text:
Tin
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
This article is about the chemical element. For other uses, see Tin (disambiguation).
chemical element with atomic number 50
Tin, 50Sn
General properties
Allotropes
alpha, α (gray); beta, β (white)
Appearance
silvery-white (beta, β) or gray (alpha, α)
Standard atomic weight (Ar, standard)
7002118710000000000♠118.710(7)[1]
Tin in the periodic table
Hydrogen Helium
Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson
Ge
↑
Sn
↓
Pb
indium ← tin → antimony
Atomic number (Z)
50
Group
group 14 (carbon group)
Period
period 5
Block
p-block
Element category
post-transition metal
Electron configuration
[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p2
Electrons per shell
2, 8, 18, 18, 4
Physical properties
Phase at STP
solid
Melting point
505.08 K (231.93 °C, 449.47 °F)
Boiling point
2875 K (2602 °C, 4716 °F)
Density (near r.t.)
white, β: 7.265 g/cm3
gray, α: 5.769 g/cm3
when liquid (at m.p.)
6.99 g/cm3
Heat of fusion
white, β: 7.03 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization
white, β: 296.1 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity
white, β: 27.112 J/(mol·K)
Vapor pressure
P (Pa)
1
10
100
1 k
10 k
100 k
at T (K)
1497 1657 1855 2107 2438 2893
Atomic properties
Oxidation states
4, 3,[2] 2, 1,[3] −1, −2, −3, −4 (an amphoteric oxide)
Electronegativity
Pauling scale: 1.96
Ionization energies
1st: 708.6 kJ/mol
2nd: 1411.8 kJ/mol
3rd: 2943.0 kJ/mol
Atomic radius
empirical: 140 pm
Covalent radius
139±4 pm
Van der Waals radius
217 pm
Spectral lines of tin
Other properties
Crystal structure
tetragonal

white (β)
Crystal structure
face-centered diamond-cubic

gray (α)
Speed of sound thin rod
2730 m/s (at r.t.) (rolled)
Thermal expansion
22.0 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C)
Thermal conductivity
66.8 W/(m·K)
Electrical resistivity
115 nΩ·m (at 0 °C)
Magnetic ordering
gray: diamagnetic[4]
white (β): paramagnetic
Magnetic susceptibility
(white) +3.1·10−6 cm3/mol (298 K)[5]
Young's modulus
50 GPa
Shear modulus
18 GPa
Bulk modulus
58 GPa
Poisson ratio
0.36
Brinell hardness
50–440 MPa
CAS Number
7440-31-5
History
Discovery
around 3500 BC
Main isotopes of tin
Isotope
Abundance
Half-life (t1/2)
Decay mode
Product
112Sn
0.97% stable
114Sn
0.66% stable
115Sn
0.34% stable
116Sn
14.54% stable
117Sn
7.68% stable
118Sn
24.22% stable
119Sn
8.59% stable
120Sn
32.58% stable
122Sn
4.63% stable
124Sn
5.79% stable
126Sn
trace 2.3×105 y β− 126Sb
view
talk
edit
| references
Tin is a chemical element with the symbol Sn (from Latin: stannum) and atomic number 50. It is a post-transition metal in group 14 of the periodic table of elements. It is obtained chiefly from the mineral cassiterite, which contains stannic oxide, SnO2. Tin shows a chemical similarity to both of its neighbors in group 14, germanium and lead, and has two main oxidation states, +2 and the slightly more stable +4. Tin is the 49th most abundant element and has, with 10 stable isotopes, the largest number of stable isotopes in the periodic table, thanks to its magic number of protons. It has two main allotropes: at room temperature, the stable allotrope is β-tin, a silvery-white, malleable metal, but at low temperatures it transforms into the less dense grey α-tin, which has the diamond cubic structure. Metallic tin does not easily oxidize in air.
The first tin alloy used on a large scale was bronze, made of tin and copper, from as early as 3000 BC. After 600 BC, pure metallic tin was produced. Pewter, which is an alloy of 85–90% tin with the remainder commonly consisting of copper, antimony, and lead, was used for flatware from the Bronze Age until the 20th century. In modern times, tin is used in many alloys, most notably tin/lead soft solders, which are typically 60% or more tin and in the manufacture of transparent, electrically conducting films of indium tin oxide in optoelectronic applications. Another large application for tin is corrosion-resistant tin plating of steel. Because of the low toxicity of inorganic tin, tin-plated steel is widely used for food packaging as tin cans. However, some organotin compounds can be almost as toxic as cyanide.
Contents
1 Characteristics
1.1 Physical
1.2 Chemical
1.3 Isotopes
2 Etymology
3 History
4 Compounds and chemistry
4.1 Inorganic compounds
4.2 Hydrides
4.3 Organotin compounds
5 Occurrence
6 Production
6.1 Mining and smelting
6.2 Industry
7 Price and exchanges
8 Applications
8.1 Solder
8.2 Tin plating
8.3 Specialized alloys
8.4 Optoelectronics
8.5 Other applications
8.6 Organotin compounds
8.6.1 PVC stabilizers
8.6.2 Biocides
8.6.3 Organic chemistry
8.6.4 Li-ion batteries
9 Precautions
10 See also
11 Notes
12 References
13 Bibliography
14 External links
Characteristics[edit]
Physical[edit]
Droplet of solidified molten tin
Tin is a soft, malleable, ductile and highly crystalline silvery-white metal. When a bar of tin is bent, a crackling sound known as the "tin cry" can be heard from the twinning of the crystals.[6] Tin melts at low temperatures of about 232 °C (450 °F), the lowest in group 14. The melting point is further lowered to 177.3 °C (351.1 °F) for 11 nm particles.[7]
External video
β–α transition of tin at −40 °C (time lapse; one second of the video is one hour in real time
β-tin (the metallic form, or white tin, BCT structure), which is stable at and above room temperature, is malleable. In contrast, α-tin (nonmetallic form, or gray tin), which is stable below 13.2 °C (55.8 °F), is brittle. α-tin has a diamond cubic crystal structure, similar to diamond, silicon or germanium. α-tin has no metallic properties at all because its atoms form a covalent structure in which electrons cannot move freely. It is a dull-gray powdery material with no common uses other than a few specialized semiconductor applications.[6] These two allotropes, α-tin and β-tin, are more commonly known as gray tin and white tin, respectively. Two more allotropes, γ and σ, exist at temperatures above 161 °C (322 °F) and pressures above several GPa.[8] In cold conditions, β-tin tends to transform spontaneously into α-tin, a phenomenon known as "tin pest".[9] Although the α-β transformation temperature is nominally 13.2 °C (55.8 °F), impurities (e.g. Al, Zn, etc.) lower the transition temperature well below 0 °C (32 °F) and, on the addition of antimony or bismuth, the transformation might not occur at all, increasing the durability of the tin.[10]
Commercial grades of tin (99.8%) resist transformation because of the inhibiting effect of the small amounts of bismuth, antimony, lead, and silver present as impurities. Alloying elements such as copper, antimony, bismuth, cadmium, and silver increase its hardness. Tin tends rather easily to form hard, brittle intermetallic phases, which are often undesirable. It does not form wide solid solution ranges in other metals in general, and few elements have appreciable solid solubility in tin. Simple eutectic systems, however, occur with bismuth, gallium, lead, thallium and zinc.[10]
Tin becomes a superconductor below 3.72 K[11] and was one of the first superconductors to be studied; the Meissner effect, one of the characteristic features of superconductors, was first discovered in superconducting tin crystals.[12]
Chemical[edit]
Tin resists corrosion from water, but can be attacked by acids and alkalis. Tin can be highly polished and is used as a protective coat for other metals.[6] A protective oxide (passivation) layer prevents further oxidation, the same that forms on pewter and other tin alloys.[13] Tin acts as a catalyst when oxygen is in solution and helps to accelerate the chemical reaction.[clarification needed][6]
Isotopes[edit]
Main article: Isotopes of tin
Tin has ten stable isotopes, with atomic masses of 112, 114 through 120, 122 and 124, the greatest number of any element. Of these, the most abundant are 120Sn (almost a third of all tin), 118Sn, and 116Sn, while the least abundant is 115Sn. The isotopes with even mass numbers have no nuclear spin, while those with odd have a spin of +1/2. Tin, with its three common isotopes 116Sn, 118Sn and 120Sn, is among the easiest elements to detect and analyze by NMR spectroscopy, and its chemical shifts are referenced against SnMe
4.[note 1][14]
This large number of stable isotopes is thought to be a direct result of the atomic number 50, a "magic number" in nuclear physics. Tin also occurs in 29 unstable isotopes, encompassing all the remaining atomic masses from 99 to 137. Apart from 126Sn, with a half-life of 230,000 years, all the radioisotopes have a half-life of less than a year. The radioactive 100Sn, discovered in 1994, and 132Sn are one of the few nuclides with a "doubly magic" nucleus: despite being unstable, having very lopsided proton-neutron ratios, they represent endpoints beyond which stability drops off rapidly.[15] Another 30 metastable isomers have been characterized for isotopes between 111 and 131, the most stable being 121mSn with a half-life of 43.9 years.[16]
The relative differences in the abundances of tin's stable isotopes can be explained by their different modes of formation in stellar nucleosynthesis. 116Sn through 120Sn inclusive are formed in the s-process (slow neutron capture) in most stars and hence they are the most common isotopes, while 122Sn and 124Sn are only formed in the r-process (rapid neutron capture) in supernovae and are less common. (The isotopes 117Sn through 120Sn also receive contributions from the r-process.) Finally, the rarest proton-rich isotopes, 112Sn, 114Sn, and 115Sn, cannot be made in significant amounts in the s- or r-processes and are considered among the p-nuclei, whose origins are not well understood yet. Some speculated mechanisms for their formation include proton capture as well as photodisintegration, although 115Sn might also be partially produced in the s-process, both directly, and as the daughter of long-lived 115In.[17]
Etymology[edit]
The word tin is shared among Germanic languages and can be traced back to reconstructed Proto-Germanic *tin-om; cognates include German Zinn, Swedish tenn and Dutch tin. It is not found in other branches of Indo-European, except by borrowing from Germanic (e.g., Irish tinne from English).[18][19]
The Latin name stannum originally meant an alloy of silver and lead, and came to mean 'tin' in the 4th century[20]—the earlier Latin word for it was plumbum candidum, or "white lead". Stannum apparently came from an earlier stāgnum (meaning the same substance),[18] the origin of the Romance and Celtic terms for tin.[18][21] The origin of stannum/stāgnum is unknown; it may be pre-Indo-European.[22]
The Meyers Konversations-Lexikon speculates on the contrary that stannum is derived from (the ancestor of) Cornish stean, and is proof that Cornwall in the first centuries AD was the main source of tin.
History[edit]
Main article: Tin sources and trade in ancient times
Ceremonial giant bronze dirk of the Plougrescant-Ommerschans type, Plougrescant, France, 1500–1300 BC.
Tin extraction and use can be dated to the beginnings of the Bronze Age around 3000 BC, when it was observed that copper objects formed of polymetallic ores with different metal contents had different physical properties.[23] The earliest bronze objects had a tin or arsenic content of less than 2% and are therefore believed to be the result of unintentional alloying due to trace metal content in the copper ore.[24] The addition of a second metal to copper increases its hardness, lowers the melting temperature, and improves the casting process by producing a more fluid melt that cools to a denser, less spongy metal.[24] This was an important innovation that allowed for the much more complex shapes cast in closed moulds of the Bronze Age. Arsenical bronze objects appear first in the Near East where arsenic is commonly found in association with copper ore, but the health risks were quickly realized and the quest for sources of the much less hazardous tin ores began early in the Bronze Age.[25] This created the demand for rare tin metal and formed a trade network that linked the distant sources of tin to the markets of Bronze Age cultures.[citation needed]
Cassiterite (SnO2), the tin oxide form of tin, was most likely the original source of tin in ancient times. Other forms of tin ores are less abundant sulfides such as stannite that require a more involved smelting process. Cassiterite often accumulates in alluvial channels as placer deposits because it is harder, heavier, and more chemically resistant than the accompanying granite.[26] Cassiterite is usually black or generally dark in color, and these deposits can be easily seen in river banks. Alluvial (placer) deposits could be easily collected and separated by methods similar to gold panning.[citation needed]
Compounds and chemistry[edit]
See also: Category:Tin compounds.
In the great majority of its compounds, tin has the oxidation state II or IV.
Inorganic compounds[edit]
Halide compounds are known for both oxidation states. For Sn(IV), all four halides are well known: SnF4, SnCl4, SnBr4, and SnI4. The three heavier members are volatile molecular compounds, whereas the tetrafluoride is polymeric. All four halides are known for Sn(II) also: SnF2, SnCl2, SnBr2, and SnI2. All are polymeric solids. Of these eight compounds, only the iodides are colored.[27]
Tin(II) chloride (also known as stannous chloride) is the most important tin halide in a commercial sense. Illustrating the routes to such compounds, chlorine reacts with tin metal to give SnCl4 whereas the reaction of hydrochloric acid and tin produces SnCl2 and hydrogen gas. Alternatively SnCl4 and Sn combine to stannous chloride by a process called comproportionation:[28]
SnCl4 + Sn → 2 SnCl2
Tin can form many oxides, sulfides, and other chalcogenide derivatives. The dioxide SnO2 (cassiterite) forms when tin is heated in the presence of air.[27] SnO2 is amphoteric, which means that it dissolves in both acidic and basic solutions.[29] Stannates with the structure [Sn(OH)6]2−, like K2[Sn(OH)6], are also known, though the free stannic acid H2[Sn(OH)6] is unknown.
Sulfides of tin exist in both the +2 and +4 oxidation states: tin(II) sulfide and tin(IV) sulfide (mosaic gold).
Ball-and-stick models of the structure of solid stannous chloride (SnCl2).[30]
Hydrides[edit]
Stannane (SnH4), with tin in the +4 oxidation state, is unstable. Organotin hydrides are however well known, e.g. tributyltin hydride (Sn(C4H9)3H).[6] These compound release transient tributyl tin radicals, which are rare examples of compounds of tin(III).[31]
Organotin compounds[edit]
Organotin compounds, sometimes called stannanes, are chemical compounds with tin–carbon bonds.[32] Of the compounds of tin, the organic derivatives are the most useful commercially.[33] Some organotin compounds are highly toxic and have been used as biocides. The first organotin compound to be reported was diethyltin diiodide ((C2H5)2SnI2), reported by Edward Frankland in 1849.[34]
Most organotin compounds are colorless liquids or solids that are stable to air and water. They adopt tetrahedral geometry. Tetraalkyl- and tetraaryltin compounds can be prepared using Grignard reagents:[33]
SnCl
4 + 4 RMgBr → R
4Sn + 4 MgBrCl
The mixed halide-alkyls, which are more common and more important commercially than the tetraorgano derivatives, are prepared by redistribution reactions:
SnCl
4 + R
4Sn → 2 SnCl2R2
Divalent organotin compounds are uncommon, although more common than related divalent organogermanium and organosilicon compounds. The greater stabilization enjoyed by Sn(II) is attributed to the "inert pair effect". Organotin(II) compounds include both stannylenes (formula: R2Sn, as seen for singlet carbenes) and distannylenes (R4Sn2), which are roughly equivalent to alkenes. Both classes exhibit unusual reactions.[35]
Occurrence[edit]
See also: Category:Tin minerals.
Sample of cassiterite, the main ore of tin.
Granular pieces of cassiterite, collected by placer mining
Tin is generated via the long s-process in low-to-medium mass stars (with masses of 0.6 to 10 times that of Sun), and finally by beta decay of the heavy isotopes of indium.[36]
Tin is the 49th most abundant element in Earth's crust, representing 2 ppm compared with 75 ppm for zinc, 50 ppm for copper, and 14 ppm for lead.[37]
Tin does not occur as the native element but must be extracted from various ores. Cassiterite (SnO2) is the only commercially important source of tin, although small quantities of tin are recovered from complex sulfides such as stannite, cylindrite, franckeite, canfieldite, and teallite. Minerals with tin are almost always associated with granite rock, usually at a level of 1% tin oxide content.[38]
Because of the higher specific gravity of tin dioxide, about 80% of mined tin is from secondary deposits found downstream from the primary lodes. Tin is often recovered from granules washed downstream in the past and deposited in valleys or the sea. The most economical ways of mining tin are by dredging, hydraulicking, or open pits. Most of the world's tin is produced from placer deposits, which can contain as little as 0.015% tin.[39]
World tin mine reserves (tonnes, 2011)[40]
Country
Reserves
China 1,500,000
Malaysia 250,000
Peru 310,000
Indonesia 800,000
Brazil 590,000
Bolivia 400,000
Russia 350,000
Australia 180,000
Thailand 170,000
Other 180,000
Total 4,800,000
About 253,000 tonnes of tin have been mined in 2011, mostly in China (110,000 t), Indonesia (51,000 t), Peru (34,600 t), Bolivia (20,700 t) and Brazil (12,000 t).[40] Estimates of tin production have historically varied with the dynamics of economic feasibility and the development of mining technologies, but it is estimated that, at current consumption rates and technologies, the Earth will run out of mine-able tin in 40 years.[41] Lester Brown has suggested tin could run out within 20 years based on an extremely conservative extrapolation of 2% growth per year.[42]
Economically recoverable tin reserves[38]
Year
Million tonnes
1965 4,265
1970 3,930
1975 9,060
1980 9,100
1985 3,060
1990 7,100
2000 7,100[40]
2010 5,200[40]
Secondary, or scrap, tin is also an important source of the metal. Recovery of tin through secondary production, or recycling of scrap tin, is increasing rapidly. Whereas the United States has neither mined since 1993 nor smelted tin since 1989, it was the largest secondary producer, recycling nearly 14,000 tonnes in 2006.[40]
New deposits are reported in southern Mongolia,[43] and in 2009, new deposits of tin were discovered in Colombia by the Seminole Group Colombia CI, SAS.[44]
Production[edit]
Tin is produced by carbothermic reduction of the oxide ore with carbon or coke. Both reverberatory furnace and electric furnace can be used.[45][46][47]
Mining and smelting[edit]
Main article: Tin mining
Industry[edit]
Candlestick made of tin
The ten largest companies produced most of the world's tin in 2007.
Most of the world's tin is traded on the London Metal Exchange (LME), from 8 countries, under 17 brands.[48]
Largest tin producing companies (tonnes)[49]
Company
Polity
2006
2007
%Change
Yunnan Tin China 52,339 61,129 16.7
PT Timah Indonesia 44,689 58,325 30.5
Minsur Peru 40,977 35,940 −12.3
Malay China 52,339 61,129 16.7
Malaysia Smelting Corp Malaysia 22,850 25,471 11.5
Thaisarco Thailand 27,828 19,826 −28.8
Yunnan Chengfeng China 21,765 18,000 −17.8
Liuzhou China Tin China 13,499 13,193 −2.3
EM Vinto Bolivia 11,804 9,448 −20.0
Gold Bell Group China 4,696 8,000 70.9
An International Tin Council was established in 1947 to control the price of tin, until it collapsed in 1985. In 1984, an Association of Tin Producing Countries was created, with Australia, Bolivia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Nigeria, Thailand, and Zaire as members.[50]
Price and exchanges[edit]
World production and price (US exchange) of tin.
Tin is unique among other mineral commodities because of the complex agreements between producer countries and consumer countries dating back to 1921. The earlier agreements tended to be somewhat informal and sporadic and led to the "First International Tin Agreement" in 1956, the first of a continuously numbered series that effectively collapsed in 1985. Through this series of agreements, the International Tin Council (ITC) had a considerable effect on tin prices. The ITC supported the price of tin during periods of low prices by buying tin for its buffer stockpile and was able to restrain the price during periods of high prices by selling tin from the stockpile. This was an anti-free-market approach, designed to assure a sufficient flow of tin to consumer countries and a profit for producer countries. However, the buffer stockpile was not sufficiently large, and during most of those 29 years tin prices rose, sometimes sharply, especially from 1973 through 1980 when rampant inflation plagued many world economies.[51]
During the late 1970s and early 1980s, the U.S. Government tin stockpile was in an aggressive selling mode, partly to take advantage of the historically high tin prices. The sharp recession of 1981–82 proved to be quite harsh on the tin industry. Tin consumption declined dramatically. The ITC was able to avoid truly steep declines through accelerated buying for its buffer stockpile; this activity required the ITC to borrow extensively from banks and metal trading firms to augment its resources. The ITC continued to borrow until late 1985 when it reached its credit limit. Immediately, a major "tin crisis" followed — tin was delisted from trading on the London Metal Exchange for about three years, the ITC dissolved soon afterward, and the price of tin, now in a free-market environment, plummeted sharply to $4 per pound and remained at that level through the 1990s.[51] The price increased again by 2010 with a rebound in consumption following the 2008–09 world economic crisis, accompanying restocking and continued growth in consumption by the world's developing economies.[40]
London Metal Exchange (LME) is the principal trading site for tin.[40] Other tin contract markets are Kuala Lumpur Tin Market (KLTM) and Indonesia Tin Exchange (INATIN).[52]
The price per kg over years:
Tin (US$ per kg)[53]
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
Price 18.51 13.57 20.41 26.05 21.13
Applications[edit]
World consumption of refined tin by end use, 2006
In 2006, about half of all tin produced was used in solder. The rest was divided between tin plating, tin chemicals, brass and bronze alloys, and niche uses.[54]
Solder[edit]
A coil of lead-free solder wire
Tin has long been used in alloys with lead as solder, in amounts 5 to 70% w/w. Tin with lead forms a eutectic mixture at the weight proportion of 61.9% tin and 38.1% lead (the atomic proportion: 73.9% tin and 26.1% lead), with melting temperature of 183 °C (361.4 °F) . Such solders are primarily used for joining pipes or electric circuits. Since the European Union Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive (WEEE Directive) and Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive came into effect on 1 July 2006, the lead content in such alloys has decreased. Replacing lead has many problems, including a higher melting point, and the formation of tin whiskers causing electrical problems. Tin pest can occur in lead-free solders, leading to loss of the soldered joint. Replacement alloys are rapidly being found, although problems of joint integrity remain.[55]
Tin plating[edit]
Tin bonds readily to iron and is used for coating lead, zinc and steel to prevent corrosion. Tin-plated steel containers are widely used for food preservation, and this forms a large part of the market for metallic tin. A tinplate canister for preserving food was first manufactured in London in 1812.[56] Speakers of British English call them "tins", while speakers of American English call them "cans" or "tin cans". One derivation of such use is the slang term "tinnie" or "tinny", meaning "can of beer" in Australia. The tin whistle is so called because it was first mass-produced in tin-plated steel.[57][58] Copper cooking vessels such as saucepans and frying pans are frequently lined with a thin plating of tin, since the combination of acid foods with copper can be toxic.
Specialized alloys[edit]
Pewter plate
Tin in combination with other elements forms a wide variety of useful alloys. Tin is most commonly alloyed with copper. Pewter is 85–99% tin;[59] bearing metal has a high percentage of tin as well.[60][61] Bronze is mostly copper (12% tin), while addition of phosphorus gives phosphor bronze. Bell metal is also a copper-tin alloy, containing 22% tin. Tin has sometimes been used in coinage; for example, it once formed a single-digit percentage (usually five percent or less) of American[62] and Canadian[63] pennies. Because copper is often the major metal in such coins, sometimes including zinc, these could be called bronze and/or brass alloys.
Tin plated metal from a can.
Artisan Alfonso Santiago Leyva and his son working with tin sheets.
The niobium-tin compound Nb3Sn is commercially used in coils of superconducting magnets for its high critical temperature (18 K) and critical magnetic field (25 T). A superconducting magnet weighing as little as two kilograms is capable of the magnetic field of a conventional electromagnet weighing tons.[64]
A small percentage of tin is added to zirconium alloys for the cladding of nuclear fuel.[65]
Most metal pipes in a pipe organ are of a tin/lead alloy, with 50/50 being the most common composition. The proportion of tin in the pipe defines the pipe's tone, since tin has a desirable tonal resonance. When a tin/lead alloy cools, the lead cools slightly faster and produces a mottled or spotted effect. This metal alloy is referred to as spotted metal. Major advantages of using tin for pipes include its appearance, its workability, and resistance to corrosion.[66][67]
Optoelectronics[edit]
The oxides of indium and tin are electrically conductive and transparent, and are used to make transparent electrically conducting films with applications in Optoelectronics devices such as liquid crystal displays.[68]
Other applications[edit]
A 21st-century reproduction barn lantern made of punched tin.
Punched tin-plated steel, also called pierced tin, is an artisan technique originating in central Europe for creating housewares that are both functional and decorative. Decorative piercing designs exist in a wide variety, based on local tradition and the artisan's personal creations. Punched tin lanterns are the most common application of this artisan technique. The light of a candle shining through the pierced design creates a decorative light pattern in the room where it sits. Lanterns and other punched tin articles were created in the New World from the earliest European settlement. A well-known example is the Revere lantern, named after Paul Revere.[69]
Before the modern era, in some areas of the Alps, a goat or sheep's horn would be sharpened and a tin panel would be punched out using the alphabet and numbers from one to nine. This learning tool was known appropriately as "the horn". Modern reproductions are decorated with such motifs as hearts and tulips.
In America, pie safes and food safes were in use in the days before refrigeration. These were wooden cupboards of various styles and sizes – either floor standing or hanging cupboards meant to discourage vermin and insects and to keep dust from perishable foodstuffs. These cabinets had tinplate inserts in the doors and sometimes in the sides, punched out by the homeowner, cabinetmaker or a tinsmith in varying designs to allow for air circulation while excluding flies. Modern reproductions of these articles remain popular in North America.[70]
Window glass is most often made by floating molten glass on molten tin (float glass), resulting in a flat and flawless surface. This is also called the "Pilkington process".[71]
Tin is also used as a negative electrode in advanced Li-ion batteries. Its application is somewhat limited by the fact that some tin surfaces[which?] catalyze decomposition of carbonate-based electrolytes used in Li-ion batteries.[72]
Tin(II) fluoride is added to some dental care products[73] as stannous fluoride (SnF2). Tin(II) fluoride can be mixed with calcium abrasives while the more common sodium fluoride gradually becomes biologically inactive in the presence of calcium compounds.[74] It has also been shown to be more effective than sodium fluoride in controlling gingivitis.[75]
Organotin compounds[edit]
Main article: Organotin chemistry
Of all the chemical compounds of tin, the organotin compounds are most heavily used. Worldwide industrial production probably exceeds 50,000 tonnes.[76]
PVC stabilizers[edit]
The major commercial application of organotin compounds is in the stabilization of PVC plastics. In the absence of such stabilizers, PVC would otherwise rapidly degrade under heat, light, and atmospheric oxygen, resulting in discolored, brittle products. Tin scavenges labile chloride ions (Cl−), which would otherwise initiate loss of HCl from the plastic material.[77] Typical tin compounds are carboxylic acid derivatives of dibutyltin dichloride, such as the dilaurate.[78]
Biocides[edit]
Some organotin compounds are relatively toxic, with both advantages and problems. They are used for biocidal properties as fungicides, pesticides, algaecides, wood preservatives, and antifouling agents.[77] Tributyltin oxide is used as a wood preservative.[79] Tributyltin was used as additive for ship paint to prevent growth of marine organisms on ships, with use declining after organotin compounds were recognized as persistent organic pollutants with an extremely high toxicity for some marine organisms (the dog whelk, for example).[80] The EU banned the use of organotin compounds in 2003,[81] while concerns over the toxicity of these compounds to marine life and damage to the reproduction and growth of some marine species[77] (some reports describe biological effects to marine life at a concentration of 1 nanogram per liter) have led to a worldwide ban by the International Maritime Organization.[82] Many nations now restrict the use of organotin compounds to vessels greater than 25 m (82 ft) long.[77]
Organic chemistry[edit]
Some tin reagents are useful in organic chemistry. In the largest application, stannous chloride is a common reducing agent for the conversion of nitro and oxime groups to amines. The Stille reaction couples organotin compounds with organic halides or pseudohalides.[83]
Li-ion batteries[edit]
Tin forms several inter-metallic phases with lithium metal, making it a potentially attractive material for battery applications. Large volumetric expansion of tin upon alloying with lithium and instability of the tin-organic electrolyte interface at low electrochemical potentials are the greatest challenges to employment in commercial cells. The problem was partially solved by Sony. Tin inter-metallic compound with cobalt and carbon has been implemented by Sony in its Nexelion cells released in the late 2000s. The composition of the active material is approximately Sn0.3Co0.4C0.3. Recent research showed that only some crystalline facets of tetragonal (beta) Sn are responsible for undesirable electrochemical activity.[84]
Precautions[edit]
Main article: Tin poisoning
Cases of poisoning from tin metal, its oxides, and its salts are almost unknown. On the other hand, certain organotin compounds are almost as toxic as cyanide.[33]
Exposure to tin in the workplace can occur by inhalation, skin contact, and eye contact. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set the legal limit (permissible exposure limit) for tin exposure in the workplace as 2 mg/m3 over an 8-hour workday. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has determined a recommended exposure limit (REL) of 2 mg/m3 over an 8-hour workday. At levels of 100 mg/m3, tin is immediately dangerous to life and health.[85]
See also[edit]
Cassiterides (the mythical Tin Islands)
List of countries by tin production
Stannary
Terne
Tin pest
Tin mining in Britain
Tinning
Whisker (metallurgy) (tin whiskers)
Books
View or order collections of articles
Tin
Period 5 elements
Carbon group
Chemical elements (sorted alphabetically)
Chemical elements (sorted by number)
Portals
Access related topics
Chemistry portal
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Only H, F, P, Tl and Xe have a higher receptivity for NMR analysis for samples containing isotopes at their natural abundance.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Meija, J.; et al. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 88 (3): 265–91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305.
Jump up ^ "SnH3". NIST Chemistry WebBook. National Institure of Standards and Technology. Retrieved 23 January 2013.
Jump up ^ "HSn". NIST Chemistry WebBook. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Retrieved 23 January 2013.
Jump up ^ Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds". CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (PDF) (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.
Jump up ^ Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (1985). "Tin". Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (in German) (91–100 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. pp. 793–800. ISBN 3-11-007511-3.
Jump up ^ Ink with tin nanoparticles could print future circuit boards Archived 2011-09-16 at the Wayback Machine., Physorg, April 12, 2011; Jo, Yun Hwan; Jung, Inyu; Choi, Chung Seok; Kim, Inyoung; Lee, Hyuck Mo (2011). "Synthesis and characterization of low temperature Sn nanoparticles for the fabrication of highly conductive ink". Nanotechnology. 22 (22): 225701. Bibcode:2011Nanot..22v5701J. doi:10.1088/0957-4484/22/22/225701. PMID 21454937.
Jump up ^ Molodets, A. M.; Nabatov, S. S. (2000). "Thermodynamic Potentials, Diagram of State, and Phase Transitions of Tin on Shock Compression". High Temperature. 38 (5): 715–721. doi:10.1007/BF02755923.
Jump up ^ This conversion is known as tin disease or tin pest. Tin pest was a particular problem in northern Europe in the 18th century as organ pipes made of tin alloy would sometimes be affected during long cold winters. There are anecdotal claims that tin pest destroyed some of Captain Scott's stores in the ill-fated expedition (see tin pest). Some unverifiable sources also say that, during Napoleon's Russian campaign of 1812, the temperatures became so cold that the tin buttons on the soldiers' uniforms disintegrated over time, contributing to the defeat of the Grande Armée. Le Coureur, Penny; Burreson, Jay (2004). Napoleon's Buttons: 17 Molecules that Changed History. New York: Penguin Group USA. , a persistent legend that probably has no background in real events. Öhrström, Lars (2013). The Last Alchemist in Paris. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-966109-1. Cotton, Simon (2014). "Book review: The last alchemist in Paris". Chemistry World. http://rsc.li/CW_140501
^ Jump up to: a b Schwartz, Mel (2002). "Tin and Alloys, Properties". Encyclopedia of Materials, Parts and Finishes (2nd ed.). CRC Press. ISBN 1-56676-661-3.
Jump up ^ Dehaas, W.; Deboer, J.; Vandenberg, G. (1935). "The electrical resistance of cadmium, thallium and tin at low temperatures". Physica. 2: 453. Bibcode:1935Phy.....2..453D. doi:10.1016/S0031-8914(35)90114-8.
Jump up ^ Meissner, W.; R. Ochsenfeld (1933). "Ein neuer effekt bei eintritt der Supraleitfähigkeit". Naturwissenschaften. 21 (44): 787–788. Bibcode:1933NW.....21..787M. doi:10.1007/BF01504252.
Jump up ^ Craig, Bruce D.; Anderson, David S.; International, A. S. M. (January 1995). Handbook of corrosion data. p. 126. ISBN 978-0-87170-518-1. Archived from the original on 2016-05-11.
Jump up ^ "Interactive NMR Frequency Map". Archived from the original on 2011-06-04. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
Jump up ^ Walker, Phil (1994). "Doubly Magic Discovery of Tin-100". Physics World. 7 (June). Archived from the original on 2008-04-30.
Jump up ^ Audi, Georges; Bersillon, O.; Blachot, J.; Wapstra, A. H. (2003). "The NUBASE Evaluation of Nuclear and Decay Properties". Nuclear Physics A. Atomic Mass Data Center. 729: 3–128. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001. Archived from the original on 2017-01-03.
Jump up ^ Cameron, A. G. W. (1973). "Abundance of the Elements in the Solar System" (PDF). Space Science Reviews. 15: 121–146. Bibcode:1973SSRv...15..121C. doi:10.1007/BF00172440. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-10-21.
^ Jump up to: a b c "tin". Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. September 2005. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
Jump up ^ Harper, Douglas. "tin". Online Etymology Dictionary.
Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th Edition, 1911, s.v. 'tin', citing H. Kopp
Jump up ^ "The Ancient Mining of Tin". oxleigh.freeserve.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2009-04-03. Retrieved 2009-07-07.
Jump up ^ American Heritage Dictionary
Jump up ^ Cierny, J.; Weisgerber, G. (2003). "The "Bronze Age tin mines in Central Asia". In Giumlia-Mair, A.; Lo Schiavo, F. The Problem of Early Tin. Oxford: Archaeopress. pp. 23–31. ISBN 1-84171-564-6.
^ Jump up to: a b Penhallurick, R. D. (1986). Tin in Antiquity: its Mining and Trade Throughout the Ancient World with Particular Reference to Cornwall. London: The Institute of Metals. ISBN 0-904357-81-3.
Jump up ^ Charles, J. A. (1979). "The development of the usage of tin and tin-bronze: some problems". In Franklin, A. D.; Olin, J. S.; Wertime, T. A. The Search for Ancient Tin. Washington D.C.: A seminar organized by Theodore A. Wertime and held at the Smithsonian Institution and the National Bureau of Standards, Washington D.C. March 14–15, 1977. pp. 25–32.
Jump up ^ (Penhallurick 1986)
^ Jump up to: a b Holleman, Arnold Frederik; Wiberg, Egon (2001), Wiberg, Nils, ed., Inorganic Chemistry, translated by Eagleson, Mary; Brewer, William, San Diego/Berlin: Academic Press/De Gruyter, ISBN 0-12-352651-5
Jump up ^ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-08-037941-9.
Jump up ^ Inorganic & Theoretical chemistry, F. Sherwood Taylor, Heineman, 6th Edition (1942)
Jump up ^ J. M. Leger; J. Haines; A. Atouf (1996). "The high pressure behaviour of the cotunnite and post-cotunnite phases of PbCl2 and SnCl2". J. Phys. Chem. Solids. 57 (1): 7–16. Bibcode:1996JPCS...57....7L. doi:10.1016/0022-3697(95)00060-7.
Jump up ^ Gaur, D. P.; Srivastava, G.; Mehrotra, R. C. (1973). "Organic Derivatives of Tin. III. Reactions of Trialkyltin Ethoxide with Alkanolamines". Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie. 398: 72. doi:10.1002/zaac.19733980109.
Jump up ^ Elschenbroich, C. "Organometallics" (2006) Wiley-VCH: Weinheim. ISBN 978-3-527-29390-2
^ Jump up to: a b c Graf, G. G. (2000) "Tin, Tin Alloys, and Tin Compounds" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2005 Wiley-VCH, Weinheim doi:10.1002/14356007.a27_049
Jump up ^ Sander H.L. Thoonen; Berth-Jan Deelman; Gerard van Koten (2004). "Synthetic aspects of tetraorganotins and organotin(IV) halides" (PDF). Journal of Organometallic Chemistry (689): 2145–2157. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-08-07. Retrieved 2009-07-31.
Jump up ^ Peng, Yang; Ellis, Bobby D.; Wang, Xinping; Fettinger, James C.; Power, P. P. (2009). "Reversible Reactions of Ethylene with Distannynes Under Ambient Conditions". Science. 325 (5948): 1668–1670. Bibcode:2009Sci...325.1668P. doi:10.1126/science.1176443. PMID 19779193.
Jump up ^ Shu, Frank H. (1982). "The physical universe: An introduction to astronomy": 119–121. ISBN 978-0-935702-05-7. Archived from the original on 2016-05-30.
Jump up ^ Emsley 2001, pp. 124, 231, 449 and 503
^ Jump up to: a b "Tin: From Ore to Ingot". International Tin Research Institute. 1991. Archived from the original on 2009-03-22. Retrieved 2009-03-21.
Jump up ^ Sutphin, David M.; Reed, David M. Sutphin Andrew E. Sabin Bruce L; Sabin, Andrew E.; Reed, Bruce L. (1992-06-01). Tin – International Strategic Minerals Inventory Summary Report. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-941375-62-7. Archived from the original on 2016-04-28.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Carlin, Jr., James F. "Tin: Statistics and Information" (PDF). United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on 2008-12-06. Retrieved 2008-11-23.
Jump up ^ Reilly, Michael (May 26, 2007). "How Long Will it Last?". New Scientist. 194 (2605): 38–39. Bibcode:2007NewSc.194...38R. doi:10.1016/S0262-4079(07)61508-5. ISSN 0262-4079.
Jump up ^ Brown, Lester (2006). Plan B 2.0. New York: W.W. Norton. p. 109. ISBN 978-0-393-32831-8.
Jump up ^ Kovalenko, V. I.; Yarmolyuk, V. V. (1995). "Endogenous rare metal ore formations and rare metal metallogeny of Mongolia". Economic Geology. 90 (3): 520. doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.90.3.520. Archived from the original on 2008-09-05.
Jump up ^ "Seminole Group Colombia Discovers High Grade Tin Ore in the Amazon Jungle". FreePR101 PressRelease. Archived from the original on 2014-08-26.
Jump up ^ Schrader, George F.; Elshennawy, Ahmad K.; Doyle, Lawrence E. (July 2000). Manufacturing processes and materials. ISBN 978-0-87263-517-3. Archived from the original on 2016-05-11.
Jump up ^ Louis, Henry (1911). Metallurgy of tin. McGraw-Hill book Company. Archived from the original on 2016-05-31.
Jump up ^ Knorr, Klaus (1945). Tin Under Control. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-2136-3. Archived from the original on 2016-05-19.
Jump up ^ "International Tin Research Institute. LME Tin Brands". ITRI. Archived from the original on 2008-12-07. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
Jump up ^ "International Tin Research Institute. Top Ten Tin Producing Companies". Archived from the original on 2008-12-07. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
Jump up ^ “Agreement establishing the Association of Tin Producing Countries ATS 10 of 1984". Australasian Legal Information Institute, Australian Treaties Library. Retrieved on 14 June 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Carlin, James F., Jr. (1998). Significant events affecting tin prices since 1958 Archived 2011-10-28 at the Wayback Machine.. USGS.
Jump up ^ "12 Januari Pemasaran Perdana INATIN". December 15, 2011. Archived from the original on April 26, 2012.
Jump up ^ Helgi Library, "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-02-22. Retrieved 2014-02-10. CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link) , 2014-02-10
Jump up ^ "Tin Use Survey 2007". ITRI. Archived from the original on 2008-12-07. Retrieved 2008-11-21.
Jump up ^ Black, Harvey (2005). "Getting the Lead Out of Electronics". Environmental Health Perspectives. 113 (10): A682–5. doi:10.1289/ehp.113-a682. PMC 1281311. PMID 16203230.
Jump up ^ Childs, Peter (July 1995). "The tin-man's tale". Education in Chemistry. Vol. 32 no. 4. Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 92. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
Jump up ^ Control, Tin Under (1945). Tin Under Control. pp. 10–15. ISBN 978-0-8047-2136-3. Archived from the original on 2016-05-31.
Jump up ^ Panel On Tin, National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Technical Aspects of Critical and Strategic Materials (1970). Trends in the use of tin. pp. 10–22. Archived from the original on 2016-05-22.
Jump up ^ Hull, Charles (1992). Pewter. Osprey Publishing. pp. 1–5. ISBN 978-0-7478-0152-8.
Jump up ^ Brakes, James (2009). "Introduction". Analysis of Babbit. BiblioBazaar, LLC. pp. 1–2. ISBN 978-1-110-11092-6.
Jump up ^ Williams, Robert S. (2007). Principles of Metallography. Read books. pp. 46–47. ISBN 978-1-4067-4671-6.
Jump up ^ "The Composition of the Cent". US Mint. Archived from the original on 2011-10-25. Retrieved 2011-10-28.
Jump up ^ "Composition of canadian coins" (PDF). Canadian Mint. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2012-01-13. Retrieved 2011-10-28.
Jump up ^ Geballe, Theodore H. (October 1993). "Superconductivity: From Physics to Technology". Physics Today. 46 (10): 52–56. Bibcode:1993PhT....46j..52G. doi:10.1063/1.881384.
Jump up ^ Campbell, Flake C. (2008). "Zirconium". Elements of Metallurgy and Engineering Alloys. p. 597. ISBN 978-0-87170-867-0. Archived from the original on 2016-05-28.
Jump up ^ Robert Palmieri, ed. (2006). "Pipe Metal". Encyclopedia of keyboard instruments. New York: Garland. p. 411. ISBN 978-0-415-94174-7.
Jump up ^ George Ashdown Audsley (1988). "Metal Pipes: And the Materials used in their Construction". The Art of Organ Building Audsley, George Ashdown. Courier Dover Publications. p. 501. ISBN 978-0-486-21315-6.
Jump up ^ Kim, H.; Gilmore, C.; Pique, A.; Horwitz, J.; Mattoussi, H.; Murata, H.; Kafafi, Z.; Chrisey, D. (1999). "Electrical, optical, and structural properties of indium tin oxide thin films for organic light-emitting devices". Journal of Applied Physics. 86 (11): 6451. Bibcode:1999JAP....86.6451K. doi:10.1063/1.371708.
Jump up ^ Bridge, Janet (September 1996). Making & decorating picture frames. ISBN 978-0-89134-739-2. Archived from the original on 2016-05-20.
Jump up ^ "Tin punching". Archived from the original on August 11, 2011. Retrieved August 15, 2011.
Jump up ^ Pilkington, L. A. B. (1969). "Review Lecture. The Float Glass Process". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences. 314 (1516): 1–25. Bibcode:1969RSPSA.314....1P. doi:10.1098/rspa.1969.0212. JSTOR 2416528.
Jump up ^ Lucas, Ivan T.; Syzdek, Jarosław; Kostecki, Robert (2011). "Interfacial processes at single-crystal β-Sn electrodes in organic carbonate electrolytes". Electrochemistry Communications. 13 (11): 1271–1275. doi:10.1016/j.elecom.2011.08.026.
Jump up ^ "Colgate Gel-Kam". Archived from the original on 2009-04-27. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
Jump up ^ Hattab, F. (April 1989). "The State of Fluorides in Toothpastes". Journal of Dentistry. 17 (2): 47–54. doi:10.1016/0300-5712(89)90129-2. PMID 2732364.
Jump up ^ Perlich, M. A.; Bacca, L. A.; Bollmer, B. W.; Lanzalaco, A. C.; McClanahan, S. F.; Sewak, L. K.; Beiswanger, B. B.; Eichold, W. A.; Hull, J. R.; et al. (1995). "The clinical effect of a stabilized stannous fluoride dentifrice on plaque formation, gingivitis and gingival bleeding: a six-month study". The Journal of Clinical Dentistry. 6 (Special Issue): 54–58. PMID 8593194.
Jump up ^ Ebdon, L.; Britain), Royal Society of Chemistry (Great (2001). "Organotin in Industrial and Domestic Products". Trace element speciation for environment, food and health. p. 144. ISBN 978-0-85404-459-7. Archived from the original on 2016-05-21.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Atkins, Peter; Shriver, Duward F.; Overton, Tina & Rourke, Jonathan (2006). Inorganic chemistry (4th ed.). W.H. Freeman. pp. 343, 345. ISBN 0-7167-4878-9.
Jump up ^ Wilkes, Charles E.; Summers, James W.; Daniels, Charles Anthony; Berard, Mark T. (August 2005). PVC handbook. p. 108. ISBN 978-1-56990-379-7. Archived from the original on 2016-05-09.
Jump up ^ David N.-S. Hon; Nobuo Shiraishi, eds. (2001). "Preservation of Wood". Wood and cellulosic chemistry. New York, NY: Dekker. p. 799. ISBN 978-0-8247-0024-9.
Jump up ^ Eisler, Ronald. "Tin Hazards To Fish, Wildlife, and Invertebrates: A Synoptic Review" (PDF). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Patuxent Wildlife Research Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2012-01-18.
Jump up ^ "Regulation (EC) No 782/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 April 2003 on the prohibition of organotin compounds on ships". Retrieved 2009-05-05.
Jump up ^ Dürr, Simone; Thomason, Jeremy, eds. (2008). "Fouling on Shipping". Biofouling. Oxford: Blackwell. p. 227. ISBN 978-1-4051-6926-4.
Jump up ^ Farina, Vittorio; Krishnamurthy, Venkat; Scott, William J. (1997). "The Stille Reaction". Organic Reactions. New York: Wiley. doi:10.1002/0471264180.or050.01. ISBN 0-471-31273-8.
Jump up ^ Lucas, Ivan; Syzdek, Jaroslaw (2011). "Electrochemistry Communications". Electrochemistry Communications. 13 (11): 1271. doi:10.1016/j.elecom.2011.08.026.
Jump up ^ "CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Tin". www.cdc.gov. Archived from the original on 2015-11-25. Retrieved 2015-11-24.
Bibliography[edit]
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Carlin, James F., Jr. (1998). "Significant events affecting tin prices since 1958". U.S. National Geodetic Survey
CRC contributors (2006). David R. Lide, ed. Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group. ISBN 0-8493-0487-3.
Emsley, John (2001). "Tin". Nature's Building Blocks: An A–Z Guide to the Elements. Oxford, England, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 445–450. ISBN 0-19-850340-7.
Greenwood, N. N.; Earnshaw, A. (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-7506-3365-4.
Heiserman, David L. (1992). "Element 50: Tin". Exploring Chemical Elements and their Compounds. New York: TAB Books. ISBN 0-8306-3018-X.
MacIntosh, Robert M. (1968). "Tin". In Clifford A. Hampel. The Encyclopedia of the Chemical Elements. New York: Reinhold Book Corporation. pp. 722–732. LCCN 68-29938.
Stwertka, Albert (1998). "Tin". Guide to the Elements (Revised ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-508083-1.
External links[edit]
Find more aboutTinat Wikipedia's sister projects
Definitions from Wiktionary
Media from Wikimedia Commons
Quotations from Wikiquote
Tin at The Periodic Table of Videos (University of Nottingham)
Theodore Gray's Wooden Periodic Table Table: Tin samples and castings
Base Metals: Tin
CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
Tin (USD cents per kg)
hide
v
t
e
Periodic table (Large cells)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
1
H He
2
Li Be B C N O F Ne
3
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
4
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
5
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
6
Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
7
Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
Alkali metal Alkaline earth metal Lanthanide Actinide Transition metal Post-transition metal Metalloid Reactive nonmetal Noble gas Unknown
chemical
properties
show
v
t
e
Tin compounds
Sn(II)
SnBr2
SnCl2
SnF2
SnI2
SnO
Sn(OH)2
SnSO4
SnSe
SnTe
SnS
Sn(IV)
SnBr4
SnCl4
SnF4
SnH4
SnI4
SnO2
SnS2
Authority control
BNE: XX530512
BNF: cb11952265h (data)
GND: 4190888-0
LCCN: sh85135484
NARA: 10643089
NDL: 00571788
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tin&oldid=865104085"
Categories:
Tin
Chemical elements
Post-transition metals
Native element minerals
Hidden categories:
CS1 German-language sources (de)
Webarchive template wayback links
CS1 maint: Archived copy as title
Articles with short description
Articles containing Latin-language text
Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2015
Articles containing German-language text
Articles containing Swedish-language text
Articles containing Dutch-language text
Articles containing Irish-language text
Articles containing Cornish-language text
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from February 2012
All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases
Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from June 2013
Source attribution
Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers
Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers
Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikiquote
Languages
Afrikaans
Alemannisch
አማርኛ
Ænglisc
العربية
Aragonés
Armãneashti
অসমীয়া
Asturianu
Aymar aru
Azərbaycanca
تۆرکجه
বাংলা
Bân-lâm-gú
Башҡортса
Беларуская
Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
भोजपुरी
Български
བོད་ཡིག
Bosanski
Brezhoneg
Català
Чӑвашла
Cebuano
Čeština
Corsu
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deutsch
Diné bizaad
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Эрзянь
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Fiji Hindi
Føroyskt
Français
Frysk
Furlan
Gaeilge
Gaelg
Gàidhlig
Galego
ગુજરાતી
客家語/Hak-kâ-ngî
Хальмг
한국어
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Hrvatski
Ido
Bahasa Indonesia
Interlingua
Ирон
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
Basa Jawa
ಕನ್ನಡ
ქართული
Қазақша
Kernowek
Kiswahili
Коми
Kreyòl ayisyen
Kurdî
Кыргызча
Кырык мары
Лакку
Лезги
Latina
Latviešu
Lëtzebuergesch
Lietuvių
Ligure
Limburgs
Livvinkarjala
La .lojban.
Lumbaart
Magyar
Македонски
മലയാളം
मराठी
მარგალური
Bahasa Melayu
Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄
Мокшень
Монгол
မြန်မာဘာသာ
Nāhuatl
Nederlands
नेपाल भाषा
日本語
Nordfriisk
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Occitan
ଓଡ଼ିଆ
Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
पालि
پنجابی
Перем Коми
Piemontèis
Plattdüütsch
Polski
Português
Română
Runa Simi
Русиньскый
Русский
Саха тыла
ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ
संस्कृतम्
Sardu
Scots
Seeltersk
Shqip
Sicilianu
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Soomaaliga
کوردی
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Basa Sunda
Suomi
Svenska
Tagalog
தமிழ்
Татарча/tatarça
తెలుగు
ไทย
Тоҷикӣ
ᏣᎳᎩ
Türkçe
Українська
اردو
ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche
Vahcuengh
Vepsän kel’
Tiếng Việt
Volapük
Võro
文言
Winaray
吴语
ייִדיש
Yorùbá
粵語
中文
Kabɩyɛ
148 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 21 October 2018, at 19:16 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

attrs: class href

values: mw-jump-link #mw-head

values: mw-jump-link #p-search

attrs: href class title

values:
/wiki/Tin_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Tin (disambiguation)

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

values: shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux

value: span

value: sub

value: caption

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

attrs: href class

value: td

attrs: colspan style

value: tr

value: th

attrs: href title

values: display:block;width:6px;height:8px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent;background-color:#cccccc; border:1px solid black; margin:-1px;

values: empty-cells:hidden; border:none; padding:0; border-spacing:1px; border-collapse:separate; margin:0;

values: background-color:transparent; margin:0; padding:0; text-align:center; border:none;

values: vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; width:10px; border:none;

values: text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; padding-top:0; padding-bottom:1px; border:none;

values: text-align:center; margin:0 auto; background:transparent; border:none;

values: text-align:center; width:100%; margin:0; border-width:1px; background:#f8f8f8;

values: display:inline-block; vertical-align:middle; width:6px; height:8px; border:1px solid black; background:#cccccc

values: Standard conditions for temperature and pressure

values: STP: standard temperature and pressure: 0 °C and 101.325 kPa

values:
/wiki/Kilojoule_per_mole
mw-redirect
Kilojoule per mole

values:
/wiki/Molar_heat_capacity
mw-redirect
Molar heat capacity

values: text-align:center; border-collapse:collapse; margin:0; padding:0;

values:
/wiki/File:Tin_spectrum_visible.png
image
Color lines in a spectral range

values:
/wiki/File:Tetragonal.svg
image
Tetragonal crystal structure for tin

values:
/wiki/Coefficient_of_thermal_expansion
mw-redirect
Coefficient of thermal expansion

values:
/wiki/Brinell_hardness_test
mw-redirect
Brinell hardness test

values: Timeline of chemical element discoveries

values:
/wiki/Stable_isotope
mw-redirect
Stable isotope

values:
/wiki/Beta_emission
mw-redirect
Beta emission

values: text-align: center; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0; padding: 0;

values: List of data references for chemical elements

values:
/wiki/Latin_language
mw-redirect
Latin language

values:
/wiki/Periodic_table_of_elements
mw-redirect
Periodic table of elements

values:
/wiki/Tin_dioxide
mw-redirect
Tin dioxide

values:
/wiki/Tin_plating
mw-redirect
Tin plating

values: checkbox button toctogglecheckbox toctogglecheckbox display:none

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: width:22em;width: 240px; float: left; clear: left; margin:0 1.5em 1.5em 0;

values:
/wiki/Eutectic_point
mw-redirect
Eutectic point

values: not clear what it accelerates chemical attack of (August 2015)

values:
noprint Inline-Template
margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Stable_isotopes
mw-redirect
Stable isotopes

values: List of elements by stability of isotopes

values:
/wiki/Nuclear_spin
mw-redirect
Nuclear spin

values:
/wiki/NMR_spectroscopy
mw-redirect
NMR spectroscopy

values:
/wiki/Double_magic
mw-redirect
Double magic

values:
/wiki/Metastable_isomers
mw-redirect
Metastable isomers

values:
/wiki/Romance_language
mw-redirect
Romance language

values:
/wiki/Mold_(manufacturing)
mw-redirect
Mold (manufacturing)

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2012)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Placer_deposits
mw-redirect
Placer deposits

values:
/wiki/River_banks
mw-redirect
River banks

values:
/wiki/Stannous_chloride
mw-redirect
Stannous chloride

values:
/wiki/Chemical_compounds
mw-redirect
Chemical compounds

values:
/wiki/Grignard_reagent
mw-redirect
Grignard reagent

values:
/wiki/Redistribution_reaction
mw-redirect
Redistribution reaction

values:
/wiki/Part_per_million
mw-redirect
Part per million

values:
/wiki/Open_cast_mining
mw-redirect
Open cast mining

values:
headerSort
0
columnheader button
Sort ascending

values:
/wiki/Carbothermic_reduction
mw-redirect
Carbothermic reduction

values:
wikitable sortable jquery-tablesorter
text-align:right;float:left

values: Kuala Lumpur Tin Market (page does not exist)

attrs: alt src width height class data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/Electric_circuit
mw-redirect
Electric circuit

values: Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive

values: Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive

values:
/wiki/Babbitt_metal
mw-redirect
Babbitt metal

values:
/wiki/Liquid_crystal_displays
mw-redirect
Liquid crystal displays

values:
/wiki/Pilkington_process
mw-redirect
Pilkington process

values: The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (June 2013)

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words
mw-redirect
Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words

values:
/wiki/Stannous_fluoride
mw-redirect
Stannous fluoride

values:
/wiki/Wood_preservative
mw-redirect
Wood preservative

values:
/wiki/Antifouling_agent
mw-redirect
Antifouling agent

values:
/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutants
mw-redirect
Persistent organic pollutants

values:
/wiki/Organotin_compound
mw-redirect
Organotin compound

values: Occupational Safety and Health Administration

values: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em;

values: Book:Chemical elements (sorted alphabetically)

values: Book:Chemical elements (sorted by number)

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1515%2Fpac-2015-0305

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21454937

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02755923

values:
/wiki/Organ_pipes
mw-redirect
Organ pipes

values:
nofollow
external free
http://rsc.li/CW_140501

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01504252

values:
nofollow
external text
http://hal.in2p3.fr/in2p3-00014184

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00172440

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.etymonline.com/?term=tin

values:
/wiki/American_Heritage_Dictionary
mw-redirect
American Heritage Dictionary

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1002%2Fzaac.19733980109

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1176443

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19779193

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/0262-4079

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2113%2Fgsecongeo.90.3.520

values: Category:CS1 maint: Archived copy as title

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1289%2Fehp.113-a682

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16203230

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1063%2F1.881384

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1063%2F1.371708

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.piercedtin.com/about-us.htm

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1098%2Frspa.1969.0212

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.jstor.org/stable/2416528

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2732364

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8593194

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
external text
//lccn.loc.gov/68-29938

values: padding-bottom: 0.75em; text-align: center;

attrs: alt src width height style srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;

values: display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;

values: border-top:1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 0.75em;

values: metadata plainlinks plainlist mbox-small

values: border:1px solid #aaa; padding:0.75em; background:#f9f9f9;

values:
/wiki/The_Periodic_Table_of_Videos
mw-redirect
The Periodic Table of Videos

values: Template:Periodic table (32 columns, compact)

values: Template talk:Periodic table (32 columns, compact)

values:
/wiki/Periodic_table_(large_cells)
mw-redirect
Periodic table (large cells)

values: text-align:center; background:#f0ff8f; border:none; ;

values: text-align:center; background:#c0ffff; border:none; ;

values: text-align:center; background:#ff6666; border:none; ;

values: text-align:center; background:#ffdead; border:none; ;

values: text-align:center; background:#cccc99; border:none; ;

values: text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:none; ;

values: text-align:center; background:#ffc0c0; border:none; ;

values: text-align:center; background:#cccccc; border:2px solid black; ;

values: text-align:center; background:#ffbfff; border:none; ;

values: text-align:center; background:#ff99cc; border:none; ;

values: Meitnerium, 109 (unknown chemical properties)

values: text-align:center; background:#e8e8e8; border:none; ;

values: Darmstadtium, 110 (unknown chemical properties)

values: Roentgenium, 111 (unknown chemical properties)

values: Copernicium, 112 (post-transition metal)

values: Nihonium, 113 (unknown chemical properties)

values: Flerovium, 114 (unknown chemical properties)

values: Moscovium, 115 (unknown chemical properties)

values: Livermorium, 116 (unknown chemical properties)

values: Tennessine, 117 (unknown chemical properties)

values: Oganesson, 118 (unknown chemical properties)

values:
0
table-layout:fixed; width:100%;
periodic-table-legend

values:
/wiki/Reactive_nonmetal
mw-redirect
Reactive nonmetal

values: padding:0em 0.25em border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; width:100%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; font-size:85%; background:#f8f8f8; margin:0; font-size:90%; margin-top:0.5em; padding:0.3em;

values: nowraplinks collapsible expanded navbox-inner mw-collapsible mw-made-collapsible

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/4190888-0

values: National Archives and Records Administration

values: Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:Articles with short description

values: Category:Articles containing Latin-language text

values: Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2015

values: Category:Articles containing German-language text

values: Category:Articles containing Swedish-language text

values: Category:Articles containing Dutch-language text

values: Category:Articles containing Irish-language text

values: Category:Articles containing Cornish-language text

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2012

values: Category:All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases

values: Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from June 2013

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Tin
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
/w/index.php?title=Tin&action=edit
Edit this page [ctrl-alt-e]
e

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin
Tin – Afrikaans
af
af
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-af
display: none;

values:
https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinn
Zinn – Alemannisch
gsw
gsw
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-als
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-am
display: none;

values:
https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin
Tin – Old English
ang
ang
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ang
display: none;

values: قصدير – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ar
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-an
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-as
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
display: none;

values:
https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chayanta
Chayanta – Aymara
ay
ay
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ay
display: none;

values:
https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalay
Qalay – Azerbaijani
az
az
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-azb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan
display: none;

values: Аҡ ҡурғаш – Bashkir

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ba
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values: Цына – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bh
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bo
display: none;

values:
https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalaj
Kalaj – Bosnian
bs
bs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bs
display: none;

values:
https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staen
Staen – Breton
br
br
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-br
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values: Тăхлан – Chuvash

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cv
display: none;

values:
https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tansan
Tansan – Cebuano
ceb
ceb
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb
display: none;

values:
https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%ADn
Cín – Czech
cs
cs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stagnu
Stagnu – Corsican
co
co
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-co
display: none;

values:
https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tun
Tun – Welsh
cy
cy
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cy
display: none;

values:
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin
Tin – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinn
Zinn – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nv
display: none;

values:
https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tina
Tina – Estonian
et
et
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: Κασσίτερος – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values: Валдо киве – Erzya

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-myv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-es
display: none;

values:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stano
Stano – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eztainu
Eztainu – Basque
eu
eu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values:
https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin
Tin – Fiji Hindi
hif
hif
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hif
display: none;

values:
https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin
Tin – Faroese
fo
fo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fy
display: none;

values:
https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stagn
Stagn – Friulian
fur
fur
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fur
display: none;

values:
https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A1n
Stán – Irish
ga
ga
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stainney
Stainney – Manx
gv
gv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gv
display: none;

values:
https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staoin
Staoin – Scottish Gaelic
gd
gd
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gd
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gu
display: none;

values:
https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siak
Siak – Hakka Chinese
hak
hak
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hak
display: none;

values: Цанхорһолҗин – Kalmyk

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-xal
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values:
https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kositar
Kositar – Croatian
hr
hr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stano
Stano – Ido
io
io
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-io
display: none;

values:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timah
Timah – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-id
display: none;

values:
https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanno
Stanno – Interlingua
ia
ia
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ia
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-os
display: none;

values:
https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin
Tin – Icelandic
is
is
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timah
Timah – Javanese
jv
jv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-jv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka
display: none;

values: Қалайы – Kazakh

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

values:
https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sten
Sten – Cornish
kw
kw
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stani
Stani – Swahili
sw
sw
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sw
display: none;

values: Озысь – Komi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kv
display: none;

values:
https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eten
Eten – Haitian Creole
ht
ht
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ht
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ku
display: none;

values: Калай – Kyrgyz

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ky
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj
display: none;

values: Къалай – Lak

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lez
display: none;

values:
https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stannum
Stannum – Latin
la
la
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alva
Alva – Latvian
lv
lv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%ABnn
Zënn – Luxembourgish
lb
lb
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lb
display: none;

values:
https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alavas
Alavas – Lithuanian
lt
lt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lij
display: none;

values:
https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin
Tin – Limburgish
li
li
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-li
display: none;

values:
https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tina
Tina – Livvi-Karelian
olo
olo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-olo
display: none;

values:
https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/tinci
tinci – Lojban
jbo
jbo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo
display: none;

values:
https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stagn
Stagn – Lombard
lmo
lmo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo
display: none;

values:
https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93n
Ón – Hungarian
hu
hu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values: വെളുത്തീയം – Malayalam

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mr
display: none;

values: კალა (ელემენტი) – Mingrelian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf
display: none;

values:
https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timah
Timah – Malay
ms
ms
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ms
display: none;

values:
https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9k
Sék – Min Dong Chinese
cdo
cdo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo
display: none;

values: Валдакиви – Moksha

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf
display: none;

values: Цагаан тугалга – Mongolian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-my
display: none;

values:
https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amochitl
Amochitl – Nāhuatl
nah
nah
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nah
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-new
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-frr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-oc
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-or
display: none;

values:
https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalay
Qalay – Uzbek
uz
uz
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uz
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-koi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pms
display: none;

values:
https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinn
Tinn – Low German
nds
nds
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nds
display: none;

values:
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyna
Cyna – Polish
pl
pl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estanho
Estanho – Portuguese
pt
pt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pt
display: none;

values:
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staniu
Staniu – Romanian
ro
ro
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro
display: none;

values:
https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chayanta
Chayanta – Quechua
qu
qu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-qu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-rue
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ru
display: none;

values: Хорҕолдьун – Sakha

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sah
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sat
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sc
display: none;

values:
https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin
Tin – Scots
sco
sco
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

values:
https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin
Tin – Saterland Frisian
stq
stq
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-stq
display: none;

values:
https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kallaj
Kallaj – Albanian
sq
sq
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sq
display: none;

values:
https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stagnu
Stagnu – Sicilian
scn
scn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-scn
display: none;

values:
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin
Tin – Simple English
en-simple
en-simple
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%ADn
Cín – Slovak
sk
sk
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kositer
Kositer – Slovenian
sl
sl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-so
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalaj
Kalaj – Serbo-Croatian
sh
sh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh
display: none;

values:
https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timah
Timah – Sundanese
su
su
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-su
display: none;

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tina
Tina – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenn
Tenn – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lata
Lata – Tagalog
tl
tl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tl
display: none;

values: வெள்ளீயம் – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values: Аккургаш – Tatar

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tt
display: none;

values: తగరము – Telugu

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-te
display: none;

values: ดีบุก – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values: Қалъагӣ – Tajik

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tg
display: none;

values: ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩᏳᏍᏗ – Cherokee

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-chr
display: none;

values:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalay
Kalay – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ur
display: none;

values: قەلەي – Uyghur

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ug
display: none;

values:
https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sik
Sik – Zhuang
za
za
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-za
display: none;

values:
https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin
Tin – Veps
vep
vep
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vep
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values:
https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanin
Stanin – Volapük
vo
vo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vo
display: none;

values:
https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tina
Tina – Võro
vro
vro
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro
display: none;

values:
https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lata
Lata – Waray
war
war
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-war
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-yi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-yo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

values:
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%94%A1
锡 – Chinese
zh
zh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Tin rootpage-Tin skin-vector action-view


text:
Conn (name)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Conn is a masculine English- and Irish-language given name,[1] as well as an English-language surname.[2] The origin of the given name is uncertain. It may be related to the Old Irish cond ("intellect" or "mind"), or perhaps to the Old Irish cenn ("head", "chief"). The latter word-origin may have resulted from a popular, but incorrect etymology, applied to the Old Irish terms Leth Cuinn and Dál Cuinn; these terms originally meant "half of the chief" and "tribe of the chief" but were mistakenly regarded to mean "half of Conn" and "tribe of Conn".[3] In some cases the given name is as a short form of non Irish-language names that begin with the first syllable Con- (such as the names Conor and Connor).[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 People
1.1 American
1.2 Australian
1.3 English
1.4 Canadian
1.5 Irish
1.6 Scottish
2 Citations
3 References
People[edit]
American[edit]
Billy Conn (1917 – 1993), American boxer
Bobby Conn, American musician
Canary Conn (born 1949), American musician and non-fiction author
Charles Paul Conn, American non-fiction author and university president
Charles Gerard Conn, American founder of C.G. Conn Ltd.
Charles W. Conn (1920 - 2008), American author, former General Overseer of the Church of God
Conn Findlay *born 1930), American Olympic rower and sailor
Didi Conn (born 1951), American film, stage and television actress.
Herb and Jan Conn, American climbing and caving pioneers
Herbert William Conn (1859-1917), American bacteriologist and educator
Jerome W. Conn (1907-1994), American endocrinologist, first described Conn's syndrome
Nicole Conn, American film director, producer, and screenwriter
Phoebe Conn, American author
Roe Conn, American radio talk show host, The Roe Conn Show
Australian[edit]
Daniel Conn is an Australian rugby league player.
Neil Raymond Conn is a former Administrator of the Northern Territory in Australia from 17 February 1997 to 30 October 2000.
English[edit]
Conn Iggulden is a British writer of historical novels.
David Conn is a sports journalist focusing on football (soccer) for The Guardian a British newspaper.
Gideon Conn is a singer-songwriter from Manchester.
John Conn (1764 - 1810) was a senior captain in the Royal Navy during the American Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars.
Shelley Conn is an English actress of Anglo-Indian descent.
Canadian[edit]
Conn Smythe (1895 – 1980), was a Canadian builder in the National Hockey League best known as the principal owner of the Toronto Maple Leafs from 1927 to 1961 and as the builder of Maple Leaf Gardens.
Craig Conn, is a lacrosse player for the Arizona Sting in the National Lacrosse League and the New Westminster Salmonbellies of the Western Lacrosse Association.
Jan Conn, is a Canadian poet and mosquito genetic researcher.
Michelle Conn, is a Canadian field hockey player.
Ty Conn (1967 – 1999), born Tyrone Williams Conn, was a Canadian bank robber and is best known for his escape over the wall from the Kingston Penitentiary, one of Canada's most secure and notorious prisons.
Irish[edit]
Conn of the Hundred Battles, former High King of Ireland and the ancestor of the Connachta
Conn O'Neill (1480 - 1559), was the 1st Earl of Tyrone in Ireland during the 16th century.
Conn Ward (1890 – 1966), born Francis Constantine Ward, was an Irish Fianna Fáil party politician.
Hugh Conn McCall (1940 - 2002), was an Irish cricketer.
Scottish[edit]
Alfie Conn, Sr., was a Scottish professional footballer (soccer), most commonly remembered as part of the Terrible Trio of the Heart of Midlothian side of the 1950s, along with Willie Bauld and Jimmy Wardhaugh.
Alfie Conn, Jr., is a former professional footballer, who was the first post-war player to play for both Celtic and Rangers.
Iain Conn, an executive director of the BP Group.
Stewart Conn, is a Scottish poet and playwright.
Citations[edit]
Jump up ^ Hanks; Hardcastle; Hodges (2006) pp. 62, 345; Hanks; Hodges (2003); Hanks; Hodges (1997) p. 52.
Jump up ^ Black (1971) pp. 167–168.
Jump up ^ Kock; Smith; Busse (2012) p. 220; Kock; Smith; Busse (2006) pp. 476–477.
Jump up ^ Hanks; Hardcastle; Hodges (2006) pp. 62, 345; Hanks; Hodges (2003); Hanks; Hodges (1997) p. 52.
References[edit]
Black, GF (1971) [1946]. The Surnames of Scotland: Their Origin, Meaning, and History. New York: The New York Public Library. ISBN 0-87104-172-3. Accessed via Open Library.
Hanks, P; Hardcastle, K; Hodges, F (2006). A Dictionary of First Names. Oxford Paperback Reference (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-861060-1.
Hanks, P; Hodges, F (1997). A Concise Dictionary of First Names (Revised ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198606052. Accessed via Internet Archive.
Hanks, P; Hodges, F (2003). A Dictionary of First Names (MOBI). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198606052.
Koch, JT; Smith, P; Busse, PE (2006). "Conn Cétchathach". In Koch, JT. Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia. Vol. 2. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. pp. 476–477. ISBN 1-85109-445-8.
Koch, JT; Smith, P; Busse, PE (2012). "Conn Cétchathach". In Koch, JT; Minard, A. The Celts: History, Life, and Culture. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 220. ISBN 978-1-59884-965-3.
This page lists people with the surname Conn. If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name(s) to the link.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conn_(name)&oldid=794497424"
Categories:
Surnames
English-language masculine given names
Irish-language masculine given names
Hidden categories:
Use dmy dates from October 2014
All set index articles
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Deutsch
Gàidhlig
Svenska
Edit links
This page was last edited on 8 August 2017, at 11:46.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: b

value: sup

value: i

values:
/wiki/Charles_Gerard_Conn
mw-redirect
Charles Gerard Conn

values:
/wiki/Herb_and_Jan_Conn
mw-redirect
Herb and Jan Conn

values:
/wiki/Neil_Raymond_Conn
mw-redirect
Neil Raymond Conn

values:
/wiki/Conn_O%27Neill
mw-redirect
Conn O'Neill

values:
/wiki/Hugh_Conn_McCall
mw-redirect
Hugh Conn McCall

values:
/wiki/Alfie_Conn,_Sr.
mw-redirect
Alfie Conn, Sr.

values:
/wiki/Alfie_Conn,_Jr.
mw-redirect
Alfie Conn, Jr.

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values:
/wiki/The_New_York_Public_Library
mw-redirect
The New York Public Library

values: padding: 0.25em 0.4em; font-style: italic;

values: metadata plainlinks dmbox dmbox-setindex

values: Category:English-language masculine given names

values: Category:Irish-language masculine given names

values: Category:Use dmy dates from October 2014

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Conn_(name)
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conn
Conn – German
de
de
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conn
Conn – Scottish Gaelic
gd
gd
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conn
Conn – Swedish
sv
sv
interlanguage-link-target

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Conn_name rootpage-Conn_name vector-experimental-print-styles vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view