text:
Bab-el-Mandeb
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Bab-el-Mandeb
Bab-el-Mandeb area with description.
Coordinates
12°35′N 43°20′E / 12.583°N 43.333°E / 12.583; 43.333Coordinates: 12°35′N 43°20′E / 12.583°N 43.333°E / 12.583; 43.333
Basin countries
Djibouti, Eritrea and Yemen
Max. length
31 mi (50 km)
Max. width
12 mi (19 km)
Average depth
−609 ft (−186 m)
Islands
Seven Brothers, Doumeira, Perim
The Bab-el-Mandeb (Arabic: باب المندب, lit. "Gate of Tears")[1] is a strait located between Yemen on the Arabian Peninsula, and Djibouti and Eritrea in the Horn of Africa. It connects the Red Sea to the Gulf of Aden.
Contents
1 Name
2 Geography
3 History
4 Sub-region
4.1 Demographics
5 Population centers
5.1 Djibouti
5.2 Yemen
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
Name[edit]
Bathymetric map of the Red Sea with the Bab-el-Mandeb at the bottom right
The strait derives its name from the dangers attending its navigation, or, according to an Arab legend, from the numbers who were drowned by the earthquake which separated Arabia from the Horn of Africa.[1]
Geography[edit]
The Bab-el-Mandeb acts as a strategic link between the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea via the Red Sea and the Suez Canal. In 2006, an estimated 3.3 million barrels (520,000 m3) of oil passed through the strait per day, out of a world total of about 43 million barrels per day (6,800,000 m3/d) moved by tankers.[2]
The distance across is about 20 miles (30 km) from Ras Menheli in Yemen to Ras Siyyan in Djibouti. The island of Perim divides the strait into two channels, of which the eastern, known as the Bab Iskender (Alexander's Strait), is 2 miles (3 km) wide and 16 fathoms (30 m) deep, while the western, or Dact-el-Mayun, has a width of about 16 miles (25 km) and a depth of 170 fathoms (310 m). Near the coast of Djibouti lies a group of smaller islands known as the "Seven Brothers". There is a surface current inwards in the eastern channel, but a strong undercurrent outwards in the western channel.[1]
History[edit]
Paleo-environmental and tectonic events in the Miocene epoch created the Danakil Isthmus, a land bridge forming a broad connection between Yemen and Ethiopia.[3] During the last 100,000 years eustatic sea level fluctuations have led to alternate opening and closing of the straits.[4] According to the recent single origin hypothesis, the straits of Bab-el-Mandeb were probably witness to the earliest migrations of modern humans. It is presumed that at this time, the oceans were much lower and the straits were much shallower or dry, allowing a series of emigrations along the southern coast of Asia.
According to Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church tradition, the straits of Bab-el-Mandeb were witness to the earliest migrations of Semitic Ge'ez speakers into Africa, occurring c. 1900 BC, roughly around the same time as the Hebrew patriarch Jacob.[5] The Kingdom of Aksum was a major regional power in the Horn of Africa. It extended its rule across the strait with the conquest of the Himyarite Kingdom shortly before the rise of Islam.
The United Kingdom unilaterally seized the island of Perim in 1799 on behalf of its Indian empire. Britain reasserted its ownership in 1857 and erected a lighthouse there in 1861, using it to command the Red Sea and the trade routes through the Suez Canal.[1]
On February 22, 2008, a company owned by Tarek bin Laden unveiled plans to build a bridge named Bridge of the Horns across the strait, linking Yemen with Djibouti.[6] Middle East Development LLC has issued a notice to construct a bridge passing across the Red Sea that would be the longest suspended passing in the world.[7] The project has been assigned to engineering company COWI in collaboration with architect studio Dissing+Weitling, both from Denmark. It was announced in 2010 that Phase 1 had been delayed and as of mid-2016 nothing more has been heard about the project.
Sub-region[edit]
The Bab-el-Mandeb is also a sub-region in the Arab League, which includes Djibouti, Yemen, and Eritrea.
Demographics[edit]
Bab-el-Mandeb:[8]
Country
Area
(km²)
Population
(2016 est.)
Population density
(per km²)
Capital
GDP (PPP) $M USD
GDP per capita (PPP) $ USD
Djibouti 23,200 846,687 37.2 Djibouti City $3.327 $3,351
Eritrea 117,600 6,380,803 51.8 Asmara $9.121 $1,314
Yemen 527,829 27,392,779 44.7 Sana'a $58,202 $2,249
Total
668,629
34,620,269
29.3 / km²
Various
$70,650
$1841
Population centers[edit]
The most significant towns and cities along both the Djiboutian and Yemeni sides of the Bab-el-Mandeb
Djibouti[edit]
Khôr ‘Angar
Moulhoule
Fagal
Yemen[edit]
At Turbah
Cheikh Saïd
See also[edit]
Strait:
Red Sea Dam
Region:
Arab League
Maghreb
Mashriq
Notes[edit]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Baynes, T.S., ed. (1878), "Bab-el-Mandeb", Encyclopædia Britannica, 3 (9th ed.), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, p. 179
Jump up ^ World Oil Transit Chokepoints Archived February 18, 2015, at the Wayback Machine., Energy Information Administration, US Department of Energy
Jump up ^ Henri J. Dumont (2009). The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use. Monographiae Biologicae. 89. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 603. ISBN 9781402097263.
Jump up ^ Climate in Earth History. National Academies. 1982. p. 124.
Jump up ^ Official website of EOTC Archived June 25, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ BBC NEWS | Africa | Tarek Bin Laden's Red Sea bridge
Jump up ^ Tom Sawyer (May 1, 2007). "Notice-to-Proceed Launches Ambitious Red Sea Crossing". Engineering News-Record.
Jump up ^ "CIA World Factbook". The World Factbook. Langley, Virginia: Central Intelligence Agency.
External links[edit]
"Bab-el-Mandeb", Encyclopædia Britannica, 3 (11th ed.), 1911, p. 91
Notice-to-Proceed Launches Ambitious Red Sea Crossing
Sea crossing
hide
v
t
e
African seas
Oceans
and seas
Alboran Sea
Atlantic Ocean
Indian Ocean
Levantine Sea
Mediterranean Sea
Red Sea
Southern Ocean
Gulfs
and bays
Abu Qir Bay
Acheïl Dakhlet
Al Hoceima Bay
Algiers Bay
Algoa Bay
Ambas Bay
Ana Chaves Bay
Angra de Cintra
Antongil Bay
Antsiranana Bay
Arab's Gulf
Baía Almeida
Baía da Condúcia
Baía da Corimba
Baía de Mocambo
Baía de Mossuril
Baía de Namibe
Baia de Porto Amboim
Baía de Santa Marta
Baía de Sucujaque
Baía de Tombua
Baía do Ambriz
Baía do Bengo
Baía do Dande
Baía do Govuro
Baía do Lúrio
Baía do Nzeto
Baía do Suto
Baia dos Tigres
Baie de Gorée
Baie de Sangareya
Baie de Yof
Bandombaai
Bay of Anfile
Bay of Arguin
Bay of Aseb
Bay of Arzew
Bight of Benin
Bay of Beylul
Bay of Edd
Bay of Hawakil
Bay of Langarano
Bay of Saint-Augustin
Bay of Tangier
Benguela Bay
Bera’esoli
Betty’s Bay
Bight of Biafra
Bocock’s Bay
Bombetoka Bay
Bootbaai
Bosluisbaai
Cape Cross Bay
Cape Negro Bay
Chake-Chake Bay
Chameis Bay
Chwaka Bay
Conception Bay
Cuio Bay
Dakhlet Nouadhibou
Dalwakteah Bay
Deurloopbaai
Doringbaai
Dungonab Bay
Durissa Bay
Elands Bay
Enseada das Pombas
Enseada de São Braz
Enseada do Catumbo
Enseada do Chalungo
Enseada do Quicombo
Enseada do Quitungo
Enseada dos Três Irmãos
Equimina Bay
False Bay
Farta Bay
Fernao Veloso Bay
Foul Bay
Frederik se Baai
Grosse Bucht
Gulf of Aden
Gulf of 'Agig
Gulf of Gabès
Gulf of Guinea
Gulf of Hammamet
Gulf of Sirte
Gulf of Suez
Gulf of Tadjoura
Gulf of Tunis
Gulf of Zula
Hafun Bay South
Hann Bay
Harrison Cove
Henties Bay
Hirghīgo Bahir Selat’ē
Horingbaai
Hottentotsbaai
Hurdiyo
Hydra Bay
Inhambane Bay
Jammer Bucht
John Owen Bay
Kalawy Bay
Kiwaiyu Bay
Lambert Bay
Lamu Bay
Langbaai
Loango Bay
Lobito Bay
Luanda Bay
Lüderitz Bay
McDougall Bay
Manza Bay
Maputo Bay
Markusbaai
Memba Bay
Menai Bay
Meob Bay
Mietjie Frans se Baai
Moraha Bahir Selat’ē
Mossel Bay
Möwebaai
Noopbaai
Oran Gulf
Pemba Bay
Pipas Bay
Platbaai
Plaatjieskraalbaai
Plettenbergbaai
Pointe-Noire Bay
Port Alexander, Angola
Prinzen Bucht
Río de Oro Bay
Rock Bay
Roode Bay
Rooiwalbaai
Saint Francis Bay
Saint Francis Bay (Eastern Cape)
St Helena Bay
Saint Sebastian Bay
Saldanha Bay
Sandwich Harbour
Sierra Bay
Skoonbergbaai
Skurfbaai
Slangbaai
Sodwana Bay
Sofala Bay
Somnaasbaai
Spencer Bay
Struisbaai
Spoegrivierbaai
Swartstraat
Table Bay
Thysbaai
Tietiesbaai
Ungama Bay
Walker Bay
Walvis Bay (bay)
Yawri Bay
Straits
Bab-el-Mandeb
Bab Iskender
Canal de Bolama
Canal de Bolola
Canal de Caió
Canal de São Vicente
Canal do Meio
Mafia Channel
Massawa Channel
Mozambique Channel
Pemba Channel
Shubuk Channel
Guardafui Channel
Strait of Gibraltar
Strait of Sicily
Straits of Tiran
Zanzibar Channel
Historical
seas
Aethiopian Sea
Erythraean Sea
Sea of Zanj
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
GND: 4575483-4
VIAF: 247384671
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bab-el-Mandeb&oldid=864865678"
Categories:
Straits of Asia
Straits of Africa
Straits of the Indian Ocean
Arabian mythology
Bodies of water of Yemen
Bodies of water of Djibouti
Bodies of water of the Red Sea
Gulf of Aden
Borders of Yemen
Borders of Djibouti
Borders of Eritrea
International straits
Djibouti–Eritrea border
Hidden categories:
Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from EB9
Webarchive template wayback links
Coordinates on Wikidata
Articles containing Arabic-language text
Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Afrikaans
العربية
Asturianu
Azərbaycanca
تۆرکجه
বাংলা
Bân-lâm-gú
Башҡортса
Беларуская
Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
Български
Bosanski
Català
Cebuano
Čeština
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Galego
한국어
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
Basa Jawa
ქართული
Kiswahili
Kurdî
Кыргызча
Latviešu
Lietuvių
Magyar
Македонски
മലയാളം
მარგალური
Bahasa Melayu
Nederlands
日本語
Нохчийн
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Occitan
Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча
پنجابی
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Scots
Simple English
Slovenčina
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
Татарча/tatarça
ไทย
Türkçe
Türkmençe
Українська
اردو
Tiếng Việt
Winaray
吴语
粵語
中文
67 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 20 October 2018, at 01:00 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

value: th

attrs: colspan class style

values: text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;background-color: #cedeff; font-size: 125%;

value: tr

value: img

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value: td

attrs: colspan style

values: text-align:center;line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;

value: span

attrs: class title

values: Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location

values: text-align:center;border-bottom: #cedeff 1px solid

values:
/wiki/Arabic_language
mw-redirect
Arabic language

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

values:
/wiki/Seven_Brothers_(islands)
mw-redirect
Seven Brothers (islands)

values:
/wiki/Recent_single_origin_hypothesis
mw-redirect
Recent single origin hypothesis

values:
/wiki/Modern_humans
mw-redirect
Modern humans

values:
/wiki/Rise_of_Islam
mw-redirect
Rise of Islam

values: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

values:
/wiki/British_India
mw-redirect
British India

values:
/wiki/List_of_countries_by_area
mw-redirect
List of countries by area

values:
/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population
mw-redirect
List of countries by population

values:
/wiki/Capital_(political)
mw-redirect
Capital (political)

values:
/wiki/Djibouti_City
mw-redirect
Djibouti City

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Bab-el-Mandeb

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.cia.gov/index.html

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition

values: Baia de Porto Amboim (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Baie_de_Yof
mw-redirect
Baie de Yof

values: Enseada das Pombas (page does not exist)

values: Enseada de São Braz (page does not exist)

values: Enseada do Catumbo (page does not exist)

values: Enseada do Chalungo (page does not exist)

values: Enseada do Quicombo (page does not exist)

values: Enseada do Quitungo (page does not exist)

values: Enseada dos Três Irmãos (page does not exist)

values: Hirghīgo Bahir Selat’ē (page does not exist)

values: Mietjie Frans se Baai (page does not exist)

values: Moraha Bahir Selat’ē (page does not exist)

values: Plaatjieskraalbaai (page does not exist)

values: Saint Francis Bay (Eastern Cape) (page does not exist)

values: Saint Sebastian Bay (page does not exist)

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/4575483-4

values:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/247384671

values: Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from EB9

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text

values: Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Bab-el-Mandeb
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-af
display: none;

values: باب المندب – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-azb
display: none;

values: বাব এল মান্দেব – Bangla

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bn
display: none;

values: Bab-el-Mandeb Hái-kiap – Chinese (Min Nan)

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan
display: none;

values: Баб-әл-Мәндәб боғаҙы – Bashkir

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ba
display: none;

values: Баб-эль-Мандэбскі праліў – Belarusian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values: Баб-эль-Мандэбскі праліў – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old
display: none;

values: Баб ел-Мандеб – Bulgarian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values: Bab el Mandeb (estretso sa Somalia) – Cebuano

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb
display: none;

values:
https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandeb
Mandeb – Czech
cs
cs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-de
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: Μπαμπ ελ Μαντέμπ – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: باب‌المندب – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values: 바브엘만데브 해협 – Korean

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values: Բաբ էլ-Մանդեբի նեղուց – Armenian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values: बाब अल-मन्देब जलसन्धि – Hindi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: באב אל-מנדב – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-jv
display: none;

values: ბაბ-ელ-მანდების სრუტე – Georgian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sw
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ku
display: none;

values: Баб-эль-Мандеб кысыгы – Kyrgyz

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ky
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values: Баб ел-Мандеб – Macedonian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values: ബാബ്-എൽ-മൻഡേബ് – Malayalam

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

values: ბაბ-ელ-მანდებიშ საროტი – Mingrelian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: バブ・エル・マンデブ海峡 – Japanese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values: Баб-эль-Мандебан хидоькъе – Chechen

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ce
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-oc
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uz
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values: Баб-эль-Мандебский пролив – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values: Баб ел Мандеб – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values: Бабелмәндәб – Tatar

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tt
display: none;

values: บับเอลมันเดบ – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tk
display: none;

values: Баб-ель-Мандебська протока – Ukrainian

values: آبنائے باب المندب – Urdu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu
display: none;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Bab-el-Mandeb rootpage-Bab-el-Mandeb skin-vector action-view


text:
Tongue
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see Tongue (disambiguation).
This article's lead section may not adequately summarize key points of its contents. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. Please discuss this issue on the article's talk page. (April 2015)
Tongue
The human tongue
Medical illustration of a human mouth by Duncan Kenneth Winter.
Details
Precursor
pharyngeal arches, lateral lingual swelling, tuberculum impar[1]
Artery
lingual, tonsillar branch, ascending pharyngeal
Vein
lingual
Nerve
Sensory: Anterior 2/3: lingual nerve & chorda tympani Posterior 1/3: Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) Motor Innervation: - CN XII (Hypoglossal) except palatoglossus muscle CN X (Vagus)
Lymph
Deep Cervical, Submandibular, Submental
Identifiers
Latin
lingua
MeSH
A03.556.500.885
Dorlands
/Elsevier
Tongue
TA
A05.1.04.001
FMA
54640
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
The tongue is a muscular organ in the mouth of most vertebrates that manipulates food for mastication, and is used in the act of swallowing. It is of importance in the digestive system and is the primary organ of taste in the gustatory system. The tongue's upper surface (dorsum) is covered by taste buds housed in numerous lingual papillae. It is sensitive and kept moist by saliva, and is richly supplied with nerves and blood vessels. The tongue also serves as a natural means of cleaning the teeth.[2] A major function of the tongue is the enabling of speech in humans and vocalization in other animals.
The human tongue is divided into two parts, an oral part at the front and a pharyngeal part at the back. The left and right sides are also separated along most of its length by a vertical section of fibrous tissue (the lingual septum) that results in a groove, the median sulcus on the tongue's surface.
There are two groups of muscles of the tongue. The four intrinsic muscles alter the shape of the tongue and are not attached to bone. The four paired extrinsic muscles change the position of the tongue and are anchored to bone.
Contents
[hide]
1 Structure
1.1 Surface of the tongue
1.2 Muscles
1.2.1 Extrinsic
1.2.2 Intrinsic
1.3 Blood supply
1.4 Nerve supply
1.5 Histology
2 Development
3 Function
3.1 Taste
3.2 Mastication
3.3 Speech
3.4 Intimacy
4 Clinical significance
4.1 Disease
4.2 Medication delivery
5 Society and culture
5.1 Figures of speech
5.2 Gestures
5.3 Body art
5.4 As food
6 History
6.1 Etymology
6.2 In the Bible
7 Other animals
8 Additional images
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
Structure[edit]
The underside of a human tongue
The tongue is a muscular hydrostat that forms part of the floor of the oral cavity. The left and right sides of the tongue are separated by a vertical section of fibrous tissue known as the lingual septum. This division is along the length of the tongue save for the very back of the pharyngeal part and is visible as a groove called the median sulcus. The human tongue is divided into anterior and posterior parts by the terminal sulcus which is a V-shaped groove. The apex of the terminal sulcus is marked by a blind foramen, the foramen cecum, which is the remnant of median thyroid diverticulum in early embryonic development. The anterior oral part is the visible part situated at the front and makes up roughly two-thirds the length of the tongue. The posterior pharyngeal part is the part closest to the throat, roughly one-third of its length. These parts differ in terms of their embryological development and nerve supply.
The anterior tongue is, at its apex (or tip), thin and narrow, it is directed forward against the lingual surfaces of the lower incisor teeth. The posterior part is, at its root, directed backward, and connected with the hyoid bone by the hyoglossi and genioglossi muscles and the hyoglossal membrane, with the epiglottis by three glossoepiglottic folds of mucous membrane, with the soft palate by the glossopalatine arches, and with the pharynx by the superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle and the mucous membrane. It also forms the anterior wall of the oropharynx.
The average length of the human tongue from the oropharynx to the tip is 10 cm.[3] The average weight of the human tongue from adult males is 70g and for adult females 60g.[citation needed]
In phonetics and phonology, a distinction is made between the tip of the tongue and the blade (the portion just behind the tip). Sounds made with the tongue tip are said to be apical, while those made with the tongue blade are said to be laminal.
Surface of the tongue[edit]
Foramen cecum and terminal sulcus labelled above
Tonge surface features
The upper surface of the tongue is called the dorsum, and is divided by a groove into symmetrical halves by the median sulcus. The foramen cecum marks the end of this division (at about 2.5 cm from the root of the tongue) and the beginning of the terminal sulcus. The foramen cecum is also the point of attachment of the thyroglossal duct and is formed during the descent of the thyroid diverticulum in embryonic development.
The terminal sulcus is a shallow groove that runs forward as a shallow groove in a V shape from the foramen cecum, forwards and outwards to the margins (borders) of the tongue. The terminal sulcus divides the tongue into a posterior pharyngeal part and an anterior oral part. The pharyngeal part is supplied by the glossopharyngeal nerve and the oral part is suppled by the lingual nerve (a branch of the mandibular branch (V3) of the trigeminal nerve) for somatosensory perception and by the chorda tympani (a branch of the facial nerve) for taste perception.
Both parts of the tongue develop from different pharyngeal arches.
Muscles[edit]
The eight muscles of the human tongue are classified as either intrinsic or extrinsic. The four intrinsic muscles act to change the shape of the tongue, and are not attached to any bone. The four extrinsic muscles act to change the position of the tongue, and are anchored to bone.
Extrinsic[edit]
Lateral view of the tongue, with extrinsic muscles highlighted
The four extrinsic muscles originate from bone and extend to the tongue. They are the genioglossus, the hyoglossus (often including the chondroglossus) the styloglossus, and the palatoglossus. Their main functions are altering the tongue's position allowing for protrusion, retraction, and side-to-side movement.[4]
The genioglossus arises from the mandible and protrudes the tongue. It is also known as the tongue's "safety muscle" since it is the only muscle that propels the tongue forward.
The hyoglossus, arises from the hyoid bone and retracts and depresses the tongue. The chondroglossus is often included with this muscle.
The styloglossus arises from the styloid process of the temporal bone and draws the sides of the tongue up to create a trough for swallowing.
The palatoglossus arises from the palatine aponeurosis, and depresses the soft palate, moves the palatoglossal fold towards the midline, and elevates the back of the tongue during swallowing.
Intrinsic[edit]
Coronal section of tongue, showing intrinsic muscles
Four paired intrinsic muscles of the tongue originate and insert within the tongue, running along its length. They are the superior longitudinal muscle, the inferior longitudinal muscle, the vertical muscle, and the transverse muscle. These muscles alter the shape of the tongue by lengthening and shortening it, curling and uncurling its apex and edges as in tongue rolling, and flattening and rounding its surface. This provides shape and helps facilitate speech, swallowing, and eating.[4]
The superior longitudinal muscle runs along the upper surface of the tongue under the mucous membrane, and elevates, assists in retraction of, or deviates the tip of the tongue. It originates near the epiglottis, at the hyoid bone, from the median fibrous septum.
The inferior longitudinal muscle lines the sides of the tongue, and is joined to the styloglossus muscle.
The vertical muscle is located in the middle of the tongue, and joins the superior and inferior longitudinal muscles.
The transverse muscle divides the tongue at the middle, and is attached to the mucous membranes that run along the sides.
Blood supply[edit]
Blood supply of the tongue
The tongue receives its blood supply primarily from the lingual artery, a branch of the external carotid artery. The lingual veins, drain into the internal jugular vein. The floor of the mouth also receives its blood supply from the lingual artery.[4] There is also a secondary blood supply to the tongue from the tonsillar branch of the facial artery and the ascending pharyngeal artery.
An area in the neck sometimes called the Pirogov triangle is formed by the intermediate tendon of the digastric muscle, the posterior border of the mylohyoid muscle, and the hypoglossal nerve.[5][6] The lingual artery is a good place to stop severe hemorrhage from the tongue.
Nerve supply[edit]
Innervation of the tongue consists of motor fibers, special sensory fibers for taste, and general sensory fibers for sensation.[4]
Motor supply for all intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue is supplied by efferent motor nerve fibers from the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII), with the exception of the palatoglossus, which is innervated by the vagus nerve (CN X).[4]
Innervation of taste and sensation is different for the anterior and posterior part of the tongue because they are derived from different embryological structures (pharyngeal arch 1 and pharyngeal arches 3 and 4, respectively).[7]
Anterior two thirds of tongue (anterior to the vallate papillae):
Taste: chorda tympani branch of the facial nerve (CN VII) via special visceral afferent fibers
Sensation: lingual branch of the mandibular (V3) division of the trigeminal nerve (CN V) via general somatic afferent fibers
Posterior one third of tongue:
Taste and sensation: glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) via a mixture of special and general visceral afferent fibers
Base of tongue
Taste and sensation: internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (itself a branch of the vagus nerve, CN X)
Histology[edit]
Section through the human tongue; stained H&E
The upper surface of the tongue is covered in masticatory mucosa a type of oral mucosa which is of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. Embedded in this are numerous papillae that house the taste buds and their taste receptors.[8] The lingual papillae consist of filiform, fungiform, vallate and foliate papillae.[4] and only the filiform papillae are not associated with any taste buds.
The tongue can also divide itself in dorsal and ventral surface. The dorsal surface is a stratified squamous keratinized epithelium which is characterized by numerous mucosal projections called papillae.[9] The lingual papillae covers the dorsal side of the tongue towards the front of the terminal groove . The ventral surface is stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium which is smooth.[10]
Development[edit]
The tongue begins to develop in the fourth week of embryogenesis from a median swelling, the median tongue bud known as the tuberculum impar, of the first pharyngeal arch.[11]
In the fifth week a pair of lateral swellings, the lateral lingual swellings (distal tongue buds) one on the right side and one on the left, form on the first pharyngeal arch. These lingual swellings quickly expand and cover the tuberculum impar and continue to develop through prenatal development. They form the anterior part of the tongue that makes up two thirds of the length of the tongue. The line of their fusion is marked by the median sulcus.[11]
In the fourth week a swelling appears from the second pharyngeal arch, in the midline, called the copula. During the fifth and sixth weeks the copula is overgrown by a swelling from the third and fourth arches (mainly from the third arch) called the hypopharyngeal eminence, and this develops into the posterior part of the tongue (the other third). The hypopharyngeal eminence develops mainly by the growth of endoderm from the third pharyngeal arch. The boundary between the two parts of the tongue, the anterior from the first arch and the posterior from the third arch is marked by the terminal sulcus.[11] The terminal sulcus is shaped like a V with the tip of the V situated posteriorly. At the tip of the terminal sulcus is the foramen caecum, which is the point where the embryological thyroid begins to descend.[4]
Function[edit]
Taste receptors are present on the human tongue in papillae
Taste[edit]
Main articles: Taste, Taste receptor, and Supertaster
Chemicals that stimulate taste receptor cells are known as tastants. Once a tastant is dissolved in saliva, it can make contact with the plasma membrane of the gustatory hairs, which are the sites of taste transduction.[12]
The tongue is equipped with many taste buds on its dorsal surface, and each taste bud is equipped with taste receptor cells that can sense particular classes of tastes. Distinct types of taste receptor cells respectively detect substances that are sweet, bitter, salty, sour, spicy, or taste of umami.[13] Umami receptor cells are the least understood and accordingly are the type most intensively under research.[14]
Mastication[edit]
The tongue is an important accessory organ in the digestive system. The tongue is used for crushing food against the hard palate, during mastication and manipulation of food for softening prior to swallowing. The epithelium on the tongue’s upper, or dorsal surface is keratinised. Consequently, the tongue can grind against the hard palate without being itself damaged or irritated.[15]
Speech[edit]
The intrinsic muscles of the tongue enable the shaping of the tongue which facilitates speech.
Intimacy[edit]
The tongue has a role in physical intimacy and sexuality. The tongue is part of the erogenous zone of the mouth and can be employed in intimate contact as in the French kiss.
Clinical significance[edit]
Disease[edit]
Main article: Tongue disease
A congenital disorder of the tongue is that of ankyloglossia also known as tongue-tie. The tongue is tied to the floor of the mouth by a very short and thickened frenulum and this affects speech, eating, and swallowing.
The tongue is prone to several pathologies including glossitis and other inflammations such as geographic tongue, and median rhomboid glossitis; burning mouth syndrome, oral hairy leukoplakia, oral candidiasis (thrush) and black hairy tongue.
There are several types of oral cancer that mainly affect the tongue. Mostly these are squamous cell carcinomas.[16][17]
Food debris, desquamated epithelial cells and bacteria often form a visible tongue coating.[18] This coating has been identified as a major contributing factor in bad breath (halitosis),[18] which can be managed by using a tongue cleaner.[19]
Medication delivery[edit]
The sublingual region underneath the front of the tongue is an ideal location for the administration of certain medications into the body. The oral mucosa is very thin underneath the tongue, and is underlain by a plexus of veins. The sublingual route takes advantage of the highly vascular quality of the oral cavity, and allows for the speedy application of medication into the cardiovascular system, bypassing the gastrointestinal tract. This is the only convenient and efficacious route of administration (apart from Intravenous therapy) of nitroglycerin to a patient suffering chest pain from angina pectoris.
Society and culture[edit]
Figures of speech[edit]
The tongue can be used as a metonym for language, as in the phrase mother tongue. Many languages[20] have the same word for "tongue" and "language".
A common temporary failure in word retrieval from memory is referred to as the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon. The expression tongue in cheek refers to a statement that is not to be taken entirely seriously – something said or done with subtle ironic or sarcastic humour. A tongue twister is a phrase made specifically to be very difficult to pronounce. Aside from being a medical condition, "tongue-tied" means being unable to say what you want due to confusion or restriction. The phrase "cat got your tongue" refers to when a person is speechless. To "bite one's tongue" is a phrase which describes holding back an opinion to avoid causing offence. A "slip of the tongue" refers to an unintentional utterance, such as a Freudian slip. The "gift of tongues" refers to when one is uncommonly gifted to be able to speak in a foreign language, often as a type of spiritual gift. Speaking in tongues is a common phrase used to describe glossolalia, which is to make smooth, language-resembling sounds that is no true spoken language itself. A deceptive person is said to have a forked tongue, and a smooth-talking person said to have a silver tongue.
Gestures[edit]
Sticking one's tongue out at someone is considered a childish gesture of rudeness and/or defiance in many countries; the act may also have sexual connotations, depending on the way in which it is done. However, in Tibet it is considered a greeting.[21] In 2009, a farmer from Fabriano, Italy was convicted and fined by the country's highest court for sticking his tongue out at a neighbor with whom he had been arguing. Proof of the affront had been captured with a cell phone camera.[22] Blowing a raspberry can also be meant as a gesture of derision.[citation needed]
Body art[edit]
Being a cultural custom for long time, tongue piercing and splitting has become quite common in western countries in recent decades. In one study, one-fifth of young adults were found to have at least one type of oral piercing, most commonly the tongue.[23]
As food[edit]
See also: Beef tongue
The tongues of some animals are consumed and sometimes considered delicacies. Hot tongue sandwiches are frequently found on menus in kosher delicatessens in America. Taco de lengua (lengua being Spanish for tongue) is a taco filled with beef tongue, and is especially popular in Mexican cuisine. As part of Colombian gastronomy, Tongue in Sauce (Lengua en Salsa), is a dish prepared by frying the tongue, adding tomato sauce, onions and salt. Tongue can also be prepared as birria. Pig and beef tongue are consumed in Chinese cuisine. Duck tongues are sometimes employed in Szechuan dishes, while lamb's tongue is occasionally employed in Continental and contemporary American cooking. Fried cod "tongue" is a relatively common part of fish meals in Norway and Newfoundland. In Argentina and Uruguay cow tongue is cooked and served in vinegar (lengua a la vinagreta). In the Czech Republic and Poland, a pork tongue is considered a delicacy, and there are many ways of preparing it. In Eastern Slavic countries, pork and beef tongues are commonly consumed, boiled and garnished with horseradish or jelled; beef tongues fetch a significantly higher price and are considered more of a delicacy. In Alaska, cow tongues are among the more common.
Tongues of seals and whales have been eaten, sometimes in large quantities, by sealers and whalers, and in various times and places have been sold for food on shore.[24]
History[edit]
Etymology[edit]
The word tongue derives from the Old English tunge, which comes from Proto-Germanic *tungōn.[25] It has cognates in other Germanic languages — for example tonge in West Frisian, tong in Dutch/Afrikaans, Zunge in German, tunge in Danish/Norwegian and tunga in Icelandic/Faroese/Swedish. The ue ending of the word seems to be a fourteenth-century attempt to show "proper pronunciation", but it is "neither etymological nor phonetic".[25] Some used the spelling tunge and tonge as late as the sixteenth century.
In the Bible[edit]
In the New Testament, in the Book of Acts of the Apostles, it is recorded of Jesus' disciples on the Day of Pentecost speaking with the gift of tongues, a type of spiritual gift. It states in verses 3 and 4 of Acts chapter 2 "there appeared unto them cloven tongues like as of fire, and it sat upon each of them. And they were all filled with the Holy Ghost, and began to speak with other tongues...." It is recorded in verses 5 through 11 that Jewish people in Jerusalem that were from various parts of the Roman Empire were amazed that they could understand what was being preached about God.
Other animals[edit]
Macroglossum Extended proboscis of a long tongued moth
.
Giraffe's tongue
Most vertebrate animals have tongues. In mammals such as dogs and cats, the tongue is often used to clean the fur and body by licking. The tongues of these species have a very rough texture which allows them to remove oils and parasites. Some dogs have a tendency to consistently lick a part of their foreleg which can result in a skin condition known as a lick granuloma. A dog's tongue also acts as a heat regulator. As a dog increases its exercise the tongue will increase in size due to greater blood flow. The tongue hangs out of the dog's mouth and the moisture on the tongue will work to cool the bloodflow.[26][27]
Some animals have tongues that are specially adapted for catching prey. For example, chameleons, frogs, and anteaters have prehensile tongues.
Many species of fish have small folds at the base of their mouths that might informally be called tongues, but they lack a muscular structure like the true tongues found in most tetrapods.[28][29]
Other animals may have organs that are analogous to tongues, such as a butterfly's proboscis or a radula on a mollusc, but these are not homologous with the tongues found in vertebrates, and often have little resemblance in function, for example, butterflies do not lick with their proboscides; they suck through them, and the proboscis is not a single organ, but two jaws held together to form a tube.[30]
Additional images[edit]
The human tongue
Spots on the tongue
Exclusive Lines on the tongue
An okapi cleaning its muzzle with its tongue
See also[edit]
This article uses anatomical terminology; for an overview, see Anatomical terminology.
Electronic tongue
Tongue map
Vocal tract
References[edit]
This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)
Jump up ^ hednk-024—Embryo Images at University of North Carolina
Jump up ^ Maton, Anthea; Hopkins, Jean; McLaughlin, Charles William; Johnson, Susan; Warner, Maryanna Quon; LaHart, David; Wright, Jill D. (1993). Human Biology and Health. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-981176-1.
Jump up ^ Kerrod, Robin (1997). MacMillan's Encyclopedia of Science. 6. Macmillan Publishing Company, Inc. ISBN 0-02-864558-8.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Mitchell, Richard L. Drake, Wayne Vogl, Adam W. M. (2005). Gray's anatomy for students. Philadelphia, Pa.: Elsevier. pp. 989–995. ISBN 978-0-8089-2306-0.
Jump up ^ Pirogov's triangle
Jump up ^ Jamrozik, T.; Wender, W. (January 1952). "Topographic anatomy of lingual arterial anastomoses; Pirogov-Belclard's triangle". Folia Morphologica. 3 (1): 51–62. PMID 13010300.
Jump up ^ PhD, Dr Ronald W. Dudek (2014). BRS Embryology (Sixth ed.). LWW. ISBN 9781451190380.
Jump up ^ "taste bud | anatomy". Encyclopædia Britannica.
Jump up ^ Fiore, Mariano; Eroschenko, Victor (2000). Di Fiore's atlas of histology with functional correlations (PDF). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 238.
Jump up ^ Hib, José (2001). Histología de Di Fiore: texto y atlas. Buenos Aires: El Ateneo. p. 189. ISBN 950-02-0386-3.
^ Jump up to: a b c Larsen, William J. (2001). Human embryology (3. ed.). Philadelphia, Pa.: Churchill Livingstone. pp. 372–374. ISBN 0-443-06583-7. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Tortora. Principles of Anatomy and Physiology 12th edition, chapter 17, p.602.
Jump up ^ Silverhorn. Human Physiology: An integrated approach 5th edition, chapter 10, p.352.
Jump up ^ Schacter, Daniel L., Daniel Todd. Gilbert, and Daniel M. Wegner. "Sensation and Perception." Psychology. 2nd ed. New York: Worth, 2009. 166. Print.
Jump up ^ Atkinson.the tongue is also responsible for the shaping of the bolus as food passes from the mouth to the rest of the alimentary canal "Anatomy for dental students 4th edition.
Jump up ^ http://www.oralcancerfoundation.org/facts/index.htm
Jump up ^ Lam, L.; Logan, R. M.; Luke, C. (March 2006). "Epidemiological analysis of tongue cancer in South Australia for the 24-year period, 1977-2001". Aust Dent J. 51 (1): 16–22. PMID 16669472. doi:10.1111/j.1834-7819.2006.tb00395.x.
^ Jump up to: a b (editors) Newman MG, Takei HH, Klokkevold PR, Carranza FA (2012). Carranza's clinical periodontology (11th ed.). St. Louis, Mo.: Elsevier/Saunders. pp. 84–96. ISBN 978-1-4377-0416-7. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Outhouse, TL; Al-Alawi, R; Fedorowicz, Z; Keenan, JV (April 19, 2006). "Tongue scraping for treating halitosis.". The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (2): CD005519. PMID 16625641. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005519.pub2.
Jump up ^ Afrikaans tong; Danish tunge; Albanian gjuha; Armenian lezu (լեզու); Greek glóssa (γλώσσα); Irish teanga; Manx çhengey; Latin and Italian lingua; Catalan llengua; French langue; Portuguese língua; Spanish lengua; Romanian limba; Bulgarian ezik (език); Polish język; Russian yazyk (язык); Czech and Slovak jazyk; Slovene, Bosnian, Croatian, and Serbian jezik; Kurdish ziman (زمان); Persian and Urdu zabān (زبان); Arabic lisān (لسان); Aramaic liššānā (ܠܫܢܐ/לשנא); Hebrew lāšon (לָשׁוֹן); Maltese ilsien; Estonian keel; Finnish kieli; Hungarian nyelv; Azerbaijani and Turkish dil; Kazakh and Khakas til (тіл)
Jump up ^ Bhuchung K Tsering (27 December 2007). "Tibetan culture in the 21st century". Retrieved 13 February 2012.
Jump up ^ Sticking out your tongue ruled illegal
Jump up ^ Liran, Levin; Yehuda, Zadik; Tal, Becker (December 2005). "Oral and dental complications of intra-oral piercing". Dent Traumatol. 21 (6): 341–3. PMID 16262620. doi:10.1111/j.1600-9657.2005.00395.x.
Jump up ^ CHARLES BOARDMAN HAWES. Whaling. Doubleday, 1924
^ Jump up to: a b Online Etymology Dictionary
Jump up ^ A dog's tongue
Jump up ^ Krönert, H.; Pleschka, K. (January 1976). "Lingual blood flow and its hypothalamic control in the dog during panting". Pflügers Archiv European Journal of Physiology. 367 (1): 25–31. ISSN 0031-6768. doi:10.1007/BF00583652.
Jump up ^ Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977). The Vertebrate Body. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 298–299. ISBN 0-03-910284-X.
Jump up ^ Kingsley, John Sterling (1912). Comparative anatomy of vertebrates. P. Blackiston's Son & Co. pp. 217–220. ISBN 1-112-23645-7.
Jump up ^ Richards, O. W.; Davies, R. G. (1977). Imms' General Textbook of Entomology: Volume 1: Structure, Physiology and Development Volume 2: Classification and Biology. Berlin: Springer. ISBN 0-412-61390-5.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to tongue.
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Tongue
Look up tongue in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
University of Manitoba, Anatomy of the Vocal Tract
[show]
v
t
e
Anatomy of the mouth
Lip
Upper
Lower
Vermilion border
Frenulum of lower lip
Labial commissure of mouth
Philtrum
Cheek
Buccal fat pad
Roof
Hard palate
Soft palate
Palatine raphe
Incisive papilla
Gums
Interdental papilla
Gingival sulcus
Gingival margin
Gingival fibers
Junctional epithelium
Mucogingival junction
Sulcular epithelium
Stippling
Periodontium
Cementum
Gingiva
Periodontal ligament
Glands
Parotid gland
duct
Submandibular gland
duct
Sublingual gland
duct
Teeth
see tooth anatomy
Tongue
Top
Taste bud
Median sulcus
Terminal sulcus
Foramen cecum
Lingual tonsils
Underside
Frenulum
Fimbriated fold
Sublingual caruncle
Glossoepiglottic folds
Lingual septum
Back of mouth
Oropharynx
fauces
Plica semilunaris of the fauces
Uvula
Palatoglossal arch
Palatopharyngeal arch
Tonsillar fossa
Palatine tonsil
[show]
v
t
e
Anatomy of taste
Tongue
Taste bud
Lingual papilla
Vallate papilla
Foliate papilla
Fungiform papilla
Filiform papilla
Path
medulla
Solitary tract
VII
IX
X
Solitary nucleus
Gustatory nucleus
pons
Central tegmental tract
Medial parabrachial nucleus
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
thalamus
Ventral posteromedial nucleus
cerebrum
Posterior limb of internal capsule
Gustatory cortex
Other
Basic tastes
[show]
v
t
e
Taste
Basic tastes
Bitterness
Saltiness
Sourness
Sweetness
Umami
Anatomy
Epiglottis
Pharynx
Soft palate
Tongue
Gustology
Ageusia
Dysgeusia
Hypogeusia
Other
Aftertaste
Acquired taste
Pungency
Scoville scale
Supertaster
Tongue map
See also
Sight
Hearing
Smell
Touch
Authority control
GND: 4134301-3
NDL: 00575355
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tongue&oldid=800367665"
Categories:
Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)
Sensory organs
Gustatory system
Tongue
Digestive system
Human mouth anatomy
Speech organs
Hidden categories:
Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL
CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list
CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list
Wikipedia introduction cleanup from April 2015
All pages needing cleanup
Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from April 2015
All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify
Medicine infobox template using GraySubject or GrayPage
Medicine infobox template using Dorlands parameter
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016
Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015
Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikiquote
Languages
Afrikaans
Alemannisch
አማርኛ
Ænglisc
العربية
Aragonés
ܐܪܡܝܐ
Asturianu
Atikamekw
Avañe'ẽ
Авар
Azərbaycanca
Bahasa Banjar
Беларуская
Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
Български
Bosanski
Brezhoneg
Català
Čeština
ChiShona
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deutsch
ދިވެހިބަސް
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Frysk
Gaeilge
Gaelg
Gàidhlig
Galego
贛語
ગુજરાતી
客家語/Hak-kâ-ngî
한국어
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Ido
Bahasa Indonesia
Interlingua
Iñupiak
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
Basa Jawa
ಕನ್ನಡ
Kapampangan
ქართული
Қазақша
Kinyarwanda
Kreyòl ayisyen
Kurdî
Кыргызча
Лакку
Latina
Latviešu
Lietuvių
Limburgs
Lingála
Lumbaart
Magyar
Македонски
മലയാളം
मराठी
მარგალური
مازِرونی
Bahasa Melayu
Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄
Nederlands
नेपाली
नेपाल भाषा
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Occitan
ଓଡ଼ିଆ
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
Pangasinan
پنجابی
پښتو
Polski
Português
Română
Romani
Rumantsch
Runa Simi
Русиньскый
Русский
संस्कृतम्
Scots
Shqip
Sicilianu
Simple English
سنڌي
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Soomaaliga
کوردی
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Basa Sunda
Suomi
Svenska
Tagalog
தமிழ்
Татарча/tatarça
తెలుగు
ไทย
Тоҷикӣ
Türkçe
Українська
اردو
ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche
Vahcuengh
Tiếng Việt
Võro
Walon
Winaray
ייִדיש
粵語
Zazaki
Žemaitėška
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 13 September 2017, at 03:01.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

attrs: id class style

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Tongue_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Tongue (disambiguation)

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

attrs: href class

attrs: href title

value: b

value: i

value: small

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-lead_too_short

values:
/wiki/Pharyngeal_arches
mw-redirect
Pharyngeal arches

values:
/wiki/Tuberculum_impar
mw-redirect
Tuberculum impar

values:
/wiki/Digestive_system
mw-redirect
Digestive system

values:
/wiki/Gustatory_system
mw-redirect
Gustatory system

values:
/wiki/Lingual_papilla
mw-redirect
Lingual papilla

values:
/wiki/Oral_cavity
mw-redirect
Oral cavity

values:
/wiki/Glossopalatine_arches
mw-redirect
Glossopalatine arches

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2016)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Inferior_longitudinal_muscle
mw-redirect
Inferior longitudinal muscle

values:
/wiki/Special_visceral_afferent
mw-redirect
Special visceral afferent

values:
/wiki/General_visceral_afferent
mw-redirect
General visceral afferent

values:
/wiki/General_somatic_afferent
mw-redirect
General somatic afferent

values:
/wiki/Hematoxylin_and_eosin_stain
mw-redirect
Hematoxylin and eosin stain

values:
/wiki/Filiform_papillae
mw-redirect
Filiform papillae

values:
/wiki/Fungiform_papillae
mw-redirect
Fungiform papillae

values:
/wiki/Vallate_papillae
mw-redirect
Vallate papillae

values:
/wiki/Foliate_papillae
mw-redirect
Foliate papillae

values:
/wiki/First_pharyngeal_arch
mw-redirect
First pharyngeal arch

values:
/wiki/Foramen_cecum_(tongue)
mw-redirect
Foramen cecum (tongue)

values:
/wiki/Plasma_membrane
mw-redirect
Plasma membrane

values:
/wiki/Oral_hairy_leukoplakia
mw-redirect
Oral hairy leukoplakia

values:
/wiki/Angina_pectoris
mw-redirect
Angina pectoris

values:
/wiki/Mother_tongue
mw-redirect
Mother tongue

values:
/wiki/Tongue_twister
mw-redirect
Tongue twister

values:
/wiki/Speaking_in_tongues
mw-redirect
Speaking in tongues

values:
/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_(Italy)
mw-redirect
Court of Cassation (Italy)

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2015)

values:
/wiki/Szechuan_cuisine
mw-redirect
Szechuan cuisine

values:
/wiki/Lamb_(food)
mw-redirect
Lamb (food)

values:
/wiki/Analogy_(biology)
mw-redirect
Analogy (biology)

values: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13010300

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16669472

values: Category:CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list

values: Category:CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16625641

values:
/wiki/Afrikaans_language
mw-redirect
Afrikaans language

values:
/wiki/Kurdish_language
mw-redirect
Kurdish language

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16262620

values: Pflügers Archiv European Journal of Physiology

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0031-6768

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00583652

values:
/wiki/Median_sulcus_of_the_tongue
mw-redirect
Median sulcus of the tongue

values:
/wiki/Terminal_sulcus_of_tongue
mw-redirect
Terminal sulcus of tongue

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
/wiki/Vallate_papilla
mw-redirect
Vallate papilla

values:
/wiki/Foliate_papilla
mw-redirect
Foliate papilla

values:
/wiki/Fungiform_papilla
mw-redirect
Fungiform papilla

values:
/wiki/Filiform_papilla
mw-redirect
Filiform papilla

values:
/wiki/Human_pharynx
mw-redirect
Human pharynx

values:
/wiki/Hearing_(sense)
mw-redirect
Hearing (sense)

values:
nofollow
external text
http://d-nb.info/gnd/4134301-3

values: Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)

values: Category:Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL

values: Category:Wikipedia introduction cleanup from April 2015

values: Category:Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from April 2015

values: Category:All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify

values: Category:Medicine infobox template using GraySubject or GrayPage

values: Category:Medicine infobox template using Dorlands parameter

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015

values: Category:Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Tongue
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
/w/index.php?title=Tongue&action=edit
Edit this page [ctrl-alt-e]
e

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values:
https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tong
Tong – Afrikaans
af
af
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zunge
Zunge – Alemannisch
als
als
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunge
Tunge – Old English
ang
ang
interlanguage-link-target

values: ܠܫܢܐ (ܗܕܡܐ) – Aramaic

values:
https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oterni
Oterni – Atikamekw
atj
atj
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%A9
Kũ – Guarani
gn
gn
interlanguage-link-target

values: МацӀ (лага) – Avaric

values:
https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilat
Ilat – Banjar
bjn
bjn
interlanguage-link-target

values: Язык – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values: Език (анатомия) – Bulgarian

values:
https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teod
Teod – Breton
br
br
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rurimi
Rurimi – Shona
sn
sn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafod
Tafod – Welsh
cy
cy
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunge
Tunge – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zunge
Zunge – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

values: Γλώσσα (ανατομία) – Greek

values:
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihi
Mihi – Basque
eu
eu
interlanguage-link-target

values: زبان (کالبدشناسی) – Persian

values:
https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonge
Tonge – Western Frisian
fy
fy
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teanga
Teanga – Scottish Gaelic
gd
gd
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%80
혀 – Korean
ko
ko
interlanguage-link-target

values: Լեզու (օրգան) – Armenian

values:
https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lango
Lango – Ido
io
io
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidah
Lidah – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uqaq
Uqaq – Inupiaq
ik
ik
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunga
Tunga – Icelandic
is
is
interlanguage-link-target

values: לשון (איבר) – Hebrew

values:
https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilat
Ilat – Javanese
jv
jv
interlanguage-link-target

values: ನಾಲಿಗೆ – Kannada

values:
https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dila
Dila – Pampanga
pam
pam
interlanguage-link-target

values: ენა (ორგანო) – Georgian

values: Тіл (анатомия) – Kazakh

values: Тил (анатомия) – Kyrgyz

values: Маз (чурх) – Lak

values:
https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%93le
Mēle – Latvian
lv
lv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3ng
Tóng – Limburgish
li
li
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidah
Lidah – Malay
ms
ms
interlanguage-link-target

values: जिब्रो – Nepali

values:
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%88%8C
舌 – Japanese
ja
ja
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunge
Tunge – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunge
Tunge – Norwegian Nynorsk
nn
nn
interlanguage-link-target

values: ਮਨੁੱਖੀ ਜੀਭ – Punjabi

values:
https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dila
Dila – Pangasinan
pag
pag
interlanguage-link-target

values: ژبه (اناتومي) – Pashto

values:
https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieunga
Lieunga – Romansh
rm
rm
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qallu
Qallu – Quechua
qu
qu
interlanguage-link-target

values: Язык (анатомія) – Rusyn

values: Язык (анатомия) – Russian

values:
https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongue
Tongue – Scots
sco
sco
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrab
Carrab – Somali
so
so
interlanguage-link-target

values: Језик (орган) – Serbian

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunga
Tunga – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dila
Dila – Tagalog
tl
tl
interlanguage-link-target

values: நாக்கு – Tamil

values: Тел (анатомия) – Tatar

values: నాలుక – Telugu

values: Забон (андом) – Tajik

values: زبان (تشریح) – Urdu

values:
https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linx
Linx – Zhuang
za
za
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linwe
Linwe – Walloon
wa
wa
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dila
Dila – Waray
war
war
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%88%8C
舌 – Chinese
zh
zh
interlanguage-link-target

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Tongue rootpage-Tongue skin-vector action-view