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List of amendments to the United States Constitution
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This article is about the 33 constitutional amendments approved by Congress and sent to the states for ratification since 1789. For proposals to amend the United States Constitution introduced in but not approved by the U.S. Congress, see List of proposed amendments to the United States Constitution.
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Thirty-three amendments to the United States Constitution have been proposed by the United States Congress and sent to the states for ratification since the Constitution was put into operation on March 4, 1789. Twenty-seven of these, having been ratified by the requisite number of states, are part of the Constitution. The first ten amendments were adopted and ratified simultaneously and are known collectively as the Bill of Rights. Six amendments adopted by Congress and sent to the states have not been ratified by the required number of states. Four of these amendments are still technically open and pending, one is closed and has failed by its own terms, and one is closed and has failed by the terms of the resolution proposing it.
Article Five of the United States Constitution detailed the two-step process for amending the nation's frame of government. Amendments must be properly Proposed and Ratified before becoming operative. This process was designed to strike a balance between the excesses of constant change and inflexibility.[1]
An amendment may be proposed and sent to the states for ratification by either:
The United States Congress, whenever a two-thirds majority in both the Senate and the House of Representatives deem it necessary;
OR
A national convention, called by Congress for this purpose, on the application of the legislatures of two-thirds (currently 34) of the states.
To become part of the Constitution, an amendment must be ratified by either (as determined by Congress):
The legislatures of three-fourths (currently 38) of the states, within the stipulated time period—if any;
OR
State ratifying conventions in three-fourths (currently 38) of the states, within the stipulated time period—if any.
Upon being properly ratified, an amendment becomes an operative addition to the Constitution.
Approximately 11,539 proposals to amend the Constitution have been introduced in Congress since 1789 (as of December 2014).[2] Collectively, members of the House and Senate typically propose around 200 amendments during each two–year term of Congress.[3] Most, however, never get out of the Congressional committees in which they were proposed, and only a fraction of those that do receive enough support to win Congressional approval to go through the constitutional ratification process. Beginning in the early 20th century, Congress has usually, but not always, stipulated that an amendment must be ratified by the required number of states within seven years from the date of its submission to the states in order to become part of the Constitution. Congress' authority to set ratification deadline was affirmed by the United States Supreme Court in Coleman v. Miller, 307 U.S. 433 (1939).
The thirty-three amendments to the United States Constitution—both ratified and unratified—are listed and detailed in the tables below.
Contents
1 Ratified amendments
1.1 Synopsis of each ratified amendment
1.2 Summation of ratification data for each ratified amendment
2 Unratified amendments
2.1 Synopsis of each unratified amendment
2.2 Summation of ratification data for each unratified amendment
3 See also
4 References
5 Sources
6 External links
Ratified amendments
Synopsis of each ratified amendment
No.
Subject
Date submitted for Ratification[4]
Date ratification completed[4]
Ratification time span
1st Prohibits Congress from making any law respecting an establishment of religion, impeding the free exercise of religion, abridging the freedom of speech, infringing on the freedom of the press, interfering with the right to peaceably assemble or prohibiting the petitioning for a governmental redress of grievances. September 25, 1789 December 15, 1791 2 years
2 months
20 days
2nd Protects the right to keep and bear arms. September 25, 1789 December 15, 1791 2 years
2 months
20 days
3rd Places restrictions on the quartering of soldiers in private homes without the owner's consent, prohibiting it during peacetime. September 25, 1789 December 15, 1791 2 years
2 months
20 days
4th Prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures and sets out requirements for search warrants based on probable cause as determined by a neutral judge or magistrate. September 25, 1789 December 15, 1791 2 years
2 months
20 days
5th Sets out rules for indictment by grand jury and eminent domain, protects the right to due process, and prohibits self-incrimination and double jeopardy. September 25, 1789 December 15, 1791 2 years
2 months
20 days
6th Protects the right to a fair and speedy public trial by jury, including the rights to be notified of the accusations, to confront the accuser, to obtain witnesses and to retain counsel. September 25, 1789 December 15, 1791 2 years
2 months
20 days
7th Provides for the right to trial by jury in certain civil cases, according to common law. September 25, 1789 December 15, 1791 2 years
2 months
20 days
8th Prohibits excessive fines and excessive bail, as well as cruel and unusual punishment. September 25, 1789 December 15, 1791 2 years
2 months
20 days
9th Protects rights not enumerated in the Constitution. September 25, 1789 December 15, 1791 2 years
2 months
20 days
10th Reinforces the principle of federalism by stating that the federal government possesses only those powers delegated to it by the states or the people through the Constitution. September 25, 1789 December 15, 1791 2 years
2 months
20 days
11th Makes states immune from suits from out-of-state citizens and foreigners not living within the state borders; lays the foundation for sovereign immunity. March 4, 1794 February 7, 1795 11 months
3 days
12th Revises presidential election procedures by having the President and Vice President elected together as opposed to the Vice President being the runner up. December 9, 1803 June 15, 1804 6 months
6 days
13th Abolishes slavery, and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime. January 31, 1865 December 6, 1865 10 months
6 days
14th Defines citizenship, contains the Privileges or Immunities Clause, the Due Process Clause, the Equal Protection Clause, and deals with post–Civil War issues. June 13, 1866 July 9, 1868 2 years
0 months
26 days
15th Prohibits the denial of the right to vote based on race, color or previous condition of servitude. February 26, 1869 February 3, 1870 11 months
8 days
16th Permits Congress to levy an income tax without apportioning it among the states or basing it on the United States Census. July 12, 1909 February 3, 1913 3 years
6 months
22 days
17th Establishes the direct election of United States Senators by popular vote. May 13, 1912 April 8, 1913 10 months
26 days
18th Prohibited the manufacturing or sale of alcohol within the United States.
(Repealed December 5, 1933, via 21st Amendment.) December 18, 1917 January 16, 1919 1 year
0 months
29 days
19th Prohibits the denial of the right to vote based on sex. June 4, 1919 August 18, 1920 1 year
2 months
14 days
20th Changes the date on which the terms of the President and Vice President (January 20) and Senators and Representatives (January 3) end and begin. March 2, 1932 January 23, 1933 10 months
21 days
21st Repeals the 18th Amendment and makes it a federal offense to transport or import intoxicating liquors into US states and territories where such transport or importation is prohibited by the laws of those states and territories. February 20, 1933 December 5, 1933 9 months
15 days
22nd Limits the number of times that a person can be elected president: a person cannot be elected president more than twice, and a person who has served more than two years of a term to which someone else was elected cannot be elected more than once. March 24, 1947 February 27, 1951 3 years
11 months
6 days
23rd Grants the District of Columbia electors (the number of electors being equal to the least populous state) in the Electoral College. June 16, 1960 March 29, 1961 9 months
12 days
24th Prohibits the revocation of voting rights due to the non-payment of a poll tax or any other tax. September 14, 1962 January 23, 1964 1 year
4 months
27 days
25th Addresses succession to the Presidency and establishes procedures both for filling a vacancy in the office of the Vice President, as well as responding to Presidential disabilities. July 6, 1965 February 10, 1967 1 year
7 months
4 days
26th Prohibits the denial of the right of US citizens, eighteen years of age or older, to vote on account of age. March 23, 1971 July 1, 1971 3 months
8 days
27th Delays laws affecting Congressional salary from taking effect until after the next election of representatives. September 25, 1789 May 5, 1992[5] 202 years
7 months
10 days
Summation of ratification data for each ratified amendment
" Y " indicates that state ratified amendment
" N " indicates that state rejected amendment
" Y(‡) " indicates that state ratified amendment after first rejecting it
" Y(×) " indicates that state ratified amendment, later rescinded that ratification, but subsequently re-ratified it
" — " indicates that state did not complete action on amendment
" … " indicates that amendment was ratified before state joined the Union
State
(in order of statehood)
1–10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
Delaware Y Y N Y(‡) Y(‡) Y(‡) Y Y(‡) Y Y(‡) Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Pennsylvania Y — Y Y Y Y — Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y —
New Jersey Y — Y Y(‡) Y(×) Y(‡) Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Georgia Y Y Y Y Y(‡) Y Y — Y Y(‡) Y — Y — — — Y Y
Connecticut Y Y N Y Y Y N Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Massachusetts Y Y Y(‡) Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y Y Y Y —
Maryland Y Y Y Y Y(‡) Y(‡) Y Y Y Y(‡) Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
South Carolina Y Y Y Y Y(‡) Y Y — Y Y(‡) Y N Y — — Y Y Y
New Hampshire Y Y Y Y Y Y Y(‡) Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Virginia Y Y Y Y Y(‡) Y N — Y Y(‡) Y Y Y — Y Y Y Y
New York Y Y Y Y Y Y(×) Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y —
North Carolina Y Y Y Y Y(‡) Y Y Y Y Y Y — Y — Y Y Y Y
Rhode Island Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y N Y Y Y — Y Y Y Y Y
Vermont Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Kentucky … Y Y Y(‡) Y(‡) Y(‡) Y — Y Y Y Y — — Y Y — Y
Tennessee … … Y Y Y Y(‡) Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Ohio … … Y Y Y(×) Y(‡) Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Louisiana … … … Y Y(‡) Y Y Y Y Y(‡) Y — Y — — Y Y Y
Indiana … … … Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Mississippi … … … Y(‡) Y Y Y — Y Y(‡) Y — Y — N Y — —
Illinois … … … Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Alabama … … … Y Y Y Y Y Y Y(‡) Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Maine … … … Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Missouri … … … Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Arkansas … … … Y Y Y Y(‡) Y Y Y Y Y Y N — Y Y Y
Michigan … … … Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Florida … … … Y Y Y — — Y Y Y Y Y — Y Y — Y
Texas … … … Y Y(‡) Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y — Y Y Y Y
Iowa … … … Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Wisconsin … … … Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
California … … … Y Y Y(‡) Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Minnesota … … … Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Oregon … … … Y Y(×) Y(‡) Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Kansas … … … Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y — Y Y Y Y Y Y
West Virginia … … … Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y — Y Y Y Y Y
Nevada … … … Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y — Y
Nebraska … … … … Y Y Y Y Y Y Y — Y Y Y Y Y Y
Colorado … … … … … … Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
North Dakota … … … … … … Y Y Y Y Y — Y Y Y — — Y
South Dakota … … … … … … Y Y Y Y Y — Y Y Y — — Y
Montana … … … … … … Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Washington … … … … … … Y Y Y Y Y Y — Y Y Y Y Y
Idaho … … … … … … Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y
Wyoming … … … … … … Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y — Y Y Y
Utah … … … … … … N N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y — Y
Oklahoma … … … … … … Y Y Y Y Y — N Y — Y Y Y
New Mexico … … … … … … Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y — Y
Arizona … … … … … … Y Y Y Y Y Y — Y — Y Y Y
Alaska … … … … … … … … … … … … … Y Y Y Y Y
Hawaii … … … … … … … … … … … … … Y Y Y Y Y
State
(in order of statehood)
1–10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
Unratified amendments
Synopsis of each unratified amendment
Title
Subject
Status
Congressional Apportionment Amendment Would strictly regulate the size of congressional districts for representation in the House of Representatives. Pending since September 25, 1789
Titles of Nobility Amendment Would strip citizenship from any United States citizen who accepts a title of nobility from a foreign country. Pending since May 1, 1810
Corwin Amendment Would make the states' "domestic institutions" (slavery) impervious to the constitutional amendment procedures established in Article V and immune to abolition or interference from Congress. Pending since March 2, 1861
Child Labor Amendment Would empower the federal government to limit, regulate, and prohibit child labor. Pending since June 2, 1924
Equal Rights Amendment Would have prohibited deprivation of equality of rights by the federal or state governments on account of sex. Initial ratification period ended March 22, 1979, and extension period ended June 30, 1982; amendment failed
District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment Would have treated the District of Columbia as if it were a state regarding representation in the United States Congress (including repealing the 23rd Amendment), representation in the Electoral College and participation in the process by which the Constitution is amended. Ratification period ended August 22, 1985; amendment failed
Summation of ratification data for each unratified amendment
" Y " indicates that state ratified amendment
" N " indicates that state rejected amendment
" Y(‡) " indicates that state ratified amendment after first rejecting it
" Y(×) " indicates that state ratified amendment, but later recinded that ratification
" ⋈ " indicates that state did not complete action on amendment during stated ratification period.
" " An empty cell indicates that state has not completed action on pending amendment.
State
(in alphabetical order)
Congressional Apportionment
Titles of Nobility
Corwin
Child Labor
Equal Rights
District of Columbia Voting Rights
Alabama ⋈ ⋈
Alaska Y ⋈
Arizona Y ⋈ ⋈
Arkansas Y ⋈ ⋈
California Y Y ⋈
Colorado Y Y ⋈
Connecticut N N N Y Y
Delaware N Y N Y Y
Florida N ⋈ ⋈
Georgia N Y N ⋈ ⋈
Hawaii Y Y
Idaho Y Y(×) ⋈
Illinois Y Y ⋈Y ⋈
Indiana Y(‡) Y ⋈
Iowa Y Y Y
Kansas Y(‡) Y ⋈
Kentucky Y Y Y Y(‡) Y(×) ⋈
Louisiana N ⋈ Y
Maine Y(‡) Y Y
Maryland Y Y Y(×) N Y Y
Massachusetts N Y N Y Y
Michigan Y Y Y
Minnesota Y(‡) Y Y
Mississippi ⋈ ⋈
Missouri N ⋈ ⋈
Montana Y Y ⋈
Nebraska Y(×) ⋈
Nevada Y ⋈Y ⋈
New Hampshire Y Y Y(‡) Y ⋈
New Jersey Y Y Y Y Y
New Mexico Y(‡) Y ⋈
New York Y N Y ⋈
North Carolina Y Y N ⋈ ⋈
North Dakota Y Y ⋈
Ohio Y Y(×) Y Y Y
Oklahoma Y ⋈ ⋈
Oregon Y Y Y
Pennsylvania Y(‡) Y Y(‡) Y ⋈
Rhode Island Y N Y Y Y
South Carolina Y N ⋈ ⋈
South Dakota N Y(×) ⋈
Tennessee Y N Y(×) ⋈
Texas N Y ⋈
Utah Y(‡) ⋈ ⋈
Vermont Y Y N Y ⋈
Virginia Y N ⋈ ⋈
Washington Y Y ⋈
West Virginia Y Y Y
Wisconsin Y Y Y
Wyoming Y Y ⋈
Number of ratifications:
11
12
5(×2)
28
37(×5,⋈2)
16
See also
History of the United States Constitution
Convention to propose amendments to the United States Constitution
References
Jump up ^ England, Trent & Spalding, Matthew. "Essays on Article V: Amendments". The Heritage Foundation. Retrieved July 31, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Measures Proposed to Amend the Constitution". Statistics & Lists. United States Senate.
Jump up ^ "C-SPAN's Capitol Questions". Archived from the original on May 9, 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-29.
^ Jump up to: a b U.S. Congress, House. The Constitution of the United States of America, As Amended, H. Doc. 102-188, 102nd Cong., 2nd sess., (Washington: GPO, 1992).
Jump up ^ The U.S. Constitution and Constitutional Law. Britannica Educational Publishing. 2012. pp. 105–108. ISBN 9781615307555.
Sources
Congressional Research Service. (1992). The Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis and Interpretation. (Senate Document No. 103–6). (Johnny H. Killian and George A. Costello, Eds.). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
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The United States Constitution, USConstitution.net
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2018 Radio Disney Music Awards
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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2018 Radio Disney Music Awards
Date
June 22, 2018 (ceremony)
June 23, 2018 (air)[1]
July 29, 2018 (air)
Location
Dolby Theatre, Hollywood, California[1]
Hosted by
Madison Helene Kiper and Jackyln Figueroa
Preshow host(s)
TBA
Most awards
BTS (4)
Most nominations
Selena Gomez,
Marshmello,
Maren Morris and
BTS (4 each)
Television/radio coverage
Network
Radio Disney
Disney Channel
Disney International HD
Runtime
99 Minutes
Viewership
1.28 million
← 2017
Radio Disney Music Awards
The 2018 Radio Disney Music Awards were held on June 22, 2018, at the Dolby Theatre in Hollywood, California.[1] The ceremony was shown on Radio Disney and Disney Channel the following night on June 23, 2018 from 8:30 p.m.-01:30 a.m. (EDT) and on Disney International HD on July 29, 2018 from 8 p.m. to 9 p.m (IST). It was cancelled on Disney Channel in Southeast Asia due to unknown reasons.
Contents
1 Performances
2 Winners and nominees
3 References
4 External links
Performances[edit]
Performer(s)[2]
Song[3]
Meghan Trainor "Let You Be Right"
"No Excuses"
Echosmith "Over My Head"
"Cool Kids"
Kelly Clarkson "Miss Independent"
"Since U Been Gone"
"My Life Would Suck Without You"
"Catch My Breath"
"Stronger"
"Heat"
Marshmello "Alone"
"Friends"
"Silence"
Maddie Poppe "Going, Going, Gone"
Charlie Puth "The Way I Am"
Carrie Underwood feat. Ludacris "The Champion"
Winners and nominees[edit]
The nominees were announced via a nomination live stream on April 27, 2018.[4][5]
Voting began the day nominations released.[5]
Best Artist
Breakout Artist of the Year
Shawn Mendes
Selena Gomez
Bruno Mars
Ed Sheeran
Taylor Swift
Meghan Trainor
Camila Cabello
Halsey
Dua Lipa
Marshmello
Julia Michaels
Charlie Puth
Best Group
Song of the Year
BTS
Clean Bandit
Echosmith
Imagine Dragons
Maroon 5
"Havana" - Camila Cabello
"Look What You Made Me Do" - Taylor Swift
"The Middle" - Zedd, Maren Morris, and Grey
"There's Nothing Holdin' Me Back" - Shawn Mendes
"Wolves" - Selena Gomez and Marshmello
Favorite Social Music Artist
Best Dance Track
Max & Harvey
Alex Aiono
Chloe x Halle
HRVY
Carson Lueders
Rudy Mancuso
"Mic Drop (Steve Aoki Remix)" - BTS
"Friends" - Justin Bieber and BloodPop
"Let Me Go" - Hailee Steinfeld and Alesso featuring Florida Georgia Line and Andrew Watt
"The Middle" - Zedd, Maren Morris, and Grey
"Silence - Marshmello featuring Khalid
Best New Artist
Best Collaboration
Bebe Rexha
Cheat Codes
Hey Violet
Lauv
Why Don't We
"It Ain't Me" - Selena Gomez and Kygo
"Meant to Be" - Bebe Rexha featuring Florida Georgia Line
"No Promises" - Cheat Codes featuring Demi Lovato
"Mi Gente" - J Balvin and Willy William
"The Middle" - Zedd, Maren Morris, and Grey
Best Crush Song
Fiercest Fans
"Perfect" - Ed Sheeran
"I Like Me Better" - Lauv
"Why" - Sabrina Carpenter
"Ins and Outs" - Sofia Carson
"Legends" - Kelsea Ballerini
BTS Army (BTS)
Mellogang (Marshmello)
Megatronz (Meghan Trainor)
Mendes Army (Shawn Mendes)
Selenators (Selena Gomez)
Best Song That Makes You Smile
Best Song to Lip Sync To
"DNA" - BTS
"I Miss Those Days" - Bleachers
"No Excuses" - Meghan Trainor
"One Foot" - Walk the Moon
"So Much More Than This" - Grace VanderWaal
"New Rules" - Dua Lipa
"Look What You Made Me Do - Taylor Swift
"Sorry Not Sorry" - Demi Lovato
"These Girls" - Why Don't We
"This Is Me" - Keala Settle
Country Favorite Artist
Country Best New Artist
Kelsea Ballerini
Luke Bryan
Florida Georgia Line
Maren Morris
Thomas Rhett
Carly Pearce
Jordan Davis
Devin Dawson
Jillian Jacqueline
Lanco
Country Favorite Song
Hero Award
"Meant to Be" - Bebe Rexha featuring Florida Georgia Line
"Legends" - Kelsea Ballerini
"Take Back Home Girl - Chris Lane and Tori Kelly
"Unforgettable" - Thomas Rhett
"You Broke Up with Me - Walker Hayes
Carrie Underwood
Icon Award
Kelly Clarkson[6]
Impact Award
Janet Jackson[2]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Desk, TV News. "The 2018 Radio Disney Music Awards Coming to The Dolby Theatre on Friday, June 22, 2018". Broadway World. Retrieved May 25, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Janet Jackson, Kelly Clarkson, Carrie Underwood Honored at Radio Disney Music Awards". Variety. June 24, 2018. Retrieved July 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ "The 2018 Radio Disney Music Awards". radio.disney.com. Retrieved July 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Disney Channel on Twitter". Twitter. Retrieved 25 May 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Shawn Mendes & Meghan Trainor Lead Radio Disney Music Awards 2018 Nominations". Billboard.com. Retrieved 25 May 2018.
Jump up ^ Schnurr, Samantha. "Kelly Clarkson to Be Honored With Icon Award at 2018 Radio Disney Music Awards". E! News. Retrieved June 14, 2018.
External links[edit]
Official website
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Radio Disney Music Awards
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Current categories
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Best Male Artist
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Song of the Year
Best New Artist
Breakout Artist
Best Crush Song
Song to Dance to
Fiercest Fans
Artist with the Best Style
Most Talked About Artist
Best Anthem
Best Song That Makes You Smile
Best Breakup Song
Formerly categories
Best Artist Turned Singer
Best Music Video
Best Soundtrack Song
Catchiest New Song
Hero Award winners
Shakira
Jennifer Lopez
Gwen Stefani
Nick Jonas
Related topics
Radio Disney
Microsoft Theater
Television portal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Radio_Disney_Music_Awards&oldid=854272614"
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This page was last edited on 10 August 2018, at 04:02 (UTC).
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