text:
List of college athletic programs in North Carolina
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The main article is College athletics.
Notes:
This list is in a tabular format, with columns arranged in the following order, from left to right:
Athletic team description (short school name and nickname), with a link to the school's athletic program article if it exists. When only one nickname is listed, it is used for teams of both sexes (in recent years, many schools have chosen to use the same nickname for men's and women's teams even when the nickname is distinctly masculine). When two nicknames are given, the first is used for men's teams and the other is used for women's teams. Different nicknames for a specific sport within a school are noted separately below the table.
Full name of school.
Location of school.
Conference of the school (if conference column is left blank, the school is either independent or the conference is unknown).
Apart from the ongoing conversions, the following notes apply:
Following the normal standard of U.S. sports media, the terms "University" and "College" are ignored in alphabetization, unless necessary to distinguish schools (such as Boston College and Boston University) or are actually used by the media in normally describing the school (formerly the case for the College of Charleston, but media now use "Charleston" for that school's athletic program).
Schools are also alphabetized by the names they are most commonly referred to by sports media, with non-intuitive examples included in parentheses next to the school name. This means, for example, that campuses bearing the name "University of North Carolina" may variously be found at "C" (Charlotte), "N" (North Carolina, referring to the Chapel Hill campus), and "U" (the Asheville, Greensboro, Pembroke, and Wilmington campuses, all normally referred to as UNC {campus name}).
The prefix "St.", as in "Saint", is alphabetized as if it were spelled out.
Contents
[hide]
1 NCAA
1.1 Division I
1.2 Division II
1.3 Division III
2 NAIA
3 USCAA
4 NJCAA
4.1 Other
5 See also
NCAA[edit]
Division I[edit]
Team
School
City
Conference
Appalachian State Mountaineers Appalachian State University Boone Sun Belt
Campbell Fighting Camels and Lady Camels Campbell University Buies Creek Big South / Pioneer
Charlotte 49ers North Carolina Charlotte !University of North Carolina at Charlotte Charlotte Conference USA
Davidson Wildcats Davidson College Davidson Atlantic 10 / Pioneer
Duke Blue Devils Duke University Durham ACC
East Carolina Pirates and Lady Pirates East Carolina University Greenville American Athletic
Elon Phoenix Elon University Elon Colonial
Gardner–Webb Runnin' Bulldogs Gardner–Webb University Boiling Springs Big South
High Point Panthers High Point University High Point Big South
NC State Wolfpack North Carolina State University Raleigh ACC
North Carolina !North Carolina Tar Heels North Carolina !University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill ACC
North Carolina A&T Aggies North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University Greensboro MEAC
North Carolina Central Eagles North Carolina Central University Durham MEAC
UNC Asheville Bulldogs North Carolina Asheville !University of North Carolina at Asheville Asheville Big South
UNC Greensboro Spartans North Carolina Greensboro !University of North Carolina at Greensboro Greensboro Southern
UNC Wilmington Seahawks North Carolina Wilmington !University of North Carolina at Wilmington Wilmington Colonial
Wake Forest Demon Deacons Wake Forest University Winston-Salem ACC
Western Carolina Catamounts Western Carolina University Cullowhee Southern
Division II[edit]
Team
School
City
Conference
Barton Bulldogs Barton College Wilson Conference Carolinas
Belmont Abbey Crusaders Belmont Abbey College Belmont Conference Carolinas
Catawba Indians Catawba College Salisbury South Atlantic
Chowan Hawks Chowan College Murfreesboro Central Intercollegiate
Elizabeth City State Vikings Elizabeth City State University Elizabeth City Central Intercollegiate
Fayetteville State Broncos Fayetteville State University Fayetteville Central Intercollegiate
Johnson C. Smith Golden Bulls Johnson C. Smith University Charlotte Central Intercollegiate
Lees–McRae Bobcats Lees–McRae College Banner Elk Conference Carolinas
Lenoir–Rhyne Bears Lenoir–Rhyne University Hickory South Atlantic
Livingstone Blue Bears Livingstone College Salisbury Central Intercollegiate
Mars Hill Lions Mars Hill University Mars Hill South Atlantic
Mount Olive Trojans University of Mount Olive Mount Olive Conference Carolinas
Pfeiffer Falcons Pfeiffer University Misenheimer Conference Carolinas
Queens Royals Queens University of Charlotte Charlotte South Atlantic
St. Augustine's Falcons St. Augustine's University Raleigh Central Intercollegiate
Shaw Bears Shaw University Raleigh Central Intercollegiate
UNC Pembroke Braves University of North Carolina at Pembroke Pembroke Peach Belt
Wingate Bulldogs Wingate University Wingate South Atlantic
Winston-Salem State Rams and Lady Rams Winston-Salem State University Winston-Salem Central Intercollegiate
Division III[edit]
Team
School
City
Conference
Brevard Tornadoes Brevard College Brevard USA South
Greensboro Pride Greensboro College Greensboro USA South
Guilford Quakers Guilford College Greensboro Old Dominion
Meredith Angels Meredith College Raleigh USA South
Methodist Monarchs Methodist University Fayetteville USA South
North Carolina Wesleyan Battling Bishops North Carolina Wesleyan College Rocky Mount USA South
Salem Spirits Salem College Winston-Salem USA South
William Peace Pacers William Peace University Raleigh USA South
NAIA[edit]
Team
School
City
Conference
Montreat Cavaliers Montreat College Montreat Appalachian
St. Andrews Knights St. Andrews University Laurinburg Appalachian
USCAA[edit]
Team
School
City
Johnson & Wales Wildcats Johnson & Wales University Charlotte
Warren Wilson Owls Warren Wilson College Asheville
MACU Mustangs Mid-Atlantic Christian University Elizabeth City
NJCAA[edit]
Team
School
City
Conference
Albemarle Dolphins College of The Albemarle Elizabeth City Carolinas JC
Brunswick Dolphins Brunswick Community College Supply Carolinas JC
Caldwell Cobras Caldwell Community College & Technical Institute Hudson Carolinas JC
Cape Fear Sea Devils Cape Fear Community College Wilmington Carolinas JC
Catawba Valley Buccaneers Catawba Valley Community College Hickory Carolinas JC
Central Carolina Cougars Central Carolina Community College Sanford Carolinas JC
Davidson County Storm Davidson County Community College Thomasville Carolinas JC
Guilford Tech Titans Guilford Technical Community College Jamestown Carolinas JC
Johnston Jaguars Johnston Community College Smithfield Carolinas JC
Lenoir Lancers Lenoir Community College Kinston Carolinas JC
Louisburg Hurricanes Louisburg College Louisburg Carolinas JC
Pitt Bulldogs Pitt Community College Greenville Carolinas JC
Rockingham Eagles Rockingham Community College Wentworth Carolinas JC
Sandhills Flyers Sandhills Community College Pinehurst Carolinas JC
Southeastern Rams Southeastern Community College Whiteville Carolinas JC
Surry Knights Surry Community College Dobson Carolinas JC
Vance–Granville Vanguards Vance–Granville Community College Henderson Carolinas JC
Wake Tech Eagles Wake Technical Community College Raleigh Carolinas JC
Other[edit]
Team
School
City
Conference
Barber-Scotia Mighty Sabres Barber-Scotia College Concord None
See also[edit]
List of NCAA Division I institutions
List of NCAA Division II institutions
List of NCAA Division III institutions
List of NAIA institutions
List of USCAA institutions
List of NCCAA institutions
List of college athletic programs by U.S. state
[show]
v
t
e
College athletic programs in the United States by state
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
See also
Puerto Rico
Washington, D.C.
Guam
US Virgin Islands
[show]
v
t
e
Sports teams based in North Carolina
Australian rules football
USAFL/EAFL
North Carolina Tigers

Baseball
IL
Charlotte Knights
Durham Bulls
CL
Buies Creek Astros
Carolina Mudcats
Down East Wood Ducks
Winston-Salem Dash
SAL
Asheville Tourists
Greensboro Grasshoppers
Hickory Crawdads
Kannapolis Intimidators
ApL
Burlington Royals
CPL
Asheboro Copperheads
Edenton Steamers
Fayetteville SwampDogs
Forest City Owls
Gastonia Grizzlies
Morehead City Marlins
High Point-Thomasville HiToms
Wilmington Sharks
Wilson Tobs
TSL
Outer Banks Daredevils
Basketball
NBA
Charlotte Hornets
G League
Greensboro Swarm
Football
NFL
Carolina Panthers
NAL
Carolina Cobras
AAL
Cape Fear Heroes
Carolina Energy
High Country Grizzlies
Triangle Torch
WFA
Carolina Phoenix
USWFL
Carolina Queens
Fayetteville Fierce
Hockey
NHL
Carolina Hurricanes
AHL
Charlotte Checkers
SPHL
Fayetteville Marksmen
FHL
Carolina Thunderbirds
Lacrosse
MLL
Charlotte Hounds
Roller derby
WFTDA
Blue Ridge Rollergirls
Cape Fear Roller Girls
Carolina Rollergirls
Charlotte Roller Girls
Rogue Rollergirls
Rugby
SL
Charlotte Rugby Club
Soccer
USL
Charlotte Independence
North Carolina FC
NWSL
North Carolina Courage
PDL
Carolina Dynamo
Charlotte Eagles
North Carolina FC U23
Tobacco Road FC
Wilmington Hammerheads
NPSL
Asheville City SC
Ultimate
AUDL
Raleigh Flyers
College athletics
(NCAA Division I)
FBS
Appalachian State Mountaineers
Charlotte 49ers
Duke Blue Devils
East Carolina Pirates
North Carolina Tar Heels
NC State Wolfpack
Wake Forest Demon Deacons
FCS
Campbell Camels
Davidson Wildcats
Elon Phoenix
Gardner-Webb Bulldogs
North Carolina A&T Aggies
North Carolina Central Eagles
Western Carolina Catamounts
non-football
Asheville Bulldogs
Greensboro Spartans
High Point Panthers
Wilmington Seahawks
See also
Sports in North Carolina
List of sports venues in North Carolina
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_college_athletic_programs_in_North_Carolina&oldid=821407378"
Categories:
Lists of college athletic programs by U.S. state
College sports in North Carolina
North Carolina sports-related lists
North Carolina education-related lists
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text:
Geography of Iran
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Geography of Iran

Continent
Asia
Region
Western Asia[1][2][3]
Coordinates
32°00'N, 53°00'E
Area
Ranked 17th
• Total
1,648,195 km2 (636,372 sq mi)
• Land
99.27%
• Water
0.73%
Coastline
2,440 km (1,520 mi)
Borders
Total land borders:
5,894 km (3,662 mi)
Afghanistan:
921 km (572 mi)
Armenia:
44 km (27 mi)
Azerbaijan (proper):
432 km (268 mi)
Azerbaijan (Nakhchivan exclave):
179 km (111 mi)
Iraq:
1,599 km (994 mi)
Pakistan:
959 km (596 mi)
Turkey:
534 km (332 mi)
Turkmenistan:
1,148 km (713 mi)
Highest point
Mount Damavand
5,610 m (18,406 ft)
Lowest point
Caspian Sea
−28 m (−91.9 ft)
Longest river
Karun
Largest lake
Lake Urmia
Geographically, Iran is located in West Asia and borders the Caspian Sea, Persian Gulf, and Gulf of Oman. Its mountains have helped to shape both the political and the economic history of the country for several centuries. The mountains enclose several broad basins, on which major agricultural and urban settlements are located. Until the 20th century, when major highways and railroads were constructed through the mountains to connect the population centers, these basins tended to be relatively isolated from one another.
Iran map of Köppen climate classification.
Locator map of Iran
Typically, one major town dominated each basin, and there were complex economic relationships between the town and the hundreds of villages that surrounded it. In the higher elevations of the mountains rimming the basins, tribally organized groups practiced transhumance, moving with their herds of sheep and goats between traditionally established summer and winter pastures. There are no major river systems in the country, and historically transportation was by means of caravans that followed routes traversing gaps and passes in the mountains. The mountains also impeded easy access to the Persian Gulf and the Caspian Sea.
With an area of 1,648,000 square kilometres (636,000 sq mi), Iran ranks eighteenth in size among the countries of the world. Iran shares its northern borders with three post-Soviet states: Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Turkmenistan. These borders extend for more than 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi), including nearly 650 kilometres (400 mi) of water along the southern shore of the Caspian Sea. Iran's western borders are with Turkey in the north and Iraq in the south, terminating at the Arvand Rud.
The Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman littorals form the entire 1,770 kilometres (1,100 mi) southern border. To the east lie Afghanistan on the north and Pakistan on the far south. Iran's diagonal distance from Azerbaijan in the northwest to Sistan and Baluchestan Province in the southeast is approximately 2,333 kilometres (1,450 mi).
Contents
[hide]
1 Topography
2 Climate
3 Flora and fauna
3.1 Ecosystem and biosphere
4 Environmental concerns
5 Resources and land use
6 Area and boundaries
6.1 International territorial disputes
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Topography[edit]
See also: List of mountains in Iran, List of islands of Iran, Transport in Iran, and Communications in Iran
Iran at night
Topography of Iran
The topography of Iran consists of rugged, mountainous rims surrounding high interior basins. The main mountain chain is the Zagros Mountains, a series of parallel ridges interspersed with plains that bisect the country from northwest to southeast. Many peaks in the Zagros exceed 3,000 metres (9,843 ft) above sea level, and in the south-central region of the country there are at least five peaks that are over 4,000 metres (13,123 ft).
As the Zagros continue into southeastern Iran, the average elevation of the peaks declines dramatically to under 1,500 metres (4,921 ft). Rimming the Caspian Sea littoral is another chain of mountains, the narrow but high Alborz Mountains. Volcanic Mount Damavand, 5,610 metres (18,406 ft), located in the center of the Alborz, is not only the country's highest peak but also the highest mountain on the Eurasian landmass west of the Hindu Kush.
The center of Iran consists of several closed basins that collectively are referred to as the Central Plateau. The average elevation of this plateau is about 900 metres (2,953 ft), but several of the mountains that tower over the plateau exceed 3,000 metres (9,843 ft). The eastern part of the plateau is covered by two salt deserts, the Dasht-e Kavir (Great Salt Desert) and the Dasht-e Lut. Except for some scattered oases, these deserts are uninhabited.
Parts of northwestern Iran are part of the Armenian highlands, which adjoins it topographically with other parts of neighbouring Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia.[4]
Iran has only two expanses of lowlands: the Khuzestan Plain in the southwest and the Caspian Sea coastal plain in the north. The former is a roughly triangular-shaped extension of the Mesopotamia plain and averages about 160 kilometres (99 mi) in width. It extends for about 120 kilometres (75 mi) inland, barely rising a few meters above sea level, then meets abruptly with the first foothills of the Zagros. Much of the Khuzestan plain is covered with marshes.
The Caspian plain is both longer and narrower. It extends for some 640 kilometres (400 mi) along the Caspian shore, but its widest point is less than 50 kilometres (31 mi), while at some places less than 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) separate the shore from the Alborz foothills. The Persian Gulf coast south of Khuzestan and the Gulf of Oman coast have no real plains because the Zagros in these areas come right down to the shore.
There are no major rivers in the country. Of the small rivers and streams, the only one that is navigable is the 830 kilometres (520 mi)-long Karun, which shallow-draft boats can negotiate from Khorramshahr to Ahvaz, a distance of about 180 kilometres (110 mi). Other major rivers include the Karkheh, spanning 700 kilometres (430 mi) and joining the Tigris; and the Zayandeh River, which is 300 kilometres (190 mi) long. Several other permanent rivers and streams also drain into the Persian Gulf, while a number of small rivers that originate in the northwestern Zagros or Alborz drain into the Caspian Sea.
On the Central Plateau, numerous rivers—most of which have dry beds for the greater part of the year—form from snow melting in the mountains during the spring and flow through permanent channels, draining eventually into salt lakes that also tend to dry up during the summer months. There is a permanent salt lake, Lake Urmia (the traditional name, also cited as Lake Urmiyeh, to which it has reverted after being called Lake Rezaiyeh under Mohammad Reza Shah), in the northwest, whose brine content is too high to support fish or most other forms of aquatic life. There are also several connected salt lakes along the Iran-Afghanistan border in the province of Baluchestan va Sistan.
Climate[edit]
See also: Climate
Iran has a variable climate. In the northwest, winters are cold with heavy snowfall and subfreezing temperatures during December and January. Spring and fall are relatively mild, while summers are dry and hot. In the south, winters are mild and the summers are very hot, having average daily temperatures in July exceeding 38 °C (100.4 °F). On the Khuzestan Plain, summer heat is accompanied by high humidity.
In general, Iran has an arid climate in which most of the relatively scant annual precipitation falls from October through April. In most of the country, yearly precipitation averages 250 millimetres (9.8 in) or less. The major exceptions are the higher mountain valleys of the Zagros and the Caspian coastal plain, where precipitation averages at least 500 millimetres (19.7 in) annually. In the western part of the Caspian, rainfall exceeds 1,000 millimetres (39.4 in) annually and is distributed relatively evenly throughout the year. This contrasts with some basins of the Central Plateau that receive ten centimeters or less of precipitation.
Caspian mild and wet
Caspian mild
Mediterranean with spring rains
Mediterranean
Cold mountains
Very cold mountains
Cold semi-desert
Hot semi-desert
Dry desert
Hot dry desert
Hot coastal dry
Coastal dry
Flora and fauna[edit]
See also: Wildlife of Iran, List of birds of Iran, List of mammals of Iran, and List of trees of Iran
Map of biotopes of Iran
Forest steppe
Forests and woodlands
Semi-desert
Desert lowlands
Steppe
Salted alluvial marshes
7% of the country is forested. The most extensive growths are found on the mountain slopes rising from the Caspian Sea, with stands of oak, ash, elm, cypress, and other valuable trees. On the plateau proper, areas of scrub oak appear on the best-watered mountain slopes, and villagers cultivate orchards and grow the plane tree, poplar, willow, walnut, beech, maple, and mulberry. Wild plants and shrubs spring from the barren land in the spring and afford pasturage, but the summer sun burns them away. According to FAO reports,[5] the major types of forests that exist in Iran and their respective areas are:
Caspian forests of the northern districts – 19,000 km2 (7,300 sq mi)
Limestone mountainous forests in the northeastern districts (Juniperus forests) – 13,000 km2 (5,000 sq mi)
Pistachio forests in the eastern, southern and southeastern districts – 26,000 km2 (10,000 sq mi)
Oak forests in the central and western districts – 35,000 km2 (14,000 sq mi)
Shrubs of the Kavir (desert) districts in the central and northeastern part of the country – 10,000 km2 (3,900 sq mi)
Sub-tropical forests of the southern coast, like the Hara forests – 5,000 km2 (1,900 sq mi)
Wildlife of Iran is diverse and composed of several animal species including bears, gazelles, wild pigs, wolves, jackals, panthers, Eurasian lynx, and foxes. Domestic animals include, sheep, goats, cattle, horses, water buffalo, donkeys, and camels. The pheasant, partridge, stork, eagles and falcon are also native to Iran.
As of 2001, 20 of Iran's mammal species and 14 bird species are endangered. Among them are the Baluchistan bear (Ursus thibetanus gedrosianus), a subspecies of Asian black bear, Persian fallow deer, Siberian crane, hawksbill turtle, green turtle, Oxus cobra, Latifi's viper, dugong and dolphins. The Asiatic cheetah is a critically endangered species which is extinct elsewhere and now can only be found in central to northeastern parts of Iran.
Iran lost all its Asiatic lions and Caspian tigers by the earlier part of the 20th century. The Syrian wild ass has become extinct. Syrian brown bears in the mountains, wild sheep and goats, gazelles, Persian onagers, wild pigs, Persian leopards, and foxes abound. Domestic animals include sheep, goats, cattle, horses, water buffalo, donkeys, and camels. The pheasant, partridge, stork, and falcon are native to Iran.
The Persian leopard is said to be the largest of all the subspecies of leopards in the world. The main range of this species in Iran closely overlaps with that of bezoar ibex. Hence, it is found throughout Alborz and Zagros mountain ranges, as well as smaller ranges within the Iranian plateau. The leopard population is very sparse, due to loss of habitat, loss of natural prey, and population fragmentation.[6] Apart from bezoar ibex, wild sheep, boar, deer, (either Caspian red deer or roe deer), and domestic animals constitute leopards' diet in Iran.
Ecosystem and biosphere[edit]
Main articles: List of national parks and protected areas of Iran and List of biosphere reserves in Iran
Iran's bio-diversity ranks 13th in the world.[7] There are 272 conservation areas around Iran for a total of 17 million hectares under the supervision of the Department of Environment (Iran), variously named national parks, protected areas, and natural wildlife refuges, all meant to protect the genetic resources of the country. There are only 2,617 rangers and 430 environmental monitoring units engaged in protecting these vast areas, which amounts to 6,500 hectares to cover for each ranger.[8]
Ramsar sites (23/06/75)
Area (km2)
Anzali Wetland Complex,[9] Gilan Province 150
Arjan Meadow,[10] Fars Province 22
Lake Gori,[11] East Azerbaijan Province 1.2
Lake Kobi,[12] West Azerbaijan Province 12
Lake Parishan,[10] Fars Province 40
Miankaleh Peninsula, Gorgan Bay, Lapoo-Zaghmarz Ab-bandan[13] Mazandaran Province 1000
Environmental concerns[edit]
Main article: Environmental issues in Iran
Natural hazards: periodic droughts, floods; dust storms, sandstorms; earthquakes along western border and in the northeast
Environment – current issues: air pollution, especially in urban areas, from vehicle emissions, refinery operations, and industrial effluents; deforestation; desertification; oil pollution in the Persian Gulf; wetland losses from drought; soil degradation (salination); inadequate supplies of potable water in some areas; water pollution from raw sewage and industrial waste; urbanization.
Resources and land use[edit]
See also: Mining in Iran, Agriculture in Iran, Economy of Iran, and Irrigation in Iran
Iranian provinces' contribution to GDP. Tehran host 45% of Iran's industries.[14]
Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas, coal, chromium, copper, iron ore, lead, manganese, zinc, sulfur
arable land: 10.87%
permanent crops: 1.19%
other: 87.93% (2012 est.)
Irrigated land: 87,000 km2 (34,000 sq mi) (2009)
Total renewable water resources: 137 km3 (2011)
Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):
total: 93.3 km3/yr (7%/1%/92%)
per capita: 1,306 m3/yr (2004)
Area and boundaries[edit]
Area[15]:
total: 1,648,195 km2 (636,372 sq mi)
land: 1,531,595 km2 (591,352 sq mi)
water: 116,600 km2 (45,000 sq mi)
Land boundaries:
total: 5,894 kilometres (3,662 mi)
border countries: Afghanistan 921 kilometres (572 mi), Armenia 44 kilometres (27 mi), Azerbaijan-proper 432 kilometres (268 mi), Azerbaijan-Nakhchivan exclave 179 kilometres (111 mi), Iraq 1,599 kilometres (994 mi), Pakistan 959 kilometres (596 mi), Turkey 534 kilometres (332 mi), Turkmenistan 1,148 kilometres (713 mi).
Maritime boundaries: Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman
Coastline: 2,440 kilometres (1,520 mi)
note: Iran also borders the Caspian Sea, for 740 kilometres (460 mi)
Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nmi (22.2 km; 13.8 mi)
contiguous zone: 24 nmi (44.4 km; 27.6 mi)
exclusive economic zone: bilateral agreements, or median lines in the Persian Gulf
continental shelf: natural prolongation
Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Caspian Sea −28 metres (−92 ft)
highest point: Mount Damavand 5,610 metres (18,410 ft)
International territorial disputes[edit]
Main article: Foreign relations of Iran
Iran is currently engaged in international territorial disputes with several neighbouring countries.
The country protests Afghanistan's limiting flow of dammed tributaries to the Helmand River in periods of drought. The lack of a maritime boundary in the Persian Gulf with Iraq also prompts jurisdictional disputes beyond the mouth of the Aravnd Rud. Iran and the United Arab Emirates have a territorial dispute over the Greater and Lesser Tunbs and Abu Musa islands, which are administered by Iran. Iran currently insists on dividing the Caspian Sea resources equally among the five littoral states, after the Russian-backed former soviet breakaway republics refused to respect the 50-50 agreements between Iran and the Soviet Union (despite their international obligation). Russia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan continue to claim territorial waters thus regarding the Caspian Sea as open international body of water, dismissing its geographically lake nature.[16]
Photo gallery
Southern Alborz range near Firouzkuh
Maranjab dunes, Kavir desert, Kashan
Aerial view of Mount Damavand, Mazandaran
Badab-e Surt, Mazandaran
Rain forest in Gilan
Zayanderud and Khajoo Bridge over it in Isfahan
Kabir Kuh ranges, part of Zagros Mountains in Ilam province
Polond Desert, South Khorasan Province
See also[edit]
Iran portal
Geography portal
Armenian Highlands
Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests
Caspian Sea
Elburz Range forest steppe
International rankings of Iran
List of caves in Iran
List of earthquakes in Iran
List of Iranian four-thousanders
Provinces of Iran
Counties of Iran
List of cities in Iran
Ramsar, Mazandaran: Highest natural radioactivity in the world
Strait of Hormuz
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Iran Country Profile". BBC NEWS. Retrieved 26 November 2014.
Jump up ^ ""CESWW" – Definition of Central Eurasia". Cesww.fas.harvard.edu. Retrieved 26 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "Iran Guide". National Geographic. 14 June 2013. Retrieved 26 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "Armenian Highland". Retrieved 28 February 2015.
Jump up ^ FAO reports
Jump up ^ http://www.presstv.com/detail.aspx?id=122532&sectionid=3510212
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-03-12. Retrieved 2012-12-21.
Jump up ^ 74 Iranian wildlife species red-listed by Environment Department. (February 28, 2014) Radio Zamaneh via Payvand Iran News. Retrieved April 04, 2014
Jump up ^ "Ramsar Information Sheet: Anzali Wetlands Complex", accessed 28 November 2008
^ Jump up to: a b "Ramsar Information Sheet: Lake Lake Parishan and Dashte-Arjan", accessed 1 December 2008
Jump up ^ "Ramsar Information Sheet: Lake Gori", accessed 1 December 2008
Jump up ^ "Ramsar Information Sheet: Lake Kobi", accessed 1 December 2008
Jump up ^ "Ramsar Information Sheet: Miankaleh Peninsula, Gorgan Bay and Lapoo-Zaghmarz Ab-bandans", accessed 28 November 2008
Jump up ^ CSIS: The US, Israel, the Arab States and a Nuclear Iran. Retrieved January 27, 2010.
Jump up ^ http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.TOTL.K2
Jump up ^ CIA – The World Factbook – Iran Archived February 3, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
This article incorporates public domain material from the Library of Congress Country Studies website http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/.
This article incorporates public domain material from the CIA World Factbook website https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Geography of Iran.
Geography of Persia, Encyclopædia Iranica:
i. Evolution of geographical knowledge.
ii. Human geography.
iii. Political geography.
iv. Cartography of Persia.
Iran in Maps – BBC (population, land, infrastructure)
Iran Geography
Flora of Iran by Pr Ahmad GHAHREMAN
Persia (Iran), Afghanistan and Baluchistan is a map from 1897
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Coordinates: 32°00′N 53°00′E / 32.000°N 53.000°E / 32.000; 53.000
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Symporter
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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How it works
A symporter is an integral membrane protein that is involved in the transport of many differing types of molecules across the cell membrane. The symporter works in the plasma membrane and molecules are transported across the cell membrane at the same time, and is, therefore, a type of cotransporter. The transporter is called a symporter, because the molecules will travel in the same direction in relation to each other. This is in contrast to the antiport transporter. Typically, the ion(s) will move down the electrochemical gradient, allowing the other molecule(s) to move against the concentration gradient. The movement of the ion(s) across the membrane is facilitated diffusion, and is coupled with the active transport of the molecule(s).
Contents
[hide]
1 Examples
2 See also
3 References
4 External links
Examples[edit]
Robert K. Crane and his sketch of the sodium-glucose symporter
SGLT1 in the intestinal epithelium transports sodium ions (Na+) and glucose across luminal membrane of the epithelial cells so that it can be absorbed into the bloodstream. This is the basis of oral rehydration therapy. If this symporter did not exist, individual sodium channels and glucose uniporters would not be able to transfer glucose against the concentration gradient and into the bloodstream.
Na+/K+/2Cl− symporter in the loop of Henle in the renal tubules of the kidney transports 4 molecules of 3 different types; a sodium ion (Na+), a potassium ion (K+) and two chloride ions (2Cl−). Loop diuretics such as furosemide (Lasix) act on this protein.
Marine invertebrates use symporters to transport against strong chemical gradients. Amino acids and sugars are taken up from sea water in the presence of extracellular sodium and is driven by the NA+/K+-ATPase pump.[1]
In the roots of plants, the H+/K+ symporters are only one member of a group of several symporters/antiporters that specifically allow only one charged hydrogen ion (more commonly known as a proton) and one charged K+ ion. This group of carriers all contribute to modulate the chemiosmotic potential inside the cell. Initially H+ is pumped into the area outside the root by H+ ATPase. This change in both the pH and electrochemical potential gradient between the inside of the cell and the outside produces a proton motive force, as the protons will want to naturally flow back into the area of low concentration and with a voltage closer to zero from their current situation of being in an area of high concentration of positively charged protons.
The reasons for this are twofold. For one, substances in nature have a tendency to move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration, as is evident by dropping a drop of food coloring in a glass of water. It does not aggregate, but begins to move from the highly concentrated areas (the colored areas) to the areas of low concentration (clear areas). Second, large groups of predominantly positively charged or negatively charged particles will naturally repel each other. This is demonstrated by attempting to push the two positive poles or two negative poles of a magnet together. Depending on the strength of the magnet, the repulsion may be so strong that it is impossible to push the magnets together unless aided by machinery. Proton motive force does work on the system by bringing ions back towards the epidermis of the root or surface of a root hair along with the protons. From the surface of the soil/root interface, specific carriers, like H+/K+ symporters allow the specific ions to come into the cell and the out the plasmodesmata/symporters/antiporters of the side of the cell facing away from the soil so that the essential element can make its way up the plant to the area it is needed so that it may supply the plant with important nutrients that are vital to the plant's being able to reach maturity.
See also[edit]
Antiporter
Cotransport
Cotransporter
Uniporter
Dr. S. N. Dey and Cholera Toxin
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Willmer, Pat (2009). Environmental Physiology of Animals. Wiley-Blackwell.
External links[edit]
Symporters at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
[hide]
v
t
e
Membrane transport
Mechanisms for chemical transport through biological membranes
Passive transport
Simple diffusion (or non-mediated transport)
Facilitated diffusion
Osmosis
Channels
Carriers
Active transport
Uniporter
Symporter
Antiporter
Primary active transport
Secondary active transport
Cytosis
Endocytosis
Efferocytosis
Non-specific, adsorptive pinocytosis
Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis
Potocytosis
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
Transcytosis
Exocytosis
Degranulation
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Symporter&oldid=808971798"
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