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Governor of California
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Governor of California
Standard of the Governor
Seal of the Governor
Incumbent
Jerry Brown
since January 3, 2011
Style
The Honorable
Residence
California Governor's Mansion
Term length
Four years, renewable once
Inaugural holder
Peter Hardeman Burnett
Formation
December 20, 1849
Deputy
Gavin Newsom
Salary
US$173,987 (2013)[1]
Website
Official website
The Governor of California is the chief executive of the California state government, commander-in-chief of the California National Guard and the California State Military Reserve, whose responsibilities also include making annual State of the State addresses to the California State Legislature, submitting the budget, and ensuring that state laws are enforced. The position was created in 1849, the year before California became a state. The current governor is Jerry Brown, a Democrat who was inaugurated January 3, 2011, and who had previously served as governor from 1975 to 1983. In October 2013, Jerry Brown surpassed Earl Warren for the longest cumulative period of time served as governor.
Contents
[hide]
1 Gubernatorial elections, oath, and term of office
1.1 Gubernatorial removal
1.1.1 Impeachment and removal by the legislature
1.1.2 Recall by the voters
2 Relationship with Lieutenant Governor of California
3 Gubernatorial facts
3.1 Age and longevity
3.2 Transition events
3.3 Presidential campaigns
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Gubernatorial elections, oath, and term of office[edit]
See also: List of Governors of California
Governors are elected by popular ballot and serve terms of four years, with a limit of two terms, if served after November 6, 1990.[2] Governors take the following oath:
I (Governor) do solemnly swear that I will support and defend the Constitution of the United States and the Constitution of the State of California against all enemies foreign and domestic, that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the Constitution of the United States and the Constitution of the State of California, that I take this obligation freely without any mental reservation or purpose of evasion and that I will well and faithfully discharge the duties upon which I am about to enter.
Governors take office on the first Monday after January 1 after their election.
Gubernatorial removal[edit]
There are two methods available to remove a governor before the expiration of the gubernatorial term of office.
Impeachment and removal by the legislature[edit]
The governor can be impeached for "misconduct in office" by the State Assembly and removed by a two-thirds vote of the State Senate.
Recall by the voters[edit]
Petitions signed by California state voters equal in number to 12% of the last vote for the office of governor (with signatures from each of 5 counties equal in number to 1% of the last vote for governor in the county) can launch a gubernatorial recall election. The voters can then vote on whether or not to recall the incumbent governor, and on the same ballot they can vote a potential replacement. If a majority of the voters in the election vote to recall the governor, then the person who gains a plurality of the votes in the replacement race will become governor.
The 2003 California recall began with a petition drive that successfully forced sitting Democratic Governor Gray Davis into a special recall election. It marked the first time in the history of California that a governor faced a recall election. He was subsequently voted out of office, becoming the second governor in the history of the United States to be recalled after Lynn Frazier of North Dakota in 1921. He was replaced by Republican Arnold Schwarzenegger.
Relationship with Lieutenant Governor of California[edit]
Governor-elect Arnold Schwarzenegger (left) and Governor Gray Davis (right) with President George W. Bush in 2003
The Lieutenant Governor of California is separately elected during the same election, not jointly as the running mate of the gubernatorial candidate. California has had a governor and a lieutenant governor of different parties 26 of the past 31 years. This occasionally becomes significant, since the California Constitution provides that all the powers of the governor fall to the lieutenant governor whenever the governor is not in the state of California, with the lieutenant governor often signing or vetoing legislation, or making political appointments, whenever the governor leaves the state. The lieutenant governor is also the President of the California State Senate. In practice, there is a gentlemen's agreement for the Lieutenant Governor not to perform more than perfunctory duties while the Governor is away from the state. This agreement was violated when Mike Curb was in office, as he signed several executive orders at odds with the Brown administration when Brown was out of the state. Court rulings have upheld the lieutenant governor's right to perform the duties and assume all of the prerogatives of governor while the governor is out of the state.[3]
Gubernatorial facts[edit]
Age and longevity[edit]
Peter Burnett had the longest post-governorship, 44 years. He left office in 1851 and died in 1895.
Excluding governors who died in office, Robert Waterman had the shortest post-governorship. He died on April 12, 1891, a short three months and four days after the expiration of his term.
Sworn in at the age of 30, J. Neely Johnson was the youngest governor from 1856 to 1858.
Sworn in at the age of 72, Jerry Brown became the oldest governor in 2011.
Earl Warren was the only governor to serve more than two consecutive terms in office (1943–1953).
Jerry Brown previously served as governor for eight years (1975–1983) and returned to office 28 years later to serve as the incumbent governor (since 2011).
Milton Latham served the shortest term in office of five days (January 9–14, 1860).
Of the 38 governors who held office, seven of them were born in California (six of them after statehood):
One (Romualdo Pacheco) was born in Santa Barbara.
Four (George Pardee, James Rolph, Pat Brown, and Jerry Brown) were born in San Francisco.
One (Hiram Johnson) was born in Sacramento.
One (Earl Warren) was born in Los Angeles.
Two governors were not born in the United States:
John G. Downey was born in Ireland.
Arnold Schwarzenegger was born in Austria.
Only two governors have died in office:
Washington Bartlett on September 12, 1887
James Rolph on June 2, 1934
Ronald Reagan had the longest life-span of any governor, 93 years.
J. Neely Johnson had the shortest life-span of any governor, 47 years.
Both governors who died in office, Washington Bartlett in 1887 and James Rolph in 1934, served as Mayor of San Francisco shortly before becoming governor.
Two governors are related:
Pat Brown (1959–1967) was the father of twice-governor Jerry Brown (1975–1983, 2011 to present).
Transition events[edit]
Milton Latham
6th Governor (1860)
Five governors have resigned:
Peter Burnett in 1851 "as a result of certain personal prejudices" in favor of slavery[4]
Milton Latham in 1860 to become a United States Senator
Newton Booth in 1875 to become a United States Senator
Hiram Johnson in 1917 to become a United States Senator
Earl Warren in 1953 to become Chief Justice of the United States
One governor has been recalled:
Gray Davis in 2003
Seven governors took office without being elected to the governor's seat, having been elected as lieutenant governor and then ascending from that position:
Four of them did not run to succeed themselves, and were never elected governor:
John McDougal in 1851
John G. Downey in 1860
Romualdo Pacheco in 1875
Robert Waterman in 1887
The other three later ran for governor, and were elected to succeed themselves as governor:
William Stephens in 1917
Frank Merriam in 1934
Goodwin Knight in 1953
One governor has served two terms, and was elected to a non-consecutive third term (followed by a fourth term):
Jerry Brown in 2010 (Brown and George Deukmejian are the most recent living former governors of California who were elected to two terms before the term limits were enacted on November 6, 1990)
Presidential campaigns[edit]
Ronald Reagan
33rd Governor (1967–1975)
40th President of the United States (1981–1989)
One former governor of California won his party's nomination and was elected President of the United States:
Ronald Reagan in 1980 and 1984 (Republican)
Five governors actively sought the nomination of their party, but were unsuccessful:
Hiram Johnson in 1920 and 1924 (Republican)
Pat Brown in 1960 (Democratic)
Jerry Brown in 1976, 1980 and 1992 (Democratic)
Ronald Reagan in 1968 and 1976 (Republican)
Pete Wilson in 1996 (Republican)
Two governors were nominated for Vice President, but their ticket lost the election:
Hiram Johnson (Ran with Theodore Roosevelt, Progressive, 1912)
Earl Warren (Ran with Thomas Dewey, Republican, 1948)
Two governors did not run for president, but were under serious consideration by their party's nominee during their governorship to be their running mate for the office of Vice President, but were not chosen:
George Deukmejian (George H.W. Bush, Republican, 1988) declined being considered because of his vast ideological differences with Lieutenant Governor Leo McCarthy, who would have become governor if Deukmejian accepted the nomination and was elected to the Vice Presidency.[5]
Gray Davis (Al Gore, Democratic, 2000)
One unsuccessful candidate for governor of California was elected President of the United States:
Former Vice President Richard Nixon was the Republican nominee for Governor of California in 1962, and lost to Democrat Pat Brown. Nixon later was elected president in 1968 and reelected in 1972 (Republican).
See also[edit]
Biography portal
California portal
Politics portal
United States portal
Book: Governors of California
List of Governors of California
List of Governors of California before admission
Politics of California
Politics of California before 1900
Spouses of the Governors of California
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "CSG Releases 2013 Governor Salaries". The Council of State Governments. June 25, 2013. Retrieved September 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ Shelley, Kevin (October 2003). "Summary of Qualifications and Requirements for the Office of Governor" (PDF). California Secretary of State Department. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 28, 2008. Retrieved February 23, 2009.
Jump up ^ In re Governorship , 26 Cal.3d 110, 401 (Supreme Court of California 1979) (“we conclude that the Lieutenant Governor has authority to exercise all gubernatorial powers of appointment while the Governor is physically absent from the state and that the Governor has authority to withdraw the appointment until the confirmation of appointment becomes effective.”).
Jump up ^ Alastair Dallas (June 5, 2004). "Governors of California: 1849–2003". familydallas.com. Archived from the original on March 8, 2005. Retrieved March 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Californian Removes Himself From Running for No. 2 Spot". The New York Times. August 5, 1988.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Governors of California.
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text:
Greek primordial deities
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Greek deities
series
Titans and Olympians
Aquatic deities
Chthonic deities
Mycenaean deities
Personified concepts
Other deities
Primordial deities
Achlys
Aether
Aion
Ananke
Chaos
Chronos
Erebus
Eros
Gaia
Hemera
Moirai
Nyx
Ourea
Phanes
Pontus
Tartarus
Thalassa
Uranus
v
t
e
In Greek mythology, the primordial deities are the first gods and goddesses born from the void of Chaos. In Orphic tradition, they are born from Chronos and Ananke. Hesiod's first (after Chaos) are Gaia, Tartarus, Eros, Erebus and Nyx. The primordial deities Gaia and Uranus give birth to the Titans and Aphrodite. The Titans Cronus and Rhea give birth to Zeus, Poseidon, Hades, Hestia, Hera and Demeter who overthrow the Titans. The warring of the gods ends with the reign of Zeus.
Contents
[hide]
1 Hesiod's primordial genealogy
1.1 Genealogical tree
1.2 Other sources
2 Non-Hesiodic theogonies
2.1 Homeric primordial theogony
2.2 Other Greek theogonies
2.3 Philosophical theogonies
3 Interpretation of primordial deities
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Hesiod's primordial genealogy[edit]
Hesiod's Theogony (c. 700 BC) tells the story of the genesis of the gods. After invoking the Muses (II.1-116), he tells of the generation of the first four primordial deities:
"First Chaos came to be, but next... Earth... and dim Tartarus in the depth of the... Earth, and Eros..."[1]
According to Hesiod, the next primordial gods that come to be are:
Darkness and Night (born of Chaos);
Light and Day (born of Night and Darkness);
Heaven and Ocean (virginally born of Earth)
Genealogical tree[edit]
Chaos
Gaia (Earth) (female)
Uranus (Sky) (male)
Ourea (Mountains) (male)
Pontus (Sea) (male)
Tartarus (Tartarus) (male)
Erebus (Darkness) (male)
Nyx (Night) (female)
Aether (Light) (male)
Hemera (Day) (female)
Eros (procreation) (male) (the son of Aphrodite and Ares in later myths)
Other sources[edit]
Achlys (Misery) (female)
Physis (Genesis) (female)
Ananke (Compulsion) (female)
Chronos (Time) (male)
Aion (Eternity) (male)
Himeros (Tension) (male)
Phanes (procreation) (male)
Nesoi (Islands) (female)
Thalassa (Sea) (female)
Ophion (Life) (male)
Moirai (Fate) (female)
Moros (Doom) (male)
Non-Hesiodic theogonies[edit]
The ancient Greeks entertained different versions of the origin of primordial deities. Some of these stories were possibly inherited from the pre-Greek Aegean cultures.[2]
Homeric primordial theogony[edit]
The Iliad, an epic poem attributed to Homer about the Trojan War (an oral tradition of 700 or 600 BC), states that Oceanus (and possibly Tethys, too) is the parent of all the deities.[3]
Other Greek theogonies[edit]
Alcman (fl. 7th century BC) made the water-nymph Thetis the first goddess, producing poros (path), tekmor (marker) and skotos (darkness) on the pathless, featureless void.
Orphic poetry (c. 530 BC) made Nyx the first principle, Night, and her offspring were many. Also, in the Orphic tradition, Phanes (a mystic Orphic deity of light and procreation, sometimes identified with the Elder Eros) is the original ruler of the universe, who hatched from the cosmic egg.[4]
Aristophanes (c. 446 BC – c. 386 BC) wrote in his Birds, that Nyx is the first deity also, and that she produced Eros from an egg.
Philosophical theogonies[edit]
Philosophers of Classical Greece also constructed their own metaphysical cosmogonies, with their own primordial deities:
Pherecydes of Syros (c. 600 – c. 550 BC) made Chronos (time) the first deity in his Heptamychia.
Empedocles (c. 490 – 430 BC) wrote that Philotes ("Love") and Neikos ("Hate") were the first principles, who wove the universe out of the four elements with their powers of love and strife.
Plato (c. 428/427 – 348/347 BC) introduced the concept in Timaeus, of the demiurge, who modeled the universe on the Ideas.
Interpretation of primordial deities[edit]
Scholars dispute the meaning of the primordial deities in the poems of Homer and Hesiod.[5] Since the primordials give birth to the Titans, and the Titans give birth to the Olympians, one way of interpreting the primordial gods is as the deepest and most fundamental nature of the cosmos.
For example, Jenny Strauss Clay argues that Homer's poetic vision centers on the reign of Zeus, but that Hesiod's vision of the primordials put Zeus and the Olympians in context.[6] Likewise, Vernant argues that the Olympic pantheon is a "system of classification, a particular way of ordering and conceptualizing the universe by distinguishing within it various types of powers and forces."[7] But even before the Olympic pantheon were the Titans and primordial gods. Homer alludes to a more tumultuous past before Zeus was the undisputed King and Father.[8]
Mitchell Miller argues that the first four primordial deities arise in a highly significant relationship. He argues that Chaos represents differentiation, since Chaos differentiates (separates, divides) Tartarus and Earth.[9] Even though Chaos is "first of all" for Hesiod, Miller argues that Tartarus represents the primacy of the undifferentiated, or the unlimited. Since undifferentiation is unthinkable, Chaos is the "first of all" in that he is the first thinkable being. In this way, Chaos (the principle of division) is the natural opposite of Eros (the principle of unification). Earth (light, day, waking, life) is the natural opposite of Tartarus (darkness, night, sleep, death). These four are the parents of all the other Titans.
See also[edit]
Greek mythology portal
Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)
Ex nihilo
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Theogony of Hesiod". www.sacred-texts.com. Retrieved 2016-01-21.
Jump up ^ Clay, Jenny Strauss (2006-05-26). The Politics of Olympus: Form and Meaning in the Major Homeric Hymns (2 ed.). London: Bristol Classical Press. p. 9. ISBN 9781853996924.
Jump up ^ Homer, Iliad (Book 14)
Jump up ^ Phanes
Jump up ^ Nagy, Gregory (1992-01-01). Greek Mythology and Poetics. Cornell University Press. ISBN 0801480485.
Jump up ^ Clay, Jenny Strauss (2006-05-26). The Politics of Olympus: Form and Meaning in the Major Homeric Hymns (2 ed.). London: Bristol Classical Press. p. 9. ISBN 9781853996924.
Jump up ^ Vernant, Jean Pierre (1980-01-01). Myth and Society in Ancient Greece. Harvester Press. ISBN 9780855279837.
Jump up ^ "The Internet Classics Archive | The Iliad by Homer". classics.mit.edu. pp. Book I (396–406); Book VIII (477–83). Retrieved 2016-01-21.
Jump up ^ "'First of all': On the Semantics and Ethics of Hesiod's Cosmogony - Mitchell Miller - Ancient Philosophy (Philosophy Documentation Center)". www.pdcnet.org. Retrieved 2016-01-21.
External links[edit]
Theoi Project – Protogenoi
Theo Project – Protogenoi Family Tree
Greek Primeval Deities
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