text:
List of countries by length of coastline
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An example of the coastline paradox. If the coastline of Britain is measured using a scale interval of 200 km (left), then the length of the coastline is about 2400 km. Using a scale interval of 50 km (right), the length of the coastline is about 3400 km.
Contents
1 Overview
2 List
3 See also
4 Notes
5 References
6 Further reading
Overview[edit]
The coastline paradox states that a coastline does not have a well-defined length. Measurements of the length of a coastline behave like a fractal, being different at different scale intervals (distance between points on the coastline at which measurements are taken). The smaller the scale interval (meaning the more detailed the measurement), the longer the coastline will be.[Note 1] This "magnifying" effect is greater for convoluted coastlines than for relatively smooth ones. Treated as fractals, coastlines can however be measured. For example, the coast of Great Britain has a size of about 28000 km1.43, which is called its Hausdorff measure.[1]
Data marked The World Factbook or TWF covers 198 countries and 55 territories, from the book published by the Central Intelligence Agency. In addition to coastline lengths, this is the source of the land area used to calculate the "coast/area ratio" for both TWF and WRI (see below) coastline measurement. This ratio measures how many meters of coastline correspond to every square kilometer of land area. The ratio illustrates the ease of accessibility to the country's coast from every point in its interior. Therefore, an island country like Maldives, or a country carved by the sea like Greece, is more likely to have a high ratio, while a landlocked country will have a ratio of zero. Note that the scales at which The World Factbook figures were measured are not stated, nor is it known whether the figures are all reported using the same scale, thus the figures are not necessarily comparable across different countries.
Data marked World Resources Institute or WRI covers 182 independent countries and 13 dependencies, based on data calculated in 2000 from the World Vector Shoreline, United States Defense Mapping Agency, 1989. It may include territories whose status have changed. According to their technical notes, the "coastline length was derived from the World Vector Shoreline database at 1:250,000 scale. The estimates (...) were calculated using a Geographic Information System (GIS) and an underlying database consistent for the entire world. The methodology used to estimate length is based on the following: 1) A country's coastline is made up of individual lines, and an individual line has two or more vertices and/or nodes. 2) The length between two vertices is calculated on the surface of a sphere. 3) The sum of the lengths of the pairs of vertices is aggregated for each individual line, and 4) the sum of the lengths of individual lines was aggregated for a country. In general, the coastline length of islands that are part of a country, but are not overseas territories, are included in the coastline estimate for that country (e.g., Canary Islands are included in Spain). Coastline length for overseas territories and dependencies are listed separately. Disputed areas are not included in country or regional totals."[2]
List[edit]
Note: non-sovereign areas in italic
Country
The World Factbook[3]
World Resources Institute[2]
Land area
km2 (TWF)[4]
Coast/area ratio (m/km2)
#
km
#
km
(TWF)
(WRI)
World[Note 2] — 7006116230600000000♠1,162,306 — 1,634,701 7008148940000000000♠148,940,000 7.80 11.0
Others[Note 3] — 7005356000000000000♠356,000
Canada 7000100000000000000♠1 7005202080000000000♠202,080 1 265,523 7006909350700000000♠9,093,507 22.2 29.2
Norway 7000200000000000000♠2 7004581330000000000♠58,133 7 53,199 7005304282000000000♠304,282 191 175
Indonesia 7000300000000000000♠3 7004547200000000000♠54,720 4 95,181 7006181156900000000♠1,811,569 30.2 52.5
Greenland[Note 4] — 7004440870000000000♠44,087 7006216608600000000♠2,166,086 20.4
Russia 7000400000000000000♠4 7004376530000000000♠37,653[Note 5] 3 110,310 7007163777420000000♠16,377,742 2.30 6.74
Philippines 7000500000000000000♠5 7004362890000000000♠36,289 8 33,900 7005341353000000000♠341,353 122 114
Japan 7000600000000000000♠6 7004297510000000000♠29,751 12 29,020 7005364485000000000♠364,485 81.6 79.6
Australia 7000700000000000000♠7 7004257600000000000♠25,760 6 66,530 7006768230000000000♠7,682,300 3.35 8.66
United States 7000800000000000000♠8 7004199240000000000♠19,924 2 133,312 7006914759300000000♠9,147,593 2.18 14.6
Antarctica — 7004179680000000000♠17,968 7007140000000000000♠14,000,000 1.28
New Zealand 7000900000000000000♠9 7004151340000000000♠15,134 17 17,209 7005264537000000000♠264,537 57.2 65.1
China 7001100000000000000♠10 7004145000000000000♠14,500 11 30,017 7006932641000000000♠9,326,410 1.55 3.22
Greece 7001110000000000000♠11 7004136760000000000♠13,676 19 15,147 7005131957000000000♠131,957 104 115
United Kingdom 7001120000000000000♠12 7004124290000000000♠12,429 16 19,717 7005241930000000000♠241,930 51.4 81.5
Mexico 7001130000000000000♠13 7003933000000000000♠9,330 14 23,761 7006194394500000000♠1,943,945 4.80 12.2
Italy 7001140000000000000♠14 7003760000000000000♠7,600 28 9,226 7005294140000000000♠294,140 25.8 31.4
Croatia 7001150000000000000♠15 7003736800000000000♠7,368[5] 42 5,664 7004559740000000000♠55,974 112 101
Denmark 7001160000000000000♠16 7003731400000000000♠7,314 44 5,316 7004424340000000000♠42,434 172 125
Turkey 7001170000000000000♠17 7003720000000000000♠7,200 31 8,140 7005783562000000000♠783,562 9.19 10.4
India 7001180000000000000♠18 7003750000000000000♠7,500 18 17,181 7006297319300000000♠2,973,193 2.35 5.78
Chile 7001190000000000000♠19 7003643500000000000♠6,435 5 78,563 7005743812000000000♠743,812 8.65 106
Brazil 7001200000000000000♠20 7003749100000000000♠7,491 9 33,379 7006845941700000000♠8,459,417 0.886 3.95
Micronesia, Federated States of 7001210000000000000♠21 7003611200000000000♠6,112 92 1,295 7002702000000000000♠702 8,710 1,840
Solomon Islands 7001220000000000000♠22 7003531300000000000♠5,313 26 9,880 7004279860000000000♠27,986 190 353
Papua New Guinea 7001230000000000000♠23 7003515200000000000♠5,152 15 20,197 7005452860000000000♠452,860 11.4 44.6
Argentina 7001240000000000000♠24 7003498900000000000♠4,989 30 8,397 7006273669000000000♠2,736,690 1.82 3.07
Iceland 7001250000000000000♠25 7003497000000000000♠4,970 29 8,506 7005100250000000000♠100,250 49.6 84.8
Spain[Note 6] 7001260000000000000♠26 7003496400000000000♠4,964 34 7,268 7005498980000000000♠498,980 9.95 14.6
Metropolitan France 7001270000000000000♠27 7003485300000000000♠4,853 33 7,330 7005640427000000000♠640,427 7.58 11.4
Madagascar 7001280000000000000♠28 7003482800000000000♠4,828 25 9,935 7005581540000000000♠581,540 8.30 17.1
Malaysia 7001290000000000000♠29 7003467500000000000♠4,675 27 9,323 7005328657000000000♠328,657 14.2 28.4
Estonia 7001300000000000000♠30 7003379400000000000♠3,794 61 2,956 7004423880000000000♠42,388 89.5 69.7
Cuba 7001310000000000000♠31 7003373500000000000♠3,735 21 14,519 7005109820000000000♠109,820 34.0 132
Svalbard — 7003358700000000000♠3,587 7004620450000000000♠62,045 57.8
Bahamas, The 7001320000000000000♠32 7003354200000000000♠3,542 24 11,238 7004100100000000000♠10,010 354 1,120
Vietnam 7001330000000000000♠33 7003344400000000000♠3,444[Note 7] 23 11,409 7005310070000000000♠310,070 11.1 36.8
Thailand 7001340000000000000♠34 7003321900000000000♠3,219 35 7,066 7005510890000000000♠510,890 6.30 13.8
Sweden 7001350000000000000♠35 7003321800000000000♠3,218 13 26,384 7005410335000000000♠410,335 7.84 64.3
Colombia 7001360000000000000♠36 7003320800000000000♠3,208 41 5,875 7006103870000000000♠1,038,700 3.09 5.66
Coral Sea Islands — 7003309500000000000♠3,095 7000290000000000000♠<3 7006103000000000000♠>1,000,000
Somalia 7001370000000000000♠37 7003333300000000000♠3,333 50 3,898 7005627337000000000♠627,337 5.31 6.21
Iran 7001380000000000000♠38 7003329400000000000♠3,294[Note 8] 40 5,891 7006163610000000000♠1,636,100 1.59 3.85
French Southern and Antarctic Lands — 7003294840000000000♠2,948.4[Note 9] 7003766760000000000♠7,667.6 385
Venezuela 7001390000000000000♠39 7003280000000000000♠2,800 37 6,762 7005882050000000000♠882,050 3.17 7.67
South Africa 7001400000000000000♠40 7003279800000000000♠2,798 51 3,751 7006121447000000000♠1,214,470 2.30 3.09
Ukraine 7001410000000000000♠41 7003278200000000000♠2,782 45 4,953 7005579330000000000♠579,330 4.80 8.55
Saudi Arabia 7001420000000000000♠42 7003264000000000000♠2,640 32 7,572 7006214969000000000♠2,149,690 1.23 3.52
Vanuatu 7001430000000000000♠43 7003252800000000000♠2,528 59 3,132 7004121890000000000♠12,189 207 257
French Polynesia — 7003252500000000000♠2,525 — 5,830 7003382700000000000♠3,827 660 1,520
Korea, North 7001440000000000000♠44 7003249500000000000♠2,495 49 4,009 7005120408000000000♠120,408 20.7 33.3
Panama 7001450000000000000♠45 7003249000000000000♠2,490 43 5,637 7004743400000000000♠74,340 33.5 75.8
Mozambique 7001460000000000000♠46 7003247000000000000♠2,470 36 6,942 7005786380000000000♠786,380 3.14 8.83
Egypt 7001470000000000000♠47 7003245000000000000♠2,450 39 5,898 7005995450000000000♠995,450 2.46 5.92
Peru 7001480000000000000♠48 7003241400000000000♠2,414 55 3,362 7006127999600000000♠1,279,996 1.89 2.63
Korea, South 7001490000000000000♠49 7003241300000000000♠2,413 22 12,478 7004969200000000000♠96,920 24.9 129
Germany 7001500000000000000♠50 7003238900000000000♠2,389 52 3,624 7005348672000000000♠348,672 6.85 10.4
New Caledonia — 7003225400000000000♠2,254 — 3,624 7004182750000000000♠18,275 123 198
Ecuador 7001510000000000000♠51 7003223700000000000♠2,237 47 4,597 7005276841000000000♠276,841 8.08 16.6
Eritrea 7001520000000000000♠52 7003223400000000000♠2,234[5] 54 3,446 7005101000000000000♠101,000 22.1 34.1
Oman 7001530000000000000♠53 7003209200000000000♠2,092 65 2,810 7005309500000000000♠309,500 6.76 9.08
Burma 7001540000000000000♠54 7003193000000000000♠1,930 20 14,708 7005653508000000000♠653,508 2.95 22.5
Yemen 7001550000000000000♠55 7003190600000000000♠1,906 58 3,149 7005527968000000000♠527,968 3.61 5.96
Morocco 7001560000000000000♠56 7003183500000000000♠1,835 73 2,009 7005446300000000000♠446,300 4.11 4.50
Portugal 7001570000000000000♠57 7003179300000000000♠1,793 63 2,830 7004914700000000000♠91,470 19.6 30.9
Haiti 7001580000000000000♠58 7003177100000000000♠1,771 77 1,977 7004275600000000000♠27,560 64.3 71.7
Libya 7001590000000000000♠59 7003177000000000000♠1,770 71 2,025 7006175954000000000♠1,759,540 1.01 1.15
Angola 7001600000000000000♠60 7003160000000000000♠1,600 67 2,252 7006124670000000000♠1,246,700 1.28 1.81
Namibia 7001610000000000000♠61 7003157200000000000♠1,572 84 1,754 7005823290000000000♠823,290 1.91 2.13
Taiwan 7001620000000000000♠62 7003156630000000000♠1,566.3 74 2,007 7004322600000000000♠32,260 48.6 62.2
Palau 7001630000000000000♠63 7003151900000000000♠1,519 7002459000000000000♠459 3,310
Northern Mariana Islands — 7003148200000000000♠1,482 7002464000000000000♠464 3,190
Ireland 7001640000000000000♠64 7003144800000000000♠1,448 38 6,437 7004688830000000000♠68,883 21.0 93.4
Tanzania 7001650000000000000♠65 7003142400000000000♠1,424 53 3,461 7005885800000000000♠885,800 1.61 3.91
Sri Lanka 7001660000000000000♠66 7003134000000000000♠1,340 64 2,825 7004646300000000000♠64,630 20.7 43.7
United Arab Emirates 7001670000000000000♠67 7003131800000000000♠1,318 62 2,871 7004836000000000000♠83,600 15.8 34.3
Costa Rica 7001680000000000000♠68 7003129000000000000♠1,290 70 2,069 7004510600000000000♠51,060 25.3 40.5
Dominican Republic 7001690000000000000♠69 7003128800000000000♠1,288 88 1,612 7004483200000000000♠48,320 26.7 33.4
Falkland Islands — 7003128800000000000♠1,288 7004121730000000000♠12,173 106
Finland 7001700000000000000♠70 7003125000000000000♠1,250 10 31,119 7005303815000000000♠303,815 4.11 102
Tunisia 7001710000000000000♠71 7003114800000000000♠1,148 79 1,927 7005155360000000000♠155,360 7.39 12.4
Kiribati 7001720000000000000♠72 7003114300000000000♠1,143 78 1,961 7002811000000000000♠811 1,410 2,420
Fiji 7001730000000000000♠73 7003112900000000000♠1,129 46 4,638 7004182740000000000♠18,274 61.8 254
Faroe Islands — 7003111700000000000♠1,117 7003139300000000000♠1,393 802
Western Sahara — 7003111000000000000♠1,110 7005266000000000000♠266,000 4.17
Pakistan 7001740000000000000♠74 7003104600000000000♠1,046 66 2,599 7005881912000000000♠881,912 1.19 2.95
Jamaica 7001750000000000000♠75 7003102200000000000♠1,022 102 895 7004108310000000000♠10,831 94.4 82.6
Algeria 7001760000000000000♠76 7002998000000000000♠998 90 1,557 7006238174100000000♠2,381,741 0.419 0.654
Cape Verde 7001770000000000000♠77 7002965000000000000♠965 97 1,121 7003403300000000000♠4,033 239 278
Spratly Islands — 7002926000000000000♠926 7000490000000000000♠<5 7005190000000000000♠>200,000
Nicaragua 7001780000000000000♠78 7002910000000000000♠910 80 1,915 7005119990000000000♠119,990 7.58 16.0
Gabon 7001790000000000000♠79 7002885000000000000♠885 72 2,019 7005257667000000000♠257,667 3.43 7.84
Nigeria 7001800000000000000♠80 7002853000000000000♠853 60 3,122 7005910768000000000♠910,768 0.937 3.43
Sudan 7001810000000000000♠81 7002853000000000000♠853 68 2,245 7006186148400000000♠1,861,484[6] 0.458 1.21
Honduras 7001820000000000000♠82 7002832000000000000♠832[Note 10] 82 1,878 7005111890000000000♠111,890 7.44 16.8
Mauritania 7001830000000000000♠83 7002754000000000000♠754 94 1,268 7006103070000000000♠1,030,700 0.732 1.23
Hong Kong — 7002733000000000000♠733 — 955 7003105400000000000♠1,054 695 906
Timor-Leste 7001840000000000000♠84 7002706000000000000♠706 7004148740000000000♠14,874 47.5
British Indian Ocean Territory — 7002698000000000000♠698 7001600000000000000♠60 11,600
Uruguay 7001850000000000000♠85 7002660000000000000♠660 98 1,096 7005175015000000000♠175,015 3.77 6.26
Cyprus 7001860000000000000♠86 7002648000000000000♠648 112 671 7003924100000000000♠9,241 70.1 72.6
Maldives 7001870000000000000♠87 7002644000000000000♠644 75 2,002 7002298000000000000♠298 2,160 6,720
Bangladesh 7001880000000000000♠88 7002580000000000000♠580 56 3,306 7005130168000000000♠130,168 4.46 25.4
Liberia 7001890000000000000♠89 7002579000000000000♠579 104 842 7004963200000000000♠96,320 6.01 8.74
Qatar 7001900000000000000♠90 7002563000000000000♠563 100 909 7004115860000000000♠11,586 48.6 78.5
Ghana 7001910000000000000♠91 7002539000000000000♠539 106 758 7005227533000000000♠227,533 2.37 3.33
Kenya 7001920000000000000♠92 7002536000000000000♠536 89 1,586 7005569140000000000♠569,140 0.942 2.79
Senegal 7001930000000000000♠93 7002531000000000000♠531 91 1,327 7005192530000000000♠192,530 2.76 6.89
Paracel Islands — 7002518000000000000♠518 7000775000000000000♠7.75 66,800
Côte d'Ivoire 7001940000000000000♠94 7002515000000000000♠515 105 797 7005318003000000000♠318,003 1.62 2.51
Puerto Rico — 7002501000000000000♠501 — 1,094 7003887000000000000♠8,870 56.5 123
Kuwait 7001950000000000000♠95 7002499000000000000♠499 107 756 7004178180000000000♠17,818 28.0 42.4
Latvia 7001960000000000000♠96 7002498000000000000♠498 116 566 7004622490000000000♠62,249 8.00 9.09
Seychelles 7001970000000000000♠97 7002491000000000000♠491 109 747 7002455000000000000♠455 1,080 1,640
Guyana 7001980000000000000♠98 7002459000000000000♠459 95 1,154 7005196849000000000♠196,849 2.33 5.86
Netherlands 7001990000000000000♠99 7002451000000000000♠451[Note 11] 81 1,914 7004338930000000000♠33,893 13.3 56.5
Cambodia 7002100000000000000♠100 7002443000000000000♠443 96 1,127 7005176515000000000♠176,515 2.51 6.38
Poland 7002101000000000000♠101 7002440000000000000♠440 99 1,032 7005312679000000000♠312,679 1.41 3.30
Tonga 7002102000000000000♠102 7002419000000000000♠419 101 909 7002717000000000000♠717 584 1,270
Samoa 7002103000000000000♠103 7002403000000000000♠403 120 463 7003282100000000000♠2,821 143 164
Cameroon 7002104000000000000♠104 7002402000000000000♠402 83 1,799 7005469440000000000♠469,440 0.856 3.83
Sierra Leone 7002104000000000000♠104 7002402000000000000♠402 86 1,677 7004716200000000000♠71,620 5.61 23.4
Guatemala 7002106000000000000♠106 7002400000000000000♠400 122 445 7005107159000000000♠107,159 3.73 4.15
Turks and Caicos Islands — 7002389000000000000♠389 7002948000000000000♠948 410
Belize 7002107000000000000♠107 7002386000000000000♠386 76 1,996 7004228060000000000♠22,806 16.9 87.5
Suriname 7002107000000000000♠107 7002386000000000000♠386 114 620 7005156000000000000♠156,000 2.47 3.97
Marshall Islands 7002109000000000000♠109 7002370400000000000♠370.4 69 2,106 7002181000000000000♠181 2,050 11,600
Curaçao — 7002364000000000000♠364 7002444000000000000♠444 820
Albania 7002110000000000000♠110 7002362000000000000♠362 113 649 7004273980000000000♠27,398 13.2 23.7
Trinidad and Tobago 7002110000000000000♠110 7002362000000000000♠362 110 704 7003512800000000000♠5,128 70.6 137
Bulgaria 7002112000000000000♠112 7002354000000000000♠354 121 457 7005108489000000000♠108,489 3.26 4.21
Guinea-Bissau 7002113000000000000♠113 7002350000000000000♠350 57 3,176 7004281200000000000♠28,120 12.4 113
Comoros 7002114000000000000♠114 7002340000000000000♠340 119 469 7003223500000000000♠2,235 152 210
Guinea 7002115000000000000♠115 7002320000000000000♠320 87 1,615 7005245717000000000♠245,717 1.30 6.57
Djibouti 7002116000000000000♠116 7002314000000000000♠314 123 443 7004231800000000000♠23,180 13.5 19.1
Georgia 7002117000000000000♠117 7002310000000000000♠310 124 376 7004697000000000000♠69,700 4.45 5.39
El Salvador 7002118000000000000♠118 7002307000000000000♠307 108 756 7004207210000000000♠20,721 14.8 36.5
Equatorial Guinea 7002119000000000000♠119 7002296000000000000♠296 115 603 7004280510000000000♠28,051 10.6 21.5
Montenegro 7002120000000000000♠120 7002293500000000000♠293.5 7005251643000000000♠251,643 51.37
Israel 7002121000000000000♠121 7002273000000000000♠273[Note 12] 136 205 7004203300000000000♠20,330 13.4 10.1
Lebanon 7002122000000000000♠122 7002225000000000000♠225 125 294 7004102300000000000♠10,230 22.0 28.7
Romania 7002122000000000000♠122 7002225000000000000♠225 111 696 7005229891000000000♠229,891 0.979 3.03
São Tomé and Príncipe 7002124000000000000♠124 7002209000000000000♠209 128 269 7002964000000000000♠964 217 279
Malta 7002125000000000000♠125 7002252810000000000♠252.81 137 198 7002316000000000000♠316 800 627
Singapore 7002126000000000000♠126 7002193000000000000♠193 129 268 7002687000000000000♠687 281 390
Syria 7002126000000000000♠126 7002193000000000000♠193 134 212 7005183630000000000♠183,630 1.05 1.15
U.S. Virgin Islands — 7002188000000000000♠188 — 390 7002346000000000000♠346 543 1,130
Mauritius 7002128000000000000♠128 7002177000000000000♠177 118 496 7003203000000000000♠2,030 87.2 244
Congo, Republic of the 7002129000000000000♠129 7002169000000000000♠169 135 205 7005341500000000000♠341,500 0.495 0.600
Bahrain 7002130000000000000♠130 7002161000000000000♠161 132 255 7002760000000000000♠760 212 336
Brunei 7002130000000000000♠130 7002161000000000000♠161 127 269 7003526500000000000♠5,265 30.6 51.1
Cayman Islands — 7002160000000000000♠160 7002264000000000000♠264 606
Isle of Man — 7002160000000000000♠160 7002572000000000000♠572 280
Saint Lucia 7002132000000000000♠132 7002158000000000000♠158 139 166 7002606000000000000♠606 261 274
Antigua and Barbuda 7002133000000000000♠133 7002153000000000000♠153 126 289 7002442600000000000♠442.6 346 653
Dominica 7002134000000000000♠134 7002148000000000000♠148 141 152 7002751000000000000♠751 197 202
Christmas Island — 7002138900000000000♠138.9 7002135000000000000♠135 1,030
Saint Kitts and Nevis 7002135000000000000♠135 7002135000000000000♠135 7002261000000000000♠261 517
Wallis and Futuna — 7002129000000000000♠129 7002142000000000000♠142 908
Guam — 7002125500000000000♠125.5 7002544000000000000♠544 231
Jan Mayen — 7002124100000000000♠124.1 7002377000000000000♠377 329
Benin 7002136000000000000♠136 7002121000000000000♠121 140 153 7005110622000000000♠110,622 1.09 1.38
Grenada 7002136000000000000♠136 7002121000000000000♠121 133 252 7002344000000000000♠344 352 733
Cook Islands 7002138000000000000♠138 7002120000000000000♠120 7002236000000000000♠236 508
Saint Pierre and Miquelon — 7002120000000000000♠120 7002242000000000000♠242 496
American Samoa — 7002116000000000000♠116 7002199000000000000♠199 583
Bermuda — 7002103000000000000♠103 — 180 7001540000000000000♠54 1,910 3,330
Heard Island and McDonald Islands — 7002101900000000000♠101.9 7002412000000000000♠412 247
Tokelau — 7002101000000000000♠101 7001120000000000000♠12 8,420
Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha — 7002100000000000000♠100[Note 13] 7002308000000000000♠308 325
Barbados 7002139000000000000♠139 7001970000000000000♠97 143 97 7002430000000000000♠430 226 226
Lithuania 7002140000000000000♠140 7001900000000000000♠90 131 258 7004626800000000000♠62,680 1.44 4.12
United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges — 7001857000000000000♠85.7 7001224100000000000♠22.41 3,820
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 7002141000000000000♠141 7001840000000000000♠84 130 264 7002389000000000000♠389 216 679
Akrotiri and Dhekelia — 7001838000000000000♠83.8 7002253800000000000♠253.8[6] 330
British Virgin Islands — 7001800000000000000♠80 7002151000000000000♠151 530
Gambia 7002142000000000000♠142 7001800000000000000♠80 117 503 7004100000000000000♠10,000 8.00 50.3
Ashmore and Cartier Islands — 7001741009999900000♠74.1 7000500000000000000♠5 14,800
Jersey — 7001700000000000000♠70 7002116000000000000♠116 603
Aruba — 7001685000000000000♠68.5 — 107 7002180000000000000♠180 381 594
Belgium 7002143000000000000♠143 7001665000000000000♠66.5 144 76 7004302780000000000♠30,278 2.20 2.51
Niue 7002144000000000000♠144 7001640000000000000♠64 7002260000000000000♠260 246
Anguilla — 7001610000000000000♠61 7001910000000000000♠91 670
Saint Martin — 7001589000000000000♠58.9[Note 14] 7001544000000000000♠54.4 1,080
Iraq 7002145000000000000♠145 7001580000000000000♠58 142 105 7005437367000000000♠437,367 0.133 0.240
Togo 7002146000000000000♠146 7001560000000000000♠56 145 53 7004543850000000000♠54,385 1.03 0.975
Pitcairn Islands — 7001510000000000000♠51 7001470000000000000♠47 1,090
Guernsey — 7001500000000000000♠50 7001780000000000000♠78 641
Slovenia 7002147000000000000♠147 7001466000000000000♠46.6 146 41 7004201510000000000♠20,151 2.31 2.03
Macau — 7001410000000000000♠41 — 36 7001282000000000000♠28.2 1,450 1,280
Gaza Strip — 7001400000000000000♠40 7002360000000000000♠360 111
Montserrat — 7001400000000000000♠40 7002102000000000000♠102 392
Congo, Democratic Republic of the 7002148000000000000♠148 7001370000000000000♠37 138 177 7006226704800000000♠2,267,048 0.0163 0.0781
Norfolk Island — 7001320000000000000♠32 7001360000000000000♠36 889
Nauru 7002149000000000000♠149 7001300000000000000♠30 7001210000000000000♠21 1,430
Bouvet Island — 7001296000000000000♠29.6 7001490000000000000♠49 604
Cocos (Keeling) Islands — 7001260000000000000♠26 7001140000000000000♠14 1,860
Jordan 7002150000000000000♠150 7001260000000000000♠26[Note 15] 147 27 7004888020000000000♠88,802 0.293 0.304
Tuvalu 7002151000000000000♠151 7001240000000000000♠24 7001260000000000000♠26 923
Bosnia and Herzegovina 7002152000000000000♠152 7001200000000000000♠20 148 23 7004511870000000000♠51,187 0.391 0.449
Wake Island — 7001193000000000000♠19.3 7000650000000000000♠6.5 2,970
Gibraltar — 7001120000000000000♠12 7000650000000000000♠6.5 1,850
Clipperton Island — 7001111000000000000♠11.1 7000600000000000000♠6 1,850
Navassa Island — 7000800000000000000♠8 7000540000000000000♠5.4 1,480
Monaco 7002153000000000000♠153 7000410009999999999♠4.1 7000200000000000000♠2 2,050
Saint Barthélemy — 6999500000000000000♠NA 7001210000000000000♠21
Sint Maarten — 6999500000000000000♠NA[Note 16] 7001340000000000000♠34 0.0147
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands — 6999500000000000000♠NA 7003390300000000000♠3,903 0.000128
Kazakhstan 7002154000000000000♠154 6999400000000000000♠0[Note 17] 48 4,528 7006269970000000000♠2,699,700 0 1.68
Turkmenistan 7002155000000000000♠155 6999300000000000000♠0[Note 18] 93 1,289 7005469930000000000♠469,930 0 2.74
Azerbaijan 7002156000000000000♠156 6999200000000000000♠0[Note 19] 103 871 7004826290000000000♠82,629 0 10.5
West Bank — 5000000000000000000♠0[Note 20] 7003564000000000000♠5,640 0
Afghanistan 7002158000000000000♠158 5000000000000000000♠0 149 0 7005652230000000000♠652,230 0 0
Andorra 7002159000000000000♠159 5000000000000000000♠0 7002468000000000000♠468 0
Armenia 7002160000000000000♠160 5000000000000000000♠0 149 0 7004282030000000000♠28,203 0 0
Austria 7002161000000000000♠161 5000000000000000000♠0 149 0 7004824450000000000♠82,445 0 0
Belarus 7002162000000000000♠162 5000000000000000000♠0 149 0 7005202900000000000♠202,900 0 0
Bhutan 7002163000000000000♠163 5000000000000000000♠0 149 0 7004383940000000000♠38,394 0 0
Bolivia 7002164000000000000♠164 5000000000000000000♠0 149 0 7006108330100000000♠1,083,301 0 0
Botswana 7002165000000000000♠165 5000000000000000000♠0 149 0 7005566730000000000♠566,730 0 0
Burkina Faso 7002166000000000000♠166 5000000000000000000♠0 149 0 7005273800000000000♠273,800 0 0
Burundi 7002167000000000000♠167 5000000000000000000♠0 149 0 7004256800000000000♠25,680 0 0
Central African Republic 7002168000000000000♠168 5000000000000000000♠0 149 0 7005622984000000000♠622,984 0 0
Chad 7002169000000000000♠169 5000000000000000000♠0 149 0 7006125920000000000♠1,259,200 0 0
Czech Republic 7002170000000000000♠170 5000000000000000000♠0 149 0 7004772470000000000♠77,247 0 0
Ethiopia 7002171000000000000♠171 5000000000000000000♠0 149 0 7006100000000000000♠1,000,000 0 0
Hungary 7002172000000000000♠172 5000000000000000000♠0 149 0 7004896080000000000♠89,608 0 0
Kyrgyzstan 7002173000000000000♠173 5000000000000000000♠0 149 0 7005191801000000000♠191,801 0 0
Laos 7002174000000000000♠174 5000000000000000000♠0 149 0 7005230800000000000♠230,800 0 0
Lesotho 7002175000000000000♠175 5000000000000000000♠0 149 0 7004303550000000000♠30,355 0 0
Liechtenstein 7002176000000000000♠176 5000000000000000000♠0 7002160000000000000♠160 0
Luxembourg 7002177000000000000♠177 5000000000000000000♠0 149 0 7003258600000000000♠2,586 0 0
Macedonia 7002178000000000000♠178 5000000000000000000♠0 149 0 7004254330000000000♠25,433 0 0
Malawi 7002179000000000000♠179 5000000000000000000♠0 149 0 7004940800000000000♠94,080 0 0
Mali 7002180000000000000♠180 5000000000000000000♠0 149 0 7006122019000000000♠1,220,190 0 0
Moldova 7002181000000000000♠181 5000000000000000000♠0 149 0 7004328910000000000♠32,891 0 0
Mongolia 7002182000000000000♠182 5000000000000000000♠0 149 0 7006155355600000000♠1,553,556 0 0
Nepal 7002183000000000000♠183 5000000000000000000♠0 149 0 7005143351000000000♠143,351 0 0
Niger 7002184000000000000♠184 5000000000000000000♠0 149 0 7006126670000000000♠1,266,700 0 0
Paraguay 7002185000000000000♠185 5000000000000000000♠0 149 0 7005397302000000000♠397,302 0 0
Rwanda 7002186000000000000♠186 5000000000000000000♠0 149 0 7004246680000000000♠24,668 0 0
San Marino 7002187000000000000♠187 5000000000000000000♠0 7001610000000000000♠61 0
Serbia 7002188000000000000♠188 5000000000000000000♠0 7004883610000000000♠88,361 0
Slovakia 7002189000000000000♠189 5000000000000000000♠0 149 0 7004481050000000000♠48,105 0 0
South Sudan 7002190000000000000♠190 5000000000000000000♠0 7005644329000000000♠644,329[6] 0
Swaziland 7002191000000000000♠191 5000000000000000000♠0 149 0 7004172040000000000♠17,204 0 0
Switzerland 7002192000000000000♠192 5000000000000000000♠0 149 0 7004399970000000000♠39,997 0 0
Tajikistan 7002193000000000000♠193 5000000000000000000♠0 149 0 7005141510000000000♠141,510 0 0
Uganda 7002194000000000000♠194 5000000000000000000♠0 149 0 7005197100000000000♠197,100 0 0
Uzbekistan 7002195000000000000♠195 6999100000000000000♠0 85 1,707 7005425400000000000♠425,400 0 4.01
Vatican City 7002196000000000000♠196 5000000000000000000♠0 6999440000000000000♠0.44 0
Zambia 7002197000000000000♠197 5000000000000000000♠0 149 0 7005743398000000000♠743,398 0 0
Zimbabwe 7002198000000000000♠198 5000000000000000000♠0 149 0 7005386847000000000♠386,847 0 0
French Guiana — 763
Guadeloupe — 581
Martinique — 369
Caribbean Netherlands — 361
Réunion — 219
See also[edit]
Coastline of Brazil
Coastline of China
Coastline of Malta
Coastline of New Zealand
Coastline of the United Kingdom
Coastline of Western Australia
List of countries bordering on two or more oceans
List of U.S. states by coastline
Notes[edit]
^ The smaller the scale interval mathematically, the more detailed and the "greater the scale of the map", in common usage. See scale (map).
^ World total includes countries not listed and coastline for disputed areas.
^ 95 nations and other entities are islands that border no other countries. For the list, see the reference below: "CIA World Factbook: Coastline".
^ Greenland is an autonomous country within Denmark.
^ Russia has an additional 850 km of coastline along the Caspian Sea, which is landlocked.
^ Includes coastline length for the Canary Islands.
^ Excludes minor outlying islands.
^ Iran has an additional 784 km of coastline along the Caspian Sea, which is landlocked and Including 30 islands in the South and North Islands.
^ Does not include Île Saint-Paul and Îles Crozet (data unavailable) or Adelie Land claim to Antarctica.
^ Includes coastline in the Gulf of Fonseca (163 km).
^ In 1900, the Dutch coastline measured approximately 1400 km. It has significantly been reduced by the closing of the Zuiderzee by the Afsluitdijk in 1932 (250 km) and the closing of several sea arms by the Delta Works (700 km).
^ Israel has an additional coastline along the Dead Sea and the Sea of Galilee (both landlocked), with a total length of 63 km.
^ Excluding Ascension Island (data unavailable).
^ Figure represents coastline of entire island, including Sint Maarten (administered by the Netherlands).
^ Jordan has an additional 50 km of coastline along the Dead Sea, which is landlocked.
^ Coastline included in figure for Saint Martin (administered by France).
^ Kazakhstan has a coastline with the Caspian Sea, which is landlocked, with a total length of 1,894 km.
^ Turkmenistan has a coastline with the Caspian Sea, which is landlocked, with a total length of 1,768 km.
^ Azerbaijan has a 713-km coastline along the Caspian Sea, which is landlocked.
^ The West Bank has a 40-km coastline along the Dead Sea, which is landlocked.
References[edit]
^ Measuring the Size of Britains Coast (German): https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/K%C3%BCstenl%C3%A4nge_Gro%C3%9Fbritanniens.pdf[permanent dead link]
^ a b "Coastal and Marine Ecosystems — Marine Jurisdictions: Coastline length". World Resources Institute. Archived from the original on 2012-04-19. Retrieved 2012-03-18.
^ CIA World Factbook: Coastline
^ CIA World Factbook: Area
^ a b Includes coastline of minor outlying islands.
^ a b c Figure represents total area rather than land area.
Further reading[edit]
Eric Bird (2011). "1.5 Coastline length". Coastal Geomorphology: An Introduction. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 978-1-119-96435-3.
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List of Major League Baseball doubles records
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Players denoted in boldface are still actively contributing to the record noted.
(r) denotes a player's rookie season.
Contents
[hide]
1 600 Career Doubles
1.1 Top 10 Career Doubles By League
2 Doubles in One Season
2.1 Evolution of the Single Season Record for Doubles
2.2 Multiple Seasons with 50 Doubles
2.3 Seven Seasons with 40 Doubles
3 League Leader in Doubles, 5 or More Seasons
3.1 League Leader in Doubles, 3 or More Consecutive Seasons
3.2 League Leader in Doubles, Three Decades
3.3 League Leader in Doubles, Both Leagues
3.4 League Leader in Doubles, Three Different Teams
4 Four Doubles by an Individual in One Game
4.1 4 Doubles in a Game by an Individual, Twice
5 350 Doubles by a Team in One Season
6 References
7 See also
600 Career Doubles[edit]
(Through the end of the 2016 season)
Player
Doubles[1]
Seasons & Teams
Tris Speaker 792 1907–15 Boston (AL); 16–26 Cleveland; 27 Washington (AL); 28 Philadelphia (AL)
Pete Rose 746 1963–78, 84–86 Cincinnati; 79–83 Philadelphia (NL); 84 Montréal
Stan Musial 725 1941–44, 46–63 St. Louis (NL)
Ty Cobb 724 1905–26 Detroit; 27–28 Philadelphia (AL)
Craig Biggio 668 1988–2007 Houston
George Brett 665 1973–93 Kansas City
Napoleon Lajoie 657 1896–1900 Philadelphia (NL); 01-02, 15–16 Philadelphia (AL); 02-14 Cleveland
Carl Yastrzemski 646 1961–83 Boston (AL)
Honus Wagner 643 1897–99 Louisville (NL); 1900–17 Pittsburgh
David Ortiz 632 1997–2002 Minnesota; 2003–16 Boston (AL)
Henry Aaron 624 1954–74 Milwaukee-Atlanta; 75–76 Milwaukee
Albert Pujols 617 2001–11 St. Louis; 2012-2016 Anaheim
Paul Molitor 605 1978–92 Milwaukee (AL); 93–95 Toronto; 96–98 Minnesota
Paul Waner 605 1926–40 Pittsburgh; 41–42 Boston (NL); 43–44 Brooklyn; 44–45 New York (AL)
Cal Ripken, Jr. 603 1981–2001 Baltimore
Barry Bonds 601 1986–92 Pittsburgh; 93-2007 San Francisco
Top 10 Career Doubles By League[edit]
American League Player
Doubles
National League Player
Doubles
Tris Speaker 792 Pete Rose 746
Ty Cobb 723 Stan Musial 725
George Brett 665 Craig Biggio 668
Carl Yastrzemski 646 Honus Wagner 640
David Ortiz 619 Paul Waner 605
Paul Molitor 605 Barry Bonds 601
Cal Ripken, Jr. 603 Henry Aaron 600
Robin Yount 583 Luis Gonzalez 561
Wade Boggs 578 Tony Gwynn 543
Charlie Gehringer 571 Joe Medwick 540
Doubles in One Season[edit]
Hank Greenberg, Hall of Famer and 2-time MVP
Player
Doubles[2]
Team
Season
Earl Webb 67 Boston Red Sox 1931
George H. Burns 64 Cleveland Indians 1926
Joe Medwick 64 St. Louis Cardinals 1936
Hank Greenberg 63 Detroit Tigers 1934
Paul Waner 62 Pittsburgh Pirates 1932
Charlie Gehringer 60 Detroit Tigers 1936
Tris Speaker 59 Cleveland Indians 1923
Chuck Klein 59 Philadelphia Phillies 1930
Todd Helton 59 Colorado Rockies 2000
Billy Herman 57 Chicago Cubs 1935
Billy Herman 57 Chicago Cubs 1936
Carlos Delgado 57 Toronto Blue Jays 2000
Joe Medwick 56 St. Louis Cardinals 1937
George Kell 56 Detroit Tigers 1950
Craig Biggio 56 Houston Astros 1999
Garret Anderson 56 Anaheim Angels 2002
Nomar Garciaparra 56 Boston Red Sox 2002
Brian Roberts 56 Baltimore Orioles 2009
Jose Ramirez 56 Cleveland Indians 2017
Ed Delahanty 55 Philadelphia Phillies 1899
Gee Walker 55 Detroit Tigers 1936
Lance Berkman 55 Houston Astros 2001
Matt Carpenter 55 St. Louis Cardinals 2013
Evolution of the Single Season Record for Doubles[edit]
Doubles[3]
Player
Team
Year
Years Record Stood
21 Ross Barnes Chicago White Stockings 1876 2
21 Dick Higham Hartford Dark Blues 1876 2
21 Paul Hines Chicago White Stockings 1876 2
22 Dick Higham Providence Grays 1878 1
31 Charlie Eden Cleveland Blues 1879 3
37 King Kelly Chicago White Stockings 1882 1
49 Ned Williamson Chicago White Stockings 1883 4
52 Tip O'Neill St. Louis Browns 1887 12
55 Ed Delahanty Philadelphia Phillies 1899 24
48 Napoleon Lajoie Philadelphia Athletics 1901 (3)
49 Napoleon Lajoie Cleveland Bronchos 1904 (6)
51 Napoleon Lajoie Cleveland Bronchos 1910 (2)
53 Tris Speaker Boston Red Sox 1912 (11)
59 Tris Speaker Cleveland Indians 1923 3
64 George H. Burns Cleveland Indians 1926 5
67 Earl Webb Boston Red Sox 1931 current
Lajoie's 1901 through Speaker's 1912 records are listed because some baseball historians and publications disregard any record set prior to the "Modern Era" which started in 1901.
Multiple Seasons with 50 Doubles[edit]
Player
Seasons
Seasons & Teams
Tris Speaker[4] 5 1912 Boston (AL); 20–21, 23, 26 Cleveland
Paul Waner[5] 3 1928, 32, 36 Pittsburgh
Stan Musial[6] 3 1944, 46, 53 St. Louis (NL)
Albert Pujols[7] 3 2003–04 St. Louis (NL); 2012 Los Angeles (AL)
Brian Roberts[8] 3 2004, 08, 09 Baltimore (AL)
George H. Burns[9] 2 1926–27 Cleveland
Chuck Klein[10] 2 1930, 32 Philadelphia (NL)
Charlie Gehringer[11] 2 1934, 36 Detroit
Billy Herman[12] 2 1935–36 Chicago (NL)
Joe Medwick[13] 2 1936–37 St. Louis (NL)
Hank Greenberg[14] 2 1934, 40 Detroit
Edgar Martínez[15] 2 1995–96 Seattle
Craig Biggio[16] 2 1998–99 Houston
Todd Helton[17] 2 2000–01 Colorado
Nomar Garciaparra[18] 2 2000, 02 Boston (AL)
Miguel Cabrera[19] 2 2006 Florida; 14 Detroit
Seven Seasons with 40 Doubles[edit]
Player
Seasons
Seasons & Teams
Tris Speaker 10 1912, 14 Boston (AL); 16–17, 20–23, 26 Cleveland; 27 Washington (AL)
Stan Musial 9 1943–44, 46, 48–50, 52–54 St. Louis (NL)
Harry Heilmann[20] 8 191921, 23–27, 29 Detroit; 30 Cincinnati
Wade Boggs[21] 8 1983, 85–91 Boston (AL)
Napoleon Lajoie[22] 7 1897–98 Philadelphia (NL); 1901 Philadelphia (AL); 03-04, 06, 10 Cleveland
Rogers Hornsby[23] 7 1920–22, 24–25 St. Louis (NL); 28 Boston (NL); 29 Chicago (NL)
Lou Gehrig[24] 7 1926–28, 30, 32–34 New York (AL)
Charlie Gehringer 7 1929–30, 32–34, 36–37 Detroit
Joe Medwick 7 1933–39 St. Louis (NL)
Pete Rose[25] 7 1968, 74–76, 78 Cincinnati; 79–80 Philadelphia (NL)
Craig Biggio 7 1993–94, 98–99, 2003–05 Houston
Todd Helton 7 2000–01, 03–07 Colorado
Albert Pujols[26] 7 2001-04, 08-09 St. Louis (NL); 2012 Los Angeles (AL)
Robinson Canó[27] 7 2006–2007, 2009–2013 New York (AL)
League Leader in Doubles, 5 or More Seasons[edit]
Player
Titles[28]
Seasons & Teams
Tris Speaker 8 1912, 14 Boston (AL); 16, 18, 20–23 Cleveland
Stan Musial 8 1943–44, 46, 48–49, 53–54 St. Louis (NL)
Honus Wagner 7 1900, 02, 04, 06–09 Pittsburgh
Napoleon Lajoie 5 1898 Philadelphia (NL); 1901 Philadelphia (AL); 04, 06, 10 Cleveland
Pete Rose 5 1974–76, 78 Cincinnati; 80 Philadelphia (NL)
League Leader in Doubles, 3 or More Consecutive Seasons[edit]
Player
Titles
Seasons & Teams
Honus Wagner 4 1906–09 Pittsburgh
Tris Speaker 4 1920–23 Cleveland
Dan Brouthers 3 1886–88 Detroit (NL)
Rogers Hornsby 3 1920–22 St. Louis (NL)
Joe Medwick 3 1936–38 St. Louis (NL)
Stan Musial 3 1952–54 St. Louis (NL)
Pete Rose 3 1974–76 Cincinnati
Don Mattingly 3 1984–86 New York (AL)
League Leader in Doubles, Three Decades[edit]
Player
Seasons & Teams
never accomplished
League Leader in Doubles, Both Leagues[edit]
Player
Seasons & Teams
Napoleon Lajoie 1898 Philadelphia (NL); 1901 Philadelphia (AL); 04, 06, 10 Cleveland
Ed Delahanty 1901 Philadelphia (NL); 02 Washington (AL)
League Leader in Doubles, Three Different Teams[edit]
Player
Seasons & Teams
Napoleon Lajoie 1898 Philadelphia (NL); 1901 Philadelphia (AL); 04, 06, 10 Cleveland
Four Doubles by an Individual in One Game[edit]
This record is held by over 20 players.[29]
4 Doubles in a Game by an Individual, Twice[edit]
Player
Team
Date
Opponent
Gavvy Cravath Philadelphia Phillies August 8, 1915 Cincinnati Reds[30]
Philadelphia Phillies June 23, 1919 Boston Braves[31]
Albert Belle Baltimore Orioles August 29, 1999 Detroit Tigers[32]
Baltimore Orioles September 23, 1999 Oakland Athletics
350 Doubles by a Team in One Season[edit]
Doubles[33]
Team
Season
373 St. Louis Cardinals 1930
373 Boston Red Sox 1997
373 Boston Red Sox 2004
371 Boston Red Sox 2003
363 Boston Red Sox 2013
357 Cleveland Indians 1936
357 Toronto Blue Jays 2003
357 Texas Rangers 2006
356 Cleveland Indians 1930
355 Cleveland Indians 1921
353 St. Louis Cardinals 1931
352 Boston Red Sox 2007
352 Detroit Tigers 2007
351 Cleveland Indians 2006
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Career Leaders & Records for Doubles Baseball-Reference.com
Jump up ^ Doubles statistics @ Baseball-Reference.com
Jump up ^ Annual doubles leaders @ Baseball-Reference.com
Jump up ^ Tris Speaker statistics @ mlb.com
Jump up ^ Paul Waner statistics @ mlb.com
Jump up ^ Stan Musial statistics @ mlb.com
Jump up ^ Albert Pujols statistics @ mlb.com
Jump up ^ Brian Roberts statistics @ mlb.com
Jump up ^ George H. Burns statistics @ mlb.com
Jump up ^ Chuck Klein statistics @ mlb.com
Jump up ^ Charlie Gehringer statistics @ mlb.com
Jump up ^ Billy Herman statistics @ mlb.com
Jump up ^ Joe Medwick statistics @ mlb.com
Jump up ^ Hank Greenberg statistics @ mlb.com
Jump up ^ Edgar Martínez statistics @ mlb.com
Jump up ^ Craig Biggio statistics @ mlb.com
Jump up ^ Todd Helton statistics @ mlb.com
Jump up ^ Nomar Garciaparra statistics @ mlb.com
Jump up ^ Miguel Cabrera statistics @ mlb.com
Jump up ^ Harry Heilmann statistics @ mlb.com
Jump up ^ Wade Boggs statistics @ mlb.com
Jump up ^ Nap Lajoie statistics @ mlb.com
Jump up ^ Rogers Hornsby statistics @ mlb.com
Jump up ^ Lou Gehrig statistics @ mlb.com
Jump up ^ Pete Rose statistics @ mlb.com
Jump up ^ Pujols statistics @ baseball-reference.com
Jump up ^ Robinson Canó statistics @ mlb.com
Jump up ^ Annual doubles leaders @ Baseball-Reference.com
Jump up ^ List of players with four doubles in a single game @ baseball almanac.com
Jump up ^ Philadelphia Phillies 1915 schedule @ baseball-almanac.com
Jump up ^ Philadelphia Phillies 1919 schedule @ baseball-almanac.com
Jump up ^ Baltimore Orioles 1999 schedule @ baseball-almanac.com
Jump up ^ Historic team doubles statistics @ mlb.com
See also[edit]
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text:
Nozzle
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
A water nozzle
Center pivot irrigation sprinkler nozzles, used in crop irrigation
Rotator style pivot applicator sprinkler
End Gun style pivot applicator sprinkler
A nozzle is a device designed to control the direction or characteristics of a fluid flow (especially to increase velocity) as it exits (or enters) an enclosed chamber or pipe.
A nozzle is often a pipe or tube of varying cross sectional area, and it can be used to direct or modify the flow of a fluid (liquid or gas). Nozzles are frequently used to control the rate of flow, speed, direction, mass, shape, and/or the pressure of the stream that emerges from them. In a nozzle, the velocity of fluid increases at the expense of its pressure energy.
Contents
[hide]
1 Types
1.1 Jet
1.2 High velocity
1.3 Propelling
1.4 Magnetic
1.5 Spray
1.6 Vacuum
1.7 Shaping
2 See also
3 References
4 External links
Types[edit]
Jet[edit]
A gas jet, fluid jet, or hydro jet is a nozzle intended to eject gas or fluid in a coherent stream into a surrounding medium. Gas jets are commonly found in gas stoves, ovens, or barbecues. Gas jets were commonly used for light before the development of electric light. Other types of fluid jets are found in carburetors, where smooth calibrated orifices are used to regulate the flow of fuel into an engine, and in jacuzzis or spas.
Another specialized jet is the laminar jet. This is a water jet that contains devices to smooth out the pressure and flow, and gives laminar flow, as its name suggests. This gives better results for fountains.
The foam jet is another type of jet which uses foam instead of a gas or fluid.
Nozzles used for feeding hot blast into a blast furnace or forge are called tuyeres.
Jet nozzles are also used in large rooms where the distribution of air via ceiling diffusers is not possible or not practical. Diffusers that uses jet nozzles are called jet diffuser where it will be arranged in the side wall areas in order to distribute air. When the temperature difference between the supply air and the room air changes, the supply air stream is deflected upwards, to supply warm air, or downwards, to supply cold air.[1]
High velocity[edit]
A rocket nozzle
Frequently, the goal of a nozzle is to increase the kinetic energy of the flowing medium at the expense of its pressure and internal energy.
Nozzles can be described as convergent (narrowing down from a wide diameter to a smaller diameter in the direction of the flow) or divergent (expanding from a smaller diameter to a larger one). A de Laval nozzle has a convergent section followed by a divergent section and is often called a convergent-divergent nozzle ("con-di nozzle").
Convergent nozzles accelerate subsonic fluids. If the nozzle pressure ratio is high enough, then the flow will reach sonic velocity at the narrowest point (i.e. the nozzle throat). In this situation, the nozzle is said to be choked.
Increasing the nozzle pressure ratio further will not increase the throat Mach number above one. Downstream (i.e. external to the nozzle) the flow is free to expand to supersonic velocities; however Mach 1 can be a very high speed for a hot gas because the speed of sound varies as the square root of absolute temperature. This fact is used extensively in rocketry where hypersonic flows are required and where propellant mixtures are deliberately chosen to further increase the sonic speed.
Divergent nozzles slow fluids if the flow is subsonic, but they accelerate sonic or supersonic fluids.
Convergent-divergent nozzles can therefore accelerate fluids that have choked in the convergent section to supersonic speeds. This CD process is more efficient than allowing a convergent nozzle to expand supersonically externally. The shape of the divergent section also ensures that the direction of the escaping gases is directly backwards, as any sideways component would not contribute to thrust.
Propelling[edit]
Main article: Propelling nozzle
A jet exhaust produces a net thrust from the energy obtained from combusting fuel which is added to the inducted air. This hot air passes through a high speed nozzle, a propelling nozzle, which enormously increases its kinetic energy.[2]
Increasing exhaust velocity increases thrust for a given mass flow, but matching the exhaust velocity to the air speed provides the best energy efficiency. However, momentum considerations prevent jet aircraft from maintaining velocity while exceeding their exhaust jet speed. The engines of supersonic jet aircraft, such as those of fighters and SST aircraft (e.g. Concorde) almost always achieve the high exhaust speeds necessary for supersonic flight by using a CD nozzle despite weight and cost penalties; conversely, subsonic jet engines employ relatively low, subsonic, exhaust velocities and therefore employ simple convergent nozzle, or even bypass nozzles at even lower speeds.
Rocket motors maximise thrust and exhaust velocity by using convergent-divergent nozzles with very large area ratios and therefore extremely high pressure ratios. Mass flow is at a premium because all the propulsive mass is carried with vehicle, and very high exhaust speeds are desirable.
Magnetic[edit]
Magnetic nozzles have also been proposed for some types of propulsion, such as VASIMR, in which the flow of plasma is directed by magnetic fields instead of walls made of solid matter.
Spray[edit]
Main article: Spray nozzle
Many nozzles produce a very fine spray of liquids.
Atomizer nozzles are used for spray painting, perfumes, carburetors for internal combustion engines, spray on deodorants, antiperspirants and many other similar uses.
Air-Aspirating Nozzle uses an opening in the cone shaped nozzle to inject air into a stream of water based foam (CAFS/AFFF/FFFP) to make the concentrate "foam up". Most commonly found on foam extinguishers and foam handlines.
Swirl nozzles inject the liquid in tangentially, and it spirals into the center and then exits through the central hole. Due to the vortexing this causes the spray to come out in a cone shape.
Vacuum[edit]
Vacuum cleaner nozzles come in several different shapes. Vacuum Nozzles are used in vacuum cleaners.
Shaping[edit]
Some nozzles are shaped to produce a stream that is of a particular shape. For example, extrusion molding is a way of producing lengths of metals or plastics or other materials with a particular cross-section. This nozzle is typically referred to as a die.
See also[edit]
Rocket engine nozzle
SERN
Spray nozzle
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Jet nozzles, Type DUK" from TROX company, retrieved 15th October 2013 from http://www.troxaustralia.com/xpool/download/en/technical_documents/diffusers/leaflets/t_1_2_2_duk.pdf
Jump up ^ GFC Rogers, and Cohen, H. Gas Turbine Theory, p.108 (5th Edition), HIH Saravanamuttoo
External links[edit]
Look up nozzle in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
"Nozzle design (converging/diverging - CD nozzle)". NASA.gov. Retrieved 19 January 2009.
Rocketdyne Nozzle Design Technical Article
Liquid Rocket Engine Nozzles overview
Authority control
NDL: 00568736
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sl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suutin
Suutin – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysa
Dysa – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Nozzle rootpage-Nozzle vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view