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Chitty Chitty Bang Bang
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This article is about the film. For other uses, see Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (disambiguation).
Chitty Chitty Bang Bang
Original cinema release poster
Directed by
Ken Hughes
Produced by
Albert R. Broccoli
Screenplay by
Roald Dahl
Ken Hughes
Additional dialogue:
Richard Maibaum
Based on
Chitty-Chitty-Bang-Bang
by Ian Fleming
Starring
Dick Van Dyke
Sally Ann Howes
Lionel Jeffries
Gert Fröbe
Anna Quayle
Benny Hill
James Robertson Justice
Robert Helpmann
Music by
Irwin Kostal (score)
Richard M. Sherman (songs)
Robert B. Sherman (songs)
Cinematography
Christopher Challis
Edited by
John Shirley
Production
company
Warfield Productions
Dramatic Features
Distributed by
United Artists
Release date
16 December 1968 (1968-12-16) (London, premiere)
17 December 1968 (1968-12-17) (United Kingdom)
18 December 1968 (1968-12-18) (United States)
Running time
145 minutes[1]
Country
United Kingdom
Language
English
Budget
$10 million[2]
Box office
$7.5 million (Rentals)[3]
Chitty Chitty Bang Bang is a 1968 British musical adventure fantasy film, directed by Ken Hughes and written by Roald Dahl and Hughes, loosely based on Ian Fleming's 1964 novel Chitty-Chitty-Bang-Bang: The Magical Car. The film stars Dick Van Dyke, Sally Ann Howes, Adrian Hall, Heather Ripley, Lionel Jeffries, James Robertson Justice, Robert Helpmann and Gert Fröbe.
The film was produced by Albert R. Broccoli, the regular co-producer of the James Bond series of films (also based on Ian Fleming novels). John Stears supervised the special effects. Irwin Kostal supervised and conducted the music, while the musical numbers, written by Richard M. and Robert B. Sherman of Mary Poppins, were staged by Marc Breaux and Dee Dee Wood. The song "Chitty Chitty Bang Bang" was nominated for an Academy Award.[4]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Locations
4 Reception
4.1 Box office
4.2 Critical
4.3 Accolades
5 Soundtrack
6 Home video releases
7 Adaptations
7.1 Novelisation of film
7.2 Comic book adaption
8 References
9 External links
Plot[edit]
Set in circa 1910, the story opens with a montage of European Grand Prix races in which one particular car appears to win every race. In the final race, the car crashes and catches fire, ending its racing career. The car ends up in an old garage in rural England, where two children, Jeremy (Adrian Hall) and Jemima Potts (Heather Ripley), have grown fond of it. However, a man in the junkyard intends to buy the car from the garage owner, Mr. Coggins (Desmond Llewelyn), for scrap. The children, who live with their widowed father Caractacus Potts (Dick Van Dyke), an eccentric inventor, and the family's equally peculiar grandfather, implore their father to buy the car, but Caractacus can't afford it. While playing truant from school, they meet Truly Scrumptious (Sally Ann Howes), a beautiful upper-class woman with her own motor car, who brings them home to report their truancy to their father. After she leaves, Caractacus promises the children that he will save the car, but is taken aback at the cost he has committed himself to. He looks for ways to raise money to avoid letting them down.
The next morning, Potts discovers that the sweets produced by a machine he has invented can be played like a flute. He tries to sell the "Toot Sweets" to Truly's father, Lord Scrumptious (James Robertson Justice), a major confectionery manufacturer. He is almost successful until the whistle attracts a pack of dogs who overrun the factory, resulting in Caractacus's proposition being rejected.
Caractacus next takes his automatic hair-cutting machine to a carnival to raise money, but his invention accidentally ruins the hair of a customer. Potts eludes the man by joining a song-and-dance act. He becomes the centre of the show and earns enough in tips to buy the car and rebuild it. They name the car "Chitty Chitty Bang Bang" for the unusual noise of its engine. In the first trip in the car, Caractacus, the children, and Truly picnic on the beach. Caractacus tells them a tale about nasty Baron Bomburst (Gert Fröbe), the tyrant of fictional Vulgaria, who wants to steal Chitty Chitty Bang Bang.
As Potts tells his story, the quartet and the car are stranded by high tide and are attacked by pirates working for the Baron. All of a sudden, Chitty deploys huge flotation devices and transforms into a power boat, and they escape Bomburst's yacht and return to shore. The Baron sends two spies to capture the car, but they capture Lord Scrumptious, then Grandpa Potts (Lionel Jeffries), mistaking each for the car's creator. Caractacus, Truly, and the children see Grandpa being taken away by airship, and they give chase. When they accidentally drive off a cliff, Chitty sprouts wings and propellers and begins to fly. They follow the airship to Vulgaria and find a land without children; the Baroness Bomburst (Anna Quayle) abhors them and imprisons any she finds. Grandpa has been ordered by the Baron to make another floating car, and he bluffs his abilities to avoid being executed. The Potts' party is hidden by the local Toymaker (Benny Hill), who now works only for the childish Baron. Chitty is discovered and taken to the castle. While Caractacus and the toymaker search for Grandpa and Truly searches for food, the children are caught by the Baron's Child Catcher (Robert Helpmann).
The Toymaker takes Truly and Caractacus to a grotto beneath the castle where the townspeople have been hiding their children. They concoct a scheme to free the children and the village from the Baron. The Toymaker sneaks them into the castle disguised as life-size dolls for the Baron's birthday. Caractacus snares the Baron, and the children swarm into the banquet hall, overcoming the Baron's palace guards and guests. In the ensuing chaos, the Baron, Baroness, and the evil Child Catcher are captured. The Pottses and Truly fly back to England. When they arrive home, Lord Scrumptious surprises Caractacus with an offer to buy the Toot Sweet as a canine confection. Caractacus, realising that he will be rich, rushes to tell Truly the news. They kiss, and Truly agrees to marry him. As they drive home, he acknowledges the importance of pragmatism, as the car takes off into the air again.
Cast[edit]
The main cast after landing in Vulgaria.
The cast includes:[5]
Dick Van Dyke as Caractacus Potts
Sally Ann Howes as Truly Scrumptious
Adrian Hall as Jeremy Potts
Heather Ripley as Jemima Potts
Lionel Jeffries as Grandpa Bungie Potts
Gert Fröbe as Baron Bomburst
Anna Quayle as Baroness Bomburst
Benny Hill as the Toymaker
James Robertson Justice as Lord Scrumptious
Robert Helpmann as the Evil Child Catcher
Barbara Windsor as Blonde
Davy Kaye as Admiral
Stanley Unwin as the Chancellor
Peter Arne as the Captain of Bomburst's Army
Desmond Llewelyn as Mr. Coggins
Victor Maddern as Junkman
Arthur Mullard as Big Man
Max Wall as Inventor
Gerald Campion as Minister
Max Bacon as Orchestra Leader
Alexander Doré as First Spy
Bernard Spear as Second Spy
Richard Wattis as Sweet Factory Secretary (uncredited)
Phil Collins as Vulgarian Child (scene cut)
The part of Truly Scrumptious had originally been offered to Julie Andrews, to reunite her with Van Dyke after their success in Mary Poppins. Andrews rejected the role specifically because she considered that the part was too close to the Poppins mould.[6] Instead, Sally Ann Howes was given the role. Dick Van Dyke was cast after he turned down the role of Fagin from another 1968 musical Oliver! (which ended up going to Ron Moody).
Production[edit]
The Caractacus Potts inventions in the film were created by Rowland Emett; by 1976, Time magazine, describing Emett's work, said no term other than "Fantasticator...could remotely convey the diverse genius of the perky, pink-cheeked Englishman whose pixilations, in cartoon, watercolor and clanking 3-D reality, range from the celebrated Far Tottering and Oyster Creek Railway to the demented thingamabobs that made the 1968 movie Chitty Chitty Bang Bang a minuscule classic."[7]
Six Chitty-Chitty Bang-Bang cars were created for the film, only one of which was fully functional. At a 1973 auction in Florida, one of them sold for $37,000, equal to $203,972 today.[8] The original "hero" car, in a condition described as fully functional and road-going, was offered at auction on 15 May 2011 by a California-based auction house.[9] The car sold for $805,000, less than the $1–2 million it was expected to reach.[10] It was purchased by New Zealand film director Sir Peter Jackson.[11]
Locations[edit]
Scrumptious Sweet Co. factory (exterior) – Kempton Waterworks, Snakey Lane, Hanworth, Middlesex, England.[12] This location now includes a steam museum open to the public.
Scrumptious Mansion – Heatherden Hall at Pinewood Studios in Iver Heath, Buckinghamshire, England.[12]
Windmill/Cottage – Cobstone Windmill in Ibstone, near Turville, Buckinghamshire, England.[12]
Duck Pond – Russell's Water, Oxfordshire, England.[12]
Train scene – The Longmoor Military Railway.
Beach – Cap Taillat in St. Tropez, France.
Bridge (river) where spies attempt to blow up Chitty – Iver Bridge, Iver, Buckinghamshire, England.
Bridge (railway) where spies kidnap Lord Scrumptious – Ilmer Bridge, Ilmer, Buckinghamshire, England.
White rock spires in the ocean and lighthouse – The Needles stacks, Isle of Wight, England.
White cliffs – Beachy Head, East Sussex, England.
Baron Bomburst's castle – Neuschwanstein Castle for the exterior, neighboured Hohenschwangau Castle for the interiors, Bavaria, Germany.
Vulgarian village – Rothenburg ob der Tauber, Germany.
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
The film was the tenth most popular at the US box office in 1969.[13]
Critical[edit]
Time began its review saying the film is a "picture for the ages—the ages between five and twelve" and ends noting that "At a time when violence and sex are the dual sellers at the box office, Chitty Chitty Bang Bang looks better than it is simply because it's not not all all bad bad"; the film's "eleven songs have all the rich melodic variety of an automobile horn. Persistent syncopation and some breathless choreography partly redeem it, but most of the film's sporadic success is due to Director Ken Hughes's fantasy scenes, which make up in imagination what they lack in technical facility."[14]
The New York Times critic Renata Adler wrote, "in spite of the dreadful title, Chitty Chitty Bang Bang ... is a fast, dense, friendly children's musical, with something of the joys of singing together on a team bus on the way to a game"; Adler called the screenplay "remarkably good" and the film's "preoccupation with sweets and machinery seems ideal for children"; she ends her review on the same note as Time: "There is nothing coy, or stodgy or too frightening about the film; and this year, when it has seemed highly doubtful that children ought to go to the movies at all, Chitty Chitty Bang Bang sees to it that none of the audience's terrific eagerness to have a good time is betrayed or lost."[15]
Film critic Roger Ebert reviewed the film (Chicago Sun Times, 24 December 1968). He wrote: "Chitty Chitty Bang Bang contains about the best two-hour children's movie you could hope for, with a marvelous magical auto and lots of adventure and a nutty old grandpa and a mean Baron and some funny dances and a couple of [scary] moments."
Film critic and historian Leonard Maltin considered the picture "one big Edsel, with totally forgettable score and some of the shoddiest special effects ever."[16] In 2008, Entertainment Weekly called Helpmann's depiction of the Child Catcher one of the "50 Most Vile Movie Villains."[17]
As of March 2014, the film has a 65% "Fresh" rating (17 of 26 reviews) on Rotten Tomatoes.[18]
Accolades[edit]
The film was nominated for the American Film Institute's 2006 AFI's Greatest Movie Musicals list.[19]
Soundtrack[edit]
The original soundtrack album, as was typical of soundtrack albums, presented mostly songs with very few instrumental tracks. The songs were also edited, with specially recorded intros and outros and most instrumental portions removed, both because of time limitations of the vinyl LP and the belief that listeners would not be interested in listening to long instrumental dance portions during the songs.
The soundtrack has been released on CD four times, the first two releases using the original LP masters rather than going back to the original music masters to compile a more complete soundtrack album with underscoring and complete versions of songs. The 1997 Rykodisc release included several quick bits of dialogue from the film between some of the tracks and has gone out of circulation. On 24 February 2004, a few short months after MGM released the movie on a 2-Disc Special Edition DVD, Varèse Sarabande reissued a newly remastered soundtrack album without the dialogue tracks, restoring it to its original 1968 LP format.
In 2011, Kritzerland released the definitive soundtrack album, a 2-CD set featuring the Original Soundtrack Album plus bonus tracks, music from the Song and Picture Book Album on disc 1, and the Richard Sherman Demos, as well as six Playback Tracks (including a long version of international covers of the theme song). Inexplicably, this release was limited to only 1,000 units.[20]
In April 2013, Perseverance Records re-released the Kritzerland double CD set with expansive new liner notes by John Trujillo and a completely new designed booklet by Perseverance regular James Wingrove.
Home video releases[edit]
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Chitty Chitty Bang Bang was released numerous times in the VHS format. In 1998 the film saw its first DVD release. The year 2003 brought a two-disc "Special Edition" release. On 2 November 2010, 20th Century Fox released a two-disc Blu-ray and DVD combination set featuring the extras from the 2003 release as well as new features. The 1993 LaserDisc release by MGM/UA Home Video was the first home video release with the proper 2.20:1 Super Panavision 70 aspect ratio.
Adaptations[edit]
Novelisation of film[edit]
Novelization of the film by John Burke, published by Pan Books
The film did not follow Fleming's novel closely. A separate novelisation of the film was published at the time of the film's release. It basically followed the film's story but with some differences of tone and emphasis, e.g. it mentioned that Caractacus Potts had had difficulty coping after the death of his wife, and it made it clearer that the sequences including Baron Bomburst were extended fantasy sequences. It was written by John Burke.[21]
Comic book adaption[edit]
Gold Key: Chitty Chitty Bang Bang. Gold Key Comics. February 1969. [22]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (U". British Board of Film Classification. 18 October 1968. Retrieved 27 August 2016.
Jump up ^ http://flickfacts.com/movie/117/chitty-chitty-bang-bang[dead link]
Jump up ^ "Big Rental Films of 1969", Variety, 7 January 1970 p 15
Jump up ^ "Ian Fleming Centenary, James Bond, Chitty Chitty Bang Bang, Devil may care, Sebastian Faulks new novel, Ian Fleming exhibition". Ianflemingcentenary.com. Archived from the original on 6 March 2012. Retrieved 9 February 2012.
Jump up ^ Chitty Chitty Bang Bang from the MGM website.
Jump up ^ Stirling, Richard. Julie Andrews: An Intimate Biography. St. Martin's Griffin 2009. ISBN 978-0-312-56498-8
Jump up ^ "Modern Living: The Gothic-Kinetic Merlin of Wild Goose Cottage". Time. 1 November 1976. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
Jump up ^ "Modern Living: Crazy-Car Craze". Time. 30 April 1973. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
Jump up ^ "Chitty Chitty Bang Bang to be Sold at Auction". Profiles In History. 25 April 2011.
Jump up ^ "'Chitty Chitty Bang Bang'Car Undersells at Auction". Retrieved 16 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "Jackson picks up Chitty Chitty Bang Bang". The Dominion Post. Wellington. 22 October 2011. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Where was 'Chitty Chitty Bang Bang' filmed?". British Film Locations.
Jump up ^ "The World's Top Twenty Films." The Sunday Times [London] 27 Sept. 1970: 27. The Sunday Times Digital Archive. accessed 5 Apr. 2014
Jump up ^ "New Movies: Chug-Chug, Mug-Mug". Time. 17 December 1968. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
Jump up ^ Adler, Renata (19 December 1968). "Chitty Chitty Bang Bang: Fast, Friendly Musical for Children Bows". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
Jump up ^ Maltin, Leonard (2008). Leonard Maltin's 2009 Movie Guide. Penguin. p. 241. ISBN 978-0452289789.
Jump up ^ "50 Most Vile Movie Villains". Entertainment Weekly. 2008. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
Jump up ^ "Chitty Chitty Bang Bang". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved March 25, 2018.
Jump up ^ "AFI's Greatest Movie Musicals Nominees" (PDF). American Film Institute. 2005. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
Jump up ^ "Chitty Chitty Bang Bang". Kritzerland. Retrieved March 25, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Chitty Chitty Bang Bang; The Story of the Film". WorldCat. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Gold Key: Chitty Chitty Bang Bang". Grand Comics Database.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (film).
Chitty Chitty Bang Bang on IMDb
Chitty Chitty Bang Bang at the TCM Movie Database
Chitty Chitty Bang Bang at AllMovie
Chitty Chitty Bang Bang at the American Film Institute Catalog
Chitty Chitty Bang Bang at Rotten Tomatoes
[show]
Links to related articles
[show]
v
t
e
Ian Fleming's Chitty Chitty Bang Bang
Characters
Caractacus Pott
Truly Scrumptious
Child Catcher
Objects and locations
Vulgaria
Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (car)
Chitty Bang Bang (airship)
Media
Chitty-Chitty-Bang-Bang: The Magical Car (1964 book)
Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (film)
"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang" (song)
Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (musical)
Other
Chitty Bang Bang (original car)
[show]
v
t
e
Roald Dahl
Children's fiction
The Gremlins (1943)
James and the Giant Peach (1961)
Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (1964)
The Magic Finger (1966)
Fantastic Mr Fox (1970)
Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator (1972)
Danny, the Champion of the World (1975)
The Enormous Crocodile (1978)
The Twits (1980)
George's Marvellous Medicine (1981)
The BFG (1982)
The Witches (1983)
The Giraffe and the Pelly and Me (1985)
Matilda (1988)
Esio Trot (1990)
The Vicar of Nibbleswicke (1991)
The Minpins (1991)
Children's poetry
Revolting Rhymes (1982)
Dirty Beasts (1983)
Rhyme Stew (1989)
Adult novels
Sometime Never: A Fable for Supermen (1948)
My Uncle Oswald (1979)
Adult short story
collections
Over to You: Ten Stories of Flyers and Flying (1946)
Someone Like You (1953)
Kiss Kiss (1960)
Lamb to the Slaughter (1953)
Switch Bitch (1974)
The Wonderful Story of Henry Sugar and Six More (1977)
The Best of Roald Dahl (1978)
Tales of the Unexpected (1979)
More Tales of the Unexpected (1980)
The Roald Dahl Omnibus (1986)
Two Fables (1986)
Ah, Sweet Mystery of Life: The Country Stories of Roald Dahl (1989)
The Collected Short Stories of Roald Dahl (1991)
The Roald Dahl Treasury (1997)
The Great Automatic Grammatizator (1998)
Skin and Other Stories (2000)
Roald Dahl: Collected Stories (2006)
Non-fiction
The Mildenhall Treasure (1946)
Boy: Tales of Childhood (1984)
Going Solo (1986)
Memories with Food at Gipsy House (1991)
Roald Dahl's Guide to Railway Safety (1991)
My Year (1993)
Film adaptations
36 Hours (1965)
Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory (1971)
Danny, the Champion of the World (1989)
The BFG (1989)
The Witches (1990)
Four Rooms (1995)
James and the Giant Peach (1996)
Matilda (1996)
Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005)
Fantastic Mr. Fox (2009)
Roald Dahl's Esio Trot (2015)
The BFG (2016)
Revolting Rhymes (2016)
Tom and Jerry: Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory (2017)
Film scripts
The Bells of Hell Go Ting-a-ling-a-ling (1966, unfinished)
You Only Live Twice (1967)
Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (1968)
The Night Digger (1971)
Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory (1971)
Television series
'Way Out (1961)
Tales of the Unexpected (1979–88)
Musicals and plays
The Honeys (1955)
Matilda (2010)
Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2013)
Fantastic Mr Fox (2016)
See also
Quentin Blake
Roald Dahl bibliography
Roald Dahl short stories bibliography
Roald Dahl's Book of Ghost Stories (1983)
List of Tales of the Unexpected episodes
Related
Roald Dahl Museum and Story Centre
Roald Dahl Children's Gallery
Patricia Neal (wife)
Tessa Dahl (daughter)
Ophelia Dahl (daughter)
Lucy Dahl (daughter)
Sophie Dahl (granddaughter)
Phoebe Dahl (granddaughter)
[show]
v
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Films directed by Ken Hughes
Wide Boy (1952)
The Drayton Case (1953)
Black 13 (1953)
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The House Across the Lake (1954)
The Brain Machine (1955)
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Confession (1955)
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The Long Haul (1957)
Jazz Boat (1960)
The Trials of Oscar Wilde (1960)
In the Nick (1960)
The Small World of Sammy Lee (1963)
Of Human Bondage (1964)
Drop Dead Darling (1966)
Casino Royale (1967)
Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (1968)
Cromwell (1970)
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Sextette (1978)
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[show]
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The Sherman Brothers
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Robert B. Sherman
Motion pictures
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A Symposium on Popular Songs (1962)
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Moon Pilot (1962)
Summer Magic (1963)
The Sword in the Stone (1963)
The Misadventures of Merlin Jones (1964)
The Moon-Spinners (1964)
Mary Poppins (1964)
Those Calloways (1965)
The Monkey's Uncle (1965)
That Darn Cat! (1965)
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Follow Me Boys (1966)
The Happiest Millionaire (1967)
The Jungle Book (1967)
The Adventures of Bullwhip Griffin (1967)
The One and Only, Genuine, Original Family Band (1968)
Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (1968)
Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day (1968)
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Goldilocks (1971)
Bedknobs and Broomsticks (1971)
Snoopy, Come Home (1972)
Charlotte's Web (1973)
Tom Sawyer (1973)
Huckleberry Finn (1974)
Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too (1974)
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The Magic of Lassie (1978)
Magic Journeys (1982)
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Little Nemo: Adventures in Slumberland (1992)
The Mighty Kong (1998)
Seasons of Giving (1999)
The Tigger Movie (2000)
Stage musicals
and musical revues
Victory Canteen (1971)
Over Here! (1974)
Dawgs (1983)
The Slipper and the Rose (1984)
Busker Alley (1994)
Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (2002)
On the Record (2004)
Mary Poppins (2004)
Merry-Go-Round workshop (2007)
A Spoonful of Sherman (2014)
Theme park
attractions
Golden Horseshoe Revue (1955)
King Arthur Carrousel (1955)
Walt Disney's Enchanted Tiki Room (1963)
It's a Small World (1966)
Adventure Thru Inner Space (1967)
Main Street Electrical Parade (1972)
America Sings (1974)
Walt Disney's Carousel of Progress (1975)
America on Parade (1975)
CommuniCore (1982)
Imagination! (1982)
Magic Journeys (1982)
The World Showcase March (1982)
Japan (Epcot) (1982)
Journey into Imagination (1983)
Meet the World (1983)
Innoventions (1998)
Rocket Rods (1998)
The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh (1999)
Disneyland Forever (2015)
Books
Walt's Time: from before to beyond (1998)
Moose: Chapters From My Life (2013)
Related
The Boys: The Sherman Brothers' Story (2009)
Saving Mr. Banks (2013)
The Jungle Book (2016)
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 225062811
GND: 4625818-8
BNF: cb164598212 (data)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chitty_Chitty_Bang_Bang&oldid=835700195"
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Howard Rollins
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Howard Rollins
Rollins in Ragtime, 1981
Born
Howard Ellsworth Rollins Jr.
(1950-10-17)October 17, 1950
Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.
Died
December 8, 1996(1996-12-08) (aged 46)
New York, New York, U.S.
Cause of death
AIDS related Lymphoma
Resting place
Woodlawn Cemetery, Baltimore
Nationality
American
Other names
Howard Rollins Jr.
Howard E. Rollins
Howard E. Rollins Jr.
Alma mater
Towson State University
Occupation
Actor
Years active
1970–1996
Howard Ellsworth Rollins Jr. (October 17, 1950 – December 8, 1996) was an American stage, film and television actor. Howard Rollins was best known for his role as Andrew Young in 1978's King, George Haley in the 1979 miniseries Roots:The Next Generations, Coalhouse Walker Jr. in the 1981 film Ragtime, Captain Davenport in the 1984 film A Soldier's Story, and as Virgil Tibbs on the crime drama In the Heat of the Night.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Personal life
3.1 Legal issues
4 Death
5 Legacy
6 Filmography
7 References
8 External links
Early life[edit]
Rollins was the youngest of four children born to Ruth and Howard Ellsworth Rollins Sr. in Baltimore, Maryland. His mother was a domestic worker while his father was a steelworker. Rollins Sr. died of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in 1980. Upon his high school graduation, Rollins studied theater at Towson University.[1][2]
Career[edit]
In 1970, Rollins left college early to play the role of "Slick" in the PBS soap opera Our Street. In 1974, he moved to New York City where he went on to appear in the Broadway productions of We Interrupt This Program..., in 1975, The Mighty Gents in 1978, and G. R. Point in 1979. He also appeared in the miniseries King and Roots: The Next Generations.[1]
In 1981, Rollins made his film debut in the Dino De Laurentiis/Miloš Forman motion picture, Ragtime. His performance in the film earned him an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor nomination. He also earned a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture and New Star of the Year in a Motion Picture. The following year, he was nominated for a Daytime Emmy for his role on Another World. In 1984, Rollins starred in director Norman Jewison's film, A Soldier's Story which led to his role as Virgil Tibbs on In the Heat of the Night, the television series based on Jewison's acclaimed film 1967 film of the same name.
In the Heat of the Night began airing on NBC in 1988. During the show's run, Rollins struggled with an addiction to drugs and alcohol. He was arrested four times for drug and alcohol-related crimes and spent one month in jail for reckless driving and driving under the influence. Due to his ongoing personal and legal issues, Rollins was let go from the series in 1994 and replaced by Carl Weathers.[2]
After being let go from In the Heat of the Night, Rollins got sober and worked on rebuilding his career and reputation.[2] In 1995, he appeared in a guest role on New York Undercover, followed by a role in the theatrical film, Drunks. In 1996, he appeared in a guest role on Remember WENN. His final acting role was in the 1996 PBS television movie Harambee!.
Personal life[edit]
Legal issues[edit]
In 1988, Rollins was arrested and pled guilty to cocaine possession in Louisiana. In 1992 and 1993, he was arrested on three separate occasions for driving under the influence. In 1994, he served a month in jail for reckless driving and driving under the influence. Because of continued legal problems, Rollins was ultimately dropped from In the Heat of the Night.[3] After attending drug rehab, he returned to In the Heat of the Night as a guest star.[4]
Death[edit]
On December 8, 1996, Rollins died at St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center in New York City of complications of AIDS-related lymphoma. He had been diagnosed with the disease approximately six weeks earlier. His funeral was held on December 13 in Baltimore.[5] He was entombed in Woodlawn Cemetery Mausoleum in Baltimore County, Maryland. He was cremated.
Legacy[edit]
On October 25, 2006, a wax statue of Rollins was unveiled at the Senator Theatre in Baltimore. The statue is now at Baltimore's Great Blacks in Wax Museum.[6]
Filmography[edit]
Film
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1981 Ragtime Coalhouse Walker Jr. Nominated—Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor
Nominated—Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor - Motion Picture
Nominated—Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year - Actor
Nominated—New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actor (4th place)
1984 A Soldier's Story Captain Davenport
1984 The House of God Chuck Johnston
1990 On the Block Clay Beasley
1995 Drunks Joseph
Television
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1978 The Trial of the Moke Television movie
1978 King Andrew Young Miniseries
Credited as Howard Rollins
1979 Roots: The Next Generations George Haley Miniseries
1979 My Old Man Doctor Television movie
1981 Thornwell Carson Television movie
1982 The Neighborhood Allen Campbell Television movie
1982 The Member of the Wedding Honey Brown Television movie
1982 Another World Ed Harding Unknown episodes
Nominated - Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series
1983 For Us the Living: The Medgar Evers Story Medgar Evers Television movie
1983 Moving Right Along Unknown episodes
1984 House of Dies Drear Walter Small Television movie
1984 A Doctor's Story Dr. Zack Williams Television movie
1984 He's Fired, She's Hired Raoul Television movie
1985 Wildside Bannister Sparks 6 episodes
1986 The Boy King Martin Luther King Sr. Television movie
1986 The Children of Times Square Otis Travis Television movie
1986 Johnnie Mae Gibson: FBI T.C. Russell Television movie
1988-1995 In the Heat of the Night Chief of Detectives Virgil Tibbs 121 episodes
1992 With Murder in Mind Samuel Carver Television movie
1994 In the Heat of the Night: Who Was Geli Bendl? Virgil Tibbs Television movie
1995 New York Undercover Reverend Hundley Episode: "The Smoking Section"
1996 Remember WENN George Smith Episode: "The Emperor Smith"
1996 Harambee! Chimbuko Television movie, (final film role)
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Eady, Brenda (1984-10-01). "Howard Rollins' Stalled Career Marches on with a Soldier's Story". People. Retrieved 2008-06-06.
^ Jump up to: a b c Cerio, Gregory (December 23, 1996). "Requiem for Mister Tibbs". people.com. Retrieved January 30, 2013.
Jump up ^ Blumenthal, Ralph (1996-12-10). "Howard Rollins Is Dead at 50 Star in TV's 'Heat of the Night'". New York Times. Retrieved June 6, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Actor Howard Rollins, 46, succumbs in New York". Jet. December 23, 1996. Retrieved 2008-06-06.
Jump up ^ "'Heat of the Night' actor dies". The Robesonian. December 10, 1996. p. 5A. Retrieved January 30, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Howard Rollins Unveiling at Senator Theater". National Great Blacks In Wax Museum. Retrieved October 8, 2007.
External links[edit]
The Howard E. Rollins Foundation
Howard Rollins on IMDb
Howard Rollins at the Internet Broadway Database
Howard Rollins at Find a Grave
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 212245
LCCN: n85376605
ISNI: 0000 0000 7839 9067
GND: 173896472
BNF: cb14043053v (data)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Howard_Rollins&oldid=802586036"
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Yellowstone Caldera
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Yellowstone Caldera
The northeastern part of Yellowstone Caldera, with the Yellowstone River flowing through Hayden Valley and the caldera rim in the distance
Highest point
Elevation
9,203[1] ft (2,805 m)
Coordinates
44°24′N 110°42′W / 44.400°N 110.700°W / 44.400; -110.700 (Yellowstone Caldera)Coordinates: 44°24′N 110°42′W / 44.400°N 110.700°W / 44.400; -110.700 (Yellowstone Caldera)
Geography
Location
Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, United States
Parent range
Rocky Mountains
Topo map
USGS Yellowstone National Park
Geology
Age of rock
2,100,000–70,000 years[3]
Mountain type
Caldera[2] and supervolcano
Climbing
Easiest route
Hike/auto/bus
The Yellowstone Caldera is a volcanic caldera and supervolcano in Yellowstone National Park in the Western United States, sometimes referred to as the Yellowstone Supervolcano. The caldera and most of the park are located in the northwest corner of Wyoming. The major features of the caldera measure about 34 by 45 miles (55 by 72 km).[4]
The caldera formed during the last of three supereruptions over the past 2.1 million years: the Huckleberry Ridge eruption 2.1 million years ago (which created the Island Park Caldera and the Huckleberry Ridge Tuff); the Mesa Falls eruption 1.3 million years ago (which created the Henry's Fork Caldera and the Mesa Falls Tuff); and the Lava Creek eruption approximately 630,000 years ago (which created the Yellowstone Caldera and the Lava Creek Tuff).[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Volcanism at Yellowstone
2 Yellowstone hotspot origin
3 Hazards
3.1 Earthquakes
3.2 Volcanoes
3.3 Hydrothermal explosions
4 See also
5 References
6 Further reading
7 External links
Volcanism at Yellowstone
Yellowstone sits on top of four overlapping calderas. (US NPS)
Volcanism at Yellowstone is relatively recent, with calderas that were created during large eruptions that took place 2.1 million, 1.3 million, and 630,000 years ago. The calderas lie over a hotspot where light, hot, magma (molten rock) from the mantle rises toward the surface. While the Yellowstone hotspot is now under the Yellowstone Plateau, it did help to create the eastern Snake River Plain (to the west of Yellowstone) through a series of huge volcanic eruptions. The hotspot appears to move across terrain in the east-northeast direction, but in fact the hotspot is much deeper than terrain and remains stationary while the North American Plate moves west-southwest over it.[6]
Over the past 18 million years or so, this hotspot has generated a succession of violent eruptions and less violent floods of basaltic lava. Together these eruptions have helped create the eastern part of the Snake River Plain from a once-mountainous region. At least a dozen of these eruptions were so massive that they are classified as supereruptions. Volcanic eruptions sometimes empty their stores of magma so swiftly that the overlying land collapses into the emptied magma chamber, forming a geographic depression called a caldera.
The oldest identified caldera remnant straddles the border near McDermitt, Nevada–Oregon, although there are volcaniclastic piles and arcuate faults that define caldera complexes more than 60 km (37 mi) in diameter in the Carmacks Group of southwest-central Yukon, Canada, which are interpreted to have been formed 70 million years ago by the Yellowstone hotspot.[7][8] Progressively younger caldera remnants, most grouped in several overlapping volcanic fields, extend from the Nevada–Oregon border through the eastern Snake River Plain and terminate in the Yellowstone Plateau. One such caldera, the Bruneau-Jarbidge caldera in southern Idaho, was formed between 10 and 12 million years ago, and the event dropped ash to a depth of one foot (30 cm) 1,000 miles (1,600 km) away in northeastern Nebraska and killed large herds of rhinoceros, camel, and other animals at Ashfall Fossil Beds State Historical Park. The United States Geological Survey ("USGS") estimates there are one or two major caldera-forming eruptions and 100 or so lava extruding eruptions per million years, and "several to many" steam eruptions per century.[9]
The loosely defined term "supervolcano" has been used to describe volcanic fields that produce exceptionally large volcanic eruptions. Thus defined, the Yellowstone Supervolcano is the volcanic field which produced the latest three supereruptions from the Yellowstone hotspot; it also produced one additional smaller eruption, thereby creating West Thumb Lake[10] 174,000 years ago. The three supereruptions occurred 2.1 million, 1.3 million, and approximately 630,000 years ago, forming the Island Park Caldera, the Henry's Fork Caldera, and Yellowstone calderas, respectively.[11] The Island Park Caldera supereruption (2.1 million years ago), which produced the Huckleberry Ridge Tuff, was the largest, and produced 2,500 times as much ash as the 1980 Mount St. Helens eruption. The next biggest supereruption formed the Yellowstone Caldera (~ 630,000 years ago) and produced the Lava Creek Tuff. The Henry's Fork Caldera (1.2 million years ago) produced the smaller Mesa Falls Tuff, but is the only caldera from the Snake River Plain-Yellowstone hotspot that is plainly visible today.[12]
Non-explosive eruptions of lava and less-violent explosive eruptions have occurred in and near the Yellowstone caldera since the last supereruption.[13][14] The most recent lava flow occurred about 70,000 years ago, while a violent eruption excavated the West Thumb of Lake Yellowstone around 150,000 years ago. Smaller steam explosions occur as well: an explosion 13,800 years ago left a 5 km (3.1 mi) diameter crater at Mary Bay on the edge of Yellowstone Lake (located in the center of the caldera).[15][3] Currently, volcanic activity is exhibited via numerous geothermal vents scattered throughout the region, including the famous Old Faithful Geyser, plus recorded ground-swelling indicating ongoing inflation of the underlying magma chamber.
The volcanic eruptions, as well as the continuing geothermal activity, are a result of a great cove of magma located below the caldera's surface. The magma in this cove contains gases that are kept dissolved by the immense pressure under which the magma is contained. If the pressure is released to a sufficient degree by some geological shift, then some of the gases bubble out and cause the magma to expand. This can cause a chain reaction. If the expansion results in further relief of pressure, for example, by blowing crust material off the top of the chamber, the result is a very large gas explosion.
According to analysis of earthquake data in 2013, the magma chamber is 80 km (50 mi) long and 20 km (12 mi) wide. It also has 4,000 km3 (960 cu mi) underground volume, of which 6–8% is filled with molten rock. This is about 2.5 times bigger than scientists had previously imagined it to be; however, scientists believe that the proportion of molten rock in the chamber is much too low to allow another supereruption.[16][17]
Yellowstone hotspot origin
Main article: Yellowstone hotspot
The source of the Yellowstone hotspot is controversial. Some geoscientists hypothesize that the Yellowstone hotspot is the effect of an interaction between local conditions in the lithosphere and upper mantle convection.[18][19] Others suggest an origin in the deep mantle (mantle plume).[20] Part of the controversy is the relatively sudden appearance of the hotspot in the geologic record. Additionally, the Columbia Basalt flows appeared at the same approximate time in the same place, causing speculation about their common origin. As the Yellowstone hotspot traveled to the east and north, the Columbia disturbance moved northward and eventually subsided.[21]
Hazards
Earthquakes
Number of earthquakes in Yellowstone National Park region (1973–2014) [22]
Volcanic and tectonic actions in the region cause between 1,000 and 2,000 measurable earthquakes annually. Most are relatively minor, measuring a magnitude of 3 or weaker. Occasionally, numerous earthquakes are detected in a relatively short period of time, an event known as an earthquake swarm. In 1985, more than 3,000 earthquakes were measured over a period of several months. More than 70 smaller swarms were detected between 1983 and 2008. The USGS states these swarms are likely caused by slips on pre-existing faults rather than by movements of magma or hydrothermal fluids.[23][24]
In December 2008, continuing into January 2009, more than 500 quakes were detected under the northwest end of Yellowstone Lake over a seven-day span, with the largest registering a magnitude of 3.9.[25][26] Another swarm started in January 2010, after the Haiti earthquake and before the Chile earthquake. With 1,620 small earthquakes between January 17, 2010, and February 1, 2010, this swarm was the second-largest ever recorded in the Yellowstone Caldera. The largest of these shocks was a magnitude 3.8 that occurred on January 21, 2010.[24][27] This swarm reached the background levels by February 21. On March 30, 2014, at 6:34 AM MST, a magnitude 4.8 earthquake struck Yellowstone, the largest recorded there since February 1980.[28] In February 2018, more than 300 earthquakes occurred, with the largest being a magnitude 2.9.[29]
Volcanoes
Diagram of the Yellowstone Caldera
The last full-scale eruption of the Yellowstone Supervolcano, the Lava Creek eruption which happened approximately 640,000 years ago,[30] ejected approximately 240 cubic miles (1,000 km3) of rock, dust and volcanic ash into the sky.[3]
Geologists are closely monitoring the rise and fall of the Yellowstone Plateau, which has been rising as fast as 0.6 inches (1.5 cm) per year, as an indication of changes in magma chamber pressure.[31][32]
The upward movement of the Yellowstone caldera floor between 2004 and 2008—almost 3 inches (7.6 cm) each year—was more than three times greater than ever observed since such measurements began in 1923.[33] From 2004 to 2008, the land surface within the caldera moved upward as much as 8 inches (20 cm) at the White Lake GPS station.[34][35] By the end of 2009, the uplift had slowed significantly and appeared to have stopped.[36] In January 2010, the USGS stated that "uplift of the Yellowstone Caldera has slowed significantly"[37] and that uplift continues but at a slower pace.[38] The U.S. Geological Survey, University of Utah and National Park Service scientists with the Yellowstone Volcano Observatory maintain that they "see no evidence that another such cataclysmic eruption will occur at Yellowstone in the foreseeable future. Recurrence intervals of these events are neither regular nor predictable."[3] This conclusion was reiterated in December 2013 in the aftermath of the publication of a study by University of Utah scientists finding that the "size of the magma body beneath Yellowstone is significantly larger than had been thought". The Yellowstone Volcano Observatory issued a statement on its website stating,
Although fascinating, the new findings do not imply increased geologic hazards at Yellowstone, and certainly do not increase the chances of a 'supereruption' in the near future. Contrary to some media reports, Yellowstone is not 'overdue' for a supereruption.[39]
Other media reports were more hyperbolic in their coverage.[40]
A study published in GSA Today, the monthly news and science magazine of the Geological Society of America, identified three fault zones on which future eruptions are most likely to be centered.[41] Two of those areas are associated with lava flows aged 174,000–70,000 years, and the third is a focus of present-day seismicity.[41]
Hydrothermal explosions
Path of the Yellowstone hot spot over the past 16 million years
Further information: Hydrothermal explosion
Studies and analysis may indicate that the greater hazard comes from hydrothermal activity which occurs independently of volcanic activity. Over 20 large craters have been produced in the past 14,000 years, resulting in such features as Mary Bay, Turbid Lake, and Indian Pond which was created in an eruption about 1300 BC.
In a 2003 report, USGS researchers proposed that an earthquake may have displaced more than 77 million cubic feet (2,200,000 m3) (576,000,000 US gallons) of water in Yellowstone Lake, creating colossal waves that unsealed a capped geothermal system and led to the hydrothermal explosion that formed Mary Bay.[42][43]
Further research shows that very distant earthquakes reach and have effects upon the activities at Yellowstone, such as the 1992 7.3 magnitude Landers earthquake in California’s Mojave Desert that triggered a swarm of quakes from more than 800 miles (1,300 km) away, and the 2002 7.9 magnitude Denali fault earthquake 2,000 miles (3,200 km) away in Alaska that altered the activity of many geysers and hot springs for several months afterward.[44]
In 2016, the United States Geological Survey announced plans to map the subterranean systems responsible for feeding the area's hydrothermal activity. According to the researchers, these maps could help predict when another supereruption occurs.[45]
See also
Iceland hotspot and Iceland plume describes aspects of volcanic processes
Long Valley Caldera, Valles Caldera, La Garita Caldera: examples of other calderas close to but not related to Yellowstone.
References
Jump up ^ USGS. "Yellowstone Volcano Observatory". United States Geological Survey.
Jump up ^ "Yellowstone". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved December 31, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Lowenstern, Jacob B.; Christiansen, Robert L.; Smith, Robert B.; Morgan, Lisa A.; Heasler, Henry (May 10, 2005). "Steam Explosions, Earthquakes, and Volcanic Eruptions—What's in Yellowstone's Future? – U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 2005–3024". United States Geological Survey.
Jump up ^ as determined by geological field work conducted by Bob Christiansen of the United States Geological Survey in the 1960s and 1970s.
Jump up ^ Naomi E Matthews et al., 2015, "Age of the Lava Creek supereruption and magma chamber assembly at Yellowstone based on 40Ar/39Ar and U-Pb dating of sanidine and zircon crystals" DOI: 10.1002/2015GC005881
Jump up ^ "Yellowstone Caldera, Wyoming—USGS". Cascade Volcano Observatory. United States Geological Survey. January 22, 2003. Retrieved December 30, 2008.
Jump up ^ Johnston, Stephen T.; Wynne, P. Jane; Francis, Don; Hart, Craig J. R.; Enkin, Randolph J.; Engebretson, David C. (1996). "Yellowstone in Yukon: The Late Cretaceous Carmacks Group". Geology. 24 (11): 997, 998. Bibcode:1996Geo....24..997J. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0997:YIYTLC>2.3.CO;2.
Jump up ^ "Yellowstone hotspot track". Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory. Retrieved June 10, 2010.
Jump up ^ Yellowstone Volcanic Hazards, USGS. Volcanoes.usgs.gov (March 1, 2012). Retrieved on December 31, 2013.
Jump up ^ West Thumb Lake is not to be confused with West Thumb Geyser Basin. The caldera created West Thumb Lake, and the underlying Yellowstone hotspot keeps West Thumb Geyser Basin active. See Fig. 22 Archived June 10, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.. See also File:Yellowstone Caldera map2.JPG.
Jump up ^ Newhall, Christopher G.; Dzurisin, Daniel (1988) Historical Unrest at Large Calderas of the World: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1855
Jump up ^ This qualitative statement is easily verified by reviewing the Yellowstone area in Google Earth
Jump up ^ "Origin and evolution of silicic magmatism at Yellowstone" (PDF). University of Oregon.
Jump up ^ "Secrets of supervolcanoes" (PDF). University of Oregon.
Jump up ^ "Introduction to hydrothermal (steam) explosions in Yellowstone". Yellowstone National Park. Yellowstone Net. Retrieved December 31, 2008.
Jump up ^ Witze, Alexandra (2013). "Large magma reservoir gets bigger". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2013.14036.
Jump up ^ "USGS: Volcano Hazards Program – Yellowstone Volcano Observatory Featured Articles Archive". Retrieved April 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ Foulger, Gillian (February 8, 2006). "Yellowstone". MantlePlumes.org. Retrieved February 10, 2008.
Jump up ^ Christiansen, Robert L.; Foulger, G.R.; Evans, John R. (2002). "Upper-mantle origin of the Yellowstone hotspot". Geological Society of America Bulletin. 114 (10): 1245–1256. Bibcode:2002GSAB..114.1245C. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(2002)114<1245:UMOOTY>2.0.CO;2.
Jump up ^ See list of off-line references in mantleplumes.org/CRB.html
Jump up ^ Ivanov, Alexei V. (February 7, 2007). "The Columbia River Flood Basalts: Consequence of subduction-related processes". MantlePlumes.org. Retrieved December 31, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Yellowstone National Park Earthquake listings". Retrieved April 20, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Yellowstone Earthquake Swarms". Yellowstone Volcano Observatory. Retrieved January 1, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "January 2010 Yellowstone Seismicity Summary". Retrieved February 1, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Archive of Yellowstone Updates for 2009".
Jump up ^ "UUSS Webicorder (Seismogram) at Lake for December 31, 2008". Retrieved January 1, 2009.
Jump up ^ Johnson, Kirk (January 31, 2010). "Hundreds of Quakes Are Rattling Yellowstone". The New York Times. Retrieved January 23, 2014.
Jump up ^ Zuckerman, Laura. "Yellowstone National Park rattled by largest earthquake in 34 years". Reuters. Retrieved March 31, 2014.
Gedeon, Jacqueline (31 March 2014). "4.8 magnitude earthquake hits Yellowstone National Park". KECI. Montana. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
Jump up ^ Zachos, Elaina (21 February 2018). "Earthquake Swarms Are Shaking Yellowstone's Supervolcano. Here's What That Means". National Geographic. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
Bartels, Meghan (20 February 2018). "Yellowstone Supervolcano Earthquake Swarm Hits 200 Shakes In Less Than Two Weeks". Newsweek. Retrieved 4 April 2018.
Jump up ^ "Undine Falls, Lava Creek, Yellowstone National Park". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved January 2, 2009.
Jump up ^ John Timmer (November 8, 2007). "Yellowstone recharges". arstechnica.com. Retrieved November 8, 2007.
Jump up ^ Smith, Robert B.; Chang, Wu-Lung; Siegel, Lee (November 8, 2007). "Yellowstone rising: Volcano inflating with molten rock at record rate". University of Utah Public Relations (Press release). EurekAlert! (American Association for the Advancement of Science).
Jump up ^ Molten Rock Fills Yellowstone Volcano at Record Rate Newswise, Retrieved on September 2, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Recent ups and downs of the Yellowstone Caldera". Yellowstone Volcano Observatory. United States Geological Survey. September 28, 2008. Retrieved December 31, 2008.
Jump up ^ Smith, Robert B.; Jordan, Michael; Steinberger, Bernhard; Puskas, Christine M.; Farrell, Jamie; Waite, Gregory P.; Husen, Stephan; Chang, Wu-Lung; O'Connell, Richard (November 20, 2009). "Geodynamics of the Yellowstone hotspot and mantle plume: Seismic and GPS imaging, kinematics and mantle flow" (PDF). Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 188 (1–3): 26–56. Bibcode:2009JVGR..188...26S. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2009.08.020.
Jump up ^ Alert Archive Search. volcanoes.usgs.gov
Jump up ^ Current Alerts for U.S. Volcanoes. volcano.wr.usgs.gov
Jump up ^ GPS Station: WLWY – Data Products – Time Series Plots. unavco.org
Jump up ^ "Monitoring Upgrades Result in New Insight Into Yellowstone's Magma System" (Press release). Yellowstone Volcano Observatory (USGS). December 19, 2013. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
Jump up ^ Burnett, Jim (January 1, 2014). "Reactions To Yellowstone Supervolcano Study Ranged From Hysteria To Ho-Hum". National Parks Traveller. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Richard A. Lovett (September 20, 2012). "Yellowstone Supervolcano Discovery—Where Will It Erupt?". National Geographic.
Jump up ^ "Frequently asked questions about recent findings at Yellowstone Lake". Yellowstone Volcano Observatory. United States Geological Survey. September 11, 2008. Retrieved December 31, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Tsunami linked to Yellowstone crater". USA Today. January 14, 2008. Retrieved December 31, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Quake in Alaska Changed Yellowstone Geysers". University of Utah. May 27, 2004. Retrieved December 31, 2008.
Jump up ^ "We're About to Find Out What's Rumbling Below The Yellowstone Supervolcano". Science Alert. Retrieved 22 May 2017.
Further reading
Breining, Greg (2007). Super Volcano: The Ticking Time Bomb beneath Yellowstone National Park. St. Paul, MN: Voyageur Press. ISBN 978-0-7603-2925-2. A popularized scientific look at the Yellowstone area's geological past and potential future
Vazquez, J.A.; Reid, M.R. (2002). "Time scales of magma storage and differentiation of voluminous rhyolites at Yellowstone caldera". Contributions to Mineralogy & Petrology. Wyoming. 144 (3): 274–285. Bibcode:2002CoMP..144..274V. doi:10.1007/s00410-002-0400-7.
Sutherland, Wayne; Sutherland, Judy (2003). Yellowstone Farewell. Spur Ridge. A novel looking at an eruption in the Yellowstone Caldera written by a practicing Wyoming geologist. Contains a wealth of technical details on the geology of western Wyoming
External links
The Snake River Plain and the Yellowstone Hot Spot
Yellowstone Volcano Observatory
FAQ relating to the supervolcano
Supervolcano documentary from BBC
Interactive: When Yellowstone Explodes from National Geographic
Canales, Manuel; Chung, Daisy; Santamarina, Daniela; Paniagua, Ronald; Preppernau, Charles; Canellas, Hernan; Umentum, Andrew; Conant, Eve; Sickley, Theodore A. (May 2016). "Inside Yellowstone's Supervolcano". National Geographic. National Geographic Society.
The Yellowstone magmatic system from the mantle plume to the upper crust (46,000 km3 magma reservoir below chamber)
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