text:
Indian general election, 1951–52
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Indian general election, 1951
← 1945 25 October 1951 to 21 February 1952 1957 →
All 489 seats in the Lok Sabha
245 seats were needed for a majority
First party
Second party
Leader
Jawaharlal Nehru Shripad Amrit Dange
Party
INC CPI
Leader's seat
Phulpur Bombay City North
Seats won
364 16
Popular vote
47,665,875 3,484,401
Percentage
44.99% 3.29%
Prime Minister before election
Jawaharlal Nehru
INC
Subsequent Prime Minister
Jawaharlal Nehru
INC
The Indian general election of 1951–52 elected the first Lok Sabha since India became independent in August 1947.[1][2][3] Until this point, the Indian Constituent Assembly had served as an interim legislature. See the 'Durations' section below to find the time-range associated with these elections.
The Indian National Congress (INC) won a landslide victory, winning 364 of the 489 seats and 45% of the total votes polled. This was over four times as many votes as the second-largest party. Jawaharlal Nehru became the first democratically elected Prime Minister of the country. In the first Lok Sabha polls held in 1951, India had around 173 million voters, out of an overall population of about 360 million.[4] Voter turnout was 45.7%.[5]
Contents
1 Parties
2 Constituencies
3 Results
4 Notable losses
5 Government formation
6 Duration
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
Parties[edit]
Before Independent India went to the polls, two former cabinet colleagues of Nehru established separate political parties to challenge the INC's supremacy. While Shyama Prasad Mookerjee went on to found the Jana Sangh in October 1951, First Law Minister Dr. B. R. Ambedkar revived the Scheduled Castes Federation (which was later named the Republican Party). Other parties which started coming to the forefront included the Kisan Mazdoor Praja Parishad, whose prime mover was Acharya Kripalani; the Socialist Party, which had Ram Manohar Lohia and Jayaprakash Narayan's leadership to boast of; and the Communist Party of India. However, these smaller parties were unable to make an electoral stand against the Indian National Congress.
Constituencies[edit]
The first general elections, which were conducted for 489 seats in 401 constituencies, represented 25 Indian states. At that time, there were 314 constituencies with one seat, 86 with two seats and one with three seats.[6] The multi-seat constituencies were abolished in the 1960s. There were also 2 nominated Anglo-Indian members.
Results[edit]
Party
Abbr.
Votes
%
Seats
Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha ABHM 0.95 4
Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad RRP 1.97 3
Bharatiya Jana Sangh BJS 3,246,288 3.06 3
Bolshevik Party of India BPI 0.02 0
Communist Party of India CPI 3,484,401 3.29 16
Forward Bloc (Marxist) FB(M) 0.91 1
Forward Bloc (Ruiker) FB(R) 0.13 0
Indian National Congress INC 47,665,875 44.99 364
Krishikar Lok Party KLP 1.41 1
Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party KMPP 6,156,558 5.79 9
Revolutionary Communist Party of India (Tagore) RCPI 0.06 0
Revolutionary Socialist Party RSP 0.44 3
Scheduled Caste Federation SCF 2.38 2
Socialist Party SP 11,266,779 10.59 12
All India Republican Party REP 0.04 0
All India Republican Party RPP 0.05 0
All India United Kisan Sabha UKS 0.06 0
All Manipur National Union AMNU 0.02 0
All People's Party APP 0.03 0
Chota Nagpur Santhal Parganas Janata Party CNSPJP 0.22 1
Cochin Party CP 0.01 0
Commonweal Party CWP 0.31 3
Ganatantra Parishad GP 0.91 6
Gandhi Sebak Seva GSS 0.01 0
Hill Peoples Party HPP 0.02 0
Historical Research HR 0.00 0
Hyderabad State Praja Party HSPP 0.01 0
Jharkhand Party JKP 0.71 3
Justice Party JP 0.06 0
Kamgar Kisan Paksha KKP 0.13 0
Kerala Socialist Party KSP 0.1 0
Khasi-Jaintia Durbar KJD 0.03 0
Kisan Janata Sanyukta Party KJSP 0.01 0
Kisan Mazdoor Mandal KMM 0.01 0
Kuki National Association KNA 0.01 0
Lok Sevak Sangh LSS 0.29 2
Madras State Muslim League Party MSMLP 0.08 1
National Party of India NPI 0.00 0
Peasants and Workers Party of India PWPI 0.94 2
Peoples Democratic Front PDF 1.29 7
Praja Party PP 0.02 0
Punjab Depressed Class League PDCL 0.01 0
Pursharathi Panchayat PURP 0.01 0
Revolutionary Socialist Party (Uttar Pradesh) RSP(UP) 0.02 0
Shiromani Akali Dal SAD 0.99 4
S.K. Paksha SKP 0.13 0
Saurashtra Khedut Sangh SKS 0.03 0
Tamil Nadu Toilers Party TNTP 0.84 4
Tail Nadu Congress Party TNCP 0.03 0
Tribal Sangha TS 0.11 0
Travancore Tamil Nadu Congress Party TTNC 0.11 1
Uttar Pradesh Praja Party UPP 0.2 0
Zamindar Party ZP 0.27 0
Independents 16,817,910 15.9 37
Nominated Anglo-Indians – – 2
Total 105,944,495 100 489
Notable losses[edit]
First Law Minister B. R. Ambedkar was defeated in the Bombay (North Central) (reserved seat) constituency as Scheduled Castes Federation candidate by his little-known former assistant and Congress Candidate Narayan Sadoba Kajrolkar, who polled 1,38,137 votes compared to Ambedkar's 1,23,576 votes.[7]:156 Dr Ambedkar then entered the parliament as a Rajya Sabha member. He contested by-poll from Bhandara in 1954 to try to enter Lok Sabha but again lost to Mr Borkar of Congress.
Acharya Kripalani lost from Faizabad in UP as KMPP candidate, but his wife Sucheta Kripalani defeated the Congress candidate Manmohini Sahgal in Delhi.[8]
Government formation[edit]
The speaker of the first Lok Sabha was Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar. The first Lok Sabha also witnessed 677 sittings (3,784 hours), the highest recorded count of the number of sitting hours. The Lok Sabha lasted its full term from 17 April 1919 until 31 April 2019
Duration[edit]
While Indian Government's official websites and official documents assign the year 1951 to these polls, it is a misrepresentation because all territories except Himachal Pradesh and Jammu & Kashmir voted in February–March 1952; no polls were held for Lok Sabha seats in Kashmir until 1967, and only Himachal Pradesh voted in 1951 for the first Lok Sabha because weather tends to be inclement in February and March, heavy snow impending free movement.[9] The rest of the India voted only in February–March 1952 for the Lok Sabha and Vidhan Sabha elections. Polling was held between 25 October 1951 and 27 March 1952. The very first votes of the election were cast in the tehsil (district) of Chini in Himachal Pradesh.[7]
See also[edit]
Election Commission of India
Indian presidential election, 1952
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Lok Sabha Results 1951-52". Election Commission of India.
Jump up ^ "Statistical Report on Lok Sabha Elections 1951-52" (PDF). Election Commission of India.
Jump up ^ "Lok Sabha Elections Stats Summary 1951-52" (PDF). Election Commission of India.
Jump up ^ India has nearly 83 crore voters: Brahma
Jump up ^ Dieter Nohlen, Florian Grotz & Christof Hartmann (2001) Elections in Asia: A data handbook, Volume I, p. 572 ISBN 0-19-924958-X
Jump up ^ "General Election of India 1951, List of Successful Candidate" (PDF). Election Commission of India. p. 6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 October 2014. Retrieved 12 January 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Ramachandra Guha (2008). India After Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy. ISBN 978-0-06-095858-9.
Jump up ^ David Gilmartin (2014). "Chapter 5: The paradox of patronage and the people's sovereignty". In Anastasia Pivliavsky. Patronage as Politics in South Asia. Cambridge University Press. pp. 151–152. ISBN 978-1-107-05608-4.
Jump up ^ India's first voter in Himachal Pradesh, by Gautam Dhmeer, in the Deccan Herald; published 30 October 2012; retrieved 7 April 2014
Further reading[edit]
Guha, Ramachandra. "Democracy's Biggest Gamble," World Policy Journal, (Spring 2002) 19#1 pp. 95–103
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The Reverend Horton Heat
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the musician. For the broadcaster and author, see Jim Heath.
Reverend Horton Heat
Reverend Horton Heat live 2010
Background information
Origin
Dallas, Texas, U.S.
Genres
Psychobilly
punk rock[1]
rockabilly
Ameripolitan[2]
country[3]
Years active
1985–present
Labels
Four Dots, Sub Pop, Interscope, Time Bomb, Artemis, Yep Roc, Victory Records
Associated acts
Legendary Shack Shakers, Petra, Black Oak Arkansas, Supersuckers, Burden Brothers, Deke Dickerson, The Collins Kids
Website
www.reverendhortonheat.com
Members
Jim "Reverend Horton" Heath
Jimbo Wallace
Arjuna "RJ" Contreras
Past members
Jack Barton
Bobby Baranowski
Kyle Thomas
Patrick "Taz" Bentley
Paul Simmons
Scott Churilla
The Reverend Horton Heat is the stage name of American musician Jim Heath (born 1959) as well as the name of his Dallas, Texas-based psychobilly trio. Heath is a singer, songwriter and guitarist. One reviewer called Heath the "godfather of modern rockabilly and psychobilly."[4]
The group formed in 1985, playing its first gigs in Dallas's Deep Ellum neighborhood. Its current members are Jim "Reverend Horton" Heath on guitar and lead vocals and Jimbo Wallace on the upright bass. The band signed to Victory Records on November 27, 2012, and released its 11th studio album, REV, on January 21, 2014.
The band describes itself as "country-fed punkabilly". The band mixes country, surf, punk, big band, swing and rockabilly into loud, energetic songs with often-humorous lyrics. Video games, cartoons and commercials have used the band's songs, giving The Reverend Horton Heat mainstream exposure.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Artistic and commercial success
3 Band members
3.1 Current members
3.2 Former members
3.3 Other personnel
4 Discography
4.1 Studio albums
4.2 Collections
4.3 Singles
4.4 DVDs
4.5 Music videos
4.6 Soundtracks
4.7 Compilations
4.8 RevOrganDrum
5 Other
5.1 Movie appearances
5.2 TV appearances
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Reverend Jim Heath
Heath played in a cover band called Southern Comfort with friends from W.B. Ray High School, his high school, before attending the University of Texas at Austin in the fall of 1977. At UT, he often entertained friends and dormmates and was often found playing in the stairwells at Moore-Hill Dormitory late into the night. Heath left school in the spring to join up with a touring cover band by the name of Sweetbriar. Three years later, former dormmate David Livingston, now in his senior year of school and at home visiting family, saw a familiar face on stage and reunited with Heath.
Livingston told Heath stories of the punk music scene in Austin and the acts playing at venues such as Raul's and Club Foot. Once, while home on another visit, Livingston took Heath to a Dallas rock and roll venue, The Bijou, to see an act called The Cramps. After the show, a brawl between punks and rockers broke out in the parking lot. While Heath and Livingston escaped any involvement in the scuffle, Heath later claimed to have had an epiphany on that evening. Always a fan of blues and honky tonk, Heath returned the favor by taking Livingston and his wife to see The Blasters in Dallas at the Hot Klub, starting his love for roots rock.
Heath had married a former bandmate from Sweetbriar, and together they had a child; they decided that the rock-and-roll lifestyle was over and that it was time to have real jobs. Around 1985, Heath was known as "Jim the Sound Guy" by those who frequented two warehouses that by night became music venues, Theater Gallery and The Prophet Bar. Heath used the old Sweetbriar PA system to earn extra money, running sound for bands such as the New Bohemians, End Over End, Shallow Reign and Three On A Hill. One night during a lull, Russell Hobbs, one of the original Deep Ellum visionaries and proprietors of these venues goaded him into getting up to play. He played alone, tearing through a version of "Folsom Prison Blues"; throughout the song, Hobbs hooted and shouted out, "Go Reverend."
Heath decided then and there to form a band and came up with the name Reverend Horton Heat, as an ode to Johnny Horton, using the shortened version of his last name, Heath. Soon, life on the road took its toll on the marriage, and his wife left with their child and dog. Heath's feelings upon the loss of his family are well documented in the song "Where In The Hell Did You go With My Toothbrush?" The Jimi Hendrix poster mentioned in the song was on the back of a door that Heath used for a practice room in the house he shared with his wife and child. The dog's name really was Smokey.
Jimbo Wallace plays bass using a percussive style known as slap bass. It involves slapping the strings against the fingerboard.
About this time, Livingston moved back from Oklahoma City, where he had lived since graduation. He began to book gigs for Heath and his new band, and they quickly won over the local music scene. They drew crowds to brand new music venues. Livingston continued to work with Reverend Horton Heat until 1989, when his own new family and day job required all of his attention, and Heath needed a real manager who could get him out on the road and into the studio. Heath and Livingston remain close friends today, and a song that they co-wrote together in the 1980s, "Liquor, Beer and Wine," appeared on 1994's Liquor In The Front.
In the spring of 1989 Heath met and befriended Charles F. Reid Jr. (aka "Charlie Ray"). Initially a full-time roadie for the band, Reid's role was expanded to include the job of booking agent/manager by the fall of 1989. Touring constantly through the Midwest and the West Coast, RHH quickly became a sellout act everywhere they played. In the fall of 1990 a bidding war to sign RHH developed between Hollywood's XXX Records and Seattle's Sub Pop Records. After moving to Seattle to run The Vogue on 1st Ave, Charlie Ray and attorney Barry Simons secured a two-record deal with an option for three more, with Bruce Pavitt and Jonathan Poneman from Sub Pop.
Although present at the Reciprocal Sound Sessions, which made up the majority of material on RHH's debut album, Smoke 'em If You Got 'em, coordinating the photo shoot for the cover of The Full-Custom Gospel Sounds of the Reverend Horton Heat, and routing the band to New York City for the "Psychobilly Freakout" video shoot, Reid's role as manager/booking agent came to an abrupt halt in April 1992. Immediately following Ray's firing as band manager, Heath hired Scott Weiss as his manager/booking agent, and Scott continues in that capacity.
In 2006 drummer Scott Churilla left the band and joined fellow former Sub/Pop group The Supersuckers. He was replaced by Paul Simmons, formerly of Legendary Shack Shakers and Petra.
The band released their one and only album with Simmons, the country flavored "Laughin and Cryin with the Reverend Horton Heat", in September 2009.
In May 2012 it was announced that previous drummer Scott Churilla would be returning to the band full time.
Victory Records signed Reverend Horton Heat in 2012, and an album titled Rev was released on January 21, 2014. A YouTube video for a single on the album, "Let Me Teach You How To Eat," was officially released on November 12, 2013. On July 31, 2017 it was announced via the band's Facebook page that long time drummer Scott Churilla had left the band, no details were given on the cause for the split only that the band wished him luck in the future. On August 11, 2017 the band announced Scott's replacement , Arjuna "R.J." Contreras formally of the band Eleven Hundred Springs would be handling all drum duties and that the band was currently in the studio recording a new album, no details of its release have been given.
Artistic and commercial success[edit]
"Psychobilly Freakout", and later "Wiggle Stick", were both featured in video segments on the show Beavis and Butt-head. The song "I Can't Surf" was part of the soundtrack of the video game Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 3, published in 2001. "Psychobilly Freakout" was used on a commercial for Buell American Motorcycles and a slightly altered version was featured in the game Guitar Hero II and later on Guitar Hero Smash Hits. Their song "Baddest of the Bad" is featured on the soundtrack to Tony Hawk's Proving Ground. The 1997 PC video game Redneck Rampage also includes two of their songs: "Wiggle Stick" and "Nurture my Pig!" The song "Big Red Rocket of Love" is featured on the video game Motorstorm for the PlayStation 3 and a slightly altered version of the song was featured in a 1999 television commercial for the Mazda Miata. The song "Pride of San Jacinto" is featured on the video game Hot Wheels Turbo Racing.
Heath has a signature guitar from the Gretsch Guitar company, the 6120RHH. One of his favorite vintage guitars is a 1954 Gibson ES-175, which he rarely plays on the road since its wiring buzzes in certain venues. His favorite amplifier is the Fender Super Reverb.[5] .
Band members[edit]
Current members[edit]
Jim Heath: guitar, vocals (1985–present)
Jimbo Wallace: upright bass (1989–present)
Arjuna "RJ" Contreras: drums (2017–present)
Former members[edit]
"Swingin'" Jack Barton: upright bass (1985–1989)
Bobby Baranowski: drums (1985–1989)
Kyle Thomas: drums (1989)
Patrick "Taz" Bentley: drums (1989–1994)
Paul Simmons: drums (2006–2012)
Scott Churilla: drums (1995-2006, 2012-2017)
Other personnel[edit]
Tim Alexander: piano/keyboards (1996–present)
Bobby Dunavin: Guitar Tech/Tour Manager (2014–present)
Sean "Baggins" Bailey: Tour Manager (2001–2002) / Merchandise Seller/Tour Manager (2014–present)
Scott Weiss: Manager/Booking Agent/Road Crew (1992–present)
Charlie "Ray" Reid: Manager/Booking Agent/Road Crew (1989–1992)
David Livingstone: Manager/Booking Agent/Road Crew (1985–1989)
Discography[edit]
Studio albums[edit]
Year
Album details
Peak chart positions
US
[6]
US Heat
[7]
US Indie
[8]
1990 Smoke 'Em If You Got 'Em
Release date: November 1, 1990
Label: Sub Pop
— — —
1993 The Full-Custom Gospel Sounds of the Reverend Horton Heat
Release date: April 20, 1993
Label: Sub Pop
— — —
1994 Liquor in the Front
Release date: July 5, 1994
Label: Sub Pop/Interscope Records
— — —
1996 It's Martini Time
Release date: August 6, 1996
Label: Interscope Records
156 — —
1998 Space Heater
Release date: March 24, 1998
Label: Interscope Records
187 — —
2000 Spend a Night in the Box
Release date: March 21, 2000
Label: Time Bomb Recordings
— — —
2002 Lucky 7
Release date: February 26, 2002
Label: Artemis Records
— — 15
2004 Revival
Release date: August 24, 2004
Label: Yep Roc Records
— 34 24
2005 We Three Kings
Release date: October 11, 2005
Label: Yep Roc Records
— — —
2009 Laughin' & Cryin' with the Reverend Horton Heat
Release date: September 1, 2009
Label: Yep Roc Records
— 14 44
2014 REV
Release date: January 21, 2014
Label: Victory Records
111 2 26
"—" denotes releases that did not chart
Collections[edit]
Holy Roller: 24 Hits (Sub Pop, 1999)
20th Century Masters - The Millennium Collection: The Best of The Reverend Horton Heat (Interscope, 2006)
25 To Life [live] (Yep Roc, 2012)
Singles[edit]
"Big Little Baby" (1988)
"Psychobilly Freakout" (1990)
"400 Bucks / Caliénte" (1994)
"One Time For Me" (1994) #40 Alternative songs
"Lie Detector" (1998)
"King" (1999)
"It Was a Very Good Year" (2000)
"Let Me Teach You How to Eat" (2013)
"It's a Rave Up!/Beer, Write This Song" (2015)
"Hardscrable Woman/Lying to Myself" (2016)
DVDs[edit]
Reverend Horton Heat: Live and in Color (2003)
Reverend Horton Heat: Revival (2004)
Music videos[edit]
"Psychobilly Freakout" (Director: Michael Levine)
"Wiggle Stick" (Director: David Roth)
"One Time For Me" (Director: L.M. Talkington)
"Jonny Quest/Stop That Pigeon" (Director: N/A)
"Slow" (Director: Mike Drumm)
"Lie Detector" (Director: Martian Nowak)
"Hey, Johnny Bravo" (Director: Primal Screen)
"Let Me Teach You How To Eat" (Director: Eric Richter)
"Scenery Going By" (Director: Eric Richter)
Soundtracks[edit]
Love and a .45 – "The Devil's Chasing Me" (1994)
Ace Ventura: When Nature Calls – "Watusi Rodeo" (1995)
Bio-Dome – "Psychobilly Freakout" (1996)
Homicide: Life on the Street (episode #4.17 "Full Moon") – "In Your Wildest Dreams" (1996)
Redneck Rampage (video game) – "Nurture My Pig," and "Wiggle Stick" (1997)
Major League 3: Back To The Minors – "Baby I'm Drunk" (1998)
Cleveland Rocks! Music From The Drew Carey Show – "Now, Right Now" (1998)
Space Bunnies Must Die! (video game) – "In Your Wildest Dreams" (1998)
Hot Wheels Turbo Racing (video game) – "Pride Of San Jacinto" (1999)
The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas – "Rock The Joint" (2000)
Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 3 (video game) – "I Can't Surf" (2001)
Auto Focus – "Real Gone Lover" (2002)
Guitar Hero 2 (video game) – "Psychobilly Freakout" (2006)
Motorstorm (video game) – "Big Red Rocket of Love" (2007)
Tony Hawk's Proving Ground (Video Game) – "Baddest Of The Bad" (2007)
The Sims 3 Fast Lane Stuff (Video Game) – "Big Red Rocket of Love" (2010)
Need for Speed: The Run (Video Game) – "Big Red Rocket of Love" (2011)
Steep (Video Game) – "Chasing Rainbows" (2016)
Compilations[edit]
Texas Lovers – "Love Whip," and "All Walks Of Life" (1987)
The Sound of Deep Ellum – "The Devil's Chasing Me" (1987)
Dude, You Rock! – "Speed Demon" (1990)
Afternoon Delight! – "Where in the Hell did You go With My Toothbrush?" (1992)
Curtis W. Pitts: Sub Pop Employee Of The Month – "400 Bucks" (1993)
Revolution Come and Gone – "Marijuana" (1994)
CMJ New Music Monthly, August 1994 – "Yeah, Right" (1994)
REV 105 Radio Archive, Vol. 1 – "Liquor, Beer and Wine" (1995)
X Factor – "One Time For Me" (1995)
Saturday Morning – "Jonny Quest/Stop That Pigeon" (1995)
Twisted Willie – "Hello Walls" (1996) (with Willie Nelson)
MOM: Music For Our Mother Earth – "I Can't Surf" (1996)
CMJ New Music Monthly August 1996 – "Big Red Rocket Of Love" (1996)
The Best Of Hootenanny – "Baby I'm Drunk" (1998)
Halloween Hootenanny – "The Halloween Dance" (1998)
IFC: In Your Ear, Vol. 1 – "In Your Wildest Dreams" (1999)
Southern Edge, Vol. 1 – "Time To Pray," and "Slow" (1999)
Live At The Hootenanny, Vol. 1 – "Five-O Ford" (2000)
Sing Along With Los Straitjackets – "Down The Line" (2001) (with Los Straitjackets)
Dressed in Black: A Tribute To Johnny Cash – "Get Rhythm" (2002)
Billy, Vol. 1 – "Loco Gringos Like A Party" (2003)
RevOrganDrum[edit]
Hi-Fi Stereo (Yep Roc, 2008) Heath's almost all instrumental side-project with Tim Alexander and Todd Soesbe.
Other[edit]
Movie appearances[edit]
Love and a .45 (1994) "Loaded Gun" was performed by The Reverend Horton Heat in the film, but does not appear on the soundtrack album.
TV appearances[edit]
A card advertising The Reverend Horton Heat appears prominently on a table in the Central Perk coffee shop on an episode of Friends.
Cartoon Network performing "Hey Johnny Bravo"
Musical guest on Late Night with Conan O'Brien performing "Big Red Rocket of Love" and "It's Martini Time."
Musical guest on The Late Show with David Letterman performing "Galaxie 500."
"The Reverend" (without the band):
Homicide: Life on the Street (episode "Full Moon") - playing "Crazy Preacher in Motel" (April 5, 1996)
The RHH band:
Reverb (HBO live music series) - performing "It's Martini Time" and several other songs. (1996)
Drew Carey HBO Special (1996)
The Drew Carey Show (episode "That Thing You Don't") - performing "Now, Right Now" (as The Underprivileged) (November 26, 1997)[9]
"Psychobilly Freakout" and "Wiggle Stick" were featured on the MTV program Beavis & Butthead.
"Psychobilly Freakout" was featured on the CBS program Hawaii Five-0 in 2012.
See also[edit]
List of psychobilly bands
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.boulderweekly.com/entertainment/music/rev-horton-heat-confesses-to-less-punk-more-country-on-new-album/
Jump up ^ http://www.rhythmroom.com/event/1395549-reverend-horton-heat-solo-phoenix/
Jump up ^ https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/the-reverend-horton-heat-return-to-psychobilly-20131213
Jump up ^ http://www.prickmag.net/reverendhortonheatfeature.html
Jump up ^ Heidt, John (April 2008). "Jim Heath: A Reverend By Any Other Name". Vintage Guitar magazine. 22 (6): 24. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ "The Reverend Horton Heat Album & Song Chart History - Billboard 200". Nielsen Company. Retrieved October 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Reverend Horton Heat Album & Song Chart History - Heatseekers Albums". Nielsen Company. Retrieved October 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Reverend Horton Heat Album & Song Chart History - Independent Albums". Nielsen Company. Retrieved October 26, 2010.
Jump up ^ "That Think You Don't". The Drew Carey Show. March 22, 2016. Event occurs at 8:29 p.m. Laff. WBGA 26.3. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Huey, Steve. "Reverend Horton Heat." Allmusic. Retrieved May 11, 2005.
Miller, Lewis. "Reverend Horton Heat." College Music Journal. Retrieved May 11, 2005.
Wenzler, Matt. "Big Dwarf Rodeo." Retrieved May 11, 2005.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Reverend Horton Heat.
Official band site
Reverend Horton Heat on IMDb
Official Facebook Page
Official Spotify profile
[hide]
v
t
e
The Reverend Horton Heat
Jim "Reverend Horton" Heath
Jimbo Wallace
Scott Churilla
Paul Simmons
Taz Bentley
Bobby Baranowski
Swingin' Jack Barton
Studio albums
Smoke 'em If You Got 'em
The Full-Custom Gospel Sounds of the Reverend Horton Heat
Liquor in the Front
It's Martini Time
Space Heater
Spend a Night in the Box
Lucky 7
Revival
We Three Kings
Hi-Fi Stereo (as Rev. Organdrum)
Laughin' & Cryin' with the Reverend Horton Heat
REV
EPs
"Caliénte" / "400 Bucks" (Split 7" with Supersuckers)
The Loco Galaxy Party Box EP
Singles
"Big Little Baby"
"Psychobilly Freakout"
"Five-O Ford"
"Yeah, Right"
"One Time for Me"
"It's Martini Time"
"Lie Detector"
"King"
"It Was a Very Good Year"
"Galaxy 500"
"Drinkin' & Smokin' Cigarettes"
Compilations
Holy Roller
20th Century Masters: The Millennium Collection
Videography
Music Videos
"Psychobilly Freakout"
"Wiggle Stick"
"One Time for Me"
"Jonny Quest/Stop That Pigeon"
"Slow"
"Lie Detector"
"Let Me Teach You How To Eat"
Concerts
Live and In Color
Revival
Related articles
Psychobilly
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 121154823
MusicBrainz: cbf71c15-17c2-484f-8406-cfce12fd3e46
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Reverend_Horton_Heat&oldid=802104887"
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Weapons of World War I
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
British improvised weapons in Fort Reuenthal
World War I weapons included types standardised and improved over the preceding period, together with some newly developed types using innovative technology and a number of improvised weapons used in trench warfare. Military technology of the time included important innovations in weaponry, grenades, poison gas, and artillery, along with essentially new weapons such as the submarine, warplane and tank.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Firearms
2 Grenades
3 Clothing
4 Chemical weapons
5 Aviation
6 Artillery
7 Tanks
8 At sea
9 See also
10 References
Firearms[edit]
French machine gunners defend a ruined cathedral, late in the war
Infantry weapons for major powers were mainly bolt action rifles, capable of firing ten or more rounds per minute. German soldiers carried 7.92 Mauser rifles, which were good for penetration. The British carried the famous Lee–Enfield rifle.[2] Rifles with telescopic sights were used by snipers, and were first used by the Germans.[3]
Machine guns were also used by large powers; a favorite was the Maxim gun, a fully automatic weapon, with a high volume of concentrated fire, and its French counterpart, the Hotchkiss M1914 machine gun.[4] Their use in defense, combined with barbed wire obstacles, converted the expected mobile battlefield to a static one. The machine gun was useful in stationary battle but was not practical for easy movement through battlefields, and was therefore often dragged or disarmed and carried.
Near the end of the war, both sides deployed more mobile light machine guns and submachine guns, such as the M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle and Bergmann MP 18.
Grenades[edit]
Grenades proved to be effective weapons in the trenches but when the forces arrived their numbers and capabilities were inadequate. Hand grenades were used and improved throughout the war. Contact fuzes became less common, replaced by time fuzes.
The British entered the war with the long-handled impact detonating "Grenade, Hand No 1".[5] The No. 15 "Ball Grenade" partially overcame its inadequacies. British forces however mainly used an improvised hand explosive that was at times more difficult to use, yet still useful in battle. This was the Double Cylinder "jam tin" which consisted of a tin filled with dynamite or guncotton, packed round with scrap metal or stones. To ignite, at the top of the tin there was a Bickford safety fuse connecting the detonator, which was lit by either a cigar, or a second person.[5] The "Mills bomb" (Grenade, Hand No. 5") was invented during the war and came into use in 1915. Its improved fusing system killed more of the enemy and fewer of its users. The French meanwhile introduced the F1 defensive grenade.
German discus grenades with multiple impact fuses proved inadequate
The major grenades used in the beginning by the German Army were the impact-detonating "discus" or "oyster shell" bomb and the Mod 1913 black powder kugelhandgranate with a friction-ignited time fuse.[5] During the war Germany developed the much more effective Model 24 grenade or "potato masher" whose variants remained in use for decades.
Hand grenades were not the only attempt at projectile explosives for infantry. A rifle grenade was brought into the trenches to attack the enemy from a greater distance. The Hales rifle grenade got little attention from the British Army before the war began but, during the war, Germany showed great interest in this weapon. The resulting casualties for the Allies caused Britain to search for a new defense.[6]
The Stokes mortar, a lightweight and very portable trench mortar with short tube and capable of indirect fire, was rapidly developed and widely imitated.[7] Mechanical bomb throwers of lesser range were used in a similar fashion to fire upon the enemy from a safe distance within the trench.
The Sauterelle was a grenade launching Crossbow used before the Stokes morter by French and British troops.
Clothing[edit]
The British and German armies had already changed from red coat (British army) (1902) or Prussian blue (1910) for field uniforms, to less conspicuous khaki or field gray. Adolphe Messimy, Joseph Gallieni and other French leaders had proposed following suit, but the French army marched to war in their traditional red trousers, and only began receiving the new "horizon blue" ones in 1915.
A type of raincoat for British officers, introduced long before the war, gained fame as the trench coat.
The principal armies entered the war with mainly cloth caps or leather helmets. They hastened to develop new steel helmets, in designs that became icons of their respective countries.
Chemical weapons[edit]
Chemical weapons were first used systematically in this war. Chemical weapons in World War I included phosgene, tear gas, chlorarsines and mustard gas. A secret report by Lt Colonel C. G. Douglas, on the physiological effects of chemical weapons, stated that "the particular value of the poison [mustard gas] is to be found in its remarkable casualty producing power as opposed to its killing power". The report said that 1% of British troops died due to chemical weapons, while an estimated 181,000 soldiers were victims of gas casualties.[8] Chlorine gas was first used by Germany, in the Second Battle of Ypres in 1915, with great effect. [9]
Chemical weapons were easily attained, and cheap. Gas was especially effective against troops in trenches and bunkers that protected them from other weapons. Studies show[citation needed] that over 1,300,000 people were exposed and intoxicated by gas during the First World War, and 90,000 were killed due to gasses.
Chemical weapons attacked an individual’s respiratory system. The concept of choking easily caused fear in soldiers and the resulting terror affected them psychologically. Because there was such a great fear of chemical weapons amongst the soldiers it wasn’t uncommon that a soldier would panic and misinterpret symptoms of the common cold as being affected by a poisonous gas.
Aviation[edit]
Aviation in World War I started with primitive aircraft, primitively used. Technological progress was swift, leading to ground attack, tactical bombing, and highly publicized, deadly dogfights among aircraft equipped with forward-firing, synchronized machine guns from July 1915 onwards. However, these uses made a lesser impact on the war than more mundane roles in intelligence, sea patrol and especially artillery spotting. Antiaircraft warfare also had its beginnings in this war.
German strategic bombing during World War I struck Warsaw, Paris, London and other cities. With the small loads carried by Zeppelins and the first, primitive bombers developed specifically for the purpose, direct damage was slight. Large efforts, however, were diverted from more fruitful military activities to the defense of cities. The Allies made much smaller efforts in bombing the Central Powers.
Artillery[edit]
Main article: Artillery of World War I
French Canon de 75 modèle 1897 gave quick, accurate fire in a small, agile unit, but the Western Front often needed longer range
In the 19th century, Britain and France exploited the rapid technical developments in artillery to serve a War of Movement. Such weapons served well in the colonial wars of that century, and served Germany very well in the Franco-Prussian War, but trench warfare was more like a siege, and called for siege guns. The German army had already anticipated that a European war might require heavier artillery, hence had a more appropriate mix of sizes. Foundries responded to the actual situation with more heavy products and fewer highly mobile pieces. Germany developed the Paris guns of stupendous size and range. However, the necessarily stupendous muzzle velocity wore out a gun barrel after a few shots requiring a return to the factory for relining, so these weapons served more to frighten and anger urban people than to kill them or devastate their cities.
Field artillery entered the war with the idea that each gun should be accompanied by hundreds of shells, and armories ought to have about a thousand on hand for resupply. This proved utterly inadequate when it became commonplace for a gun to sit in one place and fire a hundred shells or more per day for weeks or months on end. To meet the resulting Shell Crisis of 1915, factories were hastily converted from other purposes to make more ammunition. Railways to the front were expanded or built, leaving the question of the last mile. Horses in World War I were the main answer, and their high death rate seriously weakened the Central Powers late in the war. In many places the newly invented trench railways helped. The new motor trucks as yet lacked pneumatic tires, versatile suspension, and other improvements that in later decades would allow them to perform well.
Tanks[edit]
The British Royal Navy and French industrialists invented tanks in World War I. After initial small-scale use they brought success in the opening assault of the Battle of Cambrai (1917) until German artillerymen learned to resist them. Despite rapidly increasing French production, their numbers remained too small to make more than a modest impact on the progress of the war in 1918. Germany used a few captured enemy tanks, and made a few. Plan 1919 outlined the future use of massive tank formations in great offensives combined with ground attack aircraft.
At sea[edit]
Pre-war decades had seen great technical improvements in warships, as exemplified by the Dreadnought. German ambitions brought an Anglo-German naval arms race in which the Imperial German Navy was built up from a small force to the world's most modern and second most powerful. The 1916 Battle of Jutland demonstrated the excellence of German ships and crews, but also showed that the High Seas Fleet was not big enough to challenge openly the British blockade of Germany.
Submarines and their armament had similarly improved, but few were in service. Germany had already increased production, and quickly built up its U-boat fleet, both for action against British warships and for a counterblockade of the British Isles. 360 were eventually built. The resulting U-boat Campaign (World War I) destroyed more enemy warships than the High Seas Fleet had, and hampered British war supplies as the more expensive surface fleet had not. However, the submarines soon came under persecution by submarine chasers and other small warships using hastily devised anti-submarine weapons. They could not impose an effective blockade while acting under the restrictions of the prize rules and international law of the sea. They resorted to unrestricted submarine warfare, which cost Germany public sympathy in neutral countries and was a factor contributing to the American entry into World War I.
Naval mines were deployed in hundreds of thousands, or far greater numbers than in previous wars. Submarines proved surprisingly effective for this purpose. Influence mines were a new development but moored contact mines were the most numerous. They resembled those of the late 19th century, improved so they less often exploded while being laid. The Allies produced enough mines to build the North Sea Mine Barrage to help bottle the Germans into the North Sea, but it was too late to make much difference.
See also[edit]
British weapons of World War I
List of German weapons of World War I
Technology during World War I
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Tucker, Spencer C. (1998) The Great War: 1914-18. Bloomington: Indiana University Press; p. 11
Jump up ^ Bull, Stephen (2002) World War 1 Trench Warfare; (1): 1914-16. Oxford: Osprey Publishing; pp. 9-10
Jump up ^ Ellis, John (1989) Eye Deep in Hell: trench warfare in World War 1. London: Pantheon Books, Random House; p. 69
Jump up ^ Bull, Stephen (2002) World War 1 Trench Warfare; (1): 1914-16. Oxford: Osprey Publishing; pp. 11-12
^ Jump up to: a b c Bull, Stephen (2002) World War 1 Trench Warfare; (1): 1914-16. Oxford: Osprey Publishing; p. 27
Jump up ^ Bull, Stephen (2002) World War 1 Trench Warfare; (1): 1914-16. Oxford: Osprey Publishing; p. 29
Jump up ^ Duffy, Michael (2000-07) "Safe Surf". http://www.firstworldwar.com/weaponry/mortars.htm
Jump up ^ Psychological effects of chemical weapons: a follow-up study of First World War veterans Psychological Medicine (2008)
Jump up ^ "World War One weapons".
E. Jones, B. Everitt, S. Ironside, I. Palmer and S. Wessely (2008). Psychological effects of chemical weapons: a follow-up study of First World War veterans. Psychological Medicine, 38, pp 1419–1426. doi:10.1017/S003329170800278X.
Evison, Demetrius, David Hinsley, and Paul Rice. "Regular Review: Chemical Weapons." British Medical Journal, 09 Feb. 2012. Web. Aug.-Sept. 2014. JSTOR 25227411
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