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Football at the Summer Olympics
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Football at the Summer Olympics
Governing body
FIFA
Events
2 (men: 1; women: 1)
Games
1896
1900
1904
1908
1912
1920
1924
1928
1932
1936
1948
1952
1956
1960
1964
1968
1972
1976
1980
1984
1988
1992
1996
2000
2004
2008
2012
2016
2020
Medalists
Tournaments (men・women)
Association football has been included in every Summer Olympic Games as a men's competition sport, except 1896 and 1932. Women's football was added to the official program in 1996.
Contents
1 History
1.1 Beginnings
1.2 British successes
1.3 1920s and the rise of Uruguay
1.4 Olympics after the first World Cup
1.5 Changes and developments
1.6 Addition of women's program
2 British non-involvement
3 Venues
4 Events
5 Competition format
6 Participating nations
6.1 Men
6.2 Women
7 Men's tournament
8 Women's tournament
9 Records
9.1 Goalscorers
9.2 Men's results
9.3 Performances by countries for men
9.4 Men's top scorers by tournament
9.5 Women's results
9.6 Performances by countries for women
9.7 Women's top scorers by tournament
9.8 Goalscorers (Woman)
10 Medal table
10.1 Total
10.2 Men's medal table
10.3 Women's medal table
11 See also
12 References
13 External links
History[edit]
Beginnings[edit]
Football was not included on the program at the first modern Olympic Games in 1896, as international football was in its infancy at the time. However, sources claim that an unofficial football tournament was organized during the first competition, in which an Athens XI lost to a team representing Smyrna (Izmir), then part of the Ottoman Empire.[1] According to a source, this is an error which has been perpetuated in multiple texts".[2]
Tournaments were played at the 1900 and 1904 games and the Intercalated Games of 1906, but these were contested by various clubs and scratch teams. Although the IOC considers the 1900 and 1904 tournaments to be official Olympic events, they are not recognized by FIFA; neither recognizes the Intercalated Games today. In 1906 teams from Great Britain, Germany, Austria, the Netherlands and France withdrew from an unofficial competition and left Denmark, Smyrna (one Armenian, two Frenchmen and eight Britons), Athens and Thessaloniki to compete. Denmark won the final against Athens 9–0.
British successes[edit]
In the London Games of 1908 a proper international tournament was organised by the Football Association, featuring just six teams. The number of teams rose to eleven in 1912, when the competition was organised by the Swedish Football Association. Many of these early matches were unbalanced, as evidenced by high scoring games; two players, Sophus Nielsen in 1908 and Gottfried Fuchs in 1912, each scored ten goals in a single match. All players were amateurs, in accordance with the Olympic spirit, which meant that some countries could not send their full international team. The National Olympic Committee for Great Britain and Ireland asked the Football Association to send an English national amateur team. Some of the English members played with professional clubs, most notably Derby County's Ivan Sharpe, Bradford City F.C. Harold Walden and Chelsea's Vivian Woodward. England won the first two official tournaments convincingly, beating Denmark both times.
1920s and the rise of Uruguay[edit]
The Uruguay national football team that won the 1928 Olympic tournament
During the 1920 final, the Czechoslovakia national football team walked from the field of play in order to raise awareness of their displeasure regarding the refereeing of John Lewis and the militarised mood within the stadium in Antwerp. In the 1924 and 1928 Olympic games, the first South American teams entered the competition: Uruguay and Argentina. Uruguay won both Olympics and FIFA became conscious that the Olympic movement was not only hindering the ability of nations to participate on an equal footing but, given that the Olympics only permitted amateurs to participate, did not represent the true strength of the international game.
Olympics after the first World Cup[edit]
Following Henri Delaunay's proposal in 1929 to initiate a professional World Championship of Football, the sport was dropped from the 1932 Los Angeles Games in an attempt to promote the growing sport of American football in the United States. Football returned to controversy at the 1936 Berlin Games. The German organisers were intent on the return of the game to the Olympic movement since it guaranteed income into the organisation's coffers. The Italian team intimidated a referee. Peru scored a contested victory over Austria in overtime, with a fan invasion of the field at the very end. The Austrian team asked for the result to be annulled, and the game repeated. FIFA agreed, the Peruvian team refused and left the Olympics.[3][4]
As professionalism spread around the world, the gap in quality between the World Cup and the Olympics widened. The countries that benefited most were the Soviet Bloc countries of Eastern Europe, where top athletes were state-sponsored while retaining their status as amateurs. Between 1948 and 1980, 23 out of 27 Olympic medals were won by Eastern Europe, with only Sweden (gold in 1948 and bronze in 1952), Denmark (bronze in 1948 and silver in 1960) and Japan (bronze in 1968) breaking their dominance.
Changes and developments[edit]
For the 1984 Los Angeles Games, the IOC decided to admit professional players. FIFA still did not want the Olympics to rival the World Cup, so a compromise was struck that allowed teams from countries which forbade professionalism to field their strongest professional sides, while restricting countries which admitted professionalism teams to players who had not played in a World Cup.
Since 1992 male competitors must be under 23 years old, and since 1996, players under 23 years old, with three over-23 year old players, are allowed per squad. African countries have taken particular advantage of this, with Nigeria and Cameroon winning in 1996 and 2000 respectively.
Because of the unusual format, several of the historically strongest men's national teams have unimpressive Olympic records. Uruguay won the tournament in their first two attempts, in 1924 and 1928, their only appearances before they qualified for the 2012 edition, after an 84-year absence. Argentina won silver twice (1928 and 1996) before the 2004 tournament, but its appearance in Athens, in which it won the first gold medal (the second was won in Beijing in 2008), was only their seventh overall (the eighth has been in 2016). Brazil's silver medals in the 1984, 1988 and 2012 editions were the best they had achieved until 2016's gold, and since professional athletes were allowed to compete, they failed to qualify in 1992 and 2004. Italy has only won the Olympic title once, in 1936, although it has also won two bronzes, and has the highest number of appearances in the tournament, at 15, with their last qualify in 2008. France has won the Olympic title only once (in 1984) and has failed to qualify since 1996. Germany's best result (before 2016 edition) was a single bronze medal, in 1988 (as West Germany), and the reunified team did not make an Olympic appearance until 2016, where they won silver. Spain has won the gold medal only once, in 1992. It has also won 2 silver medals (in 1920 and 2000) but has failed to qualify several times.
Addition of women's program[edit]
The IOC approved the addition of women's association football as a permanent Olympic event in September 1993, setting an eight-team tournament for the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia, United States.[5] The 1996 tournament, which came shortly after the inaugural FIFA Women's World Cup was organized in 1991,[6] set a record for the largest crowd to see a women's sports event, at 76,481 during the United States–China final.[7] The women's tournament uses the senior national teams with no age restrictions, unlike the men's tournament. Therefore, the value of the women's tournament is the same as with the Women's World Cup.
British non-involvement[edit]
Main articles: Great Britain Olympic football team and Great Britain women's Olympic football team
Football in the United Kingdom has no single governing body, and there are separate teams for the UK's four Home Nations: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. Only the English Football Association (FA) is affiliated to the British Olympic Association (BOA), and the FA entered "Great Britain" teams to the football tournaments until 1972. In 1974, the FA abolished the distinction between "amateur" and "professional" football, and stopped entering the Olympics. Even though FIFA has allowed professionals at the Olympics since 1984, the FA did not re-enter, as the Home Nations feared that a united British Olympic team would set a precedent that might cause FIFA to question their separate status in other FIFA competitions and on the International Football Association Board.[8][9] When London was selected to host the 2012 Games, there was pressure on the English FA to exercise the host nation's automatic right to field a team.[10] In 2009 the plan agreed by the FA with the Welsh FA, Scottish FA and Irish FA was only to field English players;[11] however the BOA overruled this,[12] and ultimately there were Welsh players on both squads and Scots on the women's squad.[13][14] After the 2012 games, the FA decided that no team would be entered in subsequent men's tournaments, but was open to fielding a women's team again.[15]
Venues[edit]
Main article: List of Olympic venues in football
Due to the number of large stadia required for the Olympic tournament, venues in distant cities – often more than 200 km (120 mi) away from the main host – are typically used for the football tournament. In an extreme example, two early-round venues for the 1984 Games were on the East Coast of the United States, well over 2,000 miles (3,200 km) from the host city of Los Angeles. The next Games held in the United States, the 1996 Games, were unique in that no matches were held in the host city of Atlanta; the nearest venue and the site of the finals was 65 miles (105 km) away on the University of Georgia campus in Athens. Counting the 2012 and 2016 Summer Olympics, there are 121 venues that have hosted Olympic football, the most of any sport.
Edition of the Olympic Games
City
Stadium
Athens 1896 No football tournament
Paris 1900 Paris Vélodrome de Vincennes
Saint Louis 1904 St. Louis, Missouri Francis Field
London 1908 London White City Stadium
Stockholm 1912 Stockholm Stockholms Olympiastadion
Råsunda Stadium
Tranebergs Idrottsplats
Antwerp 1920 Antwerp Olympisch Stadion
Stadion Broodstraat
Brussels Stade de l’Union St. Gilloise
Ghent Stade d’A.A. La Gantoise
Paris 1924 Paris Stade Olympique, Colombes
Stade Bergeyre
Stade de Paris, Saint-Ouen
Stade Pershing, Vincennes
Amsterdam 1928 Amsterdam Olympisch Stadion
Harry Elte Stadium
Los Angeles 1932 No football tournament
Berlin 1936 Berlin Olympiastadion
Poststadion, Tiergarten
Mommsenstadion, Charlottenburg
Hertha-BSC-Platz
London 1948 London Empire Stadium, Wembley
White Hart Lane, Tottenham
Selhurst Park, Crystal Palace
Craven Cottage, Fulham
Griffin Park, Brentford
Arsenal Stadium, Highbury
Lynn Road Stadium, Ilford
Green Pond Road Stadium, Walthamstow
Champion Hill, Dulwich
Brighton Goldstone Ground
Portsmouth Fratton Park
Helsinki 1952 Helsinki Olympiastadion
Töölö Football Grounds
Turku Kupittaa Stadium
Tampere Ratina Stadion
Lahti Kisapuisto
Kotka Kotka Stadion
Melbourne 1956 Melbourne Melbourne Cricket Ground
Olympic Park Stadium
Rome 1960 Rome Stadio Flaminio
Florence Stadio Comunale
Grosseto Stadio Comunale
Livorno Stadio Ardenza
Pescara Stadio Adriatico
L'Aquila Stadio Comunale
Naples Stadio Fuorigrotta
Tokyo 1964 Tokyo National Olympic Stadium
Prince Chichibu Memorial Field
Komazawa Stadium
Ōmiya Omiya Soccer Stadium
Yokohama Mitsuzawa Football Stadium
Mexico City 1968 Mexico City Estadio Azteca
Puebla Estadio Cuauhtémoc
Guadalajara Estadio Jalisco
León Estadio León
Munich 1972 Munich Olympiastadion
Augsburg Rosenaustadion
Ingolstadt ESV-Stadion
Regensburg Jahnstadion
Nuremberg Städtisches Stadion
Passau Drei Flüsse Stadion
Montreal 1976 Montreal Olympic Stadium
Sherbrooke Municipal Stadium
Toronto Varsity Stadium
Ottawa Lansdowne Stadium
Moscow 1980 Moscow Lenin Stadium
Dynamo Stadium
Leningrad Kirov Stadium
Kiev Republican Stadium
Minsk Dinamo Stadium
Los Angeles 1984 Pasadena, California Rose Bowl
Boston, Massachusetts Harvard Stadium
Annapolis, Maryland Navy–Marine Corps Memorial Stadium
Stanford, California Stanford Stadium
Seoul 1988 Seoul Seoul Olympic Stadium
Dongdaemun Stadium
Busan Busan Stadium
Daegu Daegu Stadium
Daejeon Daejeon Stadium
Gwangju Gwangju Stadium
Barcelona 1992 Barcelona Camp Nou
Estadi de Sarrià
Sabadell Estadi de la Nova Creu Alta
Zaragoza Estadio La Romareda
Valencia Estadio Luis Casanova
Atlanta 1996 Athens, Georgia Sanford Stadium
Orlando, Florida Citrus Bowl
Birmingham, Alabama Legion Field
Miami, Florida Miami Orange Bowl
Washington, D.C. Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium
Sydney 2000 Sydney Olympic Stadium
Sydney Football Stadium
Brisbane Brisbane Cricket Ground
Adelaide Hindmarsh Stadium
Canberra Bruce Stadium
Melbourne Melbourne Cricket Ground (MCG)
Athens 2004 Athens Athens Olympic Stadium
Karaiskakis Stadium
Patras Pampeloponnisiako Stadium
Volos Panthessaliko Stadium
Thessaloniki Kaftanzoglio Stadium
Heraklion Pankritio Stadium
Beijing 2008 Beijing Beijing National Stadium
Workers Stadium
Tianjin Tianjin Olympic Center Stadium
Shanghai Shanghai Stadium
Qinhuangdao Qinhuangdao Olympic Sports Center Stadium
Shenyang Shenyang Olympic Sports Center Stadium
London 2012 London Wembley Stadium
Glasgow Hampden Park
Cardiff Millennium Stadium
Coventry City of Coventry Stadium*
Manchester Old Trafford
Newcastle upon Tyne St James' Park*
Rio 2016 Rio de Janeiro Estádio do Maracanã
Estádio Olímpico João Havelange
São Paulo Arena Corinthians
Brasília Estádio Nacional Mané Garrincha
Salvador Arena Fonte Nova*
Belo Horizonte Estádio Mineirão
Manaus Arena da Amazônia
Tokyo 2020 Tokyo Olympic Stadium
Tokyo Stadium
Yokohama International Stadium Yokohama
Saitama Saitama Stadium 2002
Miyagi Miyagi Stadium
Sapporo Sapporo Dome
City of Coventry Stadium & St. James Park were normally called Ricoh Arena & Sports Direct Arena, but because of the IOC's rules disallowing corporate sponsorship for event sites, they were renamed for the duration of the games.
Arena Fonte Nova is normally called Itaipava Arena Fonte Nova, but because of the IOC's rules disallowing corporate sponsorship for event sites, the venue was renamed for the duration of the games.
Events[edit]
Event
96
00
04
08
12
20
24
28
32
36
48
52
56
60
64
68
72
76
80
84
88
92
96
00
04
08
12
16
20
Years
Men's event X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 27
Women's event X X X X X X X 7
Events 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Competition format[edit]
For both the men's and women's tournaments, the competition consists of a round-robin group stage followed by a knockout stage. Teams are placed into groups of 4 teams, with each team playing each other team in its group once. Teams earn 3 points for a win, 1 point for a draw, and 0 points for a loss. The top two teams in each group (as well as the top two third-place finishers, in the women's tournament) advance to the knockout rounds. The knockout rounds are a single-elimination tournament consisting of quarterfinals, semifinals, and the gold and bronze medal matches.
Matches consist of two halves of 45 minutes each. During the knockout rounds, if the match is tied after 90 minutes, two 15-minute halves of extra time are played (extra time is skipped in favor of immediate penalty kicks in the bronze medal match if it is played on the same day in the same stadium as the gold medal match). If the score remains tied, penalty kicks are used to determine the winner.[16]
Participating nations[edit]
Men[edit]
Numbers refer to the final placing of each team at the respective Games.
UEFA
Nation
00
04
08
12
20
24
28
36
48
52
56
60
64
68
72
76
80
84
88
92
96
00
04
08
12
16
Years
Austria – – – 6 – – – 2 =11 =5 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 4
Belarus – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 10 – 1
Belgium 3 – – – 1 15 =5 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 4 – – 5
Bulgaria – – – – – 10 – – – =17 3 5 – 2 – – – – – – – – – – – – 5
Czech Republic – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 14 – – – – 1
Czechoslovakia – – – – 9 9 – – – – – – 2 9 – – 1 – – Split into Slovakia and Czech Republic 5
Denmark – – 2 2 10 – – – 3 =5 – 2 – – 6 – – – – 13 – – – – – 8 9
East Germany[17] – – – – – – – – – – – – 3 – 3 1 2 – – Merged with West Germany 4
Estonia – – – – – =17 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 1
Finland – – – 4 – – – =9 – =14 – – – – – – 9 – – – – – – – – – 4
France 2 – 5 – 4 5 =9 – =5 =17 – 9 – 7 – 5 – 1 – – 5 – – – – – 12
Germany[18] – – – 7 – – =5 =6 – 4 =9 – – – 5 – – 5 3 – – – – – – 2 9
Great Britain 1 – 1 1 11 – – =6 4 =17 =5 8 – – – – – – – – – – – – 5 – 10
Greece – – – – 13 – – – – =17 – – – – – – – – – – – – 15 – – – 3
Hungary – – – 5 – 13 – =9 – 1 – 3 1 1 2 – – – – – 16 – – – – – 9
Ireland – – – – – 7 – – =17 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 2
Israel Competed with Asia – – – – – – – – – – 2
Italy – – – 8 5 6 3 1 =5 =9 – 4 – – – – – 4 4 5 12 5 3 5 – – 15
Latvia – – – – – 16 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 1
Lithuania – – – – – =17 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 1
Luxembourg – – – – 12 11 =9 =9 =9 =9 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 6
Netherlands – – 3 3 3 4 =9 – =9 =17 – – – – – – – – – – – – – 7 – – 8
Norway – – – 9 7 – – 3 – =14 – – – – – – – 10 – – – – – – – – 5
Poland – – – – – =17 – 4 – =9 – 10 – – 1 2 – – – 2 – – – – – – 7
Portugal – – – – – – =5 – – – – – – – – – – – – – 4 – 14 – – 6 4
Romania – – – – – 14 – – – =17 – – 5 – – – – – – – – – – – – – 3
Russia – – – 10 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 1
Serbia – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 12 – – 1
Serbia and Montenegro – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 16 – – – 1
Slovakia – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 13 – – – – 1
Soviet Union – – – – – – – – – =9 1 – – – 3 3 3 – 1 – Split into 15 nations 6
Spain – – – – 2 =17 =5 – – – – – – 6 – 13 10 – – 1 6 2 – – 14 – 10
Sweden – – 4 11 6 3 – =9 1 3 – – – – – – – – 6 6 – – – – – 15 10
Switzerland – – – – – 2 =9 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 13 – 3
Turkey – – – – – =17 =9 =9 =5 =5 – 14 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 6
Yugoslavia – – – – 9 =17 =9 – 2 2 2 1 6 – – – 4 3 10 – Split into 7 nations 11
CONMEBOL
Nation
00
04
08
12
20
24
28
36
48
52
56
60
64
68
72
76
80
84
88
92
96
00
04
08
12
16
Years
Argentina – – – – – – 2 – – – – 7 10 – – – – – 8 – 2 – 1 1 – 11 8
Brazil – – – – – – – – – =5 – 6 9 13 13 4 – 2 2 – 3 7 – 3 2 1 13
Chile – – – – – – 17 – – =17 – – – – – – – 7 – – – 3 – – – – 4
Colombia – – – – – – – – – – – – – 10 11 – 11 – – 14 – – – – – 6 5
Paraguay – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 7 – – 2 – – – 2
Peru – – – – – – – 5 – – – 11 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 2
Uruguay – – – – – 1 1 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 9 – 3
Venezuela – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 12 – – – – – – – – – 1
CONCACAF
Nation
00
04
08
12
20
24
28
36
48
52
56
60
64
68
72
76
80
84
88
92
96
00
04
08
12
16
Years
Canada – 1 – – – – – – – – – – – – – 12 – 6 – – – – – – – – 3
Costa Rica – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 16 13 – – – – 8 – – – 3
Cuba – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 11 7 – – – – – – – – – 2
El Salvador – – – – – – – – – – – – – 15 – – – – – – – – – – – – 1
Guatemala – – – – – – – – – – – – – 8 – 10 – – 16 – – – – – – – 3
Honduras – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 10 – 16 7 4 4
Mexico – – – – – – =9 – =11 – – – 11 4 7 9 – – – 10 7 – =10 – 1 9 11
Netherlands Antilles – – – – – – – – – =14 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 1
United States – 2[19] 3 – – – 12 =9 =9 =11 =17 =5 – – – 14 – – 9 12 9 10 4 – 9 – – 14
CAF
Nation
00
04
08
12
20
24
28
36
48
52
56
60
64
68
72
76
80
84
88
92
96
00
04
08
12
16
Years
Algeria – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 8 – – – – – – – – 14 2
Cameroon – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 11 – – – 1 – 8 – – 3
Egypt – – – – 8 8 4 =9 =11 =9 – 12 4 – – – – 8 – 12 – – – – 8 – 11
Ivory Coast – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 6 – – 1
Gabon – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 12 – 1
Ghana – – – – – – – – – – – – 7 12 16 – – – – 3 8 – 9 – – – 6
Guinea – – – – – – – – – – – – – 11 – – – – – – – – – – – – 1
Mali – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 5 – – – 1
Morocco – – – – – – – – – – – – 13 – 8 – – 12 – 15 – 16 =10 – 11 – 7
Nigeria – – – – – – – – – – – – – 14 – – 13 – 15 – 1 8 – 2 – 3 7
Senegal – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 6 - 1
South Africa – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 11 – – – 13 2
Sudan – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 15 – – – – – – – – – – – 1
Tunisia – – – – – – – – – – – 15 – – – – – – 13 – 14 – 12 – – – 4
Zambia – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 15 – 5 – – – – – – – 2
AFC
Nation
00
04
08
12
20
24
28
36
48
52
56
60
64
68
72
76
80
84
88
92
96
00
04
08
12
16
Years
Afghanistan – – – – – – – – =17 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 1
Australia Competed with Oceania 7 11 – – 1
China – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 14 – – – – 13 – – 2
Chinese Taipei – – – – – – – =9 =11 – – 16 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 3
India – – – – – – – – =11 =17 4 13 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 4
Indonesia – – – – – – – – – – =5 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 1
Iran – – – – – – – – – – – – 12 – 12 7 – – – – – – – – – – 3
Iraq – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 5 14 9 – – – 4 – – 12 5
Israel – – – – – – – – – – – – – 5 – 6 – Competed with Europe 2
Japan – – – – – – – =6 – – =9 – 8 3 – – – – – – 9 6 13 15 4 10 10
Kuwait – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 6 – – 16 – 12 – – – – 3
Malaysia – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 10 – – – – – – – – – – – 1
Myanmar – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 9 – – – – – – – – – – – 1
North Korea – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 8 – – – – – – – – – – 1
Qatar – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 15 – 8 – – – – – – 2
Saudi Arabia – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 16 – – 15 – – – – – 2
South Korea – – – – – – – – =5 – – – 14 – – – – – 11 11 11 9 6 10 3 5 10
Syria – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 14 – – – – – – – – – 1
Thailand – – – – – – – – – – =9 – – 16 – – – – – – – – – – – – 2
United Arab Emirates – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 15 – 1
OFC
Nation
00
04
08
12
20
24
28
36
48
52
56
60
64
68
72
76
80
84
88
92
96
00
04
08
12
16
Years
Australia – – – – – – – – – – =5 – – – – – – – 7 4 13 15 7 AFC 6
Fiji – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 16 1
New Zealand – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 14 16 – 2
Total nations 3 2 5 11 14 22 17 16 18 25 11 16 14 16 16 13 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16
Women[edit]
Numbers refer to the final placing of each team at the respective Games. Host Nation is shown in bold.
Nation
96
00
04
08
12
16
20
Years
Argentina – – – 11 – – – 1
Australia – 7 5 – – 7 3
Brazil 4 4 2 2 6 4 Q 7
Cameroon – – – – 12 – 1
Canada – – – 8 3 3 3
China 2 5 9 5 – 8 5
Colombia – – – – 11 11 – 2
Denmark 8 – – – – – 1
France – – – – 4 6 2
Germany 5 3 3 3 – 1 5
Great Britain – – – – 5 – 1
Greece – – 10 – – – 1
Japan 7 – 7 4 2 – Q 5
Mexico – – 8 – – – 1
New Zealand – – – 10 8 9 3
Nigeria – 8 6 11 – – 3
North Korea – – – 9 9 – 2
Norway 3 1 – 7 – – 3
South Africa – – – – 10 10 2
Sweden 6 6 4 6 7 2 6
United States 1 2 1 1 1 5 6
Zimbabwe – – – – – 12 1
Total nations 8 8 10 12 12 12 12
Men's tournament[edit]
Association Football at the Summer Olympics – Men's tournament
Founded
1900[20]
Region
International (FIFA)
Number of teams
16 (from 6 confederations)
Current champions
Brazil
(1st title)
Most successful team(s)
Great Britain
Hungary
(3 titles each)
2016 Summer Olympics
The qualifying tournament, like that for the World Cup, is organised along continental lines. Most continental confederations organise a special Under-23 qualifying tournament, although the European qualifiers are drawn from the finalists of the UEFA Under-21 Championship and South American qualifiers from the South American Youth Championship, which is a U-20 tournament. Teams participating in the preliminary and final competitions must be composed of U-23 players, with a maximum of three players who are older than U-23. For Rio 2016, U-23 players are born after January 1, 1993.[21]
For the 2016 Games, the number of places allocated to each continent was:
Europe – 4
Asia – 3
Africa – 3
South America – 2.5
North America – 2.5
Oceania – 1
Women's tournament[edit]
Association Football at the Summer Olympics – Women's tournament
Founded
1996
Region
International (FIFA)
Number of teams
12 (from 6 confederations)
Current champions
Germany
(1st title)
Most successful team(s)
United States
(4 titles)
2016 Summer Olympics
The women's tournament is contested between full national sides, with no age restrictions. One place is reserved for the host country. Of the remaining teams, as in World Cup contests a specific number of places are reserved for teams from each continental region; the European (UEFA) teams are chosen from the most successful European teams in the previous year's World Cup, whilst the other continental regions host their own qualifying tournaments in the build-up to the Olympics.
The first women's tournament was at the 1996 Atlanta Games. The United States won the gold medal, and picked up silver in 2000 after an extra time defeat by Norway. The finals of the next two tournaments, in 2004 and 2008, also went to extra time, with the U.S. defeating Brazil both times. In 2012 the U.S. won their fourth gold medal defeating Japan 2–1 in the final.
Allocation of places for each continent in the 2016 Games was:
Europe – 3
Africa – 2
Asia – 2
South America – 2 (including hosts Brazil)
North America – 2
Oceania – 1
Records[edit]
Denmark's Sophus Nielsen in the 1908 and 1912 hold the record for the most goals scored by a player in an all and single tournament, scoring 13 goals. The first official football tournament was held in London, England, 1908.
Neymar marked the fastest goal in a men's Olympic football match in history at 14 seconds in the semi-final match against Honduras on 17 August 2016.[22]
Goalscorers[edit]
The all-time top goalscorers with at least 8 goals (as of 1908)
14 goals
Sophus Nielsen (Denmark)
13 goals
Antal Dunai (Hungary)
12 goals
Ferenc Bene (Hungary)
11 goals
Domingo Tarasconi (Argentina)
Pedro Petrone (Uruguay)
10 goals
Gottfried Fuchs (Germany)
Kazimierz Deyna (Poland)
9 goals
Harold Walden (Great Britain)
Vilhelm Wolfhagen (Denmark)
8 goals
Jan Vos (Netherlands)
Carlos Tevez (Argentina)
Bebeto (Brazil)
Harald Nielsen (Denmark)
Men's results[edit]
Year
Hosts
Gold Medal Game
Bronze Medal Game
Gold
Score
Silver
Bronze
Score
Fourth Place
1896
Athens No football tournament
1900
Details
Paris
Great Britain [23]
France
Belgium [23] Only three teams entered
1904
Details
St. Louis
Canada [24]
United States
United States [24] Only three teams entered
1908
Details
London
Great Britain 2 – 0
Denmark
Netherlands 2 – 0
Sweden
1912
Details
Stockholm
Great Britain 4 – 2
Denmark
Netherlands 9 – 0
Finland
1920
Details
Antwerp
Belgium [25]
Spain
Netherlands [25]
France
1924
Details
Paris
Uruguay 3 – 0
Switzerland
Sweden 1 – 1
aet
Netherlands
Match replay: 3 – 1
1928
Details
Amsterdam
Uruguay 1 – 1
aet
Argentina
Italy 11 – 3
Egypt
Match replay: 2 – 1
1932
Los Angeles No football tournament
1936
Details
Berlin
Italy 2 – 1
aet
Austria
Norway 3 – 2
Poland
1948
Details
London
Sweden 3 – 1
Yugoslavia
Denmark 5 – 3
Great Britain
1952
Details
Helsinki
Hungary 2 – 0
Yugoslavia
Sweden 2 – 0
Germany
1956
Details
Melbourne
Soviet Union 1 – 0
Yugoslavia
Bulgaria 3 – 0
India
1960
Details
Rome
Yugoslavia 3 – 1
Denmark
Hungary 2 – 1
Italy
1964
Details
Tokyo
Hungary 2 – 1
Czechoslovakia
Germany[17] 3 – 1
United Arab Republic
1968
Details
Mexico City
Hungary 4 – 1
Bulgaria
Japan 2 – 0
Mexico
1972
Details
Munich
Poland 2 – 1
Hungary
East Germany

Soviet Union 2 – 2[26]
aet
1976
Details
Montreal
East Germany 3 – 1
Poland
Soviet Union 2 – 0
Brazil
1980
Details
Moscow
Czechoslovakia 1 – 0
East Germany
Soviet Union 2 – 0
Yugoslavia
1984
Details
Los Angeles
France 2 – 0
Brazil
Yugoslavia 2 – 1
Italy
1988
Details
Seoul
Soviet Union 2 – 1
aet
Brazil
West Germany 3 – 0
Italy
1992
Details
Barcelona
Spain 3 – 2
Poland
Ghana 1 – 0
Australia
1996
Details
Atlanta
Nigeria 3 – 2
Argentina
Brazil 5 – 0
Portugal
2000
Details
Sydney
Cameroon 2 – 2
asdet
Spain
Chile 2 – 0
United States
5 – 3 on penalty shootout
2004
Details
Athens
Argentina 1 – 0
Paraguay
Italy 1 – 0
Iraq
2008
Details
Beijing
Argentina 1 – 0
Nigeria
Brazil 3 – 0
Belgium
2012
Details
London
Mexico 2 − 1
Brazil
South Korea 2 − 0
Japan
2016
Details
Rio de Janeiro
Brazil 1 – 1
aet
Germany
Nigeria 3 − 2
Honduras
5 – 4 on penalty shootout
2020
Details
Tokyo
* Under-23 tournament since 1992.
aet – after extra time
asdet – after sudden death extra time
Performances by countries for men[edit]
Below are the 41 nations that have reached at least the semi-final stage in the Summer Olympics finals.
Team
Titles
Runners-up
Third Place
Fourth Place
Medals
Hungary 3 (1952, 1964, 1968) 1 (1972) 1 (1960) 5
Great Britain 3 (1900, 1908, 1912) 1 (1948) 3
Argentina 2 (2004, 2008) 2 (1928, 1996) 4
Soviet Union 2 (1956, 1988) 3 (1972, 1976, 1980) 5
Uruguay 2 (1924, 1928) 2
Brazil 1 (2016) 3 (1984, 1988, 2012) 2 (1996, 2008) 1 (1976) 6
Yugoslavia 1 (1960) 3 (1948, 1952, 1956) 1 (1984) 1 (1980) 5
Poland 1 (1972) 2 (1976, 1992) 1 (1936) 3
Spain 1 (1992) 2 (1920, 2000) 3
East Germany 1 (1976) 1 (1980) 1 (1972) 3
Nigeria 1 (1996) 1 (2008) 1 (2016) 3
France 1 (1984) 1 (1900) 1 (1920) 2
Czechoslovakia 1 (1980) 1 (1964) 2
Italy 1 (1936) 2 (1928, 2004) 3 (1960, 1984, 1988) 3
Sweden 1 (1948) 2 (1924, 1952) 1 (1908) 3
Belgium 1 (1920) 1 (1900) 1 (2008) 2
Mexico 1 (2012) 1 (1968) 1
Canada 1 (1904) 1
Cameroon 1 (2000) 1
Denmark 3 (1908, 1912, 1960) 1 (1948) 4
United States 1 (1904) 1 (1904) 1 (2000) 2
Bulgaria 1 (1968) 1 (1956) 2
Germany 1 (2016) 1 (1952) 1
Switzerland 1 (1924) 1
Austria 1 (1936) 1
Paraguay 1 (2004) 1
Netherlands 3 (1908, 1912, 1920) 1 (1924) 3
Japan 1 (1968) 1 (2012) 1
Norway 1 (1936) 1
Germany* 1 (1964) 1
West Germany 1 (1988) 1
Ghana 1 (1992) 1
Chile 1 (2000) 1
South Korea 1 (2012) 1
Egypt 2 (1928, 1964) 0
Finland 1 (1912) 0
India 1 (1956) 0
Australia 1 (1992) 0
Portugal 1 (1996) 0
Iraq 1 (2004) 0
Honduras 1 (2016) 0
* United Team of Germany
Men's top scorers by tournament[edit]
Year
Player
Goals
1900 Gaston Peltier
John Nicholas 2
1904 Alexander Hall
Tom Taylor 3
1908 Sophus Nielsen 11
1912 Gottfried Fuchs 10
1920 Herbert Karlsson 7
1924 Pedro Petrone 8
1928 Domingo Tarasconi 9
1936 Annibale Frossi 7
1948 John Hansen
Gunnar Nordahl 7
1952 Rajko Mitić
Branko Zebec 7
1956 Neville D'Souza
Todor Veselinović
Dimitar Milanov 4
1960 Harald Nielsen 8
1964 Ferenc Bene 12
1968 Kunishige Kamamoto 7
1972 Kazimierz Deyna 9
1976 Andrzej Szarmach 6
1980 Sergei Andreev 5
1984 Borislav Cvetković
Stjepan Deverić
Daniel Xuereb 5
1988 Romario 7
1992 Andrzej Juskowiak 7
1996 Bebeto
Hernán Crespo 6
2000 Iván Zamorano 6
2004 Carlos Tevez 8
2008 Giuseppe Rossi 4
2012 Leandro Damião 6
2016 Serge Gnabry
Nils Petersen 6
Women's results[edit]
Main article: List of women's Olympic football tournament records
Year
Hosts
Gold Medal Game
Bronze Medal Game
Gold
Score
Silver
Bronze
Score
Fourth Place
1996
Details
Atlanta
United States 2 – 1
China
Norway 2 – 0
Brazil
2000
Details
Sydney
Norway 3 – 2
asdet
United States
Germany 2 – 0
Brazil
2004
Details
Athens
United States 2 – 1
aet
Brazil
Germany 1 – 0
Sweden
2008
Details
Beijing
United States 1 – 0
aet
Brazil
Germany 2 – 0
Japan
2012
Details
London
United States 2 – 1
Japan
Canada 1 – 0
France
2016
Details
Rio de Janeiro
Germany 2 – 1
Sweden
Canada 2 – 1
Brazil
2020
Details
Tokyo
aet – after extra time
asdet – after sudden death extra time
Performances by countries for women[edit]
Below are the 9 nations that have reached at least the semi-final stage in the Summer Olympics finals.
Team
Titles
Runners-up
Third Place
Fourth Place
Medals
United States 4 (1996, 2004, 2008, 2012) 1 (2000) 5
Germany 1 (2016) 3 (2000, 2004, 2008) 4
Norway 1 (2000) 1 (1996) 2
Brazil 2 (2004, 2008) 3 (1996, 2000, 2016) 2
Japan 1 (2012) 1 (2008) 1
Sweden 1 (2016) 1 (2004) 1
China PR 1 (1996) 1
Canada 2 (2012, 2016) 2
France 1 (2012) 0
Women's top scorers by tournament[edit]
Year
Player
Goals
1996 Ann Kristin Aarønes
Linda Medalen
Pretinha 4
2000 Sun Wen 4
2004 Cristiane
Birgit Prinz 5
2008 Cristiane 5
2012 Christine Sinclair 6
2016 Melanie Behringer 5
Goalscorers (Woman)[edit]
The all-time top goalscorers with at least 5 goals (1996 - 2016)
14 goals
Cristiane (Brazil)
11 goals
Christine Sinclair (Canada)
10 goals
Marta (Brazil)
Birgit Prinz (Germany)
9 goals
Abby Wambach (United States)
8 goals
Pretinha (Brazil)
Carli Lloyd (United States)
7 goals
Melissa Tancredi (Canada)
6 goals
Lotta Schelin (Sweden)
5 goals
Mia Hamm (United States)
Sun Wen (China)
Tiffeny Milbrett (United States)
Alex Morgan (United States)
Melanie Behringer (Germany)
Medal table[edit]
Total[edit]
※ Countries ranked by total medals won (men's and women's) including unofficial (1900 and 1904).
※ Bronze medals shared in 1972 tournament
Rank
Nation
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total
1 United States (USA) 4 2 1 7
2 Hungary (HUN) 3 1 1 5
3 Great Britain (GBR) 3 0 0 3
4 Argentina (ARG) 2 2 0 4
5 Soviet Union (URS) 2 0 3 5
6 Uruguay (URU) 2 0 0 2
7 Brazil (BRA) 1 5 2 8
8 Yugoslavia (YUG) 1 3 1 5
9 Poland (POL) 1 2 0 3
Spain (ESP) 1 2 0 3
11 Germany (GER) 1 1 3 5
12 Sweden (SWE) 1 1 2 4
13 East Germany (GDR) 1 1 1 3
Nigeria (NGR) 1 1 1 3
15 Czechoslovakia (TCH) 1 1 0 2
France (FRA) 1 1 0 2
17 Canada (CAN) 1 0 2 3
Italy (ITA) 1 0 2 3
Norway (NOR) 1 0 2 3
20 Belgium (BEL) 1 0 1 2
21 Cameroon (CMR) 1 0 0 1
Mexico (MEX) 1 0 0 1
23 Denmark (DEN) 0 3 1 4
24 Bulgaria (BUL) 0 1 1 2
Japan (JPN) 0 1 1 2
26 Switzerland (SUI) 0 1 0 1
Austria (AUT) 0 1 0 1
China (CHN) 0 1 0 1
Paraguay (PAR) 0 1 0 1
30 Netherlands (NED) 0 0 3 3
31 Ghana (GHA) 0 0 1 1
Chile (CHI) 0 0 1 1
United Team of Germany (EUA) 0 0 1 1
West Germany (FRG) 0 0 1 1
South Korea (KOR) 0 0 1 1
Total
32
32
33
97

Men's medal table[edit]
※ Countries ranked by total medals won including unofficial (1900 and 1904).
※ Bronze medals shared in 1972 tournament
Rank
Nation
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total
1 Hungary (HUN) 3 1 1 5
2 Great Britain (GBR) 3 0 0 3
3 Argentina (ARG) 2 2 0 4
4 Soviet Union (URS) 2 0 3 5
5 Uruguay (URU) 2 0 0 2
6 Brazil (BRA) 1 3 2 6
7 Yugoslavia (YUG) 1 3 1 5
8 Poland (POL) 1 2 0 3
Spain (ESP) 1 2 0 3
10 East Germany (GDR) 1 1 1 3
Nigeria (NGR) 1 1 1 3
12 Czechoslovakia (TCH) 1 1 0 2
France (FRA) 1 1 0 2
14 Sweden (SWE) 1 0 2 3
Italy (ITA) 1 0 2 3
16 Belgium (BEL) 1 0 1 2
17 Canada (CAN) 1 0 0 1
Cameroon (CMR) 1 0 0 1
Mexico (MEX) 1 0 0 1
20 Denmark (DEN) 0 3 1 4
21 United States (USA) 0 1 1 2
Bulgaria (BUL) 0 1 1 2
23 Switzerland (SUI) 0 1 0 1
Austria (AUT) 0 1 0 1
Germany (GER) 0 1 0 1
Paraguay (PAR) 0 1 0 1
27 Netherlands (NED) 0 0 3 3
28 Norway (NOR) 0 0 1 1
Japan (JPN) 0 0 1 1
Ghana (GHA) 0 0 1 1
Chile (CHI) 0 0 1 1
United Team of Germany (EUA) 0 0 1 1
West Germany (FRG) 0 0 1 1
South Korea (KOR) 0 0 1 1
Total
26
26
27
79
Women's medal table[edit]
Rank
Nation
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total
1 United States (USA) 4 1 0 5
2 Germany (GER) 1 0 3 4
3 Norway (NOR) 1 0 1 2
4 Brazil (BRA) 0 2 0 2
5 China (CHN) 0 1 0 1
Japan (JPN) 0 1 0 1
Sweden (SWE) 0 1 0 1
8 Canada (CAN) 0 0 2 2
Total
6
6
6
18
See also[edit]
Football at the Youth Olympic Games
References[edit]
^ Goldblatt, David. The Ball Is Round : A Global History of Football. Penguin Books. p. 243. ISBN 978-0-14-101582-8.
^ Mallon, Bill; Widlund, Ture (1998). The 1896 Olympic Games. Results for All Competitors in All Events, with Commentary. Jefferson: McFarland. p. 118. ISBN 0-7864-0379-9.
^ The forgotten story of ... football, farce and fascism at the 1936 Olympics
^ "Controversia – Berlín 36. Un mito derrumbado (The Berlin '36 Controversy. A myth debunked.)" (in Spanish). Larepublica.com.pe. Archived from the original on 2009-03-22. Retrieved 2009-02-15.
^ "Women Sports Get a Boost". The New York Times. September 20, 1993. Retrieved July 15, 2017.
^ "Players". The Seattle Times. October 17, 1993. p. C2.
^ Gildea, William (August 2, 1996). "U.S. Women's Soccer Team Wins Gold". The Washington Post. p. A1. Retrieved July 15, 2017.
^ http://www.scottishfa.co.uk/news.cfm?newsid=4029&pageid=155&back=1
^ http://www.newsletter.co.uk/sport/YOUR-VIEWS-Olympic-football-threat.4327759
^ "Brown pays tribute to GB success". BBC News. 24 August 2008. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
^ "Nations pave way for 2012 GB team". BBC Sport. 2009-05-29. Retrieved 2009-05-29.
^ "London 2012 Olympics: Gareth Bale and non-English players have 'legal right' to play for Team GB". Daily Telegraph. 24 March 2011. Retrieved 28 April 2011.
^ "Going for gold: Team GB Pearce reveals 18-man squad for London Olympics". Daily Mail. 2 July 2012. Retrieved 2 July 2012.
^ "So much for Team GB... Powell defends nearly all-English women's football squad". Daily Mail. 26 June 2012.
^ Kelso, Paul (14 August 2012). "British Olympic Association chief executive Andy Hunt criticises Football Association for lack of support". London: Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
^ Regulations for the Olympic Football Tournaments
^ a b The East German team represented the United Team of Germany in 1964, winning the bronze medal.
^ The team represented the United Team of Germany in 1956, and the Federal Republic of Germany (i.e., West Germany) in 1972, 1984 and 1988, and winning the bronze medal in 1988.
^ The United States had two of the three teams at the 1904 Games, taking the silver and bronze medals.
^ The 1900 and 1904 tournaments, they are not recognized by FIFA. The competition has been held regularly, except 1932. Since 1992 compete exclusively the U23 national teams.
^ "REGULATIONS for the Olympic Football Tournaments" (PDF).
^ [1]
^ a b The 1900 tournament was originally a pair of demonstration matches between the three teams, but has subsequently been upgraded to official status by the IOC with medals attributed to the teams based upon the match results.
^ a b The 1904 tournament was originally a set of demonstration matches between the three teams (two from the United States), but has subsequently been upgraded to official status by the IOC with medals attributed to the teams based upon the round-robin results.
^ a b In 1920, Czechoslovakia abandoned the final match against Belgium after 40 minutes with the latter up 2–0. They were disqualified, and a mini-tournament to figure out the other medalists was held, with Spain beating the Netherlands for second place 3–1.
^ In 1972, the third place match between East Germany and the Soviet Union was a 2–2 tie after extra time had expired. Both teams were awarded bronze medals.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Association football at the Olympics.
Men's Olympic Football Tournament, FIFA.com
Women's Olympic Football Tournament, FIFA.com
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Summer Olympics football men's tournament winners
1900: Upton Park (Great Britain) (GBR)
1904: Galt (Canada) (CAN)
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1912: Great Britain (GBR)
1920: Belgium (BEL)
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2000: Cameroon (CMR)
2004: Argentina (ARG)
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2012: Mexico (MEX)
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Summer Olympics football tournament top scorers
Men's tournament
1900: Peltier & Nicholas
1904: Hall & Taylor
1908: S. Nielsen
1912: Fuchs
1920: Carlsson
1924: Petrone
1928: Tarasconi
1936: Frossi
1948: Hansen & Nordahl
1952: Mitić & Zebec
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1960: Galić
1964: Bene
1968: Kamamoto
1972: Deyna
1976: Szarmach
1980: Andreyev
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1988: Romário
1992: Juskowiak
1996: Bebeto & Crespo
2000: Zamorano
2004: Tevez
2008: Rossi
2012: Damião
2016: Gnabry & Petersen
Women's tournament
1996: Aarønes, Medalen & Pretinha
2000: Sun Wen
2004: Cristiane & Prinz
2008: Cristiane
2012: Sinclair
2016: Behringer
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APA style
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APA Style is a writing style and format for academic documents such as scholarly journal articles and books, and is commonly used for citing sources within the field of social sciences. It is described in the style guide of the American Psychological Association (APA), which is titled the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. The guidelines were developed to aid reading comprehension in the social and behavioral sciences, for clarity of communication, and for "word choice that best reduces bias in language".[1][2]
APA style is widely used, either entirely or with modifications, by hundreds of other scientific journals (including medical and other public health journals), in many textbooks, and in academia (for papers written in classes). Along with AMA Style and CSE Style, it is one of the major styles for such work.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Sixth edition of the Publication Manual
2.1 Errors in the first printing
3 Characteristics of APA Style Citation
3.1 In-text citations
3.2 Reference list
4 See also
5 References
6 Bibliography
7 External links
History[edit]
The APA got involved in journal publishing in 1923.[3] In 1929, an APA committee had a seven-page writer's guide published in the Psychological Bulletin.[4][5] In 1944, a 32-page guide appeared as an article in the same journal.[3] The first edition of the APA Publication Manual was published in 1952 as a 61-page supplement to the Psychological Bulletin,[6] marking the beginning of a recognized “APA style.”[3] In response to the growing complexities of scientific reporting, subsequent editions were released in 1974, 1983, 1994, 2001, and 2009.
Primarily known for the simplicity of its reference citation style, the Manual also established standards for language use that had far-reaching effects. Particularly influential were the "Guidelines for Nonsexist Language in APA Journals," first published as a modification to the 1974 edition, which provided practical alternatives to sexist language then in common usage.[7][8] The guidelines for reducing bias in language have been updated over the years and presently provide practical guidance for writing about race, ethnicity, age, gender, sexual orientation, and disability status (APA, 2009, pp. 70–77; see also APA, 2009b).[9]
Sixth edition of the Publication Manual[edit]
The sixth edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association is the most current. It was released in July 2009 after four years of development. The Publication Manual Revision Task Force of the American Psychological Association established parameters for the revision based on published critique; user comments; commissioned reviews; and input from psychologists, nurses, librarians, business leaders, publishing professionals, and APA governance groups (APA, 2007a, 2007b).[10][11] To accomplish these revisions, the Task Force appointed working groups of four to nine members in seven areas: bias-free language, ethics, graphics, Journal Article Reporting Standards,[12] references, statistics, and writing style (APA, 2009, pp. XVII–XVIII).
The APA explained the issuing of a new edition only eight years after the fifth edition by pointing to the increased use of online source or online access to academic journals (6th edition, p. XV). The sixth edition is accompanied by a style website, apastyle.org as well as the APA Style Blog, which answers many common questions from users.
Errors in the first printing[edit]
Sample papers in the first printing of the sixth edition contained errors. APA staff posted all of the corrections online for free in a single document on October 1, 2009, and shortly thereafter alerted users to the existence of the corrections in an APA blog entry.[13] These errors attracted significant attention from the scholarly community and nearly two weeks later, on October 13, 2009, the article "Correcting a Style Guide" was published in the online newspaper Inside Higher Ed that included interviews with several individuals, one of whom described the errors as "egregious".[14] All copies of the printing with errors were soon after recalled in 2009 (including those from major retailers such as Amazon.com) and all manuals currently in circulation are unaffected.
Characteristics of APA Style Citation[edit]
In-text citations[edit]
APA Style uses an author-date reference citation system in the text with an accompanying reference list. That means that to cite any reference in a paper, the writer should cite the author and year of the work, either by putting both in parentheses separated by a comma (parenthetical citation) or by putting the author in the narrative of the sentence and the year in parentheses (narrative citation).
Example narrative citation: Schmidt and Oh (2016) described a fear among the public that the findings of science are not actually real.
Example parenthetical citation: In our postfactual era, many members of the public fear that the findings of science are not real (Schmidt & Oh, 2016).
Reference list[edit]
In the APA reference list, the writer should provide the author, year, title, and source of the cited work in an alphabetical list of references. If a reference is not cited in the text, it should not be included in the reference list. The reference format varies slightly depending on the document type (e.g., journal article, edited book chapter, blog post), but broadly speaking always follows the same pattern of author, date, title, source.
Reference type
Template
Example
Journal article Author, A., & Author, B. (year). Title of article. Journal Title, Volume, page range. DOI Schmidt, F. L., & Oh, I.-S. (2016). The crisis of confidence in research findings in psychology: Is lack of replication the real problem? Or is it something else? Archives of Scientific Psychology, 4, 32–37. https://dx.doi.org/10.1037/arc0000029
Whole book Author, A., & Author, B. (year). Title of book. Publisher location: Publisher Name. DOI Brown, B. (2010). The gifts of imperfection: Let go of who you think you're supposed to be and embrace who you are. Center City, MN: Hazelden.
Edited book chapter Author, A., & Author, B. (year). Title of chapter. In E. Editor & A. Editor (Eds.), Title of book (pp. xx-xx). Publisher location: Publisher Name. DOI Singh, A. A., Hwahng, S. J., Chang, S. C., White, B. (2017). Affirmative counseling with trans/gender-variant people of color. In A. Singh & L. M. Dickey (Eds.), Affirmative counseling and psychological practice with transgender and gender nonconforming clients (pp. 41–68). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. https://dx.doi.org/10.1037/14957-003
Website Group Author. (year). Title of page. Retrieved from http://xxxxxxx American Psychological Association. (n.d.). Divisions. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/about/division/
Note that the title of a website reference may be italic or not italic. If the work stands alone, italicize the title; if it is part of a greater whole, do not italicize the title.
See also[edit]
Citation
Comparison of reference management software
References[edit]
Jump up ^ The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. 2010. ISBN 978-1-4338-0562-2.
Jump up ^ "APA Style". Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Retrieved October 27, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c VandenBos, Gary R. (1992). "The APA Knowledge Dissemination Program: An overview of 100 years". In Rand B. Evans, Virginia Staudt Sexton, Thomas C. Cadwallader (eds.). The American Psychological Association: A Historical Perspective. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. pp. 347–390. ISBN 978-1-55798-136-3. CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Bentley, M.; Peerenboom, C.A.; Hodge, F.W.; Passano, Edward B.; Warren, H.C.; Washburn, M.F (February 1929). "Instructions in regard to preparation of manuscript". Psychological Bulletin. 26 (2): 57–63. doi:10.1037/h0071487. ISSN 0033-2909.
Jump up ^ "APA Style Blog: The Origins of APA Style". blog.apastyle.org. Retrieved 2016-12-14.
Jump up ^ APA Publications and Communications Board Working Group on Journal Article Reporting Standards (December 2008). "Reporting Standards for Research in Psychology: Why Do We Need Them? What Might They Be?" (PDF). American Psychologist. 63 (9): 839–851. doi:10.1037/0003-066x.63.9.839.
Jump up ^ APA Task Force on Issues of Sexual Bias in Graduate Education (June 1975). "Guidelines for nonsexist use of language". American Psychologist. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. 32 (6): 487–494. doi:10.1037/h0076869. ISSN 0003-066X. OCLC 696450842. Retrieved October 27, 2011.
Jump up ^ APA Publication Manual Task Force (June 1977). "Guidelines for nonsexist language in APA journals [Change Sheet 2]". American Psychologist. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. 30 (6): 682–684. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.32.6.487. ISSN 0003-066X. OCLC 696450842. Retrieved October 27, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Supplemental materials: Chapter 3: Writing Clearly and Concisely". Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Retrieved October 27, 2011.
Jump up ^ American Psychological Association (April 13–14, 2007). Meeting of the Council of Editors (Agenda book). Washington, D.C.: APA Archives.
Jump up ^ American Psychological Association (May 18–20, 2007). Meeting of the Publications and Communications Board (Agenda book). Washington, D.C.: APA Archives.
Jump up ^ APA Publications and Communications Board Working Group on Journal Article Reporting Standards (2008). "Reporting Standards for Research in Psychology: Why Do We Need Them? What Might They Be?" (PDF). American Psychologist. 63: 839–851. doi:10.1037/0003-066x.63.9.839.
Jump up ^ Skutley, Mary Lynn (October 8, 2009). "Note to APA Style Community: Sixth Edition Corrections". APA blog.
Jump up ^ Epstein, Jennifer (October 13, 2009). Jaschik, Scott; Lederman, Doug, eds. "Correcting a Style Guide". Inside Higher Ed. Washington, DC: Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved October 27, 2011.
Bibliography[edit]
The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. 2011. ISBN 978-1-4338-0562-2. (spiral bound)
The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. 2001. ISBN 978-1-55798-791-4.
External links[edit]
Wikiversity has learning resources about APA style
"Download APA format template". normas-apa.com.
"American Psychological Association". apa.org.
"APA Style". apastyle.org.
APA Formatted Paper Template at Indian River State College's Library site.
Generate APA citations based on DOI, ISBN and URL.
Interactive APA at Massey University's OWLL site.
APA resources at Purdue University's Online Writing Lab
Formatting APA Style in MS Word 2013
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=APA_style&oldid=833613008"
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