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King Gizzard & the Lizard Wizard
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King Gizzard & the Lizard Wizard
Three-sevenths of the band onstage. From left to right: Cook Craig, Ambrose Kenny-Smith and Stu Mackenzie.
Background information
Origin
Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Genres
Psychedelic rock
garage rock
acid rock
progressive rock
experimental rock
Years active
2010–present
Labels
Flightless
Heavenly
ATO
Shock
Castle Face
Inertia Music
Associated acts
The Murlocs
Gum
Broderick Smith
Atolls
Love Migrate
Pipe Eye
Dreamin' Wild
Sambrose Automobile
The Babe Rainbow
Fraser A. Gorman
Buried Horses
Mild High Club
Website
kinggizzardandthelizardwizard.com
Members
Stu Mackenzie
Ambrose Kenny Smith
Joey Walker
Cook Craig
Lucas Skinner
Michael Cavanagh
Eric Moore
King Gizzard & the Lizard Wizard is an Australian psychedelic rock band formed in 2010 in Melbourne, Victoria.[1][2] The band consists of Stu Mackenzie (vocals, guitar, keyboards, flute), Ambrose Kenny-Smith (vocals, harmonica, keyboards), Cook Craig (guitar, vocals), Joey Walker (guitar, vocals), Lucas Skinner (bass), Michael Cavanagh (drums, percussion), and Eric Moore (drums, percussion, management). They are known for their prolific recording output, having released 14 studio albums since their formation, as well as their energetic live performances.
The release of their first two albums, 12 Bar Bruise (2012) and Eyes Like the Sky (2013) primarily blended surf music, garage rock and psychedelic rock into the band's sound. They were also the debut releases of the band's independent record label, Flightless, founded by Moore in 2012. Their third to eighth albums — Float Along - Fill Your Lungs (2013), Oddments, I'm in Your Mind Fuzz (2014), Quarters!, Paper Mâché Dream Balloon (2015) and Nonagon Infinity (2016) — expanded their sound, including elements of film music, progressive rock, folk, jazz, soul and heavy metal.[3][4]
In 2017, the band promised to release five studio albums within the year: Flying Microtonal Banana in February, Murder of the Universe in June, Sketches of Brunswick East, a collaboration with the music project of Alex Brettin, Mild High Club, in August, Polygondwanaland, which was released into the public domain, in November, and Gumboot Soup in December.
Contents
1 History
1.1 Formation (2010)
1.2 Early EPs and 12 Bar Bruise (2011–2012)
1.3 Eyes Like the Sky and Float Along – Fill Your Lungs (2013)
1.4 Oddments and I'm in Your Mind Fuzz (2014)
1.5 Quarters! and Paper Mâché Dream Balloon (2015)
1.6 Nonagon Infinity (2016)
1.7 Five albums in one year (2017)
2 Band members
3 Discography
3.1 Studio albums
3.2 Extended plays
3.3 Singles
3.4 Music videos
4 References
5 External links
History[edit]
Formation (2010)[edit]
The band members all grew up and went to school in the Deniliquin, Melbourne and Geelong areas. The band started off as a group of friends jamming together, before a mutual friend asked them to play at a show. The band's name was created "last minute". Mackenzie wanted to name the band "Gizzard Gizzard" while another band member wanted Jim Morrison's nickname "Lizard King". They eventually compromised with King Gizzard and the Lizard Wizard.[5] The artist Jason Galea has created all of the band's album art, and a majority of their music videos.
Early EPs and 12 Bar Bruise (2011–2012)[edit]
The band's first release, 2011's Anglesea, was released as a four-track EP on CD. It is named after Anglesea, the coastal town where Mackenzie grew up, and is currently not available for purchase, physically or digitally.[5] The band's second release, Willoughby's Beach, was released by Shock Records on 21 October 2011.[6] Beat Magazine described the 9-track garage rock EP as "filled to the teeth with consistently killer hooks."[7] In December 2011, the band appeared at the Meredith Music Festival for the first time.
The band's first full-length album, 12 Bar Bruise, was released on 7 September 2012.[8] The 12-track garage rock album was self-recorded, and several tracks used unconventional recording methods. For example, the vocals for the album's title track were recorded through four iPhones placed around a room while Mackenzie sang into one of them.[9]
Eyes Like the Sky and Float Along – Fill Your Lungs (2013)[edit]
King Gizzard & the Lizard Wizard's second full-length album, Eyes Like the Sky, was released on 22 February 2013.[10] Described as a "cult western audio book",[10] the album is narrated by Broderick Smith and tells a story of outlaws, child soldiers, Native Americans and gun fights, all set in the American frontier. The album was written collaboratively by Smith and Stu Mackenzie. When asked about the album's influences, Mackenzie said: "I love Western films. I love bad guys and I love Red Dead Redemption. Oh, and I love evil guitars".[11]
The band's third full-length album, Float Along - Fill Your Lungs, was released on 27 September 2013.[12] King Gizzard shifted from garage rock to a more mellow folk and psychedelic sound on this eight track album.[13]
Oddments and I'm in Your Mind Fuzz (2014)[edit]
Float Along – Fill Your Lungs was followed by Oddments, released on 7 March 2014.[14] Over the course of this 12-track album, the band takes a more melodic approach, and Mackenzie's vocals are more prominent.[15] Oddments has been described as being "recorded through a woolen sock in an adjacent room".[16]
The band's fifth full-length album, I'm in Your Mind Fuzz, was released on 31 October 2014.[17] The 10-track album touches on elements of fantasy[18] and lyrically delves into the concept of mind control. This was the first time the band took a "traditional" approach to writing and recording an album; the songs were written, the band rehearsed together, and they recorded the songs "as a band" in the studio.[19] Pitchfork described the album as "open[ing] with a sprint" and ending "with some of their best slow jams."[20]
Quarters! and Paper Mâché Dream Balloon (2015)[edit]
Quarters!, King Gizzard's sixth full-length album, was released on 1 May 2015.[21] The album features four songs, each running for ten minutes and ten seconds,[22] making each song a quarter of the album. Drawing upon jazz-fusion and acid rock, the album's more laid-back sound was described as "unlike anything they’ve released before" and as "an album more likely to get your head bobbing and hips shaking as opposed to losing footwear in a violent mosh".[23]
Later in the year, on 13 November 2015, the band released its seventh full-length album, Paper Mâché Dream Balloon.[24] This "concept-less concept album" features only acoustic instruments and was recorded on Mackenzie's parents' farm in country Victoria.[24] The album features "a collection of short unrelated songs"[24] described as "mellow, defuzzed psychedelia".[25] The band released a music video for the song "Trapdoor".[26] It was the band's first album to be released in the United States via ATO Records.[27]
Nonagon Infinity (2016)[edit]
The band's eighth full-length album, Nonagon Infinity, was released worldwide on 29 April 2016.[28] Described by Mackenzie as a "never-ending album", it features nine songs connected by musical motifs which flow "seamlessly" into each other with the last track "linking straight back into the top of the opener like a sonic mobius strip".[29] On 8 March the band released a video for the first single, "Gamma Knife".[30] It contained a riff from the song "People Vultures" which was premiered on 4 April[31] with a music video released on 6 May.[32] The album received high praise from critics, with Pitchfork's Stuart Berman writing it "yields some of the most outrageous, exhilarating rock 'n' roll in recent memory."[33] The band earned its first ARIA Award when Nonagon Infinity won the 2016 ARIA Award for Best Hard Rock or Heavy Metal Album.
Five albums in one year (2017)[edit]
We had this random batch of songs. It was not a cohesive record at all. So we thought we’d split it up, and split again until it became five. We worked on Nonagon Infinity pretty intensely in 2015 and 2016. We came close to burning ourselves out, or at least wringing each other’s necks. We took a break, and then all these random, disparate song ideas came out of that void of not recording for a little while. Then we worked on everything one album at a time.
Stu Mackenzie, November 2017[34]
The band's ninth full-length album, Flying Microtonal Banana, was recorded in the band's own studio[35] and released on 24 February 2017.[36] Originally conceived as a record to be played on the Turkish baglama (a stringed instrument with movable frets), Flying Microtonal Banana has been described as "a soaring take on microtonal music".[37] Three tracks were issued in advance: "Rattlesnake,"[38] the opening track, in October 2016; "Nuclear Fusion" in December 2016; and "Sleep Drifter" in January 2017.[39][40] The band released a music video for "Rattlesnake", directed by Jason Galea.[41]
Another full-length album, Murder of the Universe, was released on 23 June 2017.[42] Described by the band as a "concept album to end all concepts",[43][44] it is divided into 3 chapters: The Tale Of The Altered Beast; The Lord Of Lightning vs Balrog; released 30 May 2017; and Han-Tyumi And The Murder Of The Universe released 11 April 2017. It is narrated by Leah Senior[45] for the first two chapters, and a text-to-speech program for the final chapter. The band made their international television debut on 17 April 2017 performing "The Lord of Lightning" on Conan on TBS in the United States.[46]
King Gizzard's next full-length album, Sketches of Brunswick East, a collaboration with Alex Brettin's psychedelic jazz project Mild High Club, was released on 18 August 2017.[47] Taking inspiration from Miles Davis' 1960 album Sketches Of Spain, as well as the band's base recording location of Brunswick East in Melbourne, it is a jazz-improvisational album. Mackenzie described the record as "perhaps representing greater changes that are happening in the wider world, and (this is) our attempt to find beauty within a place that we spend so much time", referring to the constant changes in their neighbourhood.[47]
King Gizzard's twelfth studio album, Polygondwanaland, was released as a free download on 17 November 2017. The band encouraged fans and independent record labels to create their own pressings of the album, stating that "[Polygondwanaland] is FREE. Free as in, free. Free to download and if you wish, free to make copies. Make tapes, make CD’s, make records . . . Ever wanted to start your own record label? GO for it! Employ your mates, press wax, pack boxes. We do not own this record. You do. Go forth, share, enjoy."[48] The album was promoted with the release of the first track, "Crumbling Castle," on 18 October 2017. A music video created by Jason Galea accompanied its release on YouTube.[49]
Mackenzie confirmed on 7 December 2017 that the fifth and final album to be released in 2017 would be coming "very, very late in the year".[50] Two singles were digitally released less than a week later: "All is Known," which had previously been performed live; and "Beginner's Luck," an entirely new song.[51][52] On 30 December, the band posted on Facebook that Gumboot Soup, their fifth and final album of the year, would be released the following day.[53] Mackenzie explained in an interview that the songs on Gumboot Soup are "definitely not B-sides or anything. They’re more songs that didn’t work in any of the rest of the four records, or they didn’t fit into any of those categories that well, or they came together slightly after when those records came together."[54]
Band members[edit]
Stu Mackenzie – vocals, lead guitar, flute, keyboards, synthesizer, mellotron, bass guitar, sitar, zurna, clarinet, saxophone
Ambrose Kenny Smith – harmonica, keyboards, synthesizer, organ, vocals, percussion, guitar
Joey Walker – lead guitar, keyboards, synthesizer, vocals, bass guitar, setar
Cook Craig – rhythm guitar, synthesizer, vocals, keyboards, bass guitar
Lucas Skinner – bass guitar, vocals, keyboards
Michael Cavanagh – drums, percussion
Eric Moore – drums, percussion, theremin, management
Stu Mackenzie
Discography[edit]
Studio albums[edit]
List of studio albums, with selected chart positions and certifications
Title
Album details
Peak chart positions
Certifications
(sales thresholds)
AUS
[55]
12 Bar Bruise
Released: 7 September 2012
Label: Flightless Records (FLT001)
Formats: CD, LP, Cassette
—
Eyes Like the Sky
Released: 22 February 2013
Label: Flightless Records (FLT005)
Formats: CD, LP
—
Float Along – Fill Your Lungs
Released: 27 September 2013
Label: Flightless Records (FLT006), Dot Dash Recordings (DASH024CD)
Formats: LP, CD
—
Oddments
Released: 7 March 2014
Label: Flightless Records (FLT009)
Formats: CD, LP
—
I'm in Your Mind Fuzz
Released: 31 October 2014
Label: Flightless Records (FLT012), Heavenly Records (HVNLP109CD)
Formats: CD, LP
85
Quarters!
Released: 1 May 2015
Label: Flightless Records (FLT015), Heavenly Records (HVNLP114)
Formats: CD, LP
99
Paper Mâché Dream Balloon
Released: 13 November 2015
Label: Flightless Records (FLT023CD), Heavenly Records (HVNLP124)
Formats: CD, LP, Cassette
89
Nonagon Infinity
Released: 29 April 2016
Label: Flightless Records (FLT025CD), Heavenly Records (HVNLP127), ATO Records (AT00301)
Formats: CD, LP
19
Flying Microtonal Banana
Released: 24 February 2017
Label: Flightless Records, Heavenly Records, ATO Records
Formats: CD, LP
2
Murder of the Universe
Released: 23 June 2017
Label: Flightless Records, Heavenly Records, ATO Records
Formats: CD, LP
3
Sketches of Brunswick East (with Mild High Club)
Released: 18 August 2017
Label: Flightless Records, Heavenly Records, ATO Records
Formats: CD, LP, Cassette
4
Polygondwanaland
Released: 17 November 2017
Label: Self Release
Formats: free digital download, LP, CD
—
Gumboot Soup
Released: 31 December 2017
Label: Flightless Records
Formats: CD, LP
6
"—" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released in that country.
Extended plays[edit]
Anglesea (2011)
Willoughby's Beach (2011)
Singles[edit]
"Sleep / Summer" (2010)
"Hey There / Ants & Bats" (2010)
"Black Tooth" (2011)
"Bloody Ripper" (2012)
"Head On / Pill" (2014)
"Cellophane / The Wholly Ghost" (2014)
"Slow Jam 1" (2015)
"The River" (2015)
"Trapdoor" (2015)
"Bone" (2016)
"Gamma Knife" (2016)
"People-Vultures" (2016)
"Mr. Beat" (2016)
"Rattlesnake" (2017)
"Nuclear Fusion" (2017)
"Sleep Drifter" (2017)
"Crumbling Castle" (2017)
"Beginner's Luck" (2017)
"All Is Known" (2017)
"Greenhouse Heat Death" (2017)
"The Last Oasis" (2017)[56]
Music videos[edit]
"Dead Beat"
"Danger $$$"
"Bloody Ripper"
"Sam Cherry's Last Shot"
"MUCKRAKER"
"NEIN"
"Eyes Like The Sky (Trailer)"
"Head On/Pill (Live Clip)"
"30 Past 7"
"I'm Not A Man Unless I Have A Woman"
"Vegemite"
"Hot Wax"
"Cellophane"
"Satan Speeds Up"
"Slow Jam"
"The River"
"Paper Mâché Dream Balloon (Promo)"
"Trapdoor"
"Robot Stop"
"Gamma Knife"
"People Vultures"
"Invisible Face"
"Rattlesnake"
"Han Tyumi & The Murder of The Universe"
"The Lord of Lightning vs Balrog"
"Countdown" (with Mild High Club)
"Crumbling Castle"
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Michael Hann. "King Gizzard and the Lizard Wizard: I'm in Your Mind Fuzz review | Music". The Guardian. Retrieved 2016-04-29.
Jump up ^ Patrick Emery. "King Gizzard and the Lizard Wizard: album more than a procession of songs". Smh.com.au. Retrieved 2016-04-29.
Jump up ^ Clayton-Lea, Tony (21 June 2017). "King Gizzard & the Lizard Wizard: Murder of the Universe – prog-rock walks the earth once more". The Irish Times. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
Jump up ^ Adams, Will (13 March 2017). "Top 10 best King Gizzard and The Lizard Wizard songs". AXS. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "King Gizzard And The Lizard Wizard". FasterLouder. 2011-10-20. Retrieved 2017-02-08.
Jump up ^ "Willoughby's Beach EP, by King Gizzard & The Lizard Wizard". King Gizzard & The Lizard Wizard. Retrieved 2017-02-08.
Jump up ^ "King Gizzard And The Lizard Wizard: Willoughby's Beach | Beat Magazine". www.beat.com.au. Retrieved 2017-02-08.
Jump up ^ "12 Bar Bruise, by King Gizzard & The Lizard Wizard". King Gizzard & The Lizard Wizard. Retrieved 2017-02-08.
Jump up ^ "Album Review: King Gizzard And The Lizard Wizard '12 Bar Bruise' | Purple Sneakers". Purple Sneakers. 2012-08-17. Retrieved 2017-02-08.
^ Jump up to: a b "Eyes Like The Sky, by King Gizzard & The Lizard Wizard". King Gizzard & The Lizard Wizard. Retrieved 2017-02-08.
Jump up ^ "ALBUM REVIEW: King Gizzard And The Lizard Wizard 'Eyes Like The Sky' | Purple Sneakers". Purple Sneakers. 2013-02-20. Retrieved 2017-02-08.
Jump up ^ "Float Along - Fill Your Lungs, by King Gizzard & The Lizard Wizard". King Gizzard & The Lizard Wizard. Retrieved 2017-02-08.
Jump up ^ "King Gizzard And The Lizard Wizard : Float Along – Fill Your Lungs | Beat Magazine". www.beat.com.au. Retrieved 2017-02-08.
Jump up ^ "Oddments, by King Gizzard & The Lizard Wizard". King Gizzard & The Lizard Wizard. Retrieved 2017-02-08.
Jump up ^ "King Gizzard & The Lizard Wizard – Oddments". FasterLouder. 2014-03-05. Retrieved 2017-02-08.
Jump up ^ "Album Review: King Gizzard And The Lizard Wizard - Oddments (2014 LP) | the AU review". the AU review. Retrieved 2017-02-08.
Jump up ^ "I'm In Your Mind Fuzz, by King Gizzard & The Lizard Wizard". King Gizzard & The Lizard Wizard. Retrieved 2017-02-08.
Jump up ^ Canal Cascais (2015-01-19), King Gizzard & the Lizard Wizard | Vodafone Mexefest 2014, Portugal, retrieved 2017-02-08
Jump up ^ "King Gizzard and the Lizard Wizard Enter Your Mind Fuzz". Interview Magazine. Retrieved 2017-02-08.
Jump up ^ "King Gizzard & The Lizard Wizard: I'm in Your Mind Fuzz Album Review | Pitchfork". pitchfork.com. Retrieved 2017-02-08.
Jump up ^ "Quarters!, by King Gizzard & The Lizard Wizard". King Gizzard & The Lizard Wizard. Retrieved 2017-02-08.
Jump up ^ "King Gizzard & The Lizard Wizard* - Quarters!". Discogs. Retrieved 2017-02-08.
Jump up ^ "King Gizzard & The Lizard Wizard's 'Quarters!' Reviewed In Quarters". www.tonedeaf.com.au. Retrieved 2017-02-08.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Paper Mâché Dream Balloon, by King Gizzard & The Lizard Wizard". King Gizzard & The Lizard Wizard. Retrieved 2017-02-08.
Jump up ^ Hann, Michael (2015-11-19). "King Gizzard and the Lizard Wizard: Paper Mâché Dream Balloon review – mellow, defuzzed psychedelia". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2017-02-08.
Jump up ^ Flightless (2015-11-10), King Gizzard & The Lizard Wizard - Trapdoor, retrieved 2017-07-21
Jump up ^ "ATO Welcomes King Gizzard & The Lizard Wizard! – ATO RECORDS". atorecords.com. Retrieved 2017-07-21.
Jump up ^ Tim Sendra. "Nonagon Infinity - King Gizzard & the Lizard Wizard | Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved 2016-04-29.
Jump up ^ "Pre-Order New King Gizzard Album "Nonagon Infinity", Watch "Gamma Knife" Music Video – ATO RECORDS". atorecords.com. Retrieved 2016-04-11.
Jump up ^ "King Gizzard & The Lizard Wizard – "Gamma Knife" Video (Stereogum Premiere)". Stereogum. Retrieved 2016-04-11.
Jump up ^ "King Gizzard And The Lizard Wizard Premiere "People-Vultures"". The FADER. Retrieved 2016-04-11.
Jump up ^ Flightless (2016-05-06), King Gizzard & The Lizard Wizard - People-Vultures (Official Video), retrieved 2017-07-21
Jump up ^ Berman, Stuart. "King Gizzard & The Lizard Wizard: Nonagon Infinity Album Review | Pitchfork". pitchfork.com. Retrieved 2017-08-03.
Jump up ^ Milton, Jamie (16 November 2017). "King Gizzard & the Lizard Wizard on making the world’s first release-your-own album", NME. Retrieved 31 December 2017.
Jump up ^ "Making our 10th album in the studio we built". Facebook. Retrieved 2016-11-01.
Jump up ^ "Shuga Records - King Gizzard & The Lizard Wizard - Flying Microtonal Banana". Shuga Records. Retrieved 2017-01-05.
Jump up ^ "King Gizzard & The Lizard Wizard Talk New Album, 'Flying Microtonal Banana'", Guitar World. Retrieved 31 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Flightless (2016-11-10), King Gizzard & The Lizard Wizard - Rattlesnake (Official Video), retrieved 2017-01-18
Jump up ^ Flightless (2016-12-21), King Gizzard & The Lizard Wizard - Nuclear Fusion (Official Audio), retrieved 2017-01-18
Jump up ^ Flightless (2017-01-17), King Gizzard & The Lizard Wizard - Sleep Drifter (Official Audio), retrieved 2017-01-18
Jump up ^ Flightless (2016-11-10), King Gizzard & The Lizard Wizard - Rattlesnake (Official Video), retrieved 2017-07-21
Jump up ^ "MURDER OF THE UNIVERSE • New Album June 23". kinggizzardandthelizardwizard.com. Retrieved 2017-06-23.
Jump up ^ "King Gizzard & The Lizard Wizard - Murder Of The Universe (Altered Beast Edition) PRE-ORDER". Flightless Records. Retrieved 2017-06-23.
Jump up ^ "King Gizzard Announces New Album 'Murder of the Universe' out June 23rd. Watch 360 Degree Live Performance – ATO RECORDS". atorecords.com. Retrieved 2017-06-23.
Jump up ^ "King Gizzard & The Lizard Wizard - Murder Of The Universe". Clash Magazine. Retrieved 2017-06-23.
Jump up ^ "King Gizzard & The Lizard Wizard "The Lord Of Lightning" 04/17/17". TeamCoco. Retrieved 2017-07-21.
^ Jump up to: a b "King Gizzard & the Lizard Wizard Surprise Release New Album: Listen". Pitchfork. Retrieved 2017-08-18.
Jump up ^ "POLYGONDWANALAND". 2017-11-14. Retrieved 2017-12-12.
Jump up ^ Flightless (2017-10-18), King Gizzard & The Lizard Wizard - Crumbling Castle, retrieved 2017-12-12
Jump up ^ "King Gizzard & The Lizard Wizard Give Update On Fifth & Final Album For 2017". Music Feeds. 2017-12-07. Retrieved 2017-12-08.
Jump up ^ Bruwier, Niels (2017-12-12). "Nieuwe singles King Gizzard & The Lizard Wizard – "Beginners Luck" & "All Is Known"" (in Dutch). Retrieved 2017-12-12.
Jump up ^ Jenke, Tyler (2017-12-13). "King Gizzard have just dropped two brand new singles". Retrieved 2017-12-14.
Jump up ^ "King Gizzard & The Lizard Wizard". www.facebook.com. Retrieved 2017-12-30.
Jump up ^ Gwee, Karen (6 December 2017). "Band of the Year King Gizzard and the Lizard Wizard Can’t Stop, Won’t Stop, and Don’t Need to Stop", Consequence of Sound. Retrieved 31 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Australian charts:
ARIA Charts top 50: Hung, Steffen. "Discography King Gizzard and the Lizard Wizard". Australian Charts Portal. Hung Medien. Retrieved 17 January 2018.
I'm in Your Mind Fuzz: Wallace, Ian (17 November 2014). "Week Commencing ~ 17th November 2014 ~ Issue #1290" (PDF). The ARIA Report. Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) (1290): 2, 6, 14, 21. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 November 2014. Retrieved 17 January 2018.
Quarters!: Wallace, Ian (1 June 2015). "Week Commencing ~ 1st June 2015 ~ Issue #1318" (PDF). The ARIA Report. Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) (1318): 8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 June 2015. Retrieved 17 January 2018.
Paper Mâché Dream Balloon: Wallace, Ian (30 November 2015). "Week Commencing ~ 30th November 2015 ~ Issue #1344" (PDF). The ARIA Report. Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) (1344): 6, 8, 21. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 December 2015. Retrieved 17 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "King Gizzard and the Lizard Wizard Discography". Discogs.com. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
External links[edit]
Discography at Discogs
Band homepage
hide
v
t
e
King Gizzard and the Lizard Wizard
Stu Mackenzie
Ambrose Kenny-Smith
Joey Walker
Cook Craig
Michael Cavanagh
Lucas Skinner
Eric Moore
Studio albums
12 Bar Bruise
Eyes Like the Sky
Float Along - Fill Your Lungs
Oddments
I'm in Your Mind Fuzz
Quarters!
Paper Mâché Dream Balloon
Nonagon Infinity
Flying Microtonal Banana
Murder of the Universe
Sketches of Brunswick East
Polygondwanaland
Gumboot Soup
EP's
Anglesea
Willoughby's Beach
Singles
"Bloody Ripper"
"Elbow"
"30 Past 7"
"Vegemite"
"Head On/Pill"
"Cellophane / The Wholly Ghost"
"Paper Mâché Dream Balloon"
"Trapdoor"
"The River"
"People-Vultures"
"Gamma Knife"
"Rattlesnake"
"Nuclear Fusion"
"Sleep Drifter"
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Yum! Brands
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Yum! Brands, Inc.
Formerly called
Tricon Global Restaurants
Type
Public
Traded as
NYSE: YUM
S&P 500 Component
Industry
Restaurants
Founded
May 30, 1997
Headquarters
Louisville, Kentucky, U.S.
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
Robert D. Walter
(Non-Executive Chairman)
Greg Creed (CEO)
David Gibbs (CFO)
Revenue
US$6.366 billion (2016)[1]
Operating income
US$1.625 billion (2016)[1]
Net income
US$1.619 billion (2016)[1]
Total assets
US$5.478 billion (2016)[1]
Total equity
US$5.656 billion (2016)[1]
Number of employees
Approximately 90,000 (as of December 2016)[2]
Subsidiaries
KFC
Pizza Hut
Taco Bell
WingStreet
Yum! Restaurants International
Yum! Restaurants India
Website
www.yum.com
Yum! Brands, Inc., or Yum! and formerly Tricon Global Restaurants, Inc., is an American fast food company. A Fortune 500 corporation, Yum! operates the brands Taco Bell, KFC, Pizza Hut, and WingStreet worldwide, except in China, where the brands are operated by a separate company, Yum China. Prior to 2011, Yum! owned Long John Silver's and A&W Restaurants.
Based in Louisville, Kentucky, it is one of the world's largest fast food restaurant companies in terms of system units—with 43,617 restaurants (including 2,859 that are company-owned and 40,758 that are franchised) around the world in over 135 countries and territories.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Tricon Global Restaurants
1.2 Yum! Brands
1.3 International focus
2 Corporate
3 Brands
3.1 Current
3.2 Former
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
Tricon Global Restaurants[edit]
Yum! was created on May 30, 1997, as Tricon Global Restaurants, Inc. from PepsiCo's fast food division as the parent corporation of KFC, Pizza Hut and Taco Bell restaurant companies.[4][5] Tricon Global was spun out in late 1997. Tricon selected Louisville as its headquarters, moving near the KFC Restaurant Support Center from the Pepsi HQ in Purchase, New York, by early 1998.[5]
In 2000, Tricon Global agreed to test multi-branded locations with Yorkshire Global Restaurants. By March 2002, the Tricon-Yorkshire multibranding test consisted of 83 KFC/A&Ws, six KFC/Long John Silver's and three Taco Bell/Long John Silver's and was considered successful by the companies.[6]
In 2001, KFC started test restaurants in Austin, Texas, called "Wing Works", which is a chicken wing line sold with one of a few flavored sauces. Also, KFC hired a consultant to develop a breakfast menu.[7]
Yum! Brands[edit]
In March 2002, Tricon announced the acquisition of Lexington, Kentucky-based Yorkshire Global Restaurants, owner of the Long John Silver's and A&W Restaurants[8] chains and its intention to change the company's name to Yum! Brands, Inc. On May 16, 2002, the name change became effective after a vote during the company's annual shareholders meeting, and on June 17, 2002, Yum! executed a two-for-one stock split. Shortly afterwards, due to Yum!'s lifetime contract with Pepsi, Long John Silver's and A&W Restaurants (both of which previously served Coca-Cola products) began switching to Pepsi products, with A&W Restaurants retaining A&W Root Beer from a separate deal with Dr Pepper/Seven Up (now Dr Pepper Snapple Group).
In 2002, Yum! began testing co-branding locations pairing Pizza Hut with Pasta Bravo, Back Yard Burgers and A&W.[9] The Pasta Bravo concept was acquired in 2003 from Pasta Bravo, Inc. of Aliso Viejo, California for $5 million to pair with Pizza Hut.[10]
In 2003, Yum! launched WingStreet as a hybrid combo unit with an existing Pizza Hut franchise.[11] In 2007 and 2008, a thousand WingStreet stores a year were opened. On October 19, 2009, Company president Scott Bergren publicize WingStreet's national launch.[11]
An East Dawning test cafeteria-style restaurant was opened in Shanghai in 2004. After initially failing, Yum! Brands chose the KFC business model (KFC is the most successful Western chain in China) and found greater success.[12] As of September 30, 2007, eight East Dawning restaurants were in operation.[13]
International focus[edit]
A single Yum! restaurant facility co-branded as Taco Bell and KFC in San Francisco, California
Another cobranded KFC and Taco Bell in Oscoda, Michigan
In January 2011, Yum! announced its intentions to divest itself of its Long John Silver's and A&W brands to focus on its core brands of KFC, Pizza Hut and Taco Bell. For the decade leading up to the company's announcement, major growth had relied on international expansion. With little presence outside North America, the two chains no longer fit in the company's long-term growth plans.[14] The foreign expansion—particularly that of Taco Bell, KFC and Pizza Hut—was cited in the firm's January 18, 2011, announcement of its intention to sell the A&W and Long John Silver's chains. Both of those chains also suffered from poor sales, and had fewer locations compared to the other chains in the Yum! Brands portfolio. In September 2011, Yum! announced they had found buyers for the A&W and LJS chains. A Great American Brand will buy A&W, and LJS will be acquired by LJS Partners LLC.[8]
In May 2011, Yum! agreed to purchase Chinese hot pot chain Little Sheep for HK$4.56 billion.[15] The deal spent more than 4 months in anti-trust review by the Chinese Ministry of Commerce, to determine whether or not the transaction would result in a monopolistic positioning of Yum! in the country's restaurant industry. The Ministry approved the deal in November 2011, according to Little Sheep representatives.[16]
In 2012, a KFC opened in Ramallah and became the first American fast food restaurant to operate in the West Bank; a Pizza Hut is also planned.[17]
In 2013, a few KFC locations in China supplied chicken found to contain "excess levels of chemical residue". Yum! has lost 6% of sales from publicity in China as of January 25.[18]
The company opened its first restaurant in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, in May 2013. For Mongolia, KFC is the first western fast food to open its doors in the country. The company is planning to open 15 more restaurants in Ulaanbaatar in the next 5 years, including the country's first drive-thru service.[19] Yum! Brands has also opened Taco Bell and Pizza Hut restaurants in newer Target stores.
Yum! Brands opened its 40,000th store in Calangute, Goa, India in October 2013.[20]
In 2013, its KFC subsidiary opened a fast casual version, KFC eleven, test location in Louisville on Bardstown Road.[21] In the third quarter of 2013, Yum! Brands had to book an impairment of the goodwill resulting from the takeover of Little Sheep in 2011 in the amount of $222 million, which reduced profits for 2013.[22]
In 2014, Yum! launched a number of additional restaurant test concepts, Super Chix, U.S. Taco Co. and Banh Shop.[23] Yum! opened Super Chix in Central Arlington, Texas that is similar in format to Chick-fil-A on April 9, 2014.[24] In the summer of 2014, Yum!'s Taco Bell subsidiary launched its U.S. Taco Co and Urban Tap Room fast-casual taco concept restaurant in Huntington Beach, California, to take on fast casual restaurants like Chipotle and Panera.[25]
In the first quarter of 2015, Third Point Management and Corvex Management separately acquired an unspecified stake in the company.[26] The sole KFC Eleven was closed in April 2015.[21] A second Chix unit opened in May 2015 with additional menu items. Super Chix was sold to founder Nick Ouimet and an investment group in August 2015.[23]
In 2017, Yum! announced plans to open 10 Pizza Hut restaurants in Ethiopia, after signing a franchise with the country's Belayab Foods and Franchise PLC.[27]
Corporate[edit]
The KFC Yum! Center, Louisville's largest arena
The current executive chairman of Yum! Brands is Greg Creed. The previous CEO was David C. Novak.[28] Novak became CEO of predecessor firm Tricon Global on January 1, 2000, and chairman of the board on January 1, 2001.[29] Greg Creed replaced Novak in his role as CEO on January 1, 2015.[30] At the AGM in May 2016, Robert D. Walter became non-executive chairman.
On October 20, 2015, Yum! Brands, Inc., announced that it intended to separate into two independent, publicly traded companies.[31] Yum China was spun off on November 1, 2016.[32]
Since 2006, Yum! Brands has served as the corporate sponsor of the Kentucky Derby.[33]
Brands[edit]
Current[edit]
KFC (including XL variant)
Pizza Hut
Taco Bell
WingStreet[11]
Banh Shop (minority investor)
Former[edit]
A&W Restaurants – Sold to A Great American Brand LLC, a consortium of A&W franchisees, in 2011[8]
D'Angelo Sandwich Shops – Sold to Papa Gino's in 1997
Hot 'n Now – Acquired by PepsiCo in 1990, placed under the Taco Bell branch. Now mostly defunct, with only 1 out of 150 remaining in Sturgis, Michigan
Long John Silver's – Sold to LJS Partners, Long John Silver's franchisees and other private investors, in 2011[8]
Pasta Bravo
Super Chix[23]
East Dawning – Spun off into Yum! China in 2016
Little Sheep – Spun off into Yum! China in 2016
See also[edit]
Louisville portal
Companies portal
Food portal
List of major employers in Louisville, Kentucky
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "YUM! Brands, Inc., Historical Financial Summary, Fourth Quarter, 2016" (PDF). Yum! Brands. Retrieved April 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Yum Brands on the Fortune 500". Fortune. Retrieved June 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Yum! Brands2016 10-K". yum.com. Retrieved June 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Yum! Brands Inc (YUM) Company Profile". Reuters.com. Reuters. Retrieved October 3, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Johnson, Greg (August 1, 1997). "Taco Bell's Parent to Be Based in Louisville, Ky.". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Tricon Global Restaurants announced it has signed a definitive agreement to acquire Long John Silver's and A&W All American Food Restaurants, owned by Yorkshire Global Restaurants" (Press release). Tricon Global Restaurants. Bison.com. March 2002. Retrieved November 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "KFC taps 'Seinfeld' star, starts 'Wing Works' test". Nation's Restaurant News. Lebhar-Friedman. August 6, 2001. Archived from the original on July 16, 2012. Retrieved January 26, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Yum Sells 2 Fast-Food Chains". New York Times. September 22, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Pizza Hut, Pasta Bravo Test Co-Branding". Entrepreneur. Nation's Restaurant News. August 6, 2002. Retrieved November 10, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Yum buys Pasta Bravo rights for P. Hut pairings". Nation's Restaurant News. Lebhar-Friedman. April 14, 2003. Archived from the original on July 10, 2012. Retrieved January 26, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c Cyrek, Christopher (October 20, 2009). "Pizza Hut going after wings market". Dallas Business Journal. Dallas, Texas: American City Business Journals, Inc. Retrieved January 26, 2011.
Jump up ^ Adamy, J. (October 20, 2006). "One U.S. Chain's Unlikely Goal: Pitching Chinese Food in China". The Wall Street Journal.
Jump up ^ "Yum! Brands – Defining Global Company that Feeds the World".
Jump up ^ "Yum puts A&W, Long John Silver's up for sale". MSNBC. Associated Press. January 18, 2011. Retrieved January 20, 2011.
Jump up ^ Jin, Tony (October 27, 2011). "Uncertainty Surfaces Over Yum's Takeover of Little Sheep". China Perspective. Retrieved November 11, 2015.
Jump up ^ Guang, Yin (November 8, 2011). "China Corporate News: Yum's Little Sheep Takeover Review Cleared". China Perspective. Retrieved November 11, 2015.
Jump up ^ American fried chicken comes to the Palestinian territories, Los Angeles Times, February 4, 2012, access date February 20, 2012
Jump up ^ "Yum Brands' chicken in China contained excessive chemical levels, report says". Business First. January 25, 2013. Retrieved January 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Yum! Brands expands to Mongolia, plans more growth". Business First. May 29, 2013. Retrieved May 30, 2013.
Jump up ^ Narayan, Adi (October 23, 2013). "Yum to Invest $10 Billion With Partners in Emerging Markets Push". Bloomberg. Retrieved November 19, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Elson, Martha (April 29, 2015). ""What now?" after Highlands KFC eleven closes". The Courier-Journal. Retrieved November 11, 2015.
Jump up ^ Hoang, Anh (October 26, 2013). "Should Investors Worry About Yum! Brands' Sluggish Third Quarter Results?". The Motley Fool. Archived from the original on August 10, 2016. Retrieved August 10, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c Ruggless, Ron (August 14, 2015). "Super Chix founder, investors buy concept from Yum". Nation's Restaurant News. Penton Restaurant Group. Retrieved November 11, 2015.
Jump up ^ Daniels, Lauren Drewes (April 10, 2014). "The First Super Chix, a Fast-Food Chicken Joint from KFC's Owners, Opens in Arlington". Dallas Observer. Retrieved November 10, 2015.
Jump up ^ Dockterman, Eliana (April 24, 2014). "Taco Bell for Foodies". Time. Time Inc. Retrieved November 11, 2015.
Jump up ^ Herbst-Bayliss, Svea (May 1, 2015). "Third Point takes stake in Yum! Brands, stock climbs". Reuter. Thomson Reuters. Retrieved November 11, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Yum to open 10 Ethiopian Pizza Huts in African expansion". af.reuters.com. Retrieved 2017-04-25.
Jump up ^ "Yum! Brands, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Feb 10, 2000". secdatabase.com. Retrieved February 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Yum! Brands, Form 10-K, Annual Report, Filing Date Mar 28, 2001" (PDF). secdatabase.com. Retrieved February 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Yum! Brands – Defining Global Company that Feeds the World".
Jump up ^ "Yum! Brands announced that it intends to separate into two independent, publicly-traded companies." Company news release, October 20, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Yum! Brands, Inc. (NYSE: YUM) today announced that it has completed the separation of Yum China Holdings, Inc. ("Yum China") from Yum! Brands, creating two powerful, independent, focused growth companies."
Jump up ^ "Kentucky Derby including Yum Brands in its name – May. 5, 2006".
External links[edit]
Official website
Diners Walk Through One Door and Visit Two Restaurants – Article in The New York Times (July 11, 2005) on Yum!'s strategy of multibranding restaurants
Yum Brands and World Hunger Relief Week
Business data for Yum! Brands: Google Finance
Yahoo! Finance
Bloomberg
Reuters
SEC filings
Fast Food's Yummy Secret: America's second-biggest fast-food group is as successful as it is little known – Special report in The Economist (August 27, 2005) on Yum! Brands
[hide]
v
t
e
Yum! Brands
Current concepts
KFC
Pizza Hut
Taco Bell
WingStreet
Former concepts
A&W Restaurants
Long John Silver's
People
Greg Creed (CEO)
David C. Novak
Micky Pant
Robert D. Walter (Chairman)
Related
Yum China
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yum!_Brands&oldid=801445261"
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Comment (computer programming)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For comments in Wikipedia markup, see Help:Wiki markup#Character formatting and WP:COMMENT.
An illustration of Java source code with prologue comments indicated in red and inline comments in green. Program code is in blue.
In computer programming, a comment is a programmer-readable explanation or annotation in the source code of a computer program. They are added with the purpose of making the source code easier for humans to understand, and are generally ignored by compilers and interpreters.[1][2] The syntax of comments in various programming languages varies considerably.
Comments are sometimes processed in various ways to generate documentation external to the source code itself by documentation generators, or used for integration with source code management systems and other kinds of external programming tools.
The flexibility provided by comments allows for a wide degree of variability, but formal conventions for their use are commonly part of programming style guides.
Contents
1 Overview
2 Uses
2.1 Planning and reviewing
2.2 Code description
2.3 Algorithmic description
2.4 Resource inclusion
2.5 Metadata
2.6 Debugging
2.7 Automatic documentation generation
2.8 Syntax extension
2.9 Stress relief
3 Normative views
3.1 Need for comments
3.2 Level of detail
4 Styles
4.1 Block comment
4.2 Inline comment (End-of-line)
5 Tags
6 Examples
6.1 Comparison
6.1.1 Ada
6.1.2 AppleScript
6.1.3 BASIC
6.1.4 C
6.1.5 Cisco IOS and IOS-XE configuration
6.1.6 ColdFusion
6.1.7 Fortran IV
6.1.8 Fortran 90
6.1.9 Haskell
6.1.10 Java
6.1.11 JavaScript
6.1.12 Lua
6.1.13 MATLAB
6.1.14 OCaml
6.1.15 Pascal
6.1.16 Perl
6.1.17 Perl 6
6.1.18 PHP
6.1.19 PowerShell
6.1.20 Python
6.1.21 Ruby
6.1.22 SQL
6.1.23 Swift
6.1.24 XML
7 Security issues
8 See also
9 Notes and references
10 Further reading
11 External links
Overview[edit]
Comments are generally formatted as either block comments (also called prologue comments or stream comments) or line comments (also called inline comments).[3]
Block comments delimit a region of source code which may span multiple lines or a part of a single line. This region is specified with a start delimiter and an end delimiter. Some programming languages (such as MATLAB) allow block comments to be recursively nested inside one another, but others (such as Java) do not.[4][5][6]
Line comments either start with a comment delimiter and continue until the end of the line, or in some cases, start at a specific column (character line offset) in the source code, and continue until the end of the line.[6]
Some programming languages employ both block and line comments with different comment delimiters. For example, C++ has block comments delimited by /* and */ that can span multiple lines and line comments delimited by //. Other languages support only one type of comment. For example, Ada comments are line comments: they start with -- and continue to the end of the line.[6]
Uses[edit]
How best to make use of comments is subject to dispute; different commentators have offered varied and sometimes opposing viewpoints.[7][8] There are many different ways of writing comments and many commentators who offer sometimes conflicting advice.[8]
Planning and reviewing[edit]
Comments can be used as a form of pseudocode to outline intention prior to writing the actual code. In this case it should explain the logic behind the code rather than the code itself.
/* loop backwards through all elements returned by the server (they should be processed chronologically)*/ for (i = (numElementsReturned - 1); i >= 0; i--){ /* process each element's data */ updatePattern(i, returnedElements[i]); }
If this type of comment is left in, it simplifies the review process by allowing a direct comparison of the code with the intended results. A common logical fallacy is that code that is easy to understand does what it's supposed to do.
Code description[edit]
Comments can be used to summarize code or to explain the programmer's intent. According to this school of thought, restating the code in plain English is considered superfluous; the need to re-explain code may be a sign that it is too complex and should be rewritten, or that the naming is bad.
"Don't document bad code – rewrite it."[9]
"Good comments don't repeat the code or explain it. They clarify its intent. Comments should explain, at a higher level of abstraction than the code, what you're trying to do."[10]
Comments may also be used to explain why a block of code does not seem to fit conventions or best practices. This is especially true of projects involving very little development time, or in bug fixing. For example:
' Second variable dim because of server errors produced when reuse form data. No ' documentation available on server behavior issue, so just coding around it. vtx = server.mappath("local settings")
Algorithmic description[edit]
Sometimes source code contains a novel or noteworthy solution to a specific problem. In such cases, comments may contain an explanation of the methodology. Such explanations may include diagrams and formal mathematical proofs. This may constitute explanation of the code, rather than a clarification of its intent; but others tasked with maintaining the code base may find such explanation crucial. This might especially be true in the case of highly specialized problem domains; or rarely used optimizations, constructs or function-calls.[11]
For example, a programmer may add a comment to explain why an insertion sort was chosen instead of a quicksort, as the former is, in theory, slower than the latter. This could be written as follows:
list = [f (b), f (b), f (c), f (d), f (a), ...]; // Need a stable sort. Besides, the performance really does not matter. insertion_sort (list);
Resource inclusion[edit]
Logos, diagrams, and flowcharts consisting of ASCII art constructions can be inserted into source code formatted as a comment.[12] Further, copyright notices can be embedded within source code as comments. Binary data may also be encoded in comments through a process known as binary-to-text encoding, although such practice is uncommon and typically relegated to external resource files.
The following code fragment is a simple ASCII diagram depicting the process flow for a system administration script contained in a Windows Script File running under Windows Script Host. Although a section marking the code appears as a comment, the diagram itself actually appears in an XML CDATA section, which is technically considered distinct from comments, but can serve similar purposes.[13]
<!-- begin: wsf_resource_nodes --> <resource id="ProcessDiagram000"> <![CDATA[ HostApp (Main_process) | V script.wsf (app_cmd) --> ClientApp (async_run, batch_process) | | V mru.ini (mru_history) ]]> </resource>
Although this identical diagram could easily have been included as a comment, the example illustrates one instance where a programmer may opt not to use comments as a way of including resources in source code.[13]
Metadata[edit]
Main article: Metadata
Comments in a computer program often store metadata about a program file.
In particular, many software maintainers put submission guidelines in comments to help people who read the source code of that program to send any improvements they make back to the maintainer.
Other metadata includes: the name of the creator of the original version of the program file and the date when the first version was created, the name of the current maintainer of the program, the names of other people who have edited the program file so far, the URL of documentation about how to use the program, the name of the software license for this program file, etc.
When an algorithm in some section of the program is based on a description in a book or other reference, comments can be used to give the page number and title of the book or Request for Comments or other reference.
Debugging[edit]
A common developer practice is to comment out a code snippet, meaning to add comment syntax causing that block of code to become a comment, so that it will not be executed in the final program. This may be done to exclude certain pieces of code from the final program, or (more commonly) it can be used to find the source of an error. By systematically commenting out and running parts of the program, the source of an error can be determined, allowing it to be corrected.
An example of commenting out code for exclusion purposes is below:
if (opt.equals ("e")) opt_enabled = true; /* if (opt.equals ("d")) opt_debug = true; */ if (opt.equals ("v")) opt_verbose = true;
The above code fragment suggests that the programmer opted to disable the debugging option for some reason.
Many IDEs allow quick adding or removing such comments with single menu options or key combinations. The programmer has only to mark the part of text they want to (un)comment and choose the appropriate option.
Automatic documentation generation[edit]
Main article: Documentation generator
Programming tools sometimes store documentation and metadata in comments.[14] These may include insert positions for automatic header file inclusion, commands to set the file's syntax highlighting mode,[15] or the file's revision number.[16] These functional control comments are also commonly referred to as annotations. Keeping documentation within source code comments is considered as one way to simplify the documentation process, as well as increase the chances that the documentation will be kept up to date with changes in the code.[17]
Examples of documentation generators include the programs Javadoc for use with Java, Ddoc for D, Doxygen for C, C++, Java, IDL, Visual Expert for PL/SQL, Transact-SQL, PowerBuilder and PHPDoc for PHP. Forms of docstring are supported by Python, Lisp, Elixir, and Clojure.[18]
C#, F# and Visual Basic implement a similar feature called "XML Comments" which are read by IntelliSense from the compiled .NET assembly.[19]
Syntax extension[edit]
Occasionally syntax elements that were originally intended to be comments are re-purposed to convey additional information to a program, such as "conditional comments". Such "hot comments" may be the only practical solution that maintains backward-compatibility, but are widely regarded as a kludge.[20]
Stress relief[edit]
Sometimes comments in source code are used as a way to relieve stress by commenting about development tools, competitors, employers, working conditions, or the quality of the code itself.[21] The occurrence of this phenomenon can be easily seen from online resources that track profanity in source code.[22]
Normative views[edit]
There are various normative views and long-standing opinions regarding the proper use of comments in source code.[23] Some of these are informal and based on personal preference, while others are published or promulgated as formal guidelines.[24]
Need for comments[edit]
Experts have varying viewpoints on whether, and when, comments are appropriate in source code.[9][25] Some assert that source code should be written with few comments, on the basis that the source code should be self-explanatory or self-documenting.[9] Others suggest code should be extensively commented (it is not uncommon for over 50% of the non-whitespace characters in source code to be contained within comments).[26][27]
In between these views is the assertion that comments are neither beneficial nor harmful by themselves, and what matters is that they are correct and kept in sync with the source code, and omitted if they are superfluous, excessive, difficult to maintain or otherwise unhelpful.[28][29]
Comments are sometimes used to document contracts in the design by contract approach to programming.
Level of detail[edit]
Depending on the intended audience of the code and other considerations, the level of detail and description may vary considerably.
For example, the following Java comment would be suitable in an introductory text designed to teach beginning programming:
String s = "Wikipedia"; /* Assigns the value "Wikipedia" to the variable s. */
This level of detail, however, would not be appropriate in the context of production code, or other situations involving experienced developers. Such rudimentary descriptions are inconsistent with the guideline: "Good comments ... clarify intent."[10] Further, for professional coding environments, the level of detail is ordinarily well-defined to meet a specific performance requirement defined by business operations.[27]
Styles[edit]
There are many stylistic alternatives available when considering how comments should appear in source code. For larger projects involving a team of developers, comment styles are either agreed upon before a project starts, or evolve as a matter of convention or need as a project grows. Usually programmers prefer styles that are consistent, non-obstructive, easy to modify, and difficult to break.[30]
Block comment[edit]
The following code fragments in C demonstrate just a tiny example of how comments can vary stylistically, while still conveying the same basic information:
/* This is the comment body. Variation One. */
/***************************\ * * * This is the comment body. * * Variation Two. * * * \***************************/
Factors such as personal preference, flexibility of programming tools, and other considerations tend to influence the stylistic variants used in source code. For example, Variation Two might be disfavored among programmers who do not have source code editors that can automate the alignment and visual appearance of text in comments.
Software consultant and technology commentator Allen Holub[31] is one expert who advocates aligning the left edges of comments:[32]
/* This is the style recommended by Holub for C and C++. * It is demonstrated in ''Enough Rope'', in rule 29. */
/* This is another way to do it, also in C. ** It is easier to do in editors that do not automatically indent the second ** through last lines of the comment one space from the first. ** It is also used in Holub's book, in rule 31. */
The use of /* and */ as block comment delimiters was inherited from PL/I into the B programming language, the immediate predecessor of the C programming language.[33]
Inline comment (End-of-line)[edit]
In this form, all the text from the ASCII characters // to the end of the line is ignored.
// begin: Variation Three. // ------------------------- // This is the comment body. // -------------------------
Different styles can be chosen for different areas of code, from individual lines to paragraphs, routines, files, and programs. If the syntax supports both line comments and block comments, one method is to use line comments only for minor comments (declarations, blocks and edits) and to use block comments to describe higher-level abstractions (functions, classes, files and modules).
Sometimes projects try to enforce rules like "one comment every ten lines". These kinds of rules can be counterproductive when too rigorous, but may provide a useful standard of measurement and consistency if the project participants deem it necessary.
Inline comments using the characters // were part of the BCPL language. However, when Dennis Ritchie re-implemented BCPL as the B language, he chose to use PL/I's /* block comments instead. This choice continued in the C language, Ritchie's successor to B.[34] Inline comments using // reappeared in C++ (itself a successor to C), which influenced their adoption in the 1999 standard of the C language.
Tags[edit]
Programmers may use informal tags in comments to assist in indexing common issues. They may then be able to be searched for with common programming tools, such as the Unix grep utility or even syntax-highlighted within text editors. These are sometimes referred to as "codetags"[35][36] or "tokens".[37]
Such tags differ widely, but might include:
BUG – a known bug that should be corrected.
FIXME – should be corrected.
HACK – a workaround.
TODO – something to be done.
UNDONE – a reversal or "roll back" of previous code.
XXX – warn other programmers of problematic or misguiding code
Examples[edit]
Comparison[edit]
Main article: Comparison of programming languages (syntax) § Comments
Typographic conventions to specify comments vary widely. Further, individual programming languages sometimes provide unique variants. For a detailed review, please consult the programming language comparison article.
Ada[edit]
The Ada programming language uses '--' to indicate a comment up to the end of the line.
For example:
-- the air traffic controller task takes requests for takeoff and landing task type Controller (My_Runway: Runway_Access) is -- task entries for synchronous message passing entry Request_Takeoff (ID: in Airplane_ID; Takeoff: out Runway_Access); entry Request_Approach(ID: in Airplane_ID; Approach: out Runway_Access); end Controller;
AppleScript[edit]
This section of AppleScript code shows the two styles of comments used in that language.
(* This program displays a greeting. *) on greet(myGreeting) display dialog myGreeting & " world!" end greet -- Show the greeting greet("Hello")
BASIC[edit]
This BASIC code fragment is a completely functioning program in which the REM ("REMark") keyword is used to add comments that describe what the program does.
10 REM This BASIC program shows the use of the PRINT and GOTO statements. 15 REM It fills the screen with the phrase "HELLO" 20 PRINT "HELLO" 30 GOTO 20
Any text on a line after an ' (apostrophe) character is also treated as a comment in Microsoft BASICs, including QuickBasic, QBasic, Visual Basic, Visual Basic .NET, and VBScript - and in descendants such as FreeBASIC and Gambas.
An example in Visual Basic .NET:
Public Class Form1 Private Sub Button1_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles Button1.Click ' The following code is executed when the user ' clicks the button in the program's window. MessageBox.Show("Hello, World") 'Show a pop-up window with a greeting End Sub End Class
C[edit]
This C code fragment demonstrates the use of a prologue comment or "block comment" to describe the purpose of a conditional statement. The comment explains key terms and concepts, and includes a short signature by the programmer who authored the code.
/* * Check if we are over our maximum process limit, but be sure to * exclude root. This is needed to make it possible for login and * friends to set the per-user process limit to something lower * than the amount of processes root is running. -- Rik */ if (atomic_read(&p->user->processes) >= p->rlim[RLIMIT_NPROC].rlim_cur && !capable(CAP_SYS_ADMIN) && !capable(CAP_SYS_RESOURCE)) goto bad_fork_free;
Since C99, it has also been possible to use the // syntax from C++, indicating a single-line comment.
Cisco IOS and IOS-XE configuration[edit]
The exclamation point (!) may be used to mark comments in a Cisco router's configuration mode. Such comments are not, however, saved to non-volatile memory (which contains the startup-config), nor are they displayed by the "show run" command.[38][39]
By contrast, the following commands insert human-readable content that is actually part of the configuration, and may be saved to the NVRAM startup-config: The "description" command is used to add a description to the configuration of an interface or of a BGP neighbor, and the "name" parameter may be used to add a remark to a static route. Access lists may also contain "remarks."
! Paste the text below to reroute traffic manually config t int gi0/2 no shut ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 gi0/2 name ISP2 no ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 gi0/1 name ISP1 int gi0/1 shut exit
ColdFusion[edit]
ColdFusion uses comments similar to HTML comments, but instead of two dashes, it uses three. These comments are caught by the ColdFusion engine and not printed to the browser.
<!--- This prints "Hello World" to the browser. ---> <cfoutput> Hello World<br /> </cfoutput>
Fortran IV[edit]
This Fortran IV code fragment demonstrates how comments are used in that language, which is very column-oriented. A letter "C" in column 1 causes the entire line to be treated as a comment.
C C Lines that begin with 'C' (in the first or 'comment' column) are comments C WRITE (6,610) 610 FORMAT(12H HELLO WORLD) END
Note that the columns of a line are otherwise treated as four fields: 1 to 5 is the label field, 6 causes the line to be taken as a continuation of the previous statement; and declarations and statements go in 7 to 72.
Fortran 90[edit]
This Fortran code fragment demonstrates how comments are used in that language, with the comments themselves describing the basic formatting rules.
!* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * !* All characters after an exclamation mark are considered as comments * !* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * program comment_test print '(A)', 'Hello world' ! Fortran 90 introduced the option for inline comments. end program
Haskell[edit]
Line comments in Haskell start with '--' (two hyphens) until the end of line, and multiple line comments start with '{-' and end with '-}'.
{- this is a comment on more lines -} -- and this is a comment on one line putStrLn "Wikipedia" -- this is other comment
Haskell also provides a literate programming method of commenting known as "Bird Style". In this all lines starting with > are interpreted as code, everything else is considered a comment. One additional requirement is that you always leave a blank line before and after the code block:
In Bird-style you have to leave a blank before the code. > fact :: Integer -> Integer > fact 0 = 1 > fact (n+1) = (n+1) * fact n And you have to leave a blank line after the code as well.
Literate programming can also be done in Haskell, using LaTeX. The code environment can be used instead of the Richard Bird's style: In LaTeX style this is equivalent to the above example, the code environment could be defined in the LaTeX preamble. Here is a simple definition:
\usepackage{verbatim} \newenvironment{code}{\verbatim}{\endverbatim}
later in
% the LaTeX source file The \verb|fact n| function call computes $n!$ if $n\ge 0$, here is a definition:\\ \begin{code} fact :: Integer -> Integer fact 0 = 1 fact (n+1) = (n+1) * fact n \end{code} Here more explanation using \LaTeX{} markup
Java[edit]
This Java code fragment shows a block comment used to describe the setToolTipText method. The formatting is consistent with Sun Microsystems Javadoc standards. The comment is designed to be read by the Javadoc processor.
/** * This is a block comment in Java. * The setToolTipText method registers the text to display in a tool tip. * The text is displayed when the cursor lingers over the component. * * @param text The string to be displayed. If 'text' is null, * the tool tip is turned off for this component. */ public void setToolTipText(String text) { //This is an inline comment in Java. TODO: Write code for this method. }
JavaScript[edit]
JavaScript uses // to precede comments and /* */ for multi-line comments.
// A single line JavaScript comment var iNum = 100; var iTwo = 2; // A comment at the end of line /* multi-line JavaScript comment */
Lua[edit]
The Lua programming language uses double-hyphens, --, for single line comments in a similar way to Ada, Eiffel, Haskell, SQL and VHDL languages. Lua also has block comments, which start with --[[ and run until a closing ]]
For example:
--[[A multi-line long comment ]] print(20) -- print the result
A common technique to comment out a piece of code,[40] is to enclose the code between --[[ and --]], as below:
--[[ print(10) --]] -- no action (commented out)
In this case, it's possible to reactivate the code by adding a single hyphen to the first line:
---[[ print(10) --]] --> 10
In the first example, the --[[ in the first line starts a long comment, and the two hyphens in the last line are still inside that comment. In the second example, the sequence ---[[ starts an ordinary, single-line comment, so that the first and the last lines become independent comments. In this case, the print is outside comments. In this case, the last line becomes an independent comment, as it starts with --.
Long comments in Lua can be more complex than these, as you can read in the section called “Long strings” c.f. Programming in Lua.
MATLAB[edit]
In MATLAB's programming language, the '%' character indicates a single-line comment. Multi line comments are also available via %{ and %} brackets and can be nested, e.g.
% These are the derivatives for each term d = [0 -1 0]; %{ %{ (Example of a nested comment, indentation is for cosmetics (and ignored).) %} We form the sequence, following the Taylor formula. Note that we're operating on a vector. %} seq = d .* (x - c).^n ./(factorial(n)) % We add-up to get the Taylor approximation approx = sum(seq)
OCaml[edit]
OCaml uses nestable comments, which is useful when commenting a code block.
codeLine(* comment level 1(*comment level 2*)*)
Pascal[edit]
In Niklaus Wirth's pascal family of languages (including Modula-2 and Oberon), comments are opened with '(*' and completed with '*)'.
for example:
(* test diagonals *) columnDifference := testColumn - column; if (row + columnDifference = testRow) or .......
In modern dialects of Pascal, '{' and '}' are used instead.[41]
Perl[edit]
Line comments in Perl, and many other scripting languages, begin with a hash (#) symbol.
# A simple example # my $s = "Wikipedia"; # Sets the variable s to "Wikipedia". print $s . "\n"; # Add a newline character after printing
Instead of a regular block commenting construct, Perl uses Plain Old Documentation, a markup language for literate programming,[42] for instance:[43]
=item Pod::List-E<gt>new() Create a new list object. Properties may be specified through a hash reference like this: my $list = Pod::List->new({ -start => $., -indent => 4 }); See the individual methods/properties for details. =cut sub new { my $this = shift; my $class = ref($this) || $this; my %params = @_; my $self = {%params}; bless $self, $class; $self->initialize(); return $self; }
Perl 6[edit]
Perl 6 uses the same line comments and POD Documentation comments as regular Perl (see Perl section above), but adds a configurable block comment type: "multi-line / embedded comments".[44]
These start with a hash character, followed by a backtick, and then some opening bracketing character, and end with the matching closing bracketing character.[44] The content can not only span multiple lines, but can also be embedded inline.
# `{{ "commenting out" this version toggle-case(Str:D $s) Toggles the case of each character in a string: my Str $toggled-string = toggle-case("mY NAME IS mICHAEL!"); }} sub toggle-case(Str:D $s) #`( this version is used now ){ ... }
PHP[edit]
Comments in PHP can be either in C++ style (both inline and block), or use hashes. PHPDoc is a style adapted from Javadoc and is a common standard for documenting PHP code.
PowerShell[edit]
Comments in Windows PowerShell
# Single line comment Write-Host "Hello, World!" <# Multi Line Comment #> Write-Host "Goodbye, world!"
Python[edit]
Comments in Python use the hash (#) character, as in the two examples in this code:
# This program prints "Hello World" to the screen print("Hello World!") # Note the new syntax
Specific block comments don't exist in Python, but a bare string literal represented by a triple-quoted string could be used.[45] In the examples below, the triple double-quoted strings act in this way as comments, but are also treated as docstrings:
""" Assuming this is file mymodule.py, then this string, being the first statement in the file, will become the "mymodule" module's docstring when the file is imported. """ class MyClass(object): """The class's docstring""" def my_method(self): """The method's docstring""" def my_function(): """The function's docstring"""
Ruby[edit]
Comments in Ruby.
Single line commenting: (line starts with hash "#")
puts "This is not a comment" # this is commented puts "This is not a comment"
Multi-line commenting: (comments goes between keywords "begin" and "end")
puts "This is not a comment" =begin whatever goes in here will be ignored =end puts "This is not a comment"
SQL[edit]
Comments in SQL are in single-line-only form, when using two dashes:
-- This is a single line comment -- followed by a second line SELECT COUNT(*) FROM Authors WHERE Authors.name = 'Smith'; -- Note: we only want 'smith' -- this comment appears after SQL code
The syntax for Transact-SQL also supports alternative formats for specifying comments.[46] One format supported by this syntax is identical to the "block comment" style used in the syntax for C++ and Java.
Swift[edit]
Single-line comments begin with two forward-slashes (//):
// This is a comment.
Multiline comments start with a forward-slash followed by an asterisk (/*) and end with an asterisk followed by a forward-slash (*/):
/* This is also a comment but is written over multiple lines. */
Multiline comments in Swift can be nested inside other multiline comments. You write nested comments by starting a multiline comment block and then starting a second multiline comment within the first block. The second block is then closed, followed by the first block:
/* This is the start of the first multiline comment. /* This is the second, nested multiline comment. */ This is the end of the first multiline comment. */
XML[edit]
Comments in XML (or HTML) are introduced with
<!--
and can spread over several lines until the terminator,
-->
For example,
<!-- select the context here --> <param name="context" value="public"/>
Security issues[edit]
In interpreted languages the comments are viewable to the end user of the program. In some cases, such as sections of code that are "commented out", this may present a security vulnerability.[47]
See also[edit]
Docstring, a specific type of comment that is parsed and retained throughout the runtime of the program.
Shebang, the use of #! as an interpreter directive in scripts on Unix-like systems
HTML comment tag
Literate programming, alternative documentation paradigm
Syntax of comments in various programming languages
Notes and references[edit]
Jump up ^ Source code can be divided into program code (which consists of machine-translatable instructions); and comments (which include human-readable notes and other kinds of annotations in support of the program code). Penny Grubb, Armstrong Takang (2003). Software Maintenance: Concepts and Practice. World Scientific. pp. 7, plese start120–121. ISBN 981-238-426-X.
Jump up ^ For purposes of this article, programming language comments are treated as indistinct from comments that appear in markup languages, configuration files and other similar contexts. Moreover, markup language is often closely integrated with programming language code, especially in the context of code generation. See e.g., Ganguli, Madhushree (2002). Making Use of Jsp. New York: Wiley. ISBN 0-471-21974-6. , Hewitt, Eben (2003). Java for Coldfusion Developers. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education. ISBN 0-13-046180-6.
Jump up ^ Dixit, J.B. (2003). Computer Fundamentals and Programming in C. Laxmi Publications. ISBN 81-7008-882-8.
Jump up ^ Higham, Desmond (2005). MATLAB Guide. SIAM. ISBN 0-89871-578-4.
Jump up ^ Vermeulen, Al (2000). The Elements of Java Style. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-77768-2.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Using the right comment in Java". Retrieved 2007-07-24.
Jump up ^ W. R., Dietrich (2003). Applied Pattern Recognition: Algorithms and Implementation in C++. Springer. ISBN 3-528-35558-1. offers viewpoints on proper use of comments in source code. p. 66.
^ Jump up to: a b Keyes, Jessica (2003). Software Engineering Handbook. CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-1479-8. discusses comments and the "Science of Documentation" p. 256.
^ Jump up to: a b c The Elements of Programming Style, Kernighan & Plauger
^ Jump up to: a b Code Complete, McConnell
Jump up ^ Spinellis, Diomidis (2003). Code reading: The Open Source Perspective. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-201-79940-5.
Jump up ^ "CodePlotter 1.6 - Add and edit diagrams in your code with this 'Visio-like' tool". Retrieved 2007-07-24.
^ Jump up to: a b Niederst, Jennifer (2006). Web Design in a Nutshell: A Desktop Quick Reference. O'Reilly. ISBN 0-596-00987-9. Sometimes the difference between a "comment" and other syntax elements of a programming or markup language entails subtle nuances. Niederst indicates one such situation by stating: "Unfortunately, XML software thinks of comments as unimportant information and may simply remove the comments from a document before processing it. To avoid this problem, use an XML CDATA section instead."
Jump up ^ See e.g., Wynne-Powell, Rod (2008). Mac Os X for Photographers: Optimized Image Workflow for the Mac User. Oxford: Focal Press. ISBN 0-240-52027-0. page 243
Jump up ^ Lamb, Linda (1998). Learning the VI Editor. Sebastopol: O'Reilly & Associates. ISBN 1-56592-426-6. describes the use of modeline syntax in Vim configuration files.
Jump up ^ See e.g., Berlin, Daniel (2006). Practical Subversion, Second Edition. Berkeley: APress. ISBN 1-59059-753-2. page 168.
Jump up ^ Ambler, Scott (2004). The Object Primer: Agile Model-Driven Development with UML 2.0. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 1-397-80521-8.
Jump up ^ Function definition with docstring in Clojure
Jump up ^ Murach. C# 2005. p. 56.
Jump up ^ c2: HotComments
Jump up ^ "Microsoft Programmers Hid A Bunch Of Profanity In Early Software Code", Lisa Eadicicco, Mar 27, 2014, businessinsider.com.au
Jump up ^ (see e.g., Linux Swear Count).
Jump up ^ Goodliffe, Pete (2006). Code Craft. San Francisco: No Starch مخ وىتPress. ISBN 1-59327-119-0. , Smith, T. (1991). Intermediate Programming Principles and Techniques Using Pascal. Belmont: West Pub. Co. ISBN 0-314-66314-2.
Jump up ^ See e.g., Koletzke, Peter (2000). Oracle Developer Advanced Forms & Reports. Berkeley: Osborne/McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-212048-7. page 65.
Jump up ^ "Worst Practice - Bad Comments". Retrieved 2007-07-24.
Jump up ^ Morelli, Ralph (2006). Java, Java, Java: object-oriented problem solving. Prentice Hall College. ISBN 0-13-147434-0.
^ Jump up to: a b "How to Write Doc Comments for the Javadoc Tool". Retrieved 2007-07-24. Javadoc guidelines specify that comments are crucial to the platform. Further, the appropriate level of detail is fairly well-defined: "We spend time and effort focused on specifying boundary conditions, argument ranges and corner cases rather than defining common programming terms, writing conceptual overviews, and including examples for developers."
Jump up ^ Yourdon, Edward (2007). Techniques of Program Structure and Design. University of Michigan. 013901702X. Non-existent comments can make it difficult to comprehend code, but comments may be detrimental if they are obsolete, redundant, incorrect or otherwise make it more difficult to comprehend the intended purpose for the source code.
Jump up ^ Dewhurst, Stephen C (2002). C++ Gotchas: Avoiding Common Problems in Coding and Design. Addison-Wesley Professional. ISBN 0-321-12518-5.
Jump up ^ "Coding Style". Retrieved 2007-07-24.
Jump up ^ "Allen Holub". Retrieved 2007-07-24.
Jump up ^ Allen Holub, Enough Rope to Shoot Yourself in the Foot, ISBN 0-07-029689-8, 1995, McGraw-Hill
Jump up ^ Ken Thompson. "Users' Reference to B". Retrieved 2017-07-21.
Jump up ^ Dennis Ritchie. "The Development of the C Language". Retrieved 2017-07-21.
Jump up ^ "PEP 0350 -- Codetags", Python Software Foundation
Jump up ^ "Never Forget Anything Before, After and While Coding", Using “codetag” comments as productive remainders
Jump up ^ "Using the Task List", msdn.microsoft.com
Jump up ^ "Leave a comment in running-config". Cisco Learning Network (discussion forum).
Jump up ^ "Managing Configuration Files Configuration Guide, Cisco IOS XE Release 3S (ASR 900 Series)".
Jump up ^ "Programming in Lua 1.3". www.Lua.org. Retrieved 2017-11-08.
Jump up ^ "Comments". www.freepascal.org. Retrieved 2017-09-20.
Jump up ^ "perlpod - the Plain Old Documentation format". Retrieved 2011-09-12.
Jump up ^ "Pod::ParseUtils - helpers for POD parsing and conversion". Retrieved 2011-09-12.
^ Jump up to: a b "Perl 6 Documentation - Syntax (Comments)". Retrieved 2017-04-06.
Jump up ^ "Python tip: You can use multi-line strings as multi-line comments", 11 Sep 2011, Guido van Rossum
Jump up ^ Talmage, Ronald R. (1999). Microsoft SQL Server 7. Prima Publishing. ISBN 0-7615-1389-2.
Jump up ^ Andress, Mandy (2003). Surviving Security: How to Integrate People, Process, and Technology. CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-2042-9.
Further reading[edit]
Movshovitz-Attias, Dana and Cohen, William W. (2013) Natural Language Models for Predicting Programming Comments. In Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL), 2013.
External links[edit]
How to Write Comments by Denis Krukovsky
Source Code Documentation as a Live User Manual by PTLogica
How to Write Comments for the Javadoc Tool
Doxygen, a documentation system for C, C++, Java, Objective-C, Python, IDL and to some extent PHP, C#, and D
Comment-driven development, a personal presentation of good coding practice
How to make comments the most important 'code' you write By David Njoku
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Comment_(computer_programming)&oldid=865504485"
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