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Foreign relations of the United States
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This article is about bilateral relations with other countries. For other uses, see Foreign relations of the United States (disambiguation).
Diplomatic relations between world states and the United States
United States
Countries where the United States has an embassy
Countries where the United States does not have an embassy
Disputed territories
Antarctica
The United States has formal diplomatic relations with most nations. This includes all U.N. member states except for Bhutan, Iran, North Korea and Syria. Additionally, the U.S. has diplomatic relations with the European Union, the Holy See and Kosovo. The United States federal statutes relating to foreign relations can be found in Title 22 of the United States Code.
Contents
[hide]
1 Oceania
2 Americas
2.1 Caribbean
3 Asia
3.1 East Asia
3.2 Southeast Asia
3.3 Central Asia
3.4 South Asia
3.5 West Asia
4 Europe
5 Africa
5.1 North Africa
5.2 Sub-Saharan Africa
6 Countries with visa services suspended
7 Countries with no U.S. embassy
8 Unrecognized countries with no relations with the United States
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
Oceania[edit]
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is an important partner for United States in both economic and geostrategic aspects. ASEAN's geostrategic importance stems from many factors, including: the strategic location of member countries, the large shares of global trade that pass through regional waters, and the alliances and partnerships which the United States shares with ASEAN member states. In July 2009, the United States signed ASEAN's Treaty of Amity and Cooperation, which establishes guiding principles intended to build confidence among its signatories with the aim of maintaining regional peace and stability.[1] Trade flows are robust and increasing between America and the ASEAN region.
Country
Formal Relations Began
Notes
Australia 1940[2] See Australia–United States relations
Australia's relations with the United States are excellent,[3] with Secretary of State Hillary Clinton stating that "America doesn't have a better friend in the world than Australia".[4] Australia and the United States have long been close and strategic allies and have traditionally been aligned with the Commonwealth of Nations. The two countries have a shared history, both have previously been British Colonies and many Americans flocked to the Australian goldfields in the 19th century. At a strategic level, the relationship really came to prominence in World War II, when the two nations worked extremely closely in the Pacific War against Japan, with General Douglas MacArthur undertaking his role as Supreme Allied Commander based in Australia, effectively having Australian troops and resources under his command. During this period, the cultural interaction between Australia and the U.S. were elevated to a higher level as over 1 million U.S. military personnel moved through Australia during the course of the war. The relationship continued to evolve throughout the second half of the 20th Century, and today now involves strong relationships at the executive and mid levels of government and the military, leading Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs, Kurt M. Campbell to declare that "in the last ten years, [Australia] has ascended to one of the closest one or two allies [of the U.S.] on the planet".[5] It has also strengthened its relationship with the United States as Britain's influence in Asia declined. At the governmental level, United-States-Australia relations are formalized by the ANZUS treaty and the Australia–United States Free Trade Agreement.[citation needed]
Fiji 1971[6] See Fiji–United States relations
Relations are currently poor, due to the United States' opposition to Fiji's unelected government, which came to power through a military coup in December 2006. The United States suspended $2.5 million in aid money pending a review of the situation, following the 2006 coup.[7]
Kiribati 1980[8] See Kiribati–United States relations
Relations between Kiribati and the United States are excellent. Kiribati signed a treaty of friendship with the United States after independence in 1979. The United States has no consular or diplomatic facilities in the country. Officers of the American Embassy in Suva, Fiji, are concurrently accredited to Kiribati and make periodic visits. The U.S. Peace Corps maintained a program in Kiribati from 1974 to 2008.
Marshall Islands 1986 See Marshall Islands–United States relations
The Marshall Islands is a sovereign nation in "free association" with the United States. The Marshall Islands and the United States maintain excellent relations. After more than a decade of negotiation, the Marshall Islands and the United States signed the Compact of Free Association on June 25, 1983. The Compact gives the U.S. full authority and responsibility over defense of the Marshall Islands. The Marshall Islands and the United States both lay claim to Wake Island. The Compact that binds the U.S. and the Marshall Islands is the same one that binds the United States and the Federated States of Micronesia and Palau
Federated States of Micronesia 1986[9] See Federated States of Micronesia–United States relations
Reflecting a strong legacy of Trusteeship cooperation, over 25 U.S. federal agencies continue to maintain programs in the FSM. The United States and the FSM share very strong relations. Under the Amended Compact, the U.S. has full authority and responsibility for the defense of the FSM. This security relationship can be changed or terminated by mutual agreement. The Compact that binds the U.S. and the FSM is the same one that binds the United States to the Marshall Islands and to Palau.
Nauru 1976[10] See Nauru–United States relations
Relations between Nauru and the United States are complicated. While the new U.S. Ambassador to Fiji has promised Nauru assistance in economic development, there have been disagreements about Cuba and Foreign policy of the United States, and the United States does not have an embassy in Nauru; instead, the U.S. Embassy staff in Suva, Fiji make periodical visits
New Zealand 1942[11] See New Zealand–United States relations
Relations are strong, but complex. The United States has historically assisted New Zealand in times of turmoil; for instance, during World War II and with the 2010 Canterbury earthquake. New Zealand has reciprocated; for example, by participating in the Vietnam War. However, the United States suspended its mutual defense obligations to New Zealand because of that state's non-nuclear policies. Despite disagreements between the two countries, the bilateral trade and cultural relationship continued to flourish. New Zealand has continued to play a supportive role in international conflicts in Somalia, Bosnia, and the Persian Gulf. Following the September 11, 2001 attack on the United States, New Zealand supported international counter-terrorism efforts and assisted the United States throughout the war in Afghanistan. Throughout the 2000s, the United States has remained New Zealand’s fourth-largest trading partner and third-largest source of visitors.
Palau 1996[12] See Palau–United States relations
On October 1, 1994, after five decades of U.S. administration, the country of Palau became the last component of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands to gain its independence. In 1978, Palau decided not to join the Federated States of Micronesia, due to culture and language differences, and instead sought independence. In 1986, the Compact of Free Association agreement between Palau and the United States was approved, paving the way for Palau's independence.
Papua New Guinea 1975[13] See Papua New Guinea–United States relations
Samoa 1962[14] See Samoa–United States relations
Solomon Islands 1978[15] See Solomon Islands–United States relations
After independence in 1978, the United States kept its close relations with the Solomon Islands. Both cooperate within regional organizations in the Pacific, and the United States has an embassy at Port Moresby.
Tonga 1886; 1972[16] See Tonga–United States relations
Tuvalu 1978[16] See Tuvalu–United States relations
Relations between the two countries are generally amicable, or neutral, but there have been notable disagreements regarding the issues of climate change and the Kyoto Protocol.
Vanuatu 1986[17] See United States–Vanuatu relations
The United States and Vanuatu established diplomatic relations on September 30, 1986 - three months to the day after Vanuatu had established diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union.[18] Relations were often tense in the 1980s, under the prime ministership of Father Walter Lini in Vanuatu, but eased after that. At present, bilateral relations consist primarily in U.S. aid to Vanuatu.
Americas[edit]
Country
Formal Relations Began
Notes
Argentina 1823[19] See Argentina–United States relations
Argentina was integrated into the British international economy in the late 19th century; there was minimal trade with the United States. When the United States began promoting the Pan American Union, some Argentines were suspicious that it was indeed a device to lure the country into the US economic orbit, but most businessmen responded favorably and bilateral trade grew briskly. The United States has a positive bilateral relationship with Argentina based on many common strategic interests, including non-proliferation, counternarcotics, counter-terrorism, the fight against human trafficking, and issues of regional stability, as well as the strength of commercial ties. Argentina is a participant in the Three-Plus-One regional mechanism (Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and the U.S.), which focuses on coordination of counter-terrorism policies in the tri-border region. Argentina has endorsed the Proliferation Security Initiative, and has implemented the Container Security Initiative and the Trade Transparency Unit, both of which are programs administered by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security/Immigration and Customs Enforcement.
Belize 1981[20] See Belize–United States relations
Bolivia 1849[21] See Bolivia–United States relations
Although President Evo Morales has been publicly critical of U.S. policies, the United States and Bolivia had a tradition of cordial and cooperative relations. Development assistance from the United States to Bolivia dates from the 1940s, and the U.S. remains a major partner for economic development, improved health, democracy, and the environment. In 1991, the U.S. Government forgave all of the $341 million debt owed by Bolivia to the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) as well as 80% ($31 million) of the amount owed to the U.S. Department of Agriculture for food assistance. The United States has also been a strong supporter of forgiveness of Bolivia's multilateral debt under the HIPC initiatives.
Brazil 1824[22] See Brazil–United States relations
The United States was the first country to recognize the independence of Brazil, doing so in 1808. Brazil-United States relations have a long history, characterized by some moments of remarkable convergence of interests but also by sporadic and critical divergences on sensitive international issues.[23] The United States has increasingly regarded Brazil as a significant power, especially in its role as a stabilizing force and skillful interlocutor in Latin America.[24] As a significant political and economic power, Brazil has traditionally preferred to cooperate with the United States on specific issues rather than seeking to develop an all-encompassing, privileged relationship with the United States.[25]
Canada 1926[26] See Canada–United States relations
Relations between Canada and the United States span more than two centuries, marked by a shared British colonial heritage, conflict during the early years of the U.S., and the eventual development of one of the most successful international relationships in the modern world. The most serious breach in the relationship was the War of 1812, which saw an American invasion of then British North America and counter invasions from British-Canadian forces. The border was demilitarized after the war and, apart from minor raids, has remained peaceful. Military collaboration began during the World Wars and continued throughout the Cold War, despite Canadian doubts about certain American policies. A high volume of trade and migration between the U.S. and Canada has generated closer ties. The current bilateral relationship between Canada and the United States is of notable importance to both countries. About 75–85% of Canadian trade is with the United States, and Canada is the United States' largest trading partner and chief supplier of oil. While there are disputed issues between the two nations, relations are close and the two countries share the "world's longest undefended border."[27] The border was demilitarized after the War of 1812 and, apart from minor raids[clarification needed], has remained peaceful. A high volume of trade and migration between the United States and Canada since the 1850s has generated closer ties, despite continued Canadian fears of being culturally overwhelmed by its neighbor, which is nine times larger in terms of population and eleven times larger in terms of economy.[28][29] The two economies have increasingly merged since the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) of 1994, which also includes Mexico.
Chile 1824[30] See Chile–United States relations
Relations between Chile and the United States have been better in the period 1988 to 2008 than any other time in history. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the United States government applauded the rebirth of democratic practices in Chile, despite having facilitated the 1973 Chilean coup d'état, the build-up to which included destabilizing the country's economy and politics. Regarded as one of the least corrupt and most vibrant democracies in South America, with a healthy economy, Chile is noted as being a valuable ally of the United States in the Southern Hemisphere. A prime example of cooperation includes the landmark 2003 Chile–United States Free Trade Agreement.
Colombia 1822[31] See Colombia–United States relations
Relations between Colombia and the United States have evolved from mutual cordiality during most of the 19th and early 20th centuries[citation needed] to a recent partnership that links the governments of both nations around several key issues, including fighting communism, the War on Drugs, and especially since 9/11, the threat of terrorism. During the last fifty years, different American governments and their representatives have become involved in Colombian affairs through the implementation of policies concerned with the above issues. Some critics of current U.S. policies in Colombia, such as Law Professor John Barry, consider that U.S. influences have catalyzed internal conflicts and substantially expanded the scope and nature of human rights abuses in Colombia.[32] Supporters, such as Under Secretary of State Marc Grossman, consider that the U.S. has promoted respect for human rights and the rule of law in Colombia, in addition to the fight against drugs and terrorism.[33]
Costa Rica 1851[34] See Costa Rica–United States relations
Ecuador 1832[35] See Ecuador–United States relations
El Salvador 1824; 1849[36] See El Salvador–United States relations
Guatemala 1824; 1844[37] See Guatemala–United States relations
Guyana 1966[38] See Guyana–United States relations
Honduras 1824; 1853[39] See Honduras–United States relations
Mexico 1822[40] See Mexico–United States relations
The United States of America shares a unique and often complex relationship with the United Mexican States. A history of armed conflict goes back to the Texas Revolution in the 1830s, the Mexican–American War in the 1840s, and an American invasion in the 1910s. Important treaties include the Gadsden Purchase, and multilaterally with Canada, the North American Free Trade Agreement. The two countries have close economic ties, being each other's first and third largest trading partners. They are also closely connected demographically, with over one million U.S. citizens living in Mexico and Mexico being the largest source of immigrants to the United States. Illegal immigration and illegal trade in drugs and firearms have been causes of differences but also of cooperation.[41][42]
Nicaragua 1824; 1849[43] See Nicaragua–United States relations
Nicaragua and the United States have had diplomatic relations since 1824. Between 1912-1933, the United States occupied Nicaragua (see United States occupation of Nicaragua). Following the United States occupation of Nicaragua, in 1933 the Somoza family political dynasty came to power, and would rule Nicaragua until their ouster on July 19, 1979 during the Nicaraguan Revolution. The era of Somoza family rule was characterized by rising inequality and political corruption, strong US support for the government and its military, as well as a reliance on US-based multinational corporations. This led to international condemnation of the regime and in 1977 the Carter Administration in the U.S. cut off aid to the Somoza regime due to its human rights violations.
Then during the Reagan Administration the diplomatic relations escalated during the Iran-Contra affair and the United States embargo against Nicaragua. Then in 1990 after Violeta Chamorro won the Nicaraguan general election, 1990 the diplomatic relations began to improve greatly. The United States has promoted national reconciliation, encouraging Nicaraguans to resolve their problems through dialogue and compromise. In the Summer 2003 Nicaragua sent around 370 soldiers to the Iraq War as part of the U.S. coalition of countries that were engaging in war in this country. Immediately after April 2004 these troops were withdrawn by President Enrique Bolanos. Although President Daniel Ortega has been publicly critical of U.S. policies, the United States and Nicaragua have normal diplomatic relations.
Panama 1903[44] See Panama–United States relations
Panama gained its independence in 1901 due in part to American interest in building the Panama Canal. Relations have been generally strong, with 25,000 U.S. citizens present in Panama and a mutual healthcare program. The U.S. invaded Panama in 1989 to remove then Panamanian leader Manual Noriega.
Paraguay 1852[45] See Paraguay–United States relations
Peru 1826[46] See Peru–United States relations
Suriname 1975[47] See Suriname–United States relations
Uruguay 1836[48] See Uruguay - United States relations
In 2002, Uruguay and the U.S. created a Joint Commission on Trade and Investment (JCTI) to exchange ideas on a variety of economic topics. In March 2003, the JCTI identified six areas of concentration until the eventual signing of the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA): customs issues, intellectual property protection, investment, labor, environment, and trade in goods. In late 2004, Uruguay and the U.S. signed an Open Skies Agreement, which was ratified in May 2006. In November 2005, they signed a Bilateral investment treaty (BIT), which entered into force on November 1, 2006. A Trade and Investment Framework Agreement (TIFA) was signed in January 2007. More than 80 U.S.-owned companies operate in Uruguay, and many more market U.S. goods and services.
Venezuela 1835[49] See Venezuela - United States relations
Both countries maintained mutual diplomatic relationships since the early-19th century traditionally been characterized by an important trade and investment relationship and cooperation in controlling the production and transit of illegal drugs. After the election of Presidents Hugo Chávez of Venezuela and George W. Bush of the United States and particularly after the Venezuelan failed coup attempt in 2002 against Chavez, tensions between the countries escalated, reaching a high in September 2008 when Venezuela broke off diplomatic relations with the U.S. Relations showed signs of improvement in 2009 with the election of the new U.S. President Barack Obama, including the re-establishment of diplomatic relations in June 2009.
Caribbean[edit]
Country
Formal Relations Began
Notes
Antigua and Barbuda 1981[50] See Antigua and Barbuda–United States relations
Aruba See Aruba–United States relations
Bahamas 1973[51] See Bahamas–United States relations
Barbados 1966[52] See Barbados–United States relations
Bermuda See Bermuda–United States relations
Cayman Islands See Cayman Islands–United States relations
Cuba 1902; 2015[53] See Cuba–United States relations
Following the Cuban Revolution of 1959 relations had deteriorated substantially, and until recently have been marked by tension and confrontation. The United States has initiated an embargo due to the Cuban regime refusal to move toward democratization and greater respect for human rights,[54] hoping to see democratization that took place in Eastern Europe. Diplomatic relations between the United States and Cuba were formally re-established on July 20, 2015 with the opening of embassies in both Havana and Washington, D.C.[55]
Dominican Republic 1866[56] See Dominican Republic–United States relations
Dominica 1978[57] See Dominica–United States relations
Grenada 1974[58] See Grenada–United States relations
Haiti 1862[59] See Haiti–United States relations
Jamaica 1962[60] See Jamaica–United States relations
Saint Kitts and Nevis 1983[61] See Saint Kitts and Nevis–United States relations
Saint Lucia 1979[62] See Saint Lucia–United States relations
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1981[63] See Saint Vincent and the Grenadines–United States relations
Trinidad and Tobago 1962[64] See Trinidad and Tobago–United States relations
Asia[edit]
East Asia[edit]
Country
Formal Relations Began
Notes
People's Republic of China 1844 (Qing)[65]
1979 (PRC) See China–United States relations
American relations with the People's Republic of China are quite strong, yet complex. A great amount of trade between the two countries necessitates positive political relations, although occasional disagreements over tariffs, currency exchange rates and the Political status of Taiwan do occur. Nevertheless, the United States and China have an extremely extensive partnership. The U.S. criticizes China on human rights issues and in recent years, China has criticized the United States on human rights in return. The United States acknowledges the People's Republic's One-China policy.
Republic of China (Taiwan) 1844 (Qing)[65]
1911 (ended 1979)
1979 (Taiwan Relations Act - unofficial) See Taiwan–United States relations
The U.S. recognized the Nationalist Government as the legitimate government of all of China throughout the Chinese Civil War. The U.S. continued to recognize the Republic of China until 1979, when it shifted its recognition to the People's Republic of China in accordance with the One China policy. The U.S. continued to provide Taiwan with military aid after 1979, and continued informal relations through the American Institute in Taiwan, and is considered to be a strong Asian ally and supporter of the United States.[66]
Hong Kong
Macau 1992[67]
1999[68] See Hong Kong–United States relations and Macau–United States relations
See United States–Hong Kong Policy Act and United States–Macau Policy Act
Japan 1854 [69]
See Japan–United States relations
The relationship began in the 1850s as the U.S. was a major factor in forcing Japan to resume contacts with the outer world beyond a very restricted role. In the late 19th century the Japanese sent many delegations to Europe, and some to the U.S., to discover and copy the latest technology and thereby modernize Japan very rapidly and allow it to build its own empire. There was some friction over control of Hawaii and the Philippines, but Japan stood aside as the U.S. annexed those lands in 1898. Likewise the U.S. did not object when Japan took control of Korea. The two nations cooperated with the European powers in suppressing the Boxer Rebellion in China in 1900, but the U.S. was increasingly troubled about Japan's denial of the Open Door Policy that would ensure that all nations could do business with China on an equal basis.[70]
President Theodore Roosevelt admired Japan's strength as it defeated a major European power, Russia. He brokered an end to the war between Russia and Japan in 1905–6. Anti-Japanese sentiment (especially on the West Coast) soured relations in the 1907–24 era. In the 1930s the U.S. protested vehemently against Japan's seizure of Manchuria (1931), its war against China (1937–45), and its seizure of Indochina (Vietnam) 1940–41. American sympathies were with China and Japan rejected increasingly angry American demands that Japan pull out of China. The two nations fought an all-out war 1941–45; the U.S. won a total victory, with heavy bombing (including two atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki) that devastated Japan's 50 largest industrial cities. The American army under Douglas MacArthur occupied and ruled Japan, 1945–51, with the successful goal of sponsoring a peaceful, prosperous and democratic nation.[71]
In 1951, the U.S. and Japan signed Treaty of San Francisco and Security Treaty Between the United States and Japan, subsequently revised as Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan in 1960, relations since then have been excellent. The United States considers Japan to be one of its closest allies, and it is both a Major Non-NATO ally and NATO contact country. The United States has several military bases in Japan including Yokosuka, which harbors the U.S. 7th Fleet. The JSDF, or Japanese Self Defense Force, cross train with the U.S. Military, often providing auxiliary security and conducting war games. When the U.S.President Barack Obama met with Japanese Prime Minister Taro Aso in 2009, he said the relationship with Japan as the "cornerstone of security in East Asia".[72] After the several years of critical moment during Japan's Democratic Party administration, President Obama and Prime Minister Shinzō Abe reconfirmed the importance of its alliance and currently the U.S. and Japan negotiating to participate Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership.[73][74]
Mongolia 1987[75] See Mongolia–United States relations
North Korea Never had relations See North Korea–United States relations
North Korea has no embassy in Washington, DC, but it is represented in the United States through its mission to the United Nations.[76] For decades, the U.S. and North Korea have been locked in a stalemate over nuclear weapons.
South Korea 1882 (Joseon);[77] 1949 (Republic)[78] See South Korea–United States relations
South Korea–United States relations have been most extensive since 1945, when the United States helped establish capitalism in South Korea and led the UN-sponsored Korean War against North Korea and China (1950–53).[79] Stimulated by heavy American aid[by whom?], South Korea's rapid economic growth, democratization and modernization greatly reduced its U.S. dependency. Large numbers of U.S. forces remain in Korea. At the 2009 G-20 London summit, U.S. President Barack Obama called South Korea "one of America's closest allies and greatest friends." [80]
Southeast Asia[edit]
Country
Formal Relations Began
Notes
Brunei 1984[81] See Brunei–United States relations
The U.S. welcomed Brunei Darussalam's full independence from the United Kingdom on January 1, 1984, and opened an embassy in Bandar Seri Begawan on that date. Brunei opened its embassy in Washington, D.C. in March 1984. Brunei's armed forces engage in joint exercises, training programs, and other military cooperation with the U.S. A memorandum of understanding on defense cooperation was signed on November 29, 1994. The Sultan of Brunei visited Washington in December 2002.
Burma 1948[82] See Burma–United States relations
The political relationship between the United States and Burma worsened after the 1988 military coup and violent suppression of pro-democracy demonstrations. Subsequent repression, including the brutal crackdown on peaceful protestors in September 2007, further strained the relationship. After 2010 elections and reforms started by President Than Sein and subsequent endorsement of reforms by leader of National League for Democracy (NLD) Aung San Suu Kyi and participation in April 2012 by-elections to parliament has led to thawing of relationship with United States President Barack Obama visiting Burma. A first by a United States President.
Cambodia 1950[83] See Cambodia–United States relations
East Timor 2002[84] See East Timor–United States relations
Indonesia 1949[85] See Indonesia–United States relations
As the largest ASEAN member, Indonesia has played an active and prominent role in developing the organization.[86] For United States, Indonesia is important for dealing with certain issues; such as terrorism,[87] democracy, and how United States project its relations with Islamic world, since Indonesia has the world's largest Islamic population, and one that honors and respects religious diversity.[88] The U.S. eyes Indonesia as a potential strategic ally in Southeast Asia.[89] During his stately visit to Indonesia, U.S. President Barack Obama has held up Indonesia as an example of how a developing nation can embrace democracy and diversity.[90][91]
Laos 1950[92] See Laos–United States relations
Malaysia 1957[92] See Malaysia–United States relations
Despite increasingly strained relations under the Mahathir Mohamad government, ties have been thawed under Najib Razak's administration. Economic ties are particularly robust, with the United States being Malaysia's largest trading partner and Malaysia is the tenth-largest trading partner of the U.S. Annual two-way trade amounts to $49 billion. The United States and Malaysia launched negotiations for a bilateral free trade agreement (FTA) in June 2006.
The United States and Malaysia enjoy strong security cooperation. Malaysia hosts the Southeast Asia Regional Center for Counterterrorism (SEARCCT), where over 2000 officials from various countries have received training. The United States is among the foreign countries that has collaborated with the center in conducting capacity building programmes. The U.S. and Malaysia share a strong military-to-military relationship with numerous exchanges, training, joint exercises, and visits.
Myanmar - See Myanmar–United States relations
Bilateral ties have generally been strained but are slowly improving. The United States has placed broad sanctions on Burma because of the military crackdown in 1988 and the military regime's refusal to honour the election results of the 1990 People's Assembly election. Similarly, the European Union has placed embargoes on Burma, including an arms embargo, cessation of trade preferences, and suspension of all aid with the exception of humanitarian aid.[93]
US and European government sanctions against the military government, alongside boycotts and other types direct pressure on corporations by western supporters of the Burmese democracy movement, have resulted in the withdrawal from Burma of most U.S. and many European companies. However, several Western companies remain due to loopholes in the sanctions.[94] Asian corporations have generally remained willing to continue investing in Myanmar and to initiate new investments, particularly in natural resource extraction.
Ongoing reforms have improved relations between Burma and the United States.
Philippines 1946[95] See Philippines–United States relations
The Philippines and the United States have an extremely strong relationship with each other due to their long standing alliance. The Spanish government ceded the Philippines to the United States in the 1898 Treaty of Paris that ended the Spanish–American War. The Philippines was a U.S. colony from 1898-1946. The United States finally recognized Philippine independence on July 4, 1946 in the Treaty of Manila.[96] July 4 was observed in the Philippines as Independence Day until August 4, 1964 when, upon the advice of historians and the urging of nationalists, President Diosdado Macapagal signed into law Republic Act No. 4166 designating June 12 as the country's Independence Day.[97]
The U.S. and the Philippines have fought together in many conflicts such as World War I, World War II, the Korean War, Vietnam War, Islamic insurgency in the Philippines, Gulf War and the War on Terror.
The Philippines and the United States still maintain close, friendly, diplomatic, political and military relations with 100,000+ U.S. citizens and nationals living in the Philippines and more than 2 million Filipinos living in the United States. Both countries actively cooperate in the trade, investment and financial sectors. The U.S. is also the largest investor in the Philippine economy with an estimated total worth of $63 billion.
The United States and the Philippines conduct joint military exercises called the Balikatan that take place once a year to boost relations between the two countries. The U.S. military also conduct humanitarian and aid missions in the Philippines. The Philippines is one out of two major U.S. allies in South East Asia.
Since 2003 the U.S. has designated the Philippines as a Major Non-NATO Ally. However, relations between the United States and the Philippines began to deteriorate in 2016, under President Rodrigo Duterte, wanting to form an alliance with China and Russia and separating the country from all connections and ties with the United States, both economically and socially.
Singapore 1965[98] See Singapore–United States relations
Thailand 1833[99] See Thailand–United States relations
Thailand and the U.S. are both former Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) members, being close partners throughout the Cold War, and are still close allies. Since 2003, the U.S. has designated Thailand as a Major Non-NATO Ally.
Vietnam 1995[100] See United States–Vietnam relations
After a 20-year hiatus of severed ties, President Bill Clinton announced the formal normalization of diplomatic relations with Vietnam on July 11, 1995. Subsequent to President Clinton's normalization announcement, in August 1995, both nations upgraded their Liaison Offices opened during January 1995 to embassy status. As diplomatic ties between the nations grew, the United States opened a consulate general in Ho Chi Minh City, and Vietnam opened a consulate in San Francisco. Today, the U.S. eyes Vietnam as a potential strategic ally in Southeast Asia.[89]
Central Asia[edit]
Country
Formal Relations Began
Notes
Kazakhstan 2001[101] See Kazakhstan–United States relations
Kyrgyzstan 1993[102] See Kyrgyzstan–United States relations
Tajikistan 1991[103] See Tajikistan–United States relations
Turkmenistan 1991[104] See Turkmenistan–United States relations
The U.S. Embassy, USAID, and the Peace Corps are located in Ashgabat, Turkmenistan. The United States and Turkmenistan continue to disagree about the country's path toward democratic and economic reform. The United States has publicly advocated industrial privatization, market liberalization, and fiscal reform, as well as legal and regulatory reforms to open up the economy to foreign trade and investment, as the best way to achieve prosperity and true independence and sovereignty.
Uzbekistan 1991[105] See United States–Uzbekistan relations
Relations improved slightly in the latter half of 2007, but the U.S. continues to call for Uzbekistan to meet all of its commitments under the March 2002 Declaration of Strategic Partnership between the two countries. The declaration covers not only security and economic relations but political reform, economic reform, and human rights. Uzbekistan has Central Asia's largest population and is vital to U.S., regional, and international efforts to promote stability and security.
South Asia[edit]
Country
Formal Relations Began
Notes
Afghanistan 1935[106] See Afghanistan–United States relations
Bangladesh 1972[107] See Bangladesh–United States relations
Today the relationship between the two countries is based on what is described by American diplomats as the "three Ds", meaning Democracy, Development and Denial of space for terrorism. The United States is closely working with Bangladesh in combating Islamic extremism and terrorism and is providing hundreds of millions of dollars every year in economic assistance.
Bhutan Never had formal, only informal relations[108] See Bhutan–United States relations
While the U.S. has no formal diplomatic relations with Bhutan, it maintains informal contact through its embassy in New Delhi, India. The U.S. has offered to resettle 60,000 of the 107,000 alleged Bhutanese refugees of Nepalese origin now living in seven U.N. refugee camps in southeastern Nepal.
India 1947[109] See India–United States relations
Maldives 1965[110] See Maldives–United States relations
Nepal 1947[111] See Nepal–United States relations
Pakistan 1947[112] See Pakistan–United States relations
Sri Lanka 1947[113] See Sri Lanka–United States relations
West Asia[edit]
Main article: United States foreign policy in the Middle East
The United States has many important allies in the Greater Middle East region. These allies are Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Morocco, Jordan, Afghanistan, Israel, Egypt, Kuwait, Bahrain and Qatar. Israel and Egypt are leading recipients of United States foreign aid, receiving $2.775 billion[114] and 1.75 billion[115] in 2010. Turkey is an ally of the United States through its membership in NATO, while all of the other countries except Saudi Arabia and Qatar are major non-NATO allies.
The United States toppled the government of Saddam Hussein during the 2003 invasion of Iraq.[116] Turkey is host to approximately 90 B61 nuclear bombs at Incirlik Air Base.[117] Other allies include Qatar, where 3,500 U.S. troops are based,[118] and Bahrain, where the United States Navy maintains NSA Bahrain, home of NAVCENT and the Fifth Fleet.
Country
Formal Relations Began
Notes
Bahrain 1971[119] See Bahrain–United States relations
Iran 1883 (ended 1980)[120] See Iran–United States relations
The United States and the Kingdom of Persia recognized each other in 1850. Diplomatic relations were established in 1883 and severed in 1980.
Iraq 1931;1984; 2004[121] See Iraq–United States relations
Israel 1949[122] See Israel–United States relations
Jordan 1949[123] See Jordan–United States relations
Kuwait 1961[124] See Kuwait–United States relations
Lebanon 1944[125] See Lebanon–United States relations
Oman 1972[126] See Oman–United States relations
Qatar 1972[127] See Qatar–United States relations
Saudi Arabia 1940[128] See Saudi Arabia–United States relations
Syria 1944 (ended 2012)[129] The Syrian Arab Republic cut off relations with United States in 2012 in response to American support of the Syrian rebels. See Syria–United States relations
Turkey 1831[130] See Turkey–United States relations
United Arab Emirates 1972[131] See United Arab Emirates–United States relations
The United States was the third country to establish formal diplomatic relations with the UAE and has had an ambassador resident in the UAE since 1974. The two countries have enjoyed friendly relations with each other and have developed into friendly government-to-government ties which include security assistance. UAE and U.S. had enjoyed private commercial ties, especially in petroleum. The quality of U.S.-UAE relations increased dramatically as a result of the U.S.-led coalition's campaign to end the Iraqi occupation of Kuwait. UAE ports host more U.S. Navy ships than any port outside the U.S.
Yemen 1946[132] See United States–Yemen relations
Traditionally, United States – Yemen relations have been tepid, as the lack of strong military-to-military ties, commercial relations, and support of Yemeni President Ali Abdullah Saleh has hindered the development of strong bilateral ties. During the early years of the George W. Bush administration, relations improved under the rubric of the War on Terror, though Yemen's lack of policies toward wanted terrorists has stalled additional U.S. support.[133]
Europe[edit]
American relations with Eastern Europe are influenced by the legacy of the Cold War. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, former Communist-bloc states in Europe have gradually transitioned to democracy and capitalism. Many have also joined the European Union and NATO, strengthening economic ties with the broader Western world and gaining the military protection of the United States via the North Atlantic Treaty.
Country
Formal Relations Began
Notes
European Union See United States–European Union relations
Albania 1922[134] See Albania–United States relations
Andorra 1995[135] See Andorra–United States relations
Armenia 1920; 1991[136] See Armenia–United States relations
Austria 1921[137] See Austria–United States relations
Azerbaijan 1918-1928, 1991[138] See Azerbaijan–United States relations
Belarus 1991[139] See Belarus–United States relations
The United States has tense relations with Belarus relating to Belarus' human rights record and election irregularities.
Belgium 1832[140] See Belgium–United States relations
Bosnia and Herzegovina 1992[141] See Bosnia and Herzegovina–United States relations
Bulgaria 1903[142] See Bulgaria–United States relations
Croatia 1992[143] See Croatia–United States relations
Cyprus 1960[144] See Cyprus–United States relations
Czech Republic 1993[145] See Czech Republic–United States relations
Denmark 1801[146] See Denmark–United States relations
Estonia 1922; 1991[147] See Estonia–United States relations
Finland 1919[148] See Finland–United States relations
France 1778[149] See France–United States relations
Georgia 1992[150] See Georgia–United States relations
Germany 1797[151] See Germany–United States relations
Greece 1868[152] See Greece–United States relations
Holy See 1984[153] See Holy See–United States relations
Hungary 1921[154] See Hungary–United States relations
Iceland 1944[155] See Iceland–United States relations
Ireland 1924[156] See Ireland–United States relations
Italy 1861[157] See Italy–United States relations
Kosovo 2008[158] See Kosovo–United States relations
The United States was one of the first countries to recognize Kosovo. The UN Security Council divided on the question of Kosovo's declaration of independence. Kosovo declared its independence on February 17, 2008, whilst Serbia objected that Kosovo is part of its territory. Of the five members with veto power in the UN Security Council, the US, UK, and France recognized the declaration of independence, and China has expressed concern, while Russia considers it illegal. "In its declaration of independence, Kosovo committed itself to the highest standards of democracy, including freedom and tolerance and justice for citizens of all ethnic backgrounds", President George W. Bush said on February 19, 2008.[159][160]
Latvia 1922; 1991[161] See Latvia–United States relations
Liechtenstein 1997[162] See Liechtenstein–United States relations
Lithuania 1922; 1991[163] See Lithuania–United States relations
Luxembourg 1903[164] See Luxembourg–United States relations
Malta 1964[165] See Malta–United States relations
Moldova 1992[166] See Moldova–United States relations
Monaco 2006[167] See Monaco–United States relations
Montenegro 1905; 2006[168] See Montenegro–United States relations
Netherlands 1781[169] See Netherlands–United States relations
The Dutch colony of Sint Eustatius was the first foreign state to recognize the independence of the United States, doing so in 1776. However, the Dutch Republic neither authorized the recognition nor ratified it, therefore Morocco remains the first sovereign nation to officially recognize the United States.
Norway 1905[170] See Norway–United States relations
Poland 1919[171] See Poland–United States relations
Portugal 1791[172] See Portugal–United States relations
Republic of Macedonia 1995[173] See Republic of Macedonia–United States relations
Romania 1880[174] See Romania–United States relations
Russia 1809; 1991[175] See Russia–United States relations
San Marino 1861[176] See San Marino–United States relations
Serbia 1882; 2000[177] See Serbia–United States relations
Slovakia 1993[178] See Slovakia–United States relations
Slovenia 1992[179] See Slovenia–United States relations
Spain 1783[180] See Spain–United States relations
Sweden 1818[181] See Sweden–United States relations
Switzerland 1853[182] See Switzerland–United States relations
Ukraine 1991[183] See Ukraine–United States relations
United Kingdom 1783[184] See United Kingdom–United States relations
13 U.S. States declared independence from the United Kingdom in 1776. Since World War II, the two countries have shared a Special Relationship as part of the Anglosphere. While both the United States and the United Kingdom maintain close relationships with many other nations around the world, the level of cooperation in military planning, execution of military operations, nuclear weapons technology, and intelligence sharing with each other has been described as "unparalleled" among major powers throughout the 20th and early 21st century.[185] The United States and Britain share the world's largest foreign direct investment partnership. American investment in the United Kingdom reached $255.4 billion in 2002, while British direct investment in the United States totaled $283.3 billion.[186]
Africa[edit]
North Africa[edit]
Country
Formal Relations Began
Notes
Algeria 1962[187] See Algeria–United States relations
The official U.S. presence in Algeria is expanding following over a decade of limited staffing, reflecting the general improvement in the security environment. During the past three years, the U.S. Embassy has moved toward more normal operations and now provides most embassy services to the American and Algerian communities.
Arab League See Arab–American relations
The Arab League has an embassy, and several offices in the U.S.
Egypt 1922[188] See Egypt–United States relations
After the 1973 Arab-Israeli War, Egyptian foreign policy began to shift as a result of the change in Egypt's leadership from President Gamal Abdel-Nasser to Anwar Sadat and the emerging peace process between Egypt and Israel. Sadat realized that reaching a settlement of the Arab-Israeli conflict is a precondition for Egyptian development. To achieve this goal, Sadat ventured to enhance U.S.-Egyptian relations to foster a peace process with Israel.
Libya 1951[189] See Libya–United States relations
In 2011, the United States cut diplomatic relations with the Gaddafi regime. The United States recognized the National Transitional Council as the legitimate government of Libya on July 15, 2011.[190]
Morocco 1777[191] See Morocco–United States relations
Morocco was the first sovereign nation to recognize the United States of America in 1776. American-Moroccan relations were formalized in a 1787 treaty, which is still in force and is the oldest unbroken bilateral treaty in American history.
Sudan 1956[192] See Sudan–United States relations
Tunisia 1795[193] See Tunisia–United States relations
Sub-Saharan Africa[edit]
Country
Formal Relations Began
Notes
Angola 1994[194] See Angola–United States relations
Relations were tense during the Angolan Civil War when the U.S. government backed UNITA rebels, but have warmed since the Angolan government renounced Marxism in 1992.
Benin 1960[195] See Benin–United States relations
The two nations have had an excellent history of relations in the years since Benin embraced democracy. The U.S. Government continues to assist Benin with the improvement of living standards that are key to the ultimate success of Benin's experiment with democratic government and economic liberalization, and are consistent with U.S. values and national interest in reducing poverty and promoting growth. The bulk of the U.S. effort in support of consolidating democracy in Benin is focused on long-term human resource development through U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) programs.[196]
Botswana 1966[197] See Botswana–United States relations
Burkina Faso 1960[198] See Burkina Faso–United States relations
Burundi 1962[199] See Burundi–United States relations
Cameroon 1960[200] See Cameroon–United States relations
Cape Verde 1975[201] See Cape Verde–United States relations
Central African Republic 1960[202] See Central African Republic–United States relations
Chad 1960[203] See Chad–United States relations
Comoros 1977[204] See Comoros–United States relations
Côte d'Ivoire 1960[205] See Côte d'Ivoire–United States relations
Democratic Republic of the Congo 1960[206] See Democratic Republic of the Congo–United States relations
Djibouti 1977[207] See Djibouti–United States relations
Equatorial Guinea 1968[208] See Equatorial Guinea–United States relations
Eritrea 1993[209] See Eritrea–United States relations
Ethiopia 1903[210] See Ethiopia–United States relations
Gabon 1960[211] See Gabon–United States relations
Ghana 1957[212] See Ghana–United States relations
Guinea 1959[213] See Guinea–United States relations
Guinea-Bissau 1975[214] See Guinea-Bissau–United States relations
Kenya 1964[215] See Kenya–United States relations
Lesotho 1966[216] See Lesotho–United States relations
Liberia 1864[217] See Liberia–United States relations
Madagascar 1874[218] See Madagascar–United States relations
Malawi 1964[219] See Malawi–United States relations
Mali 1960[220] See Mali–United States relations
Mauritania 1960[221] See Mauritania–United States relations
Mauritius 1968[222] See Mauritius–United States relations
Mozambique 1975[223] See Mozambique–United States relations
Namibia 1990[224] See Namibia–United States relations
Niger 1960[225] See Niger–United States relations
Nigeria 1960[226] See Nigeria–United States relations
Republic of the Congo 1960[227] See Republic of the Congo–United States relations
Rwanda 1962[228] See Rwanda–United States relations
São Tomé and Príncipe 1976[229] See São Tomé and Príncipe–United States relations
Senegal 1960[230] See Senegal–United States relations
Seychelles 1976[231] See Seychelles–United States relations
Sierra Leone 1961[232] See Sierra Leone–United States relations
Somalia 1960[233] See Somalia–United States relations
South Africa 1929[234] See South Africa–United States relations
South Sudan 2011[235] See South Sudan–United States relations
Swaziland 1968[236] See Swaziland–United States relations
Tanzania 1961[237] See Tanzania–United States relations
The Gambia 1965[238] See The Gambia–United States relations
Togo 1960[239] See Togo–United States relations
Uganda 1962[240] See Uganda–United States relations
Bilateral relations between the United States and Uganda have been good since Yoweri Museveni assumed power, and the United States has welcomed his efforts to end human rights abuses and to pursue economic reform. Uganda is a strong supporter of the Global War on Terror. The United States is helping Uganda achieve export-led economic growth through the African Growth and Opportunity Act and provides a significant amount of development assistance. At the same time, the United States is concerned about continuing human rights problems and the pace of progress toward the establishment of genuine political pluralism.
Zambia 1964[241] See United States–Zambia relations
The diplomatic relationship between the United States and Zambia can be characterized as warm and cooperative. The United States works closely with the Zambian Government to defeat the HIV/AIDS pandemic that is ravaging Zambia, to promote economic growth and development, and to effect political reform needed to promote responsive and responsible government. The United States is also supporting the government's efforts to root out corruption. Zambia is a beneficiary of the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA). The U.S. Government provides a variety of technical assistance and other support that is managed by the U.S. Department of State, U.S. Agency for International Development, Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) Threshold Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Treasury, U.S. Department of Defense, and Peace Corps. The majority of U.S. assistance is provided through the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), in support of the fight against HIV/AIDS.
Zimbabwe 1980[242] See United States–Zimbabwe relations
After Morgan Tsvangirai, Mugabe's rival and leader of the Movement for Democratic Change, became Prime Minister of Zimbabwe under a power-sharing agreement, the Barack Obama administration extended its congratulations to Tsvangirai, but said that the U.S. would wait for evidence of Mugabe's cooperation with the MDC before it would consider lifting its sanctions.[243] In early March 2009, Obama proclaimed that U.S. sanctions would be protracted provisionally for another year, because Zimbabwe's political crisis is as yet unresolved.[244]
Countries with visa services suspended[edit]
Belarus
Libya
Sudan
Syria
Yemen
[245]
Countries with no U.S. embassy[edit]
[245]
Andorra (the U.S. Ambassador to Spain is also accredited to Andorra; the U.S. Consul General in Barcelona is responsible for day-to-day relations.)[246]
Antigua and Barbuda (U.S. Embassy and consulates for Antigua and Barbuda are located in Barbados)
Bhutan (Contact is made via the Government of India at the U.S. Embassy in New Delhi, and Bhutan consulates in New York City)
Comoros (the U.S. Ambassador to Madagascar is also accredited to Comoros.)[247]
Cook Islands (The U.S. recognizes the Cook Islands as part of the Realm of New Zealand)
Dominica (U.S. Embassy and consulates for Dominica are located in Barbados)
Grenada (U.S. Embassy and consulates for Grenada are located in Barbados)
Guinea-Bissau (Contact is made at the U.S. Embassy in Senegal and there is also a presence of the U.S. in Guinea-Bissau through a Liaison Office in Bissau and a virtual presence post online, there are currently no Guinea-Bissauan consulates for the U.S., except for a Permanent mission to the UN in New York)
Iran (inactive, U.S. Interests Section at the Swiss Embassy acts as a de facto embassy. Since December 2011, the United States has also maintained a virtual embassy online.)
Kiribati (the U.S. Ambassador to Fiji is also accredited to Kiribati.)[248]
Liechtenstein (the U.S. Ambassador to Switzerland is also accredited to Liechtenstein.)[249]
Maldives (the U.S. Ambassador to Sri Lanka is also accredited to Maldives.)[250]
Monaco (the U.S. Ambassador to France is also accredited to Monaco; the U.S. Consul General in Marseilles is responsible for day-to-day relations.)[251]
Nauru (the U.S. Ambassador to Fiji is also accredited to Nauru.)[252]
Niue (The U.S. recognizes Niue as part of the Realm of New Zealand)
North Korea (Contact is made via the Government of Sweden through its embassy in Pyongyang)
Saint Kitts and Nevis (U.S. Embassy and consulates for Saint Kitts and Nevis are located in Barbados)
Saint Lucia (U.S. Embassy and consulates for Saint Lucia are located in Barbados)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (U.S. Embassy and consulates for Saint Vincent and the Grenadines are located in Barbados)
Samoa (the U.S. Ambassador to New Zealand is also accredited to Samoa.)[253]
San Marino (the U.S. Ambassador to Italy is also accredited to San Marino; the U.S. Consul General in Florence is responsible for day-to-day relations.)[254]
São Tomé and Príncipe (the U.S. Ambassador to Gabon is also accredited to São Tomé and Príncipe.)[255]
Seychelles (the U.S. Ambassador to Mauritius is also accredited to Seychelles.)[256]
Solomon Islands (the U.S. Ambassador to Papua New Guinea is also accredited to the Solomon Islands.)[257]
Tonga (the U.S. Ambassador to Fiji is also accredited to Tonga.)[258]
Tuvalu (the U.S. Ambassador to Fiji is also accredited to Tuvalu.)[259]
Vanuatu (the U.S. Ambassador to Papua New Guinea is also accredited to Vanuatu.)[260]
Unrecognized countries with no relations with the United States[edit]
Abkhazia (Georgian breakaway territory)
Nagorno-Karabakh (de facto independent state)
Northern Cyprus (only recognized by Turkey)
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (claimed by Morocco)
Somaliland (de facto independent state)
South Ossetia (Georgian breakaway territory)
Transnistria (de facto independent state)
See also[edit]
Arctic policy of the United States
Foreign policy of the United States
List of diplomatic missions in the United States
List of diplomatic missions of the United States
Major non-NATO ally
United States foreign aid
Watching America
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Jump up ^ "Tajikistan - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Turkmenistan - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Uzbekistan - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Afghanistan - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Bangladesh - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Bhutan". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "India - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Maldives - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Nepal - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Pakistan - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Sri Lanka - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Page Not Found". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved October 14, 2017.
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Jump up ^ "Report: US considers withdrawing nuclear bombs from Turkey". Todayszaman.com. 2010-04-03. Archived from the original on October 15, 2014. Retrieved 2014-08-18.
Jump up ^ Sciutto, Jim. "U.S. Troops Preparing for War in Qatar - ABC News". Abcnews.go.com. Retrieved 2014-08-18.
Jump up ^ "Bahrain - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Iran - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Iraq - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Israel - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Jordan - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Kuwait - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Lebanon - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Oman - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Qatar - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Saudi Arabia - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Syria - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Turkey - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "The United Arab Emirates - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Yemen - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ Sharp, Jeremy M. Yemen: Background and U.S. Relations (RL34170) (PDF). Congressional Research Service (January 22, 2009). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
Jump up ^ "Albania - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Andorra - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Armenia - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Austria - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Azerbaijan - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Belarus - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Belgium - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Bosnia-Herzegovina - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Bulgaria - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Croatia - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Cyprus - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Czech Republic - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Denmark - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Estonia - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Finland - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "France - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Georgia - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Germany - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Greece - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Holy See - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Hungary - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Iceland - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Ireland - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Italy - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Kosovo - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ Bush Hails Kosovo Independence Archived August 21, 2008, at the Wayback Machine., U.S. Department of State's Bureau of International Information Programs
Jump up ^ Bush insists Kosovo must be independent and receives hero's welcome in Albania, The Guardian
Jump up ^ "Latvia - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Liechtenstein - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Lithuania - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Luxembourg - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Malta - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Moldova - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Monaco - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Montenegro - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Netherlands - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Norway - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Poland - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Portugal - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Macedonia - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Romania - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Russia - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "San Marino - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Serbia - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Slovakia - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Slovenia - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Spain - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Sweden - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Switzerland - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Ukraine - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "The United Kingdom - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ James, Wither (March 2006). "An Endangered Partnership: The Anglo-American Defence Relationship in the Early Twenty-first Century". European Security. 15 (1): 47–65. doi:10.1080/09662830600776694. ISSN 0966-2839.
Jump up ^ US Department of State, Background Note on the United Kingdom
Jump up ^ "Algeria - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Egypt - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Libya - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "U.S. formally recognizes Libyan rebels as legitimate government". Kansas City star. July 15, 2011. Retrieved July 16, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Morocco - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Sudan - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Tunisia - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Angola - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Benin (Dahomey) - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Background Note: Benin". U.S. Department of State (June 2008). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
Jump up ^ "Botswana - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Burkina Faso (Upper Volta) - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Burundi - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Cameroon - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Cape Verde - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Central African Republic - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Chad - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Comoros - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Cote D'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Democratic Republic of the Congo - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Djibouti - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Equatorial Guinea - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Eritrea - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Ethiopia - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Gabon - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Ghana - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Guinea - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Guinea-Bissau - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Kenya - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Lesotho - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Liberia - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Madagascar - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Malawi - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Mali - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Mauritania - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Mauritius - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Mozambique - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Namibia - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Niger - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Nigeria - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Republic of the Congo - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Rwanda - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Sao Tome and Principe - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Senegal - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Seychelles - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Sierra Leone - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Somalia - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "South Africa - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "South Sudan - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Swaziland - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Tanzania - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "The Gambia - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Togo - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Uganda - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Zambia - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Zimbabwe - Countries - Office of the Historian". Retrieved February 19, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Obama congratulates Tsvangirai". NewsToday.co.za. February 13, 2009. Archived from the original on August 6, 2009.
Jump up ^ AFP 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "Countries with Limited or No U.S. Visa Services". Retrieved February 21, 2018.
Jump up ^ "U.S. Relations With Andorra". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved May 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ "U.S. Relations With Comoros". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved May 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ "U.S. Relations With Kiribati". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved May 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ "U.S. Relations With Liechtenstein". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved May 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ "U.S. Relations With Maldives". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved May 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ "U.S. Relations With Monaco". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved May 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ "U.S. Relations With Nauru". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved May 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ "U.S. Relations With Samoa". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved May 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ "U.S. Relations With San Marino". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved May 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ "U.S. Relations With Sao Tome and Principe". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved May 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ "U.S. Relations With Seychelles". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved May 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ "U.S. Relations With the Solomon Islands". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved May 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ "U.S. Relations With Tonga". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved May 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ "U.S. Relations With Tuvalu". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved May 26, 2015.
Jump up ^ "U.S. Relations With Vanuatu". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved May 26, 2015.
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This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Department of State website http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/index.htm (Background Notes).
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