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Amul Thapar
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Amul Thapar
Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit
Incumbent
Assumed office
May 25, 2017
Appointed by
Donald Trump
Preceded by
Boyce F. Martin Jr.
Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Kentucky
In office
January 4, 2008 – May 25, 2017
Appointed by
George W. Bush
Preceded by
Joseph Martin Hood
Succeeded by
Robert E. Wier
United States Attorney for the Eastern District of Kentucky
In office
March 20, 2006 – January 2008
President
George W. Bush
Preceded by
Gregory F. Van Tatenhove
Succeeded by
Kerry B. Harvey
Personal details
Born
Amul Roger Thapar
(1969-04-29) April 29, 1969 (age 49)
Troy, Michigan, U.S.
Education
Boston College (BS)
UC Berkeley School of Law (JD)
Amul Roger Thapar (born April 29, 1969) is a United States Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit. He is a former United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Kentucky and former United States Attorney for the Eastern District of Kentucky.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life and education
2 Career
2.1 Private practice
2.2 United States Attorney
3 Federal judicial service
3.1 Service as district court judge
3.1.1 Notable cases as a district court judge
3.2 Service on court of appeals
4 Consideration for Supreme Court
5 Personal life
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Early life and education[edit]
Thapar was born in Troy, Michigan to parents who had immigrated from India. He was raised in Toledo, Ohio,[1] where his father, Raj Thapar, owns a heating and air-conditioning supply business.[2] His mother, Veena Bhalla, owned a restaurant. She sold her business after the September 11 attacks and served as a civilian clinical social worker assigned to assist veterans. His parents are divorced. According to his father, the family encouraged Thapar to become a physician but he dreamed of becoming a justice on the United States Supreme Court.[3]
Thapar received a Bachelor of Science degree from Boston College in 1991 and a Juris Doctor from UC Berkeley School of Law in 1994.[4]
Career[edit]
Private practice[edit]
Thapar was a law clerk to S. Arthur Spiegel of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Ohio from 1994 to 1996, and then to Nathaniel R. Jones of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit from 1996 to 1997.[5] He was an adjunct professor in the University of Cincinnati College of Law from 1995 to 1997 and from 2002 to 2006.[4]
Thapar was an attorney in the law firm of Williams & Connolly in Washington, D.C. from 1997 to 1999.[5] He was a trial advocacy instructor in the Georgetown University Law Center from 1999 to 2000.[5] He was an Assistant United States Attorney of the U.S. Attorney's Office, Washington, DC from 1999 to 2000.[5] He was general counsel to Equalfooting.com from 2000 to 2001.[5] He returned to private practice at the Squire, Sanders & Dempsey firm in Cincinnati, Ohio from 2001 to 2002.[6][4]
United States Attorney[edit]
Thapar returned to the U.S. Attorney's Office as an Assistant United States Attorney in the Southern District of Ohio from 2002 to 2006, and was the United States Attorney for the Eastern District of Kentucky from 2006 to 2007.[7][4][8]
While an Assistant U.S. Attorney, he was appointed to the Attorney General's Advisory Committee (AGAC) and chaired the AGAC's Controlled Substances and Asset Forfeiture subcommittee. He also served on its Terrorism and National Security subcommittee, Violent Crime subcommittee, and Child Exploitation working group.[9]
Thapar also led the Southern Ohio Mortgage Fraud Task Force, which successfully prosecuted approximately 40 perpetrators of mortgage fraud. He led the successful investigation and prosecution of a conspiracy ring to provide illegal aliens with fraudulent driver's licenses.[6]
Federal judicial service[edit]
Service as district court judge[edit]
On May 24, 2007, Thapar was nominated by President George W. Bush for the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Kentucky seat vacated by Joseph Martin Hood.[10][11] The American Bar Association rated Thapar Unanimously Well Qualified, with one committee member abstaining.[12] Thapar was confirmed by the Senate on December 13, 2007[13] and received his commission on January 4, 2008.[14] The appointment made Thapar the first United States federal judge of South Asian descent.[15] His service was terminated on May 25, 2017, upon his elevation as a Circuit Judge to the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit.
As a district court judge, Thapar heard cases in Covington, Kentucky outside of Cincinnati, as well as in London and Pikeville.[16] While on the bench, Thapar has served as an adjunct professor at Vanderbilt University Law School, University of Virginia School of Law, and Northern Kentucky University.[17] He has been an invited guest at Federalist Society programs.[18] Thapar was America's first federal district judge of South Asian descent.[19][20]
Notable cases as a district court judge[edit]
In 2013, Thapar was assigned to a case in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Tennessee due to the impending retirement of Judge Thomas Phillips from the Knoxville court.[21] The case involved a high-profile break-in by peace protesters at the Y-12 National Security Complex's Highly Enriched Uranium Materials Facility in July 2012.[22][23] The three protesters, aged 57 to 82, were convicted.
On May 10, 2013, Thapar cited the definition of the federal crime of terrorism to keep the protesters in jail until their sentencing on February 18, 2014.[23][24] Thapar sentenced one of the defendants, 84-year-old nun Megan Rice, to 35 months in prison for breaking into the U.S. nuclear weapons complex and using blood to deface a bunker holding bomb-grade uranium, a demonstration that exposed serious security flaws; Rice had asked not to receive leniency and said she would be honored to receive a life sentence.[23] The two other defendants were sentenced to more than five years in prison, in part because they had much longer criminal histories. The activists' attorneys asked the judge to sentence them to time they had already served, about nine months, because of their record of goodwill. Thapar said he was concerned they showed no remorse and he wanted the punishment to be a deterrent for other activists.[25]
On appeal, the Sixth Circuit reversed the most serious convictions against the protesters and, in May 2015, ordered their immediate release from custody, noting that the protesters' sentencing guidelines now recommended substantially less time in custody than they had already served.[26]
Service on court of appeals[edit]
On March 21, 2017, President Donald Trump nominated Thapar to the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit to the seat vacated by Judge Boyce F. Martin Jr., who retired on August 16, 2013.[27][28][29] On April 24, 2017, Thapar received a unanimous well qualified rating from the American Bar Association.[30] On April 26, 2017 the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary held a hearing on his nomination.[31] On May 18, 2017, his nomination was reported to the floor of the Senate by a party line vote of 11–8 with one Democrat not voting. He was confirmed by the full Senate with a vote of 52–44 on May 25, 2017.[32] He received his commission on May 25, 2017. Thapar became the second Indian American judge of United States courts of appeals.[33]
Consideration for Supreme Court[edit]
On September 23, 2016, Thapar was included in a second list of individuals Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump "would consider as potential replacements for Justice Scalia at the United States Supreme Court."[34][35]
After the June 2018 announcement by sitting Justice Anthony Kennedy that he would retire from the court, Thapar remains on a Trump "short-list."[36] Thapar was one of six judges interviewed by President Trump early in July while being considered to fill the vacancy.[37]
Personal life[edit]
According to Thapar's father, his son was raised to be culturally Hindu but not devout. Thapar married Kim Schulte, a real estate agent, and converted to Catholicism.[3][1] The couple resided in Covington, Kentucky with their three children.[1]
Thapar's father told The Courier-Journal in December 2016 that his son was so conservative that he "nearly wouldn't speak to me after I voted for Barack Obama."[2]
See also[edit]
Donald Trump Supreme Court candidates
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c "Potential nominee profile: Amul Thapar". SCOTUSblog. July 3, 2018. Retrieved July 4, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Ky judge on Trump's short list for high court". The Courier-Journal. Retrieved July 4, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Meet the Kentuckian on Trump's short list for Supreme Court justice". USA TODAY. Retrieved July 4, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Thapar, Amul Roger – Federal Judicial Center". www.fjc.gov.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Nominee Report" (PDF). Alliance for Justice. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "U.S. Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works". Epw.senate.gov. Retrieved November 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Pres. Nom. 1345". 109th Cong. (2006). Retrieved June 30, 2018.
Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20061206184244/http://www.usdoj.gov:80/usao/kye/usattorney/index.html
Jump up ^ "Judge Amul Thapar | Faculty | Law School". law.vanderbilt.edu. Retrieved May 1, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Pres. Nom. 607". 110th Cong. (2007). December 13, 2007. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
Jump up ^ Rutkus, Denis Steven, and Bearden, Maureen (October 2008). "CRS Report for Congress, Nominations to Article III Lower Courts by President George W. Bush During the 110th Congress" (PDF). Congressional Research Service.
Jump up ^ American Bar Association, "Ratings of Article III Judicial Nominees, |110th Congress", accessed May 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Washington Summary – ABA Governmental Affairs Office | Governmental Affairs Office". www.americanbar.org. December 14, 2007. Retrieved May 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Amul Thapar | U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit" (PDF). AFJ Nominee Report.
Jump up ^ "The Front-Runners and Full List of Potential Supreme Court Nominees". The New York Times. Retrieved July 4, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Trump to nominate federal Judge Amul Thapar to 6th Circuit Court of Appeals". Kentucky.com. Retrieved May 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Ky judge on Trump's short list for high court". USA TODAY. Retrieved May 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Hon. Amul Thapar". www.fed-soc.org. Retrieved May 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ "President Donald J. Trump Announces Intent to Nominate Judge Amul R. Thapar for the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit". whitehouse.gov. March 21, 2017. Retrieved May 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Front-Runners and Full List of Potential Supreme Court Nominees". The New York Times. Retrieved July 4, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Notice" (PDF). United States District Court, Eastern District of Tennessee, Office of the Clerk.
Jump up ^ Us v. Walli (Criminal No. 12-107-ART), April 30, 2013, retrieved May 2, 2017 .
^ Jump up to: a b c Gang, Duane W. (February 18, 2014). "Nun sentenced to 35 months in nuclear plant break-in". USA Today. Retrieved February 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Sentencing for Y-12 Protesters Postponed until January". Knoxville News Sentinel. September 13, 2013. Retrieved January 11, 2017 – via Questia. (Subscription required (help)).
Jump up ^ "Nun, 84, gets 3 years in prison for breaking into nuclear weapons complex". CBS News. February 18, 2014. Retrieved November 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Sister Megan Rice, Freed From Prison, Looks Ahead to More Anti-Nuclear Activism". The New York Times. Retrieved November 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Presidential Nomination 105, 115th United States Congress". United States Congress. March 21, 2017. Retrieved June 30, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Congressional Record".
Jump up ^ "President Trump Sends Nominations to the Senate". March 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ "American Bar Association Judicial Ratings" (PDF).
Jump up ^ "United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary". www.judiciary.senate.gov.
Jump up ^ "Senate roll call vote PN105". United States Senate. May 25, 2017. Retrieved May 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Amul Thapar becomes second Indian-American judge of US Court of Appeals". Hindustan Times. May 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Flores, Reena (September 23, 2016). "Donald Trump will expand list of possible Supreme Court picks". CBS News. Retrieved September 23, 2016 – via MSN.
Jump up ^ "Donald J. Trump Finalizes List of Potential Supreme Court Justice PicksS". www.donaldjtrump.com. Archived from the original on October 8, 2016. Retrieved May 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ Savage, David (July 3, 2018). "Judge Amy Coney Barrett, a potential Supreme Court nominee, has defended overturning precedents". LA Times. Retrieved July 3, 2018. Judge Brett Kavanaugh, 53, a Washington veteran who serves on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, and Barrett, 46, have been seen as the front-runners. White House advisors say Judges Thomas Hardiman from Pennsylvania, Raymond Kethledge from Michigan and Amul Thapar from Kentucky are also top candidates from Trump’s previously announced list of 25 judges, legal scholars and politicians.
Jump up ^ Roberts, John. "Trump completes interviews of Supreme Court candidates, short-list down to 6". Fox News. Retrieved July 5, 2018.
External links[edit]
Amul Thapar at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a public domain publication of the Federal Judicial Center.
Amul Thapar at Ballotpedia
Biography at University of Virginia School of Law
Biography at Northern Kentucky (archived)
United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit Official Website
Knoxville News Sentinel article, 5/11/2013
Questionnaire for Judicial Nominees for the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary
Contributor profile from the Federalist Society
Legal offices
Preceded by
Gregory F. Van Tatenhove United States Attorney for the Eastern District of Kentucky
2006–2008 Succeeded by
Kerry B. Harvey
Preceded by
Joseph Martin Hood Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Kentucky
2008–2017 Succeeded by
Robert E. Wier
Preceded by
Boyce F. Martin Jr. Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit
2017–present Incumbent
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WorldCat Identities
ISNI: 0000 0000 7706 8899
LCCN: no2010020292
VIAF: 160537699
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amul_Thapar&oldid=849670826"
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Nobel Prize in Literature
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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One of the five Nobel Prizes established in 1895 by Alfred Nobel
Nobel Prize in Literature
Announcement of the Nobel Prize laureate in literature, 2008
Awarded for
Outstanding contributions in literature
Country
Sweden
Presented by
Swedish Academy
Reward(s)
9 million SEK (2017)[1]
First awarded
1901
Currently held by
Kazuo Ishiguro (2017)
Website
nobelprize.org
← 2016
The Nobel Prize in Literature (Swedish: Nobelpriset i litteratur) is a Swedish literature prize that is awarded annually, since 1901, to an author from any country who has, in the words of the will of Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel, produced "in the field of literature the most outstanding work in an ideal direction" (original Swedish: "den som inom litteraturen har producerat det mest framstående verket i en idealisk riktning").[2][3] Though individual works are sometimes cited as being particularly noteworthy, the award is based on an author's body of work as a whole. The Swedish Academy decides who, if anyone, will receive the prize. The academy announces the name of the laureate in early October. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895. It will not be awarded in 2018, but two names will be awarded in 2019.[4][5][6]
Although the Nobel Prize in Literature has become the world's most prestigious literature prize,[7] the Swedish Academy has attracted significant criticism for its handling of the award. Many authors who have won the prize have fallen into obscurity, while others rejected by the jury remain widely studied and read. The prize has "become widely seen as a political one – a peace prize in literary disguise", whose judges are prejudiced against authors with different political tastes to them.[8] Tim Parks has expressed skepticism that it is possible for "Swedish professors ... [to] compar[e] a poet from Indonesia, perhaps translated into English with a novelist from Cameroon, perhaps available only in French, and another who writes in Afrikaans but is published in German and Dutch...".[9] As of 2016, 16 of the 113 recipients have been of Scandinavian origin. The Academy has often been alleged to be biased towards European, and in particular Swedish, authors.[10] Some, such as Indian academic Sabaree Mitra, have noted that, though the Nobel Prize in Literature is significant and tends to overshadow other awards, it is "not the only benchmark of literary excellence."[11]
Nobel's "vague" wording for the criteria for the prize has led to recurrent controversy. In the original Swedish, the word idealisk translates as "ideal".[3][12] The Nobel Committee's interpretation has varied over the years. In recent years, this means a kind of idealism championing human rights on a broad scale.[3][13]
Contents
1 Background
2 Nomination and award procedure
3 Prizes
3.1 Nobel Prize Medals
3.2 Nobel Prize Diplomas
4 Laureates
4.1 Potential candidates
5 Criticism
5.1 Controversies about Nobel Laureate selections
5.2 Nationality-based criticism
5.3 Overlooked literary achievements
5.4 Controversies about Swedish Academy board members
5.5 2018 controversy and award cancellation
6 Similar international prizes
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Background[edit]
In 1901, French poet and essayist Sully Prudhomme (1839–1907) was the first person to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, "in special recognition of his poetic composition, which gives evidence of lofty idealism, artistic perfection and a rare combination of the qualities of both heart and intellect."
Alfred Nobel stipulated in his last will and testament that his money be used to create a series of prizes for those who confer the "greatest benefit on mankind" in physics, chemistry, peace, physiology or medicine, and literature.[14][15] Though Nobel wrote several wills during his lifetime, the last was written a little over a year before he died, and signed at the Swedish-Norwegian Club in Paris on 27 November 1895.[16][17] Nobel bequeathed 94% of his total assets, 31 million Swedish kronor (US$198 million, €176 million in 2016), to establish and endow the five Nobel Prizes.[18] Due to the level of scepticism surrounding the will, it was not until 26 April 1897 that the Storting (Norwegian Parliament) approved it.[19][20] The executors of his will were Ragnar Sohlman and Rudolf Lilljequist, who formed the Nobel Foundation to take care of Nobel's fortune and organize the prizes.
The members of the Norwegian Nobel Committee that were to award the Peace Prize were appointed shortly after the will was approved. The prize-awarding organisations followed: the Karolinska Institutet on 7 June, the Swedish Academy on 9 June, and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on 11 June.[21][22] The Nobel Foundation then reached an agreement on guidelines for how the Nobel Prize should be awarded. In 1900, the Nobel Foundation's newly created statutes were promulgated by King Oscar II.[20][23][24] According to Nobel's will, the Royal Swedish Academy was to award the Prize in Literature.[24]
Nomination and award procedure[edit]
Each year, the Swedish Academy sends out requests for nominations of candidates for the Nobel Prize in Literature. Members of the Academy, members of literature academies and societies, professors of literature and language, former Nobel literature laureates, and the presidents of writers' organizations are all allowed to nominate a candidate. It is not permitted to nominate oneself.[25]
Thousands of requests are sent out each year, and as of 2011[update] about 220 proposals are returned.[26] These proposals must be received by the Academy by 1 February, after which they are examined by the Nobel Committee. By April, the Academy narrows the field to around twenty candidates.[26] By May, a short list of five names is approved by the Committee.[26] The subsequent four months are then spent in reading and reviewing the works of the five candidates.[26] In October, members of the Academy vote and the candidate who receives more than half of the votes is named the Nobel laureate in Literature. No one can get the prize without being on the list at least twice, thus many of the same authors reappear and are reviewed repeatedly over the years.[26] The academy is master of thirteen languages, but when a candidate is shortlisted from an unknown language, they call on translators and oath-sworn experts to provide samples of that writer.[26] Other elements of the process are similar to that of other Nobel Prizes.[27] The judges are composed of an 18 member committee who are elected for life and up until 2018, not technically permitted to leave.[28] On 2 May 2018, the Swedish King amended the rules of the academy and made it possible for members to resign. The new rules also state that a member who has been inactive in the work of the academy for more than two years can be asked to resign.[29][30]
The award is usually announced in October. Sometimes, however, the award has been announced the year after the nominal year, the latest being the 2018 award. In the midst of controversy surrounding claims of sexual assault, conflict of interest, and resignations by officials, on 4 May 2018, the Swedish Academy announced that the 2018 laureate would be announced in 2019 along with the 2019 laureate.[5][4]
Prizes[edit]
A Literature Nobel Prize laureate earns a gold medal, a diploma bearing a citation, and a sum of money.[31] The amount of money awarded depends on the income of the Nobel Foundation that year.[32] If a prize is awarded to more than one laureate, the money is either split evenly among them or, for three laureates, it may be divided into a half and two quarters.[33] If a prize is awarded jointly to two or more laureates, the money is split among them.[33]
The prize money of the Nobel Prize has been fluctuating since its inauguration but as of 2012[update] it stood at kr 8,000,000 (about US$1,100,000), previously it was kr 10,000,000.[34][35][36] This was not the first time the prize-amount was decreased—beginning with a nominal value of kr 150,782 in 1901 (worth 8,123,951 in 2011 SEK) the nominal value has been as low as kr 121,333 (2,370,660 in 2011 SEK) in 1945—but it has been uphill or stable since then, peaking at an SEK-2011 value of 11,659,016 in 2001.[36]
The laureate is also invited to give a lecture during "Nobel Week" in Stockholm; the highlight is the prize-giving ceremony and banquet on 10 December.[37] It is the richest literary prize in the world by a large margin.
Nobel Prize Medals[edit]
The Nobel Prize medals, minted by Myntverket[38] in Sweden and the Mint of Norway since 1902, are registered trademarks of the Nobel Foundation. Each medal features an image of Alfred Nobel in left profile on the obverse (front side of the medal). The Nobel Prize medals for Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, and Literature have identical obverses, showing the image of Alfred Nobel and the years of his birth and death (1833–1896). Nobel's portrait also appears on the obverse of the Nobel Peace Prize medal and the Medal for the Prize in Economics, but with a slightly different design.[39] The image on the reverse of a medal varies according to the institution awarding the prize. The reverse sides of the Nobel Prize medals for Chemistry and Physics share the same design.[40] The medal for the Nobel Prize in Literature was designed by Erik Lindberg.[41]
Nobel Prize Diplomas[edit]
Nobel laureates receive a Diploma directly from the King of Sweden. Each Diploma is uniquely designed by the prize-awarding institutions for the laureate that receives it.[42] The Diploma contains a picture and text that states the name of the laureate and normally a citation of why they received the prize.[42]
Laureates[edit]
Main article: List of Nobel laureates in Literature
Potential candidates[edit]
Potential recipients of the Nobel Prize in Literature are difficult to predict as nominations are kept secret for fifty years until they are publicly available at The Nomination Database for the Nobel Prize in Literature. Currently, only nominations submitted between 1901 and 1965 are available for public viewing.[43] This secrecy has led to speculation about the next Nobel laureate.
What about the rumours circling around the world about certain people being nominated for the Nobel Prize this year? - Well, either it's just a rumour, or someone among the invited nominators has leaked information. Since the nominations are kept secret for 50 years, you'll have to wait until then to find out.[44]
—  www.nobelprize.org, in Nomination FAQ – Frequently Asked Questions about the Nomination and Selection of Nobel Laureates
According to Göran Malmqvist of the Swedish Academy, Chinese writer Shen Congwen was to have been awarded the 1988 Nobel Prize in Literature, had he not suddenly died that year.[45]
Criticism[edit]
Controversies about Nobel Laureate selections[edit]
Selma Lagerlöf, the first female writer to be awarded a Nobel Prize in literature, faced major controversies. Illustration from Svenska Dagbladet, 11 December 1909
From 1901 to 1912, the committee, headed by the conservative Carl David af Wirsén, weighed the literary quality of a work against its contribution towards humanity's struggle 'toward the ideal'. Tolstoy, Ibsen, Zola, and Mark Twain were rejected in favor of authors little read today.[12][46] During World War I and its immediate aftermath, the committee adopted a policy of neutrality, favouring writers from non-combatant countries.[12] August Strindberg was repeatedly bypassed by the committee, but holds the singular distinction of being awarded an Anti-Nobel Prize, conferred by popular acclaim and national subscription and presented to him in 1912 by future prime minister Hjalmar Branting.[47][48][49] James Joyce wrote the books that rank 1st and 3rd on the Modern Library 100 Best Novels – Ulysses and Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man – but Joyce never won; as biographer Gordon Bowker wrote, "That prize was just out of Joyce's reach."[50]
The academy considered Czech writer Karel Čapek's War with the Newts too offensive to the German government. He also declined to suggest some noncontroversial publication that could be cited as an example of his work, stating "Thank you for the good will, but I have already written my doctoral dissertation".[51] He was thus denied the prize.
Spanish playwright Àngel Guimerà, who wrote in the Catalan language was nominated twenty-three times for the Nobel Prize,[52] though he never won, due to controversy about the political significance of the gesture. He was a candidate for the Nobel Prize in 1904, to be shared with the Provençal writer Frédéric Mistral, in recognition of their contributions to literature in non-official languages. Political pressure from Spain's central government having made this prize impossible, it was eventually awarded to Mistral and to the Spanish language playwright José Echegaray.
The choice of Selma Lagerlöf (Sweden 1858–1940) as Nobel Laureate in 1909 (for the 'lofty idealism, vivid imagination and spiritual perception that characterizes her writings'[53]) followed fierce debate because of her writing style and subject matter, which broke literary decorums of the time.[54][55]
According to Swedish Academy archives studied by the newspaper Le Monde on their opening in 2008, French novelist and intellectual André Malraux was seriously considered for the prize in the 1950s. Malraux was competing with Albert Camus but was rejected several times, especially in 1954 and 1955, "so long as he does not come back to novel". Thus, Camus was awarded the prize in 1957.[56]
Some attribute W. H. Auden's not being awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature to errors in his translation of 1961 Peace Prize laureate Dag Hammarskjöld's Vägmärken (Markings)[57] and to statements that Auden made during a Scandinavian lecture tour suggesting that Hammarskjöld was, like Auden, homosexual.[58]
In 1962, John Steinbeck received the Nobel Prize for Literature. The selection was heavily criticized, and described as "one of the Academy's biggest mistakes" in one Swedish newspaper.[59] The New York Times asked why the Nobel committee gave the award to an author whose "limited talent is, in his best books, watered down by tenth-rate philosophising", adding, "we think it interesting that the laurel was not awarded to a writer ... whose significance, influence and sheer body of work had already made a more profound impression on the literature of our age".[59] Steinbeck himself, when asked if he deserved the Nobel on the day of the announcement, replied: "Frankly, no."[59] In 2012 (50 years later), the Nobel Prize opened its archives and it was revealed that Steinbeck was a "compromise choice" among a shortlist consisting of Steinbeck, British authors Robert Graves and Lawrence Durrell, French dramatist Jean Anouilh and Danish author Karen Blixen.[59] The declassified documents showed that he was chosen as the best of a bad lot:[59] "There aren't any obvious candidates for the Nobel prize and the prize committee is in an unenviable situation," wrote committee member Henry Olsson.[59]
In 1964, Jean-Paul Sartre was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, but he wrote declining it, stating that "It is not the same thing if I sign Jean-Paul Sartre or if I sign Jean-Paul Sartre, Nobel Prize laureate. A writer must refuse to allow himself to be transformed into an institution, even if it takes place in the most honorable form."[60] Nevertheless he was awarded the prize.[61]
Soviet dissident writer Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, the 1970 prize laureate, did not attend the Nobel Prize ceremony in Stockholm for fear that the USSR would prevent his return afterwards (his works there were circulated in samizdat—clandestine form).[62] After the Swedish government refused to honor Solzhenitsyn with a public award ceremony and lecture at its Moscow embassy, Solzhenitsyn refused the award altogether, commenting that the conditions set by the Swedes (who preferred a private ceremony) were "an insult to the Nobel Prize itself." Solzhenitsyn did not accept the award and prize money until 10 December 1974, after he was deported from the Soviet Union.[63]
In 1974, Graham Greene, Vladimir Nabokov, and Saul Bellow were considered but rejected in favor of a joint award for Swedish authors Eyvind Johnson and Harry Martinson, both members of the Swedish Academy at the time,[64] and unknown outside their home country.[65][66] Bellow received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1976; neither Greene nor Nabokov was awarded it.[67]
Argentine writer Jorge Luis Borges was nominated for the Prize several times but, as Edwin Williamson, Borges's biographer, states, the Academy did not award it to him, most likely because of his support of certain Argentine and Chilean right-wing military dictators, including Augusto Pinochet, which, according to Tóibín's review of Williamson's Borges: A Life, had complex social and personal contexts.[68] Borges' failure to receive the Nobel Prize for his support of these right-wing dictators contrasts with the Committee honoring writers who openly supported controversial left-wing dictatorships, including Joseph Stalin, in the cases of Sartre and Pablo Neruda.[69][70] Also, controversially, Gabriel García Márquez supported the Cuban Revolutionary and President Fidel Castro.[71] In 1986, the Nigerian writer Wole Soyinka received the prize, regardless of the fact that he had held a radio station up at gunpoint in his native country in 1965.
The award to Italian performance artist Dario Fo in 1997 was initially considered "rather lightweight"[72] by some critics, as he was seen primarily as a performer, and Catholic organizations saw the award to Fo as controversial as he had previously been censured by the Roman Catholic Church.[73] The Vatican newspaper L'Osservatore Romano expressed surprise at Fo's selection for the prize commenting that "Giving the prize to someone who is also the author of questionable works is beyond all imagination."[74] Salman Rushdie and Arthur Miller had been strongly favoured to receive the Prize, but the Nobel organisers were later quoted as saying that they would have been "too predictable, too popular."[75]
Camilo José Cela willingly offered his services as an informer for Franco's regime and had moved voluntarily from Madrid to Galicia during the Spanish Civil War in order to join the rebel forces there; an article by Miguel Angel Villena, Between Fear and Impunity which compiled commentaries by Spanish novelists on the noteworthy silence of the older generation of Spanish novelists on the Francoist pasts of public intellectuals, appeared below a photograph of Cela during the Nobel ceremony in Stockholm in 1989.[76]
The choice of the 2004 laureate, Elfriede Jelinek, was protested by a member of the Swedish Academy, Knut Ahnlund, who had not played an active role in the Academy since 1996; Ahnlund resigned, alleging that selecting Jelinek had caused "irreparable damage" to the reputation of the award.[77][78]
The selection of Harold Pinter for the Prize in 2005 was delayed for a couple of days, apparently due to Ahnlund's resignation, and led to renewed speculations about there being a "political element" in the Swedish Academy's awarding of the Prize.[13] Although Pinter was unable to give his controversial Nobel Lecture in person because of ill health, he delivered it from a television studio on video projected on screens to an audience at the Swedish Academy, in Stockholm. His comments have been the source of much commentary and debate. The issue of their "political stance" was also raised in response to the awards of the Nobel Prize in Literature to Orhan Pamuk and Doris Lessing in 2006 and 2007, respectively.[79]
The 2016 choice of Bob Dylan was the first time a musician and song-writer won the Nobel for Literature. The award caused some controversy, particularly among writers arguing that the literary merits of Dylan's work are not equal to those of some of his peers. Lebanese novelist Rabih Alameddine tweeted that "Bob Dylan winning a Nobel in Literature is like Mrs Fields being awarded 3 Michelin stars."[80] The French Moroccan writer Pierre Assouline described the decision as "contemptuous of writers".[81] In a live webchat hosted by The Guardian, Norwegian writer Karl Ove Knausgård said that "I'm very divided. I love that the novel committee opens up for other kinds of literature – lyrics and so on. I think that's brilliant. But knowing that Dylan is the same generation as Thomas Pynchon, Philip Roth, Cormac McCarthy, makes it very difficult for me to accept it."[82] Scottish novelist Irvine Welsh said "I'm a Dylan fan, but this is an ill conceived nostalgia award wrenched from the rancid prostates of senile, gibbering hippies."[83] Dylan's songwriting peer and friend Leonard Cohen said that no prizes were necessary to recognize the greatness of the man who transformed pop music with records like Highway 61 Revisited. "To me," Cohen said, "[the Nobel] is like pinning a medal on Mount Everest for being the highest mountain."[84] Writer and commentator Will Self wrote that the award "cheapened" Dylan whilst hoping the laureate would "follow Sartre in rejecting the award".[85]
Nationality-based criticism[edit]
French author Albert Camus was the first African-born writer to receive the award.
The prize's focus on European men, and Swedes in particular, has been the subject of criticism, even from Swedish newspapers.[86] The majority of laureates have been European, with Sweden itself receiving more prizes (8) than all of Asia (7, if Turkish Orhan Pamuk is included), as well as all of Latin America (7, if Saint Lucian Derek Walcott is included). In 2009, Horace Engdahl, then the permanent secretary of the Academy, declared that "Europe still is the centre of the literary world" and that "the US is too isolated, too insular. They don't translate enough and don't really participate in the big dialogue of literature."[87]
In 2009, Engdahl's replacement, Peter Englund, rejected this sentiment ("In most language areas ... there are authors that really deserve and could get the Nobel Prize and that goes for the United States and the Americas, as well") and acknowledged the Eurocentric nature of the award, saying that, "I think that is a problem. We tend to relate more easily to literature written in Europe and in the European tradition."[88] American critics are known to object that those from their own country, like Philip Roth, Thomas Pynchon, and Cormac McCarthy, have been overlooked, as have Latin Americans such as Jorge Luis Borges, Julio Cortázar, and Carlos Fuentes, while in their place Europeans lesser-known to that continent have triumphed. The 2009 award to Herta Müller, previously little-known outside Germany but many times named favorite for the Nobel Prize, re-ignited the viewpoint that the Swedish Academy was biased and Eurocentric.[89]
The 2010 prize was awarded to Mario Vargas Llosa, a native of Peru in South America, a generally well-regarded decision. When the 2011 prize was awarded to the Swedish poet Tomas Tranströmer, permanent secretary of the Swedish Academy Peter Englund said the prize was not decided based on politics, describing such a notion as "literature for dummies".[90] The Swedish Academy awarded the next two prizes to non-Europeans, Chinese author Mo Yan and Canadian short story writer Alice Munro. French writer Patrick Modiano's win in 2014 renewed questions of Eurocentrism; when asked by The Wall Street Journal "So no American this year, yet again. Why is that?", Englund reminded Americans of the Canadian origins of the previous year's recipient, the Academy's desire for literary quality and the impossibility of rewarding everyone who deserves the prize.[91]
Overlooked literary achievements[edit]
In the history of the Nobel Prize in Literature, many literary achievements were overlooked. The literary historian Kjell Espmark admitted that "as to the early prizes, the censure of bad choices and blatant omissions is often justified. Tolstoy, Ibsen, and Henry James should have been rewarded instead of, for instance, Sully Prudhomme, Eucken, and Heyse".[92] There are omissions which are beyond the control of the Nobel Committee such as the early death of an author as was the case with Marcel Proust, Italo Calvino, and Roberto Bolaño. According to Kjell Espmark "the main works of Kafka, Cavafy, and Pessoa were not published until after their deaths and the true dimensions of Mandelstam's poetry were revealed above all in the unpublished poems that his wife saved from extinction and gave to the world long after he had perished in his Siberian exile".[92] British novelist Tim Parks ascribed the never-ending controversy surrounding the decisions of the Nobel Committee to the "essential silliness of the prize and our own foolishness at taking it seriously"[93] and noted that "eighteen (or sixteen) Swedish nationals will have a certain credibility when weighing up works of Swedish literature, but what group could ever really get its mind round the infinitely varied work of scores of different traditions. And why should we ask them to do that?"[93]
Controversies about Swedish Academy board members[edit]
Membership in the 18-member committee, who select the recipients, is technically for life.[28] Members are not allowed to leave, although they might refuse to participate.[28] For members who do not participate their board seat is left vacant until they die.[94] Twelve active/participating members are required for a quorum.[94]
In 1989, three members resigned in protest after the academy refused to denounce Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini for calling for the death of Salman Rushdie, author of The Satanic Verses.[28]
2018 controversy and award cancellation[edit]
In April 2018, three members of the academy board resigned in response to a sexual-misconduct investigation involving author Jean-Claude Arnault who is married to board member Katarina Frostenson.[94] Arnault was accused by at least 18 women of sexual assault and harassment. He and his wife were also accused of leaking the names of prize recipients on at least seven occasions so friends could profit from bets.[95][94] He denied all accusations, although he would be later convicted of rape and sentenced to two years in prison.[96][97] The three members resigned in protest over the decision by Sara Danius, the board secretary, not to take what they felt was appropriate legal action against Arnault.[94][28][98] Two former permanent secretaries, Sture Allén and Horace Engdahl, called Danius a weak leader.[94]
On 10 April, Danius was asked to resign from her position by the Academy, bringing the number of empty seats to four.[99] Frostenson voluntarily agreed to withdraw from participating in the academy, bringing the total of withdrawals to five. Because two other seats were still vacant from the Rushdie affair, this left only 11 active members, one short of the quorum needed to vote in replacements. On 4 May 2018, the Swedish Academy announced that the selection will be postponed until 2019, when two laureates will be chosen. It was still technically possible to choose a 2018 laureate, as only eight active members are required to choose a recipient. However, there were concerns that the academy was not in any condition to credibly present the award.[4][5][6][100] The New Academy Prize in Literature was created as an alternative award for the 2018 only.[101]
The scandal was widely seen as damaging to the credibility of the prize and its authority. "With this scandal you cannot possibly say that this group of people has any kind of solid judgment," noted Swedish journalist Björn Wiman.[94] As noted by Andrew Brown in The Guardian in a lengthy deconstruction of the scandal:
"The scandal has elements of a tragedy, in which people who set out to serve literature and culture discovered they were only pandering to writers and the people who hang around with them. The pursuit of excellence in art was entangled with the pursuit of social prestige. The academy behaved as if the meals in its clubhouse were as much an accomplishment as the work that got people elected there."[102]
Similar international prizes[edit]
The Nobel Prize in Literature is not the only literary prize for which all nationalities are eligible. Other notable international literary prizes include the Neustadt International Prize for Literature, the Franz Kafka Prize, the Man Booker International Prize, and in the 1960s the Formentor Prix International. In contrast to the other prizes mentioned, the Neustadt International Prize is awarded biennially. The journalist Hephzibah Anderson has noted that the Man Booker International Prize "is fast becoming the more significant award, appearing an ever more competent alternative to the Nobel".[103] The Man Booker International Prize "highlights one writer's overall contribution to fiction on the world stage"[104] and "has literary excellence as its sole focus".[104] Established in 2005, it is not yet possible to analyze its importance on potential future Nobel Prize in Literature laureates. Only Alice Munro (2009) has been awarded with both. The Neustadt International Prize for Literature is regarded as one of the most prestigious international literary prizes, often referred to as the American equivalent to the Nobel Prize.[105][106] Like the Nobel or the Man Booker International Prize, it is awarded not for any one work, but for an entire body of work. It is frequently seen as an indicator of who may be awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. Gabriel García Márquez (1972 Neustadt, 1982 Nobel), Czesław Miłosz (1978 Neustadt, 1980 Nobel), Octavio Paz (1982 Neustadt, 1990 Nobel), Tomas Tranströmer (1990 Neustadt, 2011 Nobel) were first awarded the Neustadt International Prize for Literature before being awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature.
Another award of note is the Spanish Princess of Asturias Award (formerly Prince of Asturias Award) in Letters. During the first years of its existence it was almost exclusively awarded to writers in the Spanish language, but in more recent times writers in other languages have been awarded as well. Writers who have won both the Asturias Award in Letters and the Nobel Prize in Literature include Camilo José Cela, Günter Grass, Doris Lessing, and Mario Vargas Llosa.
The America Award in Literature, which does not include a monetary prize, presents itself as an alternative to the Nobel Prize in Literature. To date, Harold Pinter and José Saramago are the only writers to have received both the America Award and the Nobel Prize in Literature.
There are also prizes for honouring the lifetime achievement of writers in specific languages, like the Miguel de Cervantes Prize (for Spanish language, established in 1976) and the Camões Prize (for Portuguese language, established in 1989). Nobel laureates who were also awarded the Miguel de Cervantes Prize include Octavio Paz (1981 Cervantes, 1990 Nobel); Mario Vargas Llosa (1994 Cervantes, 2010 Nobel); and Camilo José Cela (1995 Cervantes, 1989 Nobel). José Saramago is the only author to receive both the Camões Prize (1995) and the Nobel Prize (1998) to date.
The Hans Christian Andersen Award is sometimes referred to as "the Little Nobel." The award has earned this appellation since, in a similar manner to the Nobel Prize in Literature, it recognizes the lifetime achievement of writers, though the Andersen Award focuses on a single category of literary works (children's literature).[107]
See also[edit]
Literature portal
The Big Read
List of literary awards
List of Nobel laureates
List of Nobel laureates in Literature
Lists of 100 best books
Nobel Library
Swedish Academy Nordic Prize
World literature
References[edit]
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After Nobel's death, the Nobel Foundation was set up to carry out the provisions of his will and to administer his funds. In his will, he had stipulated that four different institutions—three Swedish and one Norwegian—should award the prizes. From Stockholm, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences confers the prizes for physics, chemistry, and economics, the Karolinska Institute confers the prize for physiology or medicine, and the Swedish Academy confers the prize for literature. The Norwegian Nobel Committee based in Oslo confers the prize for peace. The Nobel Foundation is the legal owner and functional administrator of the funds and serves as the joint administrative body of the prize-awarding institutions, but it is not concerned with the prize deliberations or decisions, which rest exclusively with the four institutions.
Jump up ^ "Nomination for the Nobel Prize in Literature". nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 13 October 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Per Wästberg (President of The Nobel Committee for Literature), "Do We Need the Nobel?", The New York Review of Books, 22 December 2011. Last accessed December 2011.
Jump up ^ "Nomination and Selection of the Nobel Laureates in Literature". nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 13 October 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e David Keyton (6 April 2018). "3 judges quit Nobel literature prize committee". The Washington Times. Associated Press. Retrieved 6 May 2018.
Jump up ^ Holmgren, Mia (2 May 2018). "Kungen: Det är nu Akademiens ansvar att vidta nödvändiga åtgärder" [The King: The Academy is now responsible for taking necessary action]. Dagens Nyheter. Dagens Nyheter. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
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^ Jump up to: a b "Nobel Prize – Prizes" (2007), in Encyclopædia Britannica, accessed 15 January 2009, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online:
Each Nobel Prize consists of a gold medal, a diploma bearing a citation, and a sum of money, the amount of which depends on the income of the Nobel Foundation. (A sum of $1,300,000 accompanied each prize in 2005.) A Nobel Prize is either given entirely to one person, divided equally between two persons, or shared by three persons. In the latter case, each of the three persons can receive a one-third share of the prize or two together can receive a one-half share.
Jump up ^ "The Size of the Nobel Prize Is Being Reduced to Safeguard Long-Term Capital". Nobel official website. 11 June 2012. Retrieved 11 June 2012.
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^ Jump up to: a b "Nobel Prize Amounts" (PDF). Nobel website. Retrieved 12 June 2012.
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Jump up ^ "The Nobel Medal for Literature". Nobelprize.org. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 11 November 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Nobel Prize Diplomas". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
Jump up ^ "The Nomination Database for the Nobel Prize in Literature, 1901–1965". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 12 March 2016.
Jump up ^ "Nomination FAQ". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 28 April 2013. Retrieved 5 June 2012.
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Jump up ^ Harold Orlans, "Self-Centered Translating: Why W. H. Auden Misinterpreted 'Markings' When Translating It from Swedish to English", Change: The Magazine of Higher Learning (published by Heldref Publications for The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching), 1 May 2000, Highbeam Encyclopedia, encyclopedia.com, accessed 26 April 2008: "Swedish dismay at the mangled translation may have cost Auden the Nobel prize in literature."
Jump up ^ Alex Hunnicutt, "Dag Hammarskjöld" Archived 19 October 2006 at the Wayback Machine., glbtq: An Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Culture (Heldref Publications, 2004), glbtq.com, accessed 11 August 2006: "Unless some hidden manuscript surfaces or an aging lover suddenly feels moved to revelation, it seems unlikely the world will ever know for sure the details of Hammarskjöld's sexual experience. W. H. Auden, who translated Markings, was convinced of his [Hammarsköld's] homosexuality. Saying so publicly during a lecture tour of Scandinavia may have cost Auden the Nobel Prize in Literature that he was widely expected to receive in the 1960s."
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Alison Flood (3 January 2013). "Swedish Academy reopens controversy surrounding Steinbeck's Nobel prize". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 January 2013.
Jump up ^ English, Jason. "Odd facts about Nobel Prize winners". CNN. Retrieved 11 November 2014.
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Jump up ^ Barkman, Clas (6 October 2011). "Tidigare val av svenska Nobelpristagare hårt kritiserade" [Previous choices of Swedish Nobel Laureates severely criticized]. www.dn.se. Dagens Nyheter. Retrieved 28 January 2016.
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Jump up ^ Shankar, Ravi (12 October 2014). "A Prize With a View". www.newindianexpress.com. The New Indian Express. Retrieved 28 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Alex Duval Smith (14 October 2005). "A Nobel Calling: 100 Years of Controversy". The Independent. news.independent.co.uk. Archived from the original on 24 December 2007. Retrieved 26 April 2008. Not many women, a weakness for Anglo-Saxon literature and an ostrich-like ability to resist popular or political pressure. Alex Duval Smith reports from Stockholm on the strange and secret world of the Swedish Academy.
Jump up ^ Colm Tóibín (11 May 2006). "Don't Abandon Me". The London Review of Books. Retrieved 13 October 2007.
Jump up ^ New studies agree that Beauvoir is eclipsing Sartre as a philosopher and writer The Independent 25 May 2008. Retrieved on 4 January 2009.
Jump up ^ Textos escondidos de Pablo Neruda Libros 14 April 2005. Retrieved on 4 January 2009.
Jump up ^ "Gabriel Garcia Marquez and Fidel Castro: A controversial friendship". The Economic Times. 18 April 2014. Retrieved 18 April 2014.
Jump up ^ Rahim, Sameer (9 October 2009). "Who is Herta Müller, laureate of the Nobel Prize for literature 2009?". The Telegraph. Retrieved 25 May 2012.
Jump up ^ Carroll, Julie (27 February 2007). "The Catholic Spirit: 'Pope and Witch' draws Catholic protests". Catholic Online. Archived from the original on 2 February 2008. Retrieved 13 October 2007.
Jump up ^ Bohlen, Celestine (10 October 1997). "Italy's Barbed Political Jester, Dario Fo, Wins Nobel Prize". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "Nobel Stuns Italy's Left-wing Jester", The Times, 10 October 1997, rpt. in Archives of a list at hartford-hwp.com. Retrieved 17 October 2007.
Jump up ^ Unearthing Franco's Legacy, p.17, University of Nortre dame Press.
Jump up ^ "Nobel Judge Steps Down in Protest". BBC News Online. BBC. 11 October 2005. Retrieved 13 October 2007.
Jump up ^ Associated Press, "Who Deserves Nobel Prize? Judges Don't Agree", MSNBC, 11 October 2005. Retrieved 13 October 2007.
Jump up ^ Dan Kellum, "Lessing's Legacy of Political Literature: The Nation: Skeptics Call It A Nonliterary Nobel Win, But Academy Saw Her Visionary Power", CBS News, rpt. from The Nation (column), 14 October 2007. Retrieved 17 October 2007.
Jump up ^ Bob Dylan winning a Nobel in Literature is like Mrs Fields being awarded 3 Michelin stars, Rabih Alameddine's Twitter page, 13 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Le bras d'honneur des Nobel à la littérature américaine, La Républic, Ocbtober 13, 2016.
Jump up ^ Karl Ove Knausgaard webchat – your questions answered on self-loathing, love and Jürgen Klopp, The Guardian, 17 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "Don't think twice, it's all right: Bob Dylan wins Nobel Lit". Associated Press. Yahoo! News. 13 October 2016. Retrieved 13 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Leonard Cohen: giving Nobel to Bob Dylan like 'pinning medal on Everest', Guardian, 13 October 2016.
Jump up ^ "'Dylan towers over everyone' – Salman Rushdie, Kate Tempest and more pay tribute to Bob Dylan". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 October 2016.
Jump up ^ Dagens Nyheter Akademien väljer helst en europé (The Academy prefers to pick a European)
Jump up ^ Kirsch, Adam (3 October 2008). "The Nobel Committee has no clue about American literature". Slate.com. Retrieved 16 June 2010.
Jump up ^ "Judge: Nobel literature prizes 'too Eurocentric' - World news - guardian.co.uk". Guardian. 6 October 2009. Retrieved 5 February 2010.
Jump up ^ Jordan, Mary (9 October 2009). "Herta Mueller Wins Nobel Prize in Literature". Washington Post. Retrieved 6 October 2017.
Jump up ^ Kite, Lorien. "Sweden's 'buzzard' poet wins Nobel Prize". Financial Times. Retrieved on 6 October 2011. "Before Thursday's announcement, there had also been much speculation that the committee would choose to honour the Syrian poet Adonis in a gesture towards the Arab Spring. But Mr England (sic) dismissed the notion that there was a political dimension to the prize; such an approach, he said, was "literature for dummies"."
Jump up ^ Grundberg, Sven; Hansegard, Jens (9 October 2014). "So no American this year, yet again. Why is that?". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 9 October 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Espmark, Kjell. "Nobel's Will and the Literature Prize". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 6 May 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Parks, Tim. "What's Wrong With the Nobel Prize in Literature". New York Review of Books. Retrieved 28 May 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Christina Anderson (12 April 2018). "In Nobel Scandal, a Man Is Accused of Sexual Misconduct. A Woman Takes the Fall". The New York Times. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
Jump up ^ Tim Parks (May 4, 2018). "The Nobel Prize for Literature Is a Scandal All by Itself". New York Times. Retrieved May 5, 2018.
Jump up ^ Malmgren, Kim; Wikström, Mattis (1 October 2018). "Jean-Claude Arnault döms till två års fängelse" [Jean-Claude Arnault sentenced to two years in prison]. Expressen. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
Jump up ^ Andersson, Christina (20 April 2018). "Nobel Panel Admits Inquiry Found Sexual Misconduct, but Nothing Illegal". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ "Sexual Misconduct Claim Spurs Nobel Members to Step Aside in Protest". The New York Times. Reuters. 6 April 2018. Retrieved 7 April 2018.
Jump up ^ Åkerman, Felicia (12 April 2018). "Sara Danius lämnar Svenska Akademien" [Sara Danius leaves the Swedeish Academy]. Dagens Industri. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
Jump up ^ Christina Anderson; Palko Karasz (May 2, 2018). "Why There Won't Be a Nobel Prize in Literature This Year". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ Löfgren, Emma (29 August 2018). "Four writers shortlisted for 'the new Nobel Literature Prize'". The Local. Retrieved 11 September 2018.
Jump up ^ Andrew Brown (17 July 2018). "The ugly scandal that cancelled the Nobel prize". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 July 2018.
Jump up ^ Anderson, Hephzibah (31 May 2009). "Alice Munro: The mistress of all she surveys". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 May 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "One writer's achievement in fiction". The Booker Prize Foundation. Retrieved 2 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Clark, David Draper. "World Literature Today". Oklahoma Historical Society. Retrieved 28 May 2012.
Jump up ^ Maori writer this year's Neustadt International Prize winner – The Norman Transcript
Jump up ^ "Hans Christian Andersen Award". Central Connecticut State University.
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original works on the topic: Nobel Prize in Literature
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nobel Prize in Literature.
The Nobel Prize Medal for Literature – Official webpage of the Nobel Foundation.
Graphics: National Literature Nobel Prize shares 1901–2009 by citizenship at the time of the award and by country of birth. From J. Schmidhuber (2010), Evolution of National Nobel Prize Shares in the 20th Century at arXiv:1009.2634v1
What the Nobel Laureates Receive – Featured link in "The Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies" on the official site of the Nobel Foundation.
"The rise of the Prize" – Article by Nilanjana Roy dealing with the history of the award by decade, from the 1900s to the 2000s.
Alternative Nobel literature prize planned in Sweden
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1926–1950
1926 Grazia Deledda
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1928 Sigrid Undset
1929 Thomas Mann
1930 Sinclair Lewis
1931 Erik Axel Karlfeldt
1932 John Galsworthy
1933 Ivan Bunin
1934 Luigi Pirandello
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1936 Eugene O'Neill
1937 Roger Martin du Gard
1938 Pearl S. Buck
1939 Frans Eemil Sillanpää
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1944 Johannes V. Jensen
1945 Gabriela Mistral
1946 Hermann Hesse
1947 André Gide
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1952 François Mauriac
1953 Winston Churchill
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1955 Halldór Laxness
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1957 Albert Camus
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1959 Salvatore Quasimodo
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1961 Ivo Andrić
1962 John Steinbeck
1963 Giorgos Seferis
1964 Jean-Paul Sartre (declined award)
1965 Mikhail Sholokhov
1966 Shmuel Yosef Agnon / Nelly Sachs
1967 Miguel Ángel Asturias
1968 Yasunari Kawabata
1969 Samuel Beckett
1970 Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
1971 Pablo Neruda
1972 Heinrich Böll
1973 Patrick White
1974 Eyvind Johnson / Harry Martinson
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1976 Saul Bellow
1977 Vicente Aleixandre
1978 Isaac Bashevis Singer
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1980 Czesław Miłosz
1981 Elias Canetti
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1983 William Golding
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1992 Derek Walcott
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1999 Günter Grass
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2003 J. M. Coetzee
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2005 Harold Pinter
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2007 Doris Lessing
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2009 Herta Müller
2010 Mario Vargas Llosa
2011 Tomas Tranströmer
2012 Mo Yan
2013 Alice Munro
2014 Patrick Modiano
2015 Svetlana Alexievich
2016 Bob Dylan
2017 Kazuo Ishiguro
20181
1: New Academy Prize in Literature awarded to Maryse Condé in lieu of 2018 Nobel Prize
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values: جائزة نوبل في الأدب – Arabic

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values: Ədəbiyyat üzrə Nobel mükafatı – Azerbaijani

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values: نوبل ادبیات اؤدولو – South Azerbaijani

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values: সাহিত্যে নোবেল পুরস্কার – Bangla

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values: Bûn-ha̍k Nobel Chióng – Chinese (Min Nan)

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values: Нобелеўская прэмія па літаратуры – Belarusian

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values: Нобэлеўская прэмія ў галіне літаратуры – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

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values: Нобелова награда за литература – Bulgarian

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values: Nobelova nagrada za književnost – Bosnian

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values: Βραβείο Νόμπελ Λογοτεχνίας – Greek

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values: جایزه نوبل ادبیات – Persian

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values: Nobelpriis foar de Literatuer – Western Frisian

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values: Vicipéid:Duais Nobel na Litríochta – Irish

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values: Duais Nobel ann an Litreachas – Scottish Gaelic

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values: 노벨 문학상 – Korean

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values: Գրականության Նոբելյան մրցանակ – Armenian

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values: साहित्य में नोबेल पुरस्कार – Hindi

values: Nobelova nagrada za književnost – Croatian

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values: Penghargaan Nobel Kesusastraan – Indonesian

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values: Premio Nobel pro Litteratura – Interlingua

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values: Nobel Premie de literatura – Interlingue

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values: Premio Nobel per la letteratura – Italian

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values: פרס נובל לספרות – Hebrew

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values: Pratélaning kang nampa bebungah Nobel Sastra – Javanese

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values: ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯದಲ್ಲಿ ನೊಬೆಲ್ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ – Kannada

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values: ნობელის პრემია ლიტერატურის დარგში – Georgian

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values: Әдебиет саласындағы Нобель сыйлығы – Kazakh

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values: Nobelpräis fir Literatur – Luxembourgish

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values: Nobelio literatūros premija – Lithuanian

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values: नोबेल साहित्य पुरस्कार – Maithili

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values: Нобелова награда за литература – Macedonian

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values: സാഹിത്യത്തിനുള്ള നോബൽ സമ്മാനം – Malayalam

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values: साहित्यातील नोबेल पारितोषिक – Marathi

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values: جايزة نوبل فى الادب – Egyptian Arabic

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values: Hadiah Nobel dalam Kesusasteraan – Malay

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values: စာပေဆိုင်ရာ နိုဘဲလ်ဆု – Burmese

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values: नोबेल साहित्य पुरस्कार – Nepali

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values: ノーベル文学賞 – Japanese

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values: Nobelprisen i litteratur – Norwegian Nynorsk

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values: ਸਾਹਿਤ ਲਈ ਨੋਬਲ ਇਨਾਮ – Punjabi

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values: ساہت لئی نوبل انعام – Western Punjabi

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values: Laureaci Nagrody Nobla w dziedzinie literatury – Polish

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values: Premiul Nobel pentru Literatură – Romanian

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values: Нобелевская премия по литературе – Russian

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values: Nobelpries foar Literatuur – Saterland Frisian

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values: Vincitura dû Nobel pâ littiratura (crunulòggicu) – Sicilian

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values: ادب جو نوبل انعام – Sindhi

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values: Nobelova nagrada za književnost – Slovenian

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values: Нобелова награда за књижевност – Serbian

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values: Nobelova nagrada za književnost – Serbo-Croatian

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values: Gantimpalang Nobel sa Panitikan – Tagalog

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values: இலக்கியத்திற்கான நோபல் பரிசு – Tamil

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values: Әдәбият өлкәсендә Нобель премиясе – Tatar

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values: รางวัลโนเบลสาขาวรรณกรรม – Thai

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values: Нобелівська премія з літератури – Ukrainian

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values: نوبل انعام برائے ادب – Urdu

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values: Nuobelė literatūras premėjė – Samogitian

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values: 诺贝尔文学奖 – Chinese

values: नोबेल साहित्य पुरस्कार – Doteli

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