text:
Mission San Francisco de la Espada
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Mission San Francisco de la Espada
The church of Mission San Francisco de la Espada.
Shown within Texas
Basic information
Location
San Antonio, Texas, U.S.
Geographic coordinates
29°19′04″N 98°27′00″W / 29.317833°N 98.449968°W / 29.317833; -98.449968Coordinates: 29°19′04″N 98°27′00″W / 29.317833°N 98.449968°W / 29.317833; -98.449968
Affiliation
Catholic (Roman Rite)
Architectural description
Architectural style
Spanish Colonial
Completed
Founded 1690
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
Added to NRHP
February 23, 1972; January 28, 1974
NRHP Reference no.
72001351; 74002324
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Type
Cultural
Criteria
ii
Designated
2015 (39th session)
Reference no.
1466
State Party
United States
Region
Europe and North America
Mission San Francisco de la Espada (also Mission Espada) is a Roman Rite Catholic mission established in 1690 by Spain in present-day San Antonio, Texas, in what was then known as northern New Spain. The mission was built in order to convert local Native Americans to Christianity and solidify Spanish territorial claims in the New World against encroachment from France.[1] Today, the structure is one of four missions that comprise San Antonio Missions National Historical Park.
Contents
1 History
2 Rancho de las Cabras
3 Espada Acequia
4 Gallery
5 See also
6 References
History[edit]
Founded in 1690 as San Francisco de los Tejas near Weches, Texas and southwest of present-day Alto, Texas, Mission San Francisco de la Espada was the second mission established in Texas.
Three priests, three soldiers and supplies were left among the Nabedache Indians. The new mission was dedicated on June 1, 1690. A smallpox epidemic in the winter of 1690-1691 killed an estimated 3,300 people in the area. The Nabedache believed the Spaniards brought the disease and hostilities developed between the two groups.
Drought besieged the mission in the summers of 1691 and 1692, and the Nabedache wished to get rid of the mission. Under threat of personal attack, the priests began packing their belongings in the fall of 1693. On October 25, 1693, the padres burned the mission and retreated toward Monclova. The party lost its way and did not reach Monclova until February 17, 1694.[2]
The mission was re-established in the same area on July 5, 1716 as Nuestro Padre San Francisco de los Tejas. The new mission had to be abandoned in 1719 because of conflict between Spain and France.
The mission was tried once more on August 5, 1721 as San Francisco de los Neches. As the Nabedache were no longer interested in the mission, and France had abandoned effort to lay claim in the area, the mission was temporarily relocated along the Colorado River in July 1730. Mission Tejas State Park encompasses the original site of the mission.
The mission relocated to its current location in the San Antonio River area (coordinates 29.3177°, -98.4498°) in March, 1731 and was renamed San Francisco De la Espada. A friary was built in 1745, and the church was completed in 1756. The relocation was in part inspired by fears of French encroachment and need for more Missionaries to tend to San Antonio de Bexar's Indian population.[3] The Mission encountered great difficulties in presiding over the Indian population and experienced common rebellious activity.[4]
Several modern churches have been architecturally based on the design of this mission including St. Stephen's Episcopal Church in Wimberley, Texas, north of San Antonio.
Rancho de las Cabras[edit]
Rancho de las Cabras was established between 1750 and 1760, 30 miles southeast of San Antonio de Bexar under the jurisdiction of Mission Espada, so as to provide land for cultivation of crops and livestock for the Mission’s population without intruding on private lands.[5] The ranch was primarily made up by low fences and thatched buildings known as jacales for the native workforce to inhabit.[5] According to Ethno-Historian T.N. Campbell, the ranch was likely constructed by Indians not native to Texas.[5]
Espada Acequia[edit]
Mission Espada, 2011
Main article: Espada Acequia
Mission San Francisco de la Espada's acequia and aqueduct can still be seen today. The main ditch continues to carry water to the mission and its former farm lands. This water is still used by residents living on these neighboring lands.
The use of acequias was originally brought to the arid regions of Spain and Portugal by the Romans and the Moors. When Franciscans missionaries arrived in the desert Southwest they found the system worked well in the hot, dry environment.
In order to distribute water to the missions along the San Antonio River, Franciscan missionaries oversaw the construction of seven gravity-flow ditches, dams, and at least one aqueduct — a 15-mile (24 km) network that irrigated approximately 3,500 acres (14 km2) of land.
Gallery[edit]
The Espada aqueduct as it crosses Piedras creek
Interior of the church
Nativity scene, 2009.
Nativity scene, 2011.
Mission San Francisco de Espada, San Antonio, Texas (postcard, 1901-1907)
See also[edit]
Spanish missions in Texas
Mission Nuestra Señora de la Purísima Concepción de Acuña; also Mission Concepcion
Mission San José y San Miguel de Aguayo
Mission San Juan Capistrano
Espada Acequia
Mission Tejas State Park
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Hinojosa, Gilberto M. (1990-01-01). "Friars and Indians: Towards a Perspective of Cultural Interaction in the San Antonio Mission". U.S. Catholic Historian. 9 (1/2): 7–26. JSTOR 25146234.
Jump up ^ Chipman, Donald E. Spanish Texas 1519-1821. University of Texas Press: Austin, Third paperback printing, 1997. p. 99.
Jump up ^ Poyo, Gerald E. (2011). Tejano Origins in Eighteenth-Century San Antonio. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. p. 62.
Jump up ^ Torres, Luis (1992). San Antonio Missions National Historical Park. Texas: Western National Parks Association. p. 26.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Rancho de las Cabras". www.texasbeyondhistory.net. Retrieved 2015-12-03.
"Mission San Francisco de la Espada". National Park Service. Retrieved July 12, 2005.
"Interpretive Guide to Mission Tejas State Park". Texas Parks and Wildlife. 2006.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mission Espada, San Antonio, Texas.
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National Register of Historic Places in San Antonio
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San Antonio Missions (World Heritage Site)
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Tim Williams (actor)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Tim Williams
Born
Timothy Leigh Williams
(1966-08-16) August 16, 1966 (age 51)
Houston, Texas, United States
Occupation
Actor
Years active
1994–present
Tim Williams (born August 16, 1966) is an American actor who is best known for his work in the movies Valkyrie (2008), Ninja Assassin (2009), and Labyrinth of Lies (2014). Williams is also well known for his appearances in advertisements for the hotel website Trivago.
Williams went to Robert E Lee High School in Houston, Texas, and graduated in 1985. He went on to study at the Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute[1]
Contents
1 Personal life
2 Partial filmography
3 References
4 External links
Personal life[edit]
Williams moved to Germany in 2001, where he currently lives. He is twice-divorced and has two sons.[2]
Partial filmography[edit]
The Mouse (1996) – Frank "The Gator" Lux
Grind (1997) – Scott
Fast Food Fast Women (2000) – Kindergarten Teacher
Suche impotenten Mann für's Leben (2003) – David
Beyond the Sea (2004) – Bodyguard
Drawn in Blood (2006) – Eric
Valkyrie (2008) – Doctor
Ninja Assassin (2009) – Europol Cell Guard
Liebe Mauer (2009) – CIA-Officer
Chicken with Plums (2011) – Le docteur américain
A Coffee in Berlin (2012) – Barkeeper
The Apparition (2012) – Office Executive
The Forbidden Girl (2013) – Sheriff Reynolds
Labyrinth of Lies (2014) – Major Parker
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Hoffman, Ken (May 22, 2015). "'Trivago Guy' got start at Houston high school". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 18 January 2018.
Jump up ^ "Everyone's talking about Trivago Guy: Are we finally subjecting men to the same scrutiny as women?". theglobeandmail.com. 29 July 2014. Retrieved 13 August 2017.
External links[edit]
Tim Williams on IMDb
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
BNF: cb16913619j (data)
ISNI: 0000 0001 3135 4387
LCCN: no2015076160
VIAF: 85120460

This article about an American actor or actress is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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United States foreign aid
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
United States foreign aid is aid given by the United States government to other governments. The term generally does not include either money from private charitable organizations based in the United States, personal giving, or remittances. It is sometimes divided into two broad categories: military aid and economic assistance.[1] The Congressional Research Service divides it into five categories: bilateral development aid, economic assistance, humanitarian aid, multilateral economic contributions, and military aid.[2]
Foreign aid recipients include developing countries, countries of strategic importance to the United States, and countries recovering from war. The government channels about half of its economic assistance through a specialized agency, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). Government-sponsored foreign aid began a systematic fashion after World War II, with the Marshall Plan of 1948 and the Mutual Security Act of 1951-61.
Military aid provided to foreign countries varies mostly on what natural resources the foreign country has to offer. The amount of military aid is determined by how much natural resources the foreign country.[3]
Foreign aid is generally unpopular with the general public, with a 2017 poll finding 57% favor a cut and 6% who want increased aid.[4] On the other hand, foreign aid has bipartisan support in Congress,[5] and most Americans overestimate foreign aid as a share of the total federal budget. In the past, less than 1% of the national budget went to foreign assistance.[6][7] As of fiscal year 2017, foreign aid between the U.S. State Department and USAID totaled $50.1 billion, or just over 1% of the budget.[8]
Contents
[hide]
1 Overview
2 History
2.1 World War I
2.2 World War II
2.3 Cold War
3 USAID
3.1 2000s
4 Public Opinion
4.1 Public knowledge of aid
4.2 Opinions change
4.3 Recipients of foreign aid
4.4 Spend Amount and destination
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
8 Further reading
Overview[edit]
In fiscal year 2014, the U.S. government allocated the following amounts for aid:
Total economic and military assistance: $43.10 billion
Total military assistance: $10.57 billion
Total economic assistance: $32.53 billion
of which USAID Implemented: $17.82 billion[9]
Top 25 Recipient Countries of U.S. Foreign Aid FY 2013 Reported in $US millions, Obligations [10]
Country
Economic and Military Assistance FY 2013, $US millions
Aid received per person recipient FY2013, $US
Economic Assistance FY 2013, $US millions
Military Assistance FY2013, $US millions
Afghanistan 4533.51 148 2653.93 1879.58
Israel* 2961.04 367 17.81 2943.23
Egypt 1566.24 19 330.6 1235.6
Jordan 1211.83 188 879.64 332.19
West Bank/Gaza 1007.73 370
Ethiopia 686.53 7 685.19 1.34
South Sudan 618.74 55 598.79 19.96
Malawi 571.18 35 570.91 0.27
Uganda 541.93 14 538.3 3.62
South Africa 526.19 10 523.86 2.32
Nigeria 518.84 3 509.41 9.43
Russia 465.16 3 445.07 20.08
Iraq 444.81 13 382.7 62.11
Tanzania 430.66 9 427.82 2.84
Mexico 419.94 3 348.72 71.21
Congo (Kinshasa) 379.24 6 366.73 12.52
Haiti 378.77 37 377.04 1.73
Lebanon 376.41 84 286.03 90.38
Somalia 367.18 35 188 179.18
Zambia 310.8 22 310.26 0.54
Sudan (former)* 290.05 8 290.05
Notes:
Sudan (former) refers to the geographic area of Sudan, based on the area that was Sudan before the creation of South Sudan
Except special considerations to countries such as Israel and Egypt, the direction of US foreign aid flow reflects the government efforts in’ alleviating poverty, promoting democracy and encouraging economic openness of the recipient countries.
As of 2016 the US has undertook a ten year pledge to provide $3.9B per year until 2026.
History[edit]
World War I[edit]
During World War One, the Committee for Relief in Belgium (CRB), which sent food to the hungry in that war-torn country, received $387 million from the U.S. government (as well as $314 million from the British and French governments and about $200 million from non-governmental sources). These government monies were given in the form of loans, but a considerable portion of those loans were forgiven.[11]
After the war, the American Relief Administration, directed by Herbert Hoover who had also been prominent in the CRB, continued food distribution to war-devastated European countries. It also distributed food and combated typhus in Russia during 1921-23. The U.S. Congress appropriated $20 million for the ARA under the Russian Famine Relief Act of 1921.
World War II[edit]
Levels of United States aid increased greatly during World War Two, mainly on account of the Lend-lease program. United States government aid remained high in the decade after the war because of contributions to European reconstruction, and competition for influence versus the Communist powers in the first years of the Cold War. By 1960, the annual aid amount had receded to about half of what it was in the early post-war years, and, in inflation-adjusted terms, it has remained at that level—with some fluctuations—until the present.[12]
The Lend-lease program, which began in 1941 (before the U.S. entrance in the war) was an arrangement whereby the United States sent large amounts of war materials and other supplies to nations whose defense was considered vital to the defense of the United States. It began with the passage by Congress of the Lend-lease act (PL 77-11) on 11 March 1941.[13] Initially, the main recipient was Great Britain; the Soviet Union began receiving supplies (paid for in gold) in June 1941 outside of Lend-lease, and was included in the Lend-lease agreement in November 1941. By the end of the war, most of the Allied countries had been declared eligible for Lend-lease aid, although not all received it. By the time the program was ended by President Truman in August 1945, more than $50 billion worth of supplies had been disbursed, of which the Commonwealth countries received $31 billion and the Soviet Union $11 billion. Although formally the material was loaned, in the end only partial repayment was demanded.
A second wartime aid program, the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA), was founded in November 1943, by 44 Allied governments, for the purpose of assisting and resettling displaced victims of the war.[14] Its initial focus was on assisting people in areas the Allies had captured from the Axis powers: distributing food, clothing and other essentials, and helping with medical care and sanitation. Later it also assisted in the resumption of agriculture and industry. Each of the 44 signatories was supposed to contribute one percent of its national income.[15] The chief beneficiaries were China, Czechoslovakia, Greece, Italy, Poland, the Ukrainian SSR and Yugoslavia. UNRRA returned about 7 million displaced people to their countries of origin and provided refugee camps for about one million who were unwilling to be repatriated. UNRRA ceased operations in Europe in mid-1947;[16] some of its activities in Asia continued under other auspices until early 1949. In the end 52 countries had contributed as donors. Contributions from governments and private organizations during the four years of the program totaled over $3.8 billion; more than half of that was from the United States.
Cold War[edit]
After the war, the United States began giving large amounts of aid to Greece and Turkey under the Truman doctrine. Both countries were experiencing civil strife between communist and anti-communist factions, and the President and his advisors feared that their efforts to keep European countries from adopting communism might be about to suffer a serious setback. In December 1946, the Prime Minister of Greece visited Washington and requested additional United States aid. Truman promulgated his containment doctrine in early 1947, a major component of which was to be aid to the world's poor countries in order to blunt the appeals of radicalism to their hungry peoples and to bolster their anti-communist political elements. In May 1947 the U.S. government granted Greece $300 million in military and economic aid. Turkey received $100 million. The U.S. government gave Greece $362 million in 1949, and U.S. aid to Greece generally remained over $100 million annually until 1998.[17]
The most well-known, and largest, United States aid program in the immediate post-war years was the European Recovery Program (ERP). More often known as the Marshall Plan, it was the creation of George Kennan, William Clayton, and others at the U.S. State Department under Secretary of State George Marshall. Publicly suggested by Marshall in June 1947, and put into action about a year later, the Plan was essentially an extension of the Greece–Turkey aid strategy to the rest of Europe. The U.S. administration considered the stability of the existing governments in Western Europe vital to its own interests. On 3 April 1948, President Truman signed the Economic Cooperation Act, establishing the Economic Cooperation Administration (ECA) to administer the program, and actual disbursements got underway. The focus was on promoting production, stabilizing currencies, and promoting international trade. To be eligible for the aid, a country had to sign an agreement with the United States government committing itself to the Act's purposes. The Communist countries were formally invited to participate in the Plan although Secretary Marshall thought it unlikely that they would accept and they did in fact decline the aid. Also in 1948, the United States and the recipient countries created the Organisation for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC – it became the OECD in 1961) to coordinate the use of the aid. A large portion of the money given was used to purchase goods from the United States, and the ships used to transport the goods had to be of U.S. nationality. Until after the Korean War, military aid was not part of the plan.[18] The Marshall Plan ended in December 1951 and its functions were transferred to the Mutual Security Administration.[19] The United States government gave out about $12.5 billion under the Plan during its three-and-a-half year existence. The countries receiving the most were Great Britain ($3.3 billion), France ($2.3 billion) and West Germany ($1.4 billion).[20]
From 1945 to 1953 – U.S. provides grants and credits amounting to $5.9 billion to Asian countries, especially China/Taiwan ($1.051 billion), India ($255 million), Indonesia ($215 million), Japan ($2.44 billion), South Korea ($894 million), Pakistan ($98 million) and the Philippines ($803 million). In addition, another $282 million went to Israel and $196 million to the rest of the Middle East. The main category was economic aid, but some military aid was provided.[21] All this aid was separate from the Marshall Plan.[22]
USAID[edit]
Congress passed the Foreign Assistance Act on September 4, 1961, reorganizing U.S. foreign assistance programs and separating military and non-military aid. The Act mandated the creation of an agency to administer economic assistance programs, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), which was established by President Kennedy two months later. USAID became the first U.S. foreign assistance organization whose primary focus was long-term economic and social development.
2000s[edit]
U.S. Foreign Aid by Implementing Agency FY2009-FY2013, Reported in $US millions, Obligations [23]
Implementing Agency 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
2014
African Development Foundation 35.32 30.86 33.91 29.64 27.84 31.78
Department of Agriculture 244.23 545.52 329.56 369.45 334.82 248.86
Department of Commerce 9.26 9.87 6.23 15.65 18.33 9.11
Department of Defense 14,527.79 15,274.05 18,821.63 17,666.48 8,250.63 10,552.90
Department of Energy 749.51 1,036.85 1,426.41 691.14 972.90 670.21
Department of Health and Human Services 2,713.37 2,717.16 2,258.21 2,281.97 3,079.29 2,695.37
Department of Homeland Security 8.04 6.08 4.09 5.15 0.00 2.67
Department of Justice 43.60 36.46 20.86 18.72 14.06 13.85
Department of Labor 53.78 73.47 52.75 12.16 30.55 17.00
Department of State 6,674.46 6,477.13 6,023.83 6,089.06 5,390.79 6,824.22
Department of the Air Force 4.90 6.43 18.51 0.00 0.06 3.62
Department of the Army 935.81 774.72 420.50 137.53 37.02 15.18
Department of the Interior 1,087.52 225.67 328.07 225.00 216.95 292.18
Department of the Navy 26.57 0.26 17.84 6.81 4.67
Department of the Treasury 1,637.74 2,245.32 2,033.89 2,834.18 2,673.16 2,838.22
Department of Transportation 2.17 3.84 2.87 7.61 3.95 0.27
Environmental Protection Agency 24.67 40.59 22.19 50.62 21.92 20.44
Federal Trade Commission 0.61 0.73 0.33 0.21 0.00
Inter-American Foundation 24.96 25.84 22.96 25.44 26.20 27.79
Millennium Challenge Corporation 1,016.78 873.67 581.00 413.02 1,115.55 567.34
Open World Leadership Center 15.50 12.82 0.00 0.00 0.00
Peace Corps 350.67 389.61 419.09 401.34 386.75 405.60
Trade and Development Agency 42.78 49.88 41.17 44.14 40.64 44.34
U.S. Agency for International Development 16,191.31 17,344.78 15,644.51 18,232.36 17,461.78 17,822.82
President Obama announced to the UN Millennium Development Goals summit in September 2010 that the United States was changing its policy towards foreign aid. The President said the country would focus more on effectiveness, and make sure donated food, medicine, and money help countries get to the point where they no longer require such aid. Infrastructure set up for the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief would be used to build capacity in local health care systems to improve maternal and child health, and also fight tropical diseases. The new policy would increase the profile and participation of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), which would coordinate more directly with the National Security Council and Secretary of State Hillary Clinton.[24] Some observers criticized the link with national security and foreign policy as unhelpful for the impoverished, and others lamented the attempted streamlining as only adding more bureaucracy.[24] Foreign aid is a highly partisan issue in the United States, with liberals, on average, supporting government-funded foreign aid much more than conservatives do,[25] who tend to prefer to provide foreign aid privately.
Public Opinion[edit]
This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (December 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
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Interviews with 1,012 adult Americans were conducted by telephone by Opinion Research Corporation in January 2011: Published by CNN, the response was that 81% felt that reducing aid to foreign countries was a good way to reduce the federal budget deficit, while 18% thought aid was more important than reducing deficit.[26] Thomas Pogge, Director of the Global Justice Program and Leitner Professor of Philosophy and International Affairs at Yale University, has predicted that public opinion will not change even while the hardships suffered by poor people are rising, partly as a result of the Global Financial Crisis.[27] Some claim the U.S. is helping corrupt governments with the aid.
Worldwide opinion of the United States improves with contributions to developing countries.[28]
Public knowledge of aid[edit]
Several polls have been done assessing the knowledge of the US Public in regards to how much they know about the government’s foreign aid spending. A poll conducted by World Public Opinion in 2010 found that the average estimate for how much of the government’s budget is spent on foreign aid was 25 percent.[29] The average amount proposed by the public was 10 percent of the federal government’s budget be used on foreign aid.[29] In actuality, less than 1 percent of the US federal budget goes towards foreign aid.[29] Less than 19 percent of respondents thought that the percent of the budget that goes towards foreign aid was less than 5 percent.[29] Steven Kull, director of PIPA, relates this overestimation towards an increase in hearing about foreign aid efforts during the Obama administration, but estimates of foreign aid have always been high.[29]
A poll conducted in 2013 by Research Pew Center found that the majority of Americans wanted to either maintain or increase spending on all US government initiatives except foreign aid. This is attributed, by Alice C. Hu, to a gross misconception of how much of the federal budget is actually spent on foreign aid.[30]
Opinions change[edit]
A study by the Washington Post from 2017 shows that Americans are easily persuaded in regards to their opinions on US foreign aid.[31] The percentage of people who were provided no argument regarding foreign aid and though the US spends too much on it was 67 percent.[31] The percentage of people who were provided a positive argument for foreign aid and thought the US spent too much on it was 28 percent.[31] The percentage of people who were provided a negative argument against foreign aid and thought that the US spends too much on it was 88 percent.[31] This shows that the US public is perceptive to changing their beliefs about US foreign aid based on the information presented.
Because the US public is perceptive to information regarding public aid, Steven Kull, Director of the Program on International Policy Attitudes, laid out steps to preserve or create a positive outlook on US foreign aid.[32]
Understand the attacks on foreign aid.
Do not frame questions about public opinion in terms of priorities because people are likely to prioritize domestic issues.
Emphasize that only 1 percent of the federal budget goes towards foreign aid, as the Clinton administration did in the 1990s.
Americans feel that the US does more than its fair share on the world stage, so differentiate between foreign aid and military spending.
Note that other countries apart of multilateral frameworks are doing their part in contributing to foreign aid efforts.
Discuss that NGOs get a large sum of foreign aid to counter claims that aid only leads to further governmental corruption.
Point out that foreign aid is a safe way to improve US relations with other nation-states, therefore promoting self interest.[32]
Recipients of foreign aid[edit]
A study by Andy Baker, a political scientist at the University of Colorado at Boulder, found that Americans are more likely to support foreign aid going to an African country than they are to support foreign aid going to an Eastern European country.[33] Respondents averaged wanting to cut aid going to those of European descent by 40 percent, while respondents averaged wanting to cut aid going to those of African descent by only 11 percent. Baker attributes this to a paternalistic view Americans have of themselves over those of African descent.[33]
Spend Amount and destination[edit]
Because of the size of the US federal budget, the 0.7 percent of the budget put towards foreign aid totaled 23 billion dollars in 2012.[30] Most US foreign aid does not go other governments due to skepticism about corruption in other countries. There is a fear amongst the American people that foreign aid is funneled and used to increase the personal wealth of corrupt government leaders of foreign countries. However, about 85 percent of foreign aid goes to non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and US-government contractors, meaning that most of foreign aid is not being given directly to foreign governments.[30]
See also[edit]
United States military aid
United States Foreign Military Financing
Feed the Future Initiative
Foreign policy of the United States
Criticism of U.S. foreign policy
Foreign Assistance Act
USAID
Compact of Free Association
Millennium Challenge Corporation
Development Assistance Database
General:
List of governments by development aid
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Max Bearak, Lazaro Gamio (18 Oct 2016). "The U.S. foreign aid budget, visualized". The Washington Post. Retrieved 9 Aug 2017.
Jump up ^ Congressional Research Service. Foreign Aid: An Introductory Overview of U.S. Programs and Policy (2005) 38 pp online
Jump up ^ Ross, Michael L. (2004). "How Do Natural Resources Influence Civil War? Evidence from Thirteen Cases". International Organization. 58 (1): 35–67.
Jump up ^ "Most See U.S. Foreign Aid As A Bad Deal for America". Rasmussen. 20 Mar 2017. Retrieved 9 Sep 2017.
Jump up ^ Liz Schrayer (3 Sep 2016). "The Surprise Bipartisan Success Story of Congress: American Aid". Retrieved 9 Aug 2017.
Jump up ^ George M. Guess, The Politics of United States Foreign Aid (2013)
Jump up ^ "Rethinking US Development Policy Foreign Assistance and the US Budget". March 19, 2016. Retrieved March 19, 2016.
Jump up ^ Adam Edelman (28 Feb 2017). "Trump wants to slash federal costs, boost military spending". New York Daily News. Retrieved 9 Sep 2017.
Jump up ^ "Foreign Aid Explorer website". Foreign Aid Explorer. USAID. July 27, 2015. Retrieved July 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Foreign Aid Explorer website". Foreign Aid Explorer. USAID. July 27, 2015. Retrieved July 29, 2015.
Jump up ^ Annotated CRB documents, retrieved September 2009. The U.S. aid commenced after April 1917; Britain had been contributing since 1914. The amounts contributed by the governments are from the table near the beginning of the web page. 200 million is calculated as 22 percent (100 - 78 percent) of the 900 million distributed by the committee (mentioned in the discussion preceding the table).
Jump up ^ This paragraph refers to inflation-adjusted ("constant-dollar") levels. Generally, the other data in this section is in historical dollars. USAID, Greenbook, interactive version, "Program Reports"; then selecting "Custom Report" allows you to get data going back to 1946. Retrieved September 2009.
Jump up ^ United States government (ourdocuments.gov), Lend-Lease Act (1941), essay about the Act, and transcript of the Act. Retrieved September 2009.
Jump up ^ Although the UNRRA was called a "United Nations" agency, it was established prior to the founding of the United Nations. The explanation for this is that the term 'United Nations' was used at the time to refer to the Allies of World War II, having been originally coined for that purpose by Roosevelt in 1942.
Jump up ^ Assisting the victims of war: 'nations will learn to work together only by actually working together.' (United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration). U.N. Publications, 1994.
Jump up ^ United Nations, Assisting the victims of war &helip;, op cit., says the UNRRA decided on 16 August 1947 to liquidate itself, "a process completed in 1948;" Infoplease (Columbia Encyclopedia), "United Nations Relief and Rehabilitatin Administration", says UNRRA discontinued its operations in Europe on 30 June 1947.
Jump up ^ These amounts are in historical (not inflation-adjusted) dollars. USAID, Greenbook Historical query, select Country Reports >> Greece, Custom Report >> the data you want, and the year (Ctrl+A selects all years). Retrieved September 2009. Also, Time Magazine, "Greece: The Poly-Papadopoulos", 03 April 1972; retrieved September 2009.
Jump up ^ This and the information about U.S. goods and ships is from u-s-history.com "Marshall Plan", retrieved September 2009.
Jump up ^ Spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk, "Marshall Plan", retrieved September 2009.
Jump up ^ Other sources on the Marshall Plan used here include infoplease.com "Marshall Plan", and The Marshall Foundation, "The Marshall Plan".
Jump up ^ All data from the official document: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1954 (1955) table 1075 pp 899-902 online edition file 1954-08.pdf
Jump up ^ Harry Bayard Price, The Marshall Plan and its Meaning (Cornell UP, 1955), pp 179-219.
Jump up ^ "Foreign Aid Explorer website". Foreign Aid Explorer. USAID. July 27, 2015. Retrieved July 29, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b [1], Bristol 2010.
Jump up ^ Peter Hays Gries, The Politics of American Foreign Policy: How Ideology Divides Liberals and Conservatives over Foreign Affairs (Stanford, 2014), pp. 108-112.
Jump up ^ "Cnn Research Poll" (PDF). CNN. Retrieved 4 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Pogge, Thomas (2014). "Are We Violating the Human Rights of the World's Poor?" (PDF). Yale Human Rights & Development Law Journal. 17 (1): 31. Retrieved 4 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Goldsmith, Benjamin E.; Horiuchi, Yusaku; Wood, Terence. "Doing well by doing good: foreign aid improves opinions of the U.S." Washington Post. Retrieved 4 June 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e WPO Admin (November 29, 2010). "American Public Vastly Overestimates Amount of U.S. Foreign Aid". World Public Opinion.
^ Jump up to: a b c Hu, Alice C. (March 11, 2015). "Foreign Aid and the 28 Percent Myth". Harvard International Review.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Hurst, Hawkins, Tidwell, Reuben, Darren, Taylor (May 4, 2017). "Americans love to hate foreign aid, but the right argument makes them like it a lot more". The Washington Post. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Jump up to: a b Kull, Steven. “Preserving American Public Support for Foreign Aid.” Brookings Blum Roundtable Policy Briefs, pp. 53–60.
^ Jump up to: a b Baker, Andy. 2015. “Race, Paternalism, and Foreign Aid: Evidence from U.S. Public Opinion.” American Political Science Review 109 (1): 93–109.
External links[edit]
Foreign Aid Explorer
U.S. Foreign Assistance dashboard
Brief Chronology and Highlights of the History of U.S. Foreign Assistance Activities
Criticism of U.S. Foreign Aid from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives
Rethinking U.S. Aid from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives
Further reading[edit]
This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: formatting and linking Please help improve this section if you can. (October 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
USG sources of data on United States aid are:
Foreign Aid Explorer
U.S. Overseas Loans and Grants: Obligations and Loan Authorizations, July 1, 1945–September 30, 2013
ForeignAssistance.gov
Non-USG sources of data on United States aid are:
Publications of the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). The OECD offers large amounts of data on line. Complete access is by subscription, but useful amounts are made available free. The DAC does not include private aid in its main category, "Official Development Assistance (ODA)", but reports some of it under other headings.
AidData provides free access to a searchable database of foreign aid activities by donor, recipient, sector, and other criteria. Using the AidData database, it is possible to search for U.S. foreign aid activities financed between 1973 and 2008, and download them as a CSV file.
Congressional Research Service. Foreign Aid: An Introductory Overview of U.S. Programs and Policy (2011) 37 pp online
Guess, George M. The Politics of United States Foreign Aid (2013)
Lancaster, Carol. Foreign aid: Diplomacy, development, domestic politics (University of Chicago Press, 2008)
Morgner, Aurelius. "The American Foreign Aid Program: Costs, Accomplishments, Alternatives?," Review of Politics (1967) 29#1 pp. 65–75 in JSTOR
Bristol, Nellie. 2010. "US Foreign Aid Restructuring: is it "a very big deal?" From World Report. Accessed 4/19/2010.
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List of largest houses in the United States
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This List of the largest houses in the United States includes the largest houses which have existed (i.e. were constructed fully or are under construction with substantial progress made, not merely proposed) ranked by square footage (which includes livable space of main house only, and does not count such ancillary buildings as guest houses, pool houses, etc.).
Largest houses by floor space[edit]
Rank (does not include demolished and under construction)
Rank (includes demolished and under construction)
Square footage
Name
Location
Built for
Owner
Year completed
Architectural style
Architect
Image
1 1 135,280[1] Biltmore Estate Asheville, North Carolina George Washington Vanderbilt II William A.V. Cecil 1895 Châteauesque Richard Morris Hunt
2 2 109,000 [2] Oheka Castle Huntington, New York Otto Hermann Kahn Gary Melius 1919 Châteauesque Delano and Aldrich
- 3 100,000 Whitemarsh Hall Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania Edward T. Stotesbury (demolished in 1980) 1917 Georgian Horace Trumbauer
3 4 97,188[3] Arden House Harriman, New York Edward Henry Harriman Research Center on Natural Conservation 1909 Châteauesque Carrère and Hastings
4 5 96,582 Winterthur Winterthur, Delaware Henry Francis du Pont Winterthur Museum, Garden and Library 1932 Georgian Revival Henry Francis du Pont
- 6 90,000 Cornelius Vanderbilt II House New York, New York Cornelius Vanderbilt II (demolished in 1926) 1882 Châteauesque George B. Post
5 6 90,000 Shadow Lawn West Long Branch, New Jersey Hubert Templeton Parson Monmouth University 1927 Beaux-Arts Horace Trumbauer
6 8 88,000 Meadow Brook Hall Rochester Hills, Michigan Matilda Dodge Wilson Oakland University 1929 Tudor Revival Smith Hinchman & Grylls
7 9 80,000 Florham Florham Park, New Jersey Hamilton and Florence Vanderbilt Twombly Fairleigh Dickinson University 1897 Georgian Revival McKim Mead & White
- 9 80,000 Harbor Hill Roslyn, New York Clarence Hungerford Mackay (demolished in 1947) 1899 Châteauesque McKim Mead & White
8 11 75,000 Indian Neck Hall Oakdale, New York Frederick Gilbert Bourne St. John's University 1908 Federal Style Ernest Flagg
- 12 72,215 [4][5][6] Pensmore Highlandville, Missouri Steven T. Huff Steven T. Huff 2016 Châteauesque
- 13 72,000 Inisfada North Hills, New York Nicholas Frederic Brady (demolished in 2013) 1919 Tudor Revival John Torrey Windrim
9 14 70,000 Idle Hour Oakdale, New York William K. Vanderbilt Dowling College 1901 English Country Style Richard Howland Hunt
9 14 70,000 Lynnewood Hall Elkins Park, Pennsylvania Peter A. B. Widener Richard Yoon 1900 Neoclassical Horace Trumbauer
9 14 70,000[7] Woodlea Briarcliff Manor, New York Margaret Louisa Vanderbilt Shepard Sleepy Hollow Country Club 1895 Georgian Revival Stanford White
12 17 68,500[8] Hearst Castle San Simeon, California William Randolph Hearst California Department of Parks and Recreation 1947 Spanish Colonial Revival Julia Morgan
13 18 66,341[9] Grey Towers Castle Glenside, Pennsylvania William Welsh Harrison Arcadia University 1896 Gothic Revival Horace Trumbauer
14 19 64,389[10] Fairfield Pond Sagaponack, New York Ira Rennert Ira Rennert 2003 Italian Renaissance Ferguson and Shamamian
15 20 62,500 [11] Mar-a-Lago Palm Beach, Florida Marjorie Merriweather Post Donald Trump 1927 Spanish Colonial Revival Marion Sims Wyeth
Joseph Urban
16 21 62,482[12] The Breakers Newport, Rhode Island Cornelius Vanderbilt II Preservation Society of Newport County 1895 Italian Renaissance Richard Morris Hunt
- 22 62,317[13] Versailles Windermere, Florida David A. Siegel David A. Siegel (under construction) Châteauesque
17 23 62,220[14] Gemini Manalapan, Florida Gerard Barnes Lambert, Sr Dirk Edward Ziff 1940s Mediterranean Revival Marion Sims Wyeth
Edson E. Dailey
18 24 60,000 Whitehall Palm Beach, Florida Henry Morrison Flagler Henry Morrison Flagler Museum 1902 Beaux-Arts Carrère and Hastings
- 24 60,000 Pembroke Glen Cove, New York Joseph De Lamar (demolished in 1968) 1916 Neoclassical C.P.H. Gilbert
- 24 60,000 El Mirasol Palm Beach, Florida Edward T. Stotesbury (demolished in 1958) 1920 Spanish Colonial Revival Addison Mizner
- 27 58,000[15] Duke Farms Hillsborough Township, New Jersey James Buchanan Duke Duke Farms Foundation (Mansion was demolished in 2016) 1903 Tudor Revival Henry H. Kendall
19 28 57,000[16] Eschman Meadows Nashport, Ohio Tami Longaberger 2001 Georgian George Acock
Phil White
20 29 56,881 Castle Hill Ipswich, Massachusetts Richard Crane The Trustees of Reservations 1928 English Baroque David Adler
21 30 56,368[17] Andrew Carnegie Mansion New York, New York Andrew Carnegie Smithsonian Institution 1901 Georgian Revival Babb, Cook & Willard
22 31 56,000[18] Blairsden Peapack-Gladstone, New Jersey Clinton Ledyard Blair T. Eric Galloway[19] 1903 Châteauesque Carrère and Hastings
23 32 55,360 Ralston Hall Belmont, California William Chapman Ralston Notre Dame de Namur University 1864 Italianate Henry W. Cleaveland
24 33 55,000 White House Washington, D.C. United States of America National Park Service 1800 Neoclassical James Hoban
- 33 55,000 Belle Grove White Castle, Louisiana John Andrews (demolished in 1952) 1857 Greek Revival
Italianate Henry Howard
24 33 55,000 Elm Court Lenox, Massachusetts Emily Thorn Vanderbilt Travaasa Experiential Resorts 1885 American Shingle Style Peabody and Stearns
26 36 54,838[20] Dumbarton Oaks Washington, D.C. William Hammond Dorsey Harvard University 1801 Colonial Revival
27 37 54,400[21] Chateau Montagel Shoal Creek, Alabama Larry House Medical Cloud Computing LLC 1997[22] Châteauesque Bill Shephard[23]
28 38 54,246[24] Searles Castle Great Barrington, Massachusetts Mary Hopkins Searles John Dewey Academy 1883 Châteauesque McKim Mead & White
29 39 53,000 Nottoway White Castle, Louisiana John Hampden Randolph Paul Ramsay 1858 Greek Revival
Italianate Henry Howard
30 40 52,897[25] Hala Ranch Aspen, Colorado Bandar bin Sultan John Paulson 1991 Rustic Hagman Yaw
31 41 52,503[26] The Manor Los Angeles, California Aaron Spelling Petra Stunt [27] 1988 Châteauesque James Langenheim & Associates
32 42 52,300[28] Felix M. Warburg House New York, New York Felix M. Warburg Jewish Museum of New York 1906 Châteauesque Charles Pierrepont Henry Gilbert
33 43 51,134[29] Stan Hywet Hall Akron, Ohio Frank Seiberling Stan Hywet Hall Foundation 1915 Tudor Revival Charles Sumner Schneider
34 44 51,000[30] Hacienda De La Paz Rolling Hills, California John Z. Blazevich John Z. Blazevich 2008 Spanish Colonial Revival Rafael Manzano Martos
35 45 50,853 Chase Mansion West Hartford, Connecticut Arnold Chase Arnold Chase 2009 Georgian Allan Greenberg Architect, LLC
36 46 50,729[31] Perry Belmont House Washington, D.C. Perry Belmont Order of the Eastern Star 1909 Beaux-Arts Ernest Sanson
Horace Trumbauer
37 47 50,316[32] Otto H. Kahn House New York, New York Otto Hermann Kahn Convent of the Sacred Heart 1914 Renaissance Revival J. Armstrong Stenhouse
Charles Pierrepont Henry Gilbert
38 48 50,000 Reid Hall Purchase, New York Whitelaw Reid Manhattanville College 1892 Renaissance Revival Stanford White
- 48 50,000 Wingwood House Bar Harbor, Maine Alexander Cassatt (demolished in 1953) 1903 Neoclassical Louis Magaziner
- 48 50,000 Riverside New York, New York Charles M. Schwab (demolished in 1948) 1906 Châteauesque Maurice Hébert
38 48 50,000[33] Hempstead House Sands Point, New York Howard Gould Nassau County, New York 1912 Tudor Revival Richard Howland Hunt
- 52 49,951 Chateau Bray Madisonville, Texas James and Sonya Bray James and Sonya Bray (under construction) French Baroque James and Sonya Bray
40 53 49,568[34] 8271 E Left Hand Fork Hobble Creek Springville, Utah Tom Mower Tom Mower 2010 Italian Renaissance
41 54 49,300[35] The Pritzker Estate Los Angeles, California Anthony Pritzker Anthony Pritzker 2010 Contemporary Grant Camden Kirkpatrick
42 55 49,000[36] Ziff Mansion Pawling, New York William Bernard Ziff, Jr. Dirk Edward Ziff 2000
43 56 48,515[37] 50 Poplar Hill Drive Farmington, Connecticut Benjamin Sisti[38] Curtis Jackson[39] 1985 Contemporary
44 57 48,160[40] Xanadu 2.0 Medina, Washington Bill Gates Bill Gates 1995 Pacific Lodge James Cutler
45 58 47,000 Nemours Wilmington, Delaware Alfred I. du Pont Nemours Foundation 1909 Neoclassical Carrère and Hastings
46 59 46,054[41] Greystone Mansion Beverly Hills, California Edward L. Doheny City of Beverly Hills 1928 Tudor Revival Gordon Kaufmann
47 60 46,000[42] Elstowe Manor Elkins Park, Pennsylvania William L. Elkins Dominican Sisters of St. Catherine de' Ricci 1898 Italian Renaissance Horace Trumbauer
48 61 45,891[43] 457 Bel Air Road Los Angeles, California Beny Alagem Beny Alagem 2006 French Normandy Robert A.M. Stern[44]
49 62 45,854[45] Villa Collina Moorestown, New Jersey Vernon Hill Vernon Hill 2002 Italian Renaissance[45]
50 63 45,842[46] Townsend House Washington, D.C. Richard T. Townsend Cosmos Club 1901 Beaux-Arts Carrère and Hastings
51 64 45,000[47] Yaddo Saratoga Springs, New York Spencer Trask Corporation of Yaddo 1893 Tudor Revival William Halsey Wood
51 64 45,000[48] Darlington Mahwah, New Jersey George Crocker Ilija Pavlovic[49] 1907 Jacobean James Brite
51 64 45,000[50] Henry Clay Frick House New York, New York Henry Clay Frick Frick Collection 1914 Beaux-Arts Carrère and Hastings
54 67 44,936[51] Anderson House Washington, D.C. Larz Anderson Society of the Cincinnati 1905 Beaux-Arts Arthur Little
Herbert Browne
55 68 44,925 Le Palais Beverly Hills, California Mohamed Hadid Lola Karimova-Tillyaeva[52] 2011 Châteauesque
56 69 44,309[53] Glencairn Bryn Athyn, Pennsylvania Raymond Pitcairn The New Church 1929 Romanesque Raymond Pitcairn
57 70 44,234[54] Villa Vittoriosa Fayetteville, Georgia Evander Holyfield Rick Ross[55] 1994 Neoclassical Portman Fuchtman Vinson Sunderland
58 71 44,229[56] Ochre Court Newport, Rhode Island Ogden Goelet Salve Regina University 1892 Châteauesque Richard Morris Hunt
59 72 44,000[57] Hyde Park Hyde Park, New York Frederick Vanderbilt National Park Service 1899 Beaux-Arts Charles Follen McKim
60 73 43,793[58] Boldt Castle Alexandria Bay, New York George Boldt Thousand Islands Bridge Authority 1904 Chateauesque G.W. & W.D. Hewitt
61 74 43,561[59] Marland Mansion Ponca City, Oklahoma Ernest Whitworth Marland City of Ponca City 1928 Mediterranean Revival John Duncan Forsyth
62 75 43,517[60] Asherwood Carmel, Indiana Melvin Simon Bren Simon 1999 Chateauesque
63 76 42,831[61] Château des Fleurs Los Angeles, California James A. Kaplan James A. Kaplan 2014 Chateauesque William Hefner
64 77 42,014[62] 51 Winding Brook Drive Saratoga Springs, New York John Breyo John Breyo 2006 Mediterranean Revival Robert Flansburg[63]
65 78 42,000 Payne Mansion Esopus, New York Oliver Hazard Payne Marist College 1911 Beaux-Arts Carrère and Hastings
- 78 42,000 Rose Terrace Grosse Pointe Farms, Michigan Anna Thompson Dodge (demolished in 1976) 1931 Neoclassical Horace Trumbauer
66 80 41,774[64] Le Palais Royal Hillsboro Beach, Florida Robert Pereira[65] Robert Pereira 2014 Beaux-Arts Denio Madera
67 81 41,050[66] Carolands Hillsborough, California Harriet Pullman Carolan Charles Bartlett Johnson 1914 Second Empire Ernest Sanson
Willis Polk
68 82 41,000[67] Hayes Mansion San Jose, California Mary Hayes Chynoweth City of San Jose 1905 Mediterranean Revival George Page
69 83 41,000[68] NYIT de Seversky Mansion Old Westbury, New York Alfred I. du Pont New York Institute of Technology 1918 Georgian Revival Carrère and Hastings
70 84 40,916[69] Il Palmetto Palm Beach, Florida Joseph E. Widener James H. Clark 1927 Mediterranean Revival Maurice Fatio
71 85 40,280[70] Walker McCune Mansion Paradise Valley, Arizona Walker McCune George A. Hormel family 1962 Contemporary
72 86 40,000 Mills Mansion Hyde Park, New York Ogden Mills New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation 1896 Beaux-Arts Stanford White
72 86 40,000 The Braes Glen Cove, New York Herbert L. Pratt Webb Institute 1912 Jacobean James Brite
72 86 40,000 Coe Hall Oyster Bay, New York William Robertson Coe Planting Fields Foundation 1921 Tudor Revival Guy Lowell
72 86 40,000 Bishop Gallagher House Detroit, Michigan Fisher Brothers Bishop Wayne T. Jackson[71] 1925 Tudor Revival McGinnis and Walsh
72 86 40,000[72] Rynwood Old Brookville, New York Samuel Agar Salvage John Mariani Jr 1927 Tudor Revival Roger Bullard
77 91 39,648[73] Seaview Terrace Newport, Rhode Island Edson Bradley Martin Carey 1925 Chateauesque Howard Greenley
78 92 39,576[74] La Reverie Palm Beach, Florida Sydell Miller Sydell Miller 2001 Neoclassical Jeffrey W. Smith
79 93 39,257[75] Serenity Ridge Parker, Colorado Cal Turner, Jr. Cal Turner, Jr. 2001 Italianate
80 94 38,500[76] North Wales Warrenton, Virginia William Allison[77] David Ford 1776 Georgian
81 95 38,196[78] 144 Hopewell Road Alton, New Hampshire Bob Bahre Bob Bahre 2003 Georgian
82 96 38,000[79] Ardrossan Villanova, Pennsylvania Robert Leaming Montgomery Robert Montgomery Scott 1912 Georgian Horace Trumbauer
- 96 38,000[80] Charles Gates Mansion Minneapolis, Minnesota Charles Gates (demolished 1933) 1913 Renaissance Revival
82 96 38,000[81] Billionaire Los Angeles, California Bruce Makowsky[82] Bruce Makowsky 2016 Contemporary Bruce Makowsky
84 99 37,100[83] ʻIolani Palace Honolulu, Hawaii King Kalākaua State of Hawaii 1879 American Florentine Thomas J. Baker
85 100 36,957[84] Arbor Hill Fort Washington, Pennsylvania Dennis Alter Dennis Alter 1998 Contemporary Rafael Viñoly[85]
See also[edit]
List of Gilded Age mansions
List of largest houses in the Los Angeles Metropolitan Area
References[edit]
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