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The Big Bang Theory (season 3)
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The Big Bang Theory (season 3)
Third season DVD cover art
Starring
Johnny Galecki
Jim Parsons
Kaley Cuoco
Simon Helberg
Kunal Nayyar
Country of origin
United States
No. of episodes
23
Release
Original network
CBS
Original release
September 21, 2009 (2009-09-21) – May 24, 2010 (2010-05-24)
Season chronology
← Previous
Season 2
Next →
Season 4
List of The Big Bang Theory episodes
The third season of the American sitcom The Big Bang Theory was originally aired on CBS from September 21, 2009 to May 24, 2010 with 23 episodes. It received higher ratings than the previous two seasons with over 15 million viewers.[1] Season three started three months after the end of season two when the guys left for the North Pole.
The third season saw the first appearances of future main cast members Melissa Rauch as Bernadette Rostenkowski in “The Creepy Candy Coating Corollary” and Mayim Bialik as Dr. Amy Farrah Fowler in the season finale “The Lunar Excitation”. Christine Baranski submitted the episode “The Maternal Congruence” for consideration due to her nomination for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series at the 62nd Primetime Emmy Awards. Jim Parsons won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series at the 62nd Primetime Emmy Awards for the episode “The Pants Alternative”.
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 Cast
2.1 Main cast
2.2 Special guest cast
2.3 Recurring cast
2.4 Guest cast
3 Episodes
4 Ratings
5 Reception
6 References
7 External links
Overview[edit]
Penny throws herself at Leonard after he returns from three months at the North Pole, and they begin a relationship that lasts most of the season. Penny and Sheldon start a quirky friendship (though she can still annoy him). Wil Wheaton begins appearing as Sheldon's arch-enemy. Howard begins to date Bernadette Rostenkowski. At the end of the season, Sheldon meets Amy Farrah Fowler.
Cast[edit]
Main article: List of The Big Bang Theory characters
Main cast[edit]
Johnny Galecki as Leonard Hofstadter
Jim Parsons as Sheldon Cooper
Kaley Cuoco as Penny
Simon Helberg as Howard Wolowitz
Kunal Nayyar as Rajesh "Raj" Koothrappali
Special guest cast[edit]
Katee Sackhoff as herself
Ira Flatow as himself
Stan Lee as himself
Recurring cast[edit]
Laurie Metcalf as Mary Cooper
Carol Ann Susi as Mrs. Wolowitz
John Ross Bowie as Dr. Barry Kripke
Wil Wheaton as Himself
Kevin Sussman as Stuart Bloom
Melissa Rauch as Bernadette Rostenkowski
Brian George as Dr. V.M. Koothrappali
Alice Amter as Mrs. Koothrappali
Christine Baranski as Dr. Beverly Hofstadter
Sara Gilbert as Leslie Winkle
Brian Thomas Smith as Zack Johnson
Guest cast[edit]
Lewis Black as Professor Crawley
Molly Morgan as Bethany
Sarah Buehler as Sarah
Andy Mackenzie as Skeeter
Elizabeth Bogush as Dr. Catherine Millstone
Oliver Muirhead as Professor Laughlin
Zachary Abel as Todd
Jason Mesches as Denny
Danica McKellar as Abby
Jen Drohan as Martha
Julio Oscar Mechoso as Officer Hackett
Yeardley Smith as Sandy
Kevin Brief as Glenn
Steve Paymer as Judge Kirby
Marcus Folmar as Guard
Frank Maharajh as Venkatesh Koothrappali
Judy Greer as Dr. Elizabeth Plimpton
Ally Maki as Joyce Kim
Steven Yeun as Sebastian
Ajgie Kirkland as Louie/Louise
Lauri Johnson as Mrs. Gunderson
Mayim Bialik as Dr. Amy Farrah Fowler
Episodes[edit]
See also: List of The Big Bang Theory episodes
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)
41
1 "The Electric Can Opener Fluctuation" Mark Cendrowski Steven Molaro September 21, 2009 (2009-09-21) 3X5551 12.96[2]
The men return home from their expedition at the Magnetic North Pole. Penny reveals her feelings for Leonard when he visits her. Sheldon is humiliated on learning that Leonard, Howard and Raj tampered with one of his experiments, and retreats to his mother's home in Galveston, Texas.
Title reference: The electric can opener used by the men to fake the results of Sheldon's experiment while at the Magnetic North Pole.
42
2 "The Jiminy Conjecture" Mark Cendrowski Jim Reynolds September 28, 2009 (2009-09-28) 3X5552 13.27[3]
Leonard and Penny, vacillate between friendship and a romantic relationship, struggling to resolve the awkwardness. Sheldon and Howard stake their most valuable comic books on a bet over the species of a cricket they hear, enlisting a depressed entomologist to settle the bet.
Title reference: Sheldon tries to guess the species of a cricket he names after Jiminy Cricket.
43
3 "The Gothowitz Deviation" Mark Cendrowski Story by : Lee Aronsohn & Richard Rosenstock
Teleplay by : Bill Prady & Maria Ferrari October 5, 2009 (2009-10-05) 3X5553 12.52[4]
Sheldon tries to condition Penny, rewarding with chocolate what he considers to be "correct" behavior. Howard and Raj pretend to be goths to try to meet girls at a goth club..
Title reference: Howard and Raj go to a Goth club.
44
4 "The Pirate Solution" Mark Cendrowski Steve Holland October 12, 2009 (2009-10-12) 3X5554 13.07[5]
Raj's research on trans-Neptunian objects comes to a dead end and he faces deportation to India unless he gets a new job. Sheldon offers Raj a chance to work for him. Raj accepts but disagreements ensue. Howard tries to hang out with Leonard and Penny, but intrudes into their relationship.
Title reference: Sheldon's comment about Raj either emigrating to another country, returning to India, or "wandering the high seas as a stateless pirate."
45
5 "The Creepy Candy Coating Corollary" Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Bill Prady
Teleplay by : Lee Aronsohn & Steven Molaro October 19, 2009 (2009-10-19) 3X5556 13.47[6]
Howard bonds with Penny's friend Bernadette, over their respective relationships with their mothers. Sheldon enters a collectible card game tournament, with Raj as his partner, to compete against his rival Wil Wheaton.
Note: This episode marks the first appearance of future regular cast member Melissa Rauch as Bernadette Rostenkowski and also marks the first cameo appearance of Wil Wheaton on the show.
Title reference: Penny's description of Howard's outward behavior.
46
6 "The Cornhusker Vortex" Mark Cendrowski Story by : Bill Prady & Steven Molaro
Teleplay by : Dave Goetsch & Richard Rosenstock November 2, 2009 (2009-11-02) 3X5555 12.73[7]
Leonard attempts to fit in with Penny's football-loving friends, despite initially knowing nothing about the game. Howard upsets Raj by repeatedly abandoning him during activities to pursue women.
Title reference: The football team Penny and her friends watch.
47
7 "The Guitarist Amplification" Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Lee Aronsohn
Teleplay by : Bill Prady & Richard Rosenstock & Jim Reynolds November 9, 2009 (2009-11-09) 3X5557 12.79[8]
Sheldon is upset by reminders of his quarrelling parents as Leonard argues with Penny, Raj argues with his parents and Howard argues with his mother.
Title reference: Penny's guitarist friend.
48
8 "The Adhesive Duck Deficiency" Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Bill Prady & Dave Goetsch
Teleplay by : Steven Molaro & Eric Kaplan & Maria Ferrari November 16, 2009 (2009-11-16) 3X5558 13.23[9]
Sheldon, despite never having driven a car before, is forced to drive Penny to the hospital after she slips in the shower. Leonard, Raj and Howard go on a camping trip to watch the Leonid meteor shower, but all succumb to the effects of "magic" cookies given to them by Deadhead campers nearby.
Title reference: Sheldon telling Penny that he has sticky non-slip duck shaped appliqués in his bath tub and that they would have prevented Penny's accident.
49
9 "The Vengeance Formulation" Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Maria Ferrari
Teleplay by : Richard Rosenstock & Jim Reynolds & Steve Holland November 23, 2009 (2009-11-23) 3X5559 14.13[10]
After three successful dates, Howard reflects on the future of his relationship with Bernadette. A prank fight between Sheldon and Kripke begins when the latter severely embarrasses the former on National Public Radio's talk show Science Friday by filling Sheldon's office with helium, giving him a high-pitched voice.
Title reference: Sheldon's revenge against Kripke.
50
10 "The Gorilla Experiment" Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Richard Rosenstock & Steve Holland
Teleplay by : Bill Prady & Steven Molaro & Maria Ferrari December 7, 2009 (2009-12-07) 3X5560 14.38[11]
Howard becomes jealous of Leonard after Bernadette shows an interest in his work, causing friction in the relationship of all three. Penny becomes jealous over not being able to talk to Leonard about his job, and asks Sheldon to teach her about physics.
Title reference: Sheldon's view that teaching physics to Penny is equivalent in challenge to teaching sign language to Koko the gorilla.
51
11 "The Maternal Congruence" Mark Cendrowski Story by : Lee Aronsohn & Steven Molaro & Richard Rosenstock & Maria Ferrari
Teleplay by : Chuck Lorre & Bill Prady & Dave Goetsch December 14, 2009 (2009-12-14) 3X5562 15.58[12]
At Christmas, Leonard's mother visits, much to Leonard's horror and Sheldon's delight. Penny is upset to learn that Leonard has not told her about his mother's visit, nor his mother about their relationship. Leonard learns that Sheldon appears to know more about his parents' lives than he does.
Title reference: Leonard's mother visiting him again.
52
12 "The Psychic Vortex" Mark Cendrowski Story by : Lee Aronsohn & Steven Molaro
Teleplay by : Chuck Lorre & Eric Kaplan & Jim Reynolds January 11, 2010 (2010-01-11) 3X5561 15.82[13]
Penny is upset when Leonard derides her for taking advice from a psychic. Awkward situations ensue as Sheldon and Raj date two women they met at a university mixer, Raj having bribed Sheldon to be his wingman.
Title reference: Penny's belief in psychics.
53
13 "The Bozeman Reaction" Mark Cendrowski Story by : Bill Prady & Lee Aronsohn & Jim Reynolds
Teleplay by : Chuck Lorre & Steven Molaro & Steve Holland January 18, 2010 (2010-01-18) 3X5563 14.99[14]
Sheldon fears for his safety after his and Leonard's apartment is burgled, and takes various measures to try to increase his security.
Title reference: Sheldon moves to Bozeman, Montana after his and Leonard's apartment is robbed.
54
14 "The Einstein Approximation" Mark Cendrowski Story by : Lee Aronsohn & Dave Goetsch & Steve Holland
Teleplay by : Chuck Lorre & Steven Molaro & Eric Kaplan February 1, 2010 (2010-02-01) 3X5565 15.51[15]
After becoming obsessed with a physics problem, Sheldon decides to take a menial job, comparing himself to Albert Einstein, who conceived his theory of relativity while working at the Swiss patent office.
Meanwhile, Raj feels left out when Leonard, Penny, Howard and Bernadette go on a double-date at a roller skating rink.
Title reference: Sheldon's attempt at solving his problem by working in a menial job, comparing it to Albert Einstein's discoveries made while working in Switzerland in the Patent Office.
55
15 "The Large Hadron Collision" Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Steven Molaro & Jim Reynolds
Teleplay by : Lee Aronsohn & Richard Rosenstock & Maria Ferrari February 8, 2010 (2010-02-08) 3X5564 16.26[1]
Sheldon feels betrayed when Leonard decides to take Penny, not Sheldon, with him to a conference in Switzerland, where they will also have the chance to visit the Large Hadron Collider. After failing to convince Leonard to change his mind, Sheldon tries to convince Penny to drop out, which leads Leonard to terminate his friendship with Sheldon.
Title reference: The dispute between Leonard and Sheldon over who gets to be Leonard's guest for the trip to the Large Hadron Collider.
56
16 "The Excelsior Acquisition" Peter Chakos Story by : Chuck Lorre & Lee Aronsohn & Steven Molaro
Teleplay by : Bill Prady & Steve Holland & Maria Ferrari March 1, 2010 (2010-03-01) 3X5566 15.73[16]
Sheldon tries to meet Stan Lee at a comic book signing, but is stymied by having to appear in court for running a red light, and enlists Penny to help him win the judge's favor.
Title reference: Stan Lee's comic book signing event.
57
17 "The Precious Fragmentation" Mark Cendrowski Story by : Lee Aronsohn & Eric Kaplan & Maria Ferrari
Teleplay by : Bill Prady & Steven Molaro & Richard Rosenstock March 8, 2010 (2010-03-08) 3X5567 16.32[17]
Sheldon, Raj, Leonard and Howard acquire a collectible casting of the One Ring, which turns out to be a prop from The Lord of the Rings film trilogy. Fights and deceptions ensue as the four try various means to prevent the others from possessing it, as Penny observes in disbelief.
Title reference: The guys' fight over the One Ring.
58
18 "The Pants Alternative" Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Bill Prady & Steve Holland
Teleplay by : Eric Kaplan & Richard Rosenstock & Jim Reynolds March 22, 2010 (2010-03-22) 3X5568 13.42[18]
The characters try to help Sheldon overcome his fear of public speaking in time for him to accept a science award.
Title reference: Sheldon takes off his pants during his acceptance speech for the award whilst drunk.
59
19 "The Wheaton Recurrence" Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Steven Molaro & Nicole Lorre & Jessica Ambrosetti
Teleplay by : Bill Prady & Dave Goetsch & Jim Reynolds & Maria Ferrari April 12, 2010 (2010-04-12) 3X5569 13.39[19]
Leonard and Penny reflect on their relationship after Penny does not reciprocate when Leonard tells her he loves her. At a bowling match with Stuart and others, including Sheldon's rival Wil Wheaton, the two question their future together, but Wheaton may also be interfering.
Title reference: Wil Wheaton's return as a guest star on the show.
60
20 "The Spaghetti Catalyst" Anthony Rich Chuck Lorre & Bill Prady & Lee Aronsohn & Steven Molaro May 3, 2010 (2010-05-03) 3X5570 11.63[20]
Leonard and Penny, having now ended their relationship, consider whether they can maintain their friendships with the other characters.
Title reference: Sheldon's spaghetti dinner with Penny.
61
21 "The Plimpton Stimulation" Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Bill Prady & Lee Aronsohn
Teleplay by : Steven Molaro & Jim Reynolds & Maria Ferrari May 10, 2010 (2010-05-10) 3X5571 13.73[21]
Dr. Elizabeth Plimpton, a cosmological physicist from Princeton University, accepts Sheldon's invitation to stay over at the apartment during her visit to Caltech. However, she instead takes an immediate interest in Leonard, and the two end up sleeping together, inciting jealousy from Penny. However, it quickly becomes clear that Leonard and Elizabeth both have very different ideas about the nature of their relationship.
Title reference: Dr. Elizabeth Plimpton visits and "stimulates" Leonard and Raj.
62
22 "The Staircase Implementation" Mark Cendrowski Story by : Lee Aronsohn & Steven Molaro & Steve Holland
Teleplay by : Chuck Lorre & Dave Goetsch & Maria Ferrari May 17, 2010 (2010-05-17) 3X5572 15.02[22]
Taking shelter in Penny's apartment after an argument with Sheldon, Leonard tells Penny how he and Sheldon met in 2003. He describes the trials he underwent in order to become Sheldon's roommate, which reveal many aspects of the latter's character, and in the process reveals how their building's elevator came to be out of order.
Title reference: Because Leonard's rocket fuel explodes inside the elevator and destroys it, the stairway becomes indispensable.
63
23 "The Lunar Excitation" Peter Chakos Story by : Chuck Lorre & Bill Prady & Maria Ferrari
Teleplay by : Lee Aronsohn & Steven Molaro & Steve Holland May 24, 2010 (2010-05-24) 3X5573 14.78[23]
Penny introduces her new boyfriend Zack to the other characters as they set up an experiment to bounce a laser off the moon using the laser reflector left by Apollo 11, but grows disappointed with him as she watches him interact with the group. She later breaks up with him and has drunken sex with Leonard, leading Leonard to hypothesize that he has become irresistible to the women around him, which he tests throughout the episode.
Meanwhile, Raj and Howard create a profile for Sheldon on a dating website without his knowledge, which to their surprise matches him with a woman named Amy Farrah Fowler. The two force Sheldon to meet Amy, and are surprised at the results.
Title reference: The guys bouncing a laser off the reflector left on the moon by the crew of Apollo 11.
Ratings[edit]
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
1 "The Electric Can Opener Fluctuation" September 21, 2009 4.7/11 12.96[2]
2 "The Jiminy Conjecture" September 28, 2009 5.3/13 13.27[3]
3 "The Gothowitz Deviation" October 5, 2009 4.5/10 12.52[4]
4 "The Pirate Solution" October 12, 2009 5.0/12 13.07[5]
5 "The Creepy Candy Coating Corollary" October 19, 2009 5.3/13 13.47[6]
6 "The Cornhusker Vortex" November 2, 2009 4.7/11 12.73[7]
7 "The Guitarist Amplification" November 9, 2009 4.7/11 12.79[8]
8 "The Adhesive Duck Deficiency" November 16, 2009 5.0/12 13.23[9]
9 "The Vengeance Formulation" November 23, 2009 5.2/13 14.13[10]
10 "The Gorilla Experiment" December 7, 2009 5.6/13 14.38[11]
11 "The Maternal Congruence" December 14, 2009 5.6/14 15.58[12]
12 "The Psychic Vortex" January 11, 2010 5.7/14 15.82[13]
13 "The Bozeman Reaction" January 18, 2010 5.2/12 14.99[14]
14 "The Einstein Approximation" February 1, 2010 5.4/13 15.51[15]
15 "The Large Hadron Collision" February 8, 2010 6.0/14 16.26[1]
16 "The Excelsior Acquisition" March 1, 2010 5.9/14 15.73[16]
17 "The Precious Fragmentation" March 8, 2010 5.9/15 16.32[17]
18 "The Pants Alternative" March 22, 2010 5.2/13 13.42[18]
19 "The Wheaton Recurrence" April 12, 2010 5.1/13 13.39[19]
20 "The Spaghetti Catalyst" May 3, 2010 4.6/12 11.63[20]
21 "The Plimpton Stimulation" May 10, 2010 5.3/13 13.73[21]
22 "The Staircase Implementation" May 17, 2010 5.5/14 15.02[22]
23 "The Lunar Excitation" May 24, 2010 5.2/13 14.78[23]
Reception[edit]
The third season received favorable reviews. Maureen Ryan of Chicago Tribune wrote that "Big Bang Theory, which is in its third season, is doing many things very right",[24] Alan Sepinwall of The Star-Ledger wrote "the Penny/Sheldon interaction was gold, as always",[25] and Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly, who wrote that "what lifts The Big Bang Theory into frequent excellence is its one constant from the start: the brilliantly nuanced performance of Jim Parsons".[26]
The American Film Institute ranked season three one of the ten best television seasons of 2009.[27]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "Super Night for CBS's Comedy Power Hour". CBS. February 9, 2010. Retrieved September 28, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Seidman, Robert (September 22, 2009). "Monday broadcast final numbers". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on October 5, 2009. Retrieved June 13, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Seidman, Robert (September 29, 2009). "Big Bang Theory's BANG even louder in final numbers, rises to 5.3 w/adults 18–49". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on October 4, 2009. Retrieved June 13, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Seidman, Robert (October 6, 2009). ""The Big Bang Theory" builds on its lead-in for third straight week". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on October 9, 2009. Retrieved June 13, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "CBS Wins Monday in Key Demos". CBS. October 13, 2009. Archived from the original on January 8, 2014. Retrieved January 5, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Biggest Bang Yet!". CBS. October 20, 2009. Archived from the original on January 8, 2014. Retrieved January 5, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b ""How I Met Your Mother" Delivers Largest Audience Since Its Season Premiere". CBS. November 3, 2009. Archived from the original on January 8, 2014. Retrieved January 5, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "CBS First in Viewers for the Sixth Time in Seven Weeks". CBS. November 10, 2009. Archived from the original on January 8, 2014. Retrieved January 5, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "CBS Places First on Monday in Adults 18-49 and Adults 25-54". CBS. November 18, 2009. Archived from the original on May 31, 2012. Retrieved January 5, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Monday Comedies Lead CBS to Win in Key Demos". CBS. November 24, 2009. Archived from the original on January 8, 2014. Retrieved January 5, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Seidman, Robert (December 8, 2009). "Monday Finals: Big Bang Theory drops a tick; Castle drops two ticks". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on December 11, 2009. Retrieved June 13, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Viewers embrace CBS Monday". CBS. December 15, 2009. Retrieved October 25, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Seidman, Robert (January 12, 2010). "Monday Broadcast Finals Plus Chuck Quarter Hour Detail". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on January 17, 2010. Retrieved June 13, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Seidman, Robert (January 19, 2010). "TV Ratings: CBS Wins; How I Met Your Mother hits season highs; Life Unexpected Premieres Solidly". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on June 11, 2010. Retrieved June 13, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "CBS sweeps Monday in viewers and Key demographics". CBS. February 3, 2010. Retrieved October 5, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "CBS's Monday Comedy Block grows opposite "The Bachelor" final and Olympic-Promoted NBC". CBS. March 2, 2010. Retrieved October 25, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Editor's Note: With final Monday ratings in, The Big Bang Theory has now reached a new series high in viewers (16.32m) and was the night's top program in adults 18-49 (5.9/15), up a tenth from this morning. -- "Two and a Half Men" Soars to Its Best Adult 18-49 Rating in Three Years". CBS. March 9, 2010. Archived from the original on January 8, 2014. Retrieved January 5, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Seidman, Robert (March 23, 2010). "Monday Finals: "Dancing With the Stars" Rises; "Castle" Falls". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on March 27, 2010. Retrieved June 13, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Gorman, Bill (April 13, 2010). "Monday Broadcast Finals: Dancing, 2.5 Men, Big Bang Adjusted Up; Castle, CSI: Miami, 24 Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on April 17, 2010. Retrieved June 13, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Seidman, Robert (May 4, 2010). "Monday Finals:"House," "Big Bang" Adjusted Up; "Romantically Challenged," "Castle" Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on May 7, 2010. Retrieved June 13, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b ""The Big Bang Theory" Makes Monday's Loudest Noise in Adults 18-34, Adults 18-49 and Adults 25-54". CBS. May 11, 2010. Archived from the original on September 23, 2015. Retrieved January 5, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "This Just In... From CBS Entertainment... "The Big Bang Theory" Tops Monday in Key Demos". CBS. May 18, 2010. Archived from the original on January 2, 2014. Retrieved January 5, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "CBS Wins the Final Monday of the Season in Key Demos". CBS. May 25, 2010. Archived from the original on January 2, 2014. Retrieved January 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ Ryan, Maureen (January 10, 2010). "Having Big fun on a hit comedy: A chat with Big Bang Theory's Johnny Galecki". Chicago Tribune. tronc. Archived from the original on September 12, 2016. Retrieved January 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ Sepinwall, Alan (December 8, 2009). "Big Bang Theory, "The Gorilla Experiment": Howard's girlfriend Bernadette". The Star-Ledger. Advance Publications. Archived from the original on April 13, 2013. Retrieved January 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ Tucker, Ken (March 24, 2010). "The Big Bang Theory". Entertainment Weekly. Time Inc. Archived from the original on January 6, 2017. Retrieved January 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ "AFI Awards 2009". American Film Institute. Archived from the original on January 19, 2013. Retrieved January 5, 2017.
General references
"The Big Bang Theory Season 3 episodes". TV Guide. Retrieved May 16, 2010.
"Shows A-Z – big bang theory, the on CBS". the Futon Critic. Retrieved May 16, 2010.
"The Big Bang Theory: Episode Guide". MSN TV. Retrieved May 16, 2010.
External links[edit]
List of The Big Bang Theory episodes on IMDb
The Big Bang Theory: Season 3 at Rotten Tomatoes
[hide]
v
t
e
The Big Bang Theory
Characters
Leonard Hofstadter
Sheldon Cooper
Penny
Howard Wolowitz
Raj Koothrappali
Episodes
Season 1
"Pilot"
Season 2
"The Terminator Decoupling"
Season 3
"The Jiminy Conjecture"
Season 4
"The Cruciferous Vegetable Amplification"
"The Hot Troll Deviation"
"The Love Car Displacement"
"The Toast Derivation"
"The Roommate Transmogrification"
Season 5
"The Skank Reflex Analysis"
"The Infestation Hypothesis"
"The Wiggly Finger Catalyst"
"The Russian Rocket Reaction"
"The Rhinitis Revelation"
"The Good Guy Fluctuation"
"The Isolation Permutation"
"The Flaming Spittoon Acquisition"
"The Shiny Trinket Maneuver"
"The Recombination Hypothesis"
"The Beta Test Initiation"
"The Werewolf Transformation"
"The Hawking Excitation"
"The Stag Convergence"
"The Countdown Reflection"
Season 6
"The Fish Guts Displacement"
"The Santa Simulation"
"The Egg Salad Equivalency"
Season 7
"The Hofstadter Insufficiency"
"The Convention Conundrum"
Season 8
"The Locomotion Interruption"
Season 9
Season 10
Season 11
Recurring concepts
"Soft Kitty"
Related articles
Awards and nominations
Bazinga (genus)
Euglossa bazinga
Young Sheldon
Portal
Category
Book
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Climate of the United States
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For change, see Climate change in the United States.
Köppen climate types of the US
The climate of the United States varies due to differences in latitude, and a range of geographic features, including mountains and deserts. West of the 100th meridian, much of the US is semi-arid to desert in the far southwestern US, and Mediterranean along the California coast. East of the 100th meridian, the climate is humid continental in the northern areas east through New England, to humid subtropical in the Gulf and South Atlantic regions. Southern Florida is tropical, as is Hawaii and the US Virgin Islands. Higher-elevation areas of the Rocky Mountains, the Wasatch, Sierra Nevada, and Cascade Range are alpine. The West Coast areas in coastal Oregon and Washington are oceanic climate. The state of Alaska, on the northwestern corner of the North American continent, is largely subarctic climate, but with a subpolar oceanic climate in the southeast (Alaska Panhandle), southwestern peninsula and Aleutian Islands.
The primary drivers of weather in the contiguous United States are the seasonal change in the solar angle, the migration north/south of the subtropical highs, and the seasonal change in the position of the polar jet stream.
In the Northern Hemisphere summer the Subtropical high pressure systems move northward and closer to the United States mainland. In the Atlantic Ocean, the "Bermuda High" creates a south-southwest flow of warm, humid air over the eastern, southern and central United States - resulting in warm to hot temperatures, high humidity and occasional thunderstorm activity. In the Pacific Ocean high pressure builds toward the California coast resulting in a northwesterly airflow creating the typical sunny, dry, and stable weather conditions along the West Coast.
In the Northern Hemisphere winter, the subtropical highs retreat southward. The polar jet stream (and associated conflict zone between cold, dry air masses from Canada and warm, moist air masses from the Gulf of Mexico) drops further southward into the United States - bringing more precipitation and periods of disturbed weather, as well as colder or mild air masses. Areas in the southern US (Florida, the Gulf Coast, the Desert Southwest, and southern California) however, often have more stable weather, as the polar jet stream's impact does not usually reach that far south. Weather systems, be they high-pressure systems (anticyclones), low-pressure systems (cyclones) or fronts (boundaries between air masses of differing temperature, humidity and most commonly, both) are faster-moving and more intense in the winter/colder months than in the summer/warmer months, when the belt of lows and storms generally move into southern Canada.
The Gulf of Alaska is the origination area of many storms that enter the United States. Such "North Pacific lows" enter the US through the Pacific Northwest, then move eastward across the northern Rocky Mountains, northern Great Plains, upper Midwest, Great Lakes and New England states. Across the central states from late fall to spring, "Panhandle hook" storms move from the central Rockies into the Oklahoma/Texas panhandle areas, then northeast toward the Great Lakes. They generate unusually large temperature contrasts, and often bring heavy Gulf moisture northward, resulting sometimes in cold conditions and possibly-heavy snow or ice north and west of the storm track, and warm conditions, heavy rains and potentially-severe thunderstorms south and east of the storm track - often simultaneously. Across the northern states in winter usually from Montana eastward, "Alberta clipper" storms track east and bring light to moderate snowfalls from the Great Lakes to New England, and often, windy and severe Arctic outbreaks behind them. When winter-season Canadian cold air masses drop unusually far southward, "Gulf lows" can develop in or near the Gulf of Mexico, then track eastward or northeastward across the Southern states, or nearby Gulf or South Atlantic waters. They often bring rain, but on rare occasions can bring ice to areas of the interior southern states.
In the cold season (generally November to March), most precipitation occurs in conjunction with organized low-pressure systems and associated fronts. In the summer, storms are much more localized, with short-duration thunderstorms common in many areas east of the 100th meridian. In the warm season, storm systems affecting a large area are less frequent, and weather conditions are more solar {sun} controlled, with the greatest chance for thunderstorm and severe weather activity during peak heating hours, mostly between 3 PM and 9 PM local time. From May to August especially, often-overnight mesoscale-convective-system (MCS) thunderstorm complexes, usually associated with frontal activity, can deliver significant to flooding rainfall amounts from the Dakotas/Nebraska eastward across Iowa/Minnesota to the Great Lakes states. From late summer into fall (mostly August to October), tropical cyclones sometimes approach or cross the Gulf and Atlantic states, bringing high winds, heavy rainfall, and storm surges (often topped with battering waves) to coastal areas.
Record one day precipitation by county between 1979 and 2011.
A map of the average annual high temperatures in the United States.
Contents
[hide]
1 Regional overview
1.1 Southwest
1.2 Gulf Coast/Lower Mississippi Valley/South Atlantic states
1.3 Southern Plains/Lower Midwest/Middle East Coast
1.4 Northern Great Plains/North-Central/Great Lakes/New England
1.5 Pacific Northwest
2 Precipitation
3 Extremes
4 Overall average(s)
5 Natural disasters and effects
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Regional overview[edit]
Southwest[edit]
The Southwest has a hot desert climate, at lower elevations. Cities like Phoenix, Las Vegas, Yuma, and Palm Springs have average highs over 100 °F (38 °C) during the summer months and lows in the 60s. In winter, daily temperatures in the southwest are cooler with highs in the 50s and 60s F, and lows in the 40s F. Northern Arizona and New Mexico, central and northern Nevada and most of Utah (outside higher mountain areas) have a semi-desert climate, but with colder and snowier winters than points south due to higher elevations. As in other desert climates, the dry air results in large differences (sometimes over 40 F ) between daytime high and nighttime low temperatures.
The coast of California has a Mediterranean climate. Daily high temperatures range from 70 to 80 °F (21 to 27 °C) in the summer to 50 to 65 °F (10 to 16 °C) in winter, with low temperatures from the 60 °F (16 °C)s in summer to the mid 40s F in winter.[citation needed] Like most Mediterranean climates, much of coastal California has a wet winter and dry summer. Early summers can often bring cool, overcast weather (fog and low stratus clouds) to coastal California. As such, the warmest summer weather is delayed until August, even September in many areas of the California coast; on average, September is the warmest month in San Francisco, CA. Upwelling of cold Pacific waters also contributes to the frequent cool spring and early summer weather in coastal California. In California's inland river valleys (Bakersfield, Sacramento areas), the wet-winter, dry-summer pattern remains, but winters are cooler and more prone to occasional frost or freeze, while summers are much hotter, with blazing sunshine and daytime high temperatures not uncommonly in the 90s °F to over 100 °F (38 °C).
Gulf Coast/Lower Mississippi Valley/South Atlantic states[edit]
The Gulf and South Atlantic states have a humid subtropical climate with mostly mild winters and hot, humid summers. Most of the Florida peninsula including Tampa and Jacksonville, along with other coastal cities like Houston, New Orleans, Savannah, Charleston and Wilmington all have average summer highs in the lower 90s F, and lows generally from 70 to 75 °F (21 to 24 °C); combined with moist tropical air, this creates the sultry summer weather conditions typical found here. In the interior South, in cities like Raleigh, NC, Atlanta, Birmingham, AL, Nashville TN, San Antonio, TX, and Jackson, average summer highs and lows are similar to coastal areas, while some areas of interior eastern Texas having highs in the upper 90s F. In winter, average daily high temperatures range from the 40 °F (4 °C)s (upper South: northern Arkansas, Kentucky and Virginia), to the 60 °F (16 °C)s along the Gulf Coast and South Atlantic coast (Charleston southward), with 70 °F (21 °C)s in central and southern Florida and far southern Texas. Average daily lows in winter range from 20 °F (−7 °C)s north to 40 °F (4 °C)s along the Gulf and far South Atlantic coasts, with 50 °F (10 °C)s in Florida and coastal south Texas.
Southern Florida has a tropical climate, with all months having a mean temperature of higher than 65 °F (18 °C), a wet season from May through October, and a dry season from November through April. In cities like Fort Lauderdale, Miami, Key West, Naples, and Palm Beach average daily highs range from the mid 70 °F (21 °C)s in winter to the upper 80 °F (32 °C)s in summer. Average overnight lows range from the upper 50 °F (10 °C)s in winter to the mid and upper 70 °F (21 °C)s in summer. Southern Florida is the warmest region of the US mainland in winter.
Southern Plains/Lower Midwest/Middle East Coast[edit]
The region from the southern Plains, to the lower Midwest, eastward to the central East Coast (the New York City/coastal Connecticut region southward to Virginia) has a temperate climate, with cool to cold winters and long hot summers. Daytime highs range from 80 to 90 °F (27 to 32 °C) in summer to 35 to 50 °F (2 to 10 °C) in winter. Lows range from the 60 °F (16 °C)s in summer to 25 to 35 °F (−4 to 2 °C) in winter. Cities in this region include Wichita, Kansas, St. Louis, Springfield, Illinois, Indianapolis, Indiana, Columbus, Ohio, Pittsburgh, Philadelphia, Washington, D.C., Richmond, Virginia, New York City, New Haven, Connecticut, and Atlantic City, New Jersey. Precipitation is spread fairly evenly throughout the year, though as one travels from Indiana westward there is an increasingly prominent early-summer concentration, with a May maximum in northern Texas and Oklahoma, and a June maximum increasingly evident from (central/northern) Indiana westward to Kansas. As one travels from east to west across Texas, Oklahoma and Kansas, average annual precipitation steadily decreases. Far western Texas (El Paso area) is desert, and average annual precipitation is less than twenty inches (510 mm) in westernmost Kansas and the Oklahoma Panhandle, where the climate qualifies as semi-arid.
In the lower Midwest (and southern Plains states, especially), temperatures can rise or drop rapidly; winds can be extreme; and clashing air masses, including hot, dry air of Mexican and/or Southwestern origin, warm, moist air from the Gulf of Mexico and cold, dry air from Canada can spawn severe thunderstorms and tornadoes, particularly from April to June. The "dryline," separating hot, dry air of Mexican/Southwestern U.S. origin from warm, moist air from the Gulf of Mexico, often causes severe, occasionally violent, thunderstorms to fire in central and eastern Texas, Oklahoma and Kansas; these sometimes contribute toward the hailstorms and tornado outbreaks that the Southern Plains are well known for. Reflecting these air-mass conflicts, central Oklahoma, including the Oklahoma City and Moore-Norman areas, has the highest frequency of tornadoes per unit land area on planet Earth, with May the highest-risk month for tornadoes throughout "Tornado Alley," from northern Texas north-northeastward toward western and central Iowa.
Northern Great Plains/North-Central/Great Lakes/New England[edit]
The northern half of the Great Plains (Nebraska northward), northern Midwest, Great Lakes, and New England states have a humid continental climate. Here there are four distinct seasons, with warm to hot summers, and cold and often-snowy winters. Average daily high temperatures range from 10 °F (−12 °C)s (in North Dakota, and central and northern Minnesota) to 30 °F (−1 °C)s in winter to 70 to 80 °F (21 to 27 °C)s in summer, while overnight lows range from below 0 °F (−18 °C) in winter (in North Dakota and much of Minnesota) to 50 to 60 °F (10 to 16 °C)s in summer. In the New England states, precipitation is evenly distributed around the year, with a slight late fall-early winter (November–December) maximum along the New England coast from Boston, MA northward due to intense early-winter storms. In the Great Lakes states, cold Arctic air in winter crossing the relatively warmer lake waters can result in frequent and sometimes very heavy Lake-effect snow, especially on the eastern and southern shores of the Great Lakes (for example, in western Michigan's Lower Peninsula and in the Buffalo, NY area). Cities in this area include Minneapolis, MN, Omaha, NE, Sioux Falls, SD, Fargo, Chicago, Cleveland, Buffalo, Albany, Boston, Concord, Augusta, Maine. As one travels from east to west across Nebraska, South Dakota and North Dakota, average annual precipitation steadily decreases, and the westernmost counties of these states have a semi-arid climate, with about or just over 15 inches of precipitation per year, on average (see climate data for Williston, ND, Rapid City, SD and Scottsbluff, NE).
In the upper Midwest and northern Plains states, temperatures may rise or fall rapidly, and winds (from warm-season thunderstorms or larger-scale low-pressure systems) can be strong to extreme. Here, air-mass conflicts primarily involve warm, moist air from the Gulf of Mexico, clashing with cool to cold, dry air from Canada, with only occasional intrusions of hot, dry air from the southwest. The conflicts between Canadian and Gulf air commonly produce severe thunderstorms (including hailstorms, especially on the western Plains) and tornadoes, particularly in May and June. In the northern Plains and North Central states generally, June is the year's wettest month on average, owing to maximum shower and thunderstorm activity. Also, June is the highest-risk month for severe weather throughout North Dakota, South Dakota, Minnesota, Iowa, Wisconsin and northern Illinois.[citation needed]
Pacific Northwest[edit]
The Pacific Northwest has a oceanic climate. The climate is wet and cool in autumn, winter, and spring, and stable and drier in the summer months, especially July and August. On average, the wettest month is typically November or December; the driest, July. In the summer months, average highs in cities like Seattle and Portland are from 70 to 79 °F (21 to 26 °C) with lows from 50 to 59 °F (10 to 15 °C), while in winter daily highs are from 40 to 49 °F (4 to 9 °C) and overnight lows from 30 to 39 °F (−1 to 4 °C).[citation needed]
In winter, the Pacific Northwest (especially coastal districts and other areas west, i.e. on the prevailing windward side, of the Olympic and Cascade mountain ranges), experiences a mostly overcast, wet and cool climate, but without severe cold like that found in the interior northern U.S. (i.e. Minnesota/North Dakota). At lower elevations, winter precipitation falls mostly as rain. However, snow does occur even at the lowest elevations, primarily when Pacific moisture interacts with cold air intruding into the Pacific Northwest from western Canada (i.e. Alberta and interior British Columbia). In Seattle, WA and Portland, OR, winter-season snowfall varies greatly from one winter season to the next; in Seattle, the average winter-season snowfall is about 7 inches. In January 1950 (also the coldest January and winter month in Seattle history), Seattle received an unprecedented monthly snowfall of over 57 inches. Summers in the Pacific Northwest are generally cool, especially along the coastline. The Great Basin and Columbia Plateau (the Intermontane Plateaus) are arid or semiarid regions, with high summer temperatures in the 90s to occasionally over 100 at lower elevations (e.g. at Boise, ID), with annual precipitation averaging less than 15 inches (380 mm) as a result of the rain shadow of the Sierra Nevada and Cascades.[citation needed] Both coastal and interior areas of Oregon and Washington, and southern Idaho, have a wet-winter, dry-summer precipitation pattern, but traveling eastward into Montana and Wyoming, this transitions progressively toward relatively drier winters and a May and eventually June precipitation maximum, the latter characteristic of the Northern Plains and much of the upper Midwest (i.e. both Dakotas, Nebraska, Iowa and Minnesota).
Precipitation[edit]
Average precipitation
See also: United States rainfall climatology
The characteristics of precipitation across the United States differ significantly across the United States and its possessions. Late summer and fall extratropical cyclones bring a majority of the precipitation which falls across western, southern, and southeast Alaska annually. During the fall, winter, and spring, Pacific storm systems bring most of Hawaii and the western United States much of their precipitation. Most of Florida has a subtropical monsoon rainfall pattern (wet summer and dry winter). [1]
In the central and upper eastern United States, precipitation is evenly distributed throughout the year, although summer rainfall increases as one moves southeastward. Lake-effect snows add to precipitation potential downwind of the Great Lakes,[2] as well as Great Salt Lake and the Finger Lakes during the cold season. The average snow to liquid ratio across the contiguous United States is 13:1, meaning 13 inches (330 mm) of snow melts down to 1 inch (25 mm) of water.[3] The El Niño-Southern Oscillation affects the precipitation distribution, by altering rainfall patterns across the West, Midwest, the Southeast, and throughout the tropics.[4][5][6][7]
During the summer, the Southwest monsoon combined with Gulf of California and Gulf of Mexico moisture moving around the subtropical ridge in the Atlantic Ocean bring the promise of afternoon and evening thunderstorms to the southern tier of the country as well as the Great Plains.[8] Equatorward of the subtropical ridge, tropical cyclones enhance precipitation (mostly from August to October) across southern and eastern sections of the country, as well as Puerto Rico, the United States Virgin Islands, the Northern Mariana Islands, Guam, and American Samoa.[9] Over the top of the ridge, the jet stream brings a summer precipitation maximum to the Great Lakes. Large thunderstorm areas known as mesoscale convective complexes move through the Plains, Midwest, and Great Lakes during the warm season, contributing up to 10% of the annual precipitation to the region.[10]
Extremes[edit]
Several different air masses affect the United States.
In northern Alaska, tundra and arctic conditions predominate, and the temperature has fallen as low as −80 °F (−62 °C).[11] On the other end of the spectrum, Death Valley, California once reached 134 °F (56.7 °C), officially the highest temperature ever recorded on Earth.[12]
On average, the mountains of the western states receive the highest levels of snowfall on Earth. The greatest annual snowfall level is at Mount Rainier in Washington, at 692 inches (1,758 cm); the record there was 1,122 inches (2,850 cm) in the winter of 1971–72. This record was broken by the Mt. Baker Ski Area in northwestern Washington which reported 1,140 inches (2,896 cm) of snowfall for the 1998-99 snowfall season. Other places with significant snowfall outside the Cascade Range are the Wasatch Mountains, near the Great Salt Lake and the Sierra Nevada, near Lake Tahoe.
Along the coastal mountain ranges in the Pacific Northwest, rainfall is greater than anywhere else in the continental US, with Quinault Ranger Station in Washington having an average of 137 inches (3,480 mm).[13] Hawaii receives even more, with 460 inches (11,684 mm) measured annually, on average, on Mount Waialeale, in Kauai.[14] The Sonoran Desert in the southwest is home to the driest locale in the US. Yuma, Arizona, has an average of 2.63 inches (67 mm) of precipitation each year.[15]
hideClimate data for United States
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °F (°C)
98
(37) 105
(41) 108
(42) 118
(48) 124
(51) 129
(54) 134
(57) 127
(53) 126
(52) 117
(47) 105
(41) 100
(38) 134
(57)
Record low °F (°C)
−80
(−62) −75
(−59) −68
(−56) −50
(−46) −25
(−32) −1
(−18) 10
(−12) 5
(−15) −13
(−25) −48
(−44) −61
(−52) −72
(−58) −80
(−62)
Source: http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0762182.html
Overall average(s)[edit]
hideClimate data for Contiguous US average[16]
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Daily mean °F (°C)
30.8
(−0.7) 34.7
(1.5) 42.6
(5.9) 52.0
(11.1) 61.0
(16.1) 69.3
(20.7) 74.3
(23.5) 72.8
(22.7) 65.4
(18.6) 54.8
(12.7) 42.5
(5.8) 33.4
(0.8) 52.8
(11.6)
Average precipitation inches (mm)
2.201
(55.9) 2.012
(51.1) 2.402
(61.0) 2.441
(62.0) 2.882
(73.2) 2.909
(73.9) 2.772
(70.4) 2.61
(66.3) 2.492
(63.3) 2.161
(54.9) 2.122
(53.9) 2.26
(57.4) 29.228
(742.4)
Source: NOAA (US)[17]
Natural disasters and effects[edit]
A powerful tornado in Texas.
Because of contrasting air masses, the Great Plains, the Midwest, and the southern United States have frequent severe thunderstorms and tornado outbreaks during both the spring and the summer. In central portions of the U.S., tornadoes are more common than anywhere else in the world.[18] They usually can touch down during the spring and the summer. The strip of land from north Texas north to Nebraska and east into Southern Michigan is known as Tornado Alley, where many houses have tornado shelters and where many towns have tornado sirens. Stretching across Mississippi and Alabama, Dixie Alley has experienced both tornadoes and violent thunderstorms, with peak tornado season coming on as early as February and waning by May. Florida also reports many tornadoes, but these rarely are very strong. The southern US has a second tornado season during the autumn. Generally, the area at greatest risk for tornadoes migrates northward from February to June, peaking in the Gulf States in February and March, the Ohio Valley and lower Midwest in April, southern and central Plains and central Midwest in May, and Northern Plains and upper Midwest (Dakotas, Minnesota, and Wisconsin) in June.
Both the Appalachian region and the Midwest experience the worst floods. Widespread severe flooding is rare. Some exceptions include the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927, the Great Flood of 1993, and widespread flooding and mudslides caused by the 1982–83 El Niño event in the western United States. Localized flooding can, however, occur anywhere. Mudslides from heavy rain can even cause problems in any mountainous areas, particularly in the Southwest. The narrow canyons of many mountain areas in the west and severe thunderstorm activity during the monsoon season in summer leads to sometimes devastating flash floods as well. On the other hand, Nor'easter snowstorms can bring activity to a halt in both the New England and Great Lakes regions.
In 2013, the US sustains $10 billion annually in damage from floods.[19]
The Southwest has the worst droughts; one is thought to have lasted over 500 years and to have decimated the Anasazi people.[20] Large stretches of desert shrub in the west can fuel the spreads of wildfires. Although severe drought is rare, it has occasionally caused some major problems, such as those during the Dust Bowl (1931–1942), which coincided with the Great Depression. Farmland failed throughout the Plains, entire regions were virtually depopulated, and dust storms ravaged the land. More recently, the western US experienced widespread drought from 1999 to 2004.
In terms of deaths from heatwaves, 7,415 losses occurred between 1999 and 2010, a mean of 618 per year. A disproportionate number of men, a full 68% of deaths, versus women have been affected. The highest yearly total of heat-related deaths during that time frame was in 1999. The lowest was in 2004.[21] In terms of deaths caused by waves of cold temperatures, the same gender inequality exists; 66% of hypothermia-related deaths in 2002 were of males. From 1979 to 2002, 16,555 deaths occurred due to exposure to excessive cold temperatures, a mean of 689 per year.[22]
See also[edit]
United States portal
Climate change in the United States
Geography of the United States
United States tropical cyclone rainfall climatology
List of wettest tropical cyclones in the United States
Meteorology
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Norman W. Junker. West Coast Cold Season Heavy Rainfall Events. Retrieved on 2008-03-01.
Jump up ^ Thomas W. Schmidlin. Climatic Summary of Snowfall and Snow Depth in the Ohio Snowbelt at Chardron. Retrieved on 2008-03-01.
Jump up ^ Martin A. Baxter, Charles E. Graves, and James T. Moore. A Climatology of Snow-to-Liquid Ratio for the Contiguous United States. Retrieved on 2008-03-21.
Jump up ^ John Monteverdi and Jan Null. WESTERN REGION TECHNICAL ATTACHMENT NO. 97-37 NOVEMBER 21, 1997: El Niño and California Precipitation. Retrieved on 2008-02-28.
Jump up ^ Nathan Mantua. La Niña Impacts in the Pacific Northwest. Archived October 22, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on 2008-02-29.
Jump up ^ Southeast Climate Consortium. SECC Winter Climate Outlook. Archived March 4, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on 2008-02-29.
Jump up ^ Reuters. La Nina could mean dry summer in Midwest and Plains. Retrieved on 2008-02-29.
Jump up ^ National Weather Service Forecast Office Flagstaff, Arizona. The Monsoon. Retrieved on 2008-02-28.
Jump up ^ Roth, David M; Weather Prediction Center (January 7, 2013). "Maximum Rainfall caused by Tropical Cyclones and their Remnants Per State (1950–2012)". Tropical Cyclone Point Maxima. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Retrieved March 15, 2013.
Jump up ^ Walker S. Ashley, Thomas L. Mote, P. Grady Dixon, Sharon L. Trotter, Emily J. Powell, Joshua D. Durkee, and Andrew J. Grundstein. Distribution of Mesoscale Convective Complex Rainfall in the United States. Retrieved on 2008-03-02.
Jump up ^ Williams, Jack Each state's low temperature record, USA Today, URL accessed 13 June 2006.
Jump up ^ "World: Highest Temperature". World Weather / Climate Extremes Archive. Arizona State University. 2012. Archived from the original on January 4, 2013. Retrieved January 15, 2013.
Jump up ^ National Atlas. Average Annual Precipitation, 1961-1990. Archived September 28, 2006, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on 2006-06-15.
Jump up ^ Diana Leone. Rain supreme. Retrieved on 2008-03-19.
Jump up ^ Hereford, Richard, et al., Precipitation History of the Mojave Desert Region, 1893–2001, US Geological Survey, Fact Sheet 117-03, URL accessed 13 June 2006.
Jump up ^ "USGS TNM 2.0 Viewer". Viewer.nationalmap.gov. Retrieved 2016-04-24.
Jump up ^ "CONTIGUOUS UNITED STATES Climate Summary".
Jump up ^ NOVA, Tornado Heaven, Hunt for the Supertwister, URL accessed 15 June 2006.
Jump up ^ Baird, Joel Banner (August 4, 2013). "Stream-gage insight at risk from budget cuts". The Burlington Free Press. Burlington, Vermont. pp. 3C.
Jump up ^ O'Connor, Jim E. and John E. Costa, Large Floods in the United States: Where They Happen and Why, US Geological Survey Circular 1245, URL accessed 13 June 2006.
Jump up ^ QuickStats: Number of Heat-Related Deaths,* by Sex — National Vital Statistics System, United States,† 1999–2010§. Cdc.gov (2012-09-14). Retrieved on 2013-07-29.
Jump up ^ Hypothermia-Related Deaths - United States, 2003-2004. Cdc.gov. Retrieved on 2013-07-29.
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text:
Nilgiri tahr
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Nilgiri tahr
Conservation status

Endangered (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Artiodactyla
Family: Bovidae
Subfamily: Caprinae
Genus: Nilgiritragus
Ropiquet & Hassanin, 2005
Species: N. hylocrius
Binomial name
Nilgiritragus hylocrius
(Ogilby, 1838)
Synonyms
Hemitragus hylocrius
The Nilgiri tahr (Nilgiritragus hylocrius) known locally as the Nilgiri ibex or simply ibex, is an ungulate that is endemic to the Nilgiri Hills and the southern portion of the Western Ghats in the states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala in Southern India. It is the state animal of Tamil Nadu.[2] Despite its local name, it is more closely related to the sheep of the Ovis genus than the Ibex and wild goats of the Capra genus.
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 Taxonomy
3 Description
4 Habitat and distribution
5 Conservation
6 Gallery
7 References
8 Further reading
9 External links
Etymology[edit]
Eravikulam National Park, Kerala
In the Tamil language it is called varaiaadu (வரையாடு), the term being composed of two Tamil words, wurrai a precipice, and aadu, a goat.In Malayalam it is pronounced as "Varayaadu" (വരയാട്).[2] The ancient word in classical Tamil was "varudai" (வருடை: Natrinai, 359; Ainkurunuru, 287; Pattinappalai, 139). It was previously named Capra warryato by Gray.[3]
Taxonomy[edit]
Its closest relatives are sheep (genus Ovis). Until 2005, it was placed with the Himalayan tahr (Hemitragus jemlahicus) and the Arabian tahr (Arabitragus jayakari) in the genus Hemitragus. However, it has recently been transferred to a new genus Nilgiritragus because it is genetically more similar to members of the genus Ovis than to other tahrs.[4]
Description[edit]
The Nilgiri tahr is a stocky goat with short, coarse fur and a bristly mane. Males are larger than females and of darker color when mature. Both sexes have curved horns, reaching up to 40 centimetres (16 in) for males and 30 centimetres (12 in) for females. Adult males weigh 80 to 100 kilograms (180 to 220 lb) and stand about 100 centimetres (39 in) tall at the shoulder. Adult males develop a light grey area on their backs and are thus called "saddlebacks".[2]
Habitat and distribution[edit]
Nilgiri tahr family in mountain grasslands.
The Nilgiri tahr inhabits the open montane grassland habitat of the South Western Ghats montane rain forests ecoregion. At elevations from 1,200 to 2,600 metres (3,900 to 8,500 ft), the forests open into grasslands interspersed with pockets of stunted forests, locally known as sholas. These grassland habitats are surrounded by dense forests at the lower elevations. The Nilgiri tahrs formerly ranged over these grasslands in large herds, before but hunting and poaching in the nineteenth century reduced their population.[1][5]
Conservation[edit]
As few as 100 Nilgiri tahrs were left in the wild by the early 20th century. Since that time their numbers have inceased somewhat; in a comprehensive study of the Nilgiri tahr population in Western Ghats, the WWF-India has put the population at 3,122.[6] Their range extends over 400 kilometres (250 mi) from north to south, and Eravikulam National Park is home to the largest population. As per the Wildlife census conducted by Kerala forest department in association with volunteers from College of Forestry & Veterinary Science under Kerala Agricultural University, from April 24-28, 2014, number of animals in Eravikulam National Park has increased to 894 individuals. This is the highest ever count recorded in the national park, with the first census in 1996 finding only 640 tahrs.[5] The other significant concentration is in the Nilgiri Hills, with smaller populations in the Anamalai Hills, Periyar National Park, Palni Hills and other pockets in the Western Ghats south of Eravikulam, almost to India's southern tip. A small populations of tahr numbering around 200 are known to inhabit the Boothapandi, Azhakiyapandipuram, Velimalai, Kulasekaram and Kaliyal Ranges in the Kanyakumari district of Tamil Nadu [7] and another small herd of less than 30 animals is known to inhibit Ponmudi hills in Trivandrum district of Kerala [8]
Gallery[edit]
In Rajamala, Munnar
Nilgiri tahrs making their way down the mountain
An adult male Nilgiri tahr, with a pallid harrier (female)
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Alempath, M. & Rice, C. (2008). "Nilgiritragus hylocrius". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2008. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 5 April 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c Prater, S.H. 1948, 1971. The book of Indian Animals, Bombay Natural History Society and Oxford University Press, India. 324 pages. ISBN 0195621697.
Jump up ^ Hamilton, General Douglas (1892). Hamilton, Edward, ed. Records of sport in southern India chiefly on the Annamullay, Nielgherry and Pulney mountains, also including notes on Singapore, Java and Labuan, from journals written between 1844 and 1870. London: R. H. Porter. pp. 284 (ref=page 113). OCLC 4008435.
Jump up ^ Ropiquet, A. & Hassanin, A. 2005. Molecular evidence for the polyphyly of the genus Hemitragus (Mammalia, Bovidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 36(1):154-168
^ Jump up to: a b "Munnar Hill Station". Kerala Tourism.
Jump up ^ "Nilgiri tahr population over 3,000: WWF-India". The Hindu. 3 October 2015.
Jump up ^ "Bonnet Macaque tops in wildlife survey in Kanyakumari district"
Jump up ^ "Squeezing Life out of Ponmudi"
Further reading[edit]
[1]
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nilgiritragus hylocrius.
ARKive - images and movies of the Nilgiri tahr (Hemitragus hylocrius)
http://nilgiritahrinfo.info/
[show]
v
t
e
Extant Artiodactyla species
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Infraclass: Eutheria
Superorder: Laurasiatheria
[show]
Suborder Ruminantia
Antilocapridae
Antilocapra
Pronghorn (A. americana)
Giraffidae
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Northern giraffe (G. camelopardalis)
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Mazama
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Central American red brocket (M. temama)
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[show]
Family Bovidae
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Abbott's duiker (C. spadix)
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Hartebeest (A. buselaphus)
Red hartebeest (A. caama)
Lichtenstein's hartebeest (A. lichtensteinii)
Connochaetes
Black wildebeest (C. gnou)
Blue wildebeest (C. taurinus)
Pantholopinae
Pantholops
Tibetan antelope (P. hodgsonii)
Caprinae
Large subfamily listed below
Bovinae
Large subfamily listed below
Antilopinae
Large subfamily listed below
[hide]
Family Bovidae (subfamily Caprinae)
Ammotragus
Barbary sheep (A. lervia)
Budorcas
Takin (B. taxicolor)
Capra
Wild goat (C. aegagrus)
Domestic goat (C. aegagrus hircus)
West Caucasian tur (C. caucasia)
East Caucasian tur (C. cylindricornis)
Markhor (C. falconeri)
Alpine ibex (C. ibex)
Nubian ibex (C. nubiana)
Spanish ibex (C. pyrenaica)
Siberian ibex (C. sibirica)
Walia ibex (C. walie)
Capricornis
Japanese serow (C. crispus)
Taiwan serow (C. swinhoei)
Sumatran serow (C. sumatraensis)
Mainland serow (C. milneedwardsii)
Red serow (C. rubidusi)
Himalayan serow (C. thar)
Hemitragus
Nilgiri tahr (H. hylocrius)
Arabian tahr (H. jayakari)
Himalayan tahr (H. jemlahicus)
Naemorhedus
Red goral (N. baileyi)
Long-tailed goral (N. caudatus)
Himalayan goral (N. goral)
Chinese goral (N. griseus)
Oreamnos
Mountain goat (O. americanus)
Ovibos
Muskox (O. moschatus)
Ovis
Argali (O. ammon)
Domestic sheep (O. aries)
Bighorn sheep (O. canadensis)
Dall sheep (O. dalli)
Mouflon (O. musimon)
Snow sheep (O. nivicola)
Urial (O. orientalis)
Pseudois
Bharal (P. nayaur)
Dwarf blue sheep (P. schaeferi)
Rupicapra
Pyrenean chamois (R. pyrenaica)
Chamois (R. rupicapra)
[show]
Family Bovidae (subfamily Bovinae)
Boselaphini
Tetracerus
Four-horned antelope (T. quadricornis)
Boselaphus
Nilgai (B. tragocamelus)
Bovini
Bubalus
Water buffalo (B. bubalis)
Wild Water Buffalo (B. arnee)
Lowland anoa (B. depressicornis)
Mountain anoa (B. quarlesi)
Tamaraw (B. mindorensis)
Bos
Banteng (B. javanicus)
Gaur (B. gaurus)
Gayal (B. frontalis)
Domestic yak (B. grunniens)
Wild yak (B. mutus)
Cattle (B. taurus)
Kouprey (B. sauveli)
Pseudonovibos
Kting voar (P. spiralis)
Pseudoryx
Saola (P. nghetinhensis)
Syncerus
African buffalo (S. caffer)
Bison
American bison (B. bison)
European bison (B. bonasus)
Tragelaphini
Tragelaphus
(including kudus)
Sitatunga (T. spekeii)
Nyala (T. angasii)
Kéwel (T. scriptus)
Cape bushbuck (T. sylvaticus)
Mountain nyala (T. buxtoni)
Lesser kudu (T. imberbis)
Greater kudu (T. strepsiceros)
Bongo (T. eurycerus)
Taurotragus
Common eland (T. oryx)
Giant eland (T. derbianus)
[show]
Family Bovidae (subfamily Antilopinae)
Antilopini
Ammodorcas
Dibatag (A. clarkei)
Antidorcas
Springbok (A. marsupialis)
Antilope
Blackbuck (A. cervicapra)
Eudorcas
Mongalla gazelle (E. albonotata)
Red-fronted gazelle (E. rufifrons)
Thomson's gazelle (E. thomsonii)
Gazella
Mountain gazelle (G. gazella)
Neumann's gazelle (G. erlangeri)
Speke's gazelle (G. spekei)
Dorcas gazelle (G. dorcas)
Chinkara (G. bennettii)
Cuvier's gazelle (G. cuvieri)
Rhim gazelle (G. leptoceros)
Goitered gazelle (G. subgutturosa)
Litocranius
Gerenuk (L. walleri)
Nanger
Dama gazelle (N. dama)
Grant's gazelle (N. granti)
Soemmerring's gazelle (N. soemmerringii)
Procapra
Mongolian gazelle (P. gutturosa)
Goa (P. picticaudata)
Przewalski's gazelle (P. przewalskii)
Saigini
Pantholops
Tibetan antelope (P. hodgsonii)
Saiga
Saiga antelope (S. tatarica)
Neotragini
Dorcatragus
Beira (D. megalotis)
Madoqua
Günther's dik-dik (M. guentheri)
Kirk's dik-dik (M. kirkii)
Silver dik-dik (M. piacentinii)
Salt's dik-dik (M. saltiana)
Neotragus
Bates's pygmy antelope (N. batesi)
Suni (N. moschatus)
Royal antelope (N. pygmaeus)
Oreotragus
Klipspringer (O. oreotragus)
Ourebia
Oribi (O. ourebi)
Raphicerus
Steenbok (R. campestris)
Cape grysbok (R. melanotis)
Sharpe's grysbok (R. sharpei)
[show]
Suborder Suina
Suidae
Babyrousa
Buru babirusa (B. babyrussa)
North Sulawesi babirusa (B. celebensis)
Togian babirusa (B. togeanensis)
Hylochoerus
Giant forest hog (H. meinertzhageni)
Phacochoerus
Desert warthog (P. aethiopicus)
Common warthog (P. africanus)
Porcula
Pygmy hog (P. salvania)
Potamochoerus
Bushpig (P. larvatus)
Red river hog (P. porcus)
Sus
(Pigs)
Palawan bearded pig (S. ahoenobarbus)
Bornean bearded pig (S. barbatus)
Indo-chinese warty pig (S. bucculentus)
Visayan warty pig (S. cebifrons)
Celebes warty pig (S. celebensis)
Flores warty pig (S. heureni)
Oliver's warty pig (S. oliveri)
Philippine warty pig (S. philippensis)
Wild boar (S. scrofa)
Timor warty pig (S. timoriensis)
Javan warty pig (S. verrucosus)
Tayassuidae
Tayassu
White-lipped peccary (T. pecari)
Catagonus
Chacoan peccary (C. wagneri)
Pecari
Collared peccary (P. tajacu)
Giant peccary (P. maximus)
[show]
Suborder Tylopoda
Camelidae
Lama
Llama (L. glama)
Guanaco (L. guanicoe)
Vicugna
Vicuña (V. vicugna)
Alpaca (V. pacos)
Camelus
Dromedary (C. dromedarius)
Bactrian camel (C. bactrianus)
Wild Bactrian camel (C. ferus)
[show]
Whippomorpha (unranked clade)
Hippopotamidae
Hippopotamus
Hippopotamus (H. amphibius)
Choeropsis
Pygmy hippopotamus (C. liberiensis)
Jump up ^ Rice, Clifford G. (1988). Reproductive biology of Nilgiri Tahr. Journal of Zoology, London, 214: 269-284 (pdf).
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nilgiri_tahr&oldid=811243515"
Categories:
IUCN Red List endangered species
Caprids
Mammals of India
Fauna of Kerala
Fauna of Tamil Nadu
Fauna of the Western Ghats
Endemic fauna of the Western Ghats
Mammals described in 1838
Hidden categories:
Articles with 'species' microformats
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Nilgiri Hills

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values: طهر نلغيري – Arabic

values: Нилгирски тар – Bulgarian

values: بز کوهی نیلگیری – Persian

values: 닐기리타르 – Korean

values: नीलगिरि तहर – Hindi

values: טאר נילג'ירי – Hebrew

values: ニルギリタール – Japanese

values: Нилгирийский тар – Russian

values: Нилгиријски тар – Serbian

values: நீலகிரி வரையாடு – Tamil

values: Нілґірійський тар – Ukrainian

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