text:
List of James Bond films
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the Bond films themselves. For the production background of the films, see James Bond in film. For the various portrayals of the character, see James Bond filmography.
James Bond is a fictional character created by novelist Ian Fleming in 1953. Bond is a British secret agent working for MI6 who also answers by his codename, 007. He has been portrayed on film by actors Sean Connery, David Niven, George Lazenby, Roger Moore, Timothy Dalton, Pierce Brosnan and Daniel Craig, in twenty-six productions. Only two films were not made by Eon Productions. Eon now holds the full adaptation rights to all of Fleming's Bond novels.[1][2]
In 1961 producers Albert R. Broccoli and Harry Saltzman joined forces to purchase the filming rights to Fleming's novels.[3] They founded the production company Eon Productions and, with financial backing by United Artists, began working on Dr. No, which was directed by Terence Young and featured Connery as Bond.[4] Following Dr. No's release in 1962, Broccoli and Saltzman created the holding company Danjaq to ensure future productions in the James Bond film series.[5] The series currently encompasses twenty-four films, with the most recent, Spectre, released in October 2015. With a combined gross of nearly $7 billion to date, the films produced by Eon constitute the Fourth-highest-grossing film series, behind Star Wars, Harry Potter and the Marvel Cinematic Universe films.[6] Accounting for the effects of inflation the Bond films have amassed over $14 billion at current prices.[a] The films have won five Academy Awards: for Sound Effects (now Sound Editing) in Goldfinger (at the 37th Awards), to John Stears for Visual Effects in Thunderball (at the 38th Awards), to Per Hallberg and Karen Baker Landers for Sound Editing, and to Adele and Paul Epworth for Original Song in Skyfall (at the 85th Awards), and to Sam Smith and Jimmy Napes for Original Song in Spectre (at the 88th Awards). Additionally, several of the songs produced for the films have been nominated for Academy Awards for Original Song, including Paul McCartney's "Live and Let Die", Carly Simon's "Nobody Does It Better" and Sheena Easton's "For Your Eyes Only". In 1982, Albert R. Broccoli received the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award.[8]
When Broccoli and Saltzman bought the rights to existing and future Fleming titles, it did not include Casino Royale, which had already been sold to producer Gregory Ratoff, with the story having been adapted for television in 1954. After Ratoff's death, the rights were passed on to Charles K. Feldman,[9] who subsequently produced the satirical Bond spoof Casino Royale in 1967.[10] A legal case ensured that the film rights to the novel Thunderball were held by Kevin McClory as he, Fleming and scriptwriter Jack Whittingham had written a film script upon which the novel was based.[1] Although Eon Productions and McClory joined forces to produce Thunderball, McClory still retained the rights to the story and adapted Thunderball into 1983's Never Say Never Again.[11] The current distribution rights to both of those films are held by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, the studio which distributes Eon's regular series.[12][13]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plots
1.1 Dr. No (1962)
1.2 From Russia with Love (1963)
1.3 Goldfinger (1964)
1.4 Thunderball (1965)
1.5 Casino Royale (1967)
1.6 You Only Live Twice (1967)
1.7 On Her Majesty's Secret Service (1969)
1.8 Diamonds Are Forever (1971)
1.9 Live and Let Die (1973)
1.10 The Man with the Golden Gun (1974)
1.11 The Spy Who Loved Me (1977)
1.12 Moonraker (1979)
1.13 For Your Eyes Only (1981)
1.14 Octopussy (1983)
1.15 Never Say Never Again (1983)
1.16 A View to a Kill (1985)
1.17 The Living Daylights (1987)
1.18 Licence to Kill (1989)
1.19 GoldenEye (1995)
1.20 Tomorrow Never Dies (1997)
1.21 The World Is Not Enough (1999)
1.22 Die Another Day (2002)
1.23 Casino Royale (2006)
1.24 Quantum of Solace (2008)
1.25 Skyfall (2012)
1.26 Spectre (2015)
2 Box office and budget
3 Reception and accolades
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
7 Bibliography
Plots[edit]
Dr. No (1962)[edit]
Main article: Dr. No (film)
Strangways, the British Intelligence (SIS) Station Chief in Jamaica, is killed. In response, British agent James Bond—also known as 007—is sent to Jamaica to investigate the circumstances. During his investigation Bond meets Quarrel, a Cayman fisherman, who had been working with Strangways around the nearby islands to collect mineral samples. One of the islands was Crab Key, home to the reclusive Dr. No.
Bond visits the island, where he meets a local shell diver, Honey Ryder. The three are attacked by No's men, who kill Quarrel using a flame-throwing armoured tractor; Bond and Honey are taken prisoner. Dr. No informs them he is a member of SPECTRE, the SPecial Executive for Counter-intelligence, Terrorism, Revenge, and Extortion, and he plans to disrupt the Project Mercury space launch from Cape Canaveral with his atomic-powered radio beam. Bond and Honey escape from the island, killing No and blowing up his lair in the process.
From Russia with Love (1963)[edit]
Main article: From Russia with Love (film)
SPECTRE's expert planner Kronsteen devises a plot to steal a Lektor cryptographic device from the Soviets and sell it back to them while exacting revenge on Bond for killing their agent Dr. No; ex-SMERSH operative Rosa Klebb is in charge of the mission. She recruits Donald Grant as an assassin and Tatiana Romanova, a cipher clerk at the Soviet consulate in Istanbul, as the unwitting bait.
Bond travels to Turkey and meets with Ali Kerim Bey, the MI6 officer in Turkey. Between them, they obtain the Lektor, and the three escape with the device on the Orient Express. However, they are followed by Grant, who kills Kerim Bey and a Soviet security officer. Grant pretends to be another British agent and meets Bond. Over dinner Grant drugs Romanova, then overcomes Bond. Bond tricks Grant into opening Bond's attaché case in the manner that detonates its tear gas booby trap, allowing Bond to attack and kill him. Bond and Romanova escape with the Lektor to Venice. Rosa Klebb, disguised as a hotel maid, attempts to steal the Lektor and kill Bond, but ends up being shot by Romanova.
Goldfinger (1964)[edit]
Main article: Goldfinger (film)
Bond is ordered to observe bullion dealer Auric Goldfinger. He suspects Goldfinger of cheating at cards and foils his scheme by distracting his female accomplice, who is later killed by Goldfinger's Korean manservant and henchman Oddjob after Bond seduces her. Bond is then instructed to investigate Goldfinger's gold smuggling operation and he tails the dealer to Switzerland. Bond is captured when he reconnoitres Goldfinger's plant and is drugged unconscious; Goldfinger then transports Bond to his Kentucky stud farm where he holds Bond captive. Bond escapes briefly to witness Goldfinger's meeting with US mafiosi, observing secretly as Goldfinger presents to the gangsters his plans to rob Fort Knox by using materials they have smuggled to him.
Bond is recaptured after hearing the details of the operation, but he subsequently seduces Pussy Galore, Goldfinger's private pilot and convinces her to inform the American authorities. Goldfinger's private army break into Fort Knox and access the vault, where Bond fights and kills Oddjob, while American troops battle with Goldfinger's army outside. Bond's plane is hijacked by Goldfinger, but Bond struggles with him, and shoots out a window, creating an explosive decompression, killing Goldfinger.[14]
Thunderball (1965)[edit]
Main article: Thunderball (film)
Bond investigates the hijacking of an Avro Vulcan loaded with two atomic bombs, which had been taken by SPECTRE. The organisation demands a ransom for the return of the bombs. Bond follows a lead to the Bahamas, where he meets up with his CIA counterpart and friend Felix Leiter. The pair suspect a rich playboy, Emilio Largo, and search the area around his yacht and then the area where they think the yacht may have travelled. After finding the plane—but without the nuclear devices on board—the two agents arrange for Largo's yacht to be tracked and ambushed once the bombs are being moved by Largo.
Casino Royale (1967)[edit]
Main article: Casino Royale (1967 film)
David Niven, in Casino Royale
Bond is brought out of retirement to deal with SMERSH and is promoted to the head of MI6 on the death of M. He recruits baccarat player Evelyn Tremble to beat SMERSH agent Le Chiffre. Having embezzled SMERSH's money, Le Chiffre is desperate for money to cover up his theft. Tremble stops Le Chiffre's cheating and beats him in a game of baccarat. Tremble is captured, tortured and killed. Bond establishes that the casino is located atop a giant underground headquarters run by the evil Dr. Noah; he and Moneypenny travel there to investigate. Dr. Noah turns out to be Sir James's nephew Jimmy Bond, who plans to use biological warfare to make all women beautiful and kill all tall men, leaving him as the "big man" who gets all the girls. The casino is then overrun by secret agents and a battle ensues, but the building explodes, killing all inside.
You Only Live Twice (1967)[edit]
Main article: You Only Live Twice (film)
Roald Dahl, who wrote the script for You Only Live Twice
007 is sent to Japan to investigate the hijacking of an American spacecraft by an unidentified spacecraft. Upon his arrival, Bond is contacted by Aki, assistant to the Japanese secret service leader Tiger Tanaka. Bond established that the mastermind behind the hijacking is Ernst Stavro Blofeld and SPECTRE, in conjunction with Osato, a local industrialist. Bond follows the trail to Blofeld's island headquarters.
Tanaka's ninja troops attack the island, while Bond manages to distract Blofeld and create a diversion which allows him to open the hatch, letting in the ninjas. During the battle, Osato is killed by Blofeld, who activates the base's self-destruct system and escapes. Bond, Kissy, Tanaka, and the surviving ninjas escape through the cave tunnel before it explodes, and are rescued by submarine.
On Her Majesty's Secret Service (1969)[edit]
Main article: On Her Majesty's Secret Service (film)
While searching for Ernst Stavro Blofeld, the head of SPECTRE, Bond saves Tracy di Vicenzo on the beach from committing suicide by drowning, and later meets her again in a casino. Bond then receives information from Marc-Ange Draco, the head of the European crime syndicate Unione Corse and Tracy's father, about Blofeld's Swiss solicitor. Bond breaks into the solicitors office and establishes Blofeld is corresponding with the London College of Arms. Posing as an emissary of the college, Bond meets Blofeld, who has established a clinical allergy-research institute atop Piz Gloria in the Swiss Alps. Bond soon establishes that Blofeld is brainwashing his patients to distribute bacteriological warfare agents throughout various parts of the world.
Bond escapes from the clinic after Blofeld identifies him as the British agent. Bond arranges a raid on the clinic using men from Draco's organisation. The raid is a success, although Blofeld escapes. Bond marries Tracy, but she is murdered shortly afterwards by Irma Bunt, Blofeld's partner.
Diamonds Are Forever (1971)[edit]
Main article: Diamonds Are Forever (film)
Sean Connery in Amsterdam in July 1971, filming for the seventh Bond film Diamonds are Forever.
Bond is tasked with investigating a major diamond smuggling ring which begins in Africa and runs through Holland and the UK to the United States. Disguised as professional smuggler and murderer Peter Franks, Bond travels to Amsterdam to meet contact Tiffany Case: he is given the diamonds and travels on to the US, where he is met by Felix Leiter. Bond moves through the chain, which leads to the Whyte House, a casino-hotel owned by the reclusive billionaire Willard Whyte.
Bond follows the diamonds to a pick-up by Bert Saxby, Whyte's head of security, and then onto a research laboratory owned by Whyte, where he finds that a satellite is being built by a laser refraction specialist, Professor Dr. Metz. Suspecting Whyte, Bond tries to confront him, but instead meets Blofeld, who captures the agent and explains to him that the satellite can blow up nuclear missiles. Blofeld admits that he intends to auction it to the highest bidder. Bond escapes and frees the captive Whyte and they establish that Blofeld is using an offshore oil rig as his base. Bond attacks the rig, stopping Blofeld's operation and dispersing his organisation.
Live and Let Die (1973)[edit]
Main article: Live and Let Die (film)
Moore in 1973
James Bond is sent to investigate the murder of three British MI6 agents, all of whom have been killed within 24 hours. He discovers the victims were all separately investigating the operations of Dr. Kananga, the dictator of a small Caribbean island, San Monique. He also establishes that Kananga also acts as Mr. Big, a ruthless and cunning gangster.
Upon visiting San Monique, Bond determines that Kananga is producing two tons of heroin and is protecting the poppy fields by exploiting locals' fear of voodoo and the occult. Through his alter ego, Mr. Big, Kananga plans to distribute the heroin free of charge at his Fillet of Soul restaurants, which will increase the number of addicts. Bond is captured by Kananga, but he escapes, killing Kananga and destroying the poppy crop.
The Man with the Golden Gun (1974)[edit]
Main article: The Man with the Golden Gun (film)
After receiving a golden bullet with James Bond's code "007" etched into its surface M relieves Bond of a mission locating a British scientist, Gibson, who has invented the "Solex agitator", a device to harness solar power, thereby solving the energy crisis. The bullet signifies Bond is a target of assassin Francisco Scaramanga and Bond sets out unofficially to find him. From a spent golden bullet, Bond tracks Scaramanga to Macau, where he sees Scaramanga's mistress collecting golden bullets at a casino. Bond follows her to Hong Kong, where he witnesses the murder of Gibson and the theft of the Solex agitator. Bond is subsequently assigned to retrieve the agitator and assassinate Scaramanga.
Bond meets with Hai Fat, a wealthy Thai entrepreneur suspected of arranging Gibson's murder, and is captured, but subsequently escapes. He tracks Scaramanga to an island in Red Chinese waters, where the two men fight a duel: Bond kills the assassin.
The Spy Who Loved Me (1977)[edit]
Main article: The Spy Who Loved Me (film)
Bond is tasked with investigating the disappearance of British and Soviet ballistic missile submarines and the subsequent offer to sell a submarine tracking system. Bond works alongside Major Anya Amasova of the KGB. The pair track the plans across Egypt and identify the person responsible for the thefts as shipping tycoon, scientist and anarchist Karl Stromberg.
Bond and Amasova follow a suspicious tanker owned by Stromberg and establish it is responsible for the missing submarines; the submarine in which they are travelling is also captured by Stromberg. Stromberg plans to destroy Moscow and New York, triggering nuclear war: he planned to then establish a new civilisation. Bond escapes, freeing the submariners captured from the other submarines and follows Stromberg to his headquarters, where he shoots the tycoon and a torpedo destroys the base.
Moonraker (1979)[edit]
Main article: Moonraker (film)
A Drax Industries Moonraker space shuttle on loan is hijacked and Bond is ordered to investigate. Bond meets the owner of the company, Hugo Drax and one of Drax's scientists, Dr. Holly Goodhead. Bond follows the trail to Venice, where he establishes that Drax is manufacturing a nerve gas deadly to humans, but harmless to animals. Bond again meets Goodhead and finds out that she is a CIA agent.
Bond travels to the Amazon looking for Drax's research facility, where he is captured. He and Goodhead pose as pilots on one of six space shuttles being sent by Drax to a hidden space station. There Bond finds out that Drax plans to destroy all human life by launching fifty globes containing the toxin into the Earth's atmosphere. Bond and Goodhead disable the radar jammer hiding the station from Earth and the US sends a platoon of Marines in a military space shuttle. During the battle, Bond kills Drax and his station is destroyed.
For Your Eyes Only (1981)[edit]
Main article: For Your Eyes Only (film)
After a British spy boat sinks, a marine archaeologist, Sir Timothy Havelock, is tasked to retrieve its Automatic Targeting Attack Communicator (ATAC) communication system before the Russians do. After Havelock is murdered by Gonzales, a Cuban hit-man, Bond is ordered to find out who hired Gonzales. While investigating, Bond is captured, but Gonzales is subsequently killed by Havelock's daughter Melina, and she and Bond escape. Bond identifies one of those present with Gonzales as Emile Leopold Locque and so follows a lead to Italy and meets his contact, Luigi Ferrara, and a well-connected Greek businessman and intelligence informant, Aris Kristatos. Kristatos tells Bond that Locque is employed by Milos Columbo, Kristatos' former organised crime partner.
After Ferrara is murdered—and the evidence points to Columbo—Bond is captured by men working for Columbo. Columbo then explains that Locque was actually hired by Kristatos, who is working for the KGB to retrieve the ATAC. Bond and Melina recover the ATAC but are captured by Kristatos. They escape and follow Kristatos to Greece, where he is killed and the ATAC is destroyed by Bond.
Octopussy (1983)[edit]
Main article: Octopussy
Bond investigates the murder of 009, killed in East Berlin while dressed as a circus clown and carrying a fake Fabergé egg. An identical egg appears at auction and Bond establishes the buyer, exiled Afghan prince, Kamal Khan is working with Orlov, a renegade Soviet general, who is seeking to expand Soviet borders into Europe. Bond meets Octopussy, a wealthy woman who leads the Octopus cult. Bond finds out that Orlov has been supplying Khan with priceless Soviet treasures, replacing them with replicas, while Khan has been smuggling the real versions into the West, via Octopussy's circus troupe.
Bond infiltrates the circus, and finds that Orlov replaced the Soviet treasures with a nuclear warhead, primed to explode at a US Air Force base in West Germany. The explosion would trigger Europe into seeking disarmament, in the belief that the bomb was an American one that was detonated by accident, leaving the West's borders open to Soviet invasion. Bond deactivates the warhead and then he returns to India, joining an assault on Khan's palace.
Never Say Never Again (1983)[edit]
Main article: Never Say Never Again
Bond investigates the hijacking of two cruise missiles with live nuclear warheads which had been taken by SPECTRE. He meets Domino Petachi, the pilot's sister, and her lover, Maximillian Largo, a SPECTRE agent. Following them to France, Bond informs Domino of her brother's death and subsequently finds his MI6 colleague killed by Fatima Blush, another SPECTRE agent: Bond kills her. Bond and Felix Leiter then attempt to board Largo's motor yacht, the Flying Saucer, in search of the missing nuclear warheads. Bond becomes trapped and is taken, with Domino, to Palmyra, Largo's base of operations in North Africa, but Bond subsequently escapes with Domino. The two agents ambush Largo while he is placing one of the bombs.
A View to a Kill (1985)[edit]
Main article: A View to a Kill
Bond investigates millionaire industrialist Max Zorin, who is trying to corner the world market in microchips. He establishes that Zorin was previously trained and financed by the KGB, but has now gone rogue. Zorin unveils to a group of investors his plan to destroy Silicon Valley which will give him a monopoly in the manufacturing of microchips.
Bond uncovers Zorin's plan is to detonate explosives beneath the lakes along the Hayward and San Andreas faults, which will cause them to flood. A larger bomb is also on site in the mine to destroy a "geological lock" that prevents the two faults from moving at the same time. Bond destroys the bomb, and subsequently kills Zorin.
The Living Daylights (1987)[edit]
Main article: The Living Daylights
Dalton in 1987
Bond aids the defection of KGB officer General Georgi Koskov, by wounding a female KGB sniper, Kara Milovy, a cellist. During his debriefing Koskov alleges KGB's old policy of Smert Spionam, meaning Death to Spies, has been revived by General Leonid Pushkin, the new head of the KGB. Koskov is subsequently abducted from the safe-house and Bond is ordered to kill Pushkin.
Bond tracks down Milovy and establishes she is Koskov's girlfriend and that the defection was staged. He subsequently finds out that Koskov is a friend of the arms dealer Brad Whitaker. After meeting Pushkin and faking his assassination by Bond, Bond investigates a scheme by Koskov and Whitaker to embezzle KGB funds and use them to purchase diamonds, which they then use to purchase drugs. After Koskov purchases the drugs, Bond destroys them. Koskov is subsequently arrested by Pushkin, while Bond kills Whitaker.
Licence to Kill (1989)[edit]
Main article: Licence to Kill
Bond aids Felix Leiter in the capture of drugs lord Franz Sanchez; Sanchez escapes and maims Leiter, killing his wife. Bond swears revenge, but is ordered to return to duty by M. Bond refuses, and M revokes his licence to kill, causing Bond to become a rogue agent; although officially stripped of his status, he is unofficially given help by Q.
Bond journeys to Sanchez's home in the Republic of Isthmus and is taken onto Sanchez's staff, where he manages to raise Sanchez's suspicions against a number of his employees. When Bond is taken to Sanchez's main base and drugs refinery, he is recognised by one of Sanchez's men and captured. He escapes, destroying the refinery in the process, and pursues Sanchez, killing him.
GoldenEye (1995)[edit]
Main article: GoldenEye
Brosnan at the 2002 Cannes for the press conference of Die Another Day
In 1986 Bond and Alec Trevelyan—agent 006—infiltrate an illicit Soviet chemical weapons facility and plant explosive charges. Trevelyan is shot, but Bond escapes from the facility as it explodes. Nine years later, Bond witnesses the theft by criminal organisation Janus of a prototype Eurocopter Tiger helicopter that can withstand an electromagnetic pulse. Janus uses the helicopter to steal the control disk for the dual GoldenEye satellite weapons, using the GoldenEye to destroy the complex with an electromagnetic pulse; there are two survivors of the attack, a programmer, Natalya Simonova, and Boris Grishenko.
Bond investigates the attack and travels to Russia where he locates Simonova and learns that Trevelyan, who had faked his own death, was the head of Janus. Simonova tracks computer traffic to Cuba and she and Bond travel there and locate Trevelyan, who reveals his plan to steal money from the Bank of England before erasing all of its financial records with the GoldenEye, concealing the theft and destroying Britain's economy. Bond and Simonova destroy the satellite facility, killing Trevelyan and Grishenko in the process.
Tomorrow Never Dies (1997)[edit]
Main article: Tomorrow Never Dies
Bond investigates the sinking of a British warship in Chinese waters, the theft of one of the ship's cruise missiles—and the shooting down of a Chinese fighter plane. He uncovers a link to media mogul Elliot Carver which suggests that Carver had purchased a GPS encoder on the black market.
Bond encounters Chinese agent Wai Lin, who is also investigating the matter and the two agree to work together. They discover that Carver had used the GPS encoder to push the British ship off course and into Chinese waters to incite a war for ratings. With the British fleet on their way to China, Bond and Wai Lin find Carver's stealth ship, board it and prevent the firing of a British cruise missile at Beijing. They blow a hole in the ship, exposing it to radar, leading to its sinking averting war between Britain and China.
The World Is Not Enough (1999)[edit]
Main article: The World Is Not Enough
Bond recovers money for Sir Robert King, a British oil tycoon and friend of M, but the money is booby-trapped and kills King shortly afterwards. Bond traces the money to Renard, a KGB agent-turned-terrorist, who had previously kidnapped King's daughter Elektra. MI6 believes that Renard is targeting Elektra King a second time and Bond is assigned to protect her: the pair are subsequently attacked.
Bond visits Valentin Zukovsky and is informed that Elektra's head of security, Davidov, is in league with Renard: Bond kills Davidov and follows the trail to a Russian ICBM base in Kazakhstan. Posing as a Russian nuclear scientist, Bond meets American nuclear physicist Christmas Jones. The two witness Renard stealing the GPS locator card and a half quantity of weapons-grade plutonium from a bomb and set off an explosion, from which Bond and Jones escape. Elektra kidnaps M after she thinks Bond had been killed and Bond establishes that Elektra intends to create a nuclear explosion in a submarine in Istanbul to increase the value of her own oil pipeline. Bond frees M, kills Elektra and then disarms the bomb on the submarine where he kills Renard.
Die Another Day (2002)[edit]
Main article: Die Another Day
Bond investigates North Korean Colonel Tan-Sun Moon, who is illegally trading African conflict diamonds for weapons. Moon is apparently killed and Bond is captured and tortured for 14 months, after which he is exchanged for Zao, Moon's assistant. Despite being suspended on his return, he decides to complete his mission and tracks down Zao to a gene therapy clinic, where patients can have their appearances altered through DNA restructuring. Zao escapes, but the trail leads to British billionaire Gustav Graves.
Graves unveils a mirror satellite, "Icarus", which is able to focus solar energy on a small area and provide year-round sunshine for crop development. Bond discovers Moon has also undergone the gene therapy and has assumed the identity of Graves. Bond then exposes Moon's plan: to use the Icarus to cut a path through the Korean Demilitarized Zone with concentrated sunlight, allowing North Korean troops to invade South Korea and reunite the countries through force. Bond disables the Icarus controls, kills Moon and stops the invasion.
Casino Royale (2006)[edit]
Main article: Casino Royale (2006 film)
Daniel Craig at the Berlin premiere of Spectre in October 2015
A reboot of the series, with Bond winning his 00 status in the pre-credits sequence. Bond is instructed to investigate the funding of terrorism. He tracks down and kills a bomb-maker and takes his mobile phone. Searching through the phone, Bond discovers a text message which he traces to Alex Dimitrios, and then on to financer Le Chiffre. Le Chiffre's investments involve short-selling stock in successful companies and then engineering terrorist attacks to sink their share prices. Bond foils Le Chiffre's plan to destroy the prototype Skyfleet airliner, which forces Le Chiffre to set up a high-stakes poker tournament at the Casino Royale to recoup his fortune. Bond is instructed to beat Le Chiffre and is aided by a member of HM Treasury, Vesper Lynd.
Bond beats Le Chiffre at the poker table, but Lynd is kidnapped by Le Chiffre after the game, as is Bond, who is captured whilst pursuing them; Lynd is ransomed for the money and Bond is tortured. Le Chiffre is subsequently killed by Mr. White, a liaison between Le Chiffre and a number of his clients. Bond learns that his poker winnings were never repaid to the Treasury, which Lynd was supposed to have done, and Bond establishes that she was a double agent. Bond pursues her and is attacked by members of White's organisation: he survives, but White takes the money and Lynd sacrifices herself in exchange for Bond's life, as he later finds out from M. Bond subsequently finds and captures White.
Quantum of Solace (2008)[edit]
Main article: Quantum of Solace
Along with M, Bond interrogates Mr. White regarding his organisation, Quantum. M's bodyguard, Mitchell, a double agent, attacks M, enabling White to escape. Bond traces the organisation to Haiti and a connection to environmentalist Dominic Greene.
Bond uncovers a plot between Greene and an exiled Bolivian General, Medrano, to put Medrano in power in Bolivia while Quantum are given a monopoly to run the water supply to the country. Bond ascertains Quantum are damming Bolivia's supply of fresh water to force the price up. Bond attacks the hotel where Greene and Medrano are finalising their plans and leaves Greene stranded in the desert with only a tin of engine oil to drink. Bond then finds Vesper Lynd's former lover and member of Quantum, Yusef Kabira.
Skyfall (2012)[edit]
Main article: Skyfall
After an operation in Istanbul ends in disaster, Bond is missing and presumed to be dead. In the aftermath, questions are raised over M's ability to run the Secret Service, and she becomes the subject of a government review over her handling of the situation. The Service itself is attacked, prompting Bond's return to London. His presence assists MI6's investigation in uncovering a lead, and Bond is sent to Shanghai and Macau in pursuit of a mercenary named Patrice. There, he establishes a connection to Raoul Silva, a former MI6 agent who was captured and tortured by Chinese agents. Blaming M for his imprisonment, he sets in motion a plan to ruin her reputation before murdering her. Bond saves M and attempts to lure Silva into a trap, and while he is successful in repelling Silva's assault, M is mortally wounded. Bond returns to active duty under the command of the new M, Gareth Mallory.
Spectre (2015)[edit]
Main article: Spectre (2015 film)
In the aftermath of Raoul Silva's attack on MI6, a cryptic message sets in motion events that will see James Bond come face-to-face with the sinister organisation known as SPECTRE. As Gareth Mallory, the newly appointed M, continues fighting political pressures that threaten the future of MI6, Bond follows a trail from Mexico to Austria and Morocco as he is drawn into a confrontation with an enemy from his past; one who holds a dangerous secret that will force him to question the value of everything he has fought to protect.[15][16][17]
Box office and budget[edit]
The Eon-produced films have a combined gross of nearly $7 billion, and constitute the fourth-highest-grossing film series, behind Star Wars, Harry Potter films and the Marvel Cinematic Universe.[6]
Title
Year
Bond actor
Director
Box office
Budget
Salary of Bond actor
Box office
Budget
Salary of Bond actor
Actual $ (millions)[18][19][20]
Adjusted 2005 $ (millions)[19]
Dr. No
1962 Connery, SeanSean Connery Young, TerenceTerence Young 59.5 1.1 0.1[b] 448.8 7.0 0.6
From Russia with Love
1963 Connery, SeanSean Connery Young, TerenceTerence Young 78.9 2.0 0.3 543.8 12.6 1.6
Goldfinger
1964 Connery, SeanSean Connery Hamilton, GuyGuy Hamilton 124.9 3.0 0.5 820.4 18.6 3.2
Thunderball
1965 Connery, SeanSean Connery Young, TerenceTerence Young 141.2 6.8 0.8 848.1 41.9 4.7
Casino Royale[N]
19671 !1967 Niven, DavidDavid Niven
Hughes, KenKen Hughes
John Huston
Joseph McGrath
Robert Parrish
Val Guest
Richard Talmadge
44.4[21] 12[21] n/a 260[22] 70[22] n/a
You Only Live Twice
19672 !1967 Connery, SeanSean Connery Gilbert, LewisLewis Gilbert 101.0 10.3 0.8 + 25% net merchandise royalty 514.2 59.9 4.4 excluding profit participation
On Her Majesty's Secret Service
1969 Lazenby, GeorgeGeorge Lazenby Hunt, Peter R.Peter R. Hunt 64.6 7.0 0.1 291.5 37.3 0.6
Diamonds Are Forever
1971 Connery, SeanSean Connery Hamilton, GuyGuy Hamilton 116.0 7.2 1.2 + 12.5% of gross (14.5) [c] 442.5 34.7 5.8 excluding profit participation
Live and Let Die
1973 Moore, RogerRoger Moore Hamilton, GuyGuy Hamilton 126.4 7.0 0.18 460.3 30.8 0.7
man with !The Man with the Golden Gun
1974 Moore, RogerRoger Moore Hamilton, GuyGuy Hamilton 98.5 7.0 0.24 + 2.5% 334.0 27.7 0..8 excluding profit participation
spy who !The Spy Who Loved Me
1977 Moore, RogerRoger Moore Gilbert, LewisLewis Gilbert 185.4 14.0 0.3 + 3.75% 533.0 45.1 0..9 excluding profit participation
Moonraker
1979 Moore, RogerRoger Moore Gilbert, LewisLewis Gilbert 210.3 34.0 n/a 535.0 91.5 n/a
For Your Eyes Only
1981 Moore, RogerRoger Moore Glen, JohnJohn Glen 194.9 28.0 n/a 449.4 60.2 n/a
Octopussy
1983 Moore, RogerRoger Moore Glen, JohnJohn Glen 183.7 27.5 4.0 373.8 53.9 7.8
Never Say Never Again[N]
1983 Connery, SeanSean Connery Kershner, IrvinIrvin Kershner 160[21] 36[21] n/a 314[22] 71[22] n/a
view !A View to a Kill
1985 Moore, RogerRoger Moore Glen, JohnJohn Glen 152.4 30.0 5.0 275.2 54.5 9.1
living !The Living Daylights
1987 Dalton, TimothyTimothy Dalton Glen, JohnJohn Glen 191.2 40.0 3.0 313.5 68.8 5.2
Licence to Kill
1989 Dalton, TimothyTimothy Dalton Glen, JohnJohn Glen 156.2 36.0 5.0 250.9 56.7 7.9
GoldenEye
1995 Brosnan, PiercePierce Brosnan Campbell, MartinMartin Campbell 351.9 60.0 4.0 518.5 76.9 5.1
Tomorrow Never Dies
1997 Brosnan, PiercePierce Brosnan Spottiswoode, RogerRoger Spottiswoode 338.9 110.0 8.2 463.2 133.9 10.0
world !The World Is Not Enough
1999 Brosnan, PiercePierce Brosnan Apted, MichaelMichael Apted 361.8 135.0 12.4 439.5 158.3 13.5
Die Another Day
2002 Brosnan, PiercePierce Brosnan Tamahori, LeeLee Tamahori 431.9 142.0 16.5 465.4 154.2 17.9
Casino Royale
2006 Craig, DanielDaniel Craig Campbell, MartinMartin Campbell 594.2 150.0 3.4 581.5 145.3 3.3
Quantum of Solace
2008 Craig, DanielDaniel Craig Forster, MarcMarc Forster 576.0 200.0 8.9 514.2 181.4 8.1
Skyfall
2012 Craig, DanielDaniel Craig Mendes, SamSam Mendes 1108.6[23] 150.0[24][25]–200.0[23] 17.0[26] 943.5[22] 127.7–170.2[22] 14.5[22]
Spectre
2015 Craig, DanielDaniel Craig Mendes, SamSam Mendes 880.7[27] 245.0–250.0[d] 39[35] 725.5[22] 201.8–205.9[22] n/a
Total Eon-produced film series 6,829.1 1,453–1,508 12,086 1,881–1,927
All films 7,033.5 1,501–1,556 13,283 2,162–2,208
Note
1 2 Films not produced by Eon
Reception and accolades[edit]
The Bond films have been nominated for a number of awards throughout their fifty-year history, with most films winning an award; these include successes at the British Academy Film Awards, Golden Globe Awards and Academy Awards. In addition, in 1982 Albert R. Broccoli received the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award.[36]
Film
Year
Actor
Rotten Tomatoes
Metacritic
CinemaScore
Awards
Dr. No
1962 Connery, SeanSean Connery 96% (51 reviews)[37] Winner, Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year – Actress at the 21st Golden Globe Awards[38]
From Russia with Love
1963 Connery, SeanSean Connery 96% (52 reviews)[39] Winner, BAFTA Award for British Cinematography: Colour at the 17th British Academy Film Awards[40]
Nominated, Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song at the 22nd Golden Globe Awards[41]
Goldfinger
1964 Connery, SeanSean Connery 96% (57 reviews)[42] Winner, Academy Award for Best Sound Effects at the 37th Academy Awards[43]
Nominated, BAFTA Award for Best British Art Direction: Colour at the 18th British Academy Film Awards[44]
Thunderball
1965 Connery, SeanSean Connery 86% (43 reviews)[45] Winner, Academy Award for Best Visual Effects at the 38th Academy Awards[46]
Nominated, BAFTA Award for Best British Art Direction: Colour at the 19th British Academy Film Awards[47]
Casino Royale
1967 Niven, DavidDavid Niven 29% (34 reviews)[48] Nominated, Academy Award for Best Original Song at the 40th Academy Awards[49]
Nominated, BAFTA Award for Best British Costume Direction: Colour at the 21st British Academy Film Awards[50]
You Only Live Twice
1967 Connery, SeanSean Connery 72% (43 reviews)[51] Nominated, BAFTA Award for Best British Art Direction: Colour at the 21st British Academy Film Awards[50]
On Her Majesty's Secret Service
1969 Lazenby, GeorgeGeorge Lazenby 82% (45 reviews)[52] Nominated, Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year – Actor at the 27th Golden Globe Awards[53]
Diamonds Are Forever
1971 Connery, SeanSean Connery 67% (43 reviews)[54] Nominated, Academy Award for Best Sound Mixing at the 44th Academy Awards[55]
Live and Let Die
1973 Moore, RogerRoger Moore 66% (44 reviews)[56] Nominated, Academy Award for Best Original Song at the 46th Academy Awards[57]
man with !The Man with the Golden Gun
1974 Moore, RogerRoger Moore 45% (44 reviews)[58]
spy who !The Spy Who Loved Me
1977 Moore, RogerRoger Moore 79% (47 reviews)[59] Nominated, Academy Awards for Best Original Score, Best Original Song and Best Production Design at the 50th Academy Awards[60]
Nominated, BAFTA Award for Best Production Design at the 31st British Academy Film Awards[61]
Nominated, Anthony Asquith Award at the 31st British Academy Film Awards[61]
Nominated, Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song at the 35th Golden Globe Awards[62]
Nominated, Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score at the 35th Golden Globe Awards[62]
Moonraker
1979 Moore, RogerRoger Moore 60% (45 reviews)[63] Nominated, Academy Award for Best Visual Effects at the 52nd Academy Awards[64]
For Your Eyes Only
1981 Moore, RogerRoger Moore 74% (46 reviews)[65] Nominated, Academy Award for Best Original Song at the 54th Academy Awards[8]
Nominated, Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song at the 39th Golden Globe Awards[66]
Octopussy
1983 Moore, RogerRoger Moore 42% (43 reviews)[67]
Never Say Never Again
1983 Connery, SeanSean Connery 63% (46 reviews)[68]
view !A View to a Kill
1985 Moore, RogerRoger Moore 36% (55 reviews)[69] Nominated, Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song at the 43rd Golden Globe Awards[70]
living !The Living Daylights
1987 Dalton, TimothyTimothy Dalton 70% (50 reviews)[71]
Licence to Kill
1989 Dalton, TimothyTimothy Dalton 77% (52 reviews)[72] B+[73]
GoldenEye
1995 Brosnan, PiercePierce Brosnan 78% (72 reviews)[74] 65 (18 reviews)[75] A-[73] Nominated, BAFTA Award for Best Sound at the 49th British Academy Film Awards[76]
Nominated, BAFTA Award for Best Special Visual Effects at the 49th British Academy Film Awards[77]
Tomorrow Never Dies
1997 Brosnan, PiercePierce Brosnan 57% (82 reviews)[78] 52 (38 reviews)[79] A-[73] Nominated, Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song at the 55th Golden Globe Awards[80]
world !The World Is Not Enough
1999 Brosnan, PiercePierce Brosnan 51% (136 reviews)[81] 57 (38 reviews)[82]
Die Another Day
2002 Brosnan, PiercePierce Brosnan 58% (215 reviews)[83] 56 (43 reviews)[84] A-[73] Nominated, Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score at the 60th Golden Globe Awards[85]
Casino Royale
2006 Craig, DanielDaniel Craig 95% (246 reviews)[86] 80 (46 reviews)[87] A-[73] Nominated, Alexander Korda Award for Best British Film at the 60th British Academy Film Awards[88]
Nominated, BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role at the 60th British Academy Film Awards[89]
Nominated, BAFTA Award for Best Special Visual Effects at the 60th British Academy Film Awards[89]
Nominated, BAFTA Award for Best Adapted Screenplay at the 60th British Academy Film Awards[89]
Nominated, BAFTA Award for Best Production Design at the 60th British Academy Film Awards[89]
Nominated, BAFTA Award for Best Sound at the 60th British Academy Film Awards[89]
Nominated, BAFTA Award for Best Editing at the 60th British Academy Film Awards[90]
Nominated, BAFTA Award for Best Cinematography at the 60th British Academy Film Awards[90]
Nominated, Anthony Asquith Award for achievement in Film Music at the 60th British Academy Film Awards[90]
Quantum of Solace
2008 Craig, DanielDaniel Craig 65% (280 reviews)[91] 58 (48 reviews)[92] B-[73] Nominated, BAFTA Award for Best Sound at the 62nd British Academy Film Awards[93]
Nominated, BAFTA Award for Best Special Visual Effects at the 62nd British Academy Film Awards[93]
Skyfall
2012 Craig, DanielDaniel Craig 93% (347 reviews)[94] 81 (49 reviews)[95] A[73] Winner, Academy Award for Best Sound Editing at the 85th Academy Awards[96]
Winner, Academy Award for Best Original Song at the 85th Academy Awards[96]
Winner, Best Cinematography Award at the Los Angeles Film Critics Association awards[97]
Winner, Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song at the 70th Golden Globe Awards[98]
Winner, BAFTA Award for Outstanding British Film at the 66th British Academy Film Awards[99]
Winner, BAFTA Award for Best Film Music at the 66th British Academy Film Awards[99]
Nominated, Academy Award for Best Sound Mixing at the 85th Academy Awards[96]
Nominated, Academy Award for Best Cinematography at the 85th Academy Awards[96]
Nominated, Academy Award for Best Original Score at the 85th Academy Awards[96]
Spectre
2015 Craig, DanielDaniel Craig 65% (307 reviews)[100] 60 (48 reviews)[101] A-[102] Winner, Academy Award for Best Original Song at the 88th Academy Awards
See also[edit]
James Bond portal
Bond girl
Casino Royale (Climax!), the first live-action adaptation of an Ian Fleming novel
James Bond music
Outline of James Bond
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Prior to the release of Skyfall in 2012, the James Bond series had grossed approximately $12.5 billion at 2011 prices;[7] after factoring in earnings of almost $2 billion from Skyfall and Spectre, the series has earned at least $14 billion adjusted for inflation.
Jump up ^ Balio (p. 260) sets Connery's compensation for Dr. No at $154,000: $54,000 as salary and $100,000 as a bonus.
Jump up ^ Balio (p. 262) claims Connery was paid a straight 12.5% of the gross. Diamonds are Forever grossed $42 million so Connery received over $5 million from which he gave $1.25 million to the Scottish International Education Trust.
Jump up ^ The official production budget for Spectre has been debated. Estimates range from $245—250[28][29][30][31] to as high as $300—350 million[32][33] The $350 million figure also incorporates the $100 million marketing budget.[34] $21.5 million was spent on television advertisements and a further $100 million was spent on promotion and advertising.[29]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Poliakoff, Keith (2000). "License to Copyright – The Ongoing Dispute Over the Ownership of James Bond". Cardozo Arts & Entertainment Law Journal. Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law. 18: 387–436.
Jump up ^ Shprintz, Janet (29 March 1999). "Big Bond-holder". Variety. Retrieved 4 November 2011. Judge Rafeedie ... found that McClory's rights in the "Thunderball" material had reverted to the estate of Fleming
Jump up ^ Chapman 2009, p. 5.
Jump up ^ Chapman 2009, p. 43.
Jump up ^ Judge M. Margaret McKeown (27 August 2001). "Danjaq et al. v. Sony Corporation et al" (PDF). United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. p. 9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 October 2006. Retrieved 27 November 2006. in 1962 ... Danjaq teamed up with United Artists to produce Bond films.
^ Jump up to: a b "Movie Franchises". The Numbers. Nash Information Services. Retrieved 3 January 2013.
Jump up ^ The Economist online (11 July 2011). "Pottering on, and on". The Economist. Retrieved 4 January 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "The 54th Academy Awards (1982)". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved 27 October 2011.
Jump up ^ Balio 1987, p. 255.
Jump up ^ "Casino Royale (1967)". Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Retrieved 8 September 2011.
Jump up ^ "The Lost Bond". Total Film. Future Publishing. 27 February 2008. Retrieved 13 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Inc. announces acquisition of Never Say Never Again James Bond assets" (Press release). Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. 4 December 1997. Archived from the original on 5 May 2008. Retrieved 16 March 2008.
Jump up ^ Sterngold, James (30 March 1999). "Sony Pictures, in an accord with MGM, drops its plan to produce new James Bond films". The New York Times. Retrieved 16 March 2008.
Jump up ^ Munden 1997, p. 415.
Jump up ^ "Bond returns in Spectre". 007.com. Eon Productions. 4 December 2014. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
Jump up ^ Martin, William (4 December 2014). "'SPECTRE': Poster and synopsis revealed for new Bond film". Cultbox. Retrieved 4 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "Sam Mendes: Spectre about Bond's childhood". BBC Entertainment. BBC. 27 February 2015. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Cork & Scivally 2002, pp. 300-303.
^ Jump up to: a b Block & Autrey Wilson 2010, pp. 428–429.
Jump up ^ Balio 1987, p. 260–266.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Box Office History for James Bond Movies". The Numbers. Nash Information Services, LLC. Retrieved 5 October 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Retrieved 2 January 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Skyfall". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Sizemore, Charles (10 October 2012). "Bond Investing. James Bond Investing". Forbes. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
Jump up ^ Smith, Grady (1 November 2012). "Box office update: 'Skyfall' blazes past $100 million internationally". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
Jump up ^ Brooks, Richard (18 November 2012). "Craig in £31m deal to film two more Bonds". The Sunday Times. London. pp. 4–5.
Jump up ^ "Spectre (2015)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 20 April 2016.
Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock (4 November 2015). "Box-Office Preview: 'Spectre' and 'Peanuts Movie' to the Rescue". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Anthony D'Alessandro (7 November 2015). "Spectre Now Targeting $73M to $74M Opening; The Peanuts Movie Cracking $40M-$45M – Updated". Deadline.com. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Brent Lang (4 November 2015). "Box Office: Spectre Needs to Make $650 Million to Break Even". Variety. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Ben Fritz (8 November 2015). "Spectre, The Peanuts Movie Give Box Office a Welcome Boost". The Wall Street Journals. Retrieved 10 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson (21 October 2015). "'Spectre' Doesn't Need To Top 'Skyfall' Because 'James Bond' Is A Bullet-Proof Franchise". Forbes. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Alicia Adejobi (25 October 2015). "Spectre movie in numbers: Daniel Craig salary, film budget and James Bond theme tune sales". International Business Times. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro (9 November 2015). "Even Shy Of Skyfall, Spectre Picked Up Sluggish Box Office; Will It Turn A Profit? – Monday Postmortem". Deadline.com. Retrieved 11 November 2015.
Jump up ^ Alicia Adejobi (25 October 2015). "Spectre movie in numbers: Daniel Craig salary, film budget and James Bond theme tune sales". International Business Times. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
Jump up ^ "Academy Awards Database". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 16 October 2012.
Jump up ^ "Dr. No (1962)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "The 21st Annual Golden Globe Awards (1964)". Golden Globe Awards. Hollywood Foreign Press Association. Archived from the original on 14 April 2013. Retrieved 27 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "From Russia with Love (1963)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "BAFTA Awards 1963". BAFTA Awards Database. British Academy of Film and Television Arts. Retrieved 27 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "The 21st Annual Golden Globe Awards (1964)". Golden Globe Awards. Hollywood Foreign Press Association. Archived from the original on 22 July 2012. Retrieved 27 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "Goldfinger (1964)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "The 37th Academy Awards (1965) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved 27 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "BAFTA Awards 1964". BAFTA Awards Database. British Academy of Film and Television Arts. Retrieved 27 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "Thunderball (1965)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "The 38th Academy Awards (1966) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved 27 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "BAFTA Awards 1964". BAFTA Awards Database. British Academy of Film and Television Arts. Retrieved 27 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "Casino Royale (1967)". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster, Inc. Retrieved 1 September 2011.
Jump up ^ "The 40th Academy Awards (1968) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved 27 October 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "BAFTA Awards 1967". BAFTA Awards Database. British Academy of Film and Television Arts. Retrieved 27 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "You Only Live Twice (1967)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "On Her Majesty's Secret Service (1969)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "The 27th Annual Golden Globe Awards (1970)". Golden Globe Awards. Hollywood Foreign Press Association. Archived from the original on 14 April 2013. Retrieved 27 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "Diamonds Are Forever (1971)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "The 44th Academy Awards (1971) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved 26 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "Live and Let Die (1973)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "The 46th Academy Awards (1974) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved 27 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "The Man with the Golden Gun (1974)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Spy Who Loved Me (1977)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "The 50th Academy Awards (1978) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved 27 October 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "BAFTA Awards 1977". BAFTA Awards Database. British Academy of Film and Television Arts. Retrieved 27 September 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "The 35th Annual Golden Globe Awards (1978)". Golden Globe Awards. Hollywood Foreign Press Association. Archived from the original on 23 May 2013. Retrieved 27 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "Moonraker (1979)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "The 52nd Academy Awards (1979) Nominees and Winners". Oscar Legacy. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved 26 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "For Your Eyes Only (1981)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "The 39th Annual Golden Globe Awards (1982)". Golden Globe Awards. Hollywood Foreign Press Association. Archived from the original on 14 April 2013. Retrieved 27 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "Octopussy (1983)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "Never Say Never Again (1983)". Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster, Inc. Retrieved 1 September 2011.
Jump up ^ "A View to a Kill (1985)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "The 43rd Annual Golden Globe Awards (1986)". Golden Globe Awards. Hollywood Foreign Press Association. Archived from the original on 15 April 2013. Retrieved 27 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "The Living Daylights (1987)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "Licence to Kill (1989)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "CinemaScore". cinemascore.com. Retrieved 25 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "GoldenEye (1995)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "GoldenEye Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "BAFTA Awards 1995". BAFTA Awards Database. British Academy of Film and Television Arts. Retrieved 27 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "BAFTA Awards 1995". BAFTA Awards Database. British Academy of Film and Television Arts. Retrieved 27 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "Tomorrow Never Dies (1997)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "Tomorrow Never Dies". Metacritic. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "The 55th Annual Golden Globe Awards (1998)". Golden Globe Awards. Hollywood Foreign Press Association. Archived from the original on 15 April 2013. Retrieved 27 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "The World Is Not Enough (1999)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "The World Is Not Enough Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "Die Another Day (2002)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "Die Another Day Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "The 60th Annual Golden Globe Awards (2003)". Golden Globe Awards. Hollywood Foreign Press Association. Archived from the original on 14 April 2013. Retrieved 27 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "Casino Royale (2006)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "Casino Royale Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "BAFTA Awards 2006". BAFTA Awards Database. British Academy of Film and Television Arts. Retrieved 27 September 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "BAFTA Awards 2006". BAFTA Awards Database. British Academy of Film and Television Arts. Retrieved 27 September 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c "BAFTA Awards 2006". BAFTA Awards Database. British Academy of Film and Television Arts. Retrieved 27 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "Quantum of Solace (2008)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "Quantum of Solace Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b "BAFTA Awards 2008". BAFTA Awards Database. British Academy of Film and Television Arts. Retrieved 27 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "Skyfall (2012)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "Skyfall Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "The 85th Academy Awards (2013) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Retrieved 25 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "LA Film Critics Vote Michael Haneke's 'Amour' Best Pic, Paul Thomas Anderson Best Director For 'The Master'". 9 December 2012. Retrieved 11 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "The 70th Annual Golden Globe Awards (2013)". Golden Globe Awards. Hollywood Foreign Press Association. Archived from the original on 15 April 2013. Retrieved 2 February 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Bafta Film Awards 2013: The winners". BBC News. 10 February 2013. Retrieved 25 February 2013.
Jump up ^ "Spectre (2015)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 11 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "Spectre Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved 11 November 2015.
Jump up ^ "CinemaScore". www.cinemascore.com. Retrieved 11 November 2015.
Bibliography[edit]
Balio, Tino (1987). United Artists: The Company That Changed the Film Industry. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-11440-4.
Block, Alex Ben; Autrey Wilson, Lucy (2010). George Lucas's Blockbusting: A Decade-by-Decade Survey of Timeless Movies Including Untold Secrets of Their Financial and Cultural Success. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-177889-6.
Chapman, James (2009). Licence To Thrill: A Cultural History of the James Bond Films. London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84511-515-9.
Cork, John; Scivally, Bruce (2002). James Bond: The Legacy. London: Boxtree. ISBN 978-0-7522-6498-1.
Munden, Kenneth White (1997) [1976]. The American Film Institute Catalog of Motion Pictures Produced in the United States, Part 2. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-5202-0970-1.
[hide]
v
t
e
James Bond in film
List of films
Filmography
Recurring characters
Recurring actors
Motifs
Actors considered for the James Bond role
Bond girls
Eon Productions
Dr. No (1962)
From Russia with Love (1963)
Goldfinger (1964)
Thunderball (1965)
You Only Live Twice (1967)
On Her Majesty's Secret Service (1969)
Diamonds Are Forever (1971)
Live and Let Die (1973)
The Man with the Golden Gun (1974)
The Spy Who Loved Me (1977)
Moonraker (1979)
For Your Eyes Only (1981)
Octopussy (1983)
A View to a Kill (1985)
The Living Daylights (1987)
Licence to Kill (1989)
GoldenEye (1995)
Tomorrow Never Dies (1997)
The World Is Not Enough (1999)
Die Another Day (2002)
Casino Royale (2006)
Quantum of Solace (2008)
Skyfall (2012)
Spectre (2015)
Non-Eon films
Casino Royale (1967)
Never Say Never Again (1983)
Book
Category
Portal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_James_Bond_films&oldid=804862107"
Categories:
James Bond films
Lists of films by source
Hidden categories:
Use dmy dates from March 2016
Use British English from March 2016
Articles with hCards
Featured lists
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
العربية
فارسی
Français
مصرى
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
தமிழ்
ไทย
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 11 October 2017, at 15:56.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: id class style

values: This is a featured list. Click here for more information.

attrs: class id

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

values:
/wiki/James_Bond_novels
mw-redirect
James Bond novels

values:
/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Sound_Editing
mw-redirect
Academy Award for Sound Editing

values:
/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Visual_Effects
mw-redirect
Academy Award for Visual Effects

values: Edit section: From Russia with Love (1963)

values:
/wiki/Attach%C3%A9_case
mw-redirect
Attaché case

attrs: alt src width height class data-file-width data-file-height

values: Edit section: You Only Live Twice (1967)

values:
/wiki/Gemini_program
mw-redirect
Gemini program

values: Edit section: On Her Majesty's Secret Service (1969)

values:
/wiki/Mind_control
mw-redirect
Mind control

values: Edit section: Diamonds Are Forever (1971)

values: Edit section: The Man with the Golden Gun (1974)

values:
/wiki/1973_energy_crisis
mw-redirect
1973 energy crisis

values: Edit section: The Spy Who Loved Me (1977)

values:
/wiki/U.S._Marine_Corps
mw-redirect
U.S. Marine Corps

values:
/wiki/Space_shuttle
mw-redirect
Space shuttle

values:
/wiki/Octopussy_(character)
mw-redirect
Octopussy (character)

values:
/wiki/US_Air_Force
mw-redirect
US Air Force

values: Edit section: Never Say Never Again (1983)

values:
/wiki/Cruise_missiles
mw-redirect
Cruise missiles

values: Edit section: The Living Daylights (1987)

values: Smiling man with short, tousled hair, wearing white shirt open at collar, and black jacket.

values: Edit section: Tomorrow Never Dies (1997)

values:
/wiki/Elliot_Carver
mw-redirect
Elliot Carver

values: Edit section: The World Is Not Enough (1999)

values:
2
col
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

attrs: scope data-sort-type class tabindex role title

values:
col
number
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values: wikitable plainrowheaders sortable jquery-tablesorter

values:
/wiki/Academy_Award
mw-redirect
Academy Award

values: background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center;

values: Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song

values:
/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Sound
mw-redirect
Academy Award for Best Sound

values: Academy Award for Best Production Design

values: Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score

values: BAFTA Award for Best Special Visual Effects

values: BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role

values: Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Cinematography

values: display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle

values: margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: lower-alpha;

values: Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences

values:
/wiki/Future_Publishing
mw-redirect
Future Publishing

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/31654971

values:
/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journals
mw-redirect
The Wall Street Journals

values:
nofollow
external text
http://awardsdatabase.oscars.org

values:
nofollow
http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/dr_no/
external text

values: British Academy of Film and Television Arts

values:
nofollow
external text
http://awards.bafta.org/award/1968/film

values:
nofollow
http://www.cinemascore.com/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.metacritic.com/movie/skyfall

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.metacritic.com/movie/spectre

values: -moz-column-width: 25em; -webkit-column-width: 25em; column-width: 25em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: List of recurring characters in the James Bond film series

values: List of recurring actors and actresses in the James Bond film series

values: List of actors considered for the James Bond character

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/File:Portal.gif
image
James Bond Portal

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Category:Use British English from March 2016

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/List_of_James_Bond_films
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: قائمة أفلام جيمس بوند – Arabic

values: فهرست فیلم‌های جیمز باند – Persian

values: سلسلة افلام چيمس بوند – Egyptian Arabic

values: Lista de filmes de James Bond – Portuguese

values: Список фильмов о Джеймсе Бонде – Russian

values: ஜேம்ஸ் பாண்ட் திரைப்படங்களின் பட்டியல் – Tamil

values: รายชื่อภาพยนตร์เจมส์ บอนด์ – Thai

values: 詹姆斯·邦德系列电影 – Chinese

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-List_of_James_Bond_films rootpage-List_of_James_Bond_films vector-experimental-print-styles vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view


text:
Seafloor spreading
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Age of oceanic lithosphere; youngest (red) is along spreading centers.
Seafloor spreading is a process that occurs at mid-ocean ridges, where new oceanic crust is formed through volcanic activity and then gradually moves away from the ridge.
Contents
[hide]
1 History of study
2 Significance
3 Spreading center
4 Incipient spreading
5 Continued spreading and subduction
6 Debate and search for mechanism
7 Sea floor global topography: half-space model
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
History of study[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2018)
Earlier theories (e.g. by Alfred Wegener and Alexander du Toit) of continental drift postulated that continents "ploughed" through the sea. The idea that the seafloor itself moves (and also carries the continents with it) as it expands from a central axis was proposed by Harry Hess from Princeton University in the 1960s.[1] The theory is well accepted now, and the phenomenon is known to be caused by convection currents in the asthenosphere, which is ductile, or plastic, and the brittle lithosphere (crust and upper mantle).[2][clarification needed]
Significance[edit]
Seafloor spreading helps explain continental drift in the theory of plate tectonics. When oceanic plates diverge, tensional stress causes fractures to occur in the lithosphere. The motivating force for seafloor spreading ridges is tectonic plate pull rather than magma pressure, although there is typically significant magma activity at spreading ridges.[3] At a spreading center basaltic magma rises up the fractures and cools on the ocean floor to form new seabed. Hydrothermal vents are common at spreading centers. Older rocks will be found farther away from the spreading zone while younger rocks will be found nearer to the spreading zone. Additionally spreading rates determine if the ridge is a fast, intermediate, or slow. As a general rule, fast ridges have spreading (opening) rates of more than 9 cm/year. Intermediate ridges have a spreading rate of 5–9 cm/year while slow spreading ridges have a rate less than 5 cm/year.[4][5]:2
Spreading center[edit]
Seafloor spreading occurs at spreading centers, distributed along the crests of mid-ocean ridges. Spreading centers end in transform faults or in overlapping spreading center offsets. A spreading center includes a seismically active plate boundary zone a few kilometers to tens of kilometers wide, a crustal accretion zone within the boundary zone where the ocean crust is youngest, and an instantaneous plate boundary - a line within the crustal accretion zone demarcating the two separating plates.[6] Within the crustal accretion zone is a 1-2 km-wide neovolcanic zone where active volcanism occurs.[7][8]
Incipient spreading[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Plates in the crust of the earth, according to the plate tectonics theory
In the general case, sea floor spreading starts as a rift in a continental land mass, similar to the Red Sea-East Africa Rift System today.[9] The process starts by heating at the base of the continental crust which causes it to become more plastic and less dense. Because less dense objects rise in relation to denser objects, the area being heated becomes a broad dome (see isostasy). As the crust bows upward, fractures occur that gradually grow into rifts. The typical rift system consists of three rift arms at approximately 120 degree angles. These areas are named triple junctions and can be found in several places across the world today. The separated margins of the continents evolve to form passive margins. Hess' theory was that new seafloor is formed when magma is forced upward toward the surface at a mid-ocean ridge.
If spreading continues past the incipient stage described above, two of the rift arms will open while the third arm stops opening and becomes a 'failed rift'. As the two active rifts continue to open, eventually the continental crust is attenuated as far as it will stretch. At this point basaltic oceanic crust begins to form between the separating continental fragments. When one of the rifts opens into the existing ocean, the rift system is flooded with seawater and becomes a new sea. The Red Sea is an example of a new arm of the sea. The East African rift was thought to be a "failed" arm that was opening somewhat more slowly than the other two arms, but in 2005 the Ethiopian Afar Geophysical Lithospheric Experiment[10] reported that in the Afar region, September 2005, a 60 km fissure opened as wide as eight meters.[11] During this period of initial flooding the new sea is sensitive to changes in climate and eustasy. As a result, the new sea will evaporate (partially or completely) several times before the elevation of the rift valley has been lowered to the point that the sea becomes stable. During this period of evaporation large evaporite deposits will be made in the rift valley. Later these deposits have the potential to become hydrocarbon seals and are of particular interest to petroleum geologists.
Sea floor spreading can stop during the process, but if it continues to the point that the continent is completely severed, then a new ocean basin is created. The Red Sea has not yet completely split Arabia from Africa, but a similar feature can be found on the other side of Africa that has broken completely free. South America once fit into the area of the Niger Delta. The Niger River has formed in the failed rift arm of the triple junction.
Continued spreading and subduction[edit]
Spreading at a mid-ocean ridge
As new seafloor forms and spreads apart from the mid-ocean ridge it slowly cools over time. Older seafloor is therefore colder than new seafloor, and older oceanic basins deeper than new oceanic basins due to isostasy. If the diameter of the earth remains relatively constant despite the production of new crust, a mechanism must exist by which crust is also destroyed. The destruction of oceanic crust occurs at subduction zones where oceanic crust is forced under either continental crust or oceanic crust. Today, the Atlantic basin is actively spreading at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Only a small portion of the oceanic crust produced in the Atlantic is subducted. However, the plates making up the Pacific Ocean are experiencing subduction along many of their boundaries which causes the volcanic activity in what has been termed the Ring of Fire of the Pacific Ocean. The Pacific is also home to one of the world's most active spreading centers (the East Pacific Rise) with spreading rates of up to 13 cm/yr. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is a "textbook" slow-spreading center, while the East Pacific Rise is used as an example of fast spreading. Spreading centers at slow and intermediate rates exhibit a rift valley while at fast rates an axial high is found within the crustal accretion zone.[4] The differences in spreading rates affect not only the geometries of the ridges but also the geochemistry of the basalts that are produced.[12]
Since the new oceanic basins are shallower than the old oceanic basins, the total capacity of the world's ocean basins decreases during times of active sea floor spreading. During the opening of the Atlantic Ocean, sea level was so high that a Western Interior Seaway formed across North America from the Gulf of Mexico to the Arctic Ocean.
Debate and search for mechanism[edit]
At the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (and in other areas), material from the upper mantle rises through the faults between oceanic plates to form new crust as the plates move away from each other, a phenomenon first observed as continental drift. When Alfred Wegener first presented a hypothesis of continental drift in 1912, he suggested that continents ploughed through the ocean crust. This was impossible: oceanic crust is both more dense and more rigid than continental crust. Accordingly, Wegener's theory wasn't taken very seriously, especially in the United States.
Since then, it has been shown that the motion of the continents is linked to seafloor spreading by the theory of plate tectonics. In the 1960s, the past record of geomagnetic reversals was noticed by observing the magnetic stripe "anomalies" on the ocean floor.[13] This results in broadly evident "stripes" from which the past magnetic field polarity can be inferred by looking at the data gathered from simply towing a magnetometer on the sea surface or from an aircraft. The stripes on one side of the mid-ocean ridge were the mirror image of those on the other side. The seafloor must have originated on the Earth's great fiery welts, like the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the East Pacific Rise.
The driver for seafloor spreading in plates with active margins is the weight of the cool, dense, subducting slabs that pull them along. The magmatism at the ridge is considered to be "passive upswelling", which is caused by the plates being pulled apart under the weight of their own slabs.[14][15] This can be thought of as analogous to a rug on a table with little friction: when part of the rug is off of the table, its weight pulls the rest of the rug down with it.
Sea floor global topography: half-space model[edit]
The depth of the seafloor (or the height of a location on a mid-ocean ridge above a baselevel) is closely correlated with its age (age of the lithosphere where depth is measured). The age-depth relation can be modeled by the cooling of a lithosphere plate[16][17] or mantle half-space in areas without significant subduction.[18]
In the half-space model,[18] the seabed height is determined by the oceanic lithosphere temperature, due to thermal expansion. Oceanic lithosphere is continuously formed at a constant rate at the mid-ocean ridges. The source of the lithosphere has a half-plane shape (x = 0, z < 0) and a constant temperature T1. Due to its continuous creation, the lithosphere at x > 0 is moving away from the ridge at a constant velocity v, which is assumed large compared to other typical scales in the problem. The temperature at the upper boundary of the lithosphere (z=0) is a constant T0 = 0. Thus at x = 0 the temperature is the Heaviside step function T 1 ⋅ Θ ( − z ) {\displaystyle T_{1}\cdot \Theta (-z)} . Finally, we assume the system is at a quasi-steady state, so that the temperature distribution is constant in time, i.e. T=T(x,z).
By calculating in the frame of reference of the moving lithosphere (velocity v), which have spatial coordinate x' = x-vt, we may write T = T(x',z,t) and use the heat equation: ∂ T ∂ t = κ ∇ 2 T = κ ∂ 2 T ∂ 2 z + κ ∂ 2 T ∂ 2 x ′ {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial T}{\partial t}}=\kappa \nabla ^{2}T=\kappa {\frac {\partial ^{2}T}{\partial ^{2}z}}+\kappa {\frac {\partial ^{2}T}{\partial ^{2}x'}}} where κ {\displaystyle \kappa } is the thermal diffusivity of the mantle lithosphere.
Since T depends on x' and t only through the combination x = x ′ + v t {\displaystyle x=x'+vt} , we have: ∂ T ∂ x ′ = 1 v ⋅ ∂ T ∂ t {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial T}{\partial x'}}={\frac {1}{v}}\cdot {\frac {\partial T}{\partial t}}}
Thus: ∂ T ∂ t = κ ∇ 2 T = κ ∂ 2 T ∂ 2 z + κ v 2 ∂ 2 T ∂ 2 t {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial T}{\partial t}}=\kappa \nabla ^{2}T=\kappa {\frac {\partial ^{2}T}{\partial ^{2}z}}+{\frac {\kappa }{v^{2}}}{\frac {\partial ^{2}T}{\partial ^{2}t}}}
We now use the assumption that v {\displaystyle v} is large compared to other scales in the problem; we therefore neglect the last term in the equation, and get a 1-dimensional diffusion equation: ∂ T ∂ t = κ ∂ 2 T ∂ 2 z {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial T}{\partial t}}=\kappa {\frac {\partial ^{2}T}{\partial ^{2}z}}} with the initial conditions T ( t = 0 ) = T 1 ⋅ Θ ( − z ) {\displaystyle T(t=0)=T_{1}\cdot \Theta (-z)} .
The solution for z ≤ 0 {\displaystyle z\leq 0} is given by the error function erf {\displaystyle \operatorname {erf} } :
T ( x ′ , z , t ) = T 1 ⋅ erf  ( z 2 κ t ) {\displaystyle T(x',z,t)=T_{1}\cdot \operatorname {erf} \left({\frac {z}{2{\sqrt {\kappa t}}}}\right)} .
Due to the large velocity, the temperature dependence on the horizontal direction is negligible, and the height at time t (i.e. of sea floor of age t) can be calculated by integrating the thermal expansion over z:
h ( t ) = h 0 + α e f f ∫ 0 ∞ [ T ( z ) − T 1 ] d z = h 0 − 2 π α e f f T 1 κ t {\displaystyle h(t)=h_{0}+\alpha _{\mathrm {eff} }\int _{0}^{\infty }[T(z)-T_{1}]dz=h_{0}-{\frac {2}{\sqrt {\pi }}}\alpha _{\mathrm {eff} }T_{1}{\sqrt {\kappa t}}}
where α e f f {\displaystyle \alpha _{\mathrm {eff} }} is the effective volumetric thermal expansion coefficient, and h0 is the mid-ocean ridge height (compared to some reference).
Note that the assumption the v is relatively large is equivalently to the assumption that the thermal diffusivity κ {\displaystyle \kappa } is small compared to L 2 / T {\displaystyle L^{2}/T} , where L is the ocean width (from mid-ocean ridges to continental shelf) and T is its age.
The effective thermal expansion coefficient α e f f {\displaystyle \alpha _{\mathrm {eff} }} is different from the usual thermal expansion coefficient α {\displaystyle \alpha } due to isostasic effect of the change in water column height above the lithosphere as it expands or retracts. Both coefficients are related by:
α e f f = α ⋅ ρ ρ − ρ w {\displaystyle \alpha _{\mathrm {eff} }=\alpha \cdot {\frac {\rho }{\rho -\rho _{w}}}}
where ρ ∼ 3.3 g / c m 3 {\displaystyle \rho \sim 3.3g/cm^{3}} is the rock density and ρ 0 = 1 g / c m 3 {\displaystyle \rho _{0}=1g/cm^{3}} is the density of water.
By substituting the parameters by their rough estimates: κ ∼ 8 ⋅ 10 − 7 {\displaystyle \kappa \sim 8\cdot 10^{-7}} m2/s, α ∼ 4 ⋅ 10 − 5 {\displaystyle \alpha \sim 4\cdot 10^{-5}} °C−1 and T1 ~1220 °C (for the Atlantic and Indian oceans) or ~1120 °C (for the eastern Pacific), we have:
h ( t ) ∼ h 0 − 350 t {\displaystyle h(t)\sim h_{0}-350{\sqrt {t}}}
for the eastern Pacific Ocean, and:
h ( t ) ∼ h 0 − 390 t {\displaystyle h(t)\sim h_{0}-390{\sqrt {t}}}
for the Atlantic and the Indian Ocean, where the height is in meters and time is in millions of years. To get the dependence on x, one must substitute t = x/v ~ Tx/L, where L is the distance between the ridge to the continental shelf (roughly half the ocean width), and T is the ocean age.
See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Seafloor spreading.
Divergent boundary
Morley-Vine-Matthews hypothesis
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Hess, H. H. (November 1962). "History of Ocean Basins" (PDF). In A. E. J. Engel; Harold L. James; B. F. Leonard. Petrologic studies: a volume to honor A. F. Buddington. Boulder, CO: Geological Society of America. pp. 599–620. Retrieved 8 September 2010.
Jump up ^ Elsasser, Walter M. (1971). "Sea-Floor Spreading as Thermal Convection". Journal of Geophysical Research. 76 (5): 1101. Bibcode:1971JGR....76.1101E. doi:10.1029/JB076i005p01101.
Jump up ^ Tan, Yen Joe; Tolstoy, Maya; Waldhauser, Felix; Wilcock, William S. D. (2016). "Dynamics of a seafloor-spreading episode at the East Pacific Rise". Nature. 540 (7632): 261–265. Bibcode:2016Natur.540..261T. doi:10.1038/nature20116. PMID 27842380.
^ Jump up to: a b Macdonald, K. C. (1982). "Mid-Ocean Ridges: Fine Scale Tectonic, Volcanic and Hydrothermal Processes Within the Plate Boundary Zone". Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 10 (1): 155–190. Bibcode:1982AREPS..10..155M. doi:10.1146/annurev.ea.10.050182.001103.
Jump up ^ Searle, Roger (2013). Mid-ocean ridges. New York: Cambridge. ISBN 9781107017528. OCLC 842323181.
Jump up ^ Luyendyk, Bruce P.; Macdonald, Ken C. (1976-06-01). "Spreading center terms and concepts". Geology. 4 (6): 369. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1976)4<369:sctac>2.0.co;2. ISSN 0091-7613.
Jump up ^ Daignieres, Marc; Courtillot, Vincent; Bayer, Roger; Tapponnier, Paul (1975). "A model for the evolution of the axial zone of mid-ocean ridges as suggested by icelandic tectonics". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 26 (2): 222–232. Bibcode:1975E&PSL..26..222D. doi:10.1016/0012-821x(75)90089-8.
Jump up ^ McClinton, J. Timothy; White, Scott M. (2015-03-01). "Emplacement of submarine lava flow fields: A geomorphological model from the Niños eruption at the Galápagos Spreading Center". Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems. 16 (3): 899–911. Bibcode:2015GGG....16..899M. doi:10.1002/2014gc005632. ISSN 1525-2027.
Jump up ^ Makris, J.; Ginzburg, A. (1987-09-15). "Sedimentary basins within the Dead Sea and other rift zones The Afar Depression: transition between continental rifting and sea-floor spreading". Tectonophysics. 141 (1): 199–214. Bibcode:1987Tectp.141..199M. doi:10.1016/0040-1951(87)90186-7.
Jump up ^ Bastow, Ian D.; Keir, Derek; Daly, Eve (2011-06-01). "The Ethiopia Afar Geoscientific Lithospheric Experiment (EAGLE): Probing the transition from continental rifting to incipient seafloor spreading". Geological Society of America Special Papers. Geological Society of America Special Papers. 478: 51–76. doi:10.1130/2011.2478(04). ISBN 978-0-8137-2478-2. ISSN 0072-1077.
Jump up ^ Grandin, R.; Socquet, A.; Binet, R.; Klinger, Y.; Jacques, E.; Chabalier, J.-B. de; King, G. C. P.; Lasserre, C.; Tait, S. (2009-08-01). "September 2005 Manda Hararo-Dabbahu rifting event, Afar (Ethiopia): Constraints provided by geodetic data". Journal of Geophysical Research. 114 (B8). Bibcode:2009JGRB..114.8404G. doi:10.1029/2008jb005843. ISSN 2156-2202.
Jump up ^ Bhagwat, S.B. (2009). Foundation of Geology Vol 1. Global Vision Publishing House. p. 83. ISBN 9788182202764.
Jump up ^ Vine, F. J.; Matthews, D. H. (1963). "Magnetic Anomalies Over Oceanic Ridges". Nature. 199 (4897): 947–949. Bibcode:1963Natur.199..947V. doi:10.1038/199947a0.
Jump up ^ Forsyth, Donald; Uyeda, Seiya (1975-10-01). "On the Relative Importance of the Driving Forces of Plate Motion". Geophysical Journal International. 43 (1): 163–200. Bibcode:1975GeoJ...43..163F. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246x.1975.tb00631.x. ISSN 0956-540X.
Jump up ^ Patriat, Philippe; Achache, José (1984). "India–Eurasia collision chronology has implications for crustal shortening and driving mechanism of plates". Nature. 311 (5987): 615. Bibcode:1984Natur.311..615P. doi:10.1038/311615a0.
Jump up ^ Sclater, John G.; Anderson, Roger N.; Bell, M. Lee (1971-11-10). "Elevation of ridges and evolution of the central eastern Pacific". Journal of Geophysical Research. 76 (32): 7888–7915. Bibcode:1971JGR....76.7888S. doi:10.1029/jb076i032p07888. ISSN 2156-2202.
Jump up ^ Parsons, Barry; Sclater, John G. (1977-02-10). "An analysis of the variation of ocean floor bathymetry and heat flow with age". Journal of Geophysical Research. 82 (5): 803–827. Bibcode:1977JGR....82..803P. doi:10.1029/jb082i005p00803. ISSN 2156-2202.
^ Jump up to: a b Davis, E.E; Lister, C. R. B. (1974). "Fundamentals of Ridge Crest Topography". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. North-Holland Publishing Company. 21 (4): 405–413. Bibcode:1974E&PSL..21..405D. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(74)90180-0.
External links[edit]
The Wikibook Historical Geology has a page on the topic of: Seafloor spreading
Animation of a mid-ocean ridge
hide
v
t
e
Physical oceanography
Waves
Airy wave theory
Ballantine scale
Benjamin–Feir instability
Boussinesq approximation
Breaking wave
Clapotis
Cnoidal wave
Cross sea
Dispersion
Edge wave
Equatorial waves
Fetch
Gravity wave
Green's law
Infragravity wave
Internal wave
Iribarren number
Kelvin wave
Kinematic wave
Longshore drift
Luke's variational principle
Mild-slope equation
Radiation stress
Rogue wave
Rossby wave
Rossby-gravity waves
Sea state
Seiche
Significant wave height
Soliton
Stokes boundary layer
Stokes drift
Stokes wave
Swell
Trochoidal wave
Tsunami
megatsunami
Undertow
Ursell number
Wave action
Wave base
Wave height
Wave power
Wave radar
Wave setup
Wave shoaling
Wave turbulence
Wave–current interaction
Waves and shallow water
one-dimensional Saint-Venant equations
shallow water equations
Wind wave
model

Circulation
Atmospheric circulation
Baroclinity
Boundary current
Coriolis force
Coriolis–Stokes force
Craik–Leibovich vortex force
Downwelling
Eddy
Ekman layer
Ekman spiral
Ekman transport
El Niño–Southern Oscillation
General circulation model
Geochemical Ocean Sections Study
Geostrophic current
Global Ocean Data Analysis Project
Gulf Stream
Halothermal circulation
Humboldt Current
Hydrothermal circulation
Langmuir circulation
Longshore drift
Loop Current
Modular Ocean Model
Ocean dynamics
Ocean gyre
Princeton ocean model
Rip current
Subsurface currents
Sverdrup balance
Thermohaline circulation
shutdown
Upwelling
Whirlpool
World Ocean Circulation Experiment
Tides
Amphidromic point
Earth tide
Head of tide
Internal tide
Lunitidal interval
Perigean spring tide
Rip tide
Rule of twelfths
Slack water
Tidal bore
Tidal force
Tidal power
Tidal race
Tidal range
Tidal resonance
Tide gauge
Tideline
Landforms
Abyssal fan
Abyssal plain
Atoll
Bathymetric chart
Coastal geography
Cold seep
Continental margin
Continental rise
Continental shelf
Contourite
Guyot
Hydrography
Oceanic basin
Oceanic plateau
Oceanic trench
Passive margin
Seabed
Seamount
Submarine canyon
Submarine volcano
Plate
tectonics
Convergent boundary
Divergent boundary
Fracture zone
Hydrothermal vent
Marine geology
Mid-ocean ridge
Mohorovičić discontinuity
Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis
Oceanic crust
Outer trench swell
Ridge push
Seafloor spreading
Slab pull
Slab suction
Slab window
Subduction
Transform fault
Volcanic arc
Ocean zones
Benthic
Deep ocean water
Deep sea
Littoral
Mesopelagic
Oceanic
Pelagic
Photic
Surf
Swash
Sea level
Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis
Future sea level
Global Sea Level Observing System
North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System
Sea-level curve
Sea level rise
World Geodetic System
Acoustics
Deep scattering layer
Hydroacoustics
Ocean acoustic tomography
Sofar bomb
SOFAR channel
Underwater acoustics
Satellites
Jason-1
Jason-2 (Ocean Surface Topography Mission)
Jason-3
Related
Argo
Benthic lander
Color of water
DSV Alvin
Marginal sea
Marine energy
Marine pollution
Mooring
National Oceanographic Data Center
Ocean
Ocean exploration
Ocean observations
Ocean reanalysis
Ocean surface topography
Ocean thermal energy conversion
Oceanography
Pelagic sediment
Sea surface microlayer
Sea surface temperature
Seawater
Science On a Sphere
Thermocline
Underwater glider
Water column
World Ocean Atlas
Category
Commons
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seafloor_spreading&oldid=847555998"
Categories:
Geological processes
Plate tectonics
Oceanographical terminology
Hidden categories:
Articles needing additional references from March 2008
All articles needing additional references
Articles to be expanded from May 2018
All articles to be expanded
Articles using small message boxes
Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2016
Articles needing additional references from April 2015
Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Aragonés
Беларуская
भोजपुरी
Български
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Español
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Gaeilge
Galego
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
Қазақша
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Polski
Português
Русский
Simple English
Slovenčina
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
ไทย
Türkçe
Українська
Tiếng Việt
中文
29 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 26 June 2018, at 05:38 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

value: td

attrs: href title

value: b

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

value: span

value: i

value: small

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content

values: The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (October 2016)

values:
noprint Inline-Template
margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced

values:
/wiki/Rift_(geology)
mw-redirect
Rift (geology)

values:
/wiki/Continental_plate
mw-redirect
Continental plate

values:
/wiki/East_Africa_Rift
mw-redirect
East Africa Rift

values:
/wiki/Afar_(region)
mw-redirect
Afar (region)

values:
/wiki/Ocean_basin
mw-redirect
Ocean basin

values: Edit section: Continued spreading and subduction

values:
/wiki/Pacific_Ring_of_Fire
mw-redirect
Pacific Ring of Fire

values: Edit section: Debate and search for mechanism

values:
/wiki/Active_margin
mw-redirect
Active margin

values: Edit section: Sea floor global topography: half-space model

values:
/wiki/Oceanic_lithosphere
mw-redirect
Oceanic lithosphere

values: vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.605ex; height:2.843ex;

values: vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:31.589ex; height:6.009ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.339ex; height:1.676ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:11.25ex; height:2.676ex;

values: vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:14.735ex; height:5.509ex;

values: vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:32.89ex; height:6.009ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.128ex; height:1.676ex;

values: vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:13.098ex; height:6.009ex;

values: {\displaystyle T(t=0)=T_{1}\cdot \Theta (-z)}

values: vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:22.249ex; height:2.843ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:5.349ex; height:2.343ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.338ex; margin-right: -0.153ex; width:2.809ex; height:2.176ex;

values: vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:28.835ex; height:6.509ex;

values: T(x',z,t) = T_1 \cdot \operatorname{erf} \left(\frac{z}{2\sqrt{\kappa t}}\right)

values: vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:56.739ex; height:6.343ex;

values: h(t) = h_0 + \alpha_\mathrm{eff} \int_0^{\infty} [T(z)-T_1]dz = h_0 - \frac{2}{\sqrt{\pi}}\alpha_\mathrm{eff}T_1\sqrt{\kappa t}

values: {\displaystyle \alpha _{\mathrm {eff} }}

values: vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.673ex; height:2.009ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.436ex; height:3.176ex;

values:
/wiki/Mid-ocean_ridges
mw-redirect
Mid-ocean ridges

values: vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.488ex; height:1.676ex;

values: vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:17.428ex; height:5.343ex;

values: \alpha_\mathrm{eff} = \alpha \cdot \frac{\rho}{\rho-\rho_w}

values: vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.652ex; height:3.176ex;

values: vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.897ex; height:3.176ex;

values: {\displaystyle \kappa \sim 8\cdot 10^{-7}}

values: vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:11.937ex; height:2.676ex;

values: {\displaystyle \alpha \sim 4\cdot 10^{-5}}

values: vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:12.085ex; height:2.676ex;

values: {\displaystyle h(t)\sim h_{0}-350{\sqrt {t}}}

values: vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.583ex; height:3.009ex;

values: {\displaystyle h(t)\sim h_{0}-390{\sqrt {t}}}

values:
/wiki/Morley-Vine-Matthews_hypothesis
mw-redirect
Morley-Vine-Matthews hypothesis

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1029/JB076i005p01101

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1038/nature20116

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27842380

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/842323181

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/842323181

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0091-7613

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1002/2014gc005632

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1525-2027

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0072-1077

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1029/2008jb005843

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/2156-2202

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1038/199947a0

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0956-540X

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1038/311615a0

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1029/jb076i032p07888

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1029/jb082i005p00803

values:
/wiki/File:Antarctic_bottom_water.svg
image
Antarctic bottom water

values:
navbox-image
10
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values:
/wiki/Princeton_ocean_model
mw-redirect
Princeton ocean model

values: Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis

values: North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System

values:
/wiki/Marginal_sea
mw-redirect
Marginal sea

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from March 2008

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Category:Articles to be expanded from May 2018

values: Category:Articles using small message boxes

values: Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2016

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from April 2015

values: Category:Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Seafloor_spreading
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: تمدد قاع البحر – Arabic

values: Ixamplamiento d'o fondón ocianico – Aragonese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-an
display: none;

values: Спрэдзінг – Belarusian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values: समुंद्रतली फइलाव – Bhojpuri

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bh
display: none;

values: Спрединг – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: گسترش بستر اقیانوس – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ga
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values: सागर नितल प्रसरण – Hindi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values: Espansione del fondale oceanico – Italian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: התפשטות קרקעית הים – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values: Спрединг – Kazakh

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values: Спрединг – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values: Ширење океанског дна – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values: การขยายตัวของพื้นมหาสมุทร – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values: Спрединг – Ukrainian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values: 海底扩张学说 – Chinese

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Seafloor_spreading rootpage-Seafloor_spreading skin-vector action-view