text:
Kurosaki-kun no Iinari ni Nante Naranai
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Kurosaki-kun no Iinari ni Nante Naranai
Cover of volume 1.
黒崎くんの言いなりになんてならない
Genre
Romantic comedy
Manga
Written by
Makino
Published by
Kodansha
Demographic
shōjo
Magazine
Bessatsu Friend
Original run
2014 – present
Volumes
10
Television drama
Directed by
Hayato Kawai (ja)
Written by
Yūko Matsuda
Original network
Nippon TV
Original run
December 22, 2015 – December 23, 2015
Episodes
2
Live-action film
Directed by
Shō Tsukikawa (ja)
Written by
Yūko Matsuda
Music by
Tarō Makido
Released
February 27, 2016 (2016-02-27)
Anime and Manga portal
Kurosaki-kun no Iinari ni Nante Naranai (黒崎くんの言いなりになんてならない) is a Japanese romantic comedy shōjo manga series written and illustrated by Makino.[1] It is published by Kodansha since 2014, with serialization on Bessatsu Friend.[2] It was adapted into a Japanese television drama mini-series in December 2015.[2] A live action film adaptation was released on February 27, 2016.[3]
Kurosaki is nicknamed “Kuro Akuma” (Black Devil) and is feared by his peers. He demands Yu’s “absolute obedience.” On the other hand, Takumi, Kurosaki’s best friend, is adored by girls and is called “Shiro Oji” (White Prince). He is very warm and kind to Yu. The two boys treat Yu in opposite ways. Kurosaki is arrogant, using such ploys as “kabe-don” (putting both hands on the wall around a girl) and “ago-kui” (tilting a girl’s chin up with a finger). By contrast, Takumi goes for more chivalrous gestures like gently holding her hand or giving her a hug from behind. The highlight of the film is a basketball game between Takumi and Kurosaki over Yu. Grabbing Kurosaki’s collar, Takumi says, “You’ll never beat me.” As Takumi wildly chases and steals the ball from Kurosaki, his hidden passion comes out. The film tells the story of a love triangle, and, as Chiba said, it also carefully depicts how the two boys become closer to each other.
Contents
1 Characters
2 Volumes
3 Music
4 Reception
5 References
6 External links
Characters[edit]
Haruto Kurosaki (Kento Nakajima)[2]
He is called the Black Prince since his hair was cut but Yuu still calls him Black Demon. Even though he shows a bad expression, it is stated by Takumi that he is really kind. In the movie, after he ended his contract with Yu, he didn't show much expression but it is obvious that he doesn't want it to end. He stated that the only person he could never beat is Takumi. In the manga, it is still not clear what he felt about Yuu.
Yū Akabane (Nana Komatsu)[2]
She was bullied in her middle school years, thus resulting her to change. After being kissed by Haruto, she has become obedient to him. Unaware that she was already falling for him, she only remembers the bad things he made her do. At the end of the film, they kissed and became a couple. In the Manga, it was revealed that she has feelings for Haruto
Takumi Shirakawa (Yudai Chiba)[2]
He is called the White Prince because of his good attitude. When he found out that Haruto is interested in Yuu, he treats her as a game but falls in love with her. He tells Haruto if Haruto and Yuu becomes a couple, they won't be friends anymore. In the manga, Yuu called him a White Demon when she found out about him using her as a game.
Yūsuke Kaji (Yūta Kishi (ja))[2]
He is a big fan of Haruto and is willing to do everything to please him. He stated that if he was a girl, he will fall in love with Haruto.
Meiko Ashigawa (Sara Takatsuki)[2]
Meiko is Yuu's best friend. She is in love with Haruto ever since he saved her from the pool. When she found out that Yuu has feelings for him, She didn't want their friendship to be destroyed
Volumes[edit]
1 (June 13, 2014)[4]
2 (September 12, 2014)[5]
3 (January 13, 2015)[6]
4 (May 13, 2015)[7]
5 (November 13, 2015)[2]
6 (February 12, 2016)[2]
7 (July 13, 2016)[8]
8 (November 11, 2016)[9]
9 (April 13, 2017)[10]
10 (September 13, 2017)[11]
Music[edit]
The theme song of the TV series and film is "Make my day" by Sexy Zone.[2]
Reception[edit]
Volume 3 reached the 27th place on the weekly Oricon manga charts, with 34,442 copies sold;[12] volume 4 reached the 13th place[13] and, as of May 24, 2015, had sold 60,592 copies;[14] volume 5 reached the 12th place[15] and, as of November 22, 2015, had sold 71,084 copies.[16]
The film was number-one in admissions on its opening weekend in Japan, with 157,680,[17] and number-two by gross, with US$1.67 million.[18]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Kurosaki-kun no Iinari ni Nante Naranai Live-Action Film Announced for February 27". Anime News Network. August 28, 2015. Retrieved January 11, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j "Kurosaki-kun no Iinari ni Nante Naranai Live-Action Film's Trailer Previews Sexy Zone's Theme Song". Anime News Network. January 7, 2016. Retrieved January 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ "黒崎くんの言いなりになんてならない(2016)". allcinema (in Japanese). Stingray. Retrieved January 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ "黒崎くんの言いなりになんてならない（１）". kc.kodansha.co.jp (in Japanese). Kodansha Ltd. Retrieved January 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ "黒崎くんの言いなりになんてならない（２）". kc.kodansha.co.jp (in Japanese). Kodansha Ltd. Retrieved January 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ "黒崎くんの言いなりになんてならない（３）". kc.kodansha.co.jp (in Japanese). Kodansha Ltd. Retrieved January 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ "黒崎くんの言いなりになんてならない（４）". kc.kodansha.co.jp (in Japanese). Kodansha Ltd. Retrieved January 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ "黒崎くんの言いなりになんてならない（7）". kc.kodansha.co.jp (in Japanese). Kodansha Ltd. Retrieved December 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "黒崎くんの言いなりになんてならない（8）". kc.kodansha.co.jp (in Japanese). Kodansha Ltd. Retrieved December 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "黒崎くんの言いなりになんてならない（9）". kc.kodansha.co.jp (in Japanese). Kodansha Ltd. Retrieved December 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "黒崎くんの言いなりになんてならない（10）". kc.kodansha.co.jp (in Japanese). Kodansha Ltd. Retrieved December 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Japanese Comic Ranking, January 12–18". Anime News Network. January 21, 2015. Retrieved January 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Japanese Comic Ranking, May 11–17". Anime News Network. May 20, 2015. Retrieved January 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Japanese Comic Ranking, May 18–24". Anime News Network. May 27, 2015. Retrieved January 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Japanese Comic Ranking, November 9–15". Anime News Network. November 18, 2015. Retrieved January 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Japanese Comic Ranking, November 16–22". Anime News Network. November 25, 2015. Retrieved January 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Japan Box Office Report – 2/27~2/28". tokyohive. 6Theory Media, LLC. February 29, 2016. Retrieved March 1, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Japan Box Office February 27–28, 2016". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved March 1, 2016.
External links[edit]
Kurosaki-kun no Iinari ni Nante Naranai at Bessatsu Friend (in Japanese)
Kurosaki-kun no Iinari ni Nante Naranai at Nippon Television (in Japanese)
Film official website (in Japanese)
Kurosaki-kun no Iinari ni Nante Naranai (manga) at Anime News Network's encyclopedia
Kurosaki-kun no Iinari ni Nante Naranai on IMDb
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurosaki-kun_no_Iinari_ni_Nante_Naranai&oldid=845122329"
Categories:
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Nippon Television shows
2015 Japanese television series debuts
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2010s Japanese films
Films directed by Shō Tsukikawa
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text:
Alan Rickman
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Not to be confused with Alan Richman.
Alan Rickman
Rickman in 2011
Born
Alan Sidney Patrick Rickman
(1946-02-21)21 February 1946
Hammersmith, London, England
Died
14 January 2016(2016-01-14) (aged 69)
London, England
Cause of death
Pancreatic cancer
Education
Latymer Upper School
Alma mater
Royal Academy of Dramatic Art
Occupation
Actor, director
Years active
1974–2016
Spouse(s)
Rima Horton
(m. 2012)
Parent(s)
Bernard William Rickman
Margaret Doreen Rose
Alan Sidney Patrick Rickman (21 February 1946 – 14 January 2016) was an English actor and director known for playing a variety of roles on stage and on screen. Rickman trained at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London and became a member of the Royal Shakespeare Company, performing in modern and classical theatre productions. His first big television role came in 1982, but his big break was as the Vicomte de Valmont in the stage production of Les Liaisons Dangereuses in 1985, for which he was nominated for a Tony Award.
Rickman's first film role was as the German terrorist leader Hans Gruber in Die Hard (1988). Rickman's other film roles included the Sheriff of Nottingham in Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves (1991), for which he received the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role, Jamie in Truly, Madly, Deeply (1991), P.L. O'Hara in An Awfully Big Adventure (1995), Colonel Brandon in Sense and Sensibility (1995), Alexander Dane in Galaxy Quest (1999), Harry in Love Actually (2003) and Judge Turpin in the film adaptation of Stephen Sondheim's musical of Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007). Rickman gained further notice for his film performances as Severus Snape in the Harry Potter series.[1] Rickman also starred in television films, playing the title character in Rasputin: Dark Servant of Destiny (1996), which won him a Golden Globe Award, an Emmy Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award, and Dr. Alfred Blalock in the Emmy-winning Something the Lord Made (2004).
Rickman died of pancreatic cancer on 14 January 2016 at age 69.[2] His final film roles were as Lieutenant General Frank Benson in the thriller Eye in the Sky (2015), and the voice of Absolem, the caterpillar in Alice Through the Looking Glass (2016).
Contents
1 Early life
2 Career
3 In the media
4 Personal life
5 Death
5.1 Tributes
6 Film and Television
7 Awards and nominations
8 References
9 External links
Early life[edit]
Rickman was born in Hammersmith,[3] West London on 21 February 1946,[4][5] to a working-class family, the son of Margaret Doreen Rose (née Bartlett)[6][7] and Bernard William Rickman.[8][9] Rickman's mother was a housewife[5][10] and his father was a factory worker, house painter and decorator, and former World War II aircraft fitter.[5][10][11] His ancestry was English, Irish and Welsh;[12] his father was Catholic and his mother a Methodist.[13] Rickman's family also included brothers David and Michael, and sister Sheila.[5]
When he was eight years old, Rickman's father died of lung cancer, leaving his mother to raise him and his three siblings mostly alone. According to Paton, the family was "rehoused by the council and moved to an Acton estate to the west of Wormwood Scrubs Prison, where his mother struggled to bring up four children on her own by working for the Post Office."[5][14] She married again in 1960, but divorced Rickman's stepfather after three years.[5][13][15] Before he met Rima Horton at age 19, he stated that his first crush was at 10 years old to a girl named Amanda "at sports day."[16] As a child, he excelled at calligraphy and watercolour painting. Rickman attended Derwentwater Primary School in Acton, and then Latymer Upper School in London through the Direct Grant system, where he became involved in drama. After leaving Latymer, he attended Chelsea College of Art and Design and then the Royal College of Art. This education allowed him to work as a graphic designer for the Royal College of Art's in-house magazine, ARK and the Notting Hill Herald, which Rickman considered a more stable occupation than acting: "Drama school wasn't considered the sensible thing to do at 18".[17][18][19]
After graduation, Rickman and several friends opened a graphic design studio called Graphiti, but after three years of successful business, he decided that he was going to pursue acting professionally. He wrote to request an audition with the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA),[20] which he attended from 1972 until 1974. While there, he supported himself by working as a dresser for Sir Nigel Hawthorne and Sir Ralph Richardson.[21]
Career[edit]
Rickman in December 2009
After graduating from RADA, Rickman worked extensively with British repertory and experimental theatre groups in productions including Chekhov's The Seagull and Snoo Wilson's The Grass Widow at the Royal Court Theatre, and appeared three times at the Edinburgh International Festival. In 1978, he performed with the Court Drama Group, gaining roles in Romeo and Juliet and A View from the Bridge, among other plays. While working with the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC), he was cast in As You Like It. He appeared in The Barchester Chronicles (1982), the BBC's adaptation of Trollope's first two Barchester novels, as the Reverend Obadiah Slope.[22][23]
Rickman was given the male lead, the Vicomte de Valmont, in the 1985 Royal Shakespeare Company production of Christopher Hampton's adaptation of Les Liaisons Dangereuses, directed by Howard Davies.[24] After the RSC production transferred to Broadway in 1987, Rickman received both a Tony Award nomination and a Drama Desk Award nomination for his performance.[25]
Rickman has played a wide range of roles. He played romantic leads including Colonel Brandon in Sense and Sensibility (1995) and Jamie in Truly, Madly, Deeply (1991); numerous villains in Hollywood big-budget films, including German criminal Hans Gruber in Die Hard (1988), Australian Elliot Marston opposite Tom Selleck in Quigley Down Under (1990) and the Sheriff of Nottingham in Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves (1991); and the occasional television role such as Dr. Alfred Blalock in HBO's Something the Lord Made (2004) and the "mad monk" Rasputin in the HBO biopic Rasputin: Dark Servant of Destiny (1996), for which he won a Golden Globe Award and an Emmy Award.[26]
Rickman's role as Hans Gruber in Die Hard earned him a spot on the AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes & Villains list as the 46th best villain in film history, though he revealed he almost did not take the role as he did not think Die Hard was the kind of film he wanted to make.[27] His performance as the Sheriff of Nottingham in Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves also earned him praise as one of the best actors to portray a villain in films.[28][29]
Rickman took issue with being typecast as a villain, even though he was known for playing "unsympathetic characters".[30] His portrayal of Severus Snape, the potions master in the Harry Potter series (2001–2011), was dark, but the character's motivations were not clear early on.[31] During his career, Rickman played comedic roles, including as Sir Alexander Dane/Dr. Lazarus in the sci-fi parody Galaxy Quest (1999), the angel Metatron, the voice of God, in Dogma (also 1999), Emma Thompson's foolish husband Harry in the British Christmas-themed romantic comedy Love Actually (2003), providing the voice of Marvin the Paranoid Android in The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (2005) and playing the egotistical, Nobel Prize-winning father in Nobel Son (2007).
Rickman at the 2007 Tribeca Film Festival
Rickman was nominated for an Emmy for his work as Dr. Alfred Blalock in HBO's Something the Lord Made (2004). He also starred in the independent film Snow Cake (2006) with Sigourney Weaver and Carrie-Anne Moss, and Perfume: The Story of a Murderer (also 2006), directed by Tom Tykwer. He appeared as Judge Turpin in the critically acclaimed Tim Burton film Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007) alongside Harry Potter co-stars Helena Bonham Carter and Timothy Spall. He provided the voice of Absolem the Caterpillar in Burton's film Alice in Wonderland (2010).[32]
Rickman performed onstage in Noël Coward's romantic comedy Private Lives, which transferred to Broadway after its successful run in London at the Albery Theatre and ended in September 2002; he reunited with his Les Liaisons Dangereuses co-star Lindsay Duncan and director Howard Davies in the Tony Award-winning production. Rickman's previous stage performance was in Antony and Cleopatra in 1998 as Mark Antony, with Helen Mirren as Cleopatra, in the Royal National Theatre's production at the Olivier Theatre in London, which ran from October to December 1998. Rickman appeared in Victoria Wood with All the Trimmings (2000), a Christmas special with Victoria Wood, playing an aged colonel in the battle of Waterloo who is forced to break off his engagement to Honeysuckle Weeks' character.
Rickman directed The Winter Guest at London's Almeida Theatre in 1995 and the film version of the same play, released in 1997, starring Emma Thompson and her real-life mother Phyllida Law.[33] With Katharine Viner, he compiled the play My Name Is Rachel Corrie and directed the premiere production at the Royal Court Theatre, which opened in April 2005. He won the Theatre Goers' Choice Awards for Best Director. Rickman befriended the Corrie family and earned their trust, and the show was warmly received. But the next year, its original New York production was "postponed" over the possibility of boycotts and protests from those who saw it as "anti-Israeli agit-prop". Rickman denounced "censorship born out of fear". Tony Kushner, Harold Pinter and Vanessa Redgrave, among others, criticised the decision to indefinitely delay the show. The one-woman play was put on later that year at another theatre to mixed reviews, and has since been staged at venues around the world.[34]
In 2009, Rickman was awarded the James Joyce Award by University College Dublin's Literary and Historical Society.[22] In October and November 2010, Rickman starred in the eponymous role in Henrik Ibsen's John Gabriel Borkman at the Abbey Theatre, Dublin alongside Lindsay Duncan and Fiona Shaw.[35] The Irish Independent called Rickman's performance breathtaking.[36]
Rickman and Kate Winslet at the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival
Rickman again appeared as Severus Snape in the final installment in the Harry Potter series, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 (2011). Throughout the series, his portrayal of Snape garnered widespread critical acclaim.[37] Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times said Rickman "as always, makes the most lasting impression,"[38] while Peter Travers of Rolling Stone magazine called Rickman "sublime at giving us a glimpse at last into the secret nurturing heart that ... Snape masks with a sneer."[39]
Media coverage characterised Rickman's performance as worthy of nomination for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor.[40] His first award nominations for his role as Snape came at the 2011 Alliance of Women Film Journalists Awards, 2011 Saturn Awards, 2011 Scream Awards and 2011 St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association Awards in the Best Supporting Actor category.[41]
In November 2011, Rickman opened in Seminar, a new play by Theresa Rebeck, at the John Golden Theatre on Broadway.[42] Rickman, who left the production in April, won the Broadway.com Audience Choice Award for Favorite Actor in a Play[43] and was nominated for a Drama League Award.[44]
Rickman starred with Colin Firth and Cameron Diaz in Gambit (2012) by Michael Hoffman, a remake of the 1966 film.[45] In 2013, he played Hilly Kristal, the founder of the East Village punk-rock club CBGB, in the CBGB film with Rupert Grint.[46]
In the media[edit]
Rickman posing for a fan after a performance of John Gabriel Borkman in 2011
Rickman was chosen by Empire as one of the 100 Sexiest Stars in film history (No. 34) in 1995 and ranked No. 59 in Empire's "The Top 100 Movie Stars of All Time" list in October 1997. In 2009 and 2010, Rickman was ranked once again as one of the 100 Sexiest Stars by Empire, both times placing No. 8 out of the 50 actors chosen. Rickman was elected to the Council of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA) in 1993; he was subsequently RADA's vice-chairman and a member of its Artistic Advisory and Training committees and Development Board.[47]
Rickman was voted No. 19 in Empire magazine's Greatest Living Movie Stars over the age of 50 and was twice nominated for Broadway's Tony Award as Best Actor (Play): in 1987 for Les Liaisons Dangereuses, and in 2002 for a revival of Noël Coward's Private Lives. The Guardian named Rickman as an "honourable mention" in a list of the best actors never to have received an Academy Award nomination.[48]
Two researchers, a linguist and a sound engineer, found "the perfect [male] voice" to be a combination of Rickman's and Jeremy Irons' voices based on a sample of 50 voices.[49]
Rickman featured in several musical works, including a song composed by Adam Leonard entitled "Not Alan Rickman".[50] Credited as 'A Strolling Player' in the sleeve notes, the actor played a "Master of Ceremonies" part, announcing the various instruments at the end of the first part of Mike Oldfield's Tubular Bells II (1992) on the track "The Bell".[51] Rickman was one of the many artists who recited Shakespearian sonnets on the album When Love Speaks (2002), and also featured prominently in a music video by Texas entitled "In Demand",[52] which premiered on Europe MTV in August 2000.
Personal life[edit]
In 1965, at age 19, Rickman met 18-year-old Rima Horton, who became his girlfriend and would later be a Labour Party councillor on the Kensington and Chelsea London Borough Council (1986–2006) and an economics lecturer at the nearby Kingston University.[53][54] In 2015, Rickman confirmed that they had married in a private ceremony in New York City in 2012. They lived together from 1977 until Rickman's death. The two had no children.[55]
Rickman was an active patron of the research foundation Saving Faces;[56] and honorary president of the International Performers' Aid Trust, a charity that works to fight poverty amongst performing artists all over the world.[57] When discussing politics, Rickman said he "was born a card-carrying member of the Labour Party".[23]
Rickman was the godfather of fellow actor Tom Burke.[58] Rickman's brother, Michael, is a District Councillor in Leicestershire.[59]
Death[edit]
In August 2015, Rickman suffered a minor stroke, which led to the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. He concealed the fact that he had terminal cancer from all but his closest confidants.[60] On 14 January 2016, Rickman died in London at age 69.[1] His remains were cremated[61] on February 3, 2016 in the West London Crematorium in Kensal Green. His ashes were given to his wife, Rima Horton. His final two films, Eye in the Sky and Alice Through the Looking Glass, were dedicated to his memory.
Tributes[edit]
Soon after his death his fans created a memorial underneath the "Platform 9¾" sign at London King's Cross railway station.[62] His death has been compared to that of David Bowie, a fellow English cultural figure who died at the same age as Rickman four days earlier, also from cancer kept private from the public.[63][64]
Tributes from Rickman's co-stars and contemporaries appeared on social media following the announcement; since his cancer was not publicly known, some—like Ralph Fiennes, who "cannot believe he is gone", and Jason Isaacs, who was "sidestepped by the awful news"—expressed their surprise.[53]
Harry Potter creator J. K. Rowling called Rickman "a magnificent actor and a wonderful man". Emma Watson wrote, "I feel so lucky to have worked and spent time with such a special man and actor. I'll really miss our conversations." Daniel Radcliffe appreciated his loyalty and support: "I'm pretty sure he came and saw everything I ever did on stage both in Britain and America. He didn't have to do that."[65] Evanna Lynch said it was scary to bump into Rickman in character as Snape, but "he was so kind and generous in the moments he wasn't Snaping about."[66] Rupert Grint said, "even though he has gone I will always hear his voice."[53]
Kate Winslet, who gave a tearful tribute at the London Film Critics' Circle Awards, remembered Rickman as warm and generous,[67] adding, "And that voice! Oh, that voice." Dame Helen Mirren said his voice "could suggest honey or a hidden stiletto blade."[53] Emma Thompson remembered "the intransigence which made him the great artist he was—his ineffable and cynical wit, the clarity with which he saw most things, including me ... I learned a lot from him."[65] Colin Firth told The Hollywood Reporter that, as an actor, Rickman had been a mentor.[68] John McTiernan, director of Die Hard, said Rickman was the antithesis of the villainous roles for which he was most famous on screen.[69] Sir Ian McKellen wrote, "behind [Rickman's] mournful face, which was just as beautiful when wracked with mirth, there was a super-active spirit, questing and achieving, a super-hero, unassuming but deadly effective."[65]
Writer/Director Kevin Smith told a tearful 10-minute story about Rickman on his Hollywood Babble On podcast. Rickman's family offered their thanks "for the messages of condolence".[70]
Film and Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Director
Notes
1978 Romeo and Juliet Tybalt Alvin Rakoff BBC Television Shakespeare
1980 Thérèse Raquin Vidal 3 episodes
Shelley Clive Episode: "Nowt So Queer"
1982 Busted Simon Television film
Smiley's People Mr. Brownlow Simon Langton Episode No. 1.2
The Barchester Chronicles The Revd Obadiah Slope David Giles 5 episodes
1985 Summer Season Croop Episode: "Pity in History"
Girls on Top Dimitri / Voice of RADA 2 episodes
1988 Die Hard Hans Gruber John McTiernan
1989 Revolutionary Witness Jacques Roux Television short
The January Man Ed, the painter Pat O'Connor
Screenplay Israel Yates Episode: "The Spirit of Man"
1990 Quigley Down Under Elliot Marston Simon Wincer
1991 Truly, Madly, Deeply Jamie Anthony Minghella
Closet Land The Interrogator Radha Bharadwaj
Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves Sheriff of Nottingham Kevin Reynolds Won BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role
Close My Eyes Sinclair Bryant Stephen Poliakoff
1992 Bob Roberts Lukas Hart III Tim Robbins
1993 Fallen Angels Dwight Billings Episode: "Murder, Obliquely"
1994 Mesmer Franz Mesmer Roger Spottiswoode
1995 An Awfully Big Adventure P.L. O'Hara Mike Newell
Sense and Sensibility Colonel Brandon Ang Lee
1996 Rasputin: Dark Servant of Destiny Grigori Rasputin Uli Edel- Television film, won Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Miniseries or Television Film, won Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Limited Series or a Movie, won Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie, won Satellite Award for Best Actor - Miniseries or Television Film
Michael Collins Éamon de Valera Neil Jordan
1997 The Winter Guest Man in street Alan Rickman Uncredited, Also director and co-writer
1998 Judas Kiss Detective David Friedman Sebastian Gutierrez
Dark Harbor David Weinberg Adam Coleman Howard
1999 Dogma The Metatron Kevin Smith
Galaxy Quest Alexander Dane / Dr. Lazarus Dean Parisot
2000 Help! I'm a Fish Joe Stefan Fjeldmark, Michael Hegner and Greg Manwaring Voice
2001 Blow Dry Phil Allen Paddy Breathnach
Play Man Anthony Minghella
Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone Professor Severus Snape Chris Columbus Also released as Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone
The Search for John Gissing John Gissing Mike Binder
2002 King of the Hill King Philip Voice, Episode: "Joust Like a Woman"
Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets Professor Severus Snape Chris Columbus
2003 Love Actually Harry Richard Curtis
2004 Something the Lord Made Dr. Alfred Blalock Joseph Sargent Television film
Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban Professor Severus Snape Alfonso Cuarón
2005 The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy Marvin the Paranoid Android Garth Jennings Voice
Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire Professor Severus Snape Mike Newell
2006 Snow Cake Alex Hughes Marc Evans
Perfume: The Story of a Murderer Antoine Richis Tom Tykwer
2007 Nobel Son Eli Michaelson Randall Miller
Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix Professor Severus Snape David Yates
Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street Judge Turpin Tim Burton
2008 Bottle Shock Steven Spurrier Randall Miller
2009 Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince Professor Severus Snape David Yates
2010 Alice in Wonderland Absolem the Caterpillar Tim Burton Voice
The Song of Lunch He Niall MacCormick BBC Drama Production[71]
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 Professor Severus Snape David Yates
The Wildest Dream Noel Odell Anthony Geffen Voice, Documentary
2011 Portraits in Dramatic Time Himself
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 Professor Severus Snape David Yates
The Boy in the Bubble Narrator Voice, Short film
2012 Gambit Lord Shahbandar Michael Hoffman
2013 The Butler Ronald Reagan Lee Daniels
A Promise Karl Hoffmeister Patrice Leconte
CBGB Hilly Kristal Randall Miller
Dust Tooth fairy Short film
2014 A Little Chaos King Louis XIV Alan Rickman Also director and co-writer
2015 Eye in the Sky Lieutenant General Frank Benson Gavin Hood
2016 Alice Through the Looking Glass Absolem the Caterpillar into Butterfly James Bobin Voice, Posthumous release,[72] (final film role)
Theatre
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1976 Sherlock Holmes Sherlock Holmes
1977 The Devil is an Ass Wittipol
1978 Love's Labour's Lost Boyet
1978 Captain Swing Farquarson
1978 The Tempest Ferdinand
1980 Commitments Unknown
1981 The Seagull Mr. Aston
1983 The Grass Widow Unknown
1983 Bad Language Bob
1985 As You Like It Jaques
1985 Troilus and Cressida Achilles
1986 Mephisto Hendrik Hofgen
1987 Les Liaisons Dangereuses Le Vicomte de Valmont Nominated Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play, Nominated Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actor in a Play
1991 Tango at the End of Winter Sei
1992 Hamlet Hamlet
1995 The Winter Guest Director
1998 Antony and Cleopatra Mark Antony
2002 Private Lives Elyot Chase Nominated Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play
2006 My Name is Rachel Corrie Director and Editor
2008 Creditors Director
2010 John Gabriel Borkman John Gabriel Borkman
2012 Seminar Leonard
Awards and nominations[edit]
Main article: List of awards and nominations received by Alan Rickman
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Itzkoff, Dave; Rogers, Katie (14 January 2016). "Alan Rickman, Watchable Villain in Harry Potter and Die Hard, Dies at 69". The New York Times. Retrieved 7 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Alan Rickmman, Harry Potter and Die Hard actor, dies aged 69". BBC News. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Ealing–born actor Alan Rickman". GetWestLondon. Retrieved 6 March 2016. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Profile, biography.com. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Paton, Maureen (1996). Alan Rickman: the unauthorised biography. London: Virgin. ISBN 1852276304.
Jump up ^ England & Wales births 1837–2006. Vol. 11A. p. 1224. Print.
Jump up ^ England & Wales deaths 1837–2007. Birth, Marriage & Death (Parish Registers). District no. 6001F. Register. no. F56C. Entry no. 094. Print.
Jump up ^ England & Wales births 1837–2006. Vol. 1A. p. 515. Print.
Jump up ^ England & Wales deaths 1837–2007. Vol. 5F. p. 247. Print.
^ Jump up to: a b Solway, Diane (August 1991). "Profile: Alan Rickman". European Travel and Life. Archived from the original on 6 October 2007. Retrieved 3 October 2007.
Jump up ^ 1939 United Kingdom Census. 1939 Household Register. London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham, London, England; family 4, dwelling 45, lines 11–13; 1939. Print.
Jump up ^ White, Hilary A. (13 April 2015). "Alan Rickman – A working-class hero at the court of Versailles". The Irish Independent. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Mackenzie, Suzie (3 January 1998). "Angel with Horns". The Guardian. UK. Archived from the original on 6 October 2007. Retrieved 3 October 2007.
Jump up ^ "Obituary: Alan Rickman." BBC News. 14 January 2016. Retrieved 5 June. 2016.
Jump up ^ England & Wales marriages 1837–2008. Vol. 5E. p. 307. Print.
Jump up ^ "Untitled Love Actually Interview." Archived 18 September 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Alan Archives. 10 November 2003. Retrieved 7 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "THE DEVIL IN MR RICKMAN". btinternet.com. Archived from the original on 22 April 2001.
Jump up ^ The RCA Journal: The Alan Rickman Issues. It's Nice That. 15 January 2016. Retrieved 7 August 2016.
Jump up ^ Child's Play: Alan Rickman's 1970 Account of Murderous Children In An Inner-London Play Park. Flashbak. 20 January 2016. Retrieved 7 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Interview: Evil Elegance". Alan-rickman.com. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 9 July 2011.
Jump up ^ Interview Alan Rickman, abouthp.free.fr. Retrieved 20 December 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b Staff (14 January 2016). "British actor Alan Rickman dies aged 69". Raidió Teilifís Éireann. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Shoard, Catherine (14 January 2016). "Alan Rickman, giant of British screen and stage, dies at 70". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Rich, Frank (1 May 1987). "Stage: Carnal abandon in Les Liaisons Dangereuses". The New York Times. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Brooks, Katherine (14 January 2016). "Alan Rickman Was A Great Film Actor, But He Was A Master of Theater First". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Alan Rickman". Television Academy.
Jump up ^ "Alan Rickman: A Life in Pictures Highlights". BAFTA Guru. Retrieved 13 October 2015.
Jump up ^ The Screening Room's Top 10 British Villains, CNN. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Pop Culture News TOUGH ACTOR TO FOLLOW, Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Alan Rickman, Obituary". The Sydney Morning Herald. 16 January 2016. Retrieved 15 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Berman, Craig (16 July 2007). "Is Potter's foe, Severus Snape, good or evil?". TODAY. Retrieved 15 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Coveney, Michael (14 January 2016). "Alan Rickman obituary". The Guardian. London, UK. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Film: Em and Phyllida keep it in the family". The Independent. 15 January 2015.
Jump up ^ Bernstein, Adam (14 January 2016). "Alan Rickman, actor who brought dynamic menace to Die Hard and Harry Potter, dies at 69". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Abbey Theatre – Amharclann na Mainistreach". Abbeytheatre.ie. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 9 July 2011.
Jump up ^ Staff (17 October 2010). "Stars set stage alight in Ibsen's dark tale". The Irish Independent. Retrieved 9 July 2011.
Jump up ^ Singh, Anita (7 July 2011). "Daniel Radcliffe: Alan Rickman deserves Oscar nomination for Severus Snape". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 10 October 2013.
Jump up ^ Turan, Kenneth (13 July 2011). "Movie review: 'Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows — Part 2'". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 13 September 2011.
Jump up ^ Travers, Peter (13 July 2011). "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, Part 2". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 13 September 2011.
Jump up ^ Schwartz, Terri (9 November 2011). "'Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows' For Your Consideration Oscars Ad Launched". MTV. Retrieved 10 November 2011.
Lukac, Michael (15 July 2011). "Harry Potter: Alan Rickman Destined for Oscar Nomination?". International Business Times. Retrieved 7 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Alliance of Women Film Journalists Awards 2011". Movie City News. Retrieved 28 December 2011.
Jump up ^ Brantley, Ben (20 November 2011). "Shredding Egos, One Semicolon at a Time – 'Seminar' by Theresa Rebeck, a review". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 November 2011.
Jump up ^ Brantley, Ben (15 May 2012). "Alan Rickman's Broadway.com Audience Choice Award Win Brings Back Memories of a 'Very Good Time' in Seminar". Broadway.com. Retrieved 24 May 2011.
Jump up ^ Brantley, Ben (24 April 2012). "2012 Drama League Award Nominations Announced!". Broadwayworld.com. Retrieved 24 May 2011.
Jump up ^ "A Caper by the Coens, With a Fake Monet". The New York Times. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Kit, Borys (12 September 2012). The New York Times, ed. "Alan Rickman to Play CBGB Founder in Biopic".
Jump up ^ Staff (14 January 2016). "Alan Rickman, 1946–2016". Royal Academy of Dramatic Art. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Singer, Leigh (19 February 2009). "Oscars: the best actors never to have been nominated". The Guardian. London, UK.
Jump up ^ "Formula 'secret of perfect voice'". BBC News. 30 May 2008. Retrieved 6 December 2010.
Jump up ^ "Leonardism (2007)". Themessagetapes.com (Adam Leonard's website). Retrieved 12 February 2011.
Jump up ^ "Tubular Bells II". Tubular.net. Retrieved 12 February 2011.
Jump up ^ "Biography of Alan Rickman". Dominic Wills/Talktalk.co.uk. Retrieved 12 February 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Shoard, Catherine; Spencer, Liese; Wiegand, Chris; Groves, Nancy; Beaumont-Thomas, Ben (14 January 2016). "'We are all so devastated': acting world pays tribute to Alan Rickman". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
Jump up ^ McGlone, Jackie (31 July 2006). "A man for all seasons". The Scotsman. Edinburgh. Retrieved 15 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Chiu, Melody (23 April 2015). "Alan Rickman and Longtime Love Rima Horton Secretly Wed 3 Years Ago". People. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Staff (14 January 2016). "Farewell to our wonderful patron, Alan Rickman". Saving Faces. Retrieved 30 November 2016.
Jump up ^ Rickman, Alan. "A message from the President". IPAT. Archived from the original on 26 February 2016. Retrieved 15 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Amer, Matthew (26 July 2012). "My place: Tom Burke". Official London Theatre. Retrieved 15 January 2016.
Jump up ^ “Councillor Michael Rickman”. harborough.gov.uk.
Jump up ^ Friedman, Roger (15 January 2016). "Source: Alan Rickman Had Pancreatic Cancer, And Not For Very Long – Came to NY in December". Showbiz411. Retrieved 15 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Alan Rickman at Find a Grave
Jump up ^ Gettell, Oliver (14 January 2016). "Harry Potter fans honor Alan Rickman at Platform 9¾". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 15 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Forrester, Katy (14 January 2016). "Alan Rickman died at the same age as Bowie at 69 also after battle with cancer". Daily Mirror. Retrieved 26 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Cavna, Michael (15 January 2016). "David Bowie and Alan Rickman shared this one profoundly simple gift". The Washington Post. Retrieved 26 December 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Park, Andrea (14 January 2016). "Stars mourn Alan Rickman on social media". CBS News. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Lynch, Evanna [@Evy_Lynch] (14 January 2016). "I'll also never forget how scary it was to accidentally bump into him as Snape ..." (Tweet). Retrieved 14 January 2016 – via Twitter.
Lynch, Evanna [@Evy_Lynch] (14 January 2016). "Am not prepared for a world without Alan Rickman ..." (Tweet). Retrieved 14 January 2016 – via Twitter.
Jump up ^ Shahrestani, Vin (18 January 2016). "Kate Winslet tearfully remembers Alan Rickman at awards". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 21 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Westbrook, Caroline (20 January 2016). "Colin Firth pays touching tribute to Alan Rickman, saying he was 'in awe' of the actor". Metro. Retrieved 21 January 2016.
Jump up ^ McTiernan, John (19 January 2016). "Die Hard Director John McTiernan on Alan Rickman: 'He Had a Gift for Playing Terrifying People'". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 21 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Innes, Sheila (5 January 2016). "Thanks for the tributes". LinkedIn (Sheila Innes). Retrieved 28 July 2016.
Owen, David W. (15 January 2016). "Brother is left 'broken' by Alan Rickman's death". Leicester Mercury. Archived from the original on 19 March 2016. Retrieved 5 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Song of Lunch – Alan Rickman". BBC. 16 September 2010. Retrieved 9 July 2011.
Jump up ^ Loughrey, Clarisse (14 January 2016). "Alan Rickman movies: Late actor has two more films out this year". The Independent. Retrieved 15 January 2016.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Alan Rickman
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alan Rickman.
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Awards for Alan Rickman
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BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role
Ian Holm (1968)
Laurence Olivier (1969)
Colin Welland (1970)
Edward Fox (1971)
Ben Johnson (1972)
Arthur Lowe (1973)
John Gielgud (1974)
Fred Astaire (1975)
Brad Dourif (1976)
Edward Fox (1977)
John Hurt (1978)
Robert Duvall (1979)
Ian Holm (1981)
Jack Nicholson (1982)
Denholm Elliott (1983)
Denholm Elliott (1984)
Denholm Elliott (1985)
Ray McAnally (1986)
Daniel Auteuil (1987)
Michael Palin (1988)
Ray McAnally (1989)
Salvatore Cascio (1990)
Alan Rickman (1991)
Gene Hackman (1992)
Ralph Fiennes (1993)
Samuel L. Jackson (1994)
Tim Roth (1995)
Paul Scofield (1996)
Tom Wilkinson (1997)
Geoffrey Rush (1998)
Jude Law (1999)
Benicio del Toro (2000)
Jim Broadbent (2001)
Christopher Walken (2002)
Bill Nighy (2003)
Clive Owen (2004)
Jake Gyllenhaal (2005)
Alan Arkin (2006)
Javier Bardem (2007)
Heath Ledger (2008)
Christoph Waltz (2009)
Geoffrey Rush (2010)
Christopher Plummer (2011)
Christoph Waltz (2012)
Barkhad Abdi (2013)
J. K. Simmons (2014)
Mark Rylance (2015)
Dev Patel (2016)
Sam Rockwell (2017)
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Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Limited Series or Movie
Robert Cummings (1955)
Lloyd Nolan (1956)
Jack Palance (1957)
Peter Ustinov (1958)
Fred Astaire (1959)
Laurence Olivier (1960)
Maurice Evans (1961)
Peter Falk (1962)
Trevor Howard (1963)
Jack Klugman (1964)
Alfred Lunt (1965)
Cliff Robertson (1966)
Peter Ustinov (1967)
Melvyn Douglas (1968)
Paul Scofield (1969)
Peter Ustinov (1970)
George C. Scott (1971)
Keith Michell (1972)
Laurence Olivier (1973)
Anthony Murphy (1973)
Hal Holbrook (1974)
William Holden (1974)
Laurence Olivier (1975)
Peter Falk (1975)
Anthony Hopkins (1976)
Hal Holbrook (1976)
Ed Flanders (1977)
Christopher Plummer (1977)
Fred Astaire (1978)
Michael Moriarty (1978)
Peter Strauss (1979)
Powers Boothe (1980)
Anthony Hopkins (1981)
Mickey Rooney (1982)
Tommy Lee Jones (1983)
Laurence Olivier (1984)
Richard Crenna (1985)
Dustin Hoffman (1986)
James Woods (1987)
Jason Robards (1988)
James Woods (1989)
Hume Cronyn (1990)
John Gielgud (1991)
Beau Bridges (1992)
Robert Morse (1993)
Hume Cronyn (1994)
Raúl Juliá (1995)
Alan Rickman (1996)
Armand Assante (1997)
Gary Sinise (1998)
Stanley Tucci (1999)
Jack Lemmon (2000)
Kenneth Branagh (2001)
Albert Finney (2002)
William H. Macy (2003)
Al Pacino (2004)
Geoffrey Rush (2005)
Andre Braugher (2006)
Robert Duvall (2007)
Paul Giamatti (2008)
Brendan Gleeson (2009)
Al Pacino (2010)
Barry Pepper (2011)
Kevin Costner (2012)
Michael Douglas (2013)
Benedict Cumberbatch (2014)
Richard Jenkins (2015)
Courtney B. Vance (2016)
Riz Ahmed (2017)
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Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film
Mickey Rooney (1981)
Anthony Andrews (1982)
Richard Chamberlain (1983)
Ted Danson (1984)
Dustin Hoffman (1985)
James Woods (1986)
Randy Quaid (1987)
Michael Caine/Stacy Keach (1988)
Robert Duvall (1989)
James Garner (1990)
Beau Bridges (1991)
Robert Duvall (1992)
James Garner (1993)
Raúl Juliá (1994)
Gary Sinise (1995)
Alan Rickman (1996)
Ving Rhames (1997)
Stanley Tucci (1998)
Jack Lemmon (1999)
Brian Dennehy (2000)
James Franco (2001)
Albert Finney (2002)
Al Pacino (2003)
Geoffrey Rush (2004)
Jonathan Rhys Meyers (2005)
Bill Nighy (2006)
Jim Broadbent (2007)
Paul Giamatti (2008)
Kevin Bacon (2009)
Al Pacino (2010)
Idris Elba (2011)
Kevin Costner (2012)
Michael Douglas (2013)
Billy Bob Thornton (2014)
Oscar Isaac (2015)
Tom Hiddleston (2016)
Ewan McGregor (2017)
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London Film Critics' Circle Award for British Actor of the Year
Alan Rickman (1991)
Daniel Day-Lewis (1992)
David Thewlis (1993)
Ralph Fiennes (1994)
Nigel Hawthorne (1995)
Ewan McGregor / Ian McKellen (1996)
Robert Carlyle (1997)
Brendan Gleeson (1998)
Jeremy Northam (1999)
Jim Broadbent (2000)
Paul Bettany (2001)
Hugh Grant (2002)
Paul Bettany (2003)
Daniel Craig (2004)
Ralph Fiennes (2005)
Toby Jones (2006)
James McAvoy (2007)
Michael Fassbender (2008)
Colin Firth (2009)
Christian Bale (2010)
Michael Fassbender (2011)
Toby Jones (2012)
James McAvoy (2013)
Timothy Spall (2014)
Tom Hardy (2015)
Andrew Garfield (2016)
Daniel Kaluuya (2017)
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Satellite Award for Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film
Alan Rickman (1996)
Gary Sinise (1997)
Delroy Lindo (1998)
William H. Macy (1999)
James Woods (2000)
Richard Dreyfuss (2001)
William H. Macy (2002)
James Woods (2003)
Jamie Foxx (2004)
Jonathan Rhys Meyers (2005)
Bill Nighy (2006)
David Oyelowo (2007)
Paul Giamatti (2008)
Brendan Gleeson (2009)
Al Pacino (2010)
Jason Isaacs (2011)
Benedict Cumberbatch (2012)
Michael Douglas (2013)
Mark Ruffalo (2014)
Mark Rylance (2015)
Bryan Cranston (2016)
Robert De Niro (2017)
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Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie
Raúl Juliá (1994)
Gary Sinise (1995)
Alan Rickman (1996)
Gary Sinise (1997)
Christopher Reeve (1998)
Jack Lemmon (1999)
Brian Dennehy (2000)
Ben Kingsley (2001)
William H. Macy (2002)
Al Pacino (2003)
Geoffrey Rush (2004)
Paul Newman (2005)
Jeremy Irons (2006)
Kevin Kline (2007)
Paul Giamatti (2008)
Kevin Bacon (2009)
Al Pacino (2010)
Paul Giamatti (2011)
Kevin Costner (2012)
Michael Douglas (2013)
Mark Ruffalo (2014)
Idris Elba (2015)
Bryan Cranston (2016)
Alexander Skarsgård (2017)
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
BIBSYS: 98067076
BNE: XX1259642
BNF: cb14028588p (data)
GND: 12292651X
ISNI: 0000 0001 0865 3792
LCCN: n86024969
MusicBrainz: 4ae3e8c0-b0f1-44b7-adf1-f0d425c07d55
SNAC: w6ms6fpz
SUDOC: 060795115
VIAF: 5131493
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Computer multitasking
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
"Multitasking" redirects here. For human multitasking, see Human multitasking. For multitasking in media consumption, see Media multitasking.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Modern desktop operating systems are capable of handling large numbers of different processes at the same time. This screenshot shows Linux Mint running simultaneously Xfce desktop environment, Firefox, a calculator program, the built-in calendar, Vim, GIMP, and VLC media player.
Multitasking capabilities of Microsoft Windows 1.01 released in 1985, here shown running the MS-DOS Executive and Calculator programs
In computing, multitasking is the concurrent execution of multiple tasks (also known as processes) over a certain period of time. New tasks can interrupt already started ones before they finish, instead of waiting for them to end. As a result, a computer executes segments of multiple tasks in an interleaved manner, while the tasks share common processing resources such as central processing units (CPUs) and main memory. Multitasking automatically interrupts the running program, saving its state (partial results, memory contents and computer register contents) and loading the saved state of another program and transferring control to it. This "context switch" may be initiated at fixed time intervals (pre-emptive multitasking), or the running program may be coded to signal to the supervisory software when it can be interrupted (cooperative multitasking).
Multitasking does not require parallel execution of multiple tasks at exactly the same time; instead, it allows more than one task to advance over a given period of time.[1] Even on multiprocessor computers, multitasking allows many more tasks to be run than there are CPUs.
Multitasking is a common feature of computer operating systems. It allows more efficient use of the computer hardware; where a program is waiting for some external event such as a user input or an input/output transfer with a peripheral to complete, the central processor can still be used with another program. In a time sharing system, multiple human operators use the same processor as if it was dedicated to their use, while behind the scenes the computer is serving many users by multitasking their individual programs. In multiprogramming systems, a task runs until it must wait for an external event or until the operating system's scheduler forcibly swaps the running task out of the CPU. Real-time systems such as those designed to control industrial robots, require timely processing; a single processor might be shared between calculations of machine movement, communications, and user interface. [2]
Often multitasking operating systems include measures to change the priority of individual tasks, so that important jobs receive more processor time than those considered less significant. Depending on the operating system, a task might be as large as an entire application program, or might be made up of smaller threads that carry out portions of the overall program.
A processor intended for use with multitasking operating systems may include special hardware to securely support multiple tasks, such as memory protection, and protection rings that ensure the supervisory software cannot be damaged or subverted by user-mode program errors.
The term "multitasking" has become an international term, as the same word is used in many other languages such as German, Italian, Dutch, Danish and Norwegian.
Contents
1 Multiprogramming
2 Cooperative multitasking
3 Preemptive multitasking
4 Real time
5 Multithreading
6 Memory protection
7 Memory swapping
8 Programming
9 See also
10 References
Multiprogramming[edit]
In the early days of computing, CPU time was expensive, and peripherals were very slow. When the computer ran a program that needed access to a peripheral, the central processing unit (CPU) would have to stop executing program instructions while the peripheral processed the data. This was usually very inefficient.
The first computer using a multiprogramming system was the British Leo III owned by J. Lyons and Co. During batch processing, several different programs were loaded in the computer memory, and the first one began to run. When the first program reached an instruction waiting for a peripheral, the context of this program was stored away, and the second program in memory was given a chance to run. The process continued until all programs finished running.[citation needed]
The use of multiprogramming was enhanced by the arrival of virtual memory and virtual machine technology, which enabled individual programs to make use of memory and operating system resources as if other concurrently running programs were, for all practical purposes, non-existent and invisible to them.[citation needed]
Multiprogramming doesn't give any guarantee that a program will run in a timely manner. Indeed, the very first program may very well run for hours without needing access to a peripheral. As there were no users waiting at an interactive terminal, this was no problem: users handed in a deck of punched cards to an operator, and came back a few hours later for printed results. Multiprogramming greatly reduced wait times when multiple batches were being processed.[citation needed]
Cooperative multitasking[edit]
Main article: Cooperative multitasking
Early multitasking systems used applications that voluntarily ceded time to one another. This approach, which was eventually supported by many computer operating systems, is known today as cooperative multitasking. Although it is now rarely used in larger systems except for specific applications such as CICS or the JES2 subsystem, cooperative multitasking was once the only scheduling scheme employed by Microsoft Windows and Classic Mac OS to enable multiple applications to run simultaneously. Cooperative multitasking is still used today on RISC OS systems.[3]
As a cooperatively multitasked system relies on each process regularly giving up time to other processes on the system, one poorly designed program can consume all of the CPU time for itself, either by performing extensive calculations or by busy waiting; both would cause the whole system to hang. In a server environment, this is a hazard that makes the entire environment unacceptably fragile.
Preemptive multitasking[edit]
Main article: Preemption (computing)
Preemptive multitasking allows the computer system to more reliably guarantee to each process a regular "slice" of operating time. It also allows the system to deal rapidly with important external events like incoming data, which might require the immediate attention of one or another process. Operating systems were developed to take advantage of these hardware capabilities and run multiple processes preemptively. Preemptive multitasking was implemented in the PDP-6 Monitor and MULTICS in 1964, in OS/360 MFT in 1967, and in Unix in 1969, and was available in some operating systems for computers as small as DEC's PDP-8; it is a core feature of all Unix-like operating systems, such as Linux, Solaris and BSD with its derivatives,[4] as well as modern versions of Windows.
At any specific time, processes can be grouped into two categories: those that are waiting for input or output (called "I/O bound"), and those that are fully utilizing the CPU ("CPU bound"). In primitive systems, the software would often "poll", or "busywait" while waiting for requested input (such as disk, keyboard or network input). During this time, the system was not performing useful work. With the advent of interrupts and preemptive multitasking, I/O bound processes could be "blocked", or put on hold, pending the arrival of the necessary data, allowing other processes to utilize the CPU. As the arrival of the requested data would generate an interrupt, blocked processes could be guaranteed a timely return to execution.[citation needed]
The earliest preemptive multitasking OS available to home users was Sinclair QDOS on the Sinclair QL, released in 1984, but very few people bought the machine. Commodore's powerful Amiga, released the following year, was the first commercially successful home computer to use the technology, and its multimedia abilities make it a clear ancestor of contemporary multitasking personal computers. Microsoft made preemptive multitasking a core feature of their flagship operating system in the early 1990s when developing Windows NT 3.1 and then Windows 95. It was later adopted on the Apple Macintosh by Mac OS X that, as a Unix-like operating system, uses preemptive multitasking for all native applications.
A similar model is used in Windows 9x and the Windows NT family, where native 32-bit applications are multitasked preemptively.[5] 64-bit editions of Windows, both for the x86-64 and Itanium architectures, no longer support legacy 16-bit applications, and thus provide preemptive multitasking for all supported applications.
Real time[edit]
Another reason for multitasking was in the design of real-time computing systems, where there are a number of possibly unrelated external activities needed to be controlled by a single processor system. In such systems a hierarchical interrupt system is coupled with process prioritization to ensure that key activities were given a greater share of available process time.[citation needed]
Multithreading[edit]
As multitasking greatly improved the throughput of computers, programmers started to implement applications as sets of cooperating processes (e. g., one process gathering input data, one process processing input data, one process writing out results on disk). This, however, required some tools to allow processes to efficiently exchange data.[citation needed]
Threads were born from the idea that the most efficient way for cooperating processes to exchange data would be to share their entire memory space. Thus, threads are effectively processes that run in the same memory context and share other resources with their parent processes, such as open files. Threads are described as lightweight processes because switching between threads does not involve changing the memory context.[6][7][8]
While threads are scheduled preemptively, some operating systems provide a variant to threads, named fibers, that are scheduled cooperatively. On operating systems that do not provide fibers, an application may implement its own fibers using repeated calls to worker functions. Fibers are even more lightweight than threads, and somewhat easier to program with, although they tend to lose some or all of the benefits of threads on machines with multiple processors.[citation needed]
Some systems directly support multithreading in hardware.
Memory protection[edit]
Main article: Memory protection
Essential to any multitasking system is to safely and effectively share access to system resources. Access to memory must be strictly managed to ensure that no process can inadvertently or deliberately read or write to memory locations outside the process's address space. This is done for the purpose of general system stability and data integrity, as well as data security.
In general, memory access management is a responsibility of the operating system kernel, in combination with hardware mechanisms that provide supporting functionalities, such as a memory management unit (MMU). If a process attempts to access a memory location outside its memory space, the MMU denies the request and signals the kernel to take appropriate actions; this usually results in forcibly terminating the offending process. Depending on the software and kernel design and the specific error in question, the user may receive an access violation error message such as "segmentation fault".
In a well designed and correctly implemented multitasking system, a given process can never directly access memory that belongs to another process. An exception to this rule is in the case of shared memory; for example, in the System V inter-process communication mechanism the kernel allocates memory to be mutually shared by multiple processes. Such features are often used by database management software such as PostgreSQL.
Inadequate memory protection mechanisms, either due to flaws in their design or poor implementations, allow for security vulnerabilities that may be potentially exploited by malicious software.
Memory swapping[edit]
Use of a swap file or swap partition is a way for the operating system to provide more memory than is physically available by keeping portions of the primary memory in secondary storage. While multitasking and memory swapping are two completely unrelated techniques, they are very often used together, as swapping memory allows more tasks to be loaded at the same time. Typically, a multitasking system allows another process to run when the running process hits a point where it has to wait for some portion of memory to be reloaded from secondary storage.[9]
Programming[edit]
Processes that are entirely independent are not much trouble to program in a multitasking environment. Most of the complexity in multitasking systems comes from the need to share computer resources between tasks and to synchronize the operation of co-operating tasks.[citation needed]
Various concurrent computing techniques are used to avoid potential problems caused by multiple tasks attempting to access the same resource.[citation needed]
Bigger systems were sometimes built with a central processor(s) and some number of I/O processors, a kind of asymmetric multiprocessing.[citation needed]
Over the years, multitasking systems have been refined. Modern operating systems generally include detailed mechanisms for prioritizing processes, while symmetric multiprocessing has introduced new complexities and capabilities.[10]
See also[edit]
Process state
Task switching
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Concurrency vs Parallelism, Concurrent Programming vs Parallel Programming". Oracle. Retrieved March 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ Anthony Ralston, Edwin D. Reilly (ed),Encyclopedia of Computer Science Third Edition, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1993, ISBN 0-442-27679-6, articles "Multitasking" and "Multiprogramming"
Jump up ^ "Preemptive multitasking". riscos.info. 2009-11-03. Retrieved 2014-07-27.
Jump up ^ "UNIX, Part One". The Digital Research Initiative. ibiblio.org. 2002-01-30. Retrieved 2014-01-09.
Jump up ^ Joseph Moran (June 2006). "Windows 2000 &16-Bit Applications". Smart Computing. Vol. 16 no. 6. pp. 32–33. Archived from the original on January 25, 2009.
Jump up ^ Eduardo Ciliendo; Takechika Kunimasa (April 25, 2008). "Linux Performance and Tuning Guidelines" (PDF). redbooks.ibm.com. IBM. p. 4. Retrieved March 1, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Context Switch Definition". linfo.org. May 28, 2006. Retrieved February 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ "What are threads (user/kernel)?". tldp.org. September 8, 1997. Retrieved February 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ "What is a swap file?". kb.iu.edu. Retrieved 2018-03-26.
Jump up ^ "Operating Systems Architecture". cis2.oc.ctc.edu. Retrieved 2018-03-17.
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