:Articles containing Russian-language text

values: Category:Articles containing Croatian-language text

values: Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Indian_summer
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: صيف هندي – Arabic

values: Бабіна лета – Belarusian

values: Бабіна лета – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values: Циганско лято – Bulgarian

values: Ват ăшши – Chuvash

values: Istê 'd San Martèin – Emiliano-Romagnolo

values:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veranillo
Veranillo – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uda_txiki
Uda txiki – Basque
eu
eu
interlanguage-link-target

values: گرمای پاییزه – Persian

values: 인디언 서머 – Korean

values: קיץ אינדיאני – Hebrew

values: Руска – Moksha

values:
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazomer
Nazomer – Dutch
nl
nl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veranico
Veranico – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values: Бабье лето – Russian

values: Михољско љето – Serbian

values: Әбиләр чуагы – Tatar

values: Бабине літо – Ukrainian

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Indian_summer rootpage-Indian_summer vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view


text:
Career Clusters
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Career Clusters provide students with a context for studying traditional academics and learning the skills specific to a career, and provide U.S. schools with a structure for organizing or restructuring curriculum offerings and focusing class make-up by a common theme such as interest.
In the U.S. Department of Education model, 16 Career Clusters link to 70+ more specific Career Pathways – each have their own knowledge and skills requirements.[1] Within the 70+ career pathways, 1800 Career Specialties are defined. The structure has evolved over time and may vary by state. The U.S. DOE Career Clusters framework is useful for connecting students with courses of study and careers via Career Assessments, and allows them to learn general, more transferable skills at the cluster level, with more specific skills and knowledge acquired at the career pathways and specialty levels. The nonprofit Vocational Research Institute adapted an interest and aptitude assessment, Careerscope, to help students choose curriculum and careers for which they have both interest and aptitude - at the cluster, pathway and career specialty levels. A concept related to Career Clusters, Small Learning Community is primarily concerned with restructuring secondary schools, in many cases using a career clusters framework.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
2 See also
3 External links
4 Notes
Background[edit]
The Career Cluster initiative began in 1996 in the U.S. as the Building Linkages Initiative and was a collaborative effort between the U.S. Department of Education, the Office of Vocational and Adult Education (OVAE), the National School-to-Work Office (NSTWO) and the National Skill Standards Board (NSSB). The purpose of the Initiative was to establish linkages among State educational agencies, secondary and post-secondary educational institutions, employers, industry groups, other stakeholders and Federal agencies. The goal was to create curricular frameworks in broad career clusters, designed to prepare students to transition successfully from high school to post-secondary education and employment in a career area.
The creation of curricular models within the context of broad career clusters ensures the alignment of academic and technical instructional strategies with the requirements of post-secondary education and the expectations of employers in increasingly academic and technologically demanding careers. The vocational education field has historically responded to the needs of the national economy by preparing individuals for in-demand jobs.[2]
See also[edit]
The Academy of Irving ISD
Career Development
Career Assessments
Careerscope Assessment for Career Clusters
External links[edit]
States' Directors Career Clusters
Background and Structure of Career Clusters
AchieveTexas: Texas Career Clusters Initiative
Look up Career Clusters and Pathways to see Education Requirements and Wages
Career Voyager Videos by Career Cluster
U.S. Department of Education SLC Program
Career Academy Support Network
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "What are Career Clusters?". States' Career Clusters Initiative. 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-06-23. Retrieved 2007-06-27.
Jump up ^ Federal Register December 6, 2000
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Career_Clusters&oldid=801754769"
Categories:
Curricula
Educational assessment and evaluation
Educational psychology instruments
United States educational programs
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Add links
This page was last edited on 21 September 2017, at 17:00.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: p

values:
/wiki/Career_Assessments
mw-redirect
Career Assessments

attrs: role tabindex class

values: button 0 togglelink

value: span

attrs: class dir xml:lang

values: toctitle ltr en

values:
/wiki/The_Academy_of_Irving_ISD
mw-redirect
The Academy of Irving ISD

values:
/wiki/Career_Development
mw-redirect
Career Development

values:
nofollow
http://www.careerclusters.org/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.achievetexas.org/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://casn.berkeley.edu/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://careerclusters.org/whatis.cfm

values: Category:Educational assessment and evaluation

values: Category:United States educational programs

values:
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
interface

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Career_Clusters
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Career_Clusters rootpage-Career_Clusters skin-vector action-view