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J. G. Hertzler
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J. G. Hertzler
John G. Hertzler (2011)
Born
John Garman Hertzler Jr.
(1950-03-18) March 18, 1950 (age 67)
Savannah, Georgia, U.S.
Residence
Trumansburg, New York, U.S.[1]
Other names
John Noah Hertzler
Alma mater
Bucknell University
University of Maryland
American University
Occupation
Actor, author, screenwriter, activist
Years active
1978–present
Children
1[2][3][4]
John Garman "J. G." Hertzler Jr. (born March 18, 1950)[5][6][7] is an American actor, author, screenwriter, and activist best known for his role on Star Trek: Deep Space Nine as the Klingon General (and later Chancellor) Martok, whom he portrayed from 1995 until the series' end in 1999.
Hertzler began his acting career in the 1970s, doing mostly stage acting and appearing in some films. He guest starred in a few episodes for different television shows before landing the part of Alcalde Ignacio De Soto in the early 1990s show Zorro. In addition to Deep Space Nine, Hertzler has appeared on several other Star Trek shows, written two Star Trek novels, and has made appearances at Star Trek and science fiction conventions. Hertzler lives in the Finger Lakes region of New York where he was a lecturer at Cornell's theater department, and has been active in the area's regional politics, as well as writing a screenplay.
Contents
[hide]
1 Biography
1.1 Early life and education
1.2 Acting career
1.3 New York theater and teaching
1.4 Writing
1.5 Political life and activism
2 Filmography
2.1 Television
2.2 Film
2.3 Video games
3 References
4 External links
Biography[edit]
Early life and education[edit]
Hertzler was born in Savannah, Georgia. His parents were from Port Royal, Pennsylvania,[2][5] and his family is descended from German-speaking Amish families.[4] His father John G. Hertzler served in the U.S. Air Force,[5][8] and his mother Eleanor Frances Beaver Hertzler was a Latin and French teacher.[5][9] His family lived in cities around the world including: St. Joe, Missouri; El Paso, Texas; and Casablanca in Morocco.[2][10] He grew up mostly in the Washington, D.C. area, and attended Bucknell University, playing linebacker on their football squad.[7][10][11] While there, he got into acting when the drama department recruited him for a production of Marat/Sade as they were looking for a big guy for one of the roles.[12] After graduating in political science in 1972,[13] he got his master's in set design at the University of Maryland,[4][10] and attended law school for a year at American University. While he was in the DC area, he worked in the federal government,[2][14] including with the Nixon Administration for the National Environmental Policy Act,[10] and took an assortment of jobs to practice theatre including a waiter at a dinner theater, a bartender, and a cab driver.[10]
Acting career[edit]
Hertzler worked in the Washington area on theatre projects. On the movie screen, he portrayed Lucas in the horror film The Redeemer: Son of Satan (also known as Class Reunion Massacre), which was released in 1978.[15][16] Hertzler also had a role in the feature film And Justice for All which starred Al Pacino, released in 1979.[10] He also worked in New York City on the Broadway production The Bacchae as King Pentheus.[17][18][19] In 1981, he moved to San Francisco to join the American Conservatory Theater (ACT) where he acted and directed in a number of productions including The Admirable Crichton,[20] Richard II,[12] Dial M for Murder,[21] and a number of Shakespeare productions.[22][23] He was an instructor with ACT,[24] and had also worked with other theater productions such as Medea with the Cincinnati Playhouse.[12][25] He moved to Southern California in 1988 and continued theatre work there.[12][26]
His first notable guest role on television was in 1990 on the Quantum Leap episode "The Sea Bride – June 3, 1954".[27] His first major television role was in the 1990s series Zorro as Alcalde Ignacio De Soto, the antagonist character who replaces Ramone as the Alcalde (Mayor) of Los Angeles in the third and fourth seasons.[10][28][29] The show was filmed in a studio lot outside of Madrid, Spain,[30] and was broadcast on The Family Channel.[12] He was also involved in a television movie called Treasure Island: The Adventure Begins where he played a pirate called Black Dog. Treasure Island was broadcast to go along with a promotion for the casino resort in Las Vegas.[8]
Hertzler (pictured right) at the Riverside Trek Fest in 2014, in costume as his Deep Space Nine character Martok
Hertzler's first involvement in Star Trek: Deep Space Nine was in the series' pilot episode "Emissary" as the Vulcan captain of the Federation starship Saratoga.[31] In an interview with Startrek.com, Hertzler said he had worked with Patrick Stewart at the Paramount Studios lot where Stewart ran some Shakespeare workshops. He would later audition for DS9 multiple times, but did not receive any roles.[32] He was at the Paramount Studios auditioning for another series when DS9 casting director Ron Surma had him read for Klingon General Martok. At first, Hertzler portrayed Martok as a mild-mannered Klingon, but when he was asked to make him angrier, he picked up a chair and threw it into a wall. The chair's leg stuck briefly and he said he had also inadvertently ripped his thumbnail causing it to bleed, but it had impressed the auditors and he landed the part.[10][32] Martok debuted in the season 4 premiere "The Way of the Warrior" followed by the season 5 premiere "Apocalypse Rising". His character was killed off, but Hertzler said the writers thought that making the Klingon Gowron to be a clone was "too pat or too easy", so they later revealed that the Martok that was killed was just a changeling (shapeshifter) Dominion impostor. The writers then brought in the real Martok as a recurring character starting in season 5, during which he portrayed a one-eyed Klingon. He would play Martok for three seasons including the finale where the fate of his character was left open.[32] Hertzler describes the part as an actor's dream because of its physicality and range. The character has been involved in many aspects of Deep Space Nine including frequently interacting with Worf.[4][10]
Hertzler played other characters in DS9, including a changeling named Laas, in the episode "Chimera", who interacts with main character Odo. In an interview with Little Review, Hertzler said that he was concerned he would be recognized as Martok despite the makeup and character change, but it worked out okay. Credited as Garman Hertzler for the episode, he said that he got a chance to interact with some of the lead characters that Martok would not encounter, especially the ones played by Nana Visitor and René Auberjonois.[4] In portraying Laas, Hertzler said he tried to act like William Shatner, but with a higher pitch. Another guest character he did was Roy Ritterhouse, a painter/sketcher in the season 6 episode "Far Beyond the Stars".[32]
Following the end of DS9, Hertzler played Hirogen in the Star Trek: Voyager episode "Tsunkatse", which was noted for featuring pro wrestler Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson. In the episode, he and The Rock are conscripted alien fighters. Hertzler said that he also got to wrestle actress Jeri Ryan who played Seven of Nine.[4] In Star Trek: Enterprise, he played a Klingon lawyer in the episode "Judgment" and a Klingon Captain in the episode "Borderland". He made appearances at Star Trek and science fiction conventions and events.[32] In 2015, Hertzler joined the cast on the fan-funded short film Star Trek: Axanar as Captain Samuel Travis of the Federation.[8][33][34][35]
Outside of the Star Trek world, Hertzler appeared in the television film Pirates of Silicon Valley where he portrayed director Ridley Scott.[36] He made guest appearances on Six Feet Under, Roswell, Charmed, and Highlander: The Series.
In 1995–96, he was involved in a national tour for the stage theatre production of Dial M for Murder, in which he portrayed Max Halliday,[37] an American writer who gets involved in a love triangle.[38][39][40]
Hertzler has been involved in voice-over for video games and audio productions. Outside some Star Trek titles, he did the voice-over for the intro sequence of 3DO's Might and Magic IX, and was the voice of Dr. Grossman in BioShock[27][32] and Deathstroke and Ares in Injustice: Gods Among Us. Hertzler narrated the audio book entitled Barsk: The Elephants' Graveyard, written by Star Trek linguist Lawrence Schoen.[41]
New York theater and teaching[edit]
During the 2005–2006 season, Hertzler played the role of Henry Drummond in productions of Inherit the Wind at Geva Theatre Center[42] and Cornell University's Schwartz Center for the Performing Arts.[7][43]
In 2007, Hertzler moved to Ulysses, New York, and became a Resident Professional Teaching Associate (RPTA) in the Cornell University Department of Theatre, Film & Dance, where he has directed or performed in a number of productions through the 2010 season.[7][13][44][45] In 2009, Hertzler directed an outdoor production of A Midsummer Night's Dream for the Ithaca Shakespeare Company at the F.R. Newman Arboretum.[46][47] He also portrayed Lord Capulet in Cornell's production of Romeo and Juliet, which involved students as well as professional actors.[48]
After Cornell, Hertzler has continued to do acting and teaching in the New York area, including hosting a workshop about Shakespeare acting.[49]
Writing[edit]
Hertzler co-authored with novelist Jeffrey Lang two Star Trek novels, Left Hand of Destiny, Book 1, and Left Hand of Destiny, Book 2.[32] which were published by Simon & Schuster.[4] The novels follow Martok's and Worf's adventures following Deep Space Nine as they return to Q'onos, with much of the focus on Martok's life.[4][50][51]
Hertzler has also written an original screenplay, Dancing with Sancho Panza, inspired by his time in Spain when he worked on Zorro. In June 2016, the announcement was made that the screenplay will be directed by Luis Mandoki with an anticipated release date of November 2017.[52]
Political life and activism[edit]
Hertzler and actor James Cromwell show their arrest citations at the Crestwood station protest
In 2013, Hertzler ran for a position on the Ulysses town council[53] His involvement in politics was partly because of the issue of hydraulic fracturing and concerns that the method of drilling for natural gas would destroy the Finger Lakes region.[7][13] He also wanted the region's schools to get more state aid.[7] He was elected and served on the board for a two-year term.[7][54] In 2016, he was elected to the town council board for a four-year term extending to 2020.[55]
Hertzler and fellow actor James Cromwell were among 19 people arrested for disorderly conduct during a protest outside a Crestwood Midstream compressor station in Watkins Glen, New York, on June 6, 2016. They were involved in the "We Are Seneca Lake" civil disobedience campaign against the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission green-lighting underground gas storage in Seneca Lake's salt caverns, despite public opposition.[56][57]
On June 8, 2017, Hertzler announced his candidacy as a U.S. House Representative for New York's 23rd congressional district in the 2018 elections. As part of his campaign appearances, he plans to act "in the persona of Mark Twain", to present his ideas "through the brilliant humorist for all ages". He stated that this was a tribute both to Twain, who resided once in Elmira, and to actor Hal Holbrook, who had portrayed Twain on stage for more than six decades.[58][59] On September 25, 2017 Hertzler announced his decision to leave the Democratic Party and run as an independent.[60]

Filmography[edit]
Television[edit]
List of acting performances in television
Year
Title
Role
Notes
Source
000000001990-05-02-00001990 Quantum Leap Weathers Farrington Ep. "Sea Bride – June 3, 1954" [27][32][52][61]
000000001991-01-01-00001991–93 Zorro Alcalde Ignacio de Soto [62][63][64][65]
000000001992-12-19-00001992 Highlander Marcus Korolus Ep "See No Evil" [52][61]
000000001993-01-01-00001993–99 Star Trek: Deep Space Nine Martok, others Also Vulcan Captain in "Emissary" [4][10][66][67]
000000001994-01-07-00001994 The Adventures of Brisco County, Jr. Edward Hayes / Myron Stempler Ep. "Bounty Hunters Convention" [52][61]
000000001994-11-05-00001994 Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman Captain Burgoyne Ep. "The Washington Affair: Parts 1 and 2" [61]
000000001996-05-09-00001996 Seinfeld Mr. Berger Ep. "The Wait Out" [52][68]
000000001999-06-20-00001999 Pirates of Silicon Valley Ridley Scott TV film [32][36][61]
000000001996-09-29-00001996 Lois and Clark Trey Eps. "Battleground Earth", "Lord of the Flys" [52][61][69]
000000002000-02-09-00002000 Star Trek Voyager Hirogen Hunter Ep. "Tsunkatse" [4]
000000002000-05-18-00002000 Charmed Council member Ep. "Be Careful What You Witch For" [61]
000000002000-10-09-00002000 Roswell Mr. Lafeber Ep. "Ask Not" [52][61]
000000002000-10-15-00002000 Touched by an Angel Ep. "The Face on the Barroom Floor" [70]
000000002002-10-14-00002002 Everybody Loves Raymond Everett Muncie Ep. "Who Am I?" [52][71]
000000002003-04-09-00002003–04 Enterprise Advocate Kolos, Klingon Captain Ep. "Judgment", Ep. "Borderland" [72][73]
000000002004-08-29-00002004–05 Six Feet Under Gallery owner [52][74]
General Hospital Gen. Stark [episode needed] [75]
Film[edit]
List of acting performances in film
Year
Title
Role
Notes
Source
000000001978-04-07-00001978 The Redeemer: Son of Satan Davis [15][16]
000000001979-09-15-00001979 And Justice For All The other driver [10][61]
000000001994-01-01-00001994 Treasure Island: The Adventure Begins Black Dog TV movie produced by Treasure Island Resort & Casino [10]
000000001998-01-20-00001998 The Prophecy II Father William [10][61]
000000002014-07-26-00002014 Prelude to Axanar Admiral Samuel Travis Limited release at Comic-Con [33][34][35]
TBA Dancing with Sancho Panza Screenwriter, in pre-production [52]

Video games[edit]
List of voice performances in video games
Year
Title
Role
Notes
Source[76]
000000001996-01-01-00001996 Star Trek: Klingon Ler' at [66]
000000002000-02-29-00002000 Star Trek: Armada Martok Grouped under Voice Over [77]
000000002001-11-16-00002001 Star Trek: Armada II Chancellor Martok [78]
000000002003-06-24-00002003 Star Trek: Elite Force II Lurok Grouped under Additional Voices [79]
000000002007-12-04-00002007 The Golden Compass Various characters Grouped under Actor [80]
000000002007-08-21-00002007 BioShock Dr. Grossman Grouped under Actors [27][81]
000000002008-10-14-00002008 Dead Space Captain Benjamin Mathius [27][82]
000000002010-02-09-00002010 BioShock 2 Dr. Grossman [27][82]
000000002013-04-16-00002013 Injustice: Gods Among Us Ares, Deathstroke Grouped under Voice Talent, English [83]
References[edit]
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^ Jump up to: a b c d Hertzler, John (September 23, 2013). "Town Board– John Hertzler". Democrats 4 Ulysses (Ulysses Democratic Committee). Retrieved June 24, 2016 – via Wordpress.
Jump up ^ "Interview with J.G. Hertzler". The 1701st Fleet. Interview with Phil Cherry. April 14, 2015. Retrieved June 24, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Green, Michelle Erica (2000). "J.G. Hertzler Vs. The Rock". Little Review. Retrieved July 16, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Port Royal People :: Eleanor Frances (BEAVER) HERTZLER". portroyal200.com. Retrieved July 17, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Circuit Film". thecircuitfilm.com. Retrieved June 22, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Spector, Joseph (November 8, 2013). "Klingon warrior elected to N.Y. town board". USA Today. Retrieved June 22, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Interview: J.G. Hertzler on 'Star Trek: Axanar,' Martok and William Shatner". Pop Mythology. August 20, 2015. Retrieved June 24, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Trek Nation – A Weekend At Holodiction – Part 2". trektoday.com. Retrieved June 24, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m Green, Michelle Erica (1999). "J.G. Hertzler, Intergalactic Tough Guy – General Martok goes on a rampage". Little Review. Retrieved July 16, 2016.
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^ Jump up to: a b c d e Herman, Jan (August 20, 1993). "Theater / Jan Herman: Actor Plays Heavies, Heroes With Equal Ease". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 17, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Alumni Profiles – John Hertzler '72". Bucknell University. May 2014. Retrieved June 24, 2016.
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^ Jump up to: a b "JG Hertzler on "Prelude to Axanar"". axanarproductions.com. July 29, 2014. Retrieved June 22, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "J.G. Hertzler Captivated By 'Axanar' – 1701News". 1701news.com. Retrieved June 22, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Burks, Robin (August 8, 2015). "Interview: Richard Hatch Discusses 'Star Trek: Axanar' And What It's Like Being A Klingon". Tech Times. Retrieved June 22, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Richmond, Ray (June 16, 1999). "Review: 'Pirates of Silicon Valley'". variety.com. Retrieved June 24, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Roddy McDowall in the play, "Dial 'M' for Murder"". RM Tribute site (xmoppet.org). Retrieved July 16, 2016.
Jump up ^ Rousuck, J. Wynn (October 26, 1995). "'Dial' has many wrong numbers Theater review: In a too-large setting at the Lyric Opera House, Frederick Knott's tight, little suspense drama". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved July 16, 2016. Though Allen projects an attractive, girlish, ladylike quality, Hertzler comes across as bland, and James merely seems interested in getting through the play's deliberately convoluted paces – we never really sense a conniving mind at work.
Jump up ^ Ridley, Clifford A. (February 22, 1996). "Seems The Thrill Of This Thriller Is Sadly Gone". Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved July 17, 2016. John James, whom many people appeared to recognize from the daytime serials, is quite good, too, as the dastardly Tony, and J.G. Hertzler and Michael Halsey do nicely as the writer and the hit person.
Jump up ^ Rizzo, Frank (November 9, 1995). "Dial m Needs A Shot Of Energy". The Hartford Courant. Retrieved July 17, 2016. J.G. Hertzler as the wife's former suitor gives a braying, ham- fisted performance.
Jump up ^ Hill, Corbie (February 1, 2016). "Klingon language expert visits Triangle with new sci-fi novel". The News & Observer. Retrieved July 17, 2016.
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Jump up ^ Anders, Charlie Jane; Monson-Rosen, Madeleine (July 18, 2014). "10 Actors Who Kept Their Characters Alive In Books After Cancellation". io9. Gizmodo. Retrieved July 17, 2016.
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Books cited
Brooks, Tim; Marsh, Earle F. (2009). The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946–Present (9th ed.). Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 9780307483201.
Chance, Norman (2010). Who was who on TV. 1. Xlibris Corporation. ISBN 9781456821296.
Chance, Norman (2011). Who was who on TV. 2. Xlibris Corporation. ISBN 9781456821647.
Chance, Norman (2011). Who was who on TV. 3. Xlibris Corporation. ISBN 9781456824563.
External links[edit]
J. G. Hertzler on IMDb
J. G. Hertzler at the Internet Broadway Database
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 75694184
LCCN: n2003089567
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J._G._Hertzler&oldid=808706526"
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text:
History of Delhi
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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See also: Timeline of Delhi
Historical Region of North India
Delhi
Location Delhi
State established: 736 CE
Language Khariboli, Hindi, Urdu, Punjabi, English
Dynasties Tomara Dynasty (736-1160)
Chauhans of Shakambhari (1160-1206)
Mamluk (1206–1289)
Khalji (1290–1320)
Tughlaqs (1320–1413)
Sayyids (1414–51)
Lodis (1451–1526)
Mughals (1526–1540)
Suris (1540-1553)
Hindu-Hemu (1553–56)
Mughals (1556-1757) Marathas (1757-1803) Company Rule (1803-1857)
British (1857–1947)
Independence (1947–Present)
The Indian capital city of Delhi has a long history, and has been an important political centre of India as the capital of several empires. Much of Delhi's ancient history finds no record and this may be regarded as a lost period of its history. Extensive coverage of Delhi's history begins with the onset of the Delhi Sultanate in the 12th century. Since then, Delhi has been the centre of a succession of mighty empires and powerful kingdoms, making Delhi one of the longest serving Capitals and one of the oldest inhabited cities in the world.[1][2] It is considered to be a city built, destroyed and rebuilt several times, as outsiders who successfully invaded the Indian Subcontinent would ransack the existing capital city in Delhi, and those who came to conquer and stay would be so impressed by the city's strategic location as to make it their capital and rebuild it in their own way.[3][4] The core of Delhi's tangible heritage is Hindu, Islamic (spanning over seven centuries of Islamic rule over the city) with expansive British-era architecture in Lutyens' Delhi dating to the British rule in India.
Significant prehistoric sites in Delhi include Anangpur (in the Badarpur region), as well as Harappan excavations near Narela and Nand Nagari.[5] References to Delhi's history in ancient literature are based on myths and legends. According to the Hindu epic Mahabharata, a city called Indraprastha, “City of the God Indra”, was the capital of the Pandavas. There is a strong belief that Purana Qila was built over the site of ancient Indraprastha. Northern Black Polished Ware (c. 700-200 BCE) have been excavated at the site, and pieces of Painted Grey Ware were found on the surface, suggesting an even older settlement, possibly going back to ca. 1000 BCE.[5]
In 1966, an inscription of the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka (273-236 BCE) was discovered near Srinivaspur. Two sandstone pillars inscribed with the edicts of Ashoka were brought to by Firuz Shah Tughluq in the 14th century. The famous Iron pillar near the Qutub Minar was commissioned by the emperor Kumara Gupta I of the Gupta dynasty (320-540 CE) and transplanted to Delhi during the 10th century.
Contents
1 Cities of Delhi
2 Early history
3 8th century to 16th century
4 16th century to 19th century
5 Further reading
6 See also
7 References
8 Bibliography
9 External links
Cities of Delhi[edit]
Historic map of Shahjahanabad (now known as Old Delhi), in 1863
It is popularly said that Delhi was the site for a total of seven different cities between 3000 BCE and the 17th century BCE, although taking smaller towns and strongholds into account, as many as 15 settlements can be identified. All the earlier locations of Delhi fall within an area commonly called the 'Delhi Triangle,' bounded on the south and the west by the Aravalli Range, known as the Delhi Ridge, and to the east by the Yamuna River.[6][7]
Notable settlements to have been established in the region include:[6][7]
Indraprastha, supposedly built by the Pandavas.
Surajkund (Anangpur), Tomar city dating from the 9th or 10th century, where a large masonry tank can be found.
Lalkot , built ca. 1052 A.D. by the Tomara ruler, Anangpal. In ca. 1180 A.D. Prithviraj Chauhan extended and fortified it as a defence against invaders; the city then became known as Qila Rai Pithora. This area, now called as Mehrauli, was also the seat of the Mamluk (Slave) dynasty.
Siri, first established as a camp for protection against invading Mongols by Alauddin Khalji, and fortified in about ca. 1303 A.D.
Tughluqabad, built by Ghiyasuddin Tughluq in ca. 1320 A.D. A subsidiary fort Adilabad was built by his son Muhammad bin Tughlaq in ca. 1325 A.D.
Jahanpanah, Refuge of the World, name given to the area enclosed by walling-in of the suburbs between Qila Rai Pithora and Siri, built by Muhammad bin Tughluq in ca. 1325 A.D.
Ferozabad, built by Firuz Shah Tughluq in ca. 1354 A.D.; all that remains is the palace, known as Feroz Shah Kotla. Feroz Shah’s building activity indicates that the suburbs were still occupied; major mosques were built inside Jahanpanah (Khirki and Begumpur) and Nizamuddin; and the area around Khalji reservoir Hauz Khas was developed.
Dinpanah built by Humayun and Shergarh built by Sher Shah Suri, both in the area near the speculated site of the legendary Indraprastha (1538–1545).
Shahjahanabad, the walled city built by Shah Jahan from 1638 to 1649, containing the Lal Qila and the Chandni Chowk. It was the capital of the Mughal Empire during Shah Jahan's reign. It is presently referred to as "Old Delhi".
Lutyens' Delhi or New Delhi, the city built by the British on the south-west, declared Capital on 12 December 1911. On 12 December 2011 New Delhi celebrated 100 years of serving as India's National Capital.[8]
Early Political History of Delhi, 1060-1947
Modern Delhi, referred to as 'Dilli' locally, derived from its historical name Dhili, is an amalgam all of the above. Officially, however, only seven of the above-mentioned settlements are recognised [9] as historical cities with distinct identities and indigenous heritage: Qila Rai Pithora, Mehrauli, Siri, Tughlaqabad, Ferozabad, Dinpanah and Shahjahanabad.
The rest are not officially identified as Cities of Delhi because of some specific reasons.
Indraprastha, the legendary Ancient City is believed to have been established 5000 years ago (c. 2800 BC), as per the ancient Indian text- the Mahabharata. Though very much a part of India's very Ancient history, it lacks any tangible evidence to say without doubt that it existed. Archaeological evidence exists, but in such scarcity as be inconclusive. As acknowledged by British historian Michael Wood in his BBC documentary The Story of India,[10] the excavated ceramic pottery from the site of today's Purana Qila in Delhi and the excavated layers of the ancient city seem to match what the verses of the Mahabharata indicate. More possible evidence in its favour is the existence of a village named Indraprastha very close to the Purana Qila that was destroyed by the British during the construction of Lutyens' Delhi.[11]
Jahanpanah is not considered as a City of Delhi because it is very much in ruins and too diffused now to be considered a distinct city. Moreover, sections of the city still standing are now counted in Siri or Mehrauli.
Lodi Complex is not counted as a distinct city because their architectures are too few to be counted as a whole city. The Sayyid and Lodhi dynasties that followed the Tughlak dynasty were far more concerned with restoring stability than patronisation of arts or architecture. Tombs erected in the honour of the rulers are the only monuments of these times and these are scattered all over current South and Central Delhis.[12]
New Delhi, the Capital city of modern India is also not counted as a City of Delhi because the structures of those times are still in use as government buildings. So there seems no such thing as "history" about it.
Early history[edit]
The ancient Yogmaya Temple, claimed to be one of the five temples of Mahabharata days in Delhi.
The iron pillar of Delhi, is said to have been fashioned at the time of Chandragupta Vikramaditya (375–413) of the Gupta Empire.[13][14]
According to Indian folklore, Delhi was the site of the magnificent and opulent Indraprastha, capital of the Pandavas in the Indian epic Mahabharata, founded around 3500 BC. It was, one of the five prasthas or `plains', which included Sonepat, Panipat, Tilpat (near Faridabad), and Baghpat.[15] 16th-century, Persian historian, Firishta, recorded a tradition that Delhi or Dilli was founded by a Raja Dhilu before the Yavana (Greek) invasions. However, it should be noted that the kings then referred to the initial Muslim invaders as Yavanas.[15]
Hindu texts state that the city of Delhi used to be referred to in Sanskrit as Hasthinapur, which means "elephant-city". The name Delhi may be derived from the word 'Dhillika', though there are other theories. According to Satyarth Prakash (1874) of Swami Dayanand, Raja Dhilu (King Dihlu) founded ancient Delhi in 800 BCE.[16] It was the name of the first medieval township of Delhi, located on the southwestern border of the present Delhi, in Mehrauli. This was the first in the series of seven medieval cities. It is also known as Yoginipura, that is, the fortress of the Yoginis (female divinities). It gained importance during the time of Anangpal Tomar. In the 12th century, the city was included in the dominions of Prithviraj Chauhan.
Pasanaha Chariu of Vibudh Shridhar (VS 1189-1230) an Apabhramsha writer, provides the first reference to the legend of the origin of the name Dhilli for Delhi.[17]
हरियाणए देसे असंखगाम, गामियण जणि अणवरथ काम|
परचक्क विहट्टणु सिरिसंघट्टणु, जो सुरव इणा परिगणियं|
रिउ रुहिरावट्टणु बिउलु पवट्टणु, ढिल्ली नामेण जि भणियं|
Translation: There are countless villages in Haryana country. The villagers there work hard. They don't accept domination of others, and are experts in making the blood of their enemies flow. Indra himself praises this country. The capital of this country is Dhilli.
जहिं असिवर तोडिय रिउ कवालु, णरणाहु पसिद्धउ अणंगवालु ||
वलभर कम्पाविउ णायरायु, माणिणियण मणसंजनीय ||
Translation: The ruler Anangapal is famous, he can slay his enemies with his sword. The weight (of the Iron pillar) caused the Nagaraj to shake.
A VS 1383 inscription in Delhi Museum confirms the founding of Delhi by the Tomars:
देशोऽस्ति हरियानाख्यो पॄथिव्यां स्वर्गसन्निभः |
ढिल्लिकाख्या पुरी तत्र तोमरैरस्ति निर्मिता ||
Prithviraj Raso also confirms the founding by the Tomars and the legend of the loose nail:
हुं गड्डि गयौ किल्ली सज्जीव हल्लाय करी ढिल्ली सईव |
फिरि व्यास कहै सुनि अनंगराइ भवितव्य बात मेटी न जाइ ||
8th century to 16th century[edit]
See also: Delhi Sultanate
The bastion of Lal Kot fort in Delhi's Mehrauli built by Tomara Rajput ruler, Anangpal in c. AD 736.
The Qutub Minar is the world's tallest brick minaret at 72.5 metres, built by Qutb-ud-din Aibak of Turkic Slave dynasty in 1192.
The Tomar dynasty founded Lal Kot in 736. The Prithviraj Raso names the Tomar Anangpal as the founder of Lal Kot, whose name is inscribed on Iron Pillar of Delhi at Qutb complex, ascribed to Chandra or Chandragupta II.[18] Anangpal Tomar, who, according to historian Augustus Hoernle, was a Rajput [19] ruler of Delhi, often described as the founder of Delhi, built the citadel some 10 kilometres from Suraj Kund.
The Chauhan kings of Ajmer conquered Lal Kot in 1180 and renamed it Qila Rai Pithora.
Museum and remnants of the walls at Qila Rai Pithora, the first city of Delhi, founded during the 10th century by Prithviraj Chauhan
The Chauhan king Prithviraj III was defeated in 1192 by Muhammad Ghori.
From 1206, Delhi became the capital of the Delhi Sultanate under the Slave Dynasty. The first Sultan of Delhi, Qutb-ud-din Aybak, was a former slave who rose through the ranks to become a general, a governor and then Sultan of Delhi. Qutb-ud-din started the construction of the Qutub Minar, a recognisable symbol of Delhi, to commemorate his victory but died before its completion. In the Qutb complex he also constructed the Quwwat-al-Islam (might of Islam), which is the earliest extant mosque in India. He was said to have destroyed twenty-seven Jain temples initially housed in the Qutb complex and pillaged exquisitely carved pillars and building material from their debris for this mosque, many of which can still be seen.[20] After the end of the Slave dynasty, a succession of Turkic Central Asian and Afghan dynasties, the Khalji dynasty, the Tughluq dynasty, the Sayyid dynasty and the Lodi dynasty held power in the late medieval period and built a sequence of forts and townships in Delhi.[21]
In 1398, Timur Lang invaded India on the pretext that the Muslim sultans of Delhi were too tolerant of their Hindu subjects. After defeating the armies of Nasiruddin Mahmud of Tughlaq dynasty, on 15 December 1398, Timur entered Delhi on 18 December 1398, and the city was sacked, destroyed, and left in ruins, and over 100,000 war prisoners were killed as well.[22][23] In 1526, following the First Battle of Panipat, Zahiruddin Babur, the former ruler of Fergana, defeated the last Afghan Lodi sultan and founded the Mughal dynasty which ruled from Delhi, Agra and Lahore.
16th century to 19th century[edit]
The India Gate commemorates the 90,000 Indian soldiers who died in the Afghan Wars and World War I.
Hemu, Hem Chandra Vikramaditya, the Hindu emperor of North India who resisted Mughals in the 16th century.
Jama Masjid built by Shah Jahan, 1656
In the mid-16th century there was an interruption in the Mughal rule of India as Sher Shah Suri defeated Babur's son Humayun and forced him to flee to Persia. Sher Shah Suri built the sixth city of Delhi, as well as the old fort known as Purana Qila, even though this city was settled since the ancient era. After Sher Shah Suri’s death in 1545, his son Islam Shah took the reins of north India from Delhi. Islam Shah ruled from Delhi till 1553 when Hindu king Hem Chandra Vikramaditya, also called Hemu, became the Prime Minister and Chief of Army of Adil Shah. Hem Chandra fought and won 22 battles in all against rebels and twice against Akbar's army in Agra and Delhi, without losing any. After defeating Akbar's army on 7 October 1556 at Tughlakabad fort area in Battle of Delhi (1556), Hemu acceded to Delhi throne and established Hindu Raj in North India for a brief period, and was bestowed with the title 'Vikramaditya', at his coronation in Purana Quila, Delhi.
The third and greatest Mughal emperor, Akbar, moved the capital to Agra, resulting in a decline in the fortunes of Delhi. In the mid-17th century, the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan (1628–1658) built the city that sometimes bears his name Shahjahanabad, the seventh city of Delhi that is more commonly known as the old city or old Delhi. This city contains a number of significant architectural features, including the Red Fort (Lal Qila) and the Jama Masjid. The old city served as the capital of the later Mughal Empire from 1638 onwards, when Shah Jahan transferred the capital back from Agra. Aurangzeb (1658–1707) crowned himself as emperor in Delhi in 1658 at the Shalimar garden ('Aizzabad-Bagh) with a second coronation in 1659. After 1680, the Mughal Empire's influence declined rapidly as the Hindu Maratha Empire rose to prominence.[24]
Raghunath Rao, the Maratha peshwa who played a key role in capturing Delhi from the Afghans in the Second Battle of Delhi.
In 1737, Bajirao I marched towards Delhi with a huge army. The Marathas defeated the Mughals in the First Battle of Delhi.[25][26] The Maratha forces sacked Delhi following their victory against the Mughals. In 1739, the Mughal Empire lost the huge Battle of Karnal in less than three hours against the numerically outnumbered but military superior Persian army led by Nader Shah during his invasion after which he completely sacked and looted Delhi, the Mughal capital, followed by massacre for 2 days, killing over 30,000 civilians and carrying away immense wealth including the Peacock Throne, the Daria-i-Noor, and Koh-i-Noor. Nader eventually agreed to leave the city and India after forcing the Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah I to beg him for mercy and granting him the keys of the city and the royal treasury.[27] A treaty signed in 1752 made Marathas the protector of the Mughal throne at Delhi.[28]
Ahmad Shah Durrani invaded North India for the fourth time in early 1757. He entered Delhi in January 1757 and kept the Mughal emperor under arrest. In August 1757, the Marathas once again attacked Delhi, decisively defeating Najib-ud-Daula and his Rohilla Afghan army in the Second Battle of Delhi.[29] Thus, the Marathas established full control over the city.
In 1803, during the Second Anglo-Maratha War, the forces of British East India Company defeated the Maratha forces in the Third Battle of Delhi, ending the Maratha rule over the city.[30] As a result, Delhi came under the control of British East India Company. Between 1836 and 1858, Delhi was a part of what then known as the North-Western Provinces.
Delhi passed into the direct control of British Government in 1857 after the Indian Rebellion of 1857. The city received significant damage during the 1857 siege. Afterwards, the last titular Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar II was exiled to Rangoon and the remaining Mughal territories were annexed as a part of British India.
Delhi today
The Raj Ghat, where Mahatma Gandhi was cremated.
Calcutta was declared the capital of British India but in 1911 at the Delhi Durbar of 1911, held at the Coronation Park, King George V announced the shifting of the capital back to Delhi. Parts of the old city were New Delhi, a monumental new quarter of the city designed by the British architect Edwin Lutyens to house the government buildings was inaugurated in 1931 after its construction was delayed due to World War I.[31] New Delhi was officially declared as the seat of the Government of India after independence in 1949. During the Partition of India thousands of Hindu and Sikh refugees from West Punjab migrated to Delhi, and subsequently settled in North and West Delhi areas, while Hindus from East Pakistan, settled in the late 1960s at EPDP Colony (EPDP: East Pakistan Displaced Persons) in South Delhi, later named Chittaranjan Park in the 1980s.
Further reading[edit]
Hartcourt, A., Assistant Commissioner Delhi (1873). The New guide to Delhi. Lahore, Victoria Press.
Fanshawe, H. C. (1902). Delhi - Past and Present. London, J. Murray.
Fraser, Lovat (1903). At Delhi (An account of the Delhi Durbar, 1903). Bombay : Times of India Press and Thacker.
Bardiar, Nilendra. Urban, Cultural, Economic and Social Transformation: History of New Delhi 1947-65). New Delhi, Ruby Press & Co. Archived from the original on 15 April 2014.
Hearn, Gordon Risley (1906). The Seven Cities of Delhi. W. Thacker & Co., London.
See also[edit]
Agrasen ki Baoli
Gates of Delhi
Mehrauli Archaeological Park
References[edit]
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ List of cities by time of continuous habitation#Central and South Asia
Jump up ^ [2]
Jump up ^ [3]
^ Jump up to: a b Singh, Upinder (2006). Delhi: Ancient History. Berghahn Books. ISBN 9788187358299.
^ Jump up to: a b Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (2007). Historic Cities of the Islamic World. BRILL. ISBN 9789004153882.
^ Jump up to: a b Pletcher, Kenneth. The Geography of India: Sacred and Historic Places. 2010: The Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN 9781615301423.
Jump up ^ New Delhi celebrates 100 years
Jump up ^ Seven Cities of Delhi
Jump up ^ Indraprastha did exist! The Mahabharata is a reality!- British historian Michael Wood
Jump up ^ Indraprastha Village
Jump up ^ Why Lodi Complex isn't counted as a distinct city?
Jump up ^ Balasubramaniam, R. 2002
Jump up ^ Arnold Silcock; Maxwell Ayrton (2003). Wrought iron and its decorative use: with 241 illustrations (reprint ed.). Mineola, N.Y: Dover. p. 4. ISBN 0-486-42326-3.
^ Jump up to: a b Gazetter, p. 233
Jump up ^ Satyarth Prakash-Swami Dayananda Saraswati.
Jump up ^ Cohen, Richard J. "An Early Attestation of the Toponym Ḍhillī". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 1989: 513–519.
Jump up ^ Ghosh, A. (1991). Encyclopedia of Indian Archaeology. BRILL. p. 251. ISBN 90-04-09264-1.
Jump up ^ http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/480820/Prithviraja-III
Jump up ^ Jāvīd, ʻAlī. "World Heritage Monuments and Related Edifices in India". Pg.107. Google Books. Retrieved 2009-05-27.
Jump up ^ Battuta's Travels: Delhi, capital of Muslim India Archived 23 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ The Islamic World to 1600: The Mongol Invasions (The Timurid Empire) Archived 16 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Hunter, Sir William Wilson (1909). "The Indian Empire: Timur's invasion 1398". The Imperial Gazetteer of India. 2. p. 366.
Jump up ^ Thomas, Amelia. Rajasthan, Delhi and Agra. Lonely Planet. ISBN 978-1-74104-690-8.
Jump up ^ Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813
Jump up ^ History Modern India
Jump up ^ Soul and Structure of Governance in India. Retrieved 2 June 2014.
Jump up ^ Gordon, Stewart. The Marathas 1600–1818, Volume 2. Cambridge University Press, 1993. ISBN 978-0-521-26883-7.
Jump up ^ The Pearson General Studies Manual 2009, Showick Thorpe Edgar Thorpe
Jump up ^ Mayaram, Shail. Against history, against state: counterperspectives from the margins Cultures of history. Columbia University Press, 2003. ISBN 978-0-231-12731-8.
Jump up ^ A brief but fascinating account of the Indian contractors behind this constructed a Little Malice.
Bibliography[edit]
Kishore, Raghav (2016). "Planning, traffic and the city: railway development in colonial Delhi, c. 1899–1905". Urban History: 1–17. doi:10.1017/S0963926816000353.
"History of Delhi District". The Imperial Gazetteer of India, Vol. 11. Oxford at Clarendon Press. 1909. p. 225.
Kapoor, Pramod; Malvika Singh; Rudrangshu Mukherjee (2009). New Delhi: Making of a Capital. Lustre Press. ISBN 978-81-7436-574-3.
Byron, Robert (1931). New Delhi. The Architectural Review, Westminster.
External links[edit]
Delhi (1938), a documentary by BFI archives
"Scenes from Delhi (Silent film, 18:16 - 23.27)". University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology Films. c. 1930.
Land and Acquisition Act of 1894, under which the new city of Delhi was acquired
The agreement of construction of new city of Delhi with original signatures of Herbert Baker and Edwin Luteyns
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