text:
Great Pyramid of Giza
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
The Great Pyramid of Giza
Owner
Khufu
Location
Giza pyramid complex, Giza, Egypt
Coordinates
29°58′45.03″N 31°08′03.69″E / 29.9791750°N 31.1343583°E / 29.9791750; 31.1343583Coordinates: 29°58′45.03″N 31°08′03.69″E / 29.9791750°N 31.1343583°E / 29.9791750; 31.1343583
Ancient name
Khufu's Horizon
Architect
Hemiunu [1]
Constructed
c. 2580–2560 BC (4th dynasty)
Type
True pyramid
Height
146.7 metres (481 ft) or 280 cubits (ancient)
138.8 metres (455 ft) (contemporary)
Base
230.34 metres (756 ft) or 440 cubits
Volume
2,583,283 cubic metres (91,227,778 cu ft)
Slope
51°52'±2'
‹ The template Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site is being considered for deletion. ›
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Part of
Memphis and its Necropolis – the Pyramid Fields from Giza to Dahshur
Criteria
Cultural: i, iii, vi
Reference
86-002
Inscription
1979 (3rd Session)
Location of Great Pyramid of Giza
Related media on Wikimedia Commons
[edit on Wikidata]
The Great Pyramid of Giza (also known as the Pyramid of Khufu or the Pyramid of Cheops) is the oldest and largest of the three pyramids in the Giza pyramid complex bordering what is now El Giza, Egypt. It is the oldest of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, and the only one to remain largely intact.
Based on a mark in an interior chamber naming the work gang and a reference to fourth dynasty Egyptian Pharaoh Khufu, Egyptologists believe that the pyramid was built as a tomb over a 10 to 20-year period concluding around 2560 BC. Initially at 146.5 metres (481 feet), the Great Pyramid was the tallest man-made structure in the world for more than 3,800 years. Originally, the Great Pyramid was covered by casing stones that formed a smooth outer surface; what is seen today is the underlying core structure. Some of the casing stones that once covered the structure can still be seen around the base. There have been varying scientific and alternative theories about the Great Pyramid's construction techniques. Most accepted construction hypotheses are based on the idea that it was built by moving huge stones from a quarry and dragging and lifting them into place.
There are three known chambers inside the Great Pyramid. The lowest chamber is cut into the bedrock upon which the pyramid was built and was unfinished. The so-called[2] Queen's Chamber and King's Chamber are higher up within the pyramid structure. The main part of the Giza complex is a setting of buildings that included two mortuary temples in honour of Khufu (one close to the pyramid and one near the Nile), three smaller pyramids for Khufu's wives, an even smaller "satellite" pyramid, a raised causeway connecting the two temples, and small mastaba tombs surrounding the pyramid for nobles.
Transparent view of Khufu's pyramid from SE. Taken from a 3d model
Contents
[hide]
1 History and description
2 Materials
2.1 Casing stones
2.2 Construction theories
3 Interior
3.1 Queen's Chamber
3.2 Grand Gallery
3.3 King's Chamber
3.4 Modern entrance
4 Pyramid complex
5 Boats
6 Looting
7 See also
8 References
8.1 Bibliography
9 External links
History and description
Timeline and map of the Great Pyramid of Giza and the other Wonders of the Ancient World
It is believed by Egyptologists that the pyramid was built as a tomb for Fourth Dynasty Egyptian pharaoh Khufu (often Hellenicised as "Cheops") and was constructed over a 20-year period. Khufu's vizier, Hemiunu (also called Hemon), is believed by some to be the architect of the Great Pyramid.[3] It is thought that, at construction, the Great Pyramid was originally 280 Egyptian cubits tall (146.5 metres (480.6 ft)), but with erosion and absence of its pyramidion, its present height is 138.8 metres (455.4 ft). Each base side was 440 cubits, 230.4 metres (755.9 ft) long. The mass of the pyramid is estimated at 5.9 million tonnes. The volume, including an internal hillock, is roughly 2,500,000 cubic metres (88,000,000 cu ft).[4]
Based on these estimates, building the pyramid in 20 years would involve installing approximately 800 tonnes of stone every day. Additionally, since it consists of an estimated 2.3 million blocks, completing the building in 20 years would involve moving an average of more than 12 of the blocks into place each hour, day and night. The first precision measurements of the pyramid were made by |Egyptologist Sir Flinders Petrie in 1880–82 and published as The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh.[5] Almost all reports are based on his measurements. Many of the casing stones and inner chamber blocks of the Great Pyramid fit together with extremely high precision. Based on measurements taken on the northeastern casing stones, the mean opening of the joints is only 0.5 millimetre wide (1/50 of an inch).[6]
Great Pyramid of Giza from a 19th-century stereopticon card photo
The pyramid remained the tallest man-made structure in the world for over 3,800 years,[7] unsurpassed until the 160-metre-tall (520 ft) spire of Lincoln Cathedral was completed c. 1300. The accuracy of the pyramid's workmanship is such that the four sides of the base have an average error of only 58 millimetres in length.[8] The base is horizontal and flat to within ±15 mm (0.6 in).[9] The sides of the square base are closely aligned to the four cardinal compass points (within four minutes of arc)[10] based on true north, not magnetic north,[11] and the finished base was squared to a mean corner error of only 12 seconds of arc.[12]
The completed design dimensions, as suggested by Petrie's survey and subsequent studies, are estimated to have originally been 280 royal cubits high by 440 cubits long at each of the four sides of its base. The ratio of the perimeter to height of 1760/280 royal cubits equates to 2π to an accuracy of better than 0.05% (corresponding to the well-known approximation of π as 22/7). Some Egyptologists consider this to have been the result of deliberate design proportion. Verner wrote, "We can conclude that although the ancient Egyptians could not precisely define the value of π, in practice they used it".[13] Petrie, author of Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh concluded: "but these relations of areas and of circular ratio are so systematic that we should grant that they were in the builder's design".[14] Others have argued that the Ancient Egyptians had no concept of pi and would not have thought to encode it in their monuments. They believe that the observed pyramid slope may be based on a simple seked slope choice alone, with no regard to the overall size and proportions of the finished building.[15] In 2013, rolls of papyrus called the Diary of Merer were discovered written by some of those who delivered limestone and other construction materials from Tora to Giza.[16]
Materials
The Great Pyramid consists of an estimated 2.3 million blocks which most believe to have been transported from nearby quarries. The Tura limestone used for the casing was quarried across the river. The largest granite stones in the pyramid, found in the "King's" chamber, weigh 25 to 80 tonnes and were transported from Aswan, more than 800 km (500 mi) away. Traditionally,[clarification needed] ancient Egyptians cut stone blocks by hammering into them wooden wedges, which were then soaked with water. As the water was absorbed, the wedges expanded, causing the rock to crack. Once they were cut, they were carried by boat either up or down the Nile River to the pyramid.[17] It is estimated that 5.5 million tonnes of limestone, 8,000 tonnes of granite (imported from Aswan), and 500,000 tonnes of mortar were used in the construction of the Great Pyramid.[18]
Casing stones
Casing stone in the British Museum.[19]
At completion, the Great Pyramid was surfaced by white "casing stones" – slant-faced, but flat-topped, blocks of highly polished white limestone. These were carefully cut to what is approximately a face slope with a seked of 5½ palms to give the required dimensions. Visibly, all that remains is the underlying stepped core structure seen today. In AD 1303, a massive earthquake loosened many of the outer casing stones, which were then carted away by Bahri Sultan An-Nasir Nasir-ad-Din al-Hasan in 1356 to build mosques and fortresses in nearby Cairo. Many more casing stones were removed from the great pyramids by Muhammad Ali Pasha in the early 19th century to build the upper portion of his Alabaster Mosque in Cairo not far from Giza. These limestone casings can still be seen as parts of these structures. Later explorers reported massive piles of rubble at the base of the pyramids left over from the continuing collapse of the casing stones, which were subsequently cleared away during continuing excavations of the site.
Nevertheless, a few of the casing stones from the lowest course can be seen to this day in situ around the base of the Great Pyramid, and display the same workmanship and precision that has been reported for centuries. Petrie also found a different orientation in the core and in the casing measuring 193 centimetres ± 25 centimetres. He suggested a redetermination of north was made after the construction of the core, but a mistake was made, and the casing was built with a different orientation.[5] Petrie related the precision of the casing stones as to being "equal to opticians' work of the present day, but on a scale of acres" and "to place such stones in exact contact would be careful work; but to do so with cement in the joints seems almost impossible".[20] It has been suggested it was the mortar (Petrie's "cement") that made this seemingly impossible task possible, providing a level bed, which enabled the masons to set the stones exactly.[21][22]
Construction theories
Main article: Egyptian pyramid construction techniques
Clay seal bearing the name of Khufu from the great pyramid. On display at the Musée du Louvre.
Many alternative, often contradictory, theories have been proposed regarding the pyramid's construction techniques.[23] Many disagree on whether the blocks were dragged, lifted, or even rolled into place. The Greeks believed that slave labour was used, but modern discoveries made at nearby workers' camps associated with construction at Giza suggest that it was built instead by tens of thousands of skilled workers. Verner posited that the labour was organized into a hierarchy, consisting of two gangs of 100,000 men, divided into five zaa or phyle of 20,000 men each, which may have been further divided according to the skills of the workers.[24]
One mystery of the pyramid's construction is its planning. John Romer suggests that they used the same method that had been used for earlier and later constructions, laying out parts of the plan on the ground at a 1-to-1 scale. He writes that "such a working diagram would also serve to generate the architecture of the pyramid with precision unmatched by any other means".[25] He also argues for a 14-year time span for its construction.[26] A modern construction management study, in association with Mark Lehner and other Egyptologists, estimated that the total project required an average workforce of about 14,500 people and a peak workforce of roughly 40,000. Without the use of pulleys, wheels, or iron tools, they used critical path analysis methods, which suggest that the Great Pyramid was completed from start to finish in approximately 10 years.[27]
Interior
Diagram of the interior structures of the Great Pyramid. The inner line indicates the pyramid's present profile; the outer line indicates the original profile.
The original entrance to the Great Pyramid is on the north, 17 metres (56 ft) vertically above ground level and 7.29 metres (23.9 ft) east of the centre line of the pyramid. From this original entrance, there is a Descending Passage 0.96 metres (3.1 ft) high and 1.04 metres (3.4 ft) wide, which goes down at an angle of 26° 31'23" through the masonry of the pyramid and then into the bedrock beneath it. After 105.23 metres (345.2 ft), the passage becomes level and continues for an additional 8.84 metres (29.0 ft) to the lower Chamber, which appears not to have been finished. There is a continuation of the horizontal passage in the south wall of the lower chamber; there is also a pit dug in the floor of the chamber. Some Egyptologists suggest that this Lower Chamber was intended to be the original burial chamber, but Pharaoh Khufu later changed his mind and wanted it to be higher up in the pyramid.[28]
28.2 metres (93 ft) from the entrance is a square hole in the roof of the Descending Passage. Originally concealed with a slab of stone, this is the beginning of the Ascending Passage. The Ascending Passage is 39.3 metres (129 ft) long, as wide and high as the Descending Passage and slopes up at almost precisely the same angle to reach the Grand Gallery. The lower end of the Ascending Passage is closed by three huge blocks of granite, each about 1.5 metres (4.9 ft) long. One must use the Robbers' Tunnel (see below) to access the Ascending Passage. At the start of the Grand Gallery on the right-hand side there is a hole cut in the wall. This is the start of a vertical shaft which follows an irregular path through the masonry of the pyramid to join the Descending Passage. Also at the start of the Grand Gallery there is the Horizontal Passage leading to the "Queen's Chamber". The passage is 1.1m (3'8") high for most of its length, but near the chamber there is a step in the floor, after which the passage is 1.73 metres (5.7 ft) high.
Queen's Chamber
Richard Pococke's sketch of Pyramid of Cheops from 1754.
The "Queen's Chamber"[2] is exactly halfway between the north and south faces of the pyramid and measures 5.75 metres (18.9 ft) north to south, 5.23 metres (17.2 ft) east to west, and has a pointed roof with an apex 6.23 metres (20.4 ft) above the floor. At the eastern end of the chamber there is a niche 4.67 metres (15.3 ft) high. The original depth of the niche was 1.04 metres (3.4 ft), but has since been deepened by treasure hunters.[29]
In the north and south walls of the Queen's Chamber there are shafts, which unlike those in the King's Chamber that immediately slope upwards (see below), are horizontal for around 2 m (6.6 ft) before sloping upwards. The horizontal distance was cut in 1872 by a British engineer, Waynman Dixon, who believed a shaft similar to those in the King's Chamber must also exist. He was proved right, but because the shafts are not connected to the outer faces of the pyramid or the Queen's Chamber, their purpose is unknown. At the end of one of his shafts, Dixon discovered a ball of black diorite (a type of rock) and a bronze implement of unknown purpose. Both objects are currently in the British Museum.[30]
The shafts in the Queen's Chamber were explored in 1993 by the German engineer Rudolf Gantenbrink using a crawler robot he designed, Upuaut 2. After a climb of 65 m (213 ft),[31] he discovered that one of the shafts was blocked by limestone "doors" with two eroded copper "handles". Some years later the National Geographic Society created a similar robot which, in September 2002, drilled a small hole in the southern door, only to find another door behind it.[32] The northern passage, which was difficult to navigate because of twists and turns, was also found to be blocked by a door.[33]
Research continued in 2011 with the Djedi Project. Realizing the problem was that the National Geographic Society's camera was only able to see straight ahead of it, they instead used a fiber-optic "micro snake camera" that could see around corners. With this they were able to penetrate the first door of the southern shaft through the hole drilled in 2002, and view all the sides of the small chamber behind it. They discovered hieroglyphs written in red paint. They were also able to scrutinize the inside of the two copper "handles" embedded in the door, and they now believe them to be for decorative purposes. They also found the reverse side of the "door" to be finished and polished, which suggests that it was not put there just to block the shaft from debris, but rather for a more specific reason.[34]
Grand Gallery
The Grand Gallery of the Great Pyramid of Giza
The Grand Gallery continues the slope of the Ascending Passage, but is 8.6 metres (28 ft) high and 46.68 metres (153.1 ft) long. At the base it is 2.06 metres (6.8 ft) wide, but after 2.29 metres (7.5 ft) the blocks of stone in the walls are corbelled inwards by 7.6 centimetres (3.0 in) on each side. There are seven of these steps, so, at the top, the Grand Gallery is only 1.04 metres (3.4 ft) wide. It is roofed by slabs of stone laid at a slightly steeper angle than the floor of the gallery, so that each stone fits into a slot cut in the top of the gallery like the teeth of a ratchet. The purpose was to have each block supported by the wall of the Gallery, rather than resting on the block beneath it, in order to prevent cumulative pressure.[35]
At the upper end of the Gallery on the right-hand side there is a hole near the roof that opens into a short tunnel by which access can be gained to the lowest of the Relieving Chambers. The other Relieving Chambers were discovered in 1837-1838 by Colonel Howard Vyse and J. S. Perring, who dug tunnels upwards using blasting powder.
The floor of the Grand Gallery consists of a shelf or step on either side, 51 centimetres (20 in) wide, leaving a lower ramp 1.04 metres (3.4 ft) wide between them. In the shelves there are 54 slots, 27 on each side matched by vertical and horizontal slots in the walls of the Gallery. These form a cross shape that rises out of the slot in the shelf. The purpose of these slots is not known, but the central gutter in the floor of the Gallery, which is the same width as the Ascending Passage, has led to speculation that the blocking stones were stored in the Grand Gallery and the slots held wooden beams to restrain them from sliding down the passage.[36] This, in turn, has led to the proposal that originally many more than 3 blocking stones were intended, to completely fill the Ascending Passage.[citation needed]
At the top of the Grand Gallery, there is a step giving onto a horizontal passage some metres long and approximately 1.02 metres (3.3 ft) in height and width, in which can be detected four slots, three of which were probably intended to hold granite portcullises. Fragments of granite found by Petrie in the Descending Passage may have come from these now-vanished doors.
In 2017, scientists from the Scan Pyramids Project discovered a large cavity above the Grand Gallery, using muon radiography that can detect cosmic rays. Its length is at least 30 metres (98 ft) and its cross-section is similar to that of the Grand Gallery. It was detected using three different technologies: nuclear emulsion films, scintillator hodoscopes, and gas detectors.[37][38] The purpose of the cavity is not known and it is not accessible but according to Zahi Hawass it may have been a gap used in the construction of the Grand Gallery.[39] The Japanese research team disputes this, however, saying that the huge void is completely different from the construction spaces previously identified.[40]
King's Chamber
Sarcophagus in the King's chamber
The "King's Chamber"[2] is 20 cubits or 10.47 metres (34.4 ft) from east to west and 10 cubits or 5.234 metres (17.17 ft) north to south. It has a flat roof 11 cubits and 5 digits or 5.852 metres (19 feet 2 inch) above the floor. 0.91 m (3.0 ft) above the floor there are two narrow shafts in the north and south walls (one is now filled by an extractor fan in an attempt to circulate air inside the pyramid). The purpose of these shafts is not clear: they appear to be aligned towards stars or areas of the northern and southern skies, yet one of them follows a dog-leg course through the masonry, indicating no intention to directly sight stars through them. They were long believed by Egyptologists to be "air shafts" for ventilation, but this idea has now been widely abandoned in favour of the shafts serving a ritualistic purpose associated with the ascension of the king’s spirit to the heavens.[41]
The King's Chamber is entirely faced with granite. Above the roof, which is formed of nine slabs of stone weighing in total about 400 tons, are five compartments known as Relieving Chambers. The first four, like the King's Chamber, have flat roofs formed by the floor of the chamber above, but the final chamber has a pointed roof. Vyse suspected the presence of upper chambers when he found that he could push a long reed through a crack in the ceiling of the first chamber. From lower to upper, the chambers are known as "Davison's Chamber", "Wellington's Chamber", "Nelson's Chamber", "Lady Arbuthnot's Chamber", and "Campbell's Chamber". It is believed that the compartments were intended to safeguard the King's Chamber from the possibility of a roof collapsing under the weight of stone above the Chamber. As the chambers were not intended to be seen, they were not finished in any way and a few of the stones still retain masons' marks painted on them. One of the stones in Campbell's Chamber bears a mark, apparently the name of a work gang.[42][43]
The entrance of the Pyramid
The only object in the King's Chamber is a rectangular granite sarcophagus, one corner of which is broken. The sarcophagus is slightly larger than the Ascending Passage, which indicates that it must have been placed in the Chamber before the roof was put in place. Unlike the fine masonry of the walls of the Chamber, the sarcophagus is roughly finished, with saw marks visible in several places. This is in contrast with the finely finished and decorated sarcophagi found in other pyramids of the same period. Petrie suggested that such a sarcophagus was intended but was lost in the river on the way north from Aswan and a hurriedly made replacement was used instead.
Modern entrance
Today tourists enter the Great Pyramid via the Robbers' Tunnel, a tunnel purportedly created around AD 820 by Caliph al-Ma'mun's workmen using a battering ram.[44] The tunnel is cut straight through the masonry of the pyramid for approximately 27 metres (89 ft), then turns sharply left to encounter the blocking stones in the Ascending Passage. It is believed that their efforts dislodged the stone fitted in the ceiling of the Descending Passage to hide the entrance to the Ascending Passage and it was the noise of that stone falling and then sliding down the Descending Passage, which alerted them to the need to turn left. Unable to remove these stones, however, the workmen tunnelled up beside them through the softer limestone of the Pyramid until they reached the Ascending Passage. It is possible to enter the Descending Passage from this point, but access is usually forbidden.[45]
Pyramid complex
Main article: Giza pyramid complex
Map of Giza pyramid complex – "Pyramid of Khufu" refers to the Great Pyramid.
The Great Pyramid is surrounded by a complex of several buildings including small pyramids. The Pyramid Temple, which stood on the east side of the pyramid and measured 52.2 metres (171 ft) north to south and 40 metres (130 ft) east to west, has almost entirely disappeared apart from the black basalt paving. There are only a few remnants of the causeway which linked the pyramid with the valley and the Valley Temple. The Valley Temple is buried beneath the village of Nazlet el-Samman; basalt paving and limestone walls have been found but the site has not been excavated.[46][47] The basalt blocks show "clear evidence" of having been cut with some kind of saw with an estimated cutting blade of 15 feet (4.6 m) in length, capable of cutting at a rate of 1.5 inches (38 mm) per minute. John Romer suggests that this "super saw" may have had copper teeth and weighed up to 300 pounds (140 kg). He theorizes that such a saw could have been attached to a wooden trestle and possibly used in conjunction with vegetable oil, cutting sand, emery or pounded quartz to cut the blocks, which would have required the labour of at least a dozen men to operate it.[48]
On the south side are the subsidiary pyramids, popularly known as Queens' Pyramids. Three remain standing to nearly full height but the fourth was so ruined that its existence was not suspected until the recent discovery of the first course of stones and the remains of the capstone. Hidden beneath the paving around the pyramid was the tomb of Queen Hetepheres I, sister-wife of Sneferu and mother of Khufu. Discovered by accident by the Reisner expedition, the burial was intact, though the carefully sealed coffin proved to be empty.
Group photo of Australian 11th Battalion soldiers on the Great Pyramid in 1915.
Aerial photography, taken from Eduard Spelterini's balloon on 21 November 1904
The Giza pyramid complex, which includes among other structures the pyramids of Khufu, Khafre and Menkaure, is surrounded by a cyclopean stone wall, the Wall of the Crow. Mark Lehner has discovered a worker's town outside of the wall, otherwise known as "The Lost City", dated by pottery styles, seal impressions, and stratigraphy to have been constructed and occupied sometime during the reigns of Khafre (2520–2494 BC) and Menkaure (2490–2472 BC).[49][50] Recent discoveries by Mark Lehner and his team at the town and nearby, including what appears to have been a thriving port, suggest the town and associated living quarters consisting of barracks called "galleries" may not have been for the pyramid workers after all, but rather for the soldiers and sailors who utilized the port. In light of this new discovery, as to where then the pyramid workers may have lived Lehner now suggests the alternative possibility they may have camped on the ramps he believes were used to construct the pyramids or possibly at nearby quarries.[51]
In the early 1970s, the Australian archaeologist Karl Kromer excavated a mound in the South Field of the plateau. This mound contained artefacts including mudbrick seals of Khufu, which he identified with an artisans' settlement.[52] Mudbrick buildings just south of Khufu's Valley Temple contained mud sealings of Khufu and have been suggested to be a settlement serving the cult of Khufu after his death.[53] A worker's cemetery used at least between Khufu's reign and the end of the Fifth Dynasty was discovered south of the Wall of the Crow by Zahi Hawass in 1990.[54]
Boats
Main article: Khufu ship
There are three boat-shaped pits around the pyramid, of a size and shape to have held complete boats, though so shallow that any superstructure, if there ever was one, must have been removed or disassembled. In May 1954, the Egyptian archaeologist Kamal el-Mallakh discovered a fourth pit, a long, narrow rectangle, still covered with slabs of stone weighing up to 15 tons. Inside were 1,224 pieces of wood, the longest 23 metres (75 ft) long, the shortest 10 centimetres (0.33 ft). These were entrusted to a boat builder, Haj Ahmed Yusuf, who worked out how the pieces fit together. The entire process, including conservation and straightening of the warped wood, took fourteen years.
The result is a cedar-wood boat 43.6 metres (143 ft) long, its timbers held together by ropes, which is currently housed in a special boat-shaped, air-conditioned museum beside the pyramid. During construction of this museum, which stands above the boat pit, a second sealed boat pit was discovered. It was deliberately left unopened until 2011 when excavation began on the boat.[55]
Looting
Comparison of approximate profiles of the Great Pyramid of Giza with some notable pyramidal or near-pyramidal buildings. Dotted lines indicate original heights, where data are available. In its SVG file, hover over a pyramid to highlight and click for its article.
Although succeeding pyramids were smaller, pyramid building continued until the end of the Middle Kingdom. However, as authors Briar and Hobbs claim, "all the pyramids were robbed" by the New Kingdom, when the construction of royal tombs in a desert valley, now known as the Valley of the Kings, began.[56][57] Joyce Tyldesley states that the Great Pyramid itself "is known to have been opened and emptied by the Middle Kingdom", before the Arab caliph Abdullah al-Mamun entered the pyramid around AD 820.[44]
I. E. S. Edwards discusses Strabo's mention that the pyramid "a little way up one side has a stone that may be taken out, which being raised up there is a sloping passage to the foundations". Edwards suggested that the pyramid was entered by robbers after the end of the Old Kingdom and sealed and then reopened more than once until Strabo's door was added. He adds: "If this highly speculative surmise be correct, it is also necessary to assume either that the existence of the door was forgotten or that the entrance was again blocked with facing stones", in order to explain why al-Ma'mun could not find the entrance.[58]
He also discusses a story told by Herodotus. Herodotus visited Egypt in the 5th century BC and recounts a story that he was told concerning vaults under the pyramid built on an island where the body of Cheops lies. Edwards notes that the pyramid had "almost certainly been opened and its contents plundered long before the time of Herodotus" and that it might have been closed again during the Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt when other monuments were restored. He suggests that the story told to Herodotus could have been the result of almost two centuries of telling and retelling by Pyramid guides.[59]
See also
Djedi Project
Golden Ratio dimensions in Egyptian pyramids
Index of Egypt-related articles
List of archaeoastronomical sites by country
List of Egyptian pyramids
List of largest monoliths in the world including a section on calculating the weight of megaliths
List of tallest freestanding structures
Pyramid inch
Pyramidion
Pyramidology
The Upuaut Project
References
Jump up ^ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemiunu.
^ Jump up to: a b c "By themselves, of course, none of these modern labels define the ancient purposes of the architecture they describe." —Romer (2007), p. 8
Jump up ^ Shaw (2003), p. 89
Jump up ^ Levy (2005), p. 17
^ Jump up to: a b Petrie (1883)
Jump up ^ I. E. S. Edwards (1986) [1947]. The Pyramids of Egypt. p. 285.
Jump up ^ Collins (2001), p. 234
Jump up ^ Cole Survey (1925) based on side lengths 230.252m, 230.454m, 230.391m, 230.357m
Jump up ^ Lehner (1997), p. 108
Jump up ^ Petrie (1883), p. 38 For 2600 BC, bisecting the semi-circular path of star 10i Draconis around the North Celestial Pole during the half-day darkness of a mid-winter evening would easily provide accurate true north. See Nature 412:699 (2001); further sources and discussion available via DIO.
Jump up ^ Petrie (1883), p. 125
Jump up ^ Petrie (1883), p. 39
Jump up ^ Verner (2003), p. 70
Jump up ^ Petrie Wisdom of the Egyptians 1940: 30
Jump up ^ Rossi, Corina (2007), Architecture and Mathematics in Ancient Egypt, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-69053-9
Jump up ^ Stille, Alexander. "The World's Oldest Papyrus and What It Can Tell Us About the Great Pyramids". Retrieved 2015-09-27.
Jump up ^ Lehner (1997)
Jump up ^ Romer (2007), p. 157
Jump up ^ "British Museum – Limestone block from the pyramid of Khufu". britishmuseum.org.
Jump up ^ Romer (2007), p. 41
Jump up ^ Clarke, Somers; Reginal Engelbach (1991). Ancient Egyptian construction and architecture. Dover Publications. pp. 78–79. ISBN 978-0-486-26485-1.
Jump up ^ Stocks, Denys Allen (2003). Experiments in Egyptian archaeology: stoneworking technology in ancient Egypt. Routledge. pp. 182–183. ISBN 978-0-415-30664-5.
Jump up ^ "Building the Great Pyramid". BBC. 3 February 2006.
Jump up ^ Verner (2001), p. 75–82
Jump up ^ Romer (2007), p. 327, 329–337
Jump up ^ Romer (2007)
Jump up ^ "Civil Engineering". June 1999. Archived from the original on 8 June 2007.
Jump up ^ "Unfinished Chamber". Public Broadcasting Service. Retrieved 11 August 2008.
Jump up ^ Five Great Civilizations of Ancient World. Educreation Publishing. 2017. p. 38.
Jump up ^ "Lower Northern Shaft". The Upuaut Project. Retrieved 11 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "Will the Great Pyramid's Secret Doors Be Opened?". Fox News. 12 December 2011. Archived from the original on 12 February 2012.
Jump up ^ Gupton, Nancy (4 April 2003). "Ancient Egyptian Chambers Explored". National Geographic. Retrieved 11 August 2008.
Jump up ^ "Third "Door" Found in Great Pyramid". National Geographic. 23 September 2002. Retrieved 11 August 2008.
Jump up ^ "First images from Great Pyramid's chamber of secrets". New Scientist. Reed Business Information. 25 May 2011. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Kingsland, William (1932). The Great pyramid in fact and in theory. London: Rider. p. 71.
Jump up ^ Lehner, Mark (1997). The Complete Pyramids. London: Thames and Hudson. p. 113. ISBN 0-500-05084-8.
Jump up ^ "Mysterious Void Discovered in Egypt's Great Pyramid". 2 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Morishima, Kunihiro; Kuno, Mitsuaki; Nishio, Akira; Kitagawa, Nobuko; Manabe, Yuta; Moto, Masaki; Takasaki, Fumihiko; Fujii, Hirofumi; Satoh, Kotaro; Kodama, Hideyo; Hayashi, Kohei; Odaka, Shigeru; Procureur, Sébastien; Attié, David; Bouteille, Simon; Calvet, Denis; Filosa, Christopher; Magnier, Patrick; Mandjavidze, Irakli; Riallot, Marc; Marini, Benoit; Gable, Pierre; Date, Yoshikatsu; Sugiura, Makiko; Elshayeb, Yasser; Elnady, Tamer; Ezzy, Mustapha; Guerriero, Emmanuel; Steiger, Vincent; Serikoff, Nicolas; Mouret, Jean-Baptiste; Charlès, Bernard; Helal, Hany; Tayoubi, Mehdi (2 November 2017). "Discovery of a big void in Khufu's Pyramid by observation of cosmic-ray muons". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature24647 – via www.nature.com.
Jump up ^ News, ABC. "Scientists discover hidden chamber in Egypt's Great Pyramid".
Jump up ^ "Critics: Nothing special about big void found in Khufu Pyramid：The Asahi Shimbun". Retrieved 8 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Jackson & Stamp (2002), p. 79, 104
Jump up ^ "Vyse, H. (1840) Operations Carried on at the Pyramids of Gizeh in 1837: With an Account of a Voyage into Upper Egypt, and an Appendix. Vol I.". Internet Archive. Retrieved 15 September 2014.
Jump up ^ "Dallas and Dr Zahi Hawass inside the Great Pyramid". BBC. Retrieved 15 September 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Tyldesley (2007), p. 38
Jump up ^ Tyldesley (2007), pp. 38–40
Jump up ^ Shafer, Byron E.; Dieter Arnold (2005). Temples of Ancient Egypt. I.B. Tauris. pp. 51–52. ISBN 978-1-85043-945-5.
Jump up ^ Arnold, Dieter; Nigel Strudwick; Helen Strudwick (2002). The encyclopaedia of ancient Egyptian architecture. I.B. Tauris. p. 126. ISBN 978-1-86064-465-8.
Jump up ^ Romer
Jump up ^ "Egyptian Pyramids – Lost City of the Pyramid Builders – AERA – Ancient Egypt Research Associates". aeraweb.org.
Jump up ^ "Dating the Lost City of the Pyramids – Mark Lehner & AERA – Ancient Egypt Research Associates". aeraweb.org.
Jump up ^ "Ruins of Bustling Port Unearthed at Egypt's Giza Pyramids". Livescience.com. 2014-01-28. Retrieved 2014-08-21.
Jump up ^ Zahi Hawass: '"Giza, workmen’s community", In: Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt. Compiled and edited by Kathryn A. Bard. London/New York 1999, ISBN 0-415-18589-0 pp. 423–426
Jump up ^ Hawass, Zahi; Ashraf Senussi (2008). Old Kingdom Pottery from Giza. Supreme Council of Antiquities. pp. 127–128. ISBN 978-977-305-986-6.
Jump up ^ Hawass, Zahi. "The Discovery of the Tombs of the Pyramid Builders at Giza". Retrieved 21 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "Khufu's Second Boat". Institute of Egyptology. Tokyo, Japan: Waseda University. Retrieved 2012-12-26.
Jump up ^ Brier 1999, p. 164. Books.google.co.uk. 1999. ISBN 9780313303135. Retrieved 19 May 2011.
Jump up ^ Cremin 2007 p. 96. Books.google.co.uk. 2007. ISBN 9780711228221. Retrieved 19 May 2011.
Jump up ^ Edwards (1986), p. 99–100
Jump up ^ Edwards (1986), p. 990–91
Bibliography
Bauval, Robert &, Hancock, Graham (1996). Keeper of Genesis. Mandarin books. ISBN 0-7493-2196-2.
Brier, Bob &, Hobbs, A. Hoyt (1999). Daily Life of the Ancient Egyptians. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-30313-5.
Calter, Paul A. (2008). Squaring the Circle: Geometry in Art and Architecture. Key College Publishing. ISBN 1-930190-82-4.
Clayton, Peter A. (1994). Chronicle of the Pharaohs. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-05074-0.
Cole, JH. (1925). Determination of the Exact Size and Orientation of the Great Pyramid of Giza. Cairo: Government Press. SURVEY OF EGYPT Paper No. 39.
Collins, Dana M. (2001). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-510234-5.
Cremin, Aedeen (2007). Archaeologica. Frances Lincoln. ISBN 978-0-7112-2822-1.
Edwards, I. E. S. (1986) [1962]. The Pyramids of Egypt. Max Parrish.
Gahlin, Lucia (2003). Myths and Mythology of Ancient Egypt. Anness Publishing Ltd. ISBN 1-84215-831-7.
Hassan, Selim (1960). The Great Pyramid of Khufu and its Mortuary Chapel With Names and Titles of Vols. I-X of the Excavations at Giza (PDF). Ministry of Culture and National Orientation, Antiquities Department of Egypt. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 January 2013.
Jackson, K.; Stamp, J. (2002). Pyramid : Beyond Imagination. Inside the Great Pyramid of Giza. BBC Worldwide Ltd. ISBN 978-0-563-48803-3.
Lehner, Mark (1997). The Complete Pyramids. London: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 0-500-05084-8.
Levy, Janey (2005). The Great Pyramid of Giza: Measuring Length, Area, Volume, and Angles. Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN 1-4042-6059-5.
Lepre, J.P. (1990). The Egyptian Pyramids: A Comprehensive, Illustrated Reference. McFarland & Company. ISBN 0-89950-461-2.
Lightbody, David I (2008). Egyptian Tomb Architecture: The Archaeological Facts of Pharaonic Circular Symbolism. British Archaeological Reports International Series S1852. ISBN 978-1-4073-0339-0.
Oakes, Lorana; Lucia Gahlin (2002). Ancient Egypt. Hermes House. ISBN 1-84309-429-0.
Petrie, Sir William Matthew Flinders (1883). The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh. Field & Tuer. ISBN 0-7103-0709-8.
Romer, John (2007). The Great Pyramid: Ancient Egypt Revisited. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. ISBN 978-0-521-87166-2.
Scarre, Chris (1999). The Seventy Wonders of the Ancient World. Thames & Hudson, London. ISBN 978-0-500-05096-5.
Seidelmann, P. Kenneth (1992). Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac. University Science Books. ISBN 0-935702-68-7.
Shaw, Ian (2003). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-815034-2.
Siliotti, Alberto (1997). Guide to the pyramids of Egypt; preface by Zahi Hawass. Barnes & Noble Books. ISBN 0-7607-0763-4.
Smyth, Piazzi (1978). The Great Pyramid. Crown Publishers Inc. ISBN 0-517-26403-X.
Tyldesley, Joyce (2007). Egypt: How a lost civilization was rediscovered. BBC Books. ISBN 978-0-563-52257-7.
Verner, Miroslav (2001). The Pyramids: The Mystery, Culture, and Science of Egypt's Great Monuments. Grove Press. ISBN 0-8021-1703-1.
Verner, Miroslav (2003). The Pyramids: Their Archaeology and History. Atlantic Books. ISBN 1-84354-171-8.
Wirsching, Armin (2009). Die Pyramiden von Giza – Mathematik in Stein gebaut (2nd ed.). Books on Demand. ISBN 978-3-8370-2355-8.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Great Pyramid of Giza.
Pyramids at DMOZ
Building the Khufu Pyramid
"The Giza Plateau Mapping Project". Oriental Institute.
Records
Preceded by
Red Pyramid World's tallest structure
c. 2570BC—1300AD
146.6 m Succeeded by
Lincoln Cathedral
[show]
v
t
e
Egyptian pyramids
List of Egyptian pyramids (Lepsius)
Commons
Period
Dynasty
Pyramids
Old Kingdom
(2686–2181 BC)
III
Djoser
Buried
Layer
Lepsius I (de)
Athribis
Elephantine
Edfu South
el-Kula (de)
Naqada
Saujet el-Meitin (de)
Sinki (de)
IV
Seila (de)
Meidum
Bent
Red
Khufu
Djedefre
Unfinished Northern Pyramid of Zawyet el'Aryan
Khafre
Menkaure
Khentkaus I (de)
Mastabet el-Fara'un
G1-a
G1-b
G1-c
G1-d
Lepsius L (de)
V
Userkaf
Neferhetepes (de)
Sahure
Neferirkare
Khentkaus II
Neferefre
Unfinished
Niuserre (de)
Lepsius XXIV
Double
Headless
Djedkare-Isesi
Unas
VI
Teti
Pepi I
Merenre
Pepi II
Sesheshet
1st Intermediate Period
(2181–2040 BC)
VII | VIII
Ity
Neferkare Neby
Ibi
Khui
X
Merikare
Middle Kingdom
(2040–1650 BC)
XI
Reherishefnakht
XII
Amenemhat I
Senusret I
White
Senusret II (de)
Senusret III
Black
Hawara
Neferuptah (de)
Central Dahshur (de)
South Mazghuna
North Mazghuna
XIII
Ameny Qemau
Khendjer
Southern South Saqqara
SAK S 3
SAK S 7 (de)
South Dahshur A (de)
South Dahshur B (de)
DAS 46
DAS 49
DAS 50
DAS 51
DAS 53 (de)
S 9
S 10
Merneferre Ay
Second Intermediate
(1650–1570 BC)
XVII
Sobekemsaf I
Sobekemsaf II
Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef
Nubkheperre Intef
Senakhtenre Ahmose
Seqenenre Tao
Kamose

New Kingdom
(1570–1070 BC)
XVIII
Ahmose

Step pyramid
Construction techniques
Seked
Texts
Pyramidion
Pyramidology
[show]
v
t
e
Mathematics and art
Forms
Algorithmic art
Anamorphic art
Computer art
4D art
Fractal art
Islamic geometric patterns
Girih
Jali
Muqarnas
Zellige
Knotting
Architecture
Geodesic dome
Islamic
Mughal
Pyramid
Vastu shastra
Music
Origami
Textiles
String art
Sculpture
Tiling
Artworks
List of works designed with the golden ratio
Continuum
Octacube
Pi
Pi in the Sky
Buildings
Hagia Sophia
Pantheon
Parthenon
Pyramid of Khufu
Sagrada Família
St Mary's Cathedral
Sydney Opera House
Taj Mahal
Artists
Renaissance
Paolo Uccello
Piero della Francesca
Albrecht Dürer
Leonardo da Vinci
Vitruvian Man
Parmigianino
Self-portrait in a Convex Mirror
19th–20th Century
William Blake
The Ancient of Days
Newton)
Jean Metzinger
Danseuse au café
L'Oiseau bleu
Man Ray
René Magritte
La condition humaine
Salvador Dalí
Crucifixion
The Swallow's Tail
Giorgio de Chirico
M. C. Escher
Circle Limit III
Print Gallery
Relativity
Reptiles
Waterfall
Contemporary
Martin and Erik Demaine
Scott Draves
Jan Dibbets
John Ernest
Helaman Ferguson
Peter Forakis
Bathsheba Grossman
George W. Hart
Desmond Paul Henry
John A. Hiigli
Anthony Hill
Charles Jencks
Garden of Cosmic Speculation
Robert Longhurst
István Orosz
Hinke Osinga
Hamid Naderi Yeganeh
A Bird in Flight
Boat
Tony Robbin
Oliver Sin
Hiroshi Sugimoto
Daina Taimina
Roman Verostko
Concepts
Algorithm
Catenary
Fractal
Golden ratio
Hyperboloid structure
Minimal surface
Paraboloid
Perspective
Camera lucida
Camera obscura
Projective geometry
Proportion
Architecture
Human
Symmetry
Tessellation
Wallpaper group
Theorists
Ancient
Polykleitos
Canon
Vitruvius
De architectura
Renaissance
Luca Pacioli
De divina proportione
Piero della Francesca
De prospectiva pingendi
Leon Battista Alberti
De pictura
De re aedificatoria
Sebastiano Serlio
Regole generali d'architettura
Andrea Palladio
I quattro libri dell'architettura
Albrecht Dürer
Vier Bücher von Menschlicher Proportion
Romantic
Frederik Macody Lund
"Ad Quadratum"
Jay Hambidge
"The Greek Vase"
Samuel Colman
"Nature's Harmonic Unity"
Modern
Owen Jones
The Grammar of Ornament
Ernest Hanbury Hankin
The Drawing of Geometric Patterns in Saracenic Art
G. H. Hardy
A Mathematician's Apology
George David Birkhoff
Aesthetic Measure
Douglas Hofstadter
Gödel, Escher, Bach
Nikos Salingaros
The 'Life' of a Carpet
Publications
Journal of Mathematics and the Arts
Organizations
Ars Mathematica
The Bridges Organization
European Society for Mathematics and the Arts
Goudreau Museum of Mathematics in Art and Science
Institute For Figuring
Museum of Mathematics
Related topics
Droste effect
Mathematical beauty
Patterns in nature
Sacred geometry
Category
[show]
v
t
e
Memphis and the Memphis pyramid complex
City
Memphis
Abu Rawash
Pyramid of Djedefre
Giza
Giza pyramid complex
Great Pyramid of Giza
Pyramid of Khafre
Pyramid of Menkaure
Sphinx
Zawyet el'Aryan
Abusir
Abu Gorab
Saqqara
Step Pyramid
Pyramid of Unas
Mastabet el-Fara'un
Serapeum
Pyramid of Teti
Imhotep Museum
Dahshur
Bent Pyramid
Red Pyramid
Black Pyramid
Mazghuna
See also
Egyptian pyramid construction techniques
Lepsius list of pyramids
[show]
v
t
e
Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
The Seven Wonders
Great Pyramid of Giza
Hanging Gardens of Babylon
Statue of Zeus at Olympia
Temple of Artemis
Mausoleum at Halicarnassus
Colossus of Rhodes
Lighthouse of Alexandria
Related
Wonders of the World
Seven Wonders of the World (1956 film)
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 247198851
LCCN: sh85057002
GND: 4093545-0
SUDOC: 027326578
BNF: cb11939303h (data)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=809369259"
Categories:
Buildings and structures completed in the 26th century BC
Pyramids of the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt
Former world's tallest buildings
Giza Plateau
Khufu
Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
Buildings and structures in Giza
Tourist attractions in Egypt
Hidden categories:
Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism
Use dmy dates from June 2011
Use British English Oxford spelling from August 2016
Coordinates on Wikidata
Articles using infobox pyramid using locally defined parameters
Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2017
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015
Articles with DMOZ links
Interlanguage link template link number
Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers
Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
View source
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Afrikaans
العربية
Azərbaycanca
বাংলা
Bân-lâm-gú
Беларуская
Български
Bosanski
Brezhoneg
Català
Чӑвашла
Cebuano
Čeština
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deutsch
ދިވެހިބަސް
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Frysk
Gaeilge
Galego
ગુજરાતી
한국어
Հայերեն
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
Basa Jawa
ಕನ್ನಡ
ქართული
Қазақша
Kurdî
ລາວ
Latina
Latviešu
Lietuvių
Limburgs
Livvinkarjala
Magyar
मैथिली
Македонски
മലയാളം
मराठी
مصرى
Bahasa Melayu
Baso Minangkabau
Монгол
မြန်မာဘာသာ
Nederlands
Nedersaksies
नेपाली
日本語
Napulitano
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Occitan
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
پنجابی
Polski
Português
Română
Runa Simi
Русский
Scots
Shqip
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
தமிழ்
Татарча/tatarça
ไทย
Türkçe
Twi
Українська
اردو
Vepsän kel’
Tiếng Việt
Winaray
Yorùbá
粵語
Zeêuws
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 8 November 2017, at 17:51.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: This article is semi-protected due to vandalism

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

value: th

value: tr

value: td

attrs: colspan style

values:
/wiki/Giza_Necropolis
mw-redirect
Giza Necropolis

attrs: alt src width height style srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location

values:
/wiki/Fourth_dynasty_of_Egypt
mw-redirect
Fourth dynasty of Egypt

values: Template:Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site

values: Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2017 November 1

values: background-color: transparent; padding: 0; font-size:x-small; color:#000000; text-align: center; position: relative; float: right; border-bottom: 1px solid #AAAAAA; width: 27em

values:
nofollow
external text
http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/86-002

values: Great Pyramid of Giza is located in Egypt

attrs: alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: List of tallest buildings and structures in the world

values:
/wiki/Mortuary_temples
mw-redirect
Mortuary temples

values:
/wiki/Minute_of_arc
mw-redirect
Minute of arc

values:
/wiki/Magnetic_north
mw-redirect
Magnetic north

values:
/wiki/Second_of_arc
mw-redirect
Second of arc

values: The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (November 2017)

values:
noprint Inline-Template
margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Alabaster_Mosque
mw-redirect
Alabaster Mosque

values:
/wiki/Sir_Flinders_Petrie
mw-redirect
Sir Flinders Petrie

values: Egyptian pyramid construction techniques

values:
/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre
mw-redirect
Musée du Louvre

values:
/wiki/Critical_path_analysis
mw-redirect
Critical path analysis

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2015)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/Scan_Pyramids_Project
mw-redirect
Scan Pyramids Project

values:
/wiki/Muon_radiography
mw-redirect
Muon radiography

values:
/wiki/Cosmic_rays
mw-redirect
Cosmic rays

values: Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington

values:
/wiki/Australian_11th_Battalion
mw-redirect
Australian 11th Battalion

values:
/wiki/New_Kingdom
mw-redirect
New Kingdom

values: List of archaeoastronomical sites by country

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.dioi.org/cot.htm#wkpf

values:
/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service
mw-redirect
Public Broadcasting Service

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature24647

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: commons:Special:Search/Great Pyramid of Giza

values:
/wiki/Oriental_Institute,_Chicago
mw-redirect
Oriental Institute, Chicago

values:
/wiki/World%27s_tallest_structure
mw-redirect
World's tallest structure

values:
noprint
font-size:85%; font-style: normal;

values: Pyramid of el-Kula (page does not exist)

values: Pyramid of Saujet el-Meitin (page does not exist)

values: Unfinished Northern Pyramid of Zawyet el'Aryan

values: Pyramid of Khentaus I (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Mastabet_el-Fara%27un
mw-redirect
Mastabet el-Fara'un

values:
/wiki/Pyramid_of_Neferhetepes
mw-redirect
Pyramid of Neferhetepes

values: Pyramid of Niuserre (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Lepsius_XXIV_Pyramid
mw-redirect
Lepsius XXIV Pyramid

values:
/wiki/Pyramid_of_Djedkare-Isesi
mw-redirect
Pyramid of Djedkare-Isesi

values:
/wiki/Pyramid_of_Sesheshet
mw-redirect
Pyramid of Sesheshet

values: Pyramid of Senusret II (page does not exist)

values: Pyramid of Neferuptah (page does not exist)

values: Pyramid of Central Dahshur (page does not exist)

values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAK_S_7
extiw
de:SAK S 7

values: South Dahshur Pyramid A (page does not exist)

values: South Dahshur Pyramid B (page does not exist)

values:
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/DAS_53
extiw
de:DAS 53

values: Pyramid of Merneferre Ay (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period
mw-redirect
Second Intermediate Period

values: Pyramid of Sobekemsaf I (page does not exist)

values: Pyramid of Sobekemsaf II (page does not exist)

values: Pyramid of Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef (page does not exist)

values: Pyramid of Nubkheperre Intef (page does not exist)

values: Pyramid of Senakhtenre Ahmose (page does not exist)

values: Pyramid of Seqenenre Tao (page does not exist)

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values:
/wiki/Tiling_(mathematics)
mw-redirect
Tiling (mathematics)

values: Fibonacci word: detail of artwork by Samuel Monnier, 2009

values:
navbox-image
9
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values: List of works designed with the golden ratio

values: Cathedral of Saint Mary of the Assumption (San Francisco, California)

values:
/wiki/Dancer_in_a_caf%C3%A9
mw-redirect
Dancer in a café

values:
/wiki/The_Human_Condition_(painting)
mw-redirect
The Human Condition (painting)

values:
/wiki/De_re_aedificatoria
mw-redirect
De re aedificatoria

values:
/wiki/The_Grammar_of_Ornament
mw-redirect
The Grammar of Ornament

values: European Society for Mathematics and the Arts

values: Goudreau Museum of Mathematics in Art and Science

values:
/wiki/Museum_of_Mathematics
mw-redirect
Museum of Mathematics

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
/wiki/File:All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg
image
Giza pyramids

values:
navbox-image
7
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values:
/wiki/Zawyet_el%27Aryan
mw-redirect
Zawyet el'Aryan

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Template:Seven Wonders of the Ancient World

values: Template talk:Seven Wonders of the Ancient World

values:
nofollow
external text
https://viaf.org/viaf/247198851

values:
nofollow
external text
https://d-nb.info/gnd/4093545-0

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.idref.fr/027326578

values: Category:Buildings and structures completed in the 26th century BC

values: Category:Pyramids of the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt

values: Category:Former world's tallest buildings

values: Category:Seven Wonders of the Ancient World

values: Category:Buildings and structures in Giza

values: Category:Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism

values: Category:Use British English Oxford spelling from August 2016

values: Category:Articles using infobox pyramid using locally defined parameters

values: Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2017

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015

values: Category:Interlanguage link template link number

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers

values: Category:Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Great_Pyramid_of_Giza
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
This page is protected.
You can view its source [ctrl-alt-e]

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Permanent link to this revision of the page

values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
uls-settings-trigger
Language settings
0
button
true

values: الهرم الأكبر – Arabic

values: গিজার মহা পিরামিড – Bangla

values: Giza ê Tōa Kim-jī-thah – Chinese (Min Nan)

values: Піраміда Хеопса – Belarusian

values: Хеопсова пирамида – Bulgarian

values: Хеопс пирамиди – Chuvash

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values: ޚޫފޫ ޕިރަމިޑް – Divehi

values: Πυραμίδα του Χέοπα – Greek

values: هرم بزرگ جیزه – Persian

values: ગીઝાનો મહાન પિરામિડ – Gujarati

values: 기자의 대피라미드 – Korean

values: Քեոփսի բուրգ – Armenian

values: הפירמידה הגדולה של גיזה – Hebrew

values: ಗೀಜಾದ ಮಹಾ ಪಿರಾಮಿಡ್ – Kannada

values: ხეოფსის პირამიდა – Georgian

values: Хеопс – Kazakh

values: ມະຫາປີລະມິດ ແຫ່ງ ກິຊາ – Lao

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values: गीजा कऽ महान पिरामिड – Maithili

values: Кеопсова пирамида – Macedonian

values: ഗിസ പിരമിഡ് – Malayalam

values: गिझाचा भव्य पिरॅमिड – Marathi

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-ms badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values: Хеопсын буюу Хуфугийн пирамид – Mongolian

values: ဂိုင်ဇာမဟာပိရမစ်ကြီး – Burmese

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle

values: गिजाको विशाल पिरामिड – Nepali

values: ギザの大ピラミッド – Japanese

values: ਖ਼ੁਫ਼ੂ ਦਾ ਮਹਾਨ ਪਿਰਾਮਿਡ – Punjabi

values: Пирамида Хеопса – Russian

values: Кеопсова пирамида – Serbian

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle

values: கிசாவின் பெரிய பிரமிடு – Tamil

values: พีระมิดคูฟู – Thai

values: Піраміда Хеопса – Ukrainian

values: ہرم خوفو – Urdu

values: /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x

values: /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x

values:
suggestions
display: none; font-size: 13px;

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Great_Pyramid_of_Giza rootpage-Great_Pyramid_of_Giza vector-experimental-print-styles vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view


text:
Streetball
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the film, see Streetballers.
This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. No cleanup reason has been specified. Please help improve this article if you can. (March 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Streetballers at the Venice Beach basketball courts, California, United States.
Streetball or street basketball is a variation of basketball typically played on outdoor courts, featuring significantly less formal structure and enforcement of the game's rules. As such, its format is more conducive to allowing players to publicly showcase their own individual skills. Streetball is often regarded as another element of the Hip Hop culture. Streetball may also refer to other urban sports played on asphalt.[1] It is particularly big in New York City.[2]
Some places and cities in the United States have organized streetball programs, operated similarly to midnight basketball programs. Many cities also host their own weekend-long streetball tournaments, with Hoop-It-Up and the Houston Rockets' Blacktop Battle being two of the most popular. Since the mid-2000s, streetball has seen an increase in media exposure through television shows such as ESPN's "Street basketball" and "City Slam", as well as traveling exhibitions such as the AND1 Mixtape Tour, YPA, and Ball4Real.
Contents
[hide]
1 Rules and features
1.1 Game structure
2 Variations
2.1 Twenty-one
2.2 King of the Court
2.3 3x3 basketball
2.4 Others
3 Famous streetballers
4 Streetball in popular media
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Rules and features[edit]
Children playing streetball in Paris in winter
Streetball rules vary widely from court to court.
Players typically divide into teams (choose sides) by alternating choices.
Typically when a player calls ball that means that team[who?] have current possession of the ball and they[who?] can stop grabbing for it. Then they[who?] continue the game from the spot where "ball" was called.
No referees are employed, so almost invariably a "call your own foul" rule is in effect, and a player who believes he has been fouled, simply needs to call out "Foul!", and play will be stopped, with the ball awarded to the fouled player's team (free throws are not awarded in streetball).
A common misconception[citation needed] is that saying "And 1" is synonymous with calling "foul." It is not. The phrase is commonly employed as a form of trash talk. For example, when a player knows they are going to make a shot and they think they are getting fouled as they are shooting will say "And 1", to let their defender know, "you can't stop me, even though you have fouled me." In reality, and as the rules that follow indicate, there is no such thing as a traditional "And 1" in Streetball.
When a player throws the ball up in the air and catches it somewhere else, it will be considered a travel.
Because the duration of the game is dictated by score and players cannot foul-out in streetball, teams often employ intentional fouls as a last resort on defense.
If defensive players had to concern themselves with fouling the offensive player hard enough so that there was no chance they could make a shot, it would certainly lead to unnecessary injury and probably several additional arguments on the court. It goes without saying that calling fouls in streetball is disfavored. The etiquette of what rightly constitutes a foul, as well as the permissible amount of protestation against such a call, are the products of individual groups, and of the seriousness of a particular game.
FIBA recently had to add the ‘check clock’ rule into play in their streetball tournaments due to some players taking excruciatingly long amounts of time to check the ball, interrupting the flow of play. This ‘check clock’ means that when the defending player has been checked the ball, he has to return it within 5 seconds.
Game structure[edit]
A common feature of street basketball is the pick up game. To participate in most streetball games around the world, one simply goes to an outdoor court where people are playing, indicates a wish to participate, and from all the players who were at the court before one has played, one will get to pick their team out of the players available and play a game. Generally, the team captains alternate their choices, but different courts have differing rules in regards to player selection. Many games play up to 7, 11, 13, 15, or 21 points with baskets counting for 2 and 3 points.
Players often play 'win by 2' which, as in tennis, means that the team has to win by a margin of at least 2 points. Sometimes a local "dead end" limit applies; for instance a game may be played to 7, win by 2, with a 9-point dead end, (referred to as "7 by 2's, 9 straight") which would mean scores of 7-3, 8-6, or 9-8 would all be final, while with scores of 7-6 or 8-7, play would continue. The most common streetball game is 3 on 3 played half court, though 5 on 5 full court can be found. Another common variation to the rules is the "skunk" rule. This merely means that if a player reaches a certain point without the other player scoring, the game is over. The skunk rule limit can vary, but is often used at the score 7 to 0.
Sometimes in a half-court game, a "winner's ball" or "make it, take it" rule is used. This means that if a team scores, it gets the ball again on offense; one team could end up never getting the ball on offense if the other team scores on every possession. Full court basketball is not played with these rules, but, in most instances, the winning team gets to choose which basketball and usually which direction (which basket) they get to use. Also, if the ball goes out of bounds players must check up.
Another possible streetball feature is having an MC call the game. The MC is on the court during the game and is often very close to the players (but makes an effort to not interfere with the game) and uses a microphone to provide game commentary for the fans.
If the player loses the match of a 1v1, the losing player is given a second chance to shoot a shot at the three point line. This either results with the match continuing or if the match is close enough resulting in a tie.
Variations[edit]
Twenty-one[edit]
Main article: Twenty-one (basketball)
A popular variation of street basketball is 21, also known as Hustle, American, St. Mary's, a V or Varsity, Roughhouse, 33, 50 or Crunch, or "New York." 21 is played most often with 3-5 players on a half court, typically when not enough players have arrived at the playground to "run 3's" (play 3-on-3). However it is possible to play "21" with only two players, or more than 5.
Further, in some forms, players can freely enter the game after it has begun, starting at zero points or being "spotted" the same number as the player with the lowest score. "21" is an "every player for himself" game, with highly variable rules. The rules of "21" are usually agreed by the players at the beginning of the game.
The typical rules of "21" are:
one player "breaks" to begin the game by shooting from 3 point range. Sometimes players agree that the "break" must not be a successful shot, in order to give every player an equal chance at rebounding to gain the 1st possession of the game
the normal foul rule is in effect
baskets are scored as 2's and 3's (as opposed to 1's and 2's like Streetball)
after a successful shot, the shooter can take up to three 1-point free-throws (or play the "shoot til you miss" variation, where the shooter continues to shoot the ball until he misses), but as soon as he misses, the ball may be rebounded by anyone; conversely, if he makes all three free throw shots, he then gets to keep the ball and "check up" or start play again at the top of the arc
In some games 1 point free throws start at the charity stripe and then move to the 3 point line at the score 11 and so on (called 11 long or if at the 3 point line from the first score for free throws is called "long all day")
the last person with a shot attempt should be the first person to step out on defense
after any change of possession, the ball should be cleared past the 3 point line (or at times just out of the key)
in order to win, a player must make exactly 21 points; if he goes over then he restarts back at either 11, 13 or 15 points, depending on the rules in use
whoever wins the game starts with the ball at the beginning of the next game
only serious fouls are called (commonly referred to as "No blood, No foul")
other typical basketball rules, such as out-of-bounds, are also frequently ignored in the game "21"; this is to avoid confusion on possession of the ball
Common additional rules include:
a player can attempt a 5-pointer in lieu of attempting three free-throws
if a missed shot is "tipped in" to the basket by another player without their feet touching the ground, then the shooter's score reverts to zero (or thirteen if their score was over thirteen); this rule may not apply on free-throws. This is referred to as "playing with tips"
if a player who has 13 points misses their next shot, regardless of whether it is a free-throw, then their points revert to zero. This is referred to as "poison points"
whoever wins the game must shoot a three-pointer in order to start with the ball at the beginning of the next game; if he makes it, he gets the three points, but doesn't have to take free-throws, and starts with the ball
players with less than 13 points at the end of a game keep their points into the next game (a sort of handicap system for when there is a wide variation in skill amongst the players)
"21" is considered a very challenging game, especially because the offensive player must possibly go up against several defenders at the same time. For this reason, it is exceedingly difficult to "drive to the hole" and make lay-ups in "21." Therefore, and also because of the emphasis on free-throws, "21" is very much a shooter's game, and because a successful shot means you keep the ball, it is possible for there to be come-backs when a player recovers from a large deficit by not missing any shots (this can also result in failure when they miss their final free-throw at 20 points and revert to 13 or 15 etc.).
"21" is popular because it allows an odd number of people to play, unlike regular basketball or other variants.
King of the Court[edit]
Another less common streetball variant, often referred to as "King of the Court", or "Boston", results in essentially a one-on-one (or sometimes two-on-two) tournament between any number of players. Each match is played following normal one-on-one rules, including violations (such as fouls and out-of-bounds) to just one point. The winner remains on the court and gets to take the ball out while the loser returns to the end of the line of players waiting to step on the court. The first player to win a set number of matches (usually 7 or 11) wins the game.
3x3 basketball[edit]
Main article: 3x3 (basketball)
Others[edit]
Main article: Variations of basketball § Activities
Famous streetballers[edit]
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Kareem "Sky Hook" Abdul-Jabbar
Rafer "Skip 2 My Lou" Alston
Kenny Anderson
Nate "Tiny" Archibald
Walt Bellamy
Sylvester "Sy" Blye
Emmanuel "Hard Work" Bibb
Grayson "The Professor" Boucher
Kobe "Black Mamba" Bryant
Cardell "Ballaholic" Butler
Kevin "Bizzness" Butler
Vince Carter
Wilt "The Stilt" Chamberlain
Philip Champion aka Hot Sauce/Sizzle
Lloyd "Swee' Pea" Daniels
Jamar "The Pharmacist" Davis
Jamal Crawford
Waliyy "Main Event" Dixon
Brandon "The Assassin" Durham
Julius "Dr.J" Erving
Taurian "Mr. 720" Fontenette
Kyrie "Uncle Drew" Irving
Steve Francis
Bobbito García
Connie "The Hawk" Hawkins
Allen "The Answer" Iverson
Deshun "Father Time" Jackson
Jumpin Jackie Jackson
Troy "Escalade" Jackson
Richard "Pee Wee" Kirkland
Raymond Lewis
Earl "The Goat" Manigault
Stephon "Starbury" Marbury
Robert "50" Martin
Demetrius "Hook" Mitchell
Earl "The Pearl" Monroe
Chris Mullin
Aaron "AO" Owens
Darren "DP a.k.a. Primal Fear" Phillip
Willis Reed
Austin "The Crane" Maloney
Kareem "The Best Kept Secret" Reid
Jack "Black Jack" Ryan
Satch Sanders
God Shammgod
Ed "Booger" Smith
John "The Franchise" Strickland
Jamaal "The Abuser" Tinsley
Slick "Zeppelin" Watts
Corey "Homicide" Williams
Jason "White Chocolate" Williams
Roberto "Exile" Yong
Terrence 'The Golden Boy' Romeo
Joe Hammond (basketball)
Garnett Thompson
William Sanders (basketball)
Adrian Walton
Earv Opong
Malloy Nesmith Sr.
Shamel Jones
John "The Franchise" Strickland
Kerry Thompson
Richie Parker
Anthony Heyward
James Pookie Wilson
Larry "Bone Collector" Williams
James Speedy Williams
Frank Streety
Herman Knowings
Streetball in popular media[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Streetball.
See also: Rucker Park
NBA Street video game series by EA Sports
NBA Ballers video game by Midway (2004)
AND 1 Streetball video game by Ubisoft (2006)
Like Mike 2: Streetball
American History X
Above The Rim
Crossover
He Got Game
Who's Got Game?, a television program broadcast on MTV
White Men Can't Jump
City Slam, a television program broadcast on ESPN
Sutobasu Yarō Shō, a 1994 video game released for the Super Famicom
FreeStyle Street Basketball, an online PC game by Joycity
See also[edit]
3x3 (basketball)
References[edit]
Jump up ^ http://www.insidehoops.com/streetball.shtml
Jump up ^ http://www.complex.com/sneakers/2014/08/a-complete-guide-to-crushing-it-at-nyc-streetball
External links[edit]
Streetball.com Global Basketball Community
Streetball.ca Canada based streetball/events website
StreetballBlog.com Streetball News and Streetball Events
Streetball Europe 1st all European Streetball tournament
Australian Streetball 3N3 League 1st 3on3 Streetball League in Australia

[show]
v
t
e
Contemporary African-American culture
Fashion and style
Black English
African American hair
Sagging
Crunk
Grills
Sneaker collecting
Streetball
Crip Walk
Television, film and music
African American films
BET
Black sitcoms
Reality TV
Bounce TV
Hood film
Events
Black Reel Awards
American Black Film Festival
BET Awards
Hair Wars
Urban Beach Week
Black Bike Week
Cultural and population centres
Atlanta
Memphis
Detroit
Chicago South Side
Harlem, New York
New Orleans
Washington DC
South Central Los Angeles
Cities and neighborhoods:
Cities with large African American populations
Communities with African American majority populations
Concepts and slang
Bling-bling
Good hair
CPT
Baby mama
Down-low
Stop Snitchin'
Acting white
Purple drank
The Dozens
Social issues
Racial profiling (Driving While Black)
Police brutality
Gangs
Tobacco marketing and African Americans
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Streetball&oldid=806216392"
Categories:
Forms of basketball
African Americans and sport
Street games
Streetball
Hidden categories:
Articles needing cleanup from March 2009
All pages needing cleanup
Cleanup tagged articles without a reason field from March 2009
Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from March 2009
All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases
Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from June 2017
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017
Articles needing additional references from January 2015
All articles needing additional references
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
Български
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Español
فارسی
Français
한국어
Hrvatski
Italiano
עברית
Latviešu
Magyar
日本語
Нохчийн
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
Türkçe
Українська
中文
Edit links
This page was last edited on 20 October 2017, at 14:24.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

key: html

type: local

value: div

attrs: id class

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

value: a

attrs: id class lang

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

attrs: href title

attrs: role class

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

value: img

attrs: alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height

value: b

attrs: class href

value: span

value: i

value: small

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Cleanup

attrs: alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values:
/wiki/AND1_Mixtape_Tour
mw-redirect
AND1 Mixtape Tour

values: The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (June 2017)

values: Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2017)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values:
/wiki/21_(basketball)
mw-redirect
21 (basketball)

values:
/wiki/No_blood,_No_foul
mw-redirect
No blood, No foul

values: Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1

values: plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced

values:
/wiki/Bobbito_Garc%C3%ADa
mw-redirect
Bobbito García

values:
/wiki/Robert_Martin_(basketball_player)
mw-redirect
Robert Martin (basketball player)

values:
/wiki/James_Pookie_Wilson
mw-redirect
James Pookie Wilson

values:
/wiki/James_Speedy_Williams
mw-redirect
James Speedy Williams

values: -moz-column-width: 22em; -webkit-column-width: 22em; column-width: 22em;

values: Edit section: Streetball in popular media

values:
/wiki/Above_The_Rim
mw-redirect
Above The Rim

values:
/wiki/Super_Famicom
mw-redirect
Super Famicom

values:
reflist mw-references-wrap
list-style-type: decimal;

values:
nofollow
http://www.streetball.com/
external text

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.streetball.ca

values:
nofollow
http://www.streetballblog.com/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.streetballeurope.com/
external text

values:
nofollow
http://www.3n3.com.au/
external text

values: Template talk:Contemporary African-American culture

values:
/wiki/African_American_hair
mw-redirect
African American hair

values:
/wiki/Black_Entertainment_Television
mw-redirect
Black Entertainment Television

values: Category:African-American reality television series

values:
/wiki/Chicago_South_Side
mw-redirect
Chicago South Side

values:
/wiki/Harlem,_New_York
mw-redirect
Harlem, New York

values:
/wiki/Washington_DC
mw-redirect
Washington DC

values:
/wiki/South_Central_Los_Angeles
mw-redirect
South Central Los Angeles

values: List of U.S. cities with large African American populations

values: List of U.S. communities with African American majority populations

values:
/wiki/Good_hair_(phrase)
mw-redirect
Good hair (phrase)

values:
/wiki/Colored_People%27s_Time
mw-redirect
Colored People's Time

values:
/wiki/Driving_While_Black
mw-redirect
Driving While Black

values:
/wiki/Police_brutality_(United_States)
mw-redirect
Police brutality (United States)

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: Category:Articles needing cleanup from March 2009

values: Category:Cleanup tagged articles without a reason field from March 2009

values: Category:Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from March 2009

values: Category:All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases

values: Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from June 2017

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017

values: Category:Articles needing additional references from January 2015

values: Category:All articles needing additional references

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Streetball
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label

values: Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia

values: About the project, what you can do, where to find things

values: A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r]

values: portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label

values: List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j]

values: Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k]

values:
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard
Upload files [ctrl-alt-u]
u

values: A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q]

values: Стрийтбол – Bulgarian

values: بسکتبال خیابانی – Persian

values: 스트리트볼 – Korean

values: כדורסל רחוב – Hebrew

values: ストリートボール – Japanese

values: Стритбол – Chechen

values: Стритбол – Russian

values: Стритбол – Ukrainian

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Streetball rootpage-Streetball vector-experimental-print-styles vector-nav-directionality skin-vector action-view