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Right-to-work law
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This article is about the U.S. laws prohibiting mandated union membership and dues. For the human right concept, see right to work. For the Indian law, see National Rural Employment Guarantee Act.
"Right-to-work laws" are statutes in 27 U.S. states that prohibit union security agreements between companies and workers' unions. Under these laws, employees in unionized workplaces are banned from negotiating contracts which require all members who benefit from the union contract to contribute to the costs of union representation.[1]
According to the Legal Defense Foundation, right-to-work laws prohibit union security agreements, or agreements between employers and labor unions, that govern the extent to which an established union can require employees' membership, payment of union dues, or fees as a condition of employment, either before or after hiring. Right-to-work laws do not aim to provide general guarantee of employment to people seeking work, but rather are a government ban on contractual agreements between employers and union employees requiring workers to pay for the costs of union representation.[2]
Right-to-work provisions (either by law or by constitutional provision) exist in 27 U.S. states, mostly in the southern and western United States, but also including the Midwestern states of Michigan,[3] Indiana,[4] and Wisconsin.[5] Business interests represented by the United States Chamber of Commerce have lobbied extensively to pass right-to-work legislation.[6][7] Such laws are allowed under the 1947 federal Taft–Hartley Act. A further distinction is often made within the law between people employed by state and municipal governments and those employed by the private sector, with states that are otherwise union shop (i.e., workers must pay for union representation in order to obtain or retain a job) having right to work laws in effect for government employees; provided, however, that the law also permits an "agency shop" where employees pay their share for representation (less than union dues), while not joining the union as members.
Contents
1 History
1.1 Origins
1.2 Wagner Act (1935)
1.3 Taft–Hartley Act (1947)
1.4 Current status
2 Arguments
2.1 Minority rights and due process
2.2 Freedom of association
2.3 Unfairness
2.4 Political contributions
2.5 Cost of Living
2.6 Free riders
2.7 Freedom of contract and association
2.8 Corporate interests
3 Studies of economic effect
4 Polling
5 U.S. states with right-to-work laws
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
8.1 Opposed to right-to-work laws
8.2 Supported right-to-work laws
History[edit]
Origins[edit]
According to Slate, right-to-work laws are derived from legislation forbidding unions from forcing strikes on workers, as well as from legal principles such as liberty of contract, which as applied here sought to prevent passage of laws regulating workplace conditions.[8]
According to PandoDaily and NSFWCORP, the term itself was coined by Vance Muse, a Republican operative who headed an early right-to-work group, the "Christian American Association", to replace the term "American Plan" after it became associated with the anti-union violence of the First Red Scare.[9][10] Muse used racist rhetoric in his defense of "right-to-work" laws.[9][10]
According to the Conservative think tank, the American Enterprise Institute, the term "right to work" was coined by Dallas Morning News editorial writer William Ruggles.[11]
(An unrelated use of term "right to work" had been coined by French socialist leader Louis Blanc before 1848.[12])
Wagner Act (1935)[edit]
The National Labor Relations Act, generally known as the Wagner Act, was passed in 1935 as part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's "Second New Deal." Among other things, the Act provided that a company could lawfully agree to be any of the following:
A closed shop, in which employees must be members of the union as a condition of employment. Under a closed shop, an employee who ceased being a member of the union for whatever reason, from failure to pay dues to expulsion from the union as an internal disciplinary punishment, was required to be fired even if the employee did not violate any of the employer's rules.
A union shop, which allows for hiring non-union employees, provided that the employees then join the union within a certain period.
An agency shop, in which employees must pay the equivalent of the cost of union representation, but need not formally join the union.
An open shop, in which an employee cannot be compelled to join or pay the equivalent of dues to a union or be fired for joining the union.[13]
The Act tasked the National Labor Relations Board, which had existed since 1933, with overseeing the rules.
Taft–Hartley Act (1947)[edit]
In 1947 Congress passed the Labor Management Relations Act of 1947, generally known as the Taft–Hartley Act, over President Harry S. Truman's veto. The Act repealed some parts of the Wagner Act, including outlawing the closed shop. Section 14(b) of the Taft–Hartley Act also authorizes individual states (but not local governments, such as cities or counties) to outlaw the union shop and agency shop for employees working in their jurisdictions. Any state law that outlaws such arrangements is known as a "right-to-work state."
In the early development of the right-to-work policy, segregationist sentiment was used as an argument, as many people in the South felt that it was wrong for blacks and whites to belong to the same unions. Vance Muse, one of the early developers of the policy in Texas, used that argument in the development of anti-union laws in Texas in the 1940s.[14]
Current status[edit]
The federal government operates under open shop rules nationwide, but many of its employees are represented by unions. Unions that represent professional athletes have written contracts that include particular representation provisions (such as in the National Football League),[15] but their application is limited to "wherever and whenever legal," as the Supreme Court has clearly held that the application of a right-to-work law is determined by the employee's "predominant job situs."[16] Players on professional sports teams in states with right-to-work laws are thus subject to those laws and cannot be required to pay any portion of union dues as a condition of continued employment.[17]
Twenty-three states, as well as the District of Columbia, do not have right-to-work laws.
On November 18, 2016, the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the right of local governments to enact local right-to-work laws in Kentucky, Ohio, and the other states of its jurisdiction.[18]
In August 2018, 67% of Missouri voters rejected a right-to-work with 33% voting in favor.[19][20][21]
Arguments[edit]
Minority rights and due process[edit]
The first arguments concerning the right to work centered on the rights of a dissenting minority with respect to an opposing majoritarian collective bargain. President Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal had prompted many U.S. Supreme Court challenges, among which were challenges regarding the constitutionality of the National Industry Recovery Act of 1933 (NIRA). In 1936, as a part of its ruling in Carter v. Carter Coal Co. the Court ruled against mandatory collective bargaining, stating:
The effect, in respect to wages and hours, is to subject the dissentient minority ... to the will of the stated majority .... To 'accept' in these circumstances, is not to exercise a choice, but to surrender to force. The power conferred upon the majority is, in effect, the power to regulate the affairs of an unwilling minority. This is legislative delegation in its most obnoxious form; for it is not even delegation to an official or an official body ... but to private persons .... [A] statute which attempts to confer such power undertakes an intolerable and unconstitutional interference with personal liberty and private property. The delegation is so clearly arbitrary, and so clearly a denial of rights safeguarded by the due process clause of the Fifth Amendment, that it is unnecessary to do more than refer to decisions of this Court which foreclose the question.[22]
Freedom of association[edit]
Besides the U.S. Supreme Court, other proponents of right-to-work laws also point to the Constitution and the right to freedom of association. They argue that workers should both be free to join unions or to refrain, and thus, sometimes refer to non-right-to-work states as forced unionism states. These proponents argue that by being forced into a collective bargain, what the majoritarian unions call a fair share of collective bargaining costs is actually financial coercion and a violation of freedom of choice. An opponent to the union bargain is forced to financially support an organization they did not vote for, in order to receive monopoly representation they have no choice over.[23]
The Seventh-Day Adventist Church discourages the joining of unions,[24] citing the writings of Ellen White, one of the church's founders, and what writer Diana Justice calls the "Loss of free will" that occurs when a person joins a labor union.
Unfairness[edit]
Proponents such as the Mackinac Center for Public Policy contend that it is unfair that unions can require new and existing employees to either join the union or pay fees for collective bargaining expenses as a condition of employment under union security agreement contracts.[25] Other proponents contend that unions may still be needed in new and growing sectors of the economy, for example, the voluntary and third party sectors, to assure adequate benefits for new immigrant, "part-time" aides in America (e.g., US Direct Support Workforce).
Political contributions[edit]
Right-to-work proponents, including the Center for Union Facts, contend that political contributions made by unions are not representative of the union workers.[26] The agency shop portion of this had previously been contested with support of National Right to Work Legal Defense Foundation in Communications Workers of America v. Beck, resulting in "Beck rights" preventing agency fees from being used for expenses outside of collective bargaining if the non-union worker notifies the union of their objection.[27] The right to challenge the fees must include the right to have it heard by an impartial fact finder.[28] It should be noted that Beck applies only to unions in the private sector, given agency fees were struck down for public-sector unions in Janus v. AFSCME in 2018.
Cost of Living[edit]
States enforcing union security provisions in union collective bargaining agreements generally have a higher cost of living,[29][30] however, no systematic analysis identifies union security agreements as a significant cause of this variance.
Free riders[edit]
Opponents such as Richard Kahlenberg have argued that right-to-work laws simply "gives employees the right to be free riders—to benefit from collective bargaining without paying for it".[31][32][6][33] In Abood v. Detroit BoE, the Supreme Court of the United States permitted public-sector unions to charge non-members agency fees so that employees in the public sector could be required to pay for the costs of representation, even as they opted not to be a member, as long as these fees are not spent on the union's political or ideological agenda. This decision was reversed, however, in Janus v. AFSCME, with the Supreme Court ruling that such fees violate the first amendment in the case of public-sector unions, since all bargaining by a public-sector union can be considered political activity.
Freedom of contract and association[edit]
Opponents argue that right-to-work laws restrict freedom of association, and limit the sorts of agreements individuals acting collectively can make with their employer, by prohibiting workers and employers from agreeing to contracts that include fair share fees. Moreover, American law imposes a duty of fair representation on unions; consequently non-members in right to work states can and do force unions to provide without compensation grievance services that are paid for by union members.[34]
In December 2012, libertarian writer J.D. Tuccille, in Reason magazine, wrote:
I consider the restrictions right-to-work laws impose on bargaining between unions and businesses to violate freedom of contract and association. ... I'm disappointed that the state has, once again, inserted itself into the marketplace to place its thumb on the scale in the never-ending game of playing business and labor off against one another. ... This is not to say that unions are always good. It means that, when the state isn't involved, they're private organizations that can offer value to their members.[35]
Corporate interests[edit]
The unions also contend that the National Right to Work Legal Defense Foundation and National Right to Work Committee have received millions of dollars in grants from foundations controlled by major U.S. industrialists like the New York-based Olin Foundation, Inc., which grew out of a family manufacturing business, but now funds primarily conservative think tanks, media outlets, and university law programs.[36][37]
Kahlenberg and Marvit also argue that, at least in efforts to pass a right-to-work law in Michigan, excluding police and firefighter unions—traditionally less hostile to Republicans—from the law caused some to question claims that the law was simply an effort to improve Michigan's businesses climate, not to seek partisan advantage.[31]
Studies of economic effect[edit]
According to Tim Bartik of the W. E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, studies of the effect of right-to-work laws abound, but are not consistent. Studies have found both "some positive effect on job growth," and no effect.[38] Thomas Holmes argues that it is difficult to analyze right-to-work laws by comparing states due to other similarities between states that have passed these laws. For instance, right-to-work states often have some strong pro-business policies, making it difficult to isolate the effect of right-to-work laws.[39] Looking at the growth of states in the Southeast following World War II, Bartik notes that while they have right-to-work laws they have also benefited from "factors like the widespread use of air conditioning and different modes of transportation that helped decentralize manufacturing".[40]
Economist Thomas Holmes compared counties close to the border between states with and without right-to-work laws (thereby holding constant an array of factors related to geography and climate). He found that the cumulative growth of employment in manufacturing in the right-to-work states was 26 percentage points greater than that in the non-right-to-work states.[41] However, given the study design, Holmes points out "my results do not say that it is right-to-work laws that matter, but rather that the 'probusiness package' offered by right-to-work states seems to matter."[42] Moreover, as noted by Kevin Drum and others, this result may reflect business relocation rather than an overall enhancement of economic growth, since "businesses prefer locating in states where costs are low and rules are lax."[43]
A February 2011 study by the Economic Policy Institute found:[32]
Wages in right-to-work states are 3.2% lower than those in non-RTW states, after controlling for a full complement of individual demographic and socioeconomic variables as well as state macroeconomic indicators. Using the average wage in non-RTW states as the base ($22.11), the average full-time, full-year worker in an RTW state makes about $1,500 less annually than a similar worker in a non-RTW state. The study goes on to say "How much of this difference can be attributed to RTW status itself? There is an inherent endogeneity problem in any attempt to answer that question, namely that RTW and non-RTW states differ on a wide variety of measures that are also related to compensation, making it difficult to isolate the impact of RTW status."[32]
The rate of employer-sponsored health insurance (ESI) is 2.6 percentage points lower in RTW states compared with non-RTW states, after controlling for individual, job, and state-level characteristics. If workers in non-RTW states were to receive ESI at this lower rate, 2 million fewer workers nationally would be covered.
The rate of employer-sponsored pensions is 4.8 percentage points lower in RTW states, using the full complement of control variables in [the study's] regression model. If workers in non-RTW states were to receive pensions at this lower rate, 3.8 million fewer workers nationally would have pensions.
A 2008 editorial in The Wall Street Journal comparing job growth in Ohio and Texas stated that from 1998 to 2008, Ohio lost 10,400 jobs, while Texas gained 1,615,000. The opinion piece suggested right-to-work laws might be among the reasons for the economic expansion in Texas, along with the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), and the absence of a state income tax in Texas.[44] Another Wall Street Journal editorial in 2012, by the president and the labor policy director of the Mackinac Center for Public Policy, reported 71% employment growth in right-to-work states from 1980 to 2011, while employment in non-right-to-work states grew just 32% during the same period.[45] The 2012 editorial also stated that since 2001, compensation in right-to-work states had increased 4 times faster than in other states.[45]
Polling[edit]
In January 2012, in the immediate aftermath of passage of Indiana's right-to-work law, Rasmussen Reports found that 74% of likely U.S. voters supported right-to-work laws, but "most also don't think a non-union worker should enjoy benefits negotiated by the union."[46]
In Michigan in January through March 2013, a poll found that 43 percent of those polled thought the law would help Michigan's economy, while 41 percent thought it would hurt.[47]
U.S. states with right-to-work laws[edit]
Right-to-work states shown in turquoise.
The following states (27) are right-to-work states:
Alabama (adopted 1953, Constitution 2016)
Arizona (Constitution, State Constitution Article 25 approved 1946)[48] (adopted 1944)
Arkansas (Constitution, 1947, Amendment 34)
Florida (Constitution, 1944, revised 1968, Article 1, Section 6)[49]
Georgia (adopted 1947)
Idaho (adopted 1985)
Indiana[4] (State law, 2012)
Iowa (adopted 1947)
Kansas (Constitution, 1958, Article 15, Section 12)
Kentucky (adopted 2017)
Louisiana (adopted 1976)
Michigan (State law, 2012)[3]
Mississippi (Constitution, adopted 1954)
Nebraska (Constitution and statute, adopted 1946)
Nevada (adopted 1951)
North Carolina (adopted 1947)
North Dakota (adopted 1947)
Oklahoma (Constitution, adopted 2001)
South Carolina[50] (adopted 1954)
South Dakota (adopted 1946)
Tennessee (adopted 1947)
Texas[51] (adopted 1947, revised 1993)
Utah (adopted 1955)
Virginia (adopted 1947)
West Virginia (adopted 2016) (Went into effect September 2017 due to lower court injunctions)
Wisconsin (adopted 2015)
Wyoming (adopted 1963)
In addition, the territory of Guam also has right-to-work laws, and employees of the US Federal Government have the right to choose whether or not to join their respective unions.[52]
New Hampshire adopted a right-to-work bill in 1947, but it was repealed in 1949 by the state legislature and governor.[53] Missouri's legislature passed a right-to-work bill in 2017, however, the law was put on hold by a voter-initiative ballot and was defeated by the state's voters in a 2018 referendum before it could take effect.[54]
See also[edit]
At-will employment
Closed shop/open shop
United States labor law
References[edit]
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External links[edit]
Find more aboutRight-to-work lawat Wikipedia's sister projects
Definitions from Wiktionary
Opposed to right-to-work laws[edit]
Wisconsin Contractor Coalition
Supported right-to-work laws[edit]
Wisconsin Manufacturers and Commerce
Michigan Chamber of Commerce
National Right to Work Committee
National Right to Work Legal Defense Fund
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text:
The best defense is a good offense
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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All Harvester Products are war products... either for offense or defense. – United States Office for Emergency Management. War Production Board (c. 1942 – c. 1943.
"The best defense is a good offense" is an adage that has been applied to many fields of endeavor, including games and military combat. It is also known as the strategic offensive principle of war. Generally, the idea is that proactivity (a strong offensive action) instead of a passive attitude will preoccupy the opposition and ultimately hinder its ability to mount an opposing counterattack, leading to a strategic advantage.
Contents
[hide]
1 Military
2 Games
3 Business
4 See also
5 References
Military[edit]
George Washington wrote in 1799: "…make them believe, that offensive operations, often times, is the surest, if not the only (in some cases) means of defence".[1]
Mao Zedong opined that "the only real defense is active defense", meaning defense for the purpose of counter-attacking and taking the offensive.[2] Often success rests on destroying the enemy's ability to attack. This principle is paralleled in the writings of Machiavelli and Sun Tzu.[3]
Some martial arts emphasise attack over defense. Wing chun, for example, is a style of kung fu which uses the maxim: "The hand which strikes also blocks."
During World War I, Germany planned to attack France so as to quickly knock it out of the war, thereby reducing the Entente's numerical superiority and to free up German troops to head east and defeat Russia.
Games[edit]
In some board games, such as Risk, one's ability to build up armies depends on aggressively attacking so as to acquire territory; however, in Risk, luck in rolling the dice is the ultimate determining factor. Players who fail to do so, and concentrate instead on holding the line against enemy attack, will likely end up in a weak position. In-depth info argues that this adage does not always apply: "When the battle rages between two players one should put every ounce of power in the offense, but when several players are involved, the political element changes this dynamic."[4] In chess, one's ability to prevent enemy attacks often depends on maintaining the initiative – i.e., making a series of threats that the opponent must use his turns to parry, rather than launching his own attacks; thus, common tips used in conjunction with this adage are that the best way to upset your opponent’s plans is to become menacing and that the best way to stop an enemy threat to your own king is to attack his.
In sports such as football and basketball,[5] the adage is used to note that success can hinge on an effective offense that keeps the ball on the other team's side of the field, thus not only creating scoring opportunities but preventing the opposing team from scoring.
Business[edit]
The adage has also been applied in the intellectual property realm, in reference to patent trolls.[6]
See also[edit]
Preemptive war
Shock and awe
Deterrence theory
References[edit]
Jump up ^ https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/06-04-02-0120
Jump up ^ The best defense is a good offense Archived July 8, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ The best defense is a good offense Archived May 28, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Risk! Strategy". Indepthinfo.com. Retrieved 2012-02-17.
Jump up ^ The best defense is a good offense
Jump up ^ "The Best Defense Is A Good Offense - Even In Patents". IP Thoughts. 2008-01-29. Retrieved 2012-02-17.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_best_defense_is_a_good_offense&oldid=832118252"
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text:
List of countries by national capital, largest and second-largest cities
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Lists of capitals
Of countries
in alphabetical order
by latitude
by population
Former
Purpose-built
Capitals, largest and second-largest cities by country
Countries with multiple capitals
Timeline of country and capital changes
Of country subdivisions
Capitals outside the territories they serve
Purpose-built
v
t
e
This is a list of the largest and second-largest cities by population in each country. If a territory or region of a certain country is listed, the name of the country is specified in parentheses immediately after the name of the territory.
Oran, Algeria
Córdoba, Argentina
Canberra, Australia
Graz, Austria
Antwerp, Belgium
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Montréal, Canada
Concepción, Chile
Beijing, China
Medellín, Colombia
Split, Croatia
Aarhus, Denmark
Alexandria, Egypt
Espoo, Finland
Marseille, France
Hamburg, Germany
Thessaloniki, Greece
Debrecen, Hungary
Delhi, India
Milan, Italy
Yokohama, Japan
George Town, Penang, Malaysia
Busan, South Korea
Ecatepec, Mexico
Rotterdam, Netherlands
Christchurch, New Zealand
Bergen, Norway
Cebu City, Philippines
Kraków, Poland
Porto, Portugal
Saint Petersburg, Russia
Barcelona, Spain
Gothenburg, Sweden
Geneva, Switzerland
Kaohsiung, Taiwan
Ankara, Turkey
Country or territory
Capital
City proper
Source
Largest
Second largest
Metropolitan area (if different)
Largest
Second largest
Abkhazia (Georgia) Sukhumi Gagra [1]
Afghanistan Kabul Kandahar [citation needed]
Akrotiri and Dhekelia (UK) Episkopi Cantonment Ayios Nikolaos [citation needed]
Åland Islands (Finland) Mariehamn Jomala [citation needed]
Albania Tirana Durrës [2]
Algeria Algiers Oran [3]
American Samoa (US) Pago Pago Tafuna Nu'uuli [4]
Andorra Andorra la Vella Les Escaldes [5]
Angola Luanda Huambo [6]
Anguilla (UK) The Valley North Side The Valley [7]
Antigua and Barbuda St. John's All Saints [8]
Argentina Buenos Aires Córdoba [9]
Armenia Yerevan Gyumri [10]
Artsakh (Azerbaijan) Stepanakert Shusha
Aruba (Netherlands) Oranjestad Sint Nicolaas [11]
Australia Canberra Sydney Melbourne [12]
Austria Vienna Graz [13]
Azerbaijan Baku Ganja [14]
Bahamas Nassau Freeport [15]
Bahrain Manama Riffa [16]
Bangladesh Dhaka Chittagong [17]
Barbados Bridgetown Speightstown [18]
Belarus Minsk Homel [19]
Belgium Brussels Antwerp [20]
Belize Belmopan Belize City San Ignacio [21]
Benin Porto-Novo Cotonou Abomey-Calavi [22]
Bermuda (UK) Hamilton St. George's Hamilton [23]
Bhutan Thimphu Phuntsholing [24]
Bolivia Sucre, La Paz Santa Cruz de la Sierra El Alto [25]
Bosnia and Herzegovina Sarajevo Banja Luka [26]
Botswana Gaborone Francistown [27]
Brazil Brasília São Paulo Rio de Janeiro [28]
Brunei Bandar Seri Begawan Kuala Belait [29]
Bulgaria Sofia Plovdiv [30]
Burkina Faso Ouagadougou Bobo-Dioulasso [31]
Burundi Bujumbura Muyinga [32]
Cambodia Phnom Penh Siem Reap [33]
Cameroon Yaoundé Douala Yaoundé [34]
Canada Ottawa Toronto Montreal [35]
Cape Verde Praia Mindelo [36]
Cayman Islands (UK) George Town Bodden Town [37]
Central African Republic Bangui Bimbo [38]
Chad N'Djamena Moundou [39]
Chile Santiago Puente Alto [40]
[41]
China, People's Republic of Beijing Shanghai Beijing [42]
Christmas Island (Australia) Flying Fish Cove Poon Saan
Cocos (Keeling) Islands (Australia) West Island Bantam West Island
Colombia Bogotá Medellín [43]
Comoros Moroni Mutsamudu [44]
Congo, Democratic Republic of the Kinshasa Lubumbashi [45]
Congo, Republic of the Brazzaville Pointe-Noire [46]
Cook Islands (New Zealand) Avarua Amuri [47]
Costa Rica San José Alajuela [48]
Côte d'Ivoire Yamoussoukro Abidjan Bouaké [49]
Croatia Zagreb Split [50]
Cuba Havana Santiago de Cuba [51]
Curaçao (Netherlands) Willemstad Sint Michiel [52]
Cyprus Nicosia Limassol [53]
Czech Republic Prague Brno [54]
[55]
Ostrava
Denmark Copenhagen Aarhus [56]
Djibouti Djibouti Ali Sabieh [57]
Dominica Roseau Portsmouth [58]
Dominican Republic Santo Domingo Santiago de los Caballeros [59]
East Timor Dili Dare [60]
Ecuador Quito Guayaquil Quito [61]
Egypt Cairo Alexandria [62]
El Salvador San Salvador Santa Ana [63]
Equatorial Guinea Malabo Bata Malabo [64]
Eritrea Asmara Keren [65]
Estonia Tallinn Tartu [66]
Ethiopia Addis Ababa Dire Dawa [67]
Falkland Islands (UK) Stanley Goose Green [68]
Faroe Islands (Denmark) Tórshavn Klaksvík [69]
Fiji Suva Nasinu Suva [70]
Finland Helsinki Espoo [71]
[72]
Tampere
France Paris Marseille [73]
[74]
Lyon
French Guiana (France) Cayenne Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni [75]
French Polynesia (France) Papeete Mahina [76]
Gabon Libreville Port-Gentil [77]
Gambia, The Banjul Serekunda Brikama [78]
Georgia Tbilisi Batumi [79]
Germany Berlin Berlin Hamburg [80][81]
Rhine-Ruhr Berlin
Ghana Accra Kumasi [82]
Gibraltar (UK) Gibraltar [83]
Greece Athens Thessaloniki [84]
Greenland (Denmark) Nuuk Sisimiut [85]
Grenada St. George's Gouyave [86]
Guam (US) Hagåtña Tamuning Mangilao [87]
Guatemala Guatemala City Quetzaltenango [88]
Guernsey (UK) Saint Peter Port Vale [89]
Guinea Conakry Nzérékoré [90]
Guinea-Bissau Bissau Gabú [91]
Guyana Georgetown Linden [92]
Haiti Port-au-Prince Gonaïves [93]
Honduras Tegucigalpa San Pedro Sula [94]
Hungary Budapest Debrecen [95]
Iceland Reykjavík Kópavogur [96]
India New Delhi Mumbai Delhi [97]
Indonesia Jakarta Surabaya [98]
[99]
Iran Tehran Mashhad [100]
[101]
Iraq Baghdad Basra [102]
Ireland Dublin Cork [103]
Isle of Man (UK) Douglas Onchan [104]
Israel Jerusalem Tel Aviv [105]
[106]
Italy Rome Rome Milan [107]
[108]
Milan Rome
Jamaica Kingston Spanish Town [109]
Japan Tokyo Yokohama [110]
[111]
Osaka
Jersey (UK) Saint Helier Saint Saviour [112]
Jordan Amman Zarqa [113]
Kazakhstan Astana Almaty Astana [114]
Kenya Nairobi Mombasa [115]
Kiribati Tarawa Betio Bairiki [116]
Korea, North Pyongyang Hamhung [117]
Korea, South Seoul Busan [118]
Kosovo Pristina Prizren [119]
Kuwait Kuwait City Al Jahra [120]
Kyrgyzstan Bishkek Osh [121]
Laos Vientiane Pakxe [122]
Latvia Riga Daugavpils [123]
Lebanon Beirut Tripoli [124]
Lesotho Maseru Teyateyaneng [125]
Liberia Monrovia Gbarnga [126]
Libya Tripoli Benghazi [127]
Liechtenstein Vaduz Schaan Vaduz [128]
Lithuania Vilnius Kaunas [129]
Luxembourg Luxembourg City Esch-sur-Alzette [130]
Macedonia Skopje Bitola [131]
Madagascar Antananarivo Toamasina [132]
Malawi Lilongwe Blantyre [133]
Malaysia Kuala Lumpur George Town [134]
Maldives Malé Addu City [135]
Mali Bamako Sikasso [136]
Malta Valletta Birkirkara Mosta [137]
[138]
Marshall Islands Majuro Ebeye Rita [139]
Mauritania Nouakchott Nouadhibou [140]
Mauritius Port Louis Beau Bassin-Rose Hill [141]
Mayotte (France) Mamoudzou Dzaoudzi
Mexico Mexico City Ecatepec [142]
Federated States of Micronesia Palikir Weno Palikir [143]
Moldova Chişinău Tiraspol [144]
Monaco Monaco Monte Carlo La Condamine [145]
Mongolia Ulaanbaatar Darkhan [146]
Montenegro Podgorica Nikšić [147]
Montserrat (UK) Brades[Note 1] Saint Peter's [148]
Morocco Rabat Casablanca Fez [149]
Mozambique Maputo Beira [150]
Myanmar Nay Pyi Taw Yangon Mandalay [151]
Namibia Windhoek Rundu [152]
Nauru Yaren Denigomudu
Nepal Kathmandu Pokhara [153]
Netherlands Amsterdam Rotterdam [154]
[155]
New Caledonia (France) Nouméa Wé [156]
New Zealand Wellington Auckland Wellington [157]
Nicaragua Managua León [158]
Niger Niamey Zinder [159]
Nigeria Abuja Lagos Kano [160]
Niue (New Zealand) Alofi Hakupu [161]
Norfolk Island (Australia) Kingston Burnt Pine Kingston
Northern Cyprus (Cyprus) North Nicosia Famagusta
Northern Mariana Islands (US) San Antonio[Note 2] Garapan[Note 2] [162]
Norway Oslo Bergen [163]
Oman Muscat Salalah [164]
Pakistan Islamabad Karachi Lahore [165]
Palau Ngerulmud Koror Airai [166]
State of Palestine East Jerusalem Gaza City Hebron [167]
[168]
East Jerusalem
Panama Panama City Colón [169]
Papua New Guinea Port Moresby Lae [170]
Paraguay Asunción Ciudad del Este [171]
Peru Lima Arequipa [172]
Philippines[Note 3] Manila Quezon City Manila [173]
Manila Cebu City
Pitcairn Islands (UK) Adamstown
Poland Warsaw Kraków [174]
[175]
Portugal Lisbon Vila Nova de Gaia [176]
Puerto Rico (US) San Juan Bayamón [177]
[178]
Ponce
Qatar Doha Al Rayyan [179]
Romania Bucharest Cluj-Napoca [180]
Constanța
Russia Moscow Saint Petersburg [181]
Rwanda Kigali Muhanga [182]
Saint Barthélemy (France) Gustavia St. Jean
Saint Helena (UK) Jamestown Half Tree Hollow Jamestown [183]
Saint Kitts and Nevis Basseterre Charlestown [184]
Saint Lucia Castries Gros Islet [185]
Saint Martin (France) Marigot Rambaud
Saint Pierre and Miquelon (France) Saint-Pierre Miquelon [186]
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Kingstown Georgetown [187]
Samoa Apia Vaitele [188]
San Marino San Marino Dogana Borgo Maggiore [189]
São Tomé and Príncipe São Tomé Trindade [190]
Saudi Arabia Riyadh Jeddah [191]
Senegal Dakar Touba [192]
Serbia Belgrade Novi Sad [193]
Seychelles Victoria Anse Etoile
Sierra Leone Freetown Bo [194]
Singapore Singapore [195]
Sint Maarten (Netherlands) Philipsburg Lower Prince's Quarter Cul De Sac [196]
Slovakia Bratislava Košice [197]
Slovenia Ljubljana Maribor [198]
Solomon Islands Honiara Gizo [199]
Somalia Mogadishu Hargeisa
Somaliland (Somalia) Hargeisa Burao
South Africa Pretoria Cape Town[Note 4] Durban [200]
[201]
Johannesburg Cape Town[Note 4]
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (UK) King Edward Point Grytviken [202]
South Ossetia (Georgia) Tskhinvali Akhalgori
South Sudan Juba Yei
Spain Madrid Barcelona [203]
Sri Lanka Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte Colombo Dehiwala-Mount Lavinia [204]
[205]
Kandy
Sudan Khartoum Omdurman Khartoum [206]
[207]
Khartoum Port Sudan
Suriname Paramaribo Lelydorp [208]
Svalbard and Jan Mayen (Norway) Longyearbyen Barentsburg [209]
Swaziland Mbabane Manzini Mbabane [210]
Sweden Stockholm Gothenburg [211]
Switzerland Bern Zürich Geneva [212]
Syria Damascus Aleppo Damascus [213]
[214]
Taiwan Taipei New Taipei Taichung [215]
[216]
Tajikistan Dushanbe Khujand [217]
Tanzania Dodoma Dar es Salaam Mwanza [218]
Thailand Bangkok Nonthaburi [219]
[220]
Pak Kret
Togo Lomé Sokodé [221]
Tokelau (New Zealand) None Fakaofo Atafu [222]
Tonga Nukuʻalofa Neiafu [223]
Transnistria (Moldova) Tiraspol Tighina
Trinidad and Tobago Port of Spain Chaguanas San Fernando [224]
Tunisia Tunis Sfax [225]
Turkey Ankara Istanbul Ankara [226]
Turkmenistan Ashgabat Türkmenabat [227]
Turks and Caicos Islands (UK) Cockburn Town Five Cays Honda Road [228]
Tuvalu Funafuti[Note 5] Asau [229]
Uganda Kampala Gulu [230]
Ukraine Kiev Kharkiv [231]
[232]
Donetsk
United Arab Emirates Abu Dhabi Dubai Abu Dhabi [233]
[234]
United Kingdom London Birmingham [235]
[236]
[237][238]
[239]
United States of America Washington, D.C. New York City Los Angeles [240]
Uruguay Montevideo Ciudad de la Costa
[241]
Maldonado
Uzbekistan Tashkent Namangan [242]
Vanuatu Port Vila Luganville [243]
Vatican City Vatican City [244]
Venezuela Caracas Maracaibo [245]
Vietnam Hanoi Ho Chi Minh City Hanoi [246]
Virgin Islands, British (UK) Road Town Spanish Town
Virgin Islands, United States (US) Charlotte Amalie Anna's Retreat
Wallis and Futuna (France) Mata-Utu Alele [247]
Western Sahara Laayoune Dakhla [248]
Yemen Sana'a Aden [249]
Zambia Lusaka Kitwe [250]
Zimbabwe Harare Bulawayo [251]
Contents
1 Details on countries whose capital is not their largest city
1.1 Member states of the United Nations
1.2 Partially recognized states
2 Notes
3 References
Details on countries whose capital is not their largest city[edit]
Countries whose capital is not their largest city.
This is a list of sovereign states whose capital is not their largest city.
Member states of the United Nations[edit]
Country
Capital
Population
Largest city
Population
Ratio
Note
Australia Canberra 390,706 Sydney 4,921,000 12.6 Although Canberra has been Australia's Capital City since circa 1913, the national parliament met in Melbourne, Victoria until 1927. Melbourne is Australia's 2nd most populous city (4,529,500)
Belize Belmopan 16,400 Belize City 70,000 4.27 Belize City was the capital until 1970.
Benin Porto-Novo 223,500 Cotonou 761,100 3.4 Cotonou is the de facto capital with seat of government. Both cities are part of the same metropolitan area
Bolivia Sucre 259,388 Santa Cruz de la Sierra[252] 1,453,549 7.1 La Paz is the de facto capital with seat of government, is the third largest city of Bolivia and is the center of the second metropolitan area.
Brazil Brasília 2,557,158 São Paulo 11,150,249 4.55 Brasília is a planned city, inaugurated in 1960, and serving as the Brazilian capital since then. Rio de Janeiro, the former capital, was the capital of Brazil from 1763 until 1960 (and largest city in Brazil from 1654 to 1954). São Paulo has never been the capital, but became the most populous city in Brazil in 1954, a position it has held since then. As of the 2010 Brazilian census, Brasília is the fifth most populous city in Brazil, and the seventh largest metropolitan area.
Cameroon Yaoundé 1,430,000 Douala 2,000,000 + 1.4 Yaoundé is the second largest city of Cameroon.
Canada Ottawa 812,129 Toronto 2,503,281 3.08 Toronto was the capital of the united Province of Canada from 1849 to 1852 and 1856–1858.
China Beijing 22,000,000 Shanghai 34,000,000 1.55 Beijing is the second largest city of China by a relatively small margin. Shanghai is the largest city proper in China and the world.
Côte d'Ivoire Yamoussoukro 200,659 Abidjan 4,348,000 21.7 Abidjan was the capital until 1983.
Ecuador Quito 1,397,698 Guayaquil 2,600,000 1.86 Quito is the second largest city of Ecuador.
Equatorial Guinea Malabo 187,302 Bata 250,770 1.34 The capital Malabo is the second largest city of Equatorial Guinea and has the specificity of being located on an island even though the country possesses mainland. It is about to be replaced by the planned city of Oyala, currently under construction.
India New Delhi 249,998 Mumbai 12,442,373 49.77 New Delhi is part of the Delhi metropolitan area which has 21,753,486 inhabitants (the Mumbai metropolitan region has 20,748,395).
Kazakhstan Astana 743,014 Almaty 1,450,095 1.95 Almaty was the capital from 1927 to 1997.
Liechtenstein Vaduz 5,109 Schaan 5,806 1.14 Both cities are part of the same metropolitan area
Malta Valletta 6,000 Birkirkara 21,000 3.5 Both cities are part of the same metropolitan area
Federated States of Micronesia Palikir 5,000 Weno 13,000 1.4 Palikir is the second largest city of Micronesia.
Morocco Rabat 627,000 Casablanca 4,150,000 6.62 Rabat is the second largest city of Morocco.
Myanmar Naypyidaw 925,000 Yangon 4,346,000 4.7 Yangon was the capital until 2006. Naypyidaw is de facto mainly rural county rather than contiguous urban area
New Zealand Wellington 412,500 Auckland 1,534,700 3.72 Auckland was the capital 1841–1865, and Russell in 1840–41.
Nigeria Abuja 778,567 Lagos 7,937,932 10.2 Lagos was the capital until 1991.
Pakistan Islamabad 1,740,000 Karachi 24,300,000 13.97 Karachi was the capital from 1947 to 1958. Islamabad is part of much larger Rawalpindi-Islamabad metropolitan area
Palau Ngerulmud 271 Koror 11,200 41.32 Koror was the capital until 2006.
Philippines Manila 1,780,148 Quezon City 2,936,116 1.67 Quezon City was the capital from 1948 until 1976. Both cities are in the Metropolitan Manila region with Quezon City bordering Manila on the northeast.
San Marino San Marino 4,211 Serravalle 10,601 2.52
South Africa Pretoria 2,345,908 Johannesburg 3,888,180 1.66 Cape Town (pop. 3.5 mln) and Bloemfontein (pop. 370,000) serve as legislative and judicial capitals, respectively.
Sudan Khartoum 2,207,794[citation needed] Omdurman 2,395,159 1.08 Wikipedia articles on Khartoum and Omdurman contradict this. Both cities are part of the same metropolitan area
Sri Lanka Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte 115,826 Colombo 642,163 5.54 Colombo was the capital until 1982.
Switzerland Bern 138,041 Zürich 397,698 2.88 Switzerland in its nature as a country with in every dimension decentralized political power actually doesn't have a capital (just as it doesn't have a head of state or prime minister). Bern has been designated as "federal city" with the seat of the two parliament chambers in 1848, when for the first time the independent Swiss states established standing federal authorities. Today, important federal authorities are also located in Lausanne (most notably: the Federal Supreme Court), Zürich, Lucerne, Bellinzona and St. Gallen. Until 1798, the council of the Swiss states met in various places - most frequently in Lucerne, Zürich, Baden and Frauenfeld. Between 1798 and 1803 there were three subsequent cities of government: Aarau, Luzern and Bern. Between 1815 and 1848 the meeting place of the council changed every two years between Zürich, Bern and Lucerne.
Tanzania Dodoma 324,347 Dar es Salaam 2,497,940 7.70 Dar es Salaam was the capital until 1974.
Trinidad and Tobago Port of Spain 49,000 Chaguanas 67,400 1.37 Both cities are part of the same metropolitan area
Turkey Ankara 5,150,072 Istanbul 14,377,018 3.4 Istanbul was the capital of the Ottoman Empire from 1453 to 1922.
United Arab Emirates Abu Dhabi 896,751 Dubai 2,262,000 2.52 Abu Dhabi is the second largest city of United Arab Emirates.
United States Washington, D.C. 672,228 New York City 8,550,405 12.72 New York was the capital 1785–1790 and the largest city in 1790 (narrowly edging out the next capital, Philadelphia, which served as capital from 1790 to 1800). Philadelphia was the nation's second-largest city when it was the capital.
Vietnam Hanoi 6,500,000 Ho Chi Minh City 7,123,340 1.1 Ho Chi Minh City, formerly Saigon, was the capital of South Vietnam prior to reunification.
Partially recognized states[edit]
Country
Capital
Population
Largest city
Population
Ratio
Note
Taiwan Taipei 2,650,968 New Taipei 3,916,451 1.48 Both cities are in Taipei–Keelung metropolitan area with Taipei surrounded entirely by New Taipei, which was Taipei's suburbs before its comprehensive development. Taipei became the provisional seat of government of the Republic of China from 7 December 1949 although Nanjing was designated as the capital.
Notes[edit]
^ De facto capital. De jure capital is Plymouth.
^ a b Part of Saipan island, which is the capital of Northern Mariana Islands
^ The three largest cities in terms of population consisting of Quezon City, Manila and Caloocan are all in Metro Manila, the largest metropolitan area, to which borders each other. The largest city in terms of land area outside Metro Manila is Davao City.
^ a b One of three capital cities of South Africa
^ Vaiaku is a part of Funafuti atoll, which is the capital of Tuvalu.
References[edit]
^ Sokhumi. Archived from the original on 2007-12-30. Retrieved 2008-08-17.
^ World Gazetteer: Albania - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 2, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Algeria - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 2, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: American Samoa - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 2, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Andorra - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 2, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Angola - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 2, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Anguilla - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 2, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Antigua and Barbuda - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 2, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Argentina - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 2, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Armenia - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 2, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Aruba - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 2, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Australia - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 2, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Austria - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 2, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Azerbaijan - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 16, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Bahamas - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 16, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Bahrain - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 16, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Bangladesh - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 16, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Barbados - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 16, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Belarus - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 16, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Belgium - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 16, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Belize - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 16, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Benin - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 16, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Bermuda - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 16, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Bhutan - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 16, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Bolivia - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 16, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Bosnia and Herzegovina - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 16, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Botswana - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 16, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Brazil - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 16, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Brunei - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 16, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Bulgaria - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 16, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Burkina Faso - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 16, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Burundi - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 16, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Cambodia - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 16, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Cameroon - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 16, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Canada - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 16, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Cape Verde - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 16, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Cayman Islands - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 16, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Central African Republic - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 16, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Chad - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 16, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Chile - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 16, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Chile - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 30, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: China - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 16, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Colombia - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 16, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Comoros - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 16, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Congo (Dem. Rep.) - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 16, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Congo - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 16, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Cook Islands - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 16, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Costa Rica - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 16, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Ivory Coast - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 16, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Croatia - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 16, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Cuba - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 16, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Curaçao - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived 2013-02-10 at Archive.is
^ World Gazetteer: Cyprus - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 16, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Czech Republic - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 16, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Czech Republic - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 30, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Denmark - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 16, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Djibouti - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 16, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Dominica - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 16, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Dominican Republic - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 16, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: East Timor - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 16, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Ecuador - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 16, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Egypt - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 16, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: El Salvador - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 16, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Equatorial Guinea - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 16, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Eritrea - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 16, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Estonia - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 31, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Ethiopia - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 31, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Falkland Islands - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 31, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Faroe Islands - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 31, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Fiji Islands - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 31, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Finland - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 31, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Finland - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 30, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: France - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 31, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: France - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived May 6, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: French Guiana - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 31, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: French Polynesia - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived May 6, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Gabon - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 31, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Gambia - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 31, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Georgia - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 31, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Germany - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 31, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ "Metropolregionen in Deutschland" (PDF). Frankfurt Office of Statistics. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
^ World Gazetteer: Ghana - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 31, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Gibraltar - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 31, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Greece - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 31, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Greenland - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 31, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Grenada - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 31, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Guam - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 31, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Guatemala - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 31, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Guernsey and Alderney - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 31, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Guinea - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 31, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Guinea-Bissau - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 31, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Guyana - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 31, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Haiti - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 31, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Honduras - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 31, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Hungary - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 31, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Iceland - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 31, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: India - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 31, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Indonesia - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 31, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Indonesia - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived May 6, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Iran - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 31, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Iran - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived May 6, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Iraq - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 31, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Ireland - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 31, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Isle of Man - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 31, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Israel - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 31, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Israel - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived May 6, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Italy - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 31, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Italy - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived May 6, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Jamaica - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 31, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Japan - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 31, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Japan - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived May 6, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Jersey - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 31, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Jordan - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 31, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Kazakhstan - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 31, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Kenya - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 31, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Kiribati - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 31, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Korea (North) - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 31, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Korea (South) - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 31, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Kosovo - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 31, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Kuwait - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 31, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Kyrgyzstan - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 31, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Laos - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 31, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Latvia - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived March 31, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Lebanon - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 22, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Lesotho - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 22, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Liberia - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 22, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Libya - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 22, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Liechtenstein - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 22, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Lithuania - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 22, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Luxembourg - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 22, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Macedonia - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 22, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Madagascar - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 22, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Malawi - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 22, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ "Population Distribution by Local Authority Areas and Mukims, 2010 (page 1 & 8)" (PDF). Department of Statistics, Malaysia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2015. Retrieved 19 July 2013.
^ World Gazetteer: Maldives - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 22, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Mali - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 22, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Malta - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 22, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Malta - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived May 6, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Marshall Islands - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 22, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Mauritania - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 22, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Mauritius - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 22, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Mexico - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 22, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Micronesia - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 22, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Moldova - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 22, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Monaco - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 22, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Mongolia - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 22, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-02-09. Retrieved 2013-02-09.
^ World Gazetteer: Montserrat - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 22, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Morocco - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 22, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Mozambique - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 22, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Myanmar - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 22, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Namibia - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 22, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Nepal - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 22, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Netherlands - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 22, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf
^ World Gazetteer: New Caledonia - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived May 6, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: New Zealand - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 22, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Nicaragua - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 22, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Niger - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 22, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Nigeria - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 22, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Niue - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived May 6, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Northern Mariana Islands - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 22, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Norway - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 22, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Oman - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 22, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Pakistan - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 22, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Palau - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 22, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Palestine - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived May 6, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Palestine - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 22, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Panama - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived May 6, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Papua New Guinea - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 22, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Paraguay - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 22, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Peru - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 22, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Philippines - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived 2013-04-12 at Archive.is
^ World Gazetteer: Poland - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 22, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Poland - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived May 6, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Portugal - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 22, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Puerto Rico - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 22, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Puerto Rico - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived May 6, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Qatar - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 22, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Romania - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived May 6, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Russia - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 22, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Rwanda - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived May 6, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Saint Helena - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 30, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Saint Kitts and Nevis - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 30, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Saint Lucia - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 30, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Saint Pierre and Miquelon - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 30, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Saint Vincent and The Grenadines - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 30, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Samoa - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived May 6, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: San Marino - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 30, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: São Tomé and Príncipe - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 30, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Saudi Arabia - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived May 6, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ Associational Life in African Cities: Popular Responses to the Urban Crisis. p. 107.
^ World Gazetteer: Serbia - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived May 13, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Sierra Leone - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 30, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Singapore - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived May 6, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ CIA - The World Factbook - Sint Maarten
^ World Gazetteer: Slovakia - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 30, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Slovenia - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 30, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ http://world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&des=gamelan&geo=-186&srt=1p3n&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&pt=c&va=&srt=p13n Archived March 2, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: South Africa - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 30, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: South Africa - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived May 6, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ GOV.UK - Foreign travel advice - South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
^ World Gazetteer: Spain - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 30, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Sri Lanka - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 30, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Sri Lanka - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived May 6, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Sudan - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 30, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Sudan - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived May 6, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Suriname - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 30, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Svalbard and Jan Mayen - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 30, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Swaziland - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 30, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Sweden - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 30, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Switzerland - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 30, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Syria - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 30, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Syria - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived May 6, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ "民國99年12月戶口統計速報表(Chinese)". Republic of China (Taiwan) Ministry of Interior. Archived from the original on 2011-07-26. Retrieved 2011-01-10.
^ "Population for Township and District". Republic of China (Taiwan) Ministry of Interior. Archived from the original on 2013-12-09. Retrieved 2011-01-04.
^ World Gazetteer: Tajikistan - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 30, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Tanzania - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 30, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Thailand - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 30, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Thailand - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived May 6, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Togo - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 30, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Tokelau - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 30, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Tonga - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 30, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Trinidad and Tobago - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 30, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Tunisia - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 30, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Turkey - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 30, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Turkmenistan - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 30, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Turks and Caicos Islands - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 30, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Tuvalu - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 30, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Uganda - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 30, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Ukraine - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 30, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Ukraine - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived May 6, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: United Arab Emirates - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 30, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: United Arab Emirates - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived May 6, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: United Kingdom - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived May 6, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ City Population: United Kingdom : Countries and Major Urban Areas
^ "2011 Census: Population and household estimates fact file, unrounded estimates, local authorities in England and Wales (Excel sheet 708Kb)" (xls). Office for National Statistics. 24 September 2012. Retrieved 30 December 2013.
^ "2011 Census - Built-up areas". ONS. Retrieved 4 July 2013.
^ Istrate, Emilia; Nadeau, Carey Anne (November 2012). "Global MetroMonitor". Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution. Archived from the original on 4 June 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
^ World Gazetteer: United States of America - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived May 6, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Uruguay - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived May 6, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Uzbekistan - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 30, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Vanuatu - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 30, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Vatican City - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 30, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Venezuela - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 30, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Vietnam - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 30, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Wallis and Futuna - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 30, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Western Sahara - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 30, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Yemen - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 30, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Zambia - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 30, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ World Gazetteer: Zimbabwe - largest cities (per geographical entity) Archived April 30, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
^ "Decreto Supremo Nº1672" (PDF). doctoraedilicia.com. Retrieved 2013-05-31.
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