text:
Hoodoo (geology)
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"Tent Rocks" redirects here. For Tent Rocks National Monument, see Kasha-Katuwe Tent Rocks National Monument.
Hoodoos in Bryce Canyon National Park, Utah (2007).
Tent rocks (earth pyramids, fairy chimneys) near Çavuşin, Cappadocia
A hoodoo (also called a tent rock, fairy chimney or earth pyramid) is a tall, thin spire of rock that protrudes from the bottom of an arid drainage basin or badland. Hoodoos, which may range from 1.5 to 45 metres (4.9 to 147.6 ft), typically consist of relatively soft rock topped by harder, less easily eroded stone that protects each column from the elements. They generally form within sedimentary rock and volcanic rock formations.[citation needed]
Hoodoos are found mainly in the desert in dry, hot areas. In common usage, the difference between hoodoos and pinnacles (or spires) is that hoodoos have a variable thickness often described as having a "totem pole-shaped body". A spire, on the other hand, has a smoother profile or uniform thickness that tapers from the ground upward. An example of a single spire, as an earth pyramid, is found at Aultderg Burn, near Fochabers, Scotland.
Hoodoos range in size from the height of an average human to heights exceeding a 10-story building. Hoodoo shapes are affected by the erosional patterns of alternating hard and softer rock layers. Minerals deposited within different rock types cause hoodoos to have different colors throughout their height.
Contents
[hide]
1 Occurrence
2 Formation
3 Gallery
4 See also
5 References
6 Further reading
7 External links
Occurrence[edit]
Hoodoo within the Chinle Formation, west of Moab, Utah, along the Chicken Corners off-road trail. The ridge in the background is part of the Wingate Sandstone.
Hoodoos are commonly found in the High Plateaus region of the Colorado Plateau and in the Badlands regions of the Northern Great Plains (both in North America). While hoodoos are scattered throughout these areas, nowhere in the world are they as abundant as in the northern section of Bryce Canyon National Park, located in the U.S. state of Utah (see geology of the Bryce Canyon area). They are also very prominent a few hundred miles away at Goblin Valley State Park on the eastern side of the San Rafael Swell.
Hoodoos are a tourist attraction in the Cappadocia region of Turkey, where houses have been carved from these formations. These rock formations were depicted on the reverse of the Turkish 50 new lira banknote of 2005–2009.[1]
In French, they are called demoiselles coiffées ("ladies with hairdos") or cheminées de fées ("fairy chimneys") and a number of them are found in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence; one of the best-known examples is the formation called Demoiselles Coiffées de Pontis.[2][3]
Đavolja Varoš (Devil's Town) hoodoos in Serbia feature 202 exotic formations described as earth pyramids or "towers", as the locals refer to them. Since 1959, Đavolja Varoš has been protected by the state. It was also a nominee in the New Seven Wonders of Nature campaign.[4]
The hoodoo stones on the northern coast of Taiwan are unusual for their coastal setting. The stones formed as the seabed rose rapidly out of the ocean during the Miocene epoch.[5] Efforts have been made to slow the erosion in the case of iconic specimens in Wanli.
Hoodoos in Drumheller, Alberta, are a distinctive feature that continues to attract thousands of visitors each year. The sediments comprising these hoodoos formed between 70 and 75 million years ago during the Cretaceous Period as clay and sand sediments from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation were deposited. These hoodoos are able to maintain a unique mushroom-like appearance as the underlying base erodes at a faster rate compared to the capstones, a rate of nearly one centimeter per year, faster than most geologic structures.[6]
Formation[edit]
Four hoodoos in Devil's Garden (Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument)
Hoodoos typically form in areas where a thick layer of a relatively soft rock, such as mudstone, poorly cemented sandstone or tuff (consolidated volcanic ash), is covered by a thin layer of hard rock, such as well-cemented sandstone, limestone or basalt. In glaciated mountainous valleys the soft eroded material may be glacial till with the protective capstones being large boulders in the till. Over time, cracks in the resistant layer allow the much softer rock beneath to be eroded and washed away. Hoodoos form where a small cap of the resistant layer remains, and protects a cone of the underlying softer layer from erosion. The heavy cap pressing downwards gives the pedestal of the hoodoo its strength to resist erosion.[7] With time, erosion of the soft layer causes the cap to be undercut, eventually falling off, and the remaining cone is then quickly eroded.[8][9]
Typically, hoodoos form from multiple weathering processes that continuously work together in eroding the edges of a rock formation known as a fin. For example, the primary weathering force at Bryce Canyon is frost wedging. The hoodoos at Bryce Canyon experience over 200 freeze/thaw cycles each year. In the winter, melting snow, in the form of water, seeps into the cracks and then freezes at night. When water freezes it expands by almost 10%, pries open the cracks bit by bit, making them even wider, much like the way a pothole forms in a paved road.
In addition to frost wedging, rain is another weathering process causing erosion. In most places today, the rainwater is slightly acidic, which lets the weak carbonic acid slowly dissolve limestone grain by grain. It is this process that rounds the edges of hoodoos and gives them their lumpy and bulging profiles. Where internal mudstone and siltstone layers interrupt the limestone, you can expect the rock to be more resistant to the chemical weathering because of the comparative lack of limestone. Many of the more durable hoodoos are capped with a special kind of magnesium-rich limestone called dolomite. Dolomite, being fortified by the mineral magnesium, dissolves at a much slower rate, and consequently protects the weaker limestone underneath it. Rain is also the chief source of erosion (the actual removal of the debris). In the summer, monsoon type rainstorms travel through the Bryce Canyon region bringing short duration high intensity rain.[10]
Gallery[edit]
The Queen's Head (女王頭) in Yehliu, Taiwan
Hoodoos (fairy chimneys) in Ürgüp (Cappadocia), Turkey
Toadstool-shaped hoodoo in Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, Utah, USA
Hoodoos in Drumheller, Alberta, Canada
Hoodoos (earth pyramids) called Đavolja Varoš ("Devil's Town"), in Serbia
Putangirua Pinnacles (earth pillars), Wairarapa, New Zealand
Roque Cinchado, in Teide National Park, Tenerife (Spain)
Cheminée de fée, Puy-de-Dôme, France
British Columbia, Canada
“The Mushroom” (الفطر), hoodoo formation in Wadi Rum, southern Jordan.
See also[edit]
Balancing rock
Mushroom rock
Demoiselles Coiffées de Pontis, "ladies with hairdos" in the French Alps
Cappadocia, Turkey, known for its fairy chimneys and buildings carved into the soft volcanic tuff
Göreme National Park, Cappadocia, Turkey
Kasha-Katuwe Tent Rocks National Monument in New Mexico
Tea table, a flat-top, table-like hoodoo
Chiricahua National Monument in southeastern Arizona
City of Rocks State Park near Silver City, New Mexico
Bisti/De-Na-Zin Wilderness near San Juan County, New Mexico
Tsingy de Bemaraha Strict Nature Reserve
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey. "E8 - Fifty New Turkish Lira". Tcmb.gov.tr. Retrieved March 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ Haug, Émile (1907). Traité de géologie. 1. Librairie Armand Colin. p. 386.
Jump up ^ Godefroy, René (1940). La nature alpine: exposé de géographie physique. B. Arthaud. p. 121.
Jump up ^ "Djavolja Varos, Rock Formation". New 7 Wonders. Archived from the original on July 9, 2009. Retrieved March 31, 2015.
Jump up ^ Hong, Eason; Huang, Eugene (February 2001). "Formation of the pedestal rocks in the Taliao Formation, northern coast of Taiwan" (PDF). Western Pacific Earth Sciences. 1 (1): 99–106. Retrieved March 31, 2015.
Jump up ^ Royal Tyrrell Museum. "Hoodoos". Tyrrellmuseum.com. Retrieved March 30, 2015.
Jump up ^ Bruthans, Jiri; Soukup, Jan; Vaculikova, Jana; Filippi, Michal; Schweigstillova, Jana; Mayo, Alan L.; Masin, David; Kletetschka, Gunther; Rihosek, Jaroslav (July 2014). "Sandstone landforms shaped by negative feedback between stress and erosion". Nature Geoscience. 7 (8): 597–601. doi:10.1038/ngeo2209. ISSN 1752-0908.
Jump up ^ Yilmaz, H.M.; Yakar, M.; Mutluoglu, O.; Kavurmaci, M.M.; Yurt, K. (2012). "Monitoring of soil erosion in Cappadocia region (Selime-Aksaray-Turkey)". Environmental Earth Sciences. Springer. 66 (1): 75–81. Retrieved 20 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Hopkins, R.L. (2003). "Coal Mine Canyon". Hiking the Southwest's Geology: Four Corners Region. The Mountaineers Books. pp. 107–108. ISBN 9780898868562.
Jump up ^ "Hoodoos". nps.gov. Retrieved 22 March 2015.
Further reading[edit]
DeCourten, Frank. 1994. Shadows of Time, the Geology of Bryce Canyon National Park. Bryce Canyon Natural History Association.
Kiver, Eugene P., Harris, David V. 1999. Geology of U.S. Parklands 5th ed. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 522–528.
Sprinkel, Douglas A., Chidsey, Thomas C. Jr., Anderson, Paul B. 2000. Geology of Utah's Parks and Monuments. Publishers Press: 37–59
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hoodoos and Tent rocks.
National Park Service: Bryce Canyon National Park: Nature and Geology - Hoodoos (adapted public domain text)
Hoodoos (Erdpyramiden - demoiselles coiffées) world-wide
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Eastern Himalaya
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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A political/geographical representation of the Eastern Himalayas. Image credits: ICIMOD website)
The Eastern Himalayas extend from the westernmost part of Kaligandaki Valley in central Nepal to northwest Yunnan in China, also encompassing Bhutan, North-East India (its northeastern states of Sikkim and the North Bengal hills), southeastern Tibet, and parts of northern Myanmar.[1] This region is widely considered a biodiversity hotspot, with notable biocultural diversity [2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Geologic strata
2 Climate
3 Agriculture
4 Political divisions
5 Wildlife
6 Notes
7 External links
Geologic strata[edit]
The Eastern Himalayas have a much more sophisticated geomorphic history and pervasive topographic features than the Central Himalayas. In the southwest of the Sub-Himalayas lies the Singalila Ridge, the western end of a group of uplands in Nepal. Most of the Sub-Himalayas are in Nepal; a small portion reaches into Sikkim, India and a fragment is in the southern half of Bhutan.
The Buxa range of Indo-Bhutan is also a part of the ancient rocks of the Himalayas. The ancient folds, running mainly along an east-west axis, were worn down during a long period of denudation lasting into cretaceous times, possibly over a hundred million years. During this time the carboniferous and permian rocks disappeared from the surface, except in its north near Hatisar in Bhutan and in the long trench extending from Jaldhaka River to Torsa River, where limestone and coal deposits are preserved in discontinuous basins. Limestone deposits also appear in Bhutan on the southern flanks of the Lower Himalayas. The rocks of the highlands are mainly sandstones of the Devonian age, with limestones and shales of the same period in places. The core of the mountain is exposed across the center, where Paleozoic rocks, mainly Cambrian and Silurian slates and Takhstasang gneiss outcrops are visible in the northwest and northeast, the latter extending to western Arunachal Pradesh in India.
In the Mesozoic era the whole of the worn-down plateau was under sea. In this expansive shallow sea, which covered most of Assam (India) and Bhutan, chalk deposits formed from seawater tides oscillating between land and sea levels. During subsequent periods, tertiary rocks were laid down. The Paro metamorphic belt may be found overlying Chasilakha-Soraya gneiss in some places. Silurian metamorphics in other places suggest long denudation of the surface. This was the time of Alpine mountain formation, and much of the movement in the palaeozoic region was probably connected with it. The Chomolhari tourmaline granites of Bhutan, stretching westwards from the Paro chu and ats much depth below the present surface, were formed during this period of uplift, fracture and subsidence.
Climate[edit]
The climate of the Eastern Himalayas is characterized by temperate summers and chilly winters. The hot season commences around the middle of April reaching its maxima in June, and ending by August-end. The average summer temperature is generally 20 °C (68 °F). The average annual rainfall is 500 millimetres (20 in). Snowfall is common at higher elevations.
In the valleys of Rangeet, Teesta, and Chumbi most precipitation during winter takes the form of snowfall. Snow accumulation in the valleys greatly reduces the area's wintertime temperature. The northeast monsoon is the predominant feature of the Eastern Himalayan region's weather, while on the southern slopes cold season precipitation is more important.
Agriculture[edit]
Agricultural conditions vary throughout the region. In the highlands the soil is morainic, and the hill slopes are cut by the locals into successive steps or terraces only a few meters broad, thus preventing water run-off and allowing spring crops to thrive. The region's economy relied mostly on Shifting cultivation agriculture, supplemented by hunting, fishing and barter trade. Agricultural does not produce sufficient yields to meet local neesd. The region's economy remained stagnant and at subsistence levels for centuries due to the lack of capital, investor access, or entrepreneurial knowledge. Inhabitants also relied heavily on wild and semi-cultivated species for food and herbal medicines.[3]
Political divisions[edit]
The Eastern Himalayas consist of five distinct political/national territories:
Nepali Himalaya (central, eastern and southern Nepal)
Darjeeling (Indian) Himalaya
Sikkim (Indian) Himalaya
Bhutanese Himalaya
Arunachal (Indian) Himalaya
Wildlife[edit]
See also: Eastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests, Eastern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows, and Eastern Himalayan broadleaf forests
The blue poppy (Meconopsis gakyidiana), found in the Eastern Himalayas, is the national flower of Bhutan.
The Eastern Himalayas sustain a diverse array of wildlife, including many rare species of fauna and flora. Nepal features, among other rare Nepali animal species, snow leopards in its Himalayan region, and one-horned rhinos, Asian elephants and wild Water Buffaloes in its southern region, making the country one of the world's greatest Biodiversity hotspots. Three major river basins of Nepal, namely the Karnali, Narayani and Koshi Basins, feature highly dense forests and shelter no less than 5% of the world's butterfly species and 8% of the world's bird species. Preserving this diverse wilderness is essential for the area's and the world's biodiversity. The area has many ecological projects intended to ensure the survival and growth of many species.[4]
At right is pictured the national flower of Bhutan (Meconopsis gakyidiana), commonly called the blue poppy (though taxonomically it is not of the poppy Genus or species, but only poppy-like; thus it cannot produce opiom or its derivatives). The blue poppy (national flower of Bhutan) was the source of an ecological mystery for nearly a century, due to its misclassification as Meconopsis grandis. In 2017, after three years of field work and taxonomic studies, its classification was corrected by Bhutanese and Japanese researchers. The problem may have originally arisen due to the now understood finding that some Himalayan flora readily hybridize with each other and produce viable seeds, causing wider (and unknown) morphological diversity.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Eastern Himalayan region". ICIMOD.org. ICIMOD. Retrieved 25 July 2017.
Jump up ^ O'Neill, Alexander; et al. (29 March 2017). "Integrating ethnobiological knowledge into biodiversity conservation in the Eastern Himalayas". Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 13 (21). doi:10.1186/s13002-017-0148-9. Retrieved 11 May 2017.
Jump up ^ O'Neill, Alexander; et al. (29 March 2017). "Integrating ethnobiological knowledge into biodiversity conservation in the Eastern Himalayas". Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 13 (21). doi:10.1186/s13002-017-0148-9. Retrieved 11 May 2017.
Jump up ^ "Himalayas | Places | WWF". [www.worldwildlife.org World Wildlife Fund]. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to East Himalaya.
Eastern Himalayas – World Wildlife Fund projects
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Himalaya&oldid=806018252"
Categories:
Himalayas
Mountain ranges of the Himalayas
Flora of East Himalaya
Mountain ranges of Asia
Mountain ranges of India
Mountain ranges of Myanmar
Mountain ranges of Nepal
Mountain ranges of Pakistan
Mountain ranges of Tibet
Regions of Asia
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