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Frito-Lay
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For the chips synonymous with the company, see Fritos and Lay's.
Frito-Lay, Inc.
Type
Wholly owned subsidiary
Industry
Food products
Predecessor
The Frito Company
H.W. Lay & Company
Founded
September 1961; 56 years ago (1961-09)
Headquarters
Plano, Texas, U.S.
Area served
United States
Key people
Vivek Sankaran
President
Products
Lay's, Fritos, Doritos, Ruffles, Cheetos, Marke Es Delende Chipps, Sun Chips, Tostitos, Rold Gold, Funyuns, Master Sun
Parent
PepsiCo
Website
fritolay.com
Frito-Lay, Inc. is an American subsidiary of PepsiCo that manufactures, markets, and sells corn chips, potato chips, and other snack foods. The primary snack food brands produced under the Frito-Lay name include Fritos corn chips, Cheetos cheese-flavored snacks; Doritos and Tostitos tortilla chips; Lay's and Ruffles potato chips; Rold Gold pretzels; and Walkers potato crisps (in the UK and Ireland). Each brand has generated annual worldwide sales over $1 billion in 2009.[1]
Frito-Lay began in the early 1930s as two separate companies, The Frito Company and H.W. Lay & Company, which merged in 1961 to form Frito-Lay, Inc. Four years later in 1965, Frito-Lay, Inc. merged with the Pepsi-Cola Company, resulting in the formation of PepsiCo. Since that time, Frito-Lay has operated as a wholly owned subsidiary of PepsiCo. Through Frito-Lay, PepsiCo is the largest globally distributed snack food company, with sales of its products in 2009 comprising 40 percent of all "savory snacks" sold in the United States, and 30 percent of the non-U.S. market. Frito-Lay North America accounts for 31 percent of PepsiCo's annual sales.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 The Frito Company
1.2 H.W. Lay & Company
1.3 Merger forms Frito-Lay, Inc.
1.4 Division of PepsiCo, Inc.
1.4.1 1965–1980
1.4.2 1980–2000
1.4.3 Recent history (2000 – present)
2 Controversies and health concerns
2.1 Stereotyping in 1960s commercials
2.2 Genetically modified ingredients
2.3 Trans fats
3 Operations
3.1 North America
3.2 Central and South America
3.3 Europe
3.4 Asia, Middle East & Africa
4 Products
5 References
6 External links
History[edit]
The Frito Company[edit]
An animatronic vending machine of The Frito Kid at Disneyland's Casa De Fritos (currently Rancho Del Zocalo.
Frito Kid at Disneyland's Casa De Fritos (currently Rancho Del Zocalo)
In 1932 Kansas City, Kansas-born Charles Elmer Doolin (1903–1959),[2] manager of the Highland Park Confectionery in San Antonio, Texas purchased a corn chip recipe, a handheld potato ricer, and 19 retail accounts from a corn chip manufacturer for $100, which he borrowed from his mother. Doolin established a new corn chip business, The Frito Company, in his mother's kitchen. Doolin and his mother and brother produced the corn chips, named Fritos, and had a production capacity of approximately 10 pounds per day and roughly 30 cents per product. Doolin distributed the Fritos in 5¢ bags. Daily sales totaled $8 to $10 and profits averaged about $2 per day.[3] In 1933 the production of Fritos increased from 10 pounds to nearly 100 pounds due to the development of a "hammer" press; by the end of the year, production lines were operating in Houston and Dallas. The Frito Company headquarters also moved to Dallas to capitalize on the city's central location and better availability of raw materials. In 1937 The Frito Company opened its Research and Development lab and introduced new products, including Fritos Peanut Butter Sandwiches and Fritos Peanuts, to supplement Fritos and Fritatos Potato Chips, which had been introduced in 1935.[4]
In 1939, the company purchased Fluffs pork skins and incorporated the Dallas business. Frito relocated the operation from Haskell Avenue to a new facility at 2005 Wall Street. Alice Rupe, who was one of Fluffs' original six all-woman crew, was placed in charge of operations. In 1940, she was named Assistant Treasurer and Manager; in 1949 she was promoted to Treasurer.[5]
In 1941, the company opened its Western Division in Los Angeles with two sales routes, which would become the prototype for The Frito Company's distribution system. In 1945, The Frito Sales Company was established to separate sales from production activities. Expansion continued with the issue of six franchises through the Frito National Company in the same year. In 1950, Fritos were sold in all 48 states.[6] The Frito Company issued its first public stock offering in 1954. At the time of Doolin's death in 1959, The Frito Company produced over forty products, had plants in eighteen cities, employed over 3,000 people, and had sales in 1958 in excess of $50 million. By 1962, Fritos would be sold in 48 countries.[7]
H.W. Lay & Company[edit]
In 1931, Charlotte, North Carolina-born salesman Herman Lay (1909–1982) sold potato chips in the Southern United States out of his car. In 1932, he began a potato chip business in Nashville, Tennessee. Lay was hired as a salesman for the Barrett Food Products Company, an Atlanta, Georgia manufacturer of Gardner's Potato Chips, and eventually took over Barrett's Nashville warehouse as a distributor. Lay hired his first salesman in 1934, and three years later had 25 employees and a larger manufacturing facility where he produced popcorn and peanut butter sandwich crackers.[8]
A representative of the Barrett Food Company contacted Lay in 1938, offering to sell Barrett's plants in Atlanta and Memphis to Lay for $60,000. Lay borrowed $30,000 from a bank and persuaded the Barrett Company to take the difference in preferred stock. Lay moved his headquarters to Atlanta and formed H.W. Lay & Company in 1939. He later purchased the Barrett manufacturing plant in Jacksonville, Florida, along with additional plants in Jackson, Mississippi; Louisville, Kentucky; and Greensboro, North Carolina. Lay retained the Gardner trademark of Barrett Food Products until 1944, when the product name was changed to Lay's Potato Chips.[9]
Lay expanded further in the 1950s, with the purchase of The Richmond Potato Chip Company and the Capitol Frito Corporation. By 1956, with more than 1,000 employees, plants in eight cities, and branches or warehouses in thirteen others, H.W. Lay & Company was the largest manufacturer of potato chips and snack foods in the United States.[10]
Merger forms Frito-Lay, Inc.[edit]
In 1945, the Frito Company granted the H.W. Lay & Company an exclusive franchise to manufacture and distribute Fritos in the Southeast. The two companies worked toward national distribution and developed a close business affiliation. In September 1961, The Frito Company and H.W. Lay & Company merged to become Frito-Lay, Inc.,[11] combining their headquarters in Dallas, Texas. At this point, the company's annual revenues totaled $127 million, largely generated from sales of its four main brands at the time: Fritos, Lays, Cheetos, and Ruffles.[12]
Division of PepsiCo, Inc.[edit]
In February 1965, the boards of directors for Frito-Lay, Inc. and Pepsi-Cola announced a plan for the merger of the two companies. On June 8, 1965, the merger of Frito-Lay and Pepsi-Cola Company was approved by shareholders of both companies, and a new company called PepsiCo, Inc. was formed. At the time of the merger, Frito-Lay owned 46 manufacturing plants nationwide and had more than 150 distribution centers across the United States.[13]
The merger was pursued for multiple factors, one of which was the potential for Frito-Lay snacks to be distributed outside of its initial markets of the United States and Canada—via Pepsi-Cola's existing presence and distribution network in 108 countries at the time of the merger. International distribution of Frito-Lay products expanded shortly following the 1965 merger, and its U.S. presence grew at the same time, resulting in Lay's becoming the first potato chip brand to be sold nationwide (in all 50 U.S. states) in 1965.[14]
Also at this time, PepsiCo had envisioned marketing Frito-Lay snacks alongside Pepsi-Cola soft drinks. In an interview with Forbes in 1968, PepsiCo CEO Donald Kendall summarized this by noting that "Potato chips make you thirsty; Pepsi satisfies thirst." Plans to jointly promote the soft drink and snack products were thwarted later that year, when the Federal Trade Commission ruled against it.[9]
1965–1980[edit]
Upon the formation of PepsiCo, Frito-Lay soon began efforts to expand with the development of new snack food brands in the 1960s and 1970s, including Doritos (1966), Funyuns (1969), and Munchos (1971). The most popular new Frito-Lay product launched during this era was Doritos, which initially was positioned as a more flavorful tortilla chip. At first the chip was perceived by consumers as being too bland. In response, the company re-launched Doritos in Taco, and later Nacho Cheese, flavors. The spicier composition proved successful, and Doritos quickly became the second most popular Frito-Lay product line, second only to Lay's potato chips.[6]
Frito-Lay faced increased competition in the 1970s, from competing potato chip brands such as Pringles, launched by Procter & Gamble, now owned by Kellogg's, in competition with Lay's. Nabisco and Standard Brands also expanded in the 1970s to produce potato chips, cheese curls, and pretzels, which placed added pressure across Frito-Lay's entire line of snack food brands.[9]
1980–2000[edit]
Frito-Lay acquired Grandma's Cookies in 1980, which launched nationwide in the United States in 1983. In January 1978 Frito-Lay's product development group led by Jack Liczkowski completed development of Tostitos, a Mexican-style tortilla chip lineup. Tostitos Traditional Flavor and Tostitos Nacho Cheese Flavor went into national distribution in the United States by 1980 and reached the sales of $140 million, making it one of the most successful new products introduction in Frito-Lay history. Tostitos sales grew quickly, and in 1985 it had become Frito-Lay's fifth-largest brand, generating annual sales of $200 million. Ahead of Tostitos at the time were Doritos, Lay's, Fritos, and Ruffles, each recording annual sales between $250 and $500 million.[8] While Tostitos became a long-term success, several other new products launched in the 1980s were discontinued after lackluster results. These short lived Frito-Lay products included Stuffers pre-filled dip shells and Toppels crackers, which came pre-topped with cheese.[15] In the late 1980s, Frito-Lay acquired Smartfood,[16] a brand of cheese-flavored popcorn which it began to distribute across the United States. International sales began to increase significantly at this time as well, with annual revenues from sales outside of the U.S. and Canada accounting for $500 million in 1989, contributing to total Frito-Lay sales of $3.5 billion in the same year.[9]
Several new products were developed internally at Frito-Lay and launched in the 1990s, the most successful of which was Sun Chips, a multi-grain chip first sold in 1991. Sun Chips, along with new Baked (instead of fried) variants of Tostitos and Lay's, represented Frito-Lay's intent to capitalize on an emerging trend among adults in the U.S., who were displaying a growing preference for healthier snack alternatives.[17] In 1994, Frito-Lay recorded annual retail sales of nearly $5 billion, selling 8 billion bags of chips, popcorn, and pretzels during that year—outpacing competitors Eagle (owned by Anheuser-Busch) and Wise (owned by Borden).[18]
Up until the mid-1990s, Frito-Lay was represented in PepsiCo's organizational structure as Frito-Lay, a single division of PepsiCo. This changed in 1996 when PepsiCo merged its snack food operations into what was titled the "Frito-Lay Company", made up of two subsequent divisions, Frito-Lay North America and Frito-Lay International.[19] In 1997, Frito-Lay acquired the candied popcorn snack brand Cracker Jack, followed in 1998 by multiple international acquisitions and joint ventures, including Smith's Snackfood Company (Australia), as well as Savoy Brands (Latin America).[20]
Recent history (2000 – present)[edit]
In the early 1980s, PepsiCo continued to grow its Frito-Lay brands in two ways—through international expansion and acquisition. Through a joint-venture with Walkers, a UK chip and snack manufacturing company, Frito-Lay increased its distribution presence in Europe. Similar joint-ventures were arranged in other regions of the world in the 2000s, including Smith's in Australia, and Sabritas and Gamesa in Mexico. As a result of these international arrangements, some global Frito-Lay products (such as Doritos) are branded under the same name worldwide. Others maintain their original regional names. For example, Lay's chips are a similar product to Walkers Crisps in the UK[21] and both share similar logo designs.
The Quaker Oats Company merged with PepsiCo in 2001, resulting in Quaker snacks products, including Chewy granola bars and Quaker rice cakes, becoming organized under the Frito-Lay North America operating division. This operating structure was short-lived, and in 2003, as part of a restructuring, the international operations of Frito-Lay (formerly Frito-Lay International) were brought within the PepsiCo International division, while Frito-Lay North America was maintained as its own division, comprising Frito-Lay business within the United States and Canada.[22][23]
Frito-Lay continued to experiment with changes to the composition of its products, introducing Reduced Fat Lay's and Cheetos in 2002. The "Baked" product line also expanded in 2002 to include Baked Doritos.[9] In 2003, Frito-Lay introduced the first products in its "Natural" line, which were made with ingredients that had been organically produced. The first of these included Organic Blue Corn Tostitos, Natural Lay's Potato Chips (seasoned with sea salt), and Natural Cheetos White Cheddar Puffs.[24]
A new CEO, Irene Rosenfeld, was appointed in 2005. Under her management, Frito-Lay North America continued to expand its product lines with acquisitions such as Stacy's Pita Chip Company, which represented "Frito-Lay's desire to participate more broadly in the $90 billion macrosnack category",[25] particularly involving snack foods made with more natural ingredients,[26] according to reports from within its industry at that time.[27] In 2010, Frito-Lay reformulated Lay's Kettle and Lay's flavored chips into a new variant labeled as being made with all-natural ingredients.[28] Sales of Lay's potato chips grew by 8% following the change to all-natural ingredients. As a result, Frito-Lay announced in 2010 its plans to convert approximately half of all Frito-Lay products, including Sun Chips, Tostitos, Fritos, and Rold Gold pretzels, to all-natural ingredients in 2011.[28]
Controversies and health concerns[edit]
Stereotyping in 1960s commercials[edit]
In 1967, the company introduced a cartoon spokesman, the Frito Bandito, which became the subject of criticism from Mexican-American groups, who expressed concerns that it portrayed a Mexican stereotype. The Frito Bandito (voiced by Mel Blanc) wore a sombrero and bandoliers, had a handlebar moustache, and brandished pistols. Protests from advocacy groups such as The National Mexican-American Anti-Defamation Committee (NMAADC) prompted some initial concessions, such as the removal of the pistols and a thinning of the accent. The Frito Bandito was replaced in 1970 by The Muncha Bunch, and then again by a new cartoon called W.C. Fritos (based on W. C. Fields).[6]
Genetically modified ingredients[edit]
In the late 1990s, the use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) was rising as a farming practice, as it made for the growth of larger (and thus less expensive to produce) corn crops. Environmental groups voiced concern over recent research evidence out of Switzerland, warning of the serious human health and environmental hazards involved with the production and consumption of products made with GMOs. Frito-Lay, due in part to its leverage as one of the world's largest purchasers of corn, became the target of lobbying efforts from both proponents and opponents of GMOs. In late 1999, Frito-Lay asked its suppliers not to use genetically engineered corn. A similar announcement followed in early 2000, when the company asked its farmers not to grow genetically modified potatoes. Frito-Lay stated these requests were made in response to consumers' worries, and not in response to protests by the OCA, Greenpeace or other groups. A representative of Greenpeace expressed the perspective that this move was a positive step, stating, "Frito-Lay is about two-thirds of PepsiCo's sales. They realize the handwriting is on the wall and that people don't want to eat GMOs".[29]
In 2012, the policy as stated by Pepsico was:
"Global Genetically-Modified Food And Ingredient Policy
PepsiCo is dedicated to producing the highest quality, greatest tasting food and beverage products in every part of the world. PepsiCo ensures all products meet or exceed stringent safety and quality standards and uses only ingredients that are safe and approved by applicable government and regulatory authorities. Approval of genetically-modified foods differs from country to country regarding both use and labeling. For this reason, PepsiCo adheres to all relevant regulatory requirements regarding the use of genetically-modified food crops and food ingredients within the countries it operates.
Where legally approved, individual business units may choose to use or not use genetically-modified ingredients based on regional preferences."[citation needed]
Trans fats[edit]
Amid rising the concerns over fat intake and trans-fat, fat content was reduced and trans-fats were eliminated from Doritos, Tostitos, and Cheetos in 2004. The composition of Ruffles, Lay's, and Fritos were not changed as these products had always been free of trans-fat.[30]
Operations[edit]
As of 2010, Frito-Lay operates production plants, distribution centers and regional offices in more than 40 countries, with its Frito-Lay North America headquarters residing in Plano, Texas. Within North America, Frito-Lay owns (and in some cases, leases) approximately 1,830 distribution centers, warehouses and offices. The division also maintains 55 production plants.[31] Its President and Chief Executive Officer is Vivek Sankaran.[32]
North America[edit]
PepsiCo Americas Foods consists of PepsiCo's food and snack operations in North and South America. This operating division is further segmented into Frito-Lay North America, Sabritas, Gamesa, and Latin America Foods. It also contains Quaker Foods North America, although no Frito-Lay products are sold or distributed under that business unit. Food and snack sales in North and South America combined made up 48 percent of PepsiCo’s net revenue as of 2009.[33]
Frito-Lay North America is the division which controls Frito-Lay product research and development, sales, and distribution within the U.S. and Canada. Its primary brands include Lay's and Ruffles potato chips, Doritos tortilla chips, Tostitos tortilla chips and dips, Cheetos cheese flavored snacks, Fritos corn chips, Rold Gold pretzels, Sun Chips, and Cracker Jack popcorn. Products made by this division are sold to independent distributors and retailers, and are transported from Frito-Lay's manufacturing plants to distribution centers, primarily in vehicles owned and operated by the company.[34]
Sabritas and Gamesa are two of PepsiCo’s food and snack business lines headquartered in Mexico, and they were acquired by PepsiCo in 1966 and 1990, respectively. Sabritas markets Frito-Lay products, such as Cheetos, Fritos, Doritos, and Ruffles, in Mexico. It also distributes local brands such as Poffets, Rancheritos, Crujitos, and Sabritones. Gamesa is the largest manufacturer of cookies in Mexico, distributing brands such as Emperador, Arcoiris, and Marías Gamesa.[35]
Central and South America[edit]
PepsiCo’s Latin Americas Foods sells Frito-Lay branded snack foods in Central and South America.[36] Its portfolio of brands includes Lay's, Cheetos, Fritos, and Doritos, as well as local brands such as Lucky, Stiksy, and Baconzitos snacks in Brazil and ManiMoto in Colombia.
Europe[edit]
Frito-Lay snacks are distributed in Europe under the PepsiCo Europe operating division, previously PepsiCo International. Products include: Walkers Crisps, Doritos, Paw Ridge, Smiths, Cheetos, Duyvis, Snack-a-Jacks, Looza, Twistos, and Solinki.[31] PepsiCo maintains manufacturing plants in Europe, the largest of which are two snack manufacturing and processing plants located in Leicester and Coventry in England.[31]
Asia, Middle East & Africa[edit]
Frito-Lay products sold under the PepsiCo Asia, Middle East & Africa division represent the smallest (as of 2010) proportion on a revenue basis. However, its distribution is growing more quickly than Frito-Lay's primary markets.[37] While the primary global Frito-Lay brands are sold in some parts of these regions, many snack food products have been created to match local taste and cultural preferences. In India, one of these is Kurkure Twisteez, a potato-based snack food produced in flavors popular in the country such as "Masala Munch".[38] Frito-Lay has also employed alternate distribution means in these regions. In South Africa, it hired delivery drivers who had grown up in their delivery areas, with the intent of "making the product seem less foreign".[38]
Products[edit]
Through Frito-Lay, PepsiCo is the largest globally distributed snack food company in the world, with sales of its products in 2009 comprising 40 percent of all "savory snacks" sold in the United States[39] and 30 percent of the non-U.S. market.[40]
While the product catalog varies significantly by country, PepsiCo divides its snack products into two primary brand categories: those produced within North America, and those produced outside of North America.[41] In certain regions of the world, the company's snack food products are produced under regionally specific names such as Sabritas and Walkers. The primary snack food brands and products produced under the Frito-Lay name include Fritos corn chips, Cheetos cheese-flavored snacks, Doritos and Tostitos tortilla chips, Lay's potato chips, Ruffles chips, and Walker's potato crisps (distributed in the UK and Ireland under the Walker's brand and in the rest of Europe under the Lay's brand)—each of which generated annual worldwide sales over $1 billion in 2009.[1] Frito-Lay also comprises multiple brands outside of the chip category, including Rold Gold pretzels, Cracker Jack popcorn snacks, and TrueNorth nut clusters and nut crisps.[42] In India, Frito-Lay uses its international brands as well as Uncle Chipps, a homegrown brand that it bought out in 2000.[43] Kurkure, Indian snack developed and produced by PepsiCo India on March 31 announced that it was now available in Canada, UAE, and Gulf region as well.[44]
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External links[edit]
Dallas-Fort Worth portal
Companies portal
Food portal
Frito-Lay North America
Frito-Lay Canada
Frito-Lay company history and timeline
Smiths Snackfood Company (Australia)
Walkers Crisps (UK)
Roberts, Russ (August 22, 2011). "O'Donohoe on Potato Chips and Salty Snacks". EconTalk. Library of Economics and Liberty.
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v
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e
PepsiCo
Corporate directors
Indra Nooyi (Chairman & CEO)
Robert Eugene Allen
Dina Dublon
Alberto Ibargüen
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text:
Live in New York (The Doors live album)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Live in New York
Live album by The Doors
Released
November 17, 2009
Recorded
January 17 and 18, 1970
Felt Forum, New York City
Genre
Psychedelic rock, acid rock, blues rock
Length
360:46
Label
Rhino - Bright Midnight Archives
Producer
Bruce Botnick
The Doors chronology
Live at the Matrix 1967
(2008)Live at the Matrix 19672008 Live in New York
(2009) Live in Vancouver 1970
(2010)Live in Vancouver 19702010
Professional ratings
Review scores
Source
Rating
Allmusic [1]
Pitchfork Media (7.0/10)[2]
Live in New York is a six-disc box set of the final four concerts performed by The Doors on January 17 and 18, 1970 at the Felt Forum in New York City. About a third of the material on the set was previously unreleased.
Contents
[hide]
1 Track listing
1.1 Disc 1 (January 17, 1970, Show 1)
1.2 Disc 2 (January 17, 1970, Show 2)
1.3 Disc 3 (January 17, 1970, Show 2)
1.4 Disc 4 (January 18, 1970, Show 3)
1.5 Disc 5 (January 18, 1970, Show 4)
1.6 Disc 6 (January 18, 1970, Show 4)
2 Personnel
3 References
4 External links
Track listing[edit]
Disc 1 (January 17, 1970, Show 1)[edit]
(Start of Show 1)
Roadhouse Blues (Morrison)
Ship of Fools (Jim Morrison)
Break On Through (To the Other Side) (Morrison)
(Tuning/Breather)
Peace Frog (Morrison, Robby Krieger)
Blue Sunday (Morrison)
Alabama Song (Whisky Bar) (Bertolt Brecht, Kurt Weill)
Back Door Man (Willie Dixon, Chester Burnett)
Love Hides (Instrumental version) (Morrison)
Five to One (Morrison)
(Tuning/Breather)
Who Do You Love? (Bo Diddley)
Little Red Rooster (Dixon)
Money (Janie Bradford, Berry Gordy)
(Tuning/Breather)
Light My Fire (Krieger)
(More, More, More)
Soul Kitchen (Morrison)
(End of Show)
Disc 2 (January 17, 1970, Show 2)[edit]
(Start Of Show 2)
(Jim “How Ya Doing?”)
Roadhouse Blues (Morrison)
Break On Through (To the Other Side) (Morrison)
Ship of Fools (Morrison)
Crawling King Snake (Anon, arr. by John Lee Hooker)
Alabama Song (Whisky Bar) (Brecht, Weill)
Back Door Man (Dixon, Burnett) (includes hum vocal version of "Love Hides" (Morrison))
Five to One (Morrison)
(Pretty Neat, Pretty Good)
Build Me a Woman (Morrison)
(Tuning/Breather)
Who Do You Love? (Diddley)
(Tuning/Breather)
Wild Child (Morrison)
(Cheering/Tuning)
When the Music's Over
Disc 3 (January 17, 1970, Show 2)[edit]
(Tuning/Breather)
Light My Fire (Krieger)
(Hey, Mr. Light Man!)
Soul Kitchen (Morrison)
(Jim’s Fish Joke)
The End
(End of Show)
Disc 4 (January 18, 1970, Show 3)[edit]
(Start of Show 3)
Roadhouse Blues (Morrison)
Ship of Fools (Morrison)
Break On Through (To the Other Side) (Morrison)
(Tuning/Breather)
Universal Mind
Alabama Song (Whisky Bar) (False Start) (Brecht, Weill)
Alabama Song (Whisky Bar) (Brecht, Weill)
Back Door Man (Dixon, Burnett) (includes instrumental version of Love Hides (Morrison))
Five to One (Morrison)
(Tuning/Breather)
Moonlight Drive (Morrison)
Who Do You Love? (Diddley)
(Calling Out for Songs)
Money (Bradford, Gordy)
(Tuning/Breather)
Light My Fire (Krieger)
(More, More, More)
When the Music's Over
(Good Night/End of Show)
Disc 5 (January 18, 1970, Show 4)[edit]
(Start of Show 4)
Roadhouse Blues (Morrison)
Peace Frog (Morrison, Krieger)
Alabama Song (Whisky Bar) (Brecht, Weill)
Back Door Man (Dixon, Burnett)
Five to One (Morrison)
(We Have a Special Treat)
Celebration of the Lizard (Morrison) (*)
(Alright Let’s Boogie)
Build Me a Woman (Morrison)
When the Music's Over
(More, More, More)
(*) Medley that contains: "Lions in the Street", "Wake Up!", "A Little Game", "The Hill Dwellers", "Not to Touch the Earth", "Names of the Kingdom" and "The Palace of Exile".
Disc 6 (January 18, 1970, Show 4)[edit]
Soul Kitchen (Morrison)
(For Fear of Getting Too Patriotic)
Petition the Lord with Prayer (Morrison)
Light My Fire (Krieger)
(Only When the Moon Comes Out)
Close to You (Dixon)
(The Encore Begins)
Rock Me (Muddy Waters)
(What to Do Next?)
Going to N.Y. Blues
(Tuning/Breather)
Maggie M’Gill (Morrison)
(Tuning/Breather)
Gloria (Van Morrison)/(End of Show)
Personnel[edit]
Jim Morrison - vocals
Ray Manzarek - organ, keyboard bass, vocals on "Close to You"
Robby Krieger - electric guitar
John Densmore - drums
John Sebastian - Harmonica on "Rock Me", "Going To N.Y. Blues" & " Maggie M’Gill"
Dallas Taylor - drums on "Going To N.Y. Blues"
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "allmusic ((( Live in New York > Overview )))". www.allmusic.com. Retrieved 2010-07-06.
Jump up ^ "Pitchfork: Album Reviews: The Doors: Live in New York". pitchfork.com. Retrieved 2010-07-06.
External links[edit]
http://www.rollingstone.com/rockdaily/index.php/2009/08/27/doors-final-new-york-concerts-emerge-as-six-disc-collection/
[show]
v
t
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The Doors
Jim Morrison
Ray Manzarek
John Densmore
Robby Krieger
Studio albums
The Doors
Strange Days
Waiting for the Sun
The Soft Parade
Morrison Hotel
L.A. Woman
Other Voices
Full Circle
An American Prayer
Live albums
Absolutely Live
Alive, She Cried
Live at the Hollywood Bowl
In Concert
London Fog 1966
Compilations
and soundtracks
13
Weird Scenes Inside the Gold Mine
The Best of The Doors (1973)
Greatest Hits (1980)
The Doors Classics
The Best of The Doors
The Doors (1991 film soundtrack)
Greatest Hits (1996)
Essential Rarities
The Best of The Doors (2000)
The Very Best of The Doors (2001)
Legacy: The Absolute Best
The Very Best of The Doors (2007)
The Future Starts Here: The Essential Doors Hits
The Platinum Collection
When You're Strange: Music from the Motion Picture
The Singles
Bright
Midnight
Archives
The Bright Midnight Sampler
Live in Detroit
Bright Midnight: Live in America
Live in Hollywood: Highlights from the Aquarius Theater Performances
Live at the Aquarius Theatre: The First Performance
Live at the Aquarius Theatre: The Second Performance
No One Here Gets Out Alive
Backstage and Dangerous: The Private Rehearsal
Live in Hollywood
Boot Yer Butt: The Doors Bootlegs
Live in Philadelphia '70
Live in Boston
Pittsburgh Civic Arena
Live at the Matrix 1967
Live in New York
Live in Vancouver 1970
Live at the Bowl '68
Box sets
The Doors: Box Set
The Complete Studio Recordings
No One Here Gets Out Alive
Boot Yer Butt: The Doors Bootlegs
Love/Death/Travel Box Set
Perception
The Doors: Vinyl Box Set
A Collection
Singles
"Break On Through (To the Other Side)"/"End of the Night"
"Light My Fire"/"The Crystal Ship"
"People Are Strange"/"Unhappy Girl"
"Love Me Two Times"/"Moonlight Drive"
"The Unknown Soldier"/"We Could Be So Good Together"
"Hello, I Love You"/"Love Street"
"Touch Me"/"Wild Child"
"Wishful Sinful"/"Who Scared You"
"Tell All the People"/"Easy Ride"
"Runnin' Blue"/"Do It"
"You Make Me Real"/"Roadhouse Blues"
"Love Her Madly"/"(You Need Meat) Don't Go No Further"
"Riders on the Storm"/"The Changeling"
"The Mosquito" / "It Slipped My Mind"
"Get Up and Dance"/"Treetrunk"
"Gloria"/"Moonlight Drive"
Books
Wilderness: The Lost Writings of Jim Morrison
The American Night
No One Here Gets Out Alive
Light My Fire
Video and film
The Doors (1991)
The Doors – 30 Years Commemorative Edition (1999)
When You're Strange
Live at the Bowl '68
Related articles
Discography
Rick & the Ravens
Bill Siddons
Danny Sugerman
Paul A. Rothchild
Bruce Botnick
London Fog
Whisky a Go Go
Manzarek–Krieger
"Craigslist"
The Lost Paris Tapes
Stoned Immaculate: The Music of The Doors
Barbaturex morrisoni
HWY: An American Pastoral
Night Divides the Day – The Music of the Doors
Light My Fire: A Classic Rock Salute to The Doors
Book
Category
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Live_in_New_York_(The_Doors_live_album)&oldid=808544823"
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text:
End of World War II in Europe
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
The German Instrument of Surrender signed at Reims, 7 May 1945
show
v
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West European Campaign (1944–45)
Overlord
Dragoon
Paris
Paris to the Rhine
Channel Coast
Market Garden
Aachen
Hürtgen Forest
Scheldt
Queen
Bulge
Nordwind
Blackcock
Colmar Pocket
Reichswald
Invasion of Germany
End of World War II in Europe
The final battles of the European Theatre of World War II as well as the German surrender to the Allies took place in late April and early May 1945.
Contents
1 Timeline of surrenders and deaths
2 See also
3 Notes
4 References
4.1 Citations
4.2 Sources
5 Further reading
6 External links
Timeline of surrenders and deaths[edit]
Main article: Timeline of Axis surrenders in World War II
Allied forces begin to take large numbers of Axis prisoners: The total number of prisoners taken on the Western Front in April 1945 by the Western Allies was 1,500,000.[1] April also witnessed the capture of at least 120,000 German troops by the Western Allies in the last campaign of the war in Italy.[2] In the three to four months up to the end of April, over 800,000 German soldiers surrendered on the Eastern Front.[2] In early April, the first Allied-governed Rheinwiesenlagers were established in western Germany to hold hundreds of thousands of captured or surrendered Axis Forces personnel. Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF) reclassified all prisoners as Disarmed Enemy Forces, not POWs (prisoners of war). The legal fiction circumvented provisions under the Geneva Convention of 1929 on the treatment of former combatants.[3] By October, thousands had died in the camps from starvation, exposure and disease.[4]
The Dachau death train consisted of nearly forty railcars containing the bodies of between 2,000 and 3,000 prisoners who were evacuated from Buchenwald on 7 April 1945.
Liberation of Nazi Concentration Camps and refugees: Allied forces began to discover the scale of the Holocaust. The advance into Germany uncovered numerous Nazi concentration camps and forced labor facilities. Up to 60,000 prisoners were at Bergen-Belsen when it was liberated on 15 April 1945, by the British 11th Armoured Division.[5] Four days later troops from the American 42nd Infantry Division found Dachau.[6] Allied troops forced the remaining SS guards to gather up the corpses and place them in mass graves.[7] Due to the prisoners' poor physical condition, thousands continued to die after liberation.[8] Captured SS guards were subsequently tried at Allied war crimes tribunals where many were sentenced to death.[9] However, up to 10,000 Nazi war criminals eventually fled Europe using ratlines such as ODESSA.[10]
German forces leave Finland: On 25 April 1945, the last German formations withdrew from Finnish Lapland into occupied Norway. On 27 April 1945, the Raising the Flag on the Three-Country Cairn photograph was taken.[11]
Mussolini's death: On 25 April 1945, Italian partisans liberated Milan and Turin. On 27 April 1945, as Allied forces closed in on Milan, Italian dictator Benito Mussolini was captured by Italian partisans. It is disputed whether he was trying to flee from Italy to Switzerland (through the Splügen Pass), and was traveling with a German anti-aircraft battalion. On 28 April, Mussolini was executed in Giulino (a civil parish of Mezzegra); the other Fascists captured with him were taken to Dongo and executed there. The bodies were then taken to Milan and hung up on the Piazzale Loreto of the city. On 29 April, Rodolfo Graziani surrendered all Fascist Italian armed forces at Caserta. This included Army Group Liguria. Graziani was the Minister of Defence for Mussolini's Italian Social Republic.
The front page of The Montreal Daily Star announcing the German surrender.
Final positions of the Allied armies, May 1945
Axis-held territory at the end of the war in Europe shown in blue
Keitel signs surrender terms, 8 May 1945 in Berlin
Hitler's death: On 30 April, as the Battle of Nuremberg and the Battle of Hamburg ended with American and British occupation, in addition to the Battle of Berlin raging above him with the Soviets surrounding the city, along with his escape route cut off by the Americans, realizing that all was lost and not wishing to suffer Mussolini's fate, German dictator Adolf Hitler committed suicide in his Führerbunker along with Eva Braun, his long-term partner whom he had married less than 40 hours before their joint suicide.[12] In his will, Hitler dismissed Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring, his second-in-command and Interior minister Heinrich Himmler after each of them separately tried to seize control of the crumbling Third Reich. Hitler appointed his successors as follows; Großadmiral Karl Dönitz as the new Reichspräsident ("President of Germany") and Joseph Goebbels as the new Reichskanzler (Chancellor of Germany). However, Goebbels committed suicide the following day, leaving Dönitz as the sole leader of Germany.
German forces in Italy surrender: On 29 April, the day before Hitler died, Oberstleutnant Schweinitz and Sturmbannführer Wenner, plenipotentiaries for Generaloberst Heinrich von Vietinghoff and SS Obergruppenführer Karl Wolff, signed a surrender document at Caserta[13] after prolonged unauthorised secret negotiations with the Western Allies, which were viewed with great suspicion by the Soviet Union as trying to reach a separate peace. In the document, the Germans agreed to a ceasefire and surrender of all the forces under the command of Vietinghoff at 2pm on 2 May. Accordingly, after some bitter wrangling between Wolff and Albert Kesselring in the early hours of 2 May, nearly 1,000,000 men in Italy and Austria surrendered unconditionally to British Field Marshal Sir Harold Alexander at 2pm on 2 May.[14]
German forces in Berlin surrender: The Battle of Berlin ended on 2 May. On that date, General der Artillerie Helmuth Weidling, the commander of the Berlin Defense Area, unconditionally surrendered the city to General Vasily Chuikov of the Soviet army.[15] On the same day the officers commanding the two armies of Army Group Vistula north of Berlin, (General Kurt von Tippelskirch, commander of the German 21st Army and General Hasso von Manteuffel, commander of Third Panzer Army), surrendered to the Western Allies.[16] 2 May is also believed to have been the day when Hitler's deputy Martin Bormann died, from the account of Artur Axmann who saw Bormann's corpse in Berlin near the Lehrter Bahnhof railway station after encountering a Soviet Red Army patrol.[17] Lehrter Bahnhof is close to where the remains of Bormann, confirmed as his by a DNA test in 1998,[18] were unearthed on 7 December 1972.
German forces in North West Germany, Denmark, and the Netherlands surrender: On 4 May 1945, the British Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery took the unconditional military surrender at Lüneburg from Generaladmiral Hans-Georg von Friedeburg, and General Eberhard Kinzel, of all German forces "in Holland [sic], in northwest Germany including the Frisian Islands and Heligoland and all other islands, in Schleswig-Holstein, and in Denmark… includ[ing] all naval ships in these areas",[19][20] at the Timeloberg on Lüneburg Heath; an area between the cities of Hamburg, Hanover and Bremen. The number of German land, sea and air forces involved in this surrender amounted to 1,000,000 men.[21] On 5 May, Großadmiral Dönitz ordered all U-boats to cease offensive operations and return to their bases.
At 16:00, General Johannes Blaskowitz, the German commander-in-chief in the Netherlands, surrendered to Canadian General Charles Foulkes in the Dutch town of Wageningen in the presence of Prince Bernhard (acting as commander-in-chief of the Dutch Interior Forces).[22][23]
German forces in Bavaria surrender: At 14:30 on 4 May 1945, General Hermann Foertsch surrendered all forces between the Bohemian mountains and the Upper Inn river to the American General Jacob L. Devers, commander of the American 6th Army Group.
Central Europe: On 5 May 1945, the Czech resistance started the Prague uprising. The following day, the Soviets launched the Prague Offensive. In Dresden, Gauleiter Martin Mutschmann let it be known that a large-scale German offensive on the Eastern Front was about to be launched. Within two days, Mutschmann abandoned the city, but was captured by Soviet troops while trying to escape.[24]
Hermann Göring's surrender: On 6 May, Reichsmarshall and Hitler's second-in-command, Hermann Göring, surrendered to General Carl Spaatz, who was the commander of the operational United States Air Forces in Europe, along with his wife and daughter at the Germany-Austria border. He was by this time the most powerful Nazi official still alive.
German forces in Breslau surrender: At 18:00 on 6 May, General Hermann Niehoff, the commandant of Breslau, a 'fortress' city surrounded and besieged for months, surrendered to the Soviets.[23]
Jodl and Keitel surrender all German armed forces unconditionally: Thirty minutes after the fall of "Festung Breslau" (Fortress Breslau), General Alfred Jodl arrived in Reims and, following Dönitz's instructions, offered to surrender all forces fighting the Western Allies. This was exactly the same negotiating position that von Friedeburg had initially made to Montgomery, and like Montgomery the Supreme Allied Commander, General Dwight D. Eisenhower, threatened to break off all negotiations unless the Germans agreed to a complete unconditional surrender to all the Allies on all fronts.[25] Eisenhower explicitly told Jodl that he would order western lines closed to German soldiers, thus forcing them to surrender to the Soviets.[25] Jodl sent a signal to Dönitz, who was in Flensburg, informing him of Eisenhower's declaration. Shortly after midnight, Dönitz, accepting the inevitable, sent a signal to Jodl authorizing the complete and total surrender of all German forces.[23][25]
At 02:41 on the morning of 7 May, at SHAEF headquarters in Reims, France, the Chief-of-Staff of the German Armed Forces High Command, General Alfred Jodl, signed an unconditional surrender document for all German forces to the Allies, committing representatives of the German High Command to attend a definitive signing ceremony in Berlin. General Franz Böhme announced the unconditional surrender of German troops in Norway on 7 May. It included the phrase "All forces under German control to cease active operations at 2301 hours Central European Time on May 8, 1945."[19][26] The next day, Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel and other German OKW representatives travelled to Berlin, and shortly before midnight signed an amended and definitive document of unconditional surrender, explicitly surrendering to all the Allied forces in the presence of Marshal Georgi Zhukov and representatives of SHAEF.[27] The signing ceremony took place in a former German Army Engineering School in the Berlin district of Karlshorst; it now houses the German-Russian Museum Berlin-Karlshorst.
German forces on the Channel Islands surrender: At 10:00 on 8 May, the Channel Islanders were informed by the German authorities that the war was over. British Prime Minister Winston Churchill made a radio broadcast at 15:00 during which he announced: "Hostilities will end officially at one minute after midnight tonight, but in the interests of saving lives the 'Cease fire' began yesterday to be sounded all along the front, and our dear Channel Islands are also to be freed today."[28][26]
VE-Day: News of the imminent surrender broke in the West on 8 May, and celebrations erupted throughout Europe and parts of the British Empire. In the US, Americans awoke to the news and declared 8 May V-E Day. As the Soviet Union was to the east of Germany it was 9 May Moscow Time when the German military surrender became effective, which is why Russia and many other European countries east of Germany commemorate Victory Day on 9 May.
German units cease fire: Although the military commanders of most German forces obeyed the order to surrender issued by the (Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (OKW)—the German Armed Forces High Command), not all commanders did so. The largest contingent were Army Group Centre under the command of Generalfeldmarschall Ferdinand Schörner who had been promoted to Commander-in-Chief of the Army on 30 April in Hitler's last will and testament. On 8 May, Schörner deserted his command and flew to Austria; the Soviet Army sent overwhelming force against Army Group Centre in the Prague Offensive, forcing German units in Army Group Centre to capitulate by 11 May. The other forces which did not surrender on 8 May surrendered piecemeal:
The Second Army, under the command of General von Saucken, on the Heiligenbeil and Danzig beachheads, on the Hel Peninsula in the Vistula delta surrendered on 9 May, as did the forces on the Greek islands; and the garrisons of the last Atlantic pockets in France, in Saint-Nazaire, La Rochelle (after the Allied siege), and Lorient.
Battle of Slivice, the last battle in Czechoslovakia, on 12 May
On 13 May, the Red Army halted all offensives in Europe. Isolated pockets of resistance in Czechoslovakia were mopped up by this date.
People gathered in Whitehall to hear Winston Churchill's victory speech, 8 May 1945
The garrison on Alderney, one of the Channel Islands occupied by the Germans, surrendered on 16 May, one week after the garrisons on Guernsey and Jersey had surrendered on 9 May and those on Sark on 10 May.
The Georgian Uprising of Texel (5 April – 20 May) was Europe's last battlefield in World War II. It was fought between Georgian Nazi-collaborationist army units on Texel against the German occupiers of that Dutch island.
Another military engagement took place in Yugoslavia (today's Slovenia), on 14 and 15 May, known as the Battle of Poljana.
Last battle in Europe, Battle of Odžak between Yugoslav partisans and NDH forces, concludes on 25 of May . The remaining NDH soldiers escape to the forest.
A small group of German soldiers deployed on Svalbard in Operation Haudegen to establish and man a weather station there lost radio contact in May 1945; they surrendered to some Norwegian seal hunters on 4 September, two days after the Surrender of Japan.
Dönitz government ordered dissolved by Eisenhower: Karl Dönitz continued to act as if he were the German head of state, but his Flensburg government (so-called because it was based at Flensburg in northern Germany and controlled only a small area around the town), was not recognized by the Allies. On 12 May an Allied liaison team arrived in Flensburg and took quarters aboard the passenger ship Patria. The liaison officers and the Supreme Allied Headquarters soon realized that they had no need to act through the Flensburg government and that its members should be arrested. On 23 May, acting on SHAEF's orders and with the approval of the Soviets, American Major General Rooks summoned Dönitz aboard the Patria and communicated to him that he and all the members of his Government were under arrest, and that their government was dissolved. The Allies had a problem, because they realized that although the German armed forces had surrendered unconditionally, SHAEF had failed to use the document created by the "European Advisory Commission" (EAC) and so there had been no formal surrender by the civilian German government. This was considered a very important issue, because just as the civilian, but not military, surrender in 1918 had been used by Hitler to create the "stab in the back" argument, the Allies did not want to give any future hostile German regime a legal argument to resurrect an old quarrel.
Order JCS 1067 was signed into effect by President Harry S. Truman on 10 May 1945. This was part of the post-war economic plan that advocated how the Allied occupation would include measures to prevent Germany from waging further war by eliminating its armament industry, and the removal or destruction of other key industries required for military strength. This included the removal or destruction of all industrial plants and equipment in the Ruhr.[29] In 1947, JCS 1067 was replaced by JCS 1779 that aimed at restoring a "stable and productive Germany"; this led to the introduction of the Marshall Plan.[30]
Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany and the Assumption of Supreme Authority by Allied Powers was signed by the four Allies on 5 June. It included the following:
The Governments of the United States of America, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the United Kingdom and the Provisional Government of the French Republic, hereby assume supreme authority with respect to Germany, including all the powers possessed by the German Government, the High Command and any state, municipal, or local government or authority. The assumption, for the purposes stated above, of the said authority and powers does not effect[a] the annexation of Germany.
—  US Department of State, Treaties and Other International Acts Series, No. 1520.[32]
The Oder-Neisse Line
It is disputed whether this assumption of power constituted debellation—the end of a war caused by the complete destruction of a hostile state.[33][34][b]
The Potsdam Agreement was signed on 12 August 1945. In connection with this, the leaders of the United States, Britain and the Soviet Union planned the new postwar German government, resettled war territory boundaries, de facto annexed a quarter of pre-war Germany situated east of the Oder-Neisse line, and mandated and organized the expulsion of the millions of Germans who remained in the annexed territories and elsewhere in the east. They also ordered German demilitarization, denazification, industrial disarmament and settlements of war reparations. But, as France (at American insistence) had not been invited to the Potsdam Conference, so the French representatives on the Allied Control Council subsequently refused to recognise any obligation to implement the Potsdam Agreement; with the consequence that much of the programme envisaged at Potsdam, for the establishment of a German government and state adequate for accepting a peace settlement, remained a dead letter.
The Allied zones of occupation in post-war Germany, highlighting the Soviet zone (red), the inner German border (heavy black line) and the zone from which British and US troops withdrew in July 1945 (purple). The provincial boundaries are those of pre-Nazi Weimar Germany, before the present Länder were established.
Allied Control Council created to effect the Allies assumed supreme authority over Germany, specifically to implement their assumed joint authority over Germany. On 30 August, the Control Council constituted itself and issued its first proclamation, which informed the German people of the Council's existence and asserted that the commands and directives issued by the Commanders-in-Chief in their respective zones were not affected by the establishment of the Council. Cessation of hostilities between the United States and Germany was proclaimed on 13 December 1946 by US President Truman.[35]
Paris Peace Conference ended on 10 February 1947 with the signing of peace treaties by the wartime Allies with the minor European Axis powers (Italy, Romania, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Finland; although Italy by some was considered a major power).
The Federal Republic of Germany, that had been founded on 23 May 1949 (when its Basic Law was promulgated) had its first government formed on 20 September 1949 while the German Democratic Republic was formed on 7 October.
End of state of war with Germany was declared by many former Western Allies in 1950. In the Petersberg Agreement of 22 November 1949, it was noted that the West German government wanted an end to the state of war, but the request could not be granted. The US state of war with Germany was being maintained for legal reasons, and though it was softened somewhat it was not suspended since "the US wants to retain a legal basis for keeping a US force in Western Germany".[36] At a meeting for the Foreign Ministers of France, the UK, and the US in New York from 12 September – 19 December 1950, it was stated that among other measures to strengthen West Germany's position in the Cold War that the western allies would "end by legislation the state of war with Germany".[37] In 1951, many former Western Allies did end their state of war with Germany: Australia (9 July), Canada, Italy, New Zealand, the Netherlands (26 July), South Africa, the United Kingdom (9 July), and the United States (19 October).[38][39][40][41][42][43] The state of war between Germany and the Soviet Union was ended in early 1955.[44]
"The full authority of a sovereign state" was granted to the Federal Republic of Germany on 5 May 1955 under the terms of the Bonn–Paris conventions. The treaty ended the military occupation of West German territory, but the three occupying powers retained some special rights, e.g. vis-à-vis West Berlin.
Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany: Under the terms of this peace treaty, the Four Powers renounced all rights they formerly held in Germany, including Berlin. As a result, Germany became fully sovereign on 15 March 1991. Under the terms of the Treaty, the Allies were allowed to keep troops in Berlin until the end of 1994 (articles 4 and 5). In accordance with the Treaty, occupying troops were withdrawn by that deadline.
US soldiers view the corpses of prisoners which lie strewn along the road in the newly liberated Ohrdruf concentration camp
See also[edit]
World War II portal
War portal
History portal
End of World War II in Asia
Aftermath of World War II
Allied Commissions
Council of Foreign Ministers
Effects of World War II
German Instrument of Surrender
Line of contact
Surrender of Japan
Western betrayal
German prisoners of war in northwest Europe
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Facsimile of the original text, the transcription used in the Avalon source for the paragraph is erroneous. In this case, "effect" is correct.[31] The implication is that annexation of Germany did not occur with the assumption of all the powers of the German state by the four Allied powers. However the next paragraph explicitly stated that the "[four Allied powers] will hereafter determine the boundaries of Germany or any part thereof and the status of Germany or of any area at present being part of German territory".[31]
Jump up ^ Although the Allied powers considered this a debellatio ( The human rights dimensions of population, UNHCR web site, p. 2 § 138 ) other authorities have argued that the vestiges of the German state continued to exist even though the Allied Control Council governed the territory; and that eventually a fully sovereign German government resumed over a state that never ceased to exist ( Junker, Detlef (2004), Junker, Detlef; Gassert, Philipp; Mausbach, Wilfried; et al., eds., The United States and Germany in the Era of the Cold War, 1945–1990: A Handbook, 2, Cambridge University Press, co-published with German Historical Institute, Washington D.C., p. 104, ISBN 0-521-79112-X .)
References[edit]
Citations[edit]
Jump up ^ The Daily Telegraph Story of the War, (January 1st to October 7th 1945) page 153
^ Jump up to: a b the Times, 1 May 1945, page 4
Jump up ^ (Biddiscombe 1998, p. 253)
Jump up ^ Davidson, Eugene (1999). The Death and Life of Germany. University of Missouri Press. pp. 84–85. ISBN 0-8262-1249-2.
Jump up ^ "The 11th Armoured Division (Great Britain)", United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
Jump up ^ "Station 11: Crematorium – Dachau Concentration Camp Memorial Site". Kz-gedenkstaette-dachau.de. Retrieved 20 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Wiesel, Elie (2002). After the Darkness: Reflections on the Holocaust. New York, NY: Schocken Books. p. 41.
Jump up ^ Knoch, Habbo (2010). Bergen-Belsen: Wehrmacht POW Camp 1940–1945, Concentration Camp 1943–1945, Displaced Persons Camp 1945–1950. Catalogue of the permanent exhibition. Wallstein. p. 103. ISBN 978-3-8353-0794-0.
Jump up ^ Greene, Joshua (2003). Justice At Dachau: The Trials Of An American Prosecutor. New York: Broadway. p. 400. ISBN 0-7679-0879-1.
Jump up ^ Wiesenthal, Simon (1989). "Chapter 6: Odessa". Justice not Vengeance. George Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
Jump up ^ Kulju, Mika (2017). "Chpt. 4". Käsivarren sota – lasten ristiretki 1944–1945 [The war in the Arm – children's crusade 1944–1945] (e-book) (in Finnish). Gummerus. ISBN 978-951-24-0770-5.
Jump up ^ Beevor 2002, p. 342.
Jump up ^ Ernest F. Fisher Jr: United States Army in WWII, The Mediterranean - Cassino to the Alps. Page 524.
Jump up ^ Daily Telegraph Story of the War fifth volume page 153
Jump up ^ Dollinger, Hans. The Decline and the Fall of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan, Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number 67-27047. p. 239
Jump up ^ Ziemke 1969, p. 128.
Jump up ^ Beevor, Antony (2002). Berlin: The Downfall 1945. Viking-Penguin Books.
Jump up ^ Karacs, Imre (4 May 1998). "DNA test closes book on mystery of Martin Bormann". Independent. London. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b The German Surrender Documents – WWII
Jump up ^ "Monty Speech & German Surrender 1945". British Pathé. Retrieved December 2013. Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
Jump up ^ the Times, 5 May 1945, page 4
Jump up ^ World War II Timeline:western Europe: 1945 Archived 22 September 2006 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Jump up to: a b c Ron Goldstein Field Marshal Keitel's surrender BBC additional comment by Peter – WW2 Site Helper
Jump up ^ [Page 228, "The Decline and Fall of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan", Hans Dollinger (de), Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number 67-27047]
^ Jump up to: a b c Ziemke 1969, p. 130.
^ Jump up to: a b During the summers of World War II, Britain was on British Double Summer Time which meant that the country was ahead of CET time by one hour. This means that the surrender time in the UK was "effective from 0001 hours on May 9".RAF Site Diary 7/8 May Archived 18 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Ziemke 1990, p. 258 last paragraph.
Jump up ^ The Churchill Centre: The End of the War in Europe Archived 19 June 2006 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Morgenthau, Henry (1944). "Suggested Post-Surrender Program for Germany [The original memorandum from 1944, signed by Morgenthau] (text and facsimile)". Box 31, Folder Germany: Jan.-Sept. 1944 (i297). Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum (published 27 May 2004). Archived from the original on 31 May 2013. Demilitarization of Germany: It should be the aim of the Allied Forces to accomplish the complete demilitarization of Germany in the shortest possible period of time after surrender. This means completely disarming the German Army and people (including the removal or destruction of all war material), the total destruction of the whole German armament industry, and the removal or destruction of other key industries which are basic to military strength.
Jump up ^ Beschloss, Michael R (2003). The Conquerors: Roosevelt, Truman and the Destruction of Hitler's Germany, 1941–1945. Simon & Schuster. pp. 169–170. ISBN 0743244540.
^ Jump up to: a b Plenipotentiaries 1945, p. 1 (3 PDF).
Jump up ^ Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany Archived 18 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine., The Avalon Project, Yale Law School, Retrieved 14 September 2008
Jump up ^ United Nations War Crimes Commission (1997), Law reports of trials of war criminals: United Nations War Crimes Commission, Wm. S. Hein, p. 13, ISBN 1-57588-403-8
Jump up ^ Yearbook of the International Law Commission (PDF), II Part Two, 1993, p. 54)
Jump up ^ Werner v. United States (188 F.2d 266) Archived 14 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine., United States Court of Appeals Ninth Circuit, 4 April 1951. Website of Public.Resource.Org Archived 28 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ A Step Forward Time Magazine Monday, 28 November 1949
Jump up ^ Staff. Full text of "Britannica Book Of The Year 1951" Open-Access Text Archive. Retrieved 11 August 2008
Jump up ^ War's End Time Magazine, 16 July 1951
Jump up ^ Elihu Lauterpacht, C. J. Greenwood. International law reports. Volume 52, Cambridge University Press, 1979 ISBN 0-521-46397-1. p. 505
Jump up ^ James H. Marsh. World War II:Making the Peace, The Canadian Encyclopedia, Retrieved 11 August 2008
Jump up ^ 1951 in History BrainyMedia.com. Retrieved 11 August 2008
Jump up ^ H. Lauterpacht (editor), International law reports Volume 23. Cambridge University Press ISBN 0-949009-37-7. p. 773
Jump up ^ US Code—Title 50 Appendix—War and National Defense Archived 6 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine., U.S. Government Printing Office Archived 29 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine..
Jump up ^ Spreading Hesitation Time Magazine Monday, 7 February 1955
Sources[edit]
Beevor, Antony (2002), Berlin: The Downfall 1945, Viking-Penguin Books, p. 342
Plenipotentiaries (5 June 1945), "Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany and the Assumption of Supreme Authority with respect to Germany by the United Kingdom, the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and the provisional government of the French Republic (facsimile)", Germany No. i (1945): Unconditional Surrender of Germany Declaration and other Documents issued by the Governments of the United Kingdom, the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and the Provisional Government of the French Republic (PDF), pp. 1–6 (3–7 PDF), retrieved December 2013 Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
Ziemke, Earl F. (1969), Battle for Berlin: End of the Third Reich, London: Macdomald & Co, p. 128
Ziemke, Earl F. (1990), "Chapter XV: The Victory Sealed: Surrender at Reims", The U.S. Army in the occupation of Germany 1944–1946, Center of Military History, United States Army, Washington, D. C., Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 75-619027
Further reading[edit]
Deutsche Welle special coverage of the end of World War II—features a global perspective.
On this Day 7 May 1945: Germany signs unconditional surrender
Account of German surrender, BBC
Charles Kiley (Stars and Stripes Staff Writer).Details of the Surrender Negotiations This Is How Germany Gave Up
London '45 Victory Parade, photos and the exclusion of the Polish ally
Multimedia map of the war (1024x768 & Macromedia Flash Plugin 7.x)
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
German Instrument of Surrender, 1945
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Winston Churchill announces the Surrender of Germany
The short film A DEFEATED PEOPLE (1946) is available for free download at the Internet Archive
End of World War II in Europe is available for free download at the Internet Archive
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