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Proletariat
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The proletariat (/ˌproʊlɪˈtɛəri.ət/ from Latin proletarius) is the class of wage-earners in a capitalist society whose only possession of significant material value is their labour-power (their ability to work).[1] A member of such a class is a proletarian.
Contents
[hide]
1 Proletarii of the Roman Republic
2 Marxist theory
3 Prole drift
4 See also
5 Reference notes
6 Further reading
7 External links
Proletarii of the Roman Republic[edit]
Further information: Constitution of the Roman Republic
The proletarii constituted a social class of Roman citizens owning little or no property. The origin of the name is presumably linked with the census, which Roman authorities conducted every five years to produce a register of citizens and their property from which their military duties and voting privileges could be determined. For citizens with property valued 11,000 asses or less, which was below the lowest census for military service, their children—proles (from Latin prōlēs, "offspring")—were listed instead of their property; hence, the name proletarius, "the one who produces offspring". The only contribution of a proletarius to the Roman society was seen in his ability to raise children, the future Roman citizens who can colonize new territories conquered by the Roman Republic and later by the Roman Empire. The citizens who had no property of significance were called capite censi because they were "persons registered not as to their property...but simply as to their existence as living individuals, primarily as heads (caput) of a family."[2][3]
A manual laborer at work in Venezuela. Manual laborers are generally considered to be part of the proletariat.
Although included in one of the five support centuriae of the Comitia Centuriata, proletarii were largely deprived of their voting rights due to their low social status caused by their lack of "even the minimum property required for the lowest class"[4] and a class-based hierarchy of the Comitia Centuriata. The late Roman historians, such as Livy, not without some uncertainty, understood the Comitia Centuriata to be one of three forms of popular assembly of early Rome composed of centuriae, the voting units whose members represented a class of citizens according to the value of their property. This assembly, which usually met on the Campus Martius to discuss public policy issues, was also used as a means of designating military duties demanded of Roman citizens.[5] One of reconstructions of the Comitia Centuriata features 18 centuriae of cavalry, and 170 centuriae of infantry divided into five classes by wealth, plus 5 centuriae of support personnel called adsidui. The top infantry class assembled with full arms and armor; the next two classes brought arms and armor, but less and lesser; the fourth class only spears; the fifth slings. In voting, the cavalry and top infantry class were enough to decide an issue; as voting started at the top, an issue might be decided before the lower classes voted.[6] In the last centuries of the Roman Republic (509-44 B.C.), the Comitia Centuriata became impotent as a political body, which further eroded already minuscule political power the proletarii might have had in the Roman society.
Following a series of wars the Roman Republic engaged since the closing of the Second Punic War (218–201 B.C.), such as the Jugurthine War and conflicts in Macedonia and Asia, the significant reduction in the number of Roman family farmers had resulted in the shortage of people whose property qualified them to perform the citizenry's military duty to Rome.[7] As a result of the Marian reforms initiated in 107 B.C. by the Roman general Gaius Marius (157–86), the proletarii became the backbone of the Roman Army.[8]
Karl Marx, who studied Roman law at the University of Berlin,[9] used the term proletariat in his socio-political theory of Marxism to describe a working class unadulterated by private property and capable of a revolutionary action to topple capitalism in order to create classless society.
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In Marxist theory, the proletariat is the social class that does not have ownership of the means of production and whose only means of subsistence is to sell their labor power[10] for a wage or salary. Proletarians are wage-workers, while some refer to those who receive salaries as the salariat. For Marx, however, wage labor may involve getting a salary rather than a wage per se. Marxism sees the proletariat and bourgeoisie (capitalist class) as occupying conflicting positions, since workers automatically wish their wages to be as high as possible, while owners and their proxies wish for wages (costs) to be as low as possible.
A 1911 Industrial Worker publication advocating industrial unionism based on a critique of capitalism. The proletariat "work for all" and "feed all".
In Marxist theory, the borders between the proletariat and some layers of the petite bourgeoisie, who rely primarily but not exclusively on self-employment at an income no different from an ordinary wage or below it – and the lumpen proletariat, who are not in legal employment – are not necessarily well defined. Intermediate positions are possible, where some wage-labor for an employer combines with self-employment. Marx makes a clear distinction between proletariat as salaried workers, which he sees as a progressive class, and Lumpenproletariat, "rag-proletariat", the poorest and outcasts of the society, such as beggars, tricksters, entertainers, buskers, criminals and prostitutes, which he considers a retrograde class.[11][12] Socialist parties have often struggled over the question of whether they should seek to organize and represent all the lower classes, or just the wage-earning proletariat.
According to Marxism, capitalism is a system based on the exploitation of the proletariat by the bourgeoisie. This exploitation takes place as follows: the workers, who own no means of production of their own, must use the means of production that are property of others in order to produce, and, consequently, earn their living. Instead of hiring those means of production, they themselves get hired by capitalists and work for them, producing goods or services. These goods or services become the property of the capitalist, who sells them at the market.
One part of the wealth produced is used to pay the workers' wages (variable costs), another part to renew the means of production (constant costs) while the third part, surplus value is split between the capitalist's private takings (profit), and the money used to pay rents, taxes, interests, etc. Surplus value is the difference between the wealth that the proletariat produces through its work, and the wealth it consumes to survive and to provide labor to the capitalist companies.[13] A part of the surplus value is used to renew or increase the means of production, either in quantity or quality (i.e., it is turned into capital), and is called capitalized surplus value.[14] What remains is consumed by the capitalist class.
The commodities that proletarians produce and capitalists sell are valued for the amount of labor embodied in them. The same goes for the workers' labor power itself: it is valued, not for the amount of wealth it produces, but for the amount of labor necessary to produce and reproduce it. Thus the capitalists earn wealth from the labor of their employees, not as a function of their personal contribution to the productive process, which may even be null, but as a function of the juridical relation of property to the means of production. Marxists argue that new wealth is created through labor applied to natural resources.[15]
Marx argued that it was the goal of the proletariat to displace the capitalist system with the dictatorship of the proletariat, abolishing the social relationships underpinning the class system and then developing into a communist society in which "the free development of each is the condition for the free development of all".[16]
Prole drift[edit]
Prole drift, short for proletarian drift, is the tendency in advanced industrialized societies for everything inexorably to become proletarianized, or to become commonplace and commodified. This trend is attributed to mass production, mass selling, mass communication and mass education. Examples include best-seller lists, films and music that must appeal to the masses, and shopping malls.[17] It is the opposite of the embourgeoisement that occurs in a progressive phase of Capitalism.
See also[edit]
Bogan
Blue collar
Consumtariat
Folk culture
Laborer
Peasantry
Precariat
Prolefeed
Proles
Proletarianization
Proletarian internationalism
Proletarian literature
Slavery
Vulgarism
Wage slavery
Reference notes[edit]
Jump up ^ proletariat. Accessed: 6 June 2013.
Jump up ^ Adolf Berger, Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society 1953) at 380; 657.
Jump up ^ Arnold J. Toynbee, especially in his A Study of History, uses the word Proletariat in this general sense of people without property or a stake in society. Toynbee focuses particularly on the generative spiritual life of the "internal proletariat" (those living within a given civil society). He also describes the "heroic" folk legends of the "external proletariat" (poorer groups living outside the borders of a civilization). Cf., Toynbee, A Study of History (Oxford University 1934–1961), 12 volumes, in Volume V Disintegration of Civilizations, part one (1939) at 58–194 (internal proletariat), and at 194–337 (external proletariat).
Jump up ^ Berger, Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law (1953) at 351; 657 (quote).
Jump up ^ Titus Livius (c.59 BC-AD 17), Ab urbe condita, 1, 43; the first five books translated by Aubrey de Sélincourt as Livy, The Early History of Rome (Penguin 1960, 1971) at 81–82.
Jump up ^ Andrew Lintott, The Constitution of the Roman Republic (Oxford University 1999) at 55–61, re the Comitia Centuriata.
Jump up ^ Cf., Theodor Mommsen, Römisches Geschichte (1854–1856), 3 volumes; translated as History of Rome (1862–1866), 4 volumes; reprint (The Free Press 1957) at vol.III: 48–55 (Mommsen's Bk.III, ch.XI toward end).
Jump up ^ H. H. Scullard, Gracchi to Nero. A History of Rome from 133 BC to AD 68 (London: Methuen 1959, 4th ed. 1976) at 51–52.
Jump up ^ Cf., Sidney Hook, Marx and the Marxists (Princeton: Van Nostrand 1955) at 13.
Jump up ^ Marx, Karl (1887). "Chapter Six: The Buying and Selling of Labour-Power". In Frederick Engels. Das Kapital, Kritik der politischen Ökonomie [Capital: Critique of Political Economy]. Moscow: Progress Publishers. Retrieved 10 February 2013. Cite uses deprecated parameter |trans_title= (help)
Jump up ^ Lumpen proletariat – Britannica Online Encyclopedia
Jump up ^ Marx, Karl (February 1848). "Bourgeois and Proletarians". Manifesto of the Communist Party. Progress Publishers. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
Jump up ^ Marx, Karl. The Capital, volume 1, chapter 6. http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1867-c1/ch06.htm
Jump up ^ Luxemburg, Rosa. The Accumulation of Capital. Chapter 6, Enlarged Reproduction, http://www.marxists.org/archive/luxemburg/1913/accumulation-capital/ch06.htm
Jump up ^ Marx, Karl. Critique of the Gotha Programme, I. http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1875/gotha/ch01.htm
Jump up ^ Marx, Karl. The Communist Manifesto, part II, Proletarians and Communists http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/ch02.htm
Jump up ^ Fussell, Paul (October 1992). Class, A Guide Through the American Status System. New York: Ballantine. ISBN 0-345-31816-1.
Further reading[edit]
Blackledge, Paul (2011). "Why workers can change the world". Socialist Review 364. London.
Hal Draper, Karl Marx's Theory of Revolution, Vol. 2; The Politics of Social Classes. (New York: Monthly Review Press 1978).
External links[edit]
Look up proletariat in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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Trollhunters
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Not to be confused with Trollhunter.
Trollhunters: Tales of Arcadia
Promotional poster for its first season
Genre
Adventure
Action
Comedy-drama
Fantasy
Created by
Guillermo del Toro
Based on
Trollhunters
by
Guillermo del Toro
Daniel Kraus
Written by
Guillermo del Toro
Marc Guggenheim
Kevin Hageman
Dan Hageman
Aaron Waltke
Chad Quandt
A.C. Bradley
Voices of
Anton Yelchin
Kelsey Grammer
Charlie Saxton
Lexi Medrano
Jonathan Hyde
Fred Tatasciore
Cole Sand
Ron Perlman
Amy Landecker
Emile Hirsch
Theme music composer
Alexandre Desplat
Composer(s)
Tim Davies
Country of origin
United States
No. of seasons
3
No. of episodes
52 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Rodrigo Blaas[1]
Guillermo del Toro
Marc Guggenheim
Kevin Hageman
Dan Hageman
Christina Steinberg
Producer(s)
Chad Hammes
Running time
23 minutes
Production company(s)
Double Dare You Productions
DreamWorks Animation Television
Release
Original network
Netflix
Original release
December 23, 2016 – May 25, 2018
Chronology
Followed by
3 Below
External links
Website
Trollhunters: Tales of Arcadia is an American computer-animated fantasy television series created for Netflix by Guillermo del Toro and produced by DreamWorks Animation and Double Dare You Productions.[2] It follows the story of James Lake Jr., a teenage boy who finds a mysterious amulet and stumbles across a secret realm inhabited by trolls and other magical creatures. Soon afterward, he and his friends are charged with protecting our world from the dangerous monsters that lurk in the shadows of their small suburban town.
The first two episodes of the series premiered on October 8, 2016, at the New York Comic Con.[1][3] The first season was released worldwide on Netflix on December 23, 2016.[4] The second season premiered on December 15, 2017,[5][6] and the third and final season premiered on May 25, 2018.[7][8]
Since its release, Trollhunters has been widely praised as an ambitious and boundary-pushing animated series, with Filmink's Travis Johnson calling it "...the best children’s animation to come along since Avatar: The Last Airbender." [9] The series was nominated for nine Daytime Emmy Awards in 2017, winning more than any other animated or live-action television program that year.[10] In its first two seasons, it has also received or been nominated for several Annie Awards, Kidscreen Awards, and a Saturn Award. The show has also spawned several original children's books and has been adapted into a series of graphic novels by Marc Guggenheim and Richard Hamilton, released by Dark Horse.[11]
Anton Yelchin continued to be part of the series through the first two seasons, as he had recorded enough dialogue to complete them before his sudden death.[12] Yelchin was also able to provide a portion of dialogue for the final season, while the remaining portions of dialogue was recorded by Emile Hirsch.[13][14]
Following the show's success, Guillermo del Toro announced that Trollhunters will be the first chapter in a trilogy of television series entitled Tales of Arcadia. The story will be continued in a science fiction inspired follow-up series entitled 3Below, and the trilogy will be concluded in a third and final fantasy series entitled Wizards.[15]
Contents
1 Synopsis
1.1 Part 1
1.2 Part 2
1.3 Part 3
2 Cast
2.1 Main
2.2 Recurring
3 Production
4 Episodes
5 Release
5.1 Home media
6 Reception
6.1 Critical response
6.2 Accolades
7 Tales of Arcadia
8 References
9 External links
Synopsis[edit]
Part 1[edit]
Beneath the town of Arcadia lives a secret civilization of trolls, which humans are oblivious to. The trolls' common enemy are the Gumm-Gumms, evil trolls from the Darklands. The trolls' chosen warrior, known as the "Trollhunter", is supposed to protect them from the Gumm-Gumms along with other dark miscreants from the Darklands.
Fifteen-year-old James "Jim" Lake Jr. and his friend Toby find a mystical amulet which grants him the Trollhunter mantle. He is shortly approached by his new troll mentors, Blinky and AAARRRGGHH!!!. Despite his initial reluctance to lead a double life, he eventually accepts his role after discovering that attempting to discard the amulet will cause it to return to him on its own. During his visits to Heartstone Trollmarket, the presence of the first human Trollhunter stirs resentment, but he quickly gains their acceptance. Throughout his training and missions, he befriends a gnome (who Toby dubs "Gnome Chompsky") and discovers that goblins and Changelings (human-morphing trolls that replace humans to spy) are gathering for the completion of the Killahead Bridge, a portal through which the Gumm-Gumms from the Darklands will arrive and invade. The project is being led by Bular, Gumm-Gumm leader Gunmar's son, and Walter Strickler, a Changeling who is Jim's high school teacher.
While discovering more mysteries, Jim is forced to reveal the truth about his life to Claire Nuñez when she becomes a target of the goblins. Jim and his allies launch a surprise attack on Bular and his henchmen, destroying the bridge and closing the portal. Jim is forced to battle Bular. They fight and with aid from AAARRRGGHH!!!, Jim succeeds in slaying him. He returns to Trollmarket, where the citizens celebrate Bular's defeat.
Shortly afterward, Claire proposes a quest into the Darklands to rescue her baby brother Enrique, who has been replaced by a Changeling who they dub NotEnrique. The spirits of past Trollhunters inform Jim that the only way to get out of the Darklands alive is to kill Gunmar. Blinky discovers that the only way to kill Gunmar is with the three Triumbric Stones. Meanwhile, Strickler has freed ancient troll assassin Angor Rot from his bonds. Using Angor's ring, he forces Angor to obey him. Jim and the gang hunt for the Stones while Strickler has Angor create a binding spell that ties Strickler's fate to Jim's mother in order to ensure that Jim cannot kill Strickler. During one particular confrontation with Angor Rot, Angor manages to take one of the Triumbric Stones, although Claire takes his Shadow Staff in the process. While trying to steal the stone from Angor, Jim indirectly causes Angor's ring to break. Angor Rot goes on a rampage, attempting to kill Strickler and Jim. In the process, Strickler and Jim's mother are both injured. Trollmarket's leader, Vendel, informs Jim that the only way to save his mother is to break the binding spell that ties her and Strickler's fates together. However, his mother's memories of the troll world, including the fact that her son is the Trollhunter, are erased. Meanwhile, Strickler coaches Jim on cutting Angor Rot's removable stone-like eye, which they acquired, into a Triumbric-like stone to help him defeat Angor. Strickler also reveals to Jim that he had the last Triumbric Stone all along; he gives it to Jim before leaving town.
Angor Rot invades Trollmarket after stealing a key from Claire. Jim and his allies defeat him, but not before AAARRRGGHH!!! takes a hit from his poison dagger and turns to stone. The group is in mourning. Believing that he is responsible for the death of AAARRRGGHH!!! and the ongoing endangerment of his friends, Jim sets off to the Darklands alone, not wanting to lose any more of them.
Part 2[edit]
Jim returns Enrique, but ends up trapped in the Darklands. He is rescued by his friends along with former antagonist Nomura. AAARRRGGHH!!! is revived with a potion, and is welcomed back by his friends. Gunmar also escapes the Darklands with Dictatious, Blinky's presumed-dead brother, and a couple soldiers. They meet up with the Janus Order, an organization dedicated to Gunmar's return. Blinky finds out Dictatious is supportive of Gunmar, much to his dismay. Meanwhile, the fact that Gunmar is out from his prison makes Jim guilty in the eyes of Troll Law. Gunmar battles and enslaves Draal, as a means of torturing Jim. Jim is guided by Merlin's spirit imbued in the amulet he carries. Queen Usurna, who leads the Troll Tribunal, kills Vendel in secret, but is unaware that Vendel secretly records it in a special troll device. It is revealed that Usurna is faithful towards Gunmar rather than the welfare of Troll society and that she schemes with Gunmar's counsel to bring about Gunmar's return. Gunmar invades Trollmarket and closes off the underground city. Gunmar drains energy from the Heartstone and regains his strength. He forcibly converts many of the Trolls into his soldiers. Jim and his cohorts retreat from the city to Arcadia with as many Trolls as they can save using Claire's magic staff. With the excessive use of dark magic, Claire comes under the spell of Morgana and secretly brings to her Angor Rot's damaged head.
Part 3[edit]
Merlin is awakened, and Morgana is released from her prison by the Staff of Avalon. Barbara recovers her memories of knowing about Trolls, forcing Jim and his friends to reveal the truth to their families. Angor Rot is resurrected by Morgana. To better fight against Gunmar and Morgana, Jim is irreversibly transformed into a half-troll. Morgana brings forth the Eternal Night so that she and Gunmar can freely invade the world. Jim and his allies fight and win the battle, Jim killing Gunmar and Claire trapping Morgana in the Shadow Realm with help from Angor Rot, who sacrifices himself to help defeat the witch. Merlin leads the Trolls of Arcadia to a new home in New Jersey. Jim and Claire say goodbye to their families and friends (including Toby) as they leave with the Trolls.
Cast[edit]
Main[edit]
Anton Yelchin and Emile Hirsch as James "Jim" Lake Jr. / Trollhunter,[1][2] the first human Trollhunter and a reluctant hero dealing with the pressures of leading a double life. He has a talent for cooking and eventually sword-fighting, and cares deeply for his mother and friends. Yelchin provided the voice for Jim from Part 1, through portions of Part 3 before he passed away. Hirsch assumed the role following Yelchin's passing.
Charlie Saxton as Tobias "Toby" Domzalski,[16] Jim's best friend and confidant. Dorky and excitable, he fully embraces the secret world of trolls and aids Jim in his quests. His weapon of choice is a warhammer.
Jonathan Hyde as Walter Strickler,[16] Jim's history teacher who is actually a Changeling. When Jim discovers the truth, he loses all respect for him and the two become bitter enemies. However, he remains affable toward Jim and has redeeming qualities.
Kelsey Grammer as Blinkous "Blinky" Galadrigal,[2] Jim's six-eyed troll mentor. A wise and scholarly troll with a heart of gold, he serves as the brains of the Trollhunters and eventually becomes a sort of father figure to Jim.
Fred Tatasciore as Aarghaumont "AAARRRGGHH!!!",[16] a burly troll and close companion of Blinky who forms a deep bond with Toby. He was kidnapped by the Gumm-Gumms as a child, which stunted his vocabulary. Tormented by the atrocities they committed, he deserted Gunmar to live a life of peace. However, he will still fight to protect those he cares about.
Lexi Medrano as Claire Nuñez,[16] Jim's girlfriend. She is a feisty, kind, jolly, sarcastic, curious, and intelligent tomboy who enjoys books and is a talented martial artist and gymnast. She obtains the Shadowstaff, a staff capable of creating portals activated by the user's emotions.
Victor Raider-Wexler as Vendel, the leader of Trollmarket. An ancient and wizened troll, Vendel is at first suspicious of Jim and often comes across as a pessimist, but shows a softer side and eventual faith in Jim. At the end of Part 2, he is killed by Usurna after she revealed herself to be working for Gunmar, but not before recording the act to warn the Trollhunters.
Ron Perlman as Bular,[2] the son of Gunmar. A brutish and powerful troll warrior, he's obsessed with freeing his father from the Darklands. He holds a special disdain for Changelings, whom he considers "impure", putting him at odds with Strickler and other Changelings who seek to free Gunmar. He is killed by Jim in the first half of season 1, but later makes appearances in the season 1 episode "Where Is My Mind" and the season 2 episode "Unbecoming".
Amy Landecker as Barbara Lake,[16] Jim's protective and overworked mother. Her husband left the family when Jim was five years old. Her doctor job means she's often away from home, which lets Jim pursue his Trollhunter duties.
Recurring[edit]
Steven Yeun as Steve Palchuk,[1] a narcissistic bully who frequently harasses Jim. Suspicious of Jim's unusual behavior, he eventually discovers the truth and teams up with Eli Pepperjack to help Jim in Part 2.
Matthew Waterson as Draal, the son of previous Trollhunter, Kanjigar. He is originally jealous and suspicious of Jim but later befriends him – acting as Jim's fighting tutor. During a battle in the museum, Draal sacrifices his lower right arm while removing the Trollhunter amulet from the Killahead Bridge to close the portal, and later obtains a mechanical prosthetic. Draal explains that his father kept a distance from him as he grew up, and he had hoped to become the next Trollhunter that he might earn his father's approval.
Lauren Tom as Nomura, the Changeling museum curator and a colleague of Strickler. Originally an antagonist, she was pulled into the Darklands and imprisoned by Gunmar for her failures. When Jim is captured in the Darklands, the two form a connection and escape together.
Jimmie Wood as NotEnrique, the Changeling swapped with Claire's baby brother Enrique. While troublesome and self-serving, he isn't actively malicious and even helps the Trollhunters from time to time (usually after being bribed). He forms a rocky but brotherly connection with Claire.
Clancy Brown as Gunmar, the iron-fisted leader of the Gumm-Gumms who reside in the Darklands. He is powerful and ruthless, and will readily dispose of loyal minions and allies who can no longer serve him. He has no qualms about enslaving or killing his fellow trolls to accomplish his goals.
Tom Hiddleston and James Purefoy as Kanjigar the Courageous, Draal's father and the noble Trollhunter prior to Jim. His ghost tutors Jim, often worrying about Jim's team fighting style, believing that the Trollhunter must work alone to avoid endangering those he cares about – this leads to Jim's guilt and decision to venture into the Darklands alone. Hiddleston provided the voice acting for Kanjigar during the series premiere, while Purefoy was cast to assume the role for the rest of the series.
Ike Amadi as Angor Rot, an ancient troll warlock-assassin who hunts down Trollhunters and takes their souls. In medieval times, Angor made a deal with Morgana, surrendering his own soul in return for his mystical powers.
Rodrigo Blaas as Gnome Chompsky, a Gnome adopted by Toby. He started out as a "rogue Gnome" causing trouble, but after he was finally defeated by Jim he became friendly when he was given a dollhouse to live in and a plastic doll to be his companion. He later helped locate Enrique in the Darklands and also helped rescue Jim from the Darklands.
Mark Hamill as Dictatious Galadrigal, Blinky's brother. Presumed dead, he helps Gunmar in his quest to conquer the surface lands. He is blinded by Blinky during a struggle in the Darklands.
Anjelica Huston as Queen Usurna, the queen of the Krubera, AAARRRGGHH!!!'s race who lives in the Deep Caverns, and a member of a council of troll leaders known as the Tribunal. She initially seems to be a kind queen concerned for AAARRRGGHH!!!'s well-being. As a Tribunal member, she is strict and judgmental and leads the Tribunal to act against Jim and his friends. Late in Part 2, she reveals herself to be a traitor who works for Gunmar and helps him take over Trollmarket.
Cole Sand as Eli Pepperjack, a nerdy classmate of Jim who believes in the paranormal. In Part 2, he teams up with Steve Palchuk to investigate the strange creatures they both have seen and to help Jim.
Lena Headey as Morgana / The Pale Lady, an ancient and seemingly malevolent entity and the patron of Angor Rot.
Tom Kenny as Otto Scaarbach, a Changeling Polymorph who can change into the form of anyone. He is the Grand Commandant of the Janus Order, a secret society of Changelings who assist the Gumm-Gumms.
David Bradley as Merlin, the wizard who created the Trollhunter's amulet.
Colin O'Donoghue as Douxie "Big D", a charming English teen from Arcadia Oaks Academy whose band, "Ash Dispersal Pattern," is an entrant in the Battle of the Bands in Part 3.
Tatiana Maslany as Aja, a "foreign exchange student" from "Cantaloupia" older sister to Krel. Jim is tasked to show them around and acclimate them to Arcadia late in Part 3.
Diego Luna as Krel, younger brother to Aja.
Production[edit]
Initially, del Toro envisioned the idea as a live-action television series; however this was deemed impractical due to budgetary concerns, and as a result he instead turned the idea into a book. DreamWorks then planned to turn the book into an animated feature film. The feature film was going to be directed by Guillermo del Toro and Rodrigo Blaas. Eventually Dreamworks decided to instead turn it into a TV series with Netflix. Rodrigo Blaas became an Executive Producer and Supervising Director on the series. [17].
Del Toro modeled the show's sensibilities after shows he grew up with such as Johnny Quest, identifying them as "really earnest and emotionally beautiful".[18] To this end, he sought to make the main character of Jim "in that '70s mold," and "really a very good boy" with del Toro noting that this was a constant struggle for him to express to both writers and actors.[19] Eventually he came across Anton Yelchin, who embodied those qualities although by del Toro's estimate it still took him a few sessions to fully understand the character.[19]
When creating the show's narrative, del Toro noted that he wanted a "bittersweet journey" for the main character dealing with issues that most such "power fantasies" failed to address, telling indiewire "I wanted to say, 'Look, you can be in high school and you can have your problems. Then you get all these powers and then you have a different set of problems. There is not such a thing as a final, great outcome.'"[18]
The show serves as one of Yelchin's final projects as he died shortly after recording most of his character's dialogue.[20] Producer del Toro refused to replace his recordings,[21] which del Toro noted was a challenge for the show's recording engineers.[19] Of his decision del Toro stated that the actor "was proud of what he did, and we were so proud of how he did it." Del Toro added that his experience as a father and Yelchin's young age were also factors that led to the decision.[17]
Episodes[edit]
Main article: List of Trollhunters episodes
Season
Episodes
Originally released
1 26 December 23, 2016 (2016-12-23)
2 13 December 15, 2017 (2017-12-15)
3 13 May 25, 2018 (2018-05-25)
Release[edit]
The two-episode pilot of the series premiered on October 8, 2016 at the New York Comic Con.[1][3] The first season consisted of 26 half-hour episodes which were released worldwide on Netflix on December 23, 2016.[4] The second season, consisting of 13 episodes, was released on December 15, 2017.[5][6] The third and final season, consisting of 13 episodes, was released on May 25, 2018.[7][8]
Home media[edit]
The first season of Trollhunters was released on DVD on November 7, 2017.[22][23]
Reception[edit]
Critical response[edit]
Trollhunters has received positive reviews from critics. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 94% approval rating with an average rating of 7.81/10 based on 16 reviews for the first season. The website's consensus reads, "Trollhunters manages to capture del Toro's enthusiasm for telling monster stories, in a youthful and more colorful fashion that may well earn him a new generation of fans."[24] On Metacritic, the season has a normalized score of 69 out of 100 based on 7 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[25]
In 2017, it received six Daytime Emmys, more than any other television program, animated or live action, that year.[26]
On January 30, 2017, Trollhunters writers Kevin and Dan Hageman stated that the series is the most successful Netflix original show to date that is targeted at a younger audience.[27]
The second season of Trollhunters was nominated for six 2018 Annie Awards, tied for the most nominations of any television program in 2018.[28] It was also nominated for four Daytime Emmy Awards, including Best Children’s Animated Series, and won the Emmy for Outstanding Writing in an Animated Program.
Accolades[edit]
Year
Award
Category
Nominee(s)
Result
Ref.
2017 Annie Awards Outstanding Achievement, Character Animation in an Animated Television/Broadcast Production Mike Chaffe for character Blinky in "Becoming, Part 1" Won [29]
Outstanding Achievement, Character Design in an Animated TV/Broadcast Production Victor Maldonado, Alfredo Torres and Jules Rigolle, "Win, Lose or Draal" Won
Outstanding Achievement, Music in an Animated TV/Broadcast Production Alexandre Desplat and Tim Davies, "Becoming, Part 1" Nominated
Outstanding Achievement, Storyboarding in an Animated TV/Broadcast Production Hyunjoo Song, "Win, Lose or Draal" Won
Saturn Awards Best Animated Series or Film on Television Trollhunters Nominated [30]
Behind the Voice Actors Awards Best Male Lead Vocal Performance in a Television Series Anton Yelchin, for Jim Lake Jr. Won [31]
Best Female Lead Vocal Performance in a Television Series Lexi Medrano, for Claire Nuñez Nominated
Best Female Vocal Performance in a Television Series in a Supporting Role Laraine Newman, for Miss Janeth Nominated
Best Female Vocal Performance in a Television Series in a Guest Role Anjelica Huston, for Queen Usurna Nominated
Daytime Emmy Awards Outstanding Individual Achievement in Character Animation Mike Chaffe, "Becoming, Part 1" Won [32][33]
Outstanding Individual Achievement in Character Design Victor Maldonado, "Win, Lose Or Draal" Won
Outstanding Special Class Animated Program Guillermo del Toro, Rodrigo Blaas, Marc Guggenheim, Chad Hammes, Christina Steinberg, Dan Hageman, Kevin Hageman, Lawrence Jonas Nominated
Outstanding Performer in an Animated Program Kelsey Grammer, for Blinky Won
Outstanding Casting for an Animated Series or Special Mary Hidalgo, Ania O'Hare, CSA Won
Outstanding Writing in an Animated Program Marc Guggenheim Won
Outstanding Directing in an Animated Program Rodrigo Blaas, Guillermo del Toro Won
Outstanding Main Title and Graphic Design Rodrigo Blaas, Andy Erekson, Jonathan Catalan, Dai Weier, John Laus, David M.V. Jones Nominated
Outstanding Sound Mixing – Animation Matthew Thomas Hall and Carlos Sanches, CAS Nominated
2018 Annie Awards Outstanding Achievement, Character Animation in an Animated Television/Broadcast Production Bruno Chiou, Yi-Fan Cho, Kevin Jong, Chun-Jung Chu, "Homecoming" Won [34]
Outstanding Achievement, Character Design in an Animated Television/Broadcast Production Jules Rigolle, Alfredo Torres, Linda Chen, Rustam Hasanov, Alfonso Blaas, "Escape from the Darklands" Nominated
Outstanding Achievement, Directing in an Animated Television/Broadcast Production Andrew Schmidt, "Unbecoming" Nominated
Outstanding Achievement, Storyboarding in an Animated Television/Broadcast Production David Woo, "Hero with a Thousand Faces" Nominated
Outstanding Achievement, Storyboarding in an Animated Television/Broadcast Production Hyunjoo Song, "In the Hall of the Gumm-Gumm King" Nominated
Outstanding Achievement, Writing in an Animated Television/Broadcast Production A.C. Bradley, Kevin Hageman, Dan Hageman, Aaron Waltke, Chad Quandt, "Escape from the Darklands" Nominated
Kidscreen Awards Best New Series, Kids Category Trollhunters Won [35]
Best Writing Trollhunters Won
Best Animation Trollhunters Won
Golden Reel Award Outstanding Achievement in Sound Editing, Animation Short Form Matthew Hall, Jason Oliver, Goeun Lee, MPSE, James Miller, Carlos Sanches, Aran Tanchum, Vincent Guisetti Nominated [36]
Daytime Emmy Awards Outstanding Children's Animated Series Guillermo del Toro, Marc Guggenheim, Chad Hammes, Rodrigo Blaas, Christina Steinberg, Dan Hageman, Kevin Hageman, Lawrence Jonas Nominated [37][38]
Outstanding Writing in an Animated Program Dan Hageman, Kevin Hageman, Aaron Waltke, Chad Quandt, AC Bradley Won
Outstanding Sound Editing - Animation Matt Hall, Goeun Lee, James Miller, James Oliver, Aran Tanchum, Stacey Michaels, Vincent Guilsetti, Alex Ulrich Nominated
Outstanding Main Title and Graphic Design Rodrigo Blaas, Andy Erekson, Jonathan Catalan, Dai Weier, David M.V. Jones, John Laus Nominated
Tales of Arcadia[edit]
Main article: Tales of Arcadia
On November 6, 2017, show creator Guillermo del Toro announced that Trollhunters will be expanded into a trilogy of animated series known as Tales of Arcadia.[39] The trilogy will be continued by a sci-fi animated series known as 3 Below, which will center on two royal aliens and their bodyguard who escape from their home planet and crash-land on Earth in Arcadia, where Trollhunters also takes place. There, the aliens adjust to human culture and try to fix their spaceship to return and take back their home planet, which is being taken over by an evil dictator. 3 Below will premiere on Netflix in 2018. The trilogy will then be concluded with the animated series Wizards, which brings together the three disparate worlds of trolls, aliens and wizards who have found themselves drawn to Arcadia, "...culminating in an apocalyptic battle for the control of magic that will ultimately determine the fate of these supernatural worlds that have now converged." Wizards is scheduled to premiere on Netflix in 2019.[39]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Milligan, Mercedes (September 22, 2016). "DreamWorks TV to Premiere 'Trollhunters' at NYCC". Animation Magazine. Retrieved September 25, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Andreeva, Nellie (June 15, 2016). "'Trollhunters': Anton Yelchin, Kelsey Grammer & Ron Perlman To Lead Cast of Guillermo del Toro Netflix Animated Series". Deadline. Retrieved June 18, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Lesnick, Silas (September 22, 2016). "DreamWorks Animation and Netflix Head to New York Comic-Con". ComingSoon.net. Retrieved September 25, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Patten, Dominic (October 8, 2016). "'Trollhunters' Sets December Debut Date on Netflix, Drops New Trailer & Key Art – NY Comic-Con". Deadline. Retrieved October 8, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Trumbore, Dave (December 14, 2017). "'Trollhunters' Season 2 Review: Magic and Mythology Return to Arcadia in Bold New Ways". Collider. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Foutch, Haleigh (December 12, 2017). "Netflix and DreamWorks Animation Team up for Six Animated Series in 2018". Collider. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Trumbore, Dave (May 14, 2018). "New 'Trollhunters' Trailer Teases the Beginning of the End for the Title Team". Collider. Retrieved May 26, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Boucher, Ashley (April 24, 2018). "Here's Everything Coming to and Leaving Netflix in May". TheWrap. Retrieved May 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ Johnson, Travis. "Trollhunters Season 1". Filmink. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
Jump up ^ Pond, Steve. "'Trollhunters' Leads Creative Arts Daytime Emmy Winners". The Wrap. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Guillermo Del Toro's Trollhunters To Be A Comic Book From Marc Guggenheim And Richard Hamilton #C2Ccon2017". Bleeding Cool Comic Book, Movie, TV News. March 4, 2017. Retrieved 2017-03-14.
Jump up ^ Sciretta, Peter. "Trollhunters Season 2 Announced, Anton Yelchin Returns". Slash Film. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
Jump up ^ http://deadline.com/2018/04/tatiana-maslany-diego-luna-emile-hirsch-cast-dreamworks-trollhunters-part-3-guillermo-del-toro-1202377460/
Jump up ^ http://collider.com/trollhunters-season-3-cast-tatiana-maslany-diego-luna-emile-hirsch/
Jump up ^ https://www.cartoonbrew.com/internet-television/trollhunters-universe-will-expand-trilogy-series-tales-arcadia-154492.html/
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Agard, Chancellor (September 30, 2016). "Trollhunters: Guillermo del Toro previews one of Anton Yelchin's final roles — first look". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved October 1, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Mancuso, Vinnie. "Guillermo del Toro Talks 'Trollhunters': 'The Best Creative Experience I've Ever Had'". Observer. Retrieved January 29, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Miller, Liz Shannon. "Guillermo del Toro: How Netflix's 'Trollhunters' Reconnected Him With the Joy of Childhood (And 'Fraiser')". indiewire. Retrieved January 29, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Miller, Liz Shannon. "Guillermo del Toro on Losing Anton Yelchin, And What That Means for 'Trollhunters' Season 2". Indiewire. Retrieved January 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The mangled gate which Star Trek star Anton Yelchin, 27, was pinned against by his two TON Jeep when it rolled backwards and killed him in freak accident". Daily Mail. Retrieved October 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ "New York Comic Con: Guillermo Del Toro refuses to nix late Anton Yelchin's voice work in his 'Trollhunters'". New York Daily News. Retrieved October 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ Glass, Joe (September 4, 2017). "Guillermo Del Toro's 'Trollhunters' Animated Series Bursts Onto DVD This November". Bleeding Cool. Retrieved May 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ Jasper. "'TROLLHUNTERS' SEASON 1 DVD RELEASE DATE". Anton-yelchin.com. Retrieved May 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Trollhunters: Season 1". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved December 31, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Trollhunters: Season 1". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved February 15, 2017.
Jump up ^ "'Trollhunters' Tops All TV Programs With 6 Creative Arts Emmys". April 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ ColliderVideos (January 30, 2017). "Trollhunters Writers Dan & Kevin Hageman Interview - Collider TV Talk" – via YouTube.
Jump up ^ "'Coco' Leads Annie Awards Nominations With 13". Variety. Retrieved January 25, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Annie Awards Nominees". Annie Awards. Retrieved November 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ McNary, Dave (March 2, 2017). "Saturn Awards Nominations 2017: 'Rogue One,' 'Walking Dead' Lead". Variety. Archived from the original on March 3, 2017. Retrieved March 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ Trollhunters, retrieved 2018-02-26
Jump up ^ "THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF TELEVISION ARTS & SCIENCES ANNOUNCES NOMINATIONS FOR THE 44TH ANNUAL DAYTIME EMMY® AWARDS" (PDF). Emmy Awards Official Site. March 23, 2017. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF TELEVISION ARTS & SCIENCES ANNOUNCES WINNERS FOR THE 44TH ANNUAL DAYTIME CREATIVE ARTS EMMY® AWARDS" (PDF). April 30, 2017. Retrieved April 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Best Animated Feature-Independent - Annie Awards: 'Coco' Tops the Animation Celebration". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2018-02-04.
Jump up ^ "And the 2018 Kidscreen Awards go to…". Retrieved 2018-02-14.
Jump up ^ Slack, Anne. "Outstanding Achievement in Sound Editing - Animation Short Form". www.mpse.org. Retrieved 2018-03-13.
Jump up ^ "THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF TELEVISION ARTS & SCIENCES ANNOUNCES NOMINATIONS FOR THE 45TH ANNUAL DAYTIME EMMY® AWARDS" (PDF). Emmy Awards Official Site. March 21, 2018. Retrieved March 21, 2018.
Jump up ^ "2018 Daytime Emmy winners: Full list of Creative Arts Awards winners and nominees" (PDF). April 27, 2018. Retrieved April 27, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "'Trollhunters' Universe Will Expand Into The Trilogy Series 'Tales of Arcadia'". Cartoon Brew. November 7, 2017. Retrieved November 7, 2017.
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Ghusl
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Wudu and ghusl facilities (in background) at Jamek Mosque in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Ghusl (Arabic: غسل Ġusl , IPA: [ˈɣʊsl]) is an Arabic term referring to the full-body ritual purification mandatory before the performance of various rituals and prayers, for any adult Muslim after having sexual intercourse, ejaculation[1][2] or completion of the menstrual cycle.[3], although Wudu or just sleep, without either, are the lesser stages of purity that is acceptable.[4]
The washing is also recommended but not required (i.e. it is mustahabb) before Jumu'ah[5] and Eid[6] prayers, before entering the ihram in preparation for Hajj, after having lost consciousness and after formally converting. The Shia also perform the ablution before Namaz-e-tawbah (Prayer of Repentance).
Ghusl is often translated as "full ablution", as opposed to the "partial ablution", of wudu وضوء that Muslims perform after lesser impurities such as urination, defecation, breaking wind, deep sleep, light bleeding, etc.
It is a ritual bath.[7]:471
Contents
[hide]
1 Types of ghusl by purpose
2 Water requirements
2.1 Ghusl is allowed with the following types of water
2.2 Ghusl is not allowed with the following types of water
3 The acts of Ghusl
3.1 Farā'id of Ghusl
3.2 Sunnah of Ghusl
4 Sunni school of thought
5 Shia school of thought
5.1 Ghusl tartibi
5.2 Ghusl Irtimasi
5.3 Recommendable acts of Ghusl
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Types of ghusl by purpose[edit]
Ghusl becomes obligatory for seven causes, and the ghusl for each of these different causes has different names:[8]
Ghusl Janabat is ghusl performed after sexual intercourse or ejaculation.
Ghusl Hayd is following menstruation.
Ghusl Istihadad is for irregular bleeding (in women).
Ghusl Nifas is for post-partum bleeding.
Ghusl Mayyit is ghusl performed on a dead Muslim.
Ghusl Mase Mayyit becomes obligatory if one directly touches a dead body.
Ghusl also becomes obligatory following a vow or oath to perform it.
Water requirements[edit]
Similar to Wudu, some water is permissible for use for ghusl whereas some water is not, as defined by the source of the water.
Ghusl is allowed with the following types of water[edit]
Rain water
Well water
Spring, sea or river water
Water of melting snow or hail
Water of a big tank or pond[9]
Ghusl is not allowed with the following types of water[edit]
Unclean or impure water
Water extracted from fruit and trees
The acts of Ghusl[edit]
The Quranic mandate for ghusl comes in surah an-Nisa:
O Believers, do not come near to prayer when you are drunk, until you know what you are saying; nor when sexually defiled, unless passing through, until you perform ablutions. If you are ill, or on a journey, or one of you comes from the toilet, or you had intercourse with women, and you do not find water, then use some clean earth and wipe your faces and hands.[Quran 4:42–43 (Translated by Tarif Khalidi)]
The phrase for 'intercourse' in this verse has been interpreted by Hanafi scholars to mean sexual contact, while Shafi'i scholars interpret contact to mean both physical and sexual contact. Hence, the Hanafi school of thought does not require one to take wudu if there is non-sexual contact with a member of the opposite sex, while the Shafi'i school of thought does require wudu before salah and so on.[10]
Farā'id of Ghusl[edit]
There are three fard (obligatory) acts. If one of these acts is omitted, it must be returned to and completed before the remaining acts.[11]'
Niyyah
Rinsing the inner mouth.
Sniffing water and blowing it out.
To wash the entire body in a rigorous manner.
Sunnah of Ghusl[edit]
Sunnah (optional - practised by Muhammad according to Sunnah hadiths) acts.
Washing both the hands up to the wrists.
Wash the private parts and remove dirt or filth from the body.
Perform wudu.
Water should be poured over the head three times so that it flows all over the body.
Pour water on the right shoulder three times.
Pour water on the left shoulder three times.
In Islam, ghusl requires the washing of the full body. There are some differences in details between the Sunni and the Shia schools of thought.
Sunni school of thought[edit]
Start by making niyyah (intention) to perform Ghusl, say Bismillah (in the name of Allah) and cleanse yourself of impurities.[3][11][12]
Wash the right hand up to and including the wrist (and between the fingers) three times, then similarly for the left hand.
Wash the private parts and remove dirt or filth from the body.
Perform Wudu as if for prayer. Ensure that the mouth and nostrils are thoroughly rinsed three times. If sitting on a stool or stone while bathing then the feet should also be washed when performing Wudu. But if sitting in a muddy place, feet should not be washed at this stage.
Water should be poured over the head three times so that it flows all over the body, ensuring that the roots of hairs and parts not easily reached by water such as the backs of the knees are washed thoroughly.[3]
Pour water over both the shoulders three times each. Hands should be passed all over the body when water is poured so that no part of the body is left dry.
Move to a clean spot and wash the feet if not washed during Wudu
As at the end of Wudu, it is recommended to recite the Shahada.[3][12]
If, after Ghusl, one recalls that a certain portion of the body is left dry, it is not necessary to repeat the Ghusl, but merely wash the dry portion. It is not sufficient to pass a wet hand over the dry place. If one has forgotten to rinse the mouth or the nostrils, these too could be rinsed when recalled after Ghusl has been performed.
The following hadith describes how ghusl should be performed by Sunni Muslims.
A narration attributed to Aisha bint Abi Bakr reports:
When Allah's Messenger bathed because of sexual intercourse, he first washed his hands; he then poured water with his right hand on his left hand and washed his private parts. He then performed wudu as is done for prayer. He then took some water and ran his fingers in the roots of his hair. And when he found that it had been properly moistened, he poured three handfuls on his head and then poured water over his body and subsequently washed his feet.[13]
Ghusl should be made in a place of total privacy
In another hadith, ibn Abbas stated that Maimuna said that The Messenger of Allah was given a towel (after ghusl), but he did not rub his body with it, but he did like this with water (i.e. he shook it off).[14] In addition, ibn Abbas recorded the following hadith on the authority of his mother's sister.
A narration attributed to Maymunah bint al-Harith reports:
I placed water near The Messenger of Allah to take a bath because of sexual intercourse. He washed the palms of his hands twice or thrice and then put his hand in the basin and poured water over his body then struck hand against the earth and rubbed it with force and then performed ablution for the prayer and then poured three handfuls of water on his head and then washed his whole body after which he moved aside from that place and washed his feet, and then I brought a towel (so that he may wipe his body), but he returned it.[15]
Shia school of thought[edit]
There are two methods of performing ghusl. One is known as ghusl tartibi, and the other is known as ghusl irtimasi.[16]
Ghusl tartibi[edit]
"Ghusl tartibi" means an ordinal bath, performed in three stages.
After washing away the najasat (e.g., semen or blood) from the body and after niyyat, the body has to be washed in three stages: First, head down to the neck; then the right side of the body from the shoulder down to the foot; and lastly, the left side of the body.
Each part should be washed thoroughly in such a way that the water reaches the skin. Special care should be taken while washing the head; the hair should be combed (e.g., with your fingers) so that water reached the hair-roots. While washing the right side of the body, some part of the left side must be washed too, and also, while washing the left side of the body, some part of the right side must be washed.[16]
Ghusl Irtimasi[edit]
"Ghusl irtimasi" means a bath involving immersion of the whole body in the water. It is needless to say that such a ghusl can only be done in a body of water, e.g., a pool, river, lake or sea. After washing away the semen or blood from the body and after niyyat, the whole body should be completely immersed in the water all at once, not gradually. One has to make sure that the water reaches all parts of the body, including hair and the skin under it.
However, ghusl tartibi is preferred to ghusl irtimasi.[16]
Recommendable acts of Ghusl[edit]
What has been mentioned above are the wajib acts of ghusl; there are things which are recommendable (mustahabb, sunnat) during the ghusl.[3] These recommendable acts are five:
Gargling three times and washing the nose three times.
Performing the acts of Wudu before the actual washing
Wiping the hands on the whole body to ensure that every part has been thoroughly washed.[3]
Combing the hair with the fingers to ensure that the water reaches the hair-roots.
(For men only) Doing istibra' before ghusl janabat. Istibra', in the present context, means "urinating." The benefit of istibra': If a liquid comes out of one's penis after completing the ghusl, and he doubts whether it is semen or urine, then should he repeat the ghusl or not? If he had done istibra' before the ghusl, then he can assume that the liquid is urine he will not have to repeat the ghusl; he just has to do wudu for his salat. But, on the other hand, if he had not done istibra' before the ghusl, then he has to assume that it is the remnant of semen he will have to do the ghusl again.[8]
'Ubaydullah al-Halabi narrates that someone asked Imam Muhammad al-Baqir (a.s.) about a man who performs ghusl and then finds some (doubtful) drops (on his penis) while he had already urinated before performing the ghusl. (That is, should he consider the drops as urine or semen?) The Imam said, "He will just have to do wudu (for hi s salat). But if he had not passed urine before the ghusl, then he must repeat the ghusl."[17]
This rule of istibra' applies only to men. Sulayman bin Khalid asked Imam Muhammad al-Baqir (a.s.) about a man who became ritually impure because of sexual intercourse and then performed ghusl without urinating. Then some drops came out of him . The Imam said, "He must repeat the ghusl." Sulayman: "What if similar drops come out of a woman after she has performed ghusl?" The Imam said, "She does not have to repeat the ghusl . " Sulayman: "What is the difference between the two?" The Imam said, "(A woman does not have to repeat ghusl janabat) because what comes out of her is certainly from the (remnants of the) discharge of man."[18]
See also[edit]
Mikveh, the Jewish ritual bath
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Sahih Muslim, Hadith number 616
Jump up ^ Sharh as-Sunnah by al-Baghawi, vol 2., pg. 9
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "The Ritual Bath (ghusl): Obligatory, Recommended, and Disliked Acts - SeekersHub Answers". 2010-08-26. Retrieved 2016-06-26.
Jump up ^ Al-Kafi Volume 3, Hadith 4029
Jump up ^ Sahih al-Bukhari, Volume 1, Book 12, Hadith number 817
Jump up ^ Sharh Mukhtasar, Volume 2, pg. 102
Jump up ^ Mohammad Taqi al-Modarresi (26 March 2016). The Laws of Islam (PDF). Enlight Press. ISBN 978-0994240989. Retrieved 22 December 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Ghusl Explain QA - IslamicLaws
Jump up ^ Najasat in the water for Ghusl - My Religion Islam
Jump up ^ Does Touching Woman break Wudu - Dr Zakir Naik
^ Jump up to: a b Pānīpatī, Muḥammad S̲anāʾullāh (1985-01-01). The Essential Hanafi Handbook of Fiqh. Kazi Publications. p. 39.
^ Jump up to: a b Sahih Bukhari, Book 5: Bathing (Ghusl) Prophet performing Ghusl
Jump up ^ Sahih Muslim, hadith number 616
Jump up ^ Sahih Muslim, hadith number 622
Jump up ^ Sahih Muslim, hadith number 620
^ Jump up to: a b c The Major Abolution Archived 2012-04-23 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Wasa'il al Shia, vol. 1, p. 517.
Jump up ^ Wasa'il al Shia, vol. 1, p. 482.
External links[edit]
Ghusl details from Teachings of Islam (Talim-ul-Haq)
Ghusl in the Qur’an, hadith and fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence)
Ghusl: Obligatory Baths
GHUSL (COMPLETE BATH) The University of Southern California
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