text:
Hit (baseball)
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Pete Rose is the all-time leader in Major League Baseball hits, recording 4,256.
Ichiro Suzuki has recorded the most career hits across top tier professional leagues, combining his current Major League hits with his previous 1,278 hits in Nippon Professional Baseball.
In baseball statistics, a hit (denoted by H), also called a base hit, is credited to a batter when the batter safely reaches first base after hitting the ball into fair territory, without the benefit of an error or a fielder's choice.
Contents
[hide]
1 Scoring a hit
1.1 Types of hits
2 Pitching a no-hitter
3 History
4 Major League Baseball rules
5 See also
6 References
Scoring a hit[edit]
To achieve a hit, the batter must reach first base before any fielder can either tag him with the ball, throw to another player protecting the base before the batter reaches it, or tag first base while carrying the ball. The hit is scored the moment the batter reaches first base safely; if he is put out while attempting to stretch his hit to a double or triple or home run on the same play, he still gets credit for a hit (according to the last base he reached safely on the play).
If a batter reaches first base because of offensive interference by a preceding runner (including if a preceding runner is hit by a batted ball), he is also credited with a hit.
Types of hits[edit]
A hit for one base is called a single, for two bases a double, and for three bases a triple. A home run is also scored as a hit. Doubles, triples, and home runs are also called extra base hits.
An "infield hit" is a hit where the ball does not leave the infield. Infield hits are uncommon by nature, and most often earned by speedy runners.
Pitching a no-hitter[edit]
A no-hitter is a game in which one of the teams prevented the other from getting a hit. Throwing a no-hitter is rare and considered an extraordinary accomplishment for a pitcher or pitching staff. In most cases in the professional game, no-hitters are accomplished by a single pitcher who throws a complete game. A pitcher who throws a no-hitter could still allow runners to reach base safely, by way of walks, errors, hit batsmen, or batter reaching base due to interference or obstruction. If the pitcher allows no runners to reach base in any manner whatsoever (hit, walk, hit batsman, error, etc.), the no-hitter is a perfect game.
History[edit]
Ty Cobb recorded a career 4,191 hits, holding the Major League record for 57 years.
In 1887, Major League Baseball counted bases on balls (walks) as hits. The result was skyrocketing batting averages, including some near .500; Tip O'Neill of the St. Louis Browns batted .485 that season, which would still be a major league record if recognized. The experiment was abandoned the following season.
There is controversy regarding how the records of 1887 should be interpreted. The number of legitimate walks and at-bats are known for all players that year, so computing averages using the same method as in other years is straightforward. In 1968, Major League Baseball formed a Special Baseball Records Committee to resolve this (and other) issues. The Committee ruled that walks in 1887 should not be counted as hits. In 2000, Major League Baseball reversed its decision, ruling that the statistics which were recognized in each year's official records should stand, even in cases where they were later proven incorrect. Most current sources list O'Neill's 1887 average as .435, as calculated by omitting his walks. He would retain his American Association batting championship. However, the variance between methods results in differing recognition for the 1887 National League batting champion. Cap Anson would be recognized, with his .421 average, if walks are included, but Sam Thompson would be the champion at .372 if they are not.
Major League Baseball rules[edit]
The official rulebook of Major League Baseball states in Rule 10.05:[1]
(a) The official scorer shall credit a batter with a base hit when:
(1) the batter reaches first base (or any succeeding base) safely on a fair ball that settles on the ground, that touches a fence before being touched by a fielder or that clears a fence;
(2) the batter reaches first base safely on a fair ball hit with such force, or so slowly, that any fielder attempting to make a play with the ball has no opportunity to do so;
Rule 10.05(a)(2) Comment: The official scorer shall credit a hit if the fielder attempting to handle the ball cannot make a play, even if such fielder deflects the ball from or cuts off another fielder who could have put out a runner.
(3) the batter reaches first base safely on a fair ball that takes an unnatural bounce so that a fielder cannot handle it with ordinary effort, or that touches the pitcher's plate or any base (including home plate) before being touched by a fielder and bounces so that a fielder cannot handle the ball with ordinary effort;
(4) the batter reaches first base safely on a fair ball that has not been touched by a fielder and that is in fair territory when the ball reaches the outfield, unless in the scorer's judgment the ball could have been handled with ordinary effort;
(5) a fair ball that has not been touched by a fielder touches a runner or an umpire, unless a runner is called out for having been touched by an Infield Fly, in which case the official scorer shall not score a hit; or
(6) a fielder unsuccessfully attempts to put out a preceding runner and, in the official scorer's judgment, the batter-runner would not have been put out at first base by ordinary effort.
Rule 10.05(a) Comment: In applying Rule 10.05(a), the official scorer shall always give the batter the benefit of the doubt. A safe course for the official scorer to follow is to score a hit when exceptionally good fielding of a ball fails to result in a putout.
(b) The official scorer shall not credit a base hit when a:
(1) runner is forced out by a batted ball, or would have been forced out except for a fielding error;
(2) batter apparently hits safely and a runner who is forced to advance by reason of the batter becoming a runner fails to touch the first base to which such runner is advancing and is called out on appeal. The official scorer shall charge the batter with an at-bat but not a hit;
(3) pitcher, the catcher or any infielder handles a batted ball and puts out a preceding runner who is attempting to advance one base or to return to his original base, or would have put out such runner with ordinary effort except for a fielding error. The official scorer shall charge the batter with an at-bat but not a hit;
(4) fielder fails in an attempt to put out a preceding runner and, in the scorer's judgment, the batter-runner could have been put out at first base; or
Rule 10.05(b) Comment: Rule 10.05(b) shall not apply if the fielder merely looks toward or feints toward another base before attempting to make the putout at first base.
(5) runner is called out for interference with a fielder attempting to field a batted ball, unless in the scorer's judgment the batter-runner would have been safe had the interference not occurred.
See also[edit]
Baseball portal
List of Major League Baseball hit records
List of Major League Baseball progressive career hits leaders
List of Nippon Professional Baseball career hits leaders
List of KBO Career Hits leaders
List of Major League Baseball players with 2,000 hits
3,000 hit club
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.mlb.com/mlb/official_info/official_rules/official_scorer_10.jsp
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Workers and Peasants Party
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For party in France, see Workers and Peasants Party (France). For party in Japan, see Workers' and Peasants' Party (1948). For party in Egypt, see Workers and Peasants Party (Egypt).
The Workers and Peasants Party (WPP) was a political party in India, which worked inside the Indian National Congress 1925-1929. It became an important front organisation for the Communist Party of India and an influential force in the Bombay labour movement. The party was able to muster some success in making alliances with other left elements inside the Congress Party, amongst them Jawaharlal Nehru. However, as the Communist International entered its 'Third Period' phase, the communists deserted the WPP project. The WPP was wound up, as its leadership was arrested by the British authorities in March 1929.
Contents
1 Founding of the party
2 Build-up of the WPPs of Bengal and Bombay
3 Madras Congress
4 Trade union struggles
5 Anti-Simon struggle
6 1928 Bengal party conference
7 Formation of WPPs in Punjab and UP
8 All India WPP conference
9 1929 Bombay municipal election
10 Comintern turns against the WPP
11 Meerut Conspiracy case
12 Policies
13 Publications
14 Youth wing
15 References
Founding of the party[edit]
The party was founded in Bengal on 1 November 1925, as the Labour Swaraj Party of the Indian National Congress.[1] The founding leaders of the party were Kazi Nazrul Islam, Hemanta Kumar Sarkar, Qutubuddin Ahmad and Shamsuddin Hussain. The founding manifesto was signed by Kazi Nazrul Islam. During the first three month of existence, the party organisation was very provisional.[2]
At the All Bengal Praja Conference, held at Krishnagar on 6 February 1926, a resolution was moved by Faizuddin Hussian Sahib of Mymensingh for the creation of a workers-peasants party. The move was seconded by Braja Nath Das of Bogra. The resolution was passed by the conference, and in accordance with this decision the name of the party was changed to 'Workers and Peasants Party of Bengal'. Dr. Nares Chandra Sen-Gupta was elected party president and Hemanta Kumar Sarkar and Qutubuddin Ahmad were elected as joint secretaries.[3][4]
Build-up of the WPPs of Bengal and Bombay[edit]
As of 1926, the WPP of Bengal had only 40 members, and its growth in membership was very slow.[5] A two-room party office was set up at 37, Harrison Road, Calcutta.[4] British intelligence perceived that the Bengal Jute Workers Association, the Mymensingh Workers and Peasants Party (with branch in Atia), the Dhakeswari Mill Workers Union, the Bengal Glass Workers Union, the Scavengers' Union of Bengal (with branches in Howrah, Dacca and Mymensingh) and the Workers Protection League were led by the party.[6]
Soon after the 1926 conference of the WPP of Bengal, the underground Communist Party of India directed its members to join the provincial Workers and Peasants Parties. All open communist activities were carried out through Workers and Peasants Parties.[7] The Comintern organiser M.N. Roy took part in the build-up of the WPP.[8]
A WPP was formed in Bombay in January 1927. D.R. Thengdi was elected president and S.S. Mirajkar general secretary.[3] The WPPs gained influence within the Bombay and Bengal Pradesh Congress Committees. From the WPP of Bombay, K.N. Joglekar, R.S. Nimbkar and D.R. Tengdi were elected to the All India Congress Committee. From the WPP of Bengal, two party representatives were elected to the AICC. The WPP representatives together with Nehru were able to convince the AICC to make the Indian National Congress an associate member of the League against Imperialism.[5]
Madras Congress[edit]
At the 1927 annual Congress session in Madras a leader of the WPP of Bombay, K.N. Joglekar presented a proposal for a resolution in the Subjects Committee, that the Indian National Congress should demand full independence for India. The proposal was seconded by Jawaharlal Nehru. At the open session of the Madras Congress, Nehru moved the resolution and Joglekar seconded it. The resolution was passed unanimously. This was the first time in history that the Indian National Congress officially demanded full independence from British rule. During the Madras session, the WPP functioned as a fraction. Directly after the Madras Congress, the WPP took part in a 'Republican Congress' meeting together with other left elements of the Congress Party and radical trade unionists. Nehru chaired the meeting.[9]
Trade union struggles[edit]
Particularly the WPP of Bombay was successful in mobilising trade union work. It built unions amongst printing press, municipal and dock workers. It gained influence amongst the workers of the Great Indian Peninsular Railway. During 1928 the WPP led a general strike in Bombay, which lasted for months. At the time of the strike, the Girni Kamgar Union was founded.[5]
Anti-Simon struggle[edit]
During the protests against the Simon Commission, the WPP played a major role in organising manifestations in Calcutta and Bombay. In Bombay it also mobilised 'hartal' (general strike) in protest against the Simon Commission.[5]
1928 Bengal party conference[edit]
The WPP of Bengal held its third conference in Bhatpara, in March 1928. After the conference the executive of the party published the conference documents in a book titled A Call for Action. In the book an argument is presented that national independence was not possible as long as capitalists dominated the freedom struggle.[10] British intelligence sources claimed that Philip Spratt had been the author of the book.[11]
Formation of WPPs in Punjab and UP[edit]
At a conference in Lyallpur in September 1928 the Punjab Kirti Kisan Party (Workers and Peasants Party of Punjab) was formed by the Kirti group. Chabil Das, a Lahore propagandist of the Naujawan Bharat Sabha, was elected president of the party.[12] In October 1928 two WPPs were formed in the United Provinces. One of them was the Bundelkhand Workers and Peasants Party, with N.L. Kadam as its secretary and headquartered in Jhansi. The party held its founding conference in Jhansi on 28 October – 29 October 1928. Jhavwala from Bombay presided over the conference. The other was the U.P. Peasants and Workers Party which was founded at a conference in Meerut. P.C. Joshi was elected president and Dharamvir Singh was elected general secretary The Meerut conference was attended by Philip Spratt, Muzaffar Ahmed and Kedar Nath Sahgol.[3][12][13]
All India WPP conference[edit]
In late November 1928 the WPP of Bengal executive committee met with Philip Spratt and Muzaffar Ahmed. They decided to appoint Sohan Singh Josh of the Punjab Kirti Kisan Party to chair the All India Workers and Peasants Conference, to be held in Calcutta in December.[12] The provincial WPPs attended All India Workers and Peasants Conference in Calcutta on 22 December – 24 December 1928, at which the All India Workers and Peasants Party was formed. A 16-member national executive was elected. The Bengal, Bombay, Punjab and United Provinces were allocated four seats each in the national executive.[14] Out of these 16, ten were either identified as CPI members or as 'communists'.[15] R.S. Nimbkar was the general secretary of the party.[16] The conference discussed an affiliation of the party with the League against Imperialism. Spratt and Ahmed urged the conference to approve the affiliation of the party to the League. The conference decision to postpone a decision on the issue to a later occasion.[17]
1929 Bombay municipal election[edit]
The party contested the January 1929 Bombay municipal election, mustering around 12,500 votes.[18]
Comintern turns against the WPP[edit]
The political fortunes of the WPP was to be terminated by changes in policy of the Communist International. The July 1928 sixth congress of the Communist International declared that 'The Union of all communist groups and individuals scattered throughout the country into a single, illegal, independent and centralized party represent the first task for Indian communists.' This was a statement made in opposition to the building of the 'multi-class' WPP. The new line was promoted at the congress by the Finnish communist Otto Kuusinen. In his report, he stated that it was 'necessary to reject the formation of any kind of bloc between the Communist Party and the national-reformist opposition' in the colonies. Moreover, he claimed that parties like WPP could develop into petty bourgeois parties. Leon Trotsky concurred with this view. In June 1928, he had submitted a document which called WPP an invention of Joseph Stalin and that the party was a 'thoroughly anti-Marxist formation'.[19] Abani Mukherji, a founding member of CPI, had described WPP as a 'Kuomintang Party' and that WPP 'is accumulating by itself the elements of future Indian Fascism.'.[20] S.N. Tagore and the delegates of the Communist Party of Great Britain argued for retaining the WPP. This declaration created confusion amongst the communist ranks in India.[21] On 2 December 1928, the Executive Committee of the Communist International had drafted a letter to the WPP, which singled out the WPP as consisting '...largely of petit-bourgeois intellectuals, and they were tied up with either the system of landlordism and usury or straight away capitalist interests.' The letter did however take long time to reach the WPP. The Tenth Plenum of the ECCI, 3 July – 19 July 1929, directed the Indian communists to break with WPP. When the communists deserted it, the WPP fell apart.[22]
Meerut Conspiracy case[edit]
Portrait of 25 of Meerut Prisoners taken outside the jail. Backrow:(left to right) K.N. Sehgal, S.S. Josh, H.L. Hutchinson, Shaukat Usmani, B.F. Bradly, A. Prasad, P. Spratt, and G. Adhikari. Middle Row: K.R. Mitra, Gopan Chakravarthy, Kishore Lal Ghosh, K.L. Kadam, D.R. Thengdi, Goura Shanker, S. Banerjee, K.N. Joglekar, P.C. Joshi, and Muzaffar Ahmed. Front Row: M.G. Desai, G. Goswami, R.S. Nimkar, S.S. Mirajkar, S.A. Dange, G.V. Ghate and Gopal Basak.
On 20 March 1929, arrests against WPP, CPI and other labour leaders were made in several parts of India, in what became known as the Meerut Conspiracy Case. Most of the WPP leadership was now put behind bars. The trial proceedings were to last for four years, thus outliving the WPP. Tengdi, the WPP of Bombay president, died whilst the trial was still going on.[23][24]
S.S. Mirajkar stated in his defense that
"It has already been pointed out to the Court that the Workers' and Peasants' Party was a party inaugurated with a view to establish national independence through revolution."
Abdul Majid on his behalf stated that
"If there is any resemblance between the Communist Party and the Workers' and Peasants' Party is that the immediate programme of the former and the ultimate programme of the latter is one and the same ... As both are revolutionary bodies it is necessary that their national revolutionary programme should resemble each other."
[25]
The judgement in the case was ended with the following passage;[26]
"As to the progress made in this conspiracy its main achievements have been the establishment of Workers and Peasant Parties in Bengal, Bombay and Punjab and the U.P., but perhaps of deeper gravity was the hold that the members of the Bombay Party acquired over the workers in the textile industry in Bombay as shown by the extent of the control which they exercised during the strike of 1928 and the success they were achieving in pushing forward a thoroughly revolutionary policy in the Girni Kamgar Union after the strike came to an end."
After the arrests of its main leaders, the WPP was dissolved.[21]
Policies[edit]
The founding manifesto of the Labour Swaraj Party stressed that the party was organised on the basis of class struggle, for the liberation of the masses. The party combined demand for full independence with socio-economic demands. In 1927, the WPP of Bombay presented a programme of action to the All India Congress Committee. The programme proposed struggle for full independence combined with active socio-economic policies for the toiling classes. The WPP of Bengal had submitted a manifesto the Madras Congress session, which sought that the Congress should engage in mass struggles for full independence and that a Constituent Assembly should determine the constitution of an independent India.[15][27] The party also worked for the abolishment of 'zamindari' system in agriculture.[28]
Publications[edit]
The organ of the Labour Swaraj Party, and later the WPP of Bengal, was Langal ('Plough'). The chief editor of Langal was Kazi Nazrul Islam and the editor was Manibhusan Mukhopadhaya. Langal stopped publication after 15 issues. On 12 August 1926 it was substituted by Ganavani.[3][4] In 1928, the party also had a weekly Hindi organ, Lal Nishan ('Red Flag').[29] A weekly newspaper in Kushtia, Jagaran ('Awakening'), was politically close to the party.[6]
In Punjab the publication Kirti ('Worker') had been started in 1926 by Santokh Singh of the Ghadar Party. Soon it became the organ of the Punjab Kirti Kisan Party and managed by Sohan Singh Josh.[30]
Youth wing[edit]
The youth wing of the party was the Young Comrades League. P.C. Joshi played an important role in organising the youth league.[13]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ 50 years of peasant movement
Jump up ^ Ralhan, O.P. (ed.). Encyclopaedia of Political Parties - India - Pakistan - Bangladesh - National -Regional - Local. Vol. 14. Communist Party of India. New Delhi: Anmol Publications, 2002. p. 209
^ Jump up to: a b c d M.V.S. Koteswara Rao. Communist Parties and United Front - Experience in Kerala and West Bengal. Hyderabad: Prajasakti Book House, 2003. p. 93
^ Jump up to: a b c Ralhan, O.P. (ed.). Encyclopaedia of Political Parties - India - Pakistan - Bangladesh - National -Regional - Local. Vol. 14. Communist Party of India. New Delhi: Anmol Publications, 2002. p. 210
^ Jump up to: a b c d M.V.S. Koteswara Rao. Communist Parties and United Front - Experience in Kerala and West Bengal. Hyderabad: Prajasakti Book House, 2003. p. 95
^ Jump up to: a b Roy, Subodh(ed.). Communism in India - Unpublished Documents 1925-1934. Calcutta: National Book Agency, 1998. p. 47
Jump up ^ M.V.S. Koteswara Rao. Communist Parties and United Front - Experience in Kerala and West Bengal. Hyderabad: Prajasakti Book House, 2003. p. 111
Jump up ^ Ralhan, O.P. (ed.). Encyclopaedia of Political Parties - India - Pakistan - Bangladesh - National -Regional - Local. Vol. 23. Revolutionary Movements (1930-1946). New Delhi: Anmol Publications, 2002. p. 838
Jump up ^ M.V.S. Koteswara Rao. Communist Parties and United Front - Experience in Kerala and West Bengal. Hyderabad: Prajasakti Book House, 2003. p. 94
Jump up ^ Roy, Subodh (ed.). Communism in India - Unpublished Documents 1925-1934. Calcutta: National Book Agency, 1998. p. 42
Jump up ^ Roy, Subodh (ed.). Communism in India - Unpublished Documents 1925-1934. Calcutta: National Book Agency, 1998. p. 54
^ Jump up to: a b c Roy, Subodh (ed.). Communism in India - Unpublished Documents 1925-1934. Calcutta: National Book Agency, 1998. p.53
^ Jump up to: a b P.C. Joshi : A Political Journey - Mainstream Weekly
Jump up ^ Bengal: Philipp Spratt, Dharani Goswami, Muzaffar Ahmed, Hemanta Kumar Sarkar; Bombay: S.V. Ghate, R.S. Nimbkar, S.A. Dange, K.N. Joglekar; Punjab: Sohan Singh Josh, Bhag Singh Canadian, Ferozdin Monsoor and a fourth member (believed to have been either Ramprosad or Kedar Nath Sahgol); U.P.: Lachmi Narayan, Dr. Vishnu Nath Mukherjee, P.C. Joshi, Gauri Shankar
^ Jump up to: a b M.V.S. Koteswara Rao. Communist Parties and United Front - Experience in Kerala and West Bengal. Hyderabad: Prajasakti Book House, 2003. p. 93-94
Jump up ^ The Meerut Conspiracy Trial
Jump up ^ Roy, Subodh (ed.). Communism in India - Unpublished Documents 1925-1934. Calcutta: National Book Agency, 1998. p. 61-62
Jump up ^ Callaghan, John. Blowing Up India: The Comintern and India 1928-35, in Worley, Matthew. In Search of Revolution: International Communist Parties in the Third Period. London: I.B. Tauris, 2004. p. 330
Jump up ^ Kumar - Stage of the Indian Revolution
Jump up ^ CHNN, No 13, Autumn 2002: Features
^ Jump up to: a b Roy, Samaren. M.N. Roy: A Political Biography. Hyderabad: Orient Longman, 1998. p. 114
Jump up ^ M.V.S. Koteswara Rao. Communist Parties and United Front - Experience in Kerala and West Bengal. Hyderabad: Prajasakti Book House, 2003. p. 97-98, 111-112
Jump up ^ Ralhan, O.P. (ed.). Encyclopaedia of Political Parties - India - Pakistan - Bangladesh - National -Regional - Local. Vol. 23. Revolutionary Movements (1930-1946). New Delhi: Anmol Publications, 2002. p. 689-691
Jump up ^ M.V.S. Koteswara Rao. Communist Parties and United Front - Experience in Kerala and West Bengal. Hyderabad: Prajasakti Book House, 2003. p. 96
Jump up ^ Roy, Subodh (ed.). Communism in India - Unpublished Documents 1925-1934. Calcutta: National Book Agency, 1998. p. 164
Jump up ^ The Meerut Conspiracy Trial: Background, charges and sentences
Jump up ^ Ralhan, O.P. (ed.). Encyclopaedia of Political Parties - India - Pakistan - Bangladesh - National -Regional - Local. Vol. 14. Communist Party of India. New Delhi: Anmol Publications, 2002. p. 219
Jump up ^ Surjeet, Harkishan Surjeet. March of the Communist Movement in India - An Introduction to the Documents of the History of the Communist Movement in India. Calcutta: National Book Agency, 1998. p. 29
Jump up ^ Roy, Subodh (ed.). Communism in India - Unpublished Documents 1925-1934. Calcutta: National Book Agency, 1998. p. 48
Jump up ^ Ralhan, O.P. (ed.). Encyclopaedia of Political Parties - India - Pakistan - Bangladesh - National -Regional - Local. Vol. 14. Communist Party of India. New Delhi: Anmol Publications, 2002. p. 217
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Shanghai rum
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Shanghai rum
A meld of four cards in the game Shanghai rum
Origin
Chinese
Alternative names
Shanghai rummy, California rummy
Family
Matching
Players
3-8
Skills required
Strategy
Cards
2-4 54 cards
Deck
French
Play
Clockwise
Card rank (highest to lowest)
A K Q J 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
Playing time
2 hours
Random chance
Medium
Related games
Gin Rummy, Contract rummy
Shanghai rum is a Rummy card game, based on gin rummy and a variation of Contract rummy played by 3 to 8 players.[1] It is also known as California rummy.
Contents
[hide]
1 Play
1.1 Basics
1.2 Jokers
1.3 Buying
1.4 Melding
1.5 Play for the player who has gone down
1.6 Winning the game
2 Sequence of hands
3 Points
4 References
5 External links
Play[edit]
Basics[edit]
Shanghai rum is played with multiple decks of 54 standard playing cards, including the Jokers. Two decks are required for game of up to four players. Five or six players require three decks. Aces are high (above a King) or low, (below 2). Each game has seven hands, and the rules for each hand are unique. One person begins as dealer for the first hand, and then the person to the dealer's left becomes dealer for the next hand, and so on. Each player is dealt eleven cards for the seven rounds. The rest of the deck is then placed face down in the middle of the players; this is referred to as the deck. One card is taken from the top of the deck and placed face up next to it. This card is called the upcard and becomes the beginning of the discard pile.
Each player has a choice at the beginning of their turn. They may either pick up one new card from the top of the deck or take the upcard. (Also, the other players in the game have the ability to get the up card.) After the player draws his card, either from the deck or the upcard, he must then choose any card in his hand to discard, and he then places this card face up on the discard pile. That card then becomes the new upcard, which the next player in turn can take or other players can buy. To get a card that isn't yours a player must say, “BUY", before the next player draws their card, or else it is already considered "dead". Once a player discards their card the card underneath that card is now considered a "dead" card because it is no longer in the game. Players may not take these cards.
Jokers[edit]
Jokers are wild cards and can be played in the place of any card. A player is not allowed to have more jokers than face-cards in either a set or run. An example of this would be if one is trying to get a set he must have three or more cards of the same rank (8/8/8). But if a player has a joker or 2 he could play in place of an 8 (8/8/joker). But a player cannot lay more jokers than face-cards (8/joker/joker). However he may lay the same number of jokers as face-cards (8/8/joker/joker). The same applies for runs.if a player has laid down and has a joker in a run or set, the joker can be replaced by the appropriate card by any player.If a player who has not laid down yet replaces any joker he must lay down his meld in that turn, but if the player has already laid down his meld he may take the joker and use it how he chooses anytime.
Buying[edit]
A "buy" is when a out-of-turn player takes the upcard, draws 2 extra cards from the stock, and cannot play the cards immediately, but must wait for his turn. If more than one player wants it, the one closest to the dealer's left has precedence. There is a limit to the number of buys allowed. , each player is only allowed 2 buys per hand.
Melding[edit]
The object of each hand is to come up with the correct combination of cards to be able to meld, or "lay out". The combination for each hand is different, and they become more difficult with each subsequent hand. The combinations for each hand are either sets or runs (sequence) or a combination of both. A set is a combination of a specific number of cards of the same rank, and the suit is not important. An example of a "set of 3" is three cards that are all 8's, and the 8's can all be of different suits. A run is a combination of a specific number of cards of the same suit that have consecutive ranks. An example of a "run of 4" is the 4, 5, 6, and 7 of clubs. An example of a combination for a hand is for hand #2, "1 set of 3 and 1 run of 4." This means that a player must have both a set of 3 cards and a run of 4 cards in his hand before he can meld. A player can meld only when it is his turn. As always, he must start his hand by drawing a card, then when he has the correct sequence of cards, he can meld or "go down." He does so by laying his meld cards face up on the table in their correct sequence. After melding, a player can then play on the melds of other players. When done, he must then discard.
Play for the player who has gone down[edit]
When a player is "down" (meaning he has already melded), he still takes his turn in turn with the other players, and he still must draw a card and discard. However, a player who is down cannot buy a card, nor can he stop a player from buying the top card in the discard pile when it is his turn. A player who is down can play his cards on the melds that have been completed either by himself or by other players. For example, if a player has laid down a set of 8's, and on a subsequent turn he then draws another 8, he can play this 8 on his set of 8's. He does this by placing the 8 with the set of 8's. If he has a card that he would like to play on a run, he must be sure to keep the order of the run. For example, if there is a run of 5 consisting of 4-5-6-7-8 of clubs, the player can play a 3 of clubs or a 9 of clubs.
Winning the game[edit]
Play progresses until the final hand when one of the players "goes out," meaning he is able to play the last card in his hand. Although players may discard throughout the game, to win they must be able to lay down all of their cards without discarding. In order to win, on a player's turn they must be able to draw a card and then go out without a discard. The winner of the hand gets zero points, and the other players count their cards to determine their score for the hand. After all seven hands are played, the winner is the player with the lowest score.duandon
Sequence of hands[edit]
1. two sets
2. one set and one run
3. two runs
4. three sets
5. two set and one run
6. one set and two runs
7. three runs
Points[edit]
2-9: 5 points
10 to king: 10 points
Ace: 15 points
Joker: 25 points
References[edit]
Jump up ^ The Everything Card Games Book, p. 146, Nikki Katz - Adams Media 2004 ISBN 1-59337-130-6
External links[edit]
Rules of Shanghai rummy
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