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Union budget of India
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The Union Budget of India, also referred to as the Annual Financial Statement in the Article 112 of the Constitution of India,[1] is the annual budget of the Republic of India. The Government presents it on the first day of February so that it could be materialized before the commencement of new financial year in April. Till 2016 it was presented on the last working day of February by the Finance Minister of India in Parliament. The budget, which is presented by means of the Finance bill and the Appropriation bill has to be passed by both the Houses before it can come into effect from April 1, the start of India's financial year.
An Interim Budget is not the same as a 'Vote on Account'. While a 'Vote on Account' deals only with the expenditure side of the government's budget, an Interim Budget is a complete set of accounts, including both expenditure and receipts. An Interim Budget gives the complete financial statement, very similar to a full Budget. While the law does not debar the Union government from introducing tax changes, normally during an election year, successive governments have avoided making any major changes in income tax laws during an Interim Budget.
As of September 2017[update], Morarji Desai has presented 10 budgets which is the highest followed by P Chidambaram's 9 and Pranab Mukherjee's 8. Yashwant Sinha, Yashwantrao Chavan and C.D. Deshmukh have presented 7 budgets each while Manmohan Singh and T.T. Krishnamachari have presented 6 budgets.[2]
Contents
1 Chronology
1.1 Pre-liberalisation
1.2 Post-liberalisation
2 Traditions
2.1 Time of Budget announcement
2.2 Date of Budget announcement
2.3 Halwa Ceremony
3 References
4 External links
Chronology[edit]
Pre-liberalisation[edit]
The first Union budget of independent India was presented by R. K. Shanmukham Chetty on November 26, 1947.
The Union budgets for the fiscal years 1959-61 to 1963-64, inclusive of the interim budget for 1962-63, were presented by Morarji Desai.On February 29 in 1964 and 1968, he became the only finance minister to present the Union budget on his birthday.[3] Desai presented budgets that included five annual budgets and an interim budget during his first stint and three final budgets and one interim budget in his second tenure when he was both the Finance Minister and the Deputy Prime Minister of India.
After Desai's resignation, Indira Gandhi, the then Prime Minister of India, took over the Ministry of Finance to become the only woman to hold the post of the Finance Minister.
Pranab Mukherjee, the first Rajya Sabha member to hold the Finance portfolio, presented the annual budgets for the financial years 1982-83, 1983–84 and 1984-85.
Rajiv Gandhi presented the budget for 1987-89, after V. P. Singh quit his government, and in the process became the third Prime Minister to present a budget after his mother and grandfather.
N. D. Tiwari presented the budget for 1988-89, S. B. Chavan for 1989-90, while Madhu Dandawate presented the Union budget for 1990-91.
Dr. Manmohan Singh became the Finance Minister and presented the interim budget for 1991-92 as elections were forced.
Due to political developments, early elections were held in May 1991 following which the Indian National Congress returned to political power and Manmohan Singh, the Finance Minister, presented the budget for 1991-92.
Post-liberalisation[edit]
Manmohan Singh under P. V. Narasimha Rao, in his next annual budgets from 1992–93, opened the economy,[4] encouraged foreign investments and reduced peak import duty from 300 plus percent to 50 percent.
After elections in 1996, a non-Congress ministry assumed office. Hence the financial budget for 1996-97 was presented by P. Chidambaram, who then belonged to Tamil Maanila Congress.
Following a constitutional crisis when the I. K. Gujral Ministry was on its way out, a special session of Parliament was convened just to pass Chidambaram's 1997-98 budget. This budget was passed without a debate.
After the general elections in March 1998 that led to the Bharatiya Janata Party forming the Central Government, Yashwant Sinha, the then Finance Minister in this government, presented the interim and final budgets for 1998-99.
After general elections in 1999, Sinha again became the Finance Minister and presented four annual budgets from 1999-2000 to 2002-2003. Due to elections in May 2004, an interim budget was presented by Jaswant Singh.
Former Finance Minister Morarji Desai presented the budget ten times, the most by any.
The Union Budget of India for 2012–2013 was presented by Pranab Mukherjee, the Finance Minister of India on 16 March 2012, which was the 7th budget of his career. These budgetary proposals would be applicable for financial year 1 April 2012 to 31 March 2013.
The Union Budget of India for 2013–2014 was presented by P. Chidambaram on 28 February 2013. The Interim Union Budget for 2014–2015 was presented on February 17, 2014.[5]
The Union Budget of India for 2014–2015 was presented by Arun Jaitley on 10 July 2014.[6]
The Union Budget of India for 2015–2016 was presented by Arun Jaitley on 28 February 2015.[7]
The Union Budget of India for 2016–2017 was presented by Arun Jaitley on 29 February 2016.[8]
The Union Budget of India for 2017–2018 was presented by Arun Jaitley on 1 February 2017.[9][10]
The Union Budget of India for 2018–2019 was presented by Arun Jaitley on 1 February 2018.[11]
Traditions[edit]
Time of Budget announcement[edit]
Until the year 1999, the Union Budget was announced at 5:00 pm on the last working day of the month of February. This practice was inherited from the Colonial Era, Another reason was that until the 1990s, all that budgets seem to do was to raise taxes, a presentation in the evening gave producers and the tax collecting agencies the night to work out the change in prices. It was Mr.Yashwant Sinha, the then Finance Minister of India in the NDA government (led by Bharatiya Janata Party) of Atal Bihari Vajpayee, who changed the ritual by announcing the 1999 Union Budget at 11 am.[12]
Date of Budget announcement[edit]
Also again in 2017, departing from the colonial-era tradition of presenting the Union Budget on the last working day of February, Minister of Finance (India) Arun Jaitley, in the NDA government (led by Bharatiya Janata Party) of Narendra Modi government announced that it will now be presented on 1 February. [13] Additionally Rail Budget, presented separately for 92 Years, merged with union budget.[14]
Halwa Ceremony[edit]
The printing of budget documents starts roughly a week ahead of presenting in the Parliament with a customary 'Halwa ceremony' in which halwa (a sweet dish) is prepared in large quantities and served to the officers and support staff involved. They remain isolated and stay in the North Block office until the Budget is presented. Halwa is also served by the Finance Minister. This ceremony is performed as a part of the Indian tradition of having something sweet before starting an important work.[15]
1947 Union budget of India
2009 Union budget of India
2010 Union budget of India
2011 Union budget of India
2012 Union budget of India
2013 Union budget of India
2014 Interim-Union budget of India
2014 Union budget of India
2015 Union budget of India
2016 Union budget of India
2017 Union budget of India
2018 Union budget of India
Railway Budget of India
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Procedure in Financial Matters" (PDF). Ministry of Law and Justice (India). p. 24. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 August 2015. Retrieved 1 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "Chidambaram is second only to Morarji Desai in presenting Budget". www.businesstoday.in. Retrieved 29 September 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Central Budgets in retrospect". pib.nic.in.
Jump up ^ "Meet Manmohan Singh, the economist". 2004-05-20. Retrieved 2008-02-22.
Jump up ^ "Salient Features of Interim Union Budget of India for 2014-15". IANS. news.biharprabha.com. Retrieved 17 February 2014.
Jump up ^ "Expectation from union budget 2014-15". Patrika Group. 10 July 2014. Retrieved 10 July 2014.
Jump up ^ "Highlights of union budget 2015-16". The Hindu. 28 February 2015. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
Jump up ^ "Live: Jaitley presents Union Budget 2016-17: 'Govt. will pay EPF contribution of 8.33% to all new employees for first three years'". The Hindu. 29 February 2016. Retrieved 29 February 2016.
Jump up ^ "Union Budget 2017". 24 January 2017.
Jump up ^ Desk, Internet. "Highlights of Union Budget 2017-18". The Hindu. Retrieved 2017-02-01.
Jump up ^ "Union Budget 2018 Highlights: Key takeaways from Arun Jaitley's fifth Budget". Moneycontrol. Retrieved 2018-02-01.
Jump up ^ "Budget with a difference". 2001-03-17. Retrieved 2009-03-08.
Jump up ^ "Union Budget 2017 on 1 Feb: End of a colonial hangover for speedy implementation of schemes". Firstpost.com. Firstpost. 16 November 2016.
Jump up ^ "Railway Budget, Presented For 92 Years, Merged With Union Budget". NDTV.com. NDTV.
Jump up ^ "Printing Of Union Budget Document Begins With 'Halwa' Ceremony". NDTV. Press Trust of India. February 19, 2016. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
External links[edit]
Government of India: Union Budget and Economic Survey
Economic Survey and Union Budget
List of Budget Speeches (since 1947)
Live financial minister Mr arun jaitley
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Family Guy (season 4)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Family Guy (season 4)
DVD covers for Volumes 3 and 4
Starring
Seth MacFarlane
Alex Borstein
Seth Green
Mila Kunis
Country of origin
United States
No. of episodes
30
Release
Original network
Fox
Original release
May 1, 2005 (2005-05-01) – May 21, 2006 (2006-05-21)
Season chronology
← Previous
Season 3
Next →
Season 5
List of Family Guy episodes
The fourth season of the animated comedy series Family Guy aired on Fox from May 1, 2005, to May 21, 2006, and consisted of thirty episodes, making it the longest season to date. The first half of the season is included within the volume 3 DVD box set, which was released on November 29, 2005, and the second half is included within the volume 4 DVD box set, which was released on November 14, 2006. Volume 4 was split into seasons 4 and 5 in regions outside the United States, leading to confusion over season numbers between U.S., Australian, and UK consumers. The last three episodes of season 4 were the basis for the movie known as Stewie Griffin: The Untold Story, and are edited for content; Fox does not include these episodes in the official episode count.
Family Guy had been canceled in 2002 due to low ratings, but was revived by Fox after reruns on Adult Swim became the network's most-watched program, and more than three million DVDs of the show were sold. "North by North Quahog" was the first episode to air following the series' revival.
Contents
[hide]
1 Production
2 Episodes
3 Reception
3.1 Ratings
3.2 Awards and nominations
3.3 Critical reception
4 References
5 External links
Production[edit]
The show was first canceled after the 1999–2000 season, but following a last-minute reprieve, it returned for a third season in 2001.[1] In 2002, Family Guy was canceled after three seasons due to low ratings.[2] Fox tried to sell rights for reruns of the show, but it was hard to find networks that were interested; Cartoon Network eventually bought the rights, "[...] basically for free", according to the president of 20th Century Fox Television Production.[3] When the reruns were shown on Cartoon Network's Adult Swim in 2002, Family Guy became the channel's most-watched show with an average 1.9 million viewers per episode.[4] Following this, the show's first season was released on DVD in April 2003.[2] The DVD set sold 2.2 million copies,[5] making it the best-selling television DVD of 2003[6] and the second highest-selling television DVD ever, behind the first season of Comedy Central's Chappelle's Show.[7] The season 2 DVD release also sold more than 1 million copies.[4] The show's popularity in both DVD sales and reruns rekindled Fox's interest.[2] They ordered 35 new episodes in 2004, marking the first revival of a television show based on DVD sales.[7][8] Gail Berman said cancelling the show was one of her most difficult decisions, and she was therefore happy it would return.[3] The network also began production of a film based on the show.[6]
Creator Seth MacFarlane wrote the season premiere "North by North Quahog".
"North by North Quahog" was the first episode to be broadcast after the show's cancellation. It was written by Seth MacFarlane and directed by Peter Shin.[9] MacFarlane believed the show's three-year hiatus was beneficial because animated shows do not normally have hiatuses, and towards the end of their seasons "... you see a lot more sex jokes and (bodily function) jokes and signs of a fatigued staff that their brains are just fried".[10] With "North by North Quahog", the writing staff tried to keep the show "... exactly as it was" before its cancellation, and did not "... have the desire to make it any slicker" than it already was.[10] Walter Murphy, who had composed music for the show before its cancellation, returned to compose the music for "North by North Quahog". Murphy and the orchestra recorded an arrangement of Bernard Herrmann's score from North by Northwest, a film referenced multiple times in the episode.[11]
Fox had ordered five episode scripts at the end of the third season; these episodes had been written but not produced. One of these scripts was adapted into "North by North Quahog". The original script featured Star Wars character Boba Fett, and later actor, writer and producer Aaron Spelling, but the release of the iconic film The Passion of the Christ inspired the writers to incorporate Mel Gibson into the episode. Multiple endings were written, including one in which Death comes for Gibson. During production, an episode of South Park was released entitled "The Passion of the Jew" that also featured Gibson as a prominent character. This gave the Family Guy writers pause, fearing accusations "[...] that we had ripped them off."[12]
Episodes[edit]
See also: List of Family Guy episodes
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)
51
1 "North by North Quahog" Peter Shin Seth MacFarlane May 1, 2005 (2005-05-01) 4ACX01 11.85[13]
Realizing their marriage has lost its spice because of Lois calling several male actors' names while having sex, Peter and Lois go on a second honeymoon, and leave Brian in charge of the kids. On their way over, Peter accidentally crashes the car, and he decides to pose as actor Mel Gibson so he and Lois can stay in his luxury hotel suite. They discover and attempt to destroy a copy of the unwanted sequel of The Passion of the Christ, and run afoul of the priests who come to retrieve it. As Peter buries the film in a cornfield, Lois is kidnapped by Gibson's associates, who want the film in return. Peter exchanges the film reel for Lois on the top of Mount Rushmore. As they are about to leave, Gibson discovers that Peter has replaced the film with dog feces, leading to a chase. Gibson eventually falls off the mountain, and Peter and Lois have intercourse on the face of the mountain and put the spice back in their marriage. Meanwhile, when Chris is caught and is accused of drinking alcohol by Jake Tucker, Brian and Stewie attempts to reveal his bad behavior to Tom Tucker, Jake's father, but Tom rejects this. Then, they both put drugs in Jake's locker, resulting in Jake's arrest.
52
2 "Fast Times at Buddy Cianci Jr. High" Pete Michels Ken Goin May 8, 2005 (2005-05-08) 4ACX02 9.71[14]
Brian becomes a substitute English teacher at Chris' school, after the departure of the former English teacher. Brian is transferred to a class for troubled hoodlum teenagers and has a hard time reaching them. He eventually inspires them to aspire to low-level jobs. Meanwhile, Chris becomes attracted to Mrs. Lockhart, Brian's replacement teacher. She promises to return his love if he helps her murder her husband, Chris does not agree, and Mrs. Lockhart gets a bear to commit the crime. Lois and the rest of the family assume Chris murdered Mr. Lockhart and cover up the crime, until the Channel 5 News reports that he was not involved.
53
3 "Blind Ambition" Chuck Klein Steve Callaghan May 15, 2005 (2005-05-15) 4ACX04 9.21[15]
After he is discovered spying on Lois in the ladies room, Quagmire is soon arrested and is taught self-control through operant conditioning by Peter and his friends. He finds it hard to depart from his sexual behavior and, trying to adapt to normal life, he accidentally enters a CCTV camera operation room, where he notices a woman in a changing room is having a heart attack. He gives her CPR and is praised by the Quahog community for his heroic behavior, though he intended to molest the woman while she was unconscious. Jealous of his friend's achievement, Peter does whatever he can to achieve something he will be remembered for. However, his ambitions, ultimately cost him his eyesight. While he is blind, he unknowingly rescues the owner of the local bar from a fire and is awarded a medal by the mayor and receives an eye transplant from a homeless man after Peter's seeing-eye dog accidentally drags the man to death.
54
4 "Don't Make Me Over" Sarah Frost Gene Laufenberg June 5, 2005 (2005-06-05) 4ACX03 7.23[16]
Meg gets a makeover to boost her confidence. Meanwhile, Peter aspires to start a rock band, along with Meg's new singing voice, which causes the entire family to become a traveling band and earns them a spot on Saturday Night Live as Meg develops an extremely arrogant and rude attitude. Meg is seduced by Jimmy Fallon, and has sexual intercourse with him, but discovers that the entire encounter is being aired on live television as part of the show. Peter attacks and beats up Fallon in revenge. Afterward, Meg returns to her old look as she feels "being beautiful is too much work". It is then revealed that the entire show is on a set, and the Griffins leave the living room and walk to the main stage where the rest of the episode's cast has gathered, Peter thanks everyone in the style of Saturday Night Live.
55
5 "The Cleveland–Loretta Quagmire" James Purdum Mike Henry & Patrick Henry June 12, 2005 (2005-06-12) 4ACX08 8.35[17]
Cleveland's wife Loretta starts an affair with Quagmire and is secretly caught red-handed by Peter and Brian. Brian and Peter eventually inform Cleveland, who encounters Loretta. Loretta leaves Cleveland because she feels he is too soft. Because Cleveland responds in his usual mild-mannered way, Peter decides to teach Cleveland to express his true emotions. When one of his methods finally works, Cleveland becomes mad and intends to kill Quagmire. However, when Cleveland locates Quagmire, he realizes he can not kill another human being, even though he betrayed him. Cleveland and Quagmire apologize to each other and Cleveland divorces Loretta for her behavior and sexual intercourse with Quagmire. At Quagmire's insistence, take out their remaining aggressions on each other in a boxing ring.
56
6 "Petarded" Seth Kearsley Alec Sulkin & Wellesley Wild June 19, 2005 (2005-06-19) 4ACX09 7.23[16]
Peter becomes so convinced that he is a genius that Brian challenges him to prove it. Peter takes the MacArthur Fellows Program, which reveals that Peter is mentally retarded. While Peter is initially depressed, he observes that people more easily forgive his actions when he states he is retarded, meaning he can get away with a lot of things. While exploiting the perks that come with his handicap he accidentally throws boiling oil on Lois. While she is recovering, Child Protection Services takes away Peter's custody of Meg, Chris, and Stewie, due to their contention that Peter is mentally unfit to look after them. However, when he is unable to regain custody of his kids and accepts that his family may never reunite, Lois, who fully recovered, enters the house and explains she regained custody of the kids.
57
7 "Brian the Bachelor" Dan Povenmire Mark Hentemann June 26, 2005 (2005-06-26) 4ACX10 7.29[18]
Peter, Quagmire and Joe try to help Cleveland find a new girlfriend after his break-up with Loretta. Peter takes him to auditions for ABC reality show The Bachelorette, but Brian eventually ends up being cast, after Peter and Cleveland are caught on a ridiculous manner. Brian does not like the show and only joins for a vacation. However, he discovers he has a lot in common with the bachelorette, Brooke. She eventually picks Brian, but all the romance is gone once the cameras are turned off. Meanwhile, Chris befriends with a talking pimple on his face, who orders him to make mischief. The pimple gets Chris into breaking property of Mort's Goldman's Pharmacy. When Joe discovers that Chris is the person behind the crimes, Peter chases Chris with a belt as Joe joins the chase and Lois shattering in tears. However, Chris decides to go to a dermatology clinic, the pimple threatens him with a gun, but Chris is eventually able to "kill" it.
58
8 "8 Simple Rules for Buying My Teenage Daughter" Greg Colton Patrick Meighan July 10, 2005 (2005-07-10) 4ACX11 6.1[19]
Peter opens a tab at Mort Goldman's pharmacy, unaware of how the tab system works; Peter simply believes he can buy a lot of things without having to pay for them. When Goldman calls in Peter's debt of $34,000, Peter sells him Meg to cover the expenses. The Goldman's start using Meg as a slave. Brian finds a clause in the contract stating that it is invalid if Neil cheats on Meg. Lois dresses up as Mystique and seduces Neil at a fake X-Men convention. Neil tells Meg that he only wants her to be with him if she wants to be with him and tears up the contract. Meanwhile, Stewie falls for Liddane, his new babysitter who already has a boyfriend. Stewie ties him up and puts him in the trunk of Brian's car. After Liddane punishes Stewie for touching her breast, Stewie drugs her and frames her, telling Lois she invited friends over to the house to do drugs. However, once Lois fires Liddane, Stewie realizes he has made a mistake, but is unable to find her.
59
9 "Breaking Out Is Hard to Do" Kurt Dumas Tom Devanney July 17, 2005 (2005-07-17) 4ACX12 5.75[20]
Lois becomes kleptomaniacal and is sent to prison after she goes on a shoplifting spree, which leaves the rest of the family in a terrible state of disarray. To bring their lives back to normal, Peter breaks Lois out of jail and, as fugitives from the law, he intends to start a new life with his family in "Asiantown". However, they are eventually tracked down by Joe, who pursues them through the city sewers. On the run from Joe, Lois decides to surrender and face the consequences. As he tries to catch them, Joe slips and nearly falls into a ledge. Lois pulls him to safety and, to show his gratitude, Joe manages to get her sentence remanded.
60
10 "Model Misbehavior" Sarah Frost Steve Callaghan July 24, 2005 (2005-07-24) 4ACX13 6.73[21]
Lois fulfills her lifelong dream of being a fashion model after appearing in her underwear in the newspaper. Peter, however, grows increasingly concerned that she may be losing touch with reality. After he limits her options as a model, Lois becomes more and more rebellious and Peter decides to ask Lois' father Carter for help. However, once they kidnap Lois at a Vogue party, Peter realizes that Carter's methods are too harsh and tells Lois she has the right to be a model if it makes her happy. Realizing that she has had the freedom to fulfill her wishes, Lois decides to quit modeling after all. In a subplot Brian works on a pyramid scheme with Stewie to pay off a debt to him. However, Brian eventually gets fed up with Stewie's pretending Ca$hscam is a real company. He gets mad and is fired by Stewie.
61
11 "Peter's Got Woods" Chuck Klein & Zac Moncrief Danny Smith September 11, 2005 (2005-09-11) 4ACX14 9.22[22]
Brian falls for Shauna, an African-American teacher at Meg's school, and petitions to have the name of the "James Woods High School" changed just to please her. Peter objects and has James Woods come to the school to protect its name, even though Woods was in delight to have the school's name changed. Peter and James become friends and start to hang out together, with Woods eventually taking over Brian's place. Shauna is upset that Brian and Peter are still friends after Peter's actions, and makes Brian choose between her and Peter. Brian breaks up with Shauna and eventually patches his differences with Peter at the local bar. Woods, unhappy with Brian and Peter becoming friends again, becomes extremely obsessive and obnoxious. Peter and Brian get rid of him by laying out a long line of Reese's Pieces as a promatic bait, trapping him in a crate and sending him to be stored away in a Secret Government Warehouse with hundreds of similar crates.
62
12 "Perfect Castaway" James Purdum John Viener September 18, 2005 (2005-09-18) 4ACX15 8.68[23]
Peter, Quagmire, Cleveland and Joe go on a fishing trip, but their boat sinks when a storm breaks loose. They survive on a raft built out of Quagmire's sex dolls and set ashore on a desert island. Several months later, they are rescued by a passing cruise ship. Upon returning home, Peter finds that Lois has married Brian, thinking her husband was dead. While Lois is overjoyed when she learns Peter is alive, she is torn between her love for Peter and her commitment to Brian. Peter then has sex with Lois, restoring their love for each other. Brian eventually decides that it would be better for Lois to return to Peter as he understands her internal battle.
63
13 "Jungle Love" Seth Kearsley Mark Hentemann September 25, 2005 (2005-09-25) 4ACX16 8.56[24]
Chris runs away from his home after getting hazed on his first day of high school as a freshman and joins the Peace Corps, after which he is dropped off in South America. Peter gets a job at the Pawtucket Brewery, where the beer is free as long as employees do not drink during their shift. Peter is unable to control his drinking and is demoted; ending up as a subordinate to a mentally handicapped man named Opie and working for a new manager named Angela. In South America, Chris becomes popular with the natives, but unwittingly marries the daughter of the chief. Chris' family travels to South America as soon as they hear of the marriage. Upon their arrival Peter is seen as the richest man in the country with just US$37; he takes advantage of this by paying the natives small sums of money to act according to his whimsy. Chris accuses Peter of using the tribe to get away from his trouble, but realizes he did the same. Before he has time to think, the natives discover that he is a freshman and chase them away from their land, which the family manages to escape, except for Meg.
64
14 "PTV" Dan Povenmire Alec Sulkin & Wellesley Wild November 6, 2005 (2005-11-06) 4ACX17 7.98[25]
A "trouser malfunction" on live-broadcast TV at the Emmys prompts the FCC to censor even mildly objectionable content on TV. Outraged, Peter and Brian create their own TV station "PTV", filled with all-around obscene programming. When the FCC picks up on this due to Lois' call, they shut down the channel. When Peter argues that they can not stop people from being who they are or how they live, the FCC go to drastic measures by censoring all of real life. Extremely annoyed by their actions, Peter and Lois lobby Congress to have the FCC's rulings reversed. Though they disagree at first, Peter convinces them when he points out the resemblance of many Washington buildings to various crude body parts, leading the Congress into firing the FCC employees and putting the censoring of Quahog off.
65
15 "Brian Goes Back to College" Greg Colton Matt Fleckenstein November 13, 2005 (2005-11-13) 4ACX18 9.20[26]
Peter, Joe, Cleveland, and Quagmire attend a costume contest as characters from The A-Team. Peter and his friends find Brian, who is writing a report for the local newspaper. When Peter and his friends win the costume contest because of having a black member, Cleveland, Brian writes a report about it, and is later telephoned by a member of The New Yorker, who tell him they would like him to work for their magazine. Brian is initially given a warm welcome by the staff, but he is immediately fired after he informs them he never graduated from college. After encouragement from Lois, Brian decides to return to Brown University in order to complete his education so he can return to The New Yorker. However, he must deal with his temptations to cheat in order to pass the class.
66
16 "The Courtship of Stewie's Father" Kurt Dumas Kirker Butler November 20, 2005 (2005-11-20) 4ACX19 9.08[27]
After a talk with the preschool teacher about Stewie’s behavior, Lois is concerned, and because of Peter being so occupied with work, suggests Peter to spend some time bonding with him. Peter quickly realizes that Stewie enjoys seeing him hurt Lois, and begins bonding with Stewie by playing pranks on and assaulting Lois. Meanwhile, Peter gets annoyed because he never gets Employee of the Month at the Pawtucket Brewery. It always goes to his mentally challenged co-worker, Opie, and he thinks it is because his supervisor, Angela, hates him.
67
17 "The Fat Guy Strangler" Sarah Frost Chris Sheridan November 27, 2005 (2005-11-27) 4ACX20 9.85[28]
After finding an old family picture showing a brother she never knew she had, Lois sets out to find her unknown sibling. However, her father denies it, so she sneaks into her parents' house to find information. When she finds out that her brother, Patrick, is in a mental hospital, she visits him, and releases him after having a brief conversation. Back at the Griffins' house, Patrick explains that, after a traumatic experience involving Jackie Gleason, he holds a grudge against the obese. While he is released, his traumatic experience occurs towards Peter, since Peter is overweight. Meanwhile, after a physical with Dr. Hartman, Peter realizes that he is fat and starts an advocacy group for fat people’s rights.
68
18 "The Father, the Son, and the Holy Fonz" James Purdum Danny Smith December 18, 2005 (2005-12-18) 4ACX22 8.26[29]
Francis Griffin, Peter’s father, who is very dedicated in the Catholic faith, visits Quahog and insists that Stewie be baptized. Francis and Peter go to St. Philip’s, where the priest refuses to baptize Stewie because he claims the holy water is tainted. Francis does not believe this and pushes Stewie onto the baptismal font. Stewie quickly becomes sick, so Peter and Lois take him to the hospital, where a doctor quickly and correctly diagnoses Stewie’s condition as exposure to tainted water. Stewie is quarantined in a germ-free environment. Lois asks Peter what his religious beliefs are, sending him on a quest to find out.
69
19 "Brian Sings and Swings" Chuck Klein & Zac Moncrief Michael Rowe January 8, 2006 (2006-01-08) 4ACX21 8.10[30]
Brian is nearly killed when Peter hits him with the car. He recovers but he’s depressed by the uncertainty of life and death. He meets Frank Sinatra Jr. and is inspired by his live-for-today lifestyle. Brian follows in his footsteps by singing with him in concerts on a regular basis. On one night, Brian had to babysit Stewie, so he had no choice but to bring him along to one of his concerts, but he had to stay backstage. Stewie with nothing to do, decides to join Brian on stage by telling jokes and singing. Brian does not perform anymore due of his alcoholic issues during performances and leads him into anger from Peter and Lois confronting him. Meanwhile, Sarah, a girl in Meg’s science class, invites Meg to her after-school club. Thrilled at being included, Meg agrees but discovers the club is the Lesbian Alliance. She joins anyway and pretends to be a lesbian because the girls in the group treat her as a friend.
70
20 "Patriot Games" Cyndi Tang Mike Henry January 29, 2006 (2006-01-29) 4ACX25 9.08[31]
Peter becomes a player for the New England Patriots football team after Tom Brady picks up on his display of impressive charging skills at a high school reunion, however, Peter's attitude forces Tom into removing Peter from the team into playing for a British football team. Meanwhile, Brian loses a bet with Stewie and he must pay him his money. When Brian fails once, Stewie brutally beats him and another time, he beats Brian with a golf club, shooting him in the leg, and torches him with a flamethrower. Brian finally pays him, and Stewie lets Brian have his revenge but Brian will not tell him when the revenge is coming, which makes Stewie paranoid and frightened. At the finale, Brian has his revenge by pushing Stewie in the road and being hit by a bus while in London.
71
21 "I Take Thee Quagmire" Seth Kearsley Tom Maxwell & Don Woodard and Steve Callaghan March 12, 2006 (2006-03-12) 4ACX23 8.06[32]
When Peter makes a surprise win on Wheel of Fortune, he wins a free maid for a week. While he shows off how he could cause a huge mess for her to clean up, she meets Quagmire when he came over to his house, who then immediately falls for her. He gives up his philandering ways and becomes a caring lover as proposes to Joan at the sea shore at sunset. Meanwhile, Lois is concerned when Stewie’s teeth causes her pain during breastfeeding. Brian suggests that Lois begin weaning Stewie, to which Stewie objects. He becomes desperate for breastmilk, going as far as replacing the baby of another mother to get what he wanted.
72
22 "Sibling Rivalry" Dan Povenmire Cherry Chevapravatdumrong March 26, 2006 (2006-03-26) 4ACX24 7.95[33]
After a pregnancy scare, Peter agrees to get a vasectomy, but before the surgery, he goes to donate his sperm in case he and Lois wants to have another baby in the future. However, while donating his sperm, he accidentally knocks a large rack of samples over and replaces them himself so that he won’t get in trouble, with one of his own. One of the recipients of his sperm is a lesbian couple, who give birth to Stewie’s half-brother Bertram, who appeared in Emission Impossible. Meanwhile, after the vasectomy, Peter does not have any interest in his sex life anymore. Lois does not like this and takes out her frustration by eating and because of this, she becomes fat. When Peter ridicules her for the weight gain, Lois points out that he is way fatter than her but Peter blatantly says that men can't be fat. Angry at her husband, Lois' eating out of frustration turns into eating out of spite as she deliberately puts on more weight, eventually becoming about the same size as Peter, if not more. In bed one night as they try to ignore each other, they accidentally have sex and because of that, their sex life is restored.
73
23 "Deep Throats" Greg Colton Alex Borstein April 9, 2006 (2006-04-09) 4ACX26 7.88[34]
When Meg lands an internship with Mayor Adam West, Brian feels pressured to get a job to avoid being branded “the new Meg” by the family. He gets a job driving a taxi, but when he receives a $400 parking ticket, he argues to the Mayor that he’s corrupt. Determined to expose his shady ways, Brian and Stewie go undercover and discover that Meg is in deeper than they thought as she is engaged in an innocent, yet secret, relationship with the mayor. When Brian confronts Meg with pictures of her and the Mayor, she tells Adam, and because of what she did, he ends the relationship to protect her from getting her name dragged through the mud. Meanwhile, a local talent show, in which Peter and Lois planned on participating in, brought them back to their folk singing days. Unfortunately, they also revert back to their hippie ways, smoking pot to conjure ideas for songs. Oblivious in their high state, Peter and Lois horribly blunder their performance at the show and lose.
74
24 "Peterotica" Kurt Dumas Patrick Meighan April 23, 2006 (2006-04-23) 4ACX27 7.82[35]
Peter buys an erotic book which he reads but finds disappointment after doing so. He writes a letter to the publisher, suggesting how he would have written the book differently. Impressed by his letter, his friends suggest he write his own erotic book. After taking their advice, Peter writes his own book, and it sells well from its beginning stages as a xeroxed, stapled manuscript to its later incarnation as a professionally produced audiobook read by Betty White, and published by Carter Pewterschmidt. Meanwhile, Stewie practices to be a gymnast in the Olympics. He practices pole vaulting with the unconscious Chris as a cushion.
75
25 "You May Now Kiss the... Uh... Guy Who Receives" Dominic Polcino David A. Goodman April 30, 2006 (2006-04-30) 4ACX28 7.82[36]
Brian becomes a crazed activist when Mayor West bans gay marriage after Jasper announces he wants to marry his partner at the Griffin home.
76
26 "Petergeist" Sarah Frost Alec Sulkin & Wellesley Wild May 7, 2006 (2006-05-07) 4ACX29 7.85[37]
After Joe builds a home theater, Peter tries to build a multiplex in his backyard just out of spite. While doing construction, Peter finds the skull of a deceased Indian Chief buried in the backyard. Brian urges him to put the skull back, but Peter decides to use it as a novelty. That night, the Griffins start experiencing strange paranormal activity, such as Stewie talking to the TV static, the chairs and refrigerator being stacked upside down on the kitchen table, and Chris getting attacked by an evil tree before being saved by Herbert. Lois is in denial of the events that are happening, until Stewie gets sucked into his closet and disappears. To find Stewie, the Griffins hire a spiritual medium to contact the other side, and learn that the entrance to spirit world is Stewie’s closet, while the exit is Meg’s butt. After they eventually rescue Stewie, the spirits ravage the Griffin house. As the Griffins drive off away from the scene, Peter dumps the native American skull in a garbage can.
77
27 "The Griffin Family History" Zac Moncrief John Viener May 14, 2006 (2006-05-14) 4ACX30 7.87[38]
Lois is trying to get Peter to brush his teeth when they hear a noise coming from downstairs. Peter looks downstairs and finds three robbers in balaclavas. The whole family wakes up and Meg startles Peter, and in a delayed response, he hits her in the head with the baseball bat he was carrying. The whole family then flee to Peter’s panic room. It is a small steel room with boxes and TV monitors that can be used to watch every room in the house. Unfortunately, the room has no phone, so Peter decides to tell stories about the Griffin family history. Unfortunately, after telling the stories, Peter accidentally activates the fire sprinklers with a flare gun, threatening to drown the family. As the water is reaching its peak, Joe shows up and opens the door. Due to what he did, all of the water drains out of the room, saving their lives.
78
28 "Stewie B. Goode"[a] Pete Michels Gary Janetti & Chris Sheridan May 21, 2006 (2006-05-21) 4ACX05 7.88[39]
Peter and Lois try to teach Stewie how to swim. After meeting the star pupil of the swimming class, Brad, Stewie finds he can not compete with him. Attempting to beat him in a race, Stewie ends up barely leaving the starting line, and because of this, he attempts to kill Brad. Meanwhile, at the Lackluster Video store, Peter starts ranting on how the new video store will not sell pornography. While he continues, Tom Tucker from Channel 5 News was there and wants to give Peter his own segment called “You Know What Really Grinds My Gears?” The segment instantly becomes popular, causing Tom to become jealous of Peter’s fame. The next day he attempts to sabotage Peter’s segment, leading to the network head’s firing of Tom. After a short period, Tom Tucker learns about Stewie driving the car into the Drunken Clam under the influence. Peter’s lack of parenting skills lead to him being fired and Tom Tucker being rehired.
79
29 "Bango Was His Name, Oh!"[a] Pete Michels Alex Borstein May 21, 2006 (2006-05-21) 4ACX06 7.88[39]
Visiting a local electronic store to get a new VCR, Peter and Lois are persuaded into buying a TiVo. Once home, Brian and Stewie are watching a news interview when Stewie sees someone identical to him. Stewie believes that the man he sees is his real father. When he discovered this, he starts trying to make money for a flight to California and once Stewie is ready, he learns that Quagmire is going to the same location as he is, and changes his plans to go along with him. Brian stops him, and insisted of going with him. Meanwhile, Peter is trying to have sex with Lois but Chris and Meg keep intruding. Lois and Peter decide to get their kids to start dating. Lois teaches Chris how to treat a woman, manners, eating out, and to name the women of Sex and the City through example and torture, while Peter teaches Meg how to treat a man through shaving his back and loving the man’s flatulence.
80
30 "Stu and Stewie's Excellent Adventure"[a] Pete Michels Steve Callaghan May 21, 2006 (2006-05-21) 4ACX07 7.88[39]
"Stu", as Stewie's future self is called, is taking a time-travel vacation. When Stu travels back to the future, Stewie stows away with him. Stu passes off Stewie as a Nicaraguan boy named Pablo. Stewie learns that at age 35, he will be a virgin working for the Quahog Circuit Shack, and living by himself in an apartment. Disgusted with the way his life will turn out, Stewie remodels Stu's apartment and gets him to lose his virginity to his co-worker Fran. The next day, Fran tells everyone about it, costing Stu his job for having relations with a co-worker. With his life now ruined, Stu laments the day of his near-death experience at the Community Pool, revealing that memories of the experience will re-surface when Stewie is twenty, causing him to regress and preventing him from taking any risks.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Stewie B. Goode", "Bango Was His Name, Oh!" and "Stu and Stewie's Excellent Adventure" make up the direct-to-DVD movie Stewie Griffin: The Untold Story.
Reception[edit]
Ratings[edit]
This season received high Nielsen ratings; "North by North Quahog", the premiere episode was broadcast as part of an animated television night on Fox, alongside two episodes of The Simpsons and the pilot episode of American Dad!.[40] The episode was watched by 11.85 million viewers,[13] the show's highest ratings since the airing of the first season episode "Brian: Portrait of a Dog".[41] Its ratings also surpassed the ratings of both episodes of The Simpsons and American Dad!.[13] Season four's three-part finale was watched by 8.2 million viewers,[42] bringing the season average to 7.9 million viewers per episode.[43]
Awards and nominations[edit]
This season was nominated for a number of awards. In 2005, the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences nominated "North by North Quahog" for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program (for Programming Less Than One Hour).[44] It nominated "PTV" in the same category one year later.[45] Neither of the episodes won the award, as South Park received the award in 2005[46] and The Simpsons was the eventual recipient of the award in 2006.[47] Peter Shin and Dan Povenmire were both nominated for an Annie Award in the Best Directing in an Animated Television Production category, for directing "North by North Quahog" and "PTV" respectively; Shin eventually won the award.[48] MacFarlane won the Annie Award for Best Voice-over Performance for providing the voice of Stewie in "Brian the Bachelor".[48] At the Annie Awards the following year, John Viener was nominated in the category Writing in an Animated Television Production, for writing "Untitled Griffin Family History", but lost the award to Ian Maxtone-Graham, who wrote the episode of The Simpsons titled "The Seemingly Neverending Story".[49] The editors of the episode "Blind Ambition" won the Motion Picture Sound Editors Golden Reel Award for Best Sound Editing in Television Animated.[50]
Critical reception[edit]
Season 4 received positive reviews from critics. Reviewing the season premiere, Mark McGuire of The Times Union wrote: "... the first minute or so of the resurrected Family Guy ranks among the funniest 60 seconds I've seen so far this season."[51] The Pitt News reviewer John Nigro felt that the show had not lost its steam while it was on hiatus, and was surprised that the show had been canceled because of its "wildly extravagant shock factor".[52] Nigro cited "Breaking Out Is Hard to Do", "Petarded" and "Perfect Castaway" as the season's best episodes.[52] In 2007, BBC Three named the episode "PTV" "The Best Episode...So Far".[53] The episode has also been praised by Maureen Ryan of the Chicago Tribune, who called it "Family Guy's most rebellious outing yet".[54] The Boston Globe critic Matthew Gilbert felt Family Guy's fourth season was as "crankily irreverent as ever".[55]
Fewer critics responded negatively to the season; Seattle Post-Intelligencer critic Melanie McFarland reacted very bitterly, stating "Three years off the air has not made the 'Family Guy' team that much more creative".[56] Critics of both PopMatters and IGN criticized the first few episodes but felt the show regained its humor after "Don't Make Me Over";[57][58] IGN's Mike Drucker commented "At that point, we get some amazingly creative humor. It's almost like MacFarlane and gang decided they had thanked their fans enough and could return to what made the show successful in the first place."[57] Media watchdog group the Parents Television Council, a frequent critic of the show, branded the episodes "North by North Quahog",[59] "The Father, the Son, and the Holy Fonz",[60] "Brian Sings and Swings",[61] "Patriot Games",[62] and "The Courtship of Stewie's Father" as "worst show of the week".[63]
References[edit]
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^ Jump up to: a b c Morrow, Terry (August 13, 2004). "Resurrected 'Family Guy' is Drawing A Growing Audience". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Archived from the original on November 13, 2004. Retrieved February 19, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Gordon, Devin (April 4, 2005). "Family Reunion". Newsweek. Retrieved February 19, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Levin, Gary (March 24, 2004). "'Family Guy' Un-canceled, Thanks to DVD Sales Success". USA Today. Retrieved February 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Poniewozik, James; McDowell, Jeanne (April 19, 2004). "It's Not TV. It's TV on DVD". Time. Retrieved February 19, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Kipnis, Jill (February 7, 2004). "Successful "Guy"". Billboard. p. 44. Retrieved February 19, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Goodale, Gloria (April 22, 2005). "Cult Fans Bring 'The Family Guy' Back to TV". The Christian Science Monitor. p. 12. Retrieved February 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Levin, Gary (November 18, 2003). "'Family Guy' May Return". USA Today. Retrieved February 19, 2017.
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^ Jump up to: a b Williamson, Kevin (May 1, 2005). "'Family Guy' Returns". Calgary Sun & Jam!. Retrieved February 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Goldwasser, Dan (April 28, 2005). "MacFarlane's Power-Hour". Soundtrack.Net. Retrieved February 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ McFarlane, Seth (writer); Goodman, David A.; Sheridan, Chris (executive producers); Shin, Peter (director); Green, Seth (voice actor) (November 29, 2005). Family Guy: Volume Three (DVD)|format= requires |url= (help). Commentary for "North by North Quahog". Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation.
^ Jump up to: a b c Aurthur, Kate (May 3, 2005). "A Sweeping Weekend". The New York Times. Retrieved February 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Aurthur, Kate (May 10, 2005). "Arts, Briefly; Is 'Elvis' Really Dead?". The New York Times. Retrieved February 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Weekly Program Rankings". ABC. May 17, 2005. Archived from the original on March 11, 2015. Retrieved February 20, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Aurthur, Kate (June 7, 2005). "Oh, 'Dad,' Poor 'Dad'". The New York Times. Retrieved February 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Aurthur, Kate (June 14, 2005). "CBS Outscores the N.B.A.". The New York Times. Retrieved February 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Aurthur, Kate (June 28, 2005). "Sunday Ratings". The New York Times. Retrieved February 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Aurthur, Kate (July 12, 2005). "Sharing the Ratings Spoils". The New York Times. Retrieved February 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Aurthur, Kate (July 19, 2005). "'60 Minutes' Makes CBS's Night". The New York Times. Retrieved February 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Aurthur, Kate (July 26, 2005). "For NBC, Crime Pays". The New York Times. Retrieved February 19, 2017.
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Jump up ^ "By The Numbers – Nielsen TV ratings". The Dallas Morning News. December 21, 2005. p. 3G.
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^ Jump up to: a b c "Weekly Program Rankings". ABC. May 23, 2006. Archived from the original on May 25, 2012. Retrieved April 13, 2010.
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Jump up ^ Gough, Paul J. (May 23, 2006). "ABC's 'Housewives' Ends Season With A Bang". The Hollywood Reporter.
Jump up ^ "Emmy Nominees". The Star-Ledger. July 15, 2005. p. 60.
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Jump up ^ McGuire, Mark (May 1, 2005). "'Family Guy' is Back in First Home". The Times Union. p. S2. Retrieved February 20, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Nigro, John (January 4, 2006). "Latest 'Family Guy' Release As Absurd As Ever". The Pitt News. Retrieved February 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Best Ever Episode: PTV". BBC Three. Archived from the original on May 21, 2009. Retrieved February 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ Ryan, Maureen; Smith, Sid (November 11, 2005). "8 Shows to Watch This Weekend". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved February 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Gilbert, Matthew (April 30, 2005). "Family Guy Returns, As Funny As Ever". The Boston Globe. p. D12.
Jump up ^ McFarland, Melanie (April 30, 2005). "Time Spent Off The Air Has Not Been Kind to 'Family Guy'". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Retrieved February 19, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Drucker, Mike (November 29, 2005). "Family Guy – Volume 3". IGN. Archived from the original on December 25, 2008. Retrieved February 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ Wong, Kevin (June 13, 2005). "Family Guy / American Dad". PopMatters. Archived from the original on May 9, 2008. Retrieved February 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ Bowling, Aubree (May 8, 2005). "The Family Guy on Fox". Parents Television Council. Archived from the original on June 13, 2007. Retrieved February 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ Schulenburg, Caroline (December 29, 2005). "Family Guy". Worst TV Show of the Week. Parents Television Council. Archived from the original on January 23, 2008. Retrieved February 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ Bowling, Aubree (January 19, 2006). "Family Guy on Fox". Worst TV Show of the Week. Parents Television Council. Archived from the original on December 10, 2006. Retrieved February 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ Schulenburg, Caroline (February 9, 2006). "Family Guy on Fox". Worst TV Show of the Week. Parents Television Council. Archived from the original on November 4, 2013. Retrieved February 20, 2017.
Jump up ^ Fyfe, Kristen (August 8, 2006). "Family Guy on Fox". Worst TV Show of the Week. Parents Television Council. Archived from the original on January 9, 2007. Retrieved February 20, 2017.
External links[edit]
Book: Family Guy (season 4)
Quotations related to Family Guy season 4 at Wikiquote
Season 4 at TV.com
[show]
v
t
e
Family Guy episodes
Seasons
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Season 4
"North by North Quahog"
"Fast Times at Buddy Cianci Jr. High"
"Blind Ambition"
"Don't Make Me Over"
"The Cleveland–Loretta Quagmire"
"Petarded"
"Brian the Bachelor"
"8 Simple Rules for Buying My Teenage Daughter"
"Breaking Out Is Hard to Do"
"Model Misbehavior"
"Peter's Got Woods"
"Perfect Castaway"
"Jungle Love"
"PTV"
"Brian Goes Back to College"
"The Courtship of Stewie's Father"
"The Fat Guy Strangler"
"The Father, the Son, and the Holy Fonz"
"Brian Sings and Swings"
"Patriot Games"
"I Take Thee Quagmire"
"Sibling Rivalry"
"Deep Throats"
"Peterotica"
"You May Now Kiss the... Uh... Guy Who Receives"
"Petergeist"
"Untitled Griffin Family History"
"Stewie B. Goode"
"Bango Was His Name, Oh!"
"Stu and Stewie's Excellent Adventure"
[show]
v
t
e
Family Guy
Characters
Griffin family
Peter
Lois
Meg
Chris
Stewie
Brian
Other characters
Quagmire
Cleveland
Mayor West
Herbert
Cleveland Jr.
Production
Cast members
Guest stars
Writers
Awards
"The 100th Episode Special"
Media releases
The Life of Larry shorts
Stewie Griffin: The Untold Story
Live in Vegas
Seasons
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
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Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor
Drug class
Acetazolamide
Class identifiers
Use
Glaucoma
ATC code
S01EC
Biological target
Carbonic anhydrase
Clinical data
Drugs.com
Drug Classes
External links
MeSH
D002257
In Wikidata
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors are a class of pharmaceuticals that suppress the activity of carbonic anhydrase. Their clinical use has been established as anti-glaucoma agents, diuretics, antiepileptics, in the management of mountain sickness, gastric and duodenal ulcers, idiopathic intracranial hypertension, neurological disorders, or osteoporosis.[1][2][3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Medical uses
1.1 Glaucoma
1.2 Diuretic
1.3 Epilepsy
1.4 Altitude sickness
2 Contraindications
3 Adverse effects
4 Natural sources
5 References
6 External links
Medical uses[edit]
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors are primarily used for the treatment of glaucoma. They may also be used to treat seizure disorder and acute mountain sickness. Because they encourage solubilization and excretion of uric acid, they can be used in the treatment of gout.[4]
Glaucoma[edit]
Acetazolamide is an inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase. It is used for glaucoma, epilepsy (rarely), idiopathic intracranial hypertension, and altitude sickness.
For the reduction of intraocular pressure (IOP), acetazolamide inactivates carbonic anhydrase and interferes with the sodium pump, which decreases aqueous humor formation and thus lowers IOP. Systemic effects include increased loss of sodium, potassium, and water in the urine, secondary to the drug’s effects on the renal tubules, where valuable components of filtered blood are re-absorbed in the kidney. Arterial Blood gases may show a mild hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis.[5]
Methazolamide is also a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. It has a longer elimination half-life than acetazolamide and is less associated with adverse effects to the kidney.[6][7][8]
Dorzolamide is a sulfonamide and topical carbonic anhydrase II inhibitor. It is indicated for the reduction of elevated intraocular pressure in patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension and who are insufficiently responsive to beta-blockers. Inhibition of carbonic anhydrase II in the ciliary processes of the eye decreases aqueous humor secretion, presumably by slowing the formation of bicarbonate ions with subsequent reduction in sodium and fluid transport.[citation needed]
Brinzolamide (trade names Azopt, Alcon Laboratories, Inc, Befardin Fardi Medicals) is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor used to lower intraocular pressure in patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension. It exists as a number of isoenzymes, the most active of which is carbonic anhydrase II (CA-II). The combination of brinzolamide with timolol is marketed under the trade name Azarga.[citation needed]
Diuretic[edit]
Some diuretics[9] inhibit the activity of carbonic anhydrase in proximal convoluted tubules and prevent reabsorption of bicarbonates from renal tubules, resulting in osmotic diuresis. Acetazolamide is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. Other examples are;
Dorzolamide
Methazolamide
Brinzolamide
dichlorphenamide
Epilepsy[edit]
Acetazolamide is effective in the treatment of most types of seizures, including generalized tonic-clonic and focal seizures and especially absence seizures, although it has limited utility because tolerance develops with chronic use. The drug is occasionally used on an intermittent basis to prevent seizures in catamenial epilepsy.[10]
The sulfur-containing antiseizure and antimigraine drug topiramate is a weak inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase, particularly subtypes II and IV.[11] Whether carbonic anhydrase inhibition contributes to its clinical activity is not known. In rare cases, the inhibition of carbonic anhydrase may be strong enough to cause metabolic acidosis of clinical importance. Zonisamide is another sulfur containing antiseizure drug that weakly inhibits carbonic anhydrase.
Altitude sickness[edit]
Main article: Altitude sickness
At high altitude, the partial pressure of oxygen is lower and people have to breathe more rapidly to get adequate oxygen. When this happens, the partial pressure of CO2 in the lungs (pCO2) decreases (is "blown off"), causing a respiratory alkalosis. This would normally be compensated by the kidney excreting bicarbonate and causing compensatory metabolic acidosis, but this mechanism takes several days. A more immediate treatment is carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, which prevent bicarbonate uptake in the kidney and help correct the alkalosis.[12] Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors have also been shown to improve chronic mountain sickness.[13]
Contraindications[edit]
Hepatic cirrhosis[14]
Adverse effects[edit]
Loss of bicarbonate may result in metabolic acidosis.[15] Alkaline urine may increase the likelihood of kidney stones.
Natural sources[edit]
Ellagitannins extracted from the pericarps of Punica granatum, the pomegranate, such as punicalin, punicalagin, granatin B, gallagyldilactone, casuarinin, pedunculagin and tellimagrandin I, are carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.[16]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Supuran CT, Scozzafava A, Conway J, eds. (2004). Carbonic anhydrase: its inhibitors and activators. Boca Raton: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-415-30673-7. [page needed]
Jump up ^ Supuran, Claudiu T; Scozzafava, Andrea (2000). "Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors and their therapeutic potential". Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents. 10 (5): 575–600. doi:10.1517/13543776.10.5.575.
Jump up ^ Supuran, Claudiu T.; Scozzafava, Andrea; Casini, Angela (2003). "Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors". Medicinal Research Reviews. 23 (2): 146–89. doi:10.1002/med.10025. PMID 12500287.
Jump up ^ Hyperuricemia Medication~medication at eMedicine
Jump up ^ "Acetazolamide: mechanism of action". www.openanesthesia.org. Retrieved 2017-05-10.
Jump up ^ Bennett WM, Aronoff GR, Golper TA, et al, Drug Prescribing in Renal Failure, American College of Physicians, Philadelphia, PA, 1987[page needed]
Jump up ^ Product Information: Neptazane(R), methazolamide. Storz Ophthalmics Inc, Clearwater, FL, 1995a[page needed]
Jump up ^ Reynolds JEF (Ed): Martle: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc. Englewood, CO. 1995.[page needed]
Jump up ^ "Diuretics Pharmacology : Classification Of Diuretics & Medicinal Uses - PDF Download". my-pharma-notes.blogspot.com. 6 January 2018.
Jump up ^ Rogawski MA, Porter RJ (1990). "Antiepileptic drugs: pharmacological mechanisms and clinical efficacy with consideration of promising developmental stage compounds". Pharmacol. Rev. 42 (3): 223–86. PMID 2217531.
Jump up ^ Rogawski MA, Löscher W, Rho JM (2016). "Mechanisms of action of antiseizure drugs and the ketogenic diet". Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 6 (5): 223–86. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a022780. PMID 26801895.
Jump up ^ Swenson, Erik R. (2014). "Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors and High Altitude Illnesses". In Frost, Susan C.; McKenna, Robert. Carbonic Anhydrase: Mechanism, Regulation, Links to Disease, and Industrial Applications. Subcellular Biochemistry. 75. pp. 361–86. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-7359-2_18. ISBN 978-94-007-7358-5. PMID 24146388.
Jump up ^ Richalet, Jean-Paul; Rivera, Maria; Bouchet, Patrick; Chirinos, Eduardo; Onnen, Igor; Petitjean, Olivier; Bienvenu, Annick; Lasne, Francçoise; Moutereau, Stéphane; León-Velarde, Fabiola (2005). "Acetazolamide". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 172 (11): 1427–33. doi:10.1164/rccm.200505-807OC. PMID 16126936.
Jump up ^ Webster, L. T.; Davidson, C. S. (1956). "Production of Impending Hepatic Coma by a Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor, Diamox". Experimental Biology and Medicine. 91 (1): 27–31. doi:10.3181/00379727-91-22159. PMID 13297699.
Jump up ^ Leaf, Alexander; Schwartz, William B.; Relman, Arnold S. (1954). "Oral Administration of a Potent Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor (Diamox)". New England Journal of Medicine. 250 (18): 759–64. doi:10.1056/NEJM195405062501803. PMID 13165895.
Jump up ^ Satomi, H; Umemura, K; Ueno, A; Hatano, T; Okuda, T; Noro, T (1993). "Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors from the pericarps of Punica granatum L". Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 16 (8): 787–90. doi:10.1248/bpb.16.787. PMID 8220326.
External links[edit]
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
MedlinePlus DrugInfo uspdi-202114
[show]
v
t
e
Pharmacology: enzyme inhibition
Class
Competitive inhibition
Uncompetitive inhibition
Non-competitive inhibition
Suicide inhibition
Mixed inhibition
Substrate
Oxidoreductase (EC 1)
1.1 Aldose reductase
HMG-CoA reductase
1.3 5α-Reductase
1.4 Monoamine oxidase
1.5 Dihydrofolate reductase
1.13 Lipoxygenase
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COX-2
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Ribonucleotide reductase
Transferase (EC 2)
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Thymidylate synthase
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Farnesyltransferase
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Integrase
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Protein kinase
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3.1 Phosphodiesterase
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Neuraminidase
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3.4 Protease: Exopeptidase
DPP-4
ACE
Endopeptidase
Trypsin
Renin
Mixed
Enkephalinase
Matrix metalloproteinase
Oxytocinase
3.5 Histone deacetylase
Beta-lactamase
Lyase (EC 4)
4.1 Dopa decarboxylase
4.2 Carbonic anhydrase
Miscellaneous
Steroidogenesis inhibitor
[show]
v
t
e
Antihypertensives: diuretics (C03)
Sulfonamides
(and etacrynic acid)
CA inhibitors (at PT)
Acetazolamide
Loop (Na-K-Cl at AL)
Furosemide#
Azosemide
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Etacrynic acid
Etozolin
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Calcium-sparing)
Altizide
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Hydrochlorothiazide#
Hydroflumethiazide
Mebutizide
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Quinethazone
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Metolazone
Meticrane
Xipamide
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Potassium-sparing (at CD)
ESC blockers
Amiloride#
Triamterene
Benzamil
Aldosterone antagonists
Spirolactones
Spironolactone#
Eplerenone
Potassium canrenoate
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Finerenone
Osmotic diuretics (PT, DL)
Mannitol#
Glycerol
Urea
Vasopressin receptor inhibitors
(DCT and CD)
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Theobromine
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#WHO-EM
‡Withdrawn from market
Clinical trials:
†Phase III
§Never to phase III
[show]
v
t
e
Drugs used for glaucoma preparations and miosis (S01E)
Sympathomimetics
Apraclonidine
Brimonidine (+timolol)
Clonidine
Dipivefrine
Epinephrine
Parasympathomimetics
muscarinic
Aceclidine
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Acetylcholine
Carbachol
acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
Demecarium
Ecothiopate
Stigmine (Fluostigmine
Neostigmine
Physostigmine)
Paraoxon
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors/
(sulfonamides)
Acetazolamide
Brinzolamide (+timolol)
Diclofenamide
Dorzolamide (+timolol)
Methazolamide
Beta blocking agents
Befunolol
Betaxolol
Carteolol
Levobunolol
Metipranolol
Timolol
Mepindolol
Prostaglandin analogues (F2α)
Bimatoprost (+timolol)
Latanoprost (+timolol)
Tafluprost
Travoprost (+timolol)
Unoprostone
Other agents
Dapiprazole
Guanethidine
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