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Truman Doctrine
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US President Harry Truman
The Truman Doctrine was an American foreign policy created to counter Soviet geopolitical expansion during the Cold War. It was first announced to Congress by President Harry S. Truman on March 12, 1947[1]:547-9 and further developed on July 12, 1948 when he pledged to contain Soviet threats to Greece and Turkey. American military force was usually not involved, but Congress appropriated free gifts of financial aid to support the economies and the militaries of Greece and Turkey. More generally, the Truman Doctrine implied American support for other nations threatened by Soviet communism. The Truman Doctrine became the foundation of American foreign policy, and led, in 1949, to the formation of NATO, a military alliance that is still in effect. Historians often use Truman's speech to date the start of the Cold War.
Truman told Congress that "it must be the policy of the United States to support free people who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures."[2] Truman reasoned that because the totalitarian regimes coerced free peoples, they represented a threat to international peace and the national security of the United States. Truman made the plea amid the crisis of the Greek Civil War (1946–49). He argued that if Greece and Turkey did not receive the aid that they urgently needed, they would inevitably fall to communism with grave consequences throughout the region. Because Turkey and Greece were historic rivals, it was considered necessary to help both equally even though the threat to Greece was more immediate. Historian Eric Foner argues the Truman Doctrine "set a precedent for American assistance to anticommunist regimes throughout the world, no matter how undemocratic, and for the creation of a set of global military alliances directed against the Soviet Union."[3]
For years, Britain had supported Greece, but was now near bankruptcy and was forced to radically reduce its involvement. In February 1947, Britain formally requested for the United States to take over its role in supporting the Greeks and their government.[4] The policy won the support of Republicans who controlled Congress and involved sending $400 million in American money but no military forces to the region. The effect was to end the communist threat, and in 1952, both Greece and Turkey joined NATO, a military alliance, to guarantee their protection.[5]
The Truman Doctrine was informally extended to become the basis of American Cold War policy throughout Europe and around the world.[6] It shifted American foreign policy toward the Soviet Union from détente (a relaxation of tension) to a policy of containment of Soviet expansion as advocated by diplomat George Kennan. It was distinguished from rollback by implicitly tolerating the previous Soviet takeovers in Eastern Europe.
Contents
[hide]
1 Turkish Straits crisis
2 Greek crisis
3 Truman's address
4 Long-term policy and metaphor
5 See also
6 References
7 Bibliography
8 External links
Turkish Straits crisis[edit]
Main article: Turkish Straits crisis
The Turkish Straits
At the conclusion of World War II, Turkey was pressured by the Soviet government to allow Russian shipping to flow freely through the Turkish Straits, which connected the Black Sea to the Mediterranean. As the Turkish government would not submit to the Soviet Union's requests, tensions arose in the region, leading to a show of naval force on the side of the Soviets. Since British assistance to Turkey had ended in 1947, the U.S. dispatched military aid to ensure that Turkey would retain chief control of the passage. Turkey received $100 million in economic and military aid and the U.S sent the aircraft carrier Franklin D. Roosevelt. The postwar period from 1946 started with a "multi-party period" and the Democratic Party government of Adnan Menderes.[7]
Greek crisis[edit]
Main article: Greek Civil War
King George II of Greece (r. 1922-4, 1935-47), whose rule was opposed by a communist insurgency in the Greek Civil War
In the second stage of the civil war in December 1944 (The Dekemvriana), the British helped prevent the seizure of Athens by the National Liberation Front (EAM), controlled effectively by the Greek Communist Party (KKE). In the third phase (1946–49), guerrilla forces controlled by the Greek Communist Party fought against the internationally recognized Greek government which was formed after 1946 elections boycotted by the KKE. The British realized that the Greek leftists were being directly funded by Josip Broz Tito in neighboring Yugoslavia; the Greek communists received little help directly from the Soviet Union, while Yugoslavia provided support and sanctuary.[8] By late 1946, Britain informed the United States that due to its own weakening economy, it could no longer continue to provide military and economic support to Greece.[9]
In 1946–47, the United States and the Soviet Union moved from being wartime allies to Cold War adversaries. The breakdown of Allied cooperation in Germany provided a backdrop of escalating tensions for the Truman Doctrine.[6] To Truman, the growing unrest in Greece began to look like a pincer movement against the oil-rich areas of the Middle East and the warm-water ports of the Mediterranean.[10]
George F. Kennan (1904-2005) proposed the doctrine of containment in 1946.
In February 1946, Kennan, an American diplomat in Moscow, sent his famed "Long Telegram", which predicted the Soviets would only respond to force and that the best way to handle them would be through a long-term strategy of containment, that is stopping their geographical expansion. After the British warned that they could no longer help Greece, and following Prime Minister Konstantinos Tsaldaris's visit to Washington in December 1946 to ask for American assistance,[11] the U.S. State Department formulated a plan. Aid would be given to both Greece and Turkey, to help cool the long-standing rivalry between them.
American policy makers recognized the instability of the region, fearing that if Greece was lost to communism, Turkey would not last long. Similarly, if Turkey yielded to Soviet demands, the position of Greece would be endangered.[12] A regional domino effect threat therefore guided the American decision. Greece and Turkey were strategic allies important for geographical reasons as well, for the fall of Greece would put the Soviets on a particularly dangerous flank for the Turks, and strengthen the Soviet Union's ability to cut off allied supply lines in the event of war.[13]
Truman's address[edit]
Dean Acheson (1893–1971), who helped craft Truman's doctrine, was named his secretary of state the following year.
To pass any legislation Truman needed the support of the Republicans, who controlled both houses of Congress. The chief Republican spokesman Senator Arthur H. Vandenberg strongly supported Truman and overcame the doubts of isolationists such as Senator Robert A. Taft.[14]:127 Truman laid the groundwork for his request by having key congressional leaders meet with himself, Secretary of State George Marshall, and Undersecretary of State Dean Acheson. Acheson laid out the "domino theory" in the starkest terms, comparing a communist state to a rotten apple that could spread its infection to an entire barrel. Vandenberg was impressed, and advised Truman to appear before Congress and "scare the hell out of the American people."[14]:127-8 On March 7, Acheson warned Truman that Greece could fall to the communists within weeks without outside aid.[1]:545
When a draft for Truman's address was circulated to policymakers, Marshall, Kennan, and others criticized it for containing excess "rhetoric." Truman responded that, as Vandenberg had suggested, his request would only be approved if he played up the threat.[1]:546
On March 12, 1947, Truman appeared before a joint session of Congress. In his eighteen-minute speech, he stated:
I believe it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures.
I believe that we must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way.
I believe that our help should be primarily through economic and financial aid which is essential to economic stability and orderly political processes.[1]:547
The reaction to Truman's speech was broadly positive, though there were dissenters. Anti-communists in both parties supported both Truman's proposed aid package and the doctrine behind it, and Collier's described it as a "popularity jackpot" for the President.[1]:548[14]:129 Influential columnist Walter Lippmann was more skeptical, noting the open-ended nature of Truman's pledge; he felt so strongly that he almost came to blows while arguing with Acheson over the doctrine.[1]:549[15]:615 Others argued that the Greek monarchy Truman proposed to defend was itself a repressive government, rather than a democracy.[15]:615
Despite these objections, the fear of the growing communist threat almost guaranteed the bill's passage.[15]:616 In May 1947, two months after Truman's request, a large majority of Congress approved $400 million in military and economic aid to Greece and Turkey.[1]:553-4[14]:129 Increased American aid helped defeat the KKE, after interim defeats for government forces from 1946 to 1948.[15]:616-17 The Truman Doctrine was the first in a series of containment moves by the United States, followed by economic restoration of Western Europe through the Marshall Plan and military containment by the creation of NATO in 1949.
Long-term policy and metaphor[edit]
The Truman Doctrine underpinned American Cold War policy in Europe and around the world. In the words of historian James T. Patterson, "The Truman Doctrine was a highly publicized commitment of a sort the administration had not previously undertaken. Its sweeping rhetoric, promising that the United States should aid all 'free people' being subjugated, set the stage for innumerable later ventures that led to globalistic commitments. It was in these ways a major step."[14]:129
The doctrine endured, historian Dennis Merill argues, because it addressed a broader cultural insecurity regarding modern life in a globalized world. It dealt with Washington's concern over communism's domino effect, it enabled a media-sensitive presentation of the doctrine that won bipartisan support, and it mobilized American economic power to modernize and stabilize unstable regions without direct military intervention. It brought nation-building activities and modernization programs to the forefront of foreign policy.[6]
The Truman Doctrine became a metaphor for emergency aid to keep a nation from communist influence. Truman used disease imagery not only to communicate a sense of impending disaster in the spread of communism but also to create a "rhetorical vision" of containing it by extending a protective shield around non-communist countries throughout the world. It echoed the "quarantine the aggressor" policy Truman's predecessor, Franklin D. Roosevelt, had sought to impose to contain German and Japanese expansion in 1937 ("quarantine" suggested the role of public health officials handling an infectious disease). The medical metaphor extended beyond the immediate aims of the Truman Doctrine in that the imagery combined with fire and flood imagery evocative of disaster provided the United States with an easy transition to direct military confrontation in later years with communist forces in Korea and Vietnam. By ideological differences in life or death terms, Truman was able to garner support for this communism-containing policy.[16]
See also[edit]
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Liberal internationalism
Anti-communism
Reverse course
Turkey–United States relations
Greece-United States relations
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g McCullough, David (1992). Truman. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Jump up ^ Michael Beschloss (2006). Our Documents: 100 Milestone Documents From The National Archives. Oxford University Press. pp. 194–99. ISBN 978-0-19-530959-1.
Jump up ^ Eric Foner, Give Me Liberty! An American History (2nd ed. 2008) p 892
Jump up ^ Alan Bullock, Ernest Bevin: Foreign Secretary pp 368–9; Arnold Offner, Another Such Victory: President Truman and the Cold War, 1945–2002 (2002) p 197; Denise M. Bostdorff, Proclaiming the Truman Doctrine (2008) p 51
Jump up ^ George McGhee, The U.S.-Turkish-NATO Middle East Connection: How the Truman Doctrine and Turkey's NATO Entry Contained the Soviets in the Middle East, (1990)
^ Jump up to: a b c Merrill 2006.
Jump up ^ Barın Kayaoğlu, "Strategic imperatives, Democratic rhetoric: The United States and Turkey, 1945–52." Cold War History, Aug 2009, Vol. 9(3) pp. 321–345
Jump up ^ Bærentzen, Lars, John O. Iatrides, and Ole Langwitz. Smith. Studies in the History of the Greek Civil War, 1945–1949. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum, 1987. 276. Google Books. Web. 28 Apr. 2010. online
Jump up ^ Bullock, Ernest Bevin: Foreign Secretary (1983) ch 8
Jump up ^ Painter 2012, p. 29: "Although circumstances differed greatly in Greece, Turkey, and Iran, U.S. officials interpreted events in all three places as part of a Soviet plan to dominate the eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East. Mention of oil was deliberately deleted from Truman's March 12, 1947, address before Congress pledging resistance to communist expansion anywhere in the world; but guarding access to oil was an important part of the Truman Doctrine. The Truman Doctrine was named after Harry S. Truman. This doctrine stated that that the United States would provide political, military and economic assistance to all democratic nations under threat from external or internal authoritarian forces."
One draft, for example, of Truman's speech spoke of the "great natural resources" of the Middle East at stake (Kolko & Kolko 1972, p. 341).
Jump up ^ Freeland, Richard M. (1970). The Truman Doctrine and the Origins of McCarthyism. Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. pp. g. 90.
Jump up ^ Spalding, Elizabeth Edwards (2006). The First Cold Warrior: Harry Truman, Containment, and the Remaking of Liberal Internationalism. The University Press of Kentucky. p. 64.
Jump up ^ McGhee, George (1990). The US-Turkish-NATO Middle East Connection: How the Truman Doctrine Contained the Soviets in the Middle East. St. Harry’s Press. pp. g. 21.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Patterson, James T. (1996). Grand Expectations. New York: Oxford University Press.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Herring, George C. (2008). From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195078220.
Jump up ^ Ivie 1999.
Bibliography[edit]
Beisner, Robert L. Dean Acheson: A Life in the Cold War (2006)
Bostdorff, Denise M. Proclaiming the Truman Doctrine: The Cold War Call to Arms (2008) excerpt and text search
Bullock, Alan. Ernest Bevin: Foreign Secretary, 1945–1951 (1983) on British roles
Edwards, Lee. "Congress and the Origins of the Cold War: The Truman Doctrine," World Affairs, Vol. 151, 1989 online edition
Frazier, Robert. "Acheson and the Formulation of the Truman Doctrine" Journal of Modern Greek Studies 1999 17(2): 229–251. ISSN 0738-1727
Frazier, Robert. "Kennan, 'Universalism,' and the Truman Doctrine," Journal of Cold War Studies, Spring 2009, Vol. 11 Issue 2, pp 3–34
Gaddis, John Lewis. "Reconsiderations: Was the Truman Doctrine a Real Turning Point?" Foreign Affairs 1974 52(2): 386–402. ISSN 0015-7120
Hinds, Lynn Boyd, and Theodore Otto Windt Jr. The Cold War as Rhetoric: The Beginnings, 1945–1950 (1991) online edition
Iatrides, John O. and Nicholas X. Rizopoulos. "The International Dimension of the Greek Civil War." World Policy Journal 2000 17(1): 87–103. ISSN 0740-2775 Fulltext: in Ebsco
Ivie, Robert L. (1999). "Fire, Flood, and Red Fever: Motivating Metaphors of Global Emergency in the Truman Doctrine Speech". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 29 (3): 570–591. doi:10.1111/j.0268-2141.2003.00050.x.
Jeffrey, Judith S. Ambiguous Commitments and Uncertain Policies: The Truman Doctrine in Greece, 1947–1952 (2000). 257 pp.
Jones, Howard. "A New Kind of War": America's Global Strategy and the Truman Doctrine in Greece (1989). 327 pp
Kayaoğlu, Barın. "Strategic imperatives, Democratic rhetoric: The United States and Turkey, 1945–52.," Cold War History, Aug 2009, Vol. 9(3). pp. 321–345
Kolko, Joyce; Kolko, Gabriel (1972). The Limits of Power: The World and United States Foreign Policy, 1945–1954. New York, NY: Harper & Row. ISBN 978-0-06-012447-2.
Leffler, Melvyn P. "Strategy, Diplomacy, and the Cold War: the United States, Turkey, and NATO, 1945–1952" Journal of American History 1985 71(4): 807–825. ISSN 0021-8723 in JSTOR
Lykogiannis, Athanasios. Britain and the Greek Economic Crisis, 1944–1947: From Liberation to the Truman Doctrine. U. of Missouri Press, 2002. 287 pp. online edition
McGhee, George. The U.S.-Turkish-NATO Middle East Connection: How the Truman Doctrine and Turkey's NATO Entry Contained the Soviets in the Middle East. (1990). 224 pp.
Merrill, Dennis (2006). "The Truman Doctrine: Containing Communism and Modernity". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 36 (1): 27–37. doi:10.1111/j.1741-5705.2006.00284.x.
Meiertöns, Heiko: The Doctrines of US Security Policy – An Evaluation under International Law (2010), ISBN 978-0-521-76648-7.
Offner, Arnold A. "'Another Such Victory': President Truman, American Foreign Policy, and the Cold War." Diplomatic History 1999 23(2): 127–155.ISSN 0145-2096
Pach Jr., Chester J. Arming the Free World: The Origins of the United States Military Assistance Program, 1945–1950, (1991) online edition
Painter, David S. (2012). "Oil and the American Century" (PDF). The Journal of American History. 99 (1): 24–39. doi:10.1093/jahist/jas073.
Pieper, Moritz A. (2012). "Containment and the Cold War: Reexaming the Doctrine of Containment as a Grand Strategy Driving US Cold War Interventions". StudentPulse.com. Retrieved 22 August 2012.
Spalding, Elizabeth Edwards. The First Cold Warrior: Harry Truman, Containment, And the Remaking of Liberal Internationalism (2006)
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Truman Doctrine
Truman Comments on Greek Politicking, 1947 Shapell Manuscript Foundation
Truman Library website with papers related to the Truman Doctrine
Full text of the speech
Full text and audio of the speech
Cartoon on display at the LoC
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Robert Hardy
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For other people named Robert Hardy, see Robert Hardy (disambiguation).
This article's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. Please discuss this issue on the article's talk page. (September 2017)
Robert Hardy
CBE
Born
Timothy Sydney Robert Hardy
(1925-10-29)29 October 1925
Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, England
Died
3 August 2017(2017-08-03) (aged 91)
Northwood, London, England
Alma mater
Magdalen College, Oxford
Occupation
Actor
Years active
1958–2017
Spouse(s)
Elizabeth Fox (m. 1952–56)
Sally Pearson (m. 1961–86)
Robert Hardy's voice
Timothy Sydney Robert Hardy, CBE, FSA (29 October 1925 – 3 August 2017)[2] was an English actor who enjoyed a long career in the theatre, film and television.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Awards
4 Personal life
5 TV and filmography
5.1 Films
5.2 Television
6 References
7 External links
Early life[edit]
Hardy was born in Cheltenham in 1925 to Jocelyn (née Dugdale) and Henry Harrison Hardy,[3] the headmaster of Cheltenham College and later of Shrewsbury School. He was educated at Rugby School and Magdalen College, Oxford, where his studies were interrupted by service in the Royal Air Force during World War II. He trained as a pilot, receiving part of his instruction in Terrell,[4][5] Texas, in the British Flying Training School Program. While he visited Los Angeles[6] when on leave from flight training at Terrell, his later acting career never gained a foothold in Hollywood.[7] After service in the RAF, he returned to gain a BA (Hons) in English.[8] On BBC Radio 4's Desert Island Discs he described the degree he obtained as "shabby", although he treasured the time spent studying under C. S. Lewis and J. R. R. Tolkien.[9]
Career[edit]
Hardy began his career as a classical actor. In 1959 he appeared as Sicinius opposite Laurence Olivier in Coriolanus at Stratford-upon-Avon, directed by Peter Hall.[10] He then appeared in Shakespeare's Henry V on stage and in television's An Age of Kings (1960), and subsequently played Coriolanus in The Spread of the Eagle (BBC, 1963) and Sir Toby Belch for the BBC Television Shakespeare production of Twelfth Night in 1980. Over the years, Hardy played a range of parts on television and film. His first continuing role in a TV series was as businessman Alec Stewart in the award-winning oil company drama The Troubleshooters for the BBC, which he played from 1966 to 1970. He won further acclaim for his portrayal of the mentally-unhinged Abwehr Sgt. Gratz in LWT's 1969 war drama Manhunt. In 1975, Hardy portrayed Albert, Prince Consort in the award-winning 13-hour serial Edward the Seventh (known as Edward the King to the American audience),[11] which he regarded as one of his best performances. "I thought I'd done a good job there, although I believe the Royal Family didn't like it all. There are always people who don't like what one does."[12]
He was seen as the irascible senior veterinarian Siegfried Farnon in the long-running All Creatures Great and Small (1978–90), an adaptation of James Herriot's semi-autobiographical books.[2]
Hardy also made an appearance in the 1986–88 ITV comedy series Hot Metal, in which he played the dual roles of newspaper proprietor Twiggy Rathbone (who bore more than a passing resemblance to Rupert Murdoch) and his editor, Russell Spam.[13] In 1993 Hardy appeared in an episode of Inspector Morse, playing Andrew Baydon in "Twilight of the Gods". In 2002, he played the role of pompous and eccentric Professor Neddy Welch in a WTTV/WGBH Boston co-production of Lucky Jim, adapted from the novel by Kingsley Amis. It aired originally as part of the Masterpiece series on PBS in the U.S. and starred Stephen Tompkinson in the title role of Jim Dixon, a luckless lecturer at a provincial British university.[14]
Hardy played both Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt, each on more than one occasion. He played Churchill most notably in Winston Churchill: The Wilderness Years (1981), for which he won a BAFTA award, but also in The Sittaford Mystery, Bomber Harris and War and Remembrance. On 20 August 2010, he read Churchill's famous wartime address "Never was so much owed by so many to so few" at a ceremony to mark the 70th anniversary of the speech.[15] He played Roosevelt in the BBC serial, Bertie and Elizabeth, and in the French TV mini-series, Le Grand Charles, about the life of Charles de Gaulle.[citation needed]
He also played Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, in Elizabeth R, and took the role of Sir John Middleton in the 1995 film version of Sense and Sensibility.[11]
His big screen roles included Professor Krempe in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein and Minister of Magic Cornelius Fudge in the Harry Potter films.[2]
His voice performance as Robin Hood in Tale Spinners For Children, an LP from the 1960s, is considered one of the best Robin Hood renditions.[16] His voice was also the voice of D'Artagnan in The Three Musketeers, and of Frédéric Chopin, in The Story of Chopin.[citation needed]
Awards[edit]
Hardy was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 1981 Birthday Honours.[17]
Personal life[edit]
His first marriage, in 1952, was to Elizabeth Fox, the daughter of Sir Lionel Fox; they had a son, Paul.[11] This marriage ended in 1956. In 1961 he married Sally Pearson, the daughter of the baronet Sir Neville Pearson and Dame Gladys Cooper as well as a sister-in-law of Robert Morley. From this marriage, which ended in 1986, Hardy had two other children,[11] one of whom is Justine Hardy, a journalist, activist, and psychotherapist who founded Healing Kashmir.[18][19] His second daughter, Emma, is a mother of three and a photographer.
He was a close friend of actor Richard Burton, whom he met at Oxford University.[17] He shared some memories of their wartime friendship and read extracts from Burton's newly-published diaries at the Cheltenham Literature Festival in 2012.[20]
While playing Henry V, Hardy developed an interest in medieval warfare, and in 1963 he wrote and presented an acclaimed television documentary on the subject of the Battle of Agincourt.[21] He also wrote two books on the subject of the longbow, Longbow: A Social and Military History,[22] and The Great Warbow; From Hastings to the Mary Rose with Matthew Strickland.[23] He was one of the experts consulted by the archaeologist responsible for raising the Mary Rose. He was Master of the Worshipful Company of Bowyers of the City of London from 1988 to 1990. In 1996 he was elected a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries.[24]
In February 2013, Hardy withdrew from his scheduled performance as Winston Churchill in Peter Morgan's play, The Audience, after suffering cracked ribs as the result of a fall.[25]
Hardy died on 3 August 2017, aged 91, at Denville Hall, a home for retired actors.[2]
TV and filmography[edit]
Films[edit]
Torpedo Run (1958) .... Lt. Redley
The Spy Who Came in from the Cold (1965) .... Dick Carlton
Berserk! (1967) .... Supt. Brooks
How I Won the War (1967) .... British General
Psychomania (1971) .... Chief Inspector Hesseltine
10 Rillington Place (1971) .... Malcolm Morris
Young Winston (1972) .... Headmaster
Demons of the Mind (1972) .... Zorn
Gawain and the Green Knight (1973) .... Sir Bertilak
Yellow Dog (1973) .... Alexander
The Gathering Storm (1974) .... Joachim von Ribbentrop
The Zany Adventures of Robin Hood (1984) .... King Richard
The Shooting Party (1985) .... Lord Bob Lilburn
Paris by Night (1988) .... Adam Gillvray
Mary Shelley's Frankenstein (1994) .... Professor Krempe
A Feast at Midnight (1995) .... Headmaster
Sense and Sensibility (1995) .... Sir John Middleton
Gulliver's Travels (1996) .... Dr. Parnell
Mrs. Dalloway (1997) .... Sir William Bradshaw
The Tichborne Claimant (1998) .... Lord Rivers
An Ideal Husband (1998) .... Lord Caversham
The 10th Kingdom (2000) .... Chancellor Griswold
The Gathering (2002) .... The Bishop
Thunderpants (2002) .... Doctor
Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (2002) .... Cornelius Fudge
Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (2004) .... Cornelius Fudge
Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2005) .... Cornelius Fudge
Lassie (2005) .... Judge Murray
Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (2007) .... Cornelius Fudge
Margaret (2009) .... Willie Whitelaw
Old Harry (Short) (2009) .... Old Harry
Churchill: 100 Days That Saved Britain (2015) .... Winston Churchill
Joseph's Reel (short) (2015) .... Old Joseph
Snapshot Wedding (2017 pre-production) .... Donald
Television[edit]
An Age of Kings (1960)
The Spread of the Eagle (1963) .... Coriolanus
The Troubleshooters (1966-70)
The Baron (1966), episode "A Memory of Evil"
The Saint (1968), season 6, episode 4, "The Desperate Diplomat"
Manhunt (1969) .... Abwehr Sgt Graz
Elizabeth R (1971) .... Robert Dudley
Edward the Seventh (1975) .... Albert, Prince Consort
Upstairs, Downstairs (1975), season 5, episode 8, "Such A Lovely Man"
The Duchess of Duke Street (1976) Episode: "A Lady of Virtue"
All Creatures Great and Small (1978–1980 and 1988–1990; entire series) .... Siegfried Farnon
Twelfth Night (1980)
The Pied Piper of Hamelin (1980), narrator of BAFTA winning animation by Cosgrove Hall Films
Winston Churchill: The Wilderness Years (1981), Winston Churchill
The Case-Book of Sherlock Holmes, episode "The Master Blackmailer" (1991) .... Charles Milverton
Jenny's War (1985) .... Klein
Northanger Abbey (1986) .... General Tilney
Hot Metal (1986-88) .... Terence "Twiggy" Rathbone
War and Remembrance (1988) .... Winston Churchill
Middlemarch (1994) .... Mr. Brooke
Inspector Morse, episode "Twilight of the Gods"
Midsomer Murders (1999), season 2, episode 3, "Dead Man's Eleven"
Foyle's War, "The German Woman"
Spooks (2003), second series, episode 4, "Blood and Money" .... Bank of England supreme manager
Making Waves (2004)
Agatha Christie's Marple, series 2, episode "The Sittaford Mystery" (2006) .... Winston Churchill
Little Dorrit (2008)
Lewis, series 4, episode "Dark Matter" (2010)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Robert Hardy". Desert Island Discs. 20 November 2011. BBC Radio 4. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Harry Potter actor Robert Hardy dies at 91". BBC News. 2017-08-03. Retrieved 2017-08-03.
Jump up ^ Robert Hardy Biography (1925–)
Jump up ^ Terrell Municipal Airporta
Jump up ^ "Goodbye To The Minister Of Magic, Actor Robert Hardy", Vivian Hughbanks, The Federalist, August 7, 2017, https://thefederalist.com/2017/08/07/goodbye-minister-magic-actor-robert-hardy/
Jump up ^ Robert Hardy's Path To 'Middlemarch' April 10, 1994 SUSAN KING http://articles.latimes.com/1994-04-10/news/tv-44110_1_robert-hardy
Jump up ^ Michael Coveney, "Robert Hardy Obituary", The Guardian, August 3, 2017 https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2017/aug/03/robert-hardy-obituary
Jump up ^ Robert Hardy at oxford student.com. Retrieved 14 October 2012
Jump up ^ BBC Radio Four – broadcast 25 November 2011
Jump up ^ "ROB WILTON THEATRICALIA Stratford 1955–60". Phyllis.demon.co.uk. Retrieved 10 June 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Michael Coveney (3 August 2017). "Robert Hardy obituary". The Guardian.
Jump up ^ All Memories Great & Small, Oliver Crocker (2016; MIWK)
Jump up ^ "Hot Metal - ITV Sitcom". British Comedy Guide. Retrieved 4 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Richard Bradford (19 April 2003). "Filming Lucky Jim". Spectator archive. Retrieved 4 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Lawless, Jill. "70 years on from WWII, Britain remembers 'the few'". Associated Press. Retrieved 20 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "Tale Spinners for Children: Robin Hood" UAC 11001: "Starring Robert Hardy as Robin Hood with the Famous Theater Company and the Hollywood Studio Orchestra"; cf. also Arts Reformation.
^ Jump up to: a b "Obituary: Robert Hardy". BBC New Online. Retrieved 3 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Meneses, Geeta Alvares (2009). "A Humane Being" (PDF). Libas International: 74 – via Justine Hardy website.
Jump up ^ "'Kashmiris have felt isolated during conflict'". The Times of India. 27 January 2010. Retrieved 20 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Aled Thomas (4 August 2017). "Harry Potter actor Robert Hardy dies aged 91". GloucestershireLive.
Jump up ^ "The Picardy Affair". BBC. Retrieved 4 August 2017.
Jump up ^ Longbow: A Social and Military History
Jump up ^ Sutton Publishing 2005. ISBN 0-7509-3167-1 ISBN 978-0750931670
Jump up ^ "List of Fellows – H". Society of Antiquaries of London. Retrieved 9 May 2010.
Jump up ^ "Robert Hardy withdraws from Churchill role in Helen Mirren play". BBC News. BBC. 26 February 2013. Retrieved 26 February 2013.
External links[edit]
Robert Hardy on IMDb
Robert Hardy(Aveleyman)
findagrave(memorial)
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 107601877
LCCN: n88051162
ISNI: 0000 0001 1479 6490
GND: 17215149X
SUDOC: 059208252
BNF: cb140712348 (data)
BIBSYS: 3014847
MusicBrainz: 154c0c03-d6b4-4310-8872-ce3eb2722e55
NKC: pna2004259298
BNE: XX1507037
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