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Crocodile Rock
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"Crocodile Rock"
Single by Elton John
from the album Don't Shoot Me I'm Only the Piano Player
B-side
"Elderberry Wine"
Released
UK 27 October 1972
US 20 November 1972
Recorded
June 1972,
Château d'Hérouville, France
Genre
Rock and roll
Length
3:58 (album version, US 45 version)
3:23 (single version)
Label
MCA (US)
DJM (UK)
Songwriter(s)
Elton John, Bernie Taupin
Producer(s)
Gus Dudgeon
Elton John singles chronology
"Honky Cat"
(1972) "Crocodile Rock"
(1972) "Daniel"
(1973)
"Honky Cat"
(1972) "Crocodile Rock"
(1972) "Daniel"
(1973)
"Crocodile Rock" is a song written by Elton John and Bernie Taupin, and recorded in summer 1972 at the Château d'Hérouville studio in France (it was listed as "Strawberry Studios" in the album's credits), where John and his team had previously recorded the Honky Château album. It was released on 27 October 1972 in the UK and 20 November 1972 in the U.S., as a pre-release single from his forthcoming 1973 album Don't Shoot Me I'm Only the Piano Player, and became his first U.S. number-one single, reaching the top spot on 3 February 1973, and stayed there for three weeks. In the U.S., it was certified Gold on 5 February 1973 and Platinum on 13 September 1995 by the RIAA.[1]
In Canada, it topped the chart as well, remaining at No.1 on the RPM 100 national singles chart for four weeks from 17 February – 10 March. It was the first song released as a single on the MCA label (catalogue #40000) after MCA dissolved its Uni, Decca, Kapp and Coral labels. (John had previously been with the Uni label.)[2] "Crocodile Rock" is dominated by a Farfisa organ, played by John. The lyrics take a nostalgic look at early rock 'n' roll, dating and youthful independence of that era. Elton John band members, including Davey Johnstone on guitars, Dee Murray on bass and Nigel Olsson on drums, were also performers on the song. Elton John, however, did all the vocals, including the falsetto backing vocals.
Contents
[hide]
1 Inspiration
2 Personnel
3 Chart performance
3.1 Weekly charts
3.2 Year-end charts
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Inspiration[edit]
The song was inspired by John's discovery of leading Australian band Daddy Cool and their hit single "Eagle Rock", which was the most successful Australian single of the early 1970s (with 1,000,000 sold),[3] remaining at No.1 for a record of 10 weeks.[4][5] John heard the song and the group on his 1972 Australian tour and was greatly impressed by it.[3] A photo included in the album packaging features John's lyricist, Bernie Taupin, wearing a "Daddy Who?" promotional badge. The song also appears to have been strongly influenced by songs from the late 50s-early 60s ("when Rock was young"), including Del Shannon's 1962 "Cry Myself to Sleep", and "Little Darlin'" (recorded in 1957 by The Diamonds and The Gladiolas), and lyrically by "Rock Around the Clock" by Bill Haley and his Comets ("While the other kids were rocking around the clock..."). The opening riff heavily resembles "Let's Dance" by Chris Montez, and the chorus resembles "Speedy Gonzales" by Pat Boone.
In a 1974 lawsuit filed in the US District Court of Los Angeles by Attorney Donald Barnett on behalf of "Speedy Gonzales"' composer Buddy Kaye, it was alleged that defendants Elton John and Bernie Taupin illegally incorporated chords from "Speedy Gonzales" which produced a falsetto tone into the Crocodile song co-written by defendants. The parties reached an amicable settlement between them and the case was then dismissed.
Bernie Taupin also stated in an interview with a magazine that "Crocodile Rock" was a funny song in that he didn't mind creating it, but it wouldn't be something he'd listen to; it was simply something fun at the time. Elton John has dismissed criticism of the song that it was "derivative", quoted in the booklet for the 1995 reissue of "Don’t Shoot Me ..." as saying, “I wanted it to be a record about all the things I grew up with. Of course it’s a rip-off, it’s derivative in every sense of the word.”
John has played the song numerous times in concert, including a ballad version he performed at the Greek Theater with Ray Cooper in 1994. Live versions released include an audio version from 1974 on the Here and There original LP and 1995 CD reissue, and a video concert version on the Elton 60 – Live at Madison Square Garden DVD release.
Personnel[edit]
Elton John – piano, Farfisa organ, vocals
Davey Johnstone – electric guitar
Dee Murray – bass
Nigel Olsson – drums
Chart performance[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (1972-73)
Peak
position
Australia 2
Belgium 3
Canada RPM Top Singles 1
Germany 3
Ireland 10
Netherlands Dutch Top 40 11
Norway 3
New Zealand Listener 1
Switzerland 1
UK Singles Chart 5
US Billboard Hot 100[6] 1
US Billboard Easy Listening 11
US Cash Box Top 100[7] 1
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (1973)
Rank
Australia [8] 5
Canada [9] 5
Switzerland [10] 7
UK [11] 49
U.S. Billboard Hot 100 [12] 7
U.S. Cash Box [13] 4
See also[edit]
List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of 1973
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Dean, Maury (2003). Rock N' Roll Gold Rush. Algora. p. 46. ISBN 0-87586-207-1.
Jump up ^ "Crocodile Rock". Songfacts.com. Retrieved 19 March 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b Creswell, Toby; Samantha Trenoweth (2006). "Ross Wilson". 1001 Australians You Should Know. North Melbourne, Victoria: Pluto Press. pp. 242–243. ISBN 978-1-86403-361-8.
Jump up ^ "No. 1 Hits 1971". The Menzies Era. Archived from the original on 15 May 2008. Retrieved 22 February 2009.
Jump up ^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992. St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. ISBN 0-646-11917-6. NOTE: Used for Australian Singles and Albums charting from 1970 until ARIA created their own charts in mid-1988.
Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles 1955-1990 - ISBN 0-89820-089-X
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 2016-03-03.
Jump up ^ Steffen Hung. "Forum - Top 100 End of Year AMR Charts - 1980s (ARIA Charts: Special Occasion Charts)". Australian-charts.com. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 2016-10-06.
Jump up ^ "Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada". Collectionscanada.gc.ca. Retrieved 2016-10-06.
Jump up ^ Swiss Year-End Charts, 1973
Jump up ^ 1972_in_British_music#Best-selling_singles
Jump up ^ "Top 100 Hits of 1973/Top 100 Songs of 1973". Musicoutfitters.com. Retrieved 2016-10-06.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 11 January 2015. Retrieved 25 June 2016.
External links[edit]
1970s portal
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
Preceded by
"Superstition" by Stevie Wonder US Billboard Hot 100 number one single (Elton John version)
3 February 1973 (three weeks) Succeeded by
"Killing Me Softly with His Song" by Roberta Flack
Preceded by
"Last Song" by Edward Bear Canadian RPM 100 number-one single (Elton John version)
17 February 1973 (four weeks) Succeeded by
"Danny's Song" by Anne Murray
Preceded by
"Pazza idea" by Patty Pravo Italian Singles Chart number-one single (Elton John version)
10 February 1973 (five weeks) Succeeded by
"Il mio canto libero" by Lucio Battisti
Preceded by
"Ich fange nie mehr was an einem Sonntag an" by Monica Morell Swiss Music Charts number-one single (Elton John version)
27 February 1973 (three weeks) Succeeded by
"Mama Loo" by Les Humphries Singers
hide
v
t
e
Elton John songs
1960s and 1970s
"Skyline Pigeon" (1968)
"I've Been Loving You" (1968)
"Lady Samantha" (1969)
"It's Me That You Need" (1969)
"Border Song" (1970)
"Rock and Roll Madonna" (1970)
"From Denver to L.A." (1970)
"Take Me to the Pilot" (1970)
"Your Song" (1970)
"Friends" (1971)
"Levon" (1971)
"Tiny Dancer" (1972)
"Rocket Man" (1972)
"Honky Cat" (1972)
"I Think I'm Going to Kill Myself" (1972)
"Mona Lisas and Mad Hatters" (1972)
"Crocodile Rock" (1972)
"Elderberry Wine" (1972)
"Daniel" (1972)
"Teacher I Need You" (1973)
"Funeral for a Friend/Love Lies Bleeding" (1973)
"Saturday Night's Alright for Fighting" (1973)
"Goodbye Yellow Brick Road" (1973)
"Step into Christmas" (1973)
"Candle in the Wind" (1974)
"Bennie and the Jets" (1974)
"Harmony" (1974)
"Don't Let the Sun Go Down on Me" (1974)
"The Bitch Is Back" (1974)
"Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds" (1974)
"Philadelphia Freedom" (1975)
"I Saw Her Standing There" (1975)
"Someone Saved My Life Tonight" (1975)
"Island Girl" (1975)
"Grow Some Funk of Your Own" (1976)
"I Feel Like a Bullet (In the Gun of Robert Ford)" (1976)
"Pinball Wizard" (1976)
"Don't Go Breaking My Heart" (1976)
"Cage the Songbird" (1976)
"Sorry Seems to Be the Hardest Word" (1976)
"Bite Your Lip (Get Up and Dance!)" (1977)
"Crazy Water" (1977)
"The Goaldiggers Song" (1977)
"Ego" (1978)
"Part-Time Love" (1978)
"Song for Guy" (1978)
"Are You Ready for Love" (1979)
"Mama Can't Buy You Love" (1979)
"Johnny B. Goode" (1979)
1980s
"Little Jeannie" (1980)
"Sartorial Eloquence (Don't Ya Wanna Play This Game No More?)" (1980)
"Dear God" (1980)
"Whatever Gets You thru the Night" (1981)
"Nobody Wins" (1981)
"Loving You Is Sweeter Than Ever" (with Kiki Dee, 1981)
"Blue Eyes" (1982)
"Empty Garden (Hey Hey Johnny)" (1982)
"Ball and Chain" (1982)
"All Quiet on the Western Front" (1982)
"I Guess That's Why They Call It the Blues" (1983)
"I'm Still Standing" (1983)
"Sad Songs (Say So Much)" (1984)
"Passengers" (1984)
"Nikita" (1985)
"That's What Friends Are For" (1985)
"Wrap Her Up" (1985)
"Take Me to the Pilot" (1988)
"I Don't Wanna Go on with You Like That" (1988)
"Town of Plenty" (1988)
"Mona Lisas and Mad Hatters (Part Two)" (1988)
"Healing Hands" (1989)
"Sacrifice" (1989)
1990s
"Club at the End of the Street" (1990)
"You Gotta Love Someone" (1990)
"Don't Let the Sun Go Down on Me" (1991)
"The One" (1992)
"Runaway Train" (1992)
"The Last Song" (1992)
"Simple Life" (1993)
"True Love" (1993)
"Shakey Ground" (1994)
"Ain't Nothing Like the Real Thing" (1994)
"Can You Feel the Love Tonight" (1994)
"Circle of Life" (1994)
"Believe" (1995)
"Made in England" (1995)
"When the Money's Gone" (1995)
"You Can Make History (Young Again)" (1996)
"The Madness of King Scar" (1997)
"Something About the Way You Look Tonight" (1997)
"Candle in the Wind 1997" (1997)
"Written in the Stars" (1999)
2000s
"I Want Love" (2001)
"This Train Don't Stop There Anymore" (2002)
"Original Sin" (2002)
"Are You Ready for Love" (2003)
"Ghetto Gospel" (2005)
"Electricity" (2005)
"The Bridge" (2006)
"Joseph, Better You than Me" (2008)
"Tiny Dancer (Hold Me Closer)" (2009)
Related articles
Albums discography
Videography
Book:Elton John
Category:Elton John
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crocodile_Rock&oldid=827342399"
Categories:
1972 songs
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Elton John songs
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Song recordings produced by Gus Dudgeon
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List of Chancellors and Vice-Chancellors of British universities
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This is a list of the Chancellors, Vice-Chancellors and Visitors of Universities in the United Kingdom. In most cases, the Chancellor is a ceremonial head, while the Vice-Chancellor is chief academic officer and chief executive.
In Scotland, the Principal is the chief executive and is usually ex officio Vice-Chancellor, which is a purely titular position.
University
Chancellor
Vice-Chancellor
Visitor
University of Aberdeen HRH The Duchess of Rothesay[1] Sir Ian Diamond[2]
Abertay University William Cullen, Baron Cullen of Whitekirk[3] Nigel Seaton[4]
Aberystwyth University Sir Emyr Jones Parry (President) Elizabeth Treasure
Anglia Ruskin University Michael Ashcroft, Baron Ashcroft[5] Iain Martin[6]
University of the Arts London Grayson Perry[7] Nigel Carrington
Arts University Bournemouth Sir Christopher Frayling Stuart Bartholomew
University of AstonAston University Sir John Sunderland Alec Cameron The Lord Chancellor
Bangor University Dafydd Elis-Thomas John G Hughes
University of Bath HRH the Earl of Wessex Glynis Breakwell The Lord Chancellor
University of Bath SpaBath Spa University Jeremy Irons Nick Foskett
University of Bedfordshire Rt Hon. John Bercow MP [8] Bill Rammell[9]
University of Birmingham Karan Bilimoria, Baron Bilimoria David Eastwood The Queen
University of Birmingham CityBirmingham City University Sir Lenny Henry[10] Graham Upton (Interim)
University College Birmingham Ray Linforth
Bishop Grosseteste University Dame Judith Mayhew Rev. Peter Neil
University of Bolton George Windsor, Earl of St Andrews[11] George Holmes[12]
University of BournemouthBournemouth University Nicholas Phillips, Baron Phillips of Worth Matravers[13] John Vinney[14]
BPP University Janet Neel Cohen, Baroness Cohen of Pimlico Carl Lygo
University of Bradford Kate Swann Brian Cantor The Lord Chancellor
University of Brighton Debra Humphris[15]
University of Bristol Sir Paul Nurse Hugh R. Brady The Lord President
University of BrunelBrunel University Sir Richard Sykes[16] Julia Buckingham[16]
University of Buckingham Tessa Keswick Sir Anthony Seldon
University of Buckinghamshire NewBuckinghamshire New University Rebecca Bunting [17]
University of Cambridge David Sainsbury, Baron Sainsbury of Turville Stephen Toope, OC
University of Canterbury Christ ChurchCanterbury Christ Church University The Archbishop of Canterbury (Most Rev. and Rt Hon. Justin Welby) Rama Thirunamachandran
University of CardiffCardiff University Sir Martin Evans Colin Riordan Sir Anthony Evans
Cardiff Metropolitan University Derrick Morgan Cara Aitchison
University of Central Lancashire Ranvir Singh Mike Thomas[18]
University of Chester Gyles Brandreth Tim Wheeler
City, University of London The Lord Mayor of London Sir Paul Curran
Coventry University Sir John Egan John Latham[19]
University of Chichester Clive Behagg
University of CranfieldCranfield University Barbara Young, Baroness Young of Old Scone Sir Peter Gregson [20] HRH the Duke of Kent
University for the Creative Arts Zandra Rhodes Bashir Makhoul [21]
University of Cumbria The Most Revd and Rt Hon John Sentamu, Archbishop of York Julie Mennell
De Montfort University Doreen Lawrence, Baroness Lawrence of Clarendon Dominic Shellard
University of Derby 12th Duke of Devonshire Kathryn Mitchell[22]
University of Dundee Narendra Patel, Baron Patel Peter Downes
Durham University Sir Thomas Allen[23] Stuart Corbridge The Bishop of Durham
University of East Anglia Karen Jones David Richardson The Lord President
University of East London Shabir Randeree John Joughin
Edge Hill University Tanya Byron John Cater
University of Edinburgh HRH Princess Anne Timothy O'Shea
Edinburgh Napier University Tim Waterstone Andrea Nolan
University of Essex John Bercow Anthony Forster
University of Exeter Paul Myners, Baron Myners Steve Smith The Lord Chancellor
Falmouth University Dawn French[24] Anne Carlisle
University of Glasgow Sir Kenneth Calman Sir Anton Muscatelli
Glasgow Caledonian University Muhammad Yunus Pamela Gillies
University of Gloucestershire Rennie Fritchie, Baroness Fritchie Stephen Marston
University of Greenwich Garry Hart, Baron Hart of Chilton Tessa Blackstone, Baroness Blackstone
Wrexham Glyndŵr University Trefor Jones Maria Hinfelaar
Harper Adams University HRH Princess Anne David Llewellyn
Heriot-Watt University Robert M Buchan Richard Williams
University of Hertfordshire Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 7th Marquess of Salisbury Quintin McKellar
University of the Highlands and Islands HRH Princess Anne James M Fraser
University of Huddersfield HRH Prince Andrew, Duke of York[25] Bob Cryan
University of Hull Virginia Bottomley, Baroness Bottomley of Nettlestone Calie Pistorius The Lord President
Imperial College LondonImperial College London John Kerr, Baron Kerr of Kinlochard Alice Gast The Lord President
University of KeeleKeele University The Hon. Sir Jonathon Porritt Trevor McMillan The Lord President
University of Kent Sir Robert Worcester Dame Julia Goodfellow The Archbishop of Canterbury (Most Rev. and Rt Hon. Justin Welby)
Kingston University Bonnie Greer Julius Weinberg
Lancaster University Alan Milburn Mark Smith The Queen
University of Law Dame Fiona Woolf Andrea Nollent
University of Leeds Melvyn Bragg, Baron Bragg Sir Alan Langlands The Lord President
Leeds Beckett University Sir Bob Murray Peter Slee [26]
Leeds Trinity University Gabby Logan Margaret House
University of Leicester Sir Peter Williams Paul Boyle The Queen
University of Lincoln Victor Adebowale, Baron Adebowale Mary Stuart
University of Liverpool Colm Tóibín Janet Beer The Lord President
University of Liverpool HopeLiverpool Hope University Caroline Cox, Baroness Cox Gerald J. Pillay
University of Liverpool John MooresLiverpool John Moores University Brian May, CBE Nigel P. Weatherill
University of London HRH Princess Anne Sir Adrian Smith The Lord President
London Metropolitan University John Raftery
University of London South BankLondon South Bank University Richard Farleigh[27] David Phoenix [28]
University of LoughboroughLoughborough University Lord Sebastian Coe Robert Allison
University of Manchester Lemn Sissay Dame Nancy Rothwell
Manchester Metropolitan University Peter Mandelson Malcolm Press
Middlesex University Dame Janet Ritterman Tim Blackman
University of NewcastleNewcastle University Sir Liam Donaldson[29] Chris Day[29] The Lord Chancellor
Newman University Peter Lutzeier
University of Northampton Kishwer Falkner, Baroness Falkner of Margravine Nick Petford
University of NorthumbriaNorthumbria University Tanni Grey-Thompson Andrew Wathey
Norwich University of the Arts John Hurt John Last
University of Nottingham Sir Andrew Witty Shearer West The Lord President
Nottingham Trent University Sir Michael Parkinson Edward Peck
University of OpenOpen University Martha Lane Fox, Baroness Lane-Fox of Soho Peter Horrocks The Lord Chancellor
University of Oxford Chris Patten, Baron Patten of Barnes Louise Richardson
Oxford Brookes University Katherine Grainger Alistair Fitt
Plymouth University Jonathan Kestenbaum, Baron Kestenbaum Judith Petts
University of Portsmouth Sandi Toksvig Graham Galbraith
Queen Margaret University Sir Tom Farmer Petra Wend
University of Queen'sQueen's University Belfast Kamalesh Sharma[30] Patrick Johnston The Queen
University of Reading William Waldegrave, Baron Waldegrave of North Hill Sir David Bell The Queen
Regent's University London Lord Hastings of Scarisbrick CBE[31] Professor Aldwyn Cooper[32]
Robert Gordon University Sir Ian Wood Ferdinand von Prondzynski
University of RoehamptonRoehampton University Jacqueline Wilson Paul O'Prey
Royal Agricultural University HRH Charles, Prince of Wales Joanna Price
University of Salford Jackie Kay Helen Marshall The Lord Chancellor
University of Sheffield Dame Anne Rafferty Sir Keith Burnett The Lord President
Sheffield Hallam University Robert Winston, Baron Winston Philip Jones
Solent University Admiral Alan West, Baron West of Spithead (departing 2018). Theo Paphitis (arriving October 2018) Van Gore
University of Southampton Dame Helen Alexander Christopher Snowden The Lord President
University of South Wales John Morris, Baron Morris of Aberavon Julie Lydon
University of StaffordshireStaffordshire University Francis Fitzherbert, 15th Baron Stafford Liz Barnes
University of St Andrews Sir Menzies Campbell Sally Mapstone
University of Stirling James Naughtie[33] Gerry McCormac[34]
University of St Mark & St John Rob Warner
University of Strathclyde Robert Smith, Baron Smith of Kelvin Sir Jim McDonald
University of Sunderland Steve Cram Shirley Atkinson
University of Surrey HRH Prince Edward, Duke of Kent Max Lu The Lord Chancellor
University of Sussex Sanjeev Bhaskar Adam Tickell The Lord President
Swansea University Dame Jean Thomas[35] Richard B. Davies
Teesside University Tom Sawyer, Baron Sawyer Paul Croney
Ulster University James Nesbitt[36] Paddy Nixon[37]
University of Warwick Catherine Ashton Stuart Croft
University of Wales HRH Charles, Prince of Wales Medwin Hughes The Lord President
University of Wales, Trinity Saint David R. Brinley Jones Medwin Hughes The Rt Rev'd J. Wyn Evans, Bishop of St David's
University of West London Laurence Geller Peter John
University of the West of England Sir Ian Carruthers Steven West
University of the West of Scotland Dame Elish Angiolini Craig Mahoney
University of Westminster Swaraj Paul Geoffrey E Petts
University of Winchester Alan Titchmarsh[38] Joy Carter
University of Wolverhampton Swaraj Paul Geoff Layer
University of Worcester HRH Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester David Green
University of York Sir Malcolm Grant[39] Koen Lamberts[40] The Lord Chancellor[citation needed]
York St John University The Archbishop of York (John Sentamu) Karen Stanton
See also[edit]
Lists of university leaders
List of Vice-Chancellors of the University of Cambridge
List of Vice-Chancellors of the University of Oxford
List of Vice-Chancellors of the University of London
List of Vice-Chancellors of the University of Wales, Lampeter
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ "Prof Sir Ian Diamond FBA FRSE AcSS". University of Aberdeen. Archived from the original on 2011-03-26. Retrieved 2011-03-15.
Jump up ^ "The Chancellor of the University". Abertay University. Retrieved 2011-03-15.
Jump up ^ "Senior management". Abertay University. Retrieved 2011-03-15.
Jump up ^ "Anglia Ruskin University's Honorary Graduate Site". Anglia Ruskin University. 2008-01-03. Retrieved 2008-06-23.
Jump up ^ "New VC to build on Anglia Ruskin's successes". Anglia Ruskin University. 2016-03-14. Retrieved 2016-03-16.
Jump up ^ http://newsevents.arts.ac.uk/45863/grayson-perry-announced-new-ual-chancellor/
Jump up ^ "Chancellor of the University of Bedfordshire". Retrieved 2018-02-06.
Jump up ^ "Bill Rammel, Vice Chancellor - University of Bedfordshire". University of Bedfordshire. Retrieved 2013-08-19.
Jump up ^ "About the University : Governors & senior staff". Birmingham City University. Archived from the original on 2008-06-14. Retrieved 2008-06-23.
Jump up ^ "University of Bolton welcomes its new Chancellor". University of Bolton. 2017-01-04. Retrieved 2017-01-06.
Jump up ^ "University of Bolton names new Vice Chancellor". University of Bolton. 2005-06-20. Retrieved 2008-06-23.
Jump up ^ "Chancellor". Bournemouth University. Retrieved 2011-03-15.
Jump up ^ "John Vinney". Bournemouth University. Retrieved 2011-03-15.
Jump up ^ "Senior management team - University of Brighton". University of Brighton. Retrieved 2016-03-16.
^ Jump up to: a b "Principal Officers". Brunel University. 2014. Retrieved 2014-02-08.
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-03-09. Retrieved 2017-10-19.
Jump up ^ "Executive Team". University of Central lancashire. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Vice-chancellor and CEO appointed at Coventry University". Coventry University. Retrieved 28 May 2014.
Jump up ^ Cranfield University press release 18 February 2013, accessed 19 August 2013
Jump up ^ "UCA appoints Professor Bashir Makhoul as Vice-Chancellor". University for the Creative Arts website. 26 April 2017. Retrieved 15 May 2018.
Jump up ^ University of Derby: First female vice-chancellor is appointed 1 May 2015, accessed 16 March 2016 Archived 23 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ http://www.dur.ac.uk/news/newsitem/?itemno=14888
Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-cornwall-29314099
Jump up ^ "HRH The Duke of York installed as University Chancellor". University of Huddersfield. Archived from the original on 14 July 2015. Retrieved 19 July 2015.
Jump up ^ http://www.leedsbeckett.ac.uk/governance/board-of-governors/professor-peter-slee/
Jump up ^ "LSBU's Chancellor, Richard Farleigh, is an entrepreneur who has much to share on the subject of business success". London South Bank University. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
Jump up ^ "Professor David Phoenix took up the role of Vice-Chancellor at London South Bank University (LSBU) in 2014". London South Bank University. Retrieved 21 April 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Principal Officers - Executive Office". Newcastle University. Retrieved 25 February 2011.
Jump up ^ "University Structure". Queen's University Belfast. Retrieved 2011-03-15.
Jump up ^ http://www.regents.ac.uk/about/who-we-are/chancellor-of-regents/
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2017-03-22. Retrieved 2017-03-21.
Jump up ^ "Chancellor of the University". University of Stirling. Archived from the original on 2011-03-14. Retrieved 2011-03-15.
Jump up ^ "Principal and Vice-Chancellor". University of Stirling. Archived from the original on 2011-07-18. Retrieved 2011-03-15.
Jump up ^ "Swansea university appoints new chancellor". http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/. 2017-01-08. Retrieved 2017-01-09. External link in |website= (help)
Jump up ^ "Nesbitt new university chancellor".(8 June 2010) The Belfast Telegraph (Independent News & Media Northern Ireland). Retrieved 4 Aug 2015.
Jump up ^ "New Vice-Chancellor confirmed for Ulster University". Ulster University. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-01-08.
Jump up ^ "Alan Titchmarsh revealed as new University of Winchester Chancellor (press release)". University of Winchester. 4 Dec 2014. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 4 Aug 2015.
Jump up ^ York, University of. "Sir Malcolm Grant - Chancellor's Inauguration, University of York". www.york.ac.uk. Retrieved 2016-07-18.
Jump up ^ "Koen Lamberts - About the University, The University of York". www.york.ac.uk. Retrieved 2016-07-18.
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Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009
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The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009
An Act to provide for free and compulsory education to all the children of the age of six to fourteen years.
Citation
Act No. 35 of 2009
Enacted by
Parliament of India
Date assented to
26 August 2009
Date commenced
1 April 2010
Related legislation
86th Amendment (2002)
Status: In force
The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act or Right to Education Act (RTE) is an Act of the Parliament of India enacted on 4 August 2009, which describes the modalities of the importance of free and compulsory education for children between the age of 6 to 14 years in India under Article 21A of the Indian Constitution.[1] India became one of 135 countries to make education a fundamental right of every child when the act came into force on 1 April 2010.[2][3][4] The title of the RTE Act incorporates the words ‘free and compulsory’. ‘Free education’ means that no child, other than a child who has been admitted by his or her parents to a school which is not supported by the appropriate Government, shall be liable to pay any kind of fee or charges or expenses which may prevent him or her from pursuing and completing elementary education. ‘Compulsory education’ casts an obligation on the appropriate Government and local authorities to provide and ensure admission, attendance and completion of elementary education by all children in the 6-14 age group. With this, India has moved forward to a rights based framework that casts a legal obligation on the Central and State Governments to implement this fundamental child right as enshrined in the Article 21A of the Constitution, in accordance with the provisions of the RTE Act.17.
Contents
1 History
2 Passage
3 Functioning
4 Highlights
5 Implementation and funding
6 Advisory Council on Implementation
7 Status of implementation
8 Precedents
9 Criticism
9.1 Public-private partnership
9.2 Infringement on private schools
9.3 Barrier for orphans
10 References
11 External links
History[edit]
Present Act has its history in the drafting of the Indian constitution at the time of Independence[5] but is more specifically to the Constitutional Amendment of 2002 that included the Article 21A in the Indian constitution making Education a fundamental Right. This amendment, however, specified the need for a legislation to describe the mode of implementation of the same which necessitated the drafting of a separate Education Bill. It is the 86th amendment in the Indian Constitution
A rough draft of the bill was prepared in year 2005. It caused considerable controversy due to its mandatory provision to provide 25% reservation for disadvantaged children in private schools. The sub-committee of the Central Advisory Board of Education which prepared the draft Bill held this provision as a significant prerequisite for creating a democratic and egalitarian society. Indian Law commission had initially proposed 50% reservation for disadvantaged students in private schools.[6][7]
On 7 May 2014, The Supreme Court of India ruled that Right to Education Act is not applicable to Minority institutions.[8]
Passage[edit]
The bill was approved by the cabinet on 2 July 2009.[9] Rajya Sabha passed the bill on 20 July 2009[10] and the Lok Sabha on 4 August 2009.[11] It received Presidential assent and was notified as law on 26 August 2009[12] as The Children's Right to Free and Compulsory Education Act.[13] The law came into effect in the whole of India except the state of Jammu and Kashmir from 1 April 2010, the first time in the history of India a law was brought into force by a speech by the then Prime Minister Manmohan Singh. In his speech, Dr. Singh stated, "We are committed to ensuring that all children, irrespective of gender and social category, have access to education. An education that enables them to acquire the skills, knowledge, values and attitudes necessary to become responsible and active citizens of India."[14]
The RTE Act provides for the right of children to free and compulsory education till completion of elementary education in a neighbourhood school. It clarifies that ‘compulsory education’ means obligation of the appropriate government to provide free elementary education and ensure compulsory admission, attendance and completion of elementary education to every child in the six to fourteen age group. ‘Free’ means that no child shall be liable to pay any kind of fee or charges or expenses which may prevent him or her from pursuing and completing elementary education.
It makes provisions for a non-admitted child to be admitted to an age appropriate class.
It specifies the duties and responsibilities of appropriate Governments, local authority and parents in providing free and compulsory education, and sharing of financial and other responsibilities between the Central and State Governments.
It lays down the norms and standards relating inter alia to pupil teacher ratios (PTRs), buildings and infrastructure, school-working days, teacher-working hours.
It provides for rational deployment of teachers by ensuring that the specified pupil teacher ratio is maintained for each school, rather than just as an average for the State or District or Block, thus ensuring that there is no urban-rural imbalance in teacher postings. It also provides for prohibition of deployment of teachers for non-educational work, other than decennial census, elections to local authority, state legislatures and parliament, and disaster relief.
It provides for appointment of appropriately trained teachers, i.e. teachers with the requisite entry and academic qualifications.
It prohibits (a) physical punishment and mental harassment; (b) screening procedures for admission of children; (c) capitation fee; (d) private tuition by teachers and (e) running of schools without recognition.
It provides for development of curriculum in consonance with the values enshrined in the Constitution, and which would ensure the all-round development of the child, building on the child’s knowledge, potentiality and talent and making the child free of fear, trauma and anxiety through a system of child friendly and child centered learning.
Functioning[edit]
What is this Act about?
The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009 is about a child’s right to education. It ensures that all children get free education from class 1 to class 8. To achieve this, the Act lays down some duties for governments, schools, teachers and parents.
The Act also contains rules on pupil-teacher ratio, teacher vacancies, penalties for conducting screening tests and punishing children.
Does this Act apply to all children?
This Act only applies to children between the ages of 6 to 14. However, children who are more than 14 years old but have not been able to attend school till class 8, can get free education till class 8 under this Act.
How does this Act help children?
All children between the ages of 6 to 14 can get free education from class 1 to class 8, in a nearby government school or aided school.
Children who have never been to school or have dropped out, can get back to school. They will get admission in a class suitable to their age.
Children who are poor or underprivileged in some way, can get free education till class 8 in a private school(except the minority institutions) .
Children must be given admission in a school even if they don’t have documents like transfer certificate and age proof.
Children cannot be forced to give tests for getting admission in a school.
Children cannot be asked to leave school or be forced to repeat a class, till they complete class 8.
It is illegal to beat up or harass a child.
Why is the word ‘compulsory’ used?
The word ‘compulsory’ means that it is compulsory for the government to give free education to all children. It does not mean it is compulsory for parents to send their children to school.
How can a child get free education in a private school?
Children from ‘disadvantaged groups’ and ‘weaker sections’ can get free education in a private school. These terms are explained below.
Every private school has to keep 25% of its seats in class 1 for children from ‘disadvantaged groups’ and ‘weaker sections’.
The school has to give free education to these children till class 8.
Please note that both the Central and State/UT Governments have issued rules which may contain additional or modified requirements which have to be followed by schools.
Highlights[edit]
The Act makes education a fundamental right of every child between the ages of 6 and 14 and specifies minimum norms in elementary schools. It requires all private schools(except the minority institutions) to reserve 25% of seats for the poor and other categories of children (to be reimbursed by the state as part of the public-private partnership plan). Children are admitted in to private schools based on caste-based reservations. See Page 9 and Point no 4 of This Document. It also prohibits all unrecognised schools from practice, and makes provisions for no donation or capitation fees and no interview of the child or parent for admission.[15][16] The Act also provides that no child shall be held back, expelled, or required to pass a board examination until the completion of elementary education. There is also a provision for special training of school drop-outs to bring them up to par with students of the same age.
The RTE act requires survyus that will monitor all neighbourhoods, identify children requiring education, and set up facilities for providing it. The World Bank education specialist for India, Sam Carlson, has observed:
The RTE Act is the first legislation in the world that puts the responsibility of ensuring enrolment, attendance and completion on the Government. It is the parents' responsibility to send the children to schools in the US and other countries.[17]
The Right to Education of persons with disabilities until 18 years of age is laid down under a separate legislation- the Persons with Disabilities Act. A number of other provisions regarding improvement of school infrastructure, teacher-student ratio and faculty are made in the Act.
Implementation and funding[edit]
Education in the Indian constitution is a concurrent issue and both centre and states can legislate on the issue. The Act lays down specific responsibilities for the centre, state and local bodies for its implementation. The states have been clamouring that they lack financial capacity to deliver education of appropriate standard in all the schools needed for universal education.[18] Thus it was clear that the central government (which collects most of the revenue) will be required to subsidise the states.
A committee set up to study the funds requirement and funding initially estimated that Rs 1710 billion or 1.71 trillion (US$38.2 billion) across five years was required to implement the Act, and in April 2010 the central government agreed to sharing the funding for implementing the law in the ratio of 65 to 35 between the centre and the states, and a ratio of 90 to 10 for the north-eastern states.[19] However, in mid 2010, this figure was upgraded to Rs. 2310 billion, and the center agreed to raise its share to 68%.[18] There is some confusion on this, with other media reports stating that the centre's share of the implementation expenses would now be 70%.[20] At that rate, most states may not need to increase their education budgets substantially.
A critical development in 2011 has been the decision taken in principle to extend the right to education till Class X (age 16)[21] and into the preschool age range.[22] The CABE committee is in the process of looking into the implications of making these changes.
Advisory Council on Implementation[edit]
The Ministry of HRD set up a high-level, 14-member National Advisory Council (NAC) for implementation of the Act. The members include
Kiran Karnik, former president of NASSCOM
Krishna Kumar, former director of the NCERT
Mrinal Miri, former vice-chancellor of North-East Hill University
Yogendra Yadav – social scientist. India
Sajit Krishnan kutty Secretary of The Educators Assisting Children's Hopes (TEACH)India.
Annie Namala, an activist and head of Centre for Social Equity and Inclusion
Aboobacker Ahmad, vice-president of Muslim Education Society, Kerala.[23]
Status of implementation[edit]
A report on the status of implementation of the Act was released by the Ministry of Human Resource Development on the one-year anniversary of the Act. The report admits that 8.1 million children in the age group 6-14 remain out of school and there’s a shortage of 508,000 teachers country-wide. A shadow report by the RTE Forum, representing the leading education networks in the country led by Ambarish Rai (a prominent activist), however, challenging the findings pointing out that several key legal commitments are falling behind the schedule.(http://www.rteforumindia.org/)[24] The Supreme Court of India has also intervened to demand implementation of the Act in the Northeast.[25] It has also provided the legal basis for ensuring pay parity between teachers in government and government aided schools[26]
Haryana Government has assigned the duties and responsibilities to Block Elementary Education Officers–cum–Block Resource Coordinators (BEEOs-cum-BRCs) for effective implementation and continuous monitoring of implementation of Right to Education Act in the State.[27]
Precedents[edit]
It has been pointed out that the RTE act is not new. Universal adult franchise in the act was opposed since most of the population was illiterate. Article 45 in the Constitution of India was set up as an act:
The State shall endeavour to provide, within a period of ten years from the commencement of this Constitution, for free and compulsory education for all children until they complete the age of fourteen years.
As that deadline was about to be passed many decades ago, the education minister at the time, M C Chagla, memorably said:
Our Constitution fathers did not intend that we just set up hovels, put students there, give untrained teachers, give them bad textbooks, no playgrounds, and say, we have complied with Article 45 and primary education is expanding... They meant that real education should be given to our children between the ages of 6 and 14 – M.C. Chagla, 1964[28]
In the 1990s, the World Bank funded a number of measures to set up schools within easy reach of rural communities. This effort was consolidated in the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan model in the 1990s. RTE takes the process further, and makes the enrolment of children in schools a state prerogative.
Criticism[edit]
The act has been criticised for being hastily drafted,[29] not consulting many groups active in education, not considering the quality of education, infringing on the rights of private and religious minority schools to administer their system, and for excluding children under six years of age.[30] Many of the ideas are seen as continuing the policies of Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan of the last decade, and the World Bank funded District Primary Education Programme DPEP of the '90s, both of which, while having set up a number of schools in rural areas, have been criticised for being ineffective[31] and corruption-ridden.[32]
The quality of education provided by the government school system is not good.[33] While it remains the largest provider of elementary education in the country, forming 80% of all recognised schools, it suffers from shortage of teachers and infrastructural gaps. Several habitations lack schools altogether. There are also frequent allegations of government schools being riddled with absenteeism and mismanagement and of appointments made on political convenience. Despite the allure of free lunch in the government schools, many parents send their children to private schools. Average schoolteacher salaries in private rural schools in some States (about Rs. 4,000 per month) are considerably lower than those in government schools.[34] As a result, the proponents of low-cost private schools critiqu the government schools as being poor value for money.
Children attending the private schools are seen to be at an advantage, forming a discrimination against the weakest sections who are forced to go to government schools. Furthermore, the system has been criticised as catering to the rural elites who are able to afford school fees in a country where a large number of families live in absolute poverty. The act has been criticised as discriminatory for not addressing these issues. Well-known educationist Anil Sadagopal said of the hurriedly drafted act:
It is a fraud on our children. It gives neither free education nor compulsory education. In fact, it only legitimises the present multi-layered, inferior quality school education system where discrimination shall continue to prevail.[29]
Entrepreneur Gurcharan Das noted that 54% of urban children attend private schools, and this rate is growing at 3% per year. "Even the poor children are abandoning the government schools. They are leaving because the teachers are not showing up."[29] However, other researchers have countered the argument by saying that the evidence for higher standard of quality in private schools often disappears when other factors (like family income and parental literacy) are accounted for.
Public-private partnership[edit]
To address these quality issues, the Act has provisions for compensating private schools for admission of children under the 25% quota which has been compared to school vouchers, whereby parents may "send" their children in any school, private or public. This measure, along with the increase in PPP (Public Private Partnership) has been viewed by some organisations such as the All-India Forum for Right to Education (AIF-RTE), as the state abdicating its "constitutional obligation towards providing elementary education".[31]
Infringement on private schools[edit]
The Society for Un-aided Private Schools, Rajasthan (in Writ Petition (Civil) No. 95 of 2010) and as many as 31 others[35] petitioned the Supreme Court of India claiming that the act violates the constitutional right of private managements to run their institutions without governmental interference.[36] The parties claimed that providing 25 percent reservation for disadvantaged children in government and private unaided schools is "unconstitutional."

Forcing unaided schools to admit 25% disadvantaged students has also been criticized on the grounds that the government has partly transferred its constitutional obligation to provide free and compulsory elementary education to children on “non-state actors,” like private schools, while collecting a 2% cess on the total tax payable for primary education.[31]

On 12 April 2012, a three judge bench of the Supreme Court delivered its judgement by a majority of 2-1. Chief Justice SH Kapadia and Justice Swatanter Kumar held that providing such reservation is not unconstitutional, but stated that the Act will not be applicable to private minority schools and boarding schools. However, Justice K. S. Panicker Radhakrishnan dissented with the majority view and held that the Act cannot apply to both minority and non-minority private schools that do not receive aid from the government.[37][38][39]
In September 2012, the Supreme Court subsequently declined a review petition on the Act.[40]
In May 2016, the Chetpet-based CBSE school Maharishi Vidya Mandir became embroiled in a scandal over its circumvention of the 25% quota rule.[41] During its admissions cycle, the school told economically weaker parents "the RTE does not exist," and, "we do not take these [government RTE] applications." The senior principal also informed the Tamil Nadu Regional Director of the CBSE that he intended to "reject applicants without an email address," thereby excluding technically illiterate parents from seeking admissions. In addition, school officials falsified the distance figures of several poorer candidates in attempts to disqualify them from availing of the scheme.
Barrier for orphans[edit]
The Act provides for admission of children without any certification. However, several states have continued pre-existing procedures insisting that children produce income and caste certificates, BPL cards and birth certificates. Orphan children are often unable to produce such documents, even though they are willing to do so. As a result, schools are not admitting them, as they require the documents as a condition to admission.[42]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Provisions of the Constitution of India having a bearing on Education". Department of Higher Education. Archived from the original on 1 February 2010. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
Jump up ^ Aarti Dhar (1 April 2010). "Education is a fundamental right now". The Hindu.
Jump up ^ "India launches children's right to education". BBC News. 1 April 2010.
Jump up ^ "India joins list of 135 countries in making education a right". The Hindu News. 2 April 2010.
Jump up ^ Selva, G. (22 March 2009). "Universal Education in India: A Century Of Unfulfilled Dreams". PRAGOTI. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
Jump up ^ Seethalakshmi, S. (14 July 2006). "Centre buries Right to Education Bill – India – The Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
Jump up ^ "Microsoft Word - Final Right To Education Bill 2005 modified-14.11.2005.doc" (PDF). Retrieved 1 September 2010.
Jump up ^ Minority institutions are exempted from Right to Education Act
Jump up ^ "Cabinet approves Right to Education Bill". The New Indian Express. 2 July 2009. Retrieved 2 July 2009.
Jump up ^ "Rajya Sabha passes Right to Education bill". The News Indian Express. 20 July 2009.
Jump up ^ "Parliament passes landmark Right to Education Bill". The Indian Express. 4 August 2009.
Jump up ^ "The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009 notified". Press Information Bureau. 3 September 2009. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
Jump up ^ "Right to Education Bill 2009" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 February 2012. Retrieved 1 September 2010.
Jump up ^ "Prime Minister's Address to the Nation on The Fundamental Right of Children to Elementary Education". Pib.nic.in. Retrieved 1 September 2010.
Jump up ^ "Cabinet clears long-pending Education Bill". The Hindu. New Delhi. 1 November 2008. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
Jump up ^ Sripati, V.; Thiruvengadam, A. K. (2004). "India: Constitutional amendment making the right to education a Fundamental Right". International Journal of Constitutional Law. 2: 148. doi:10.1093/icon/2.1.148.
Jump up ^ name=prayatna
^ Jump up to: a b 30 Jul 2010, 08.01AM IST,ET Bureau (30 July 2010). "Centre, states to share RTE expenses in 68:32 ratio – The Economic Times". Economictimes.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 1 September 2010. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ PTI (13 February 2010). "Right To Education Act to be implemented from April". The Times of India. New Delhi.
Jump up ^ "Centre to pick up 70% of education law tab". Hindustan Times. 30 July 2010. Retrieved 1 September 2010.
Jump up ^ "Shri Kapil Sibal Addresses 58th Meeting of CABE; Proposes Extension of RTE up to Secondary Level Moots Bill to Control Malpractices in School Education". PIB. 7 June 2010. Retrieved 8 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "NAC recommends pre-primary sections in govt schools". Economic Times. 3 August 2010. Retrieved 8 October 2010.
Jump up ^ Akshaya Mukul, TNN, 26 Jun 2010, 04.08am IST (26 June 2010). "HRD panel to oversee RTE rollout – India – The Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 1 September 2010. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ "RTE Act: First anniversary status report". Educationworldonline. 7 May 2010. Retrieved 8 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "SC seeks action plan on execution of RTE in NE". igovernment. 25 August 2010. Retrieved 8 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "SC opens door for equal pay to teachers in pvt, govt schools". Tribune. 12 August 2010. Retrieved 8 October 2010.
Jump up ^ RTE Implementation http://iharnews.com/index.php/education/295-beeo-right-to-education-act-haryana
Jump up ^ http://www.indg.in/primary-education/policiesandschemes/rte_ssa_final_report.pdf
^ Jump up to: a b c "FTN: Privatisation no cure for India's education ills – India News – IBNLive". Ibnlive.in.com. 3 February 2010. Retrieved 1 September 2010.
Jump up ^ George, Sony (November 2001). "Common Demands on Education". India Together. Retrieved 1 April 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b c Infochange India. "India to notify right to education act". Southasia.oneworld.net. Retrieved 1 September 2010.
Jump up ^ Aarti Dhar (28 July 2010). "News / National : U.K. doesn't intend to probe Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan for corruption". The Hindu. Retrieved 1 September 2010.
Jump up ^ Surbhi Bhatia, 26 Jul 2010, 05.54am IST (26 July 2010). "Quality in education: It's my legal right – Education – Home – The Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 1 September 2010. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ "Education in India: Teachers' salaries". Prayatna.typepad.com. Retrieved 1 September 2010.
Jump up ^ S. H. Kapadia; Swatanter Kumar; K. S. Radhakrishnan. "Right to Edu Act: Supreme Court judgement". Supreme Court of India. Archived from the original on 2 August 2012. Retrieved 2 August 2012.
Jump up ^ PTI (2010-03-22). "The Hindu : News / National : Private schools challenge Right To Education Act in Supreme Court". Beta.thehindu.com. Retrieved 2010-09-01.
Jump up ^ "Supreme Court uphold constitutional validity of RTE Act". Economic Times. 12 April 2012. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Supreme Court upholds constitutional validity of RTE Act". The Hindu. 12 April 2012. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Society for Un-aided Private Schools of Rajasthan v. Union of India (WP NO. 95 of 2010)". Supreme Court of India. Retrieved 13 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Supreme Court declines review of right to education verdict". Times of India. 20 Sep 2012. Retrieved 21 Sep 2012.
Jump up ^ Maharishi Vidya Mandir Protest Site
Jump up ^ "Strict rules bar orphans from RTE benefits". The Times of India. 25 April 2012. Retrieved 25 April 2012.
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