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Natural disaster
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For the Anathema album, see A Natural Disaster. For the songs, see Natural Disaster (Plain White T's song) and Natural Disaster (Example song).
A blizzard in Maryland in 2009
A rope tornado in its dissipating stage, Tecumseh, Oklahoma.
A daytime wildfire in California.
1755 copper engraving depicting Lisbon in ruins and in flames after the 1755 Lisbon earthquake. A tsunami overwhelms the ships in the harbor.
A natural disaster is a major adverse event resulting from natural processes of the Earth; examples are floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunamis, and other geologic processes. A natural disaster can cause loss of life or property damage,[1] and typically leaves some economic damage in its wake, the severity of which depends on the affected population's resilience, or ability to recover and also on the infrastructure available.[2]
An adverse event will not rise to the level of a disaster if it occurs in an area without vulnerable population.[3][4] In a vulnerable area, however, such as Nepal during the 2015 earthquake, an earthquake can have disastrous consequences and leave lasting damage, which can require years to repair.
Contents
[hide]
1 Geological disasters
1.1 Avalanches and landslides
1.2 Earthquakes
1.3 Sinkholes
1.4 Volcanic eruptions
2 Hydrological disasters
2.1 Floods
2.2 Limnic eruptions
2.3 Tsunami
3 Meteorological disasters
3.1 Blizzards
3.2 Cyclonic storms
3.3 Droughts
3.4 Thunderstorms
3.5 Hailstorms
3.6 Heat waves
3.7 Tornadoes
4 Wildfires
5 Space disasters
5.1 Impact events and airburst
5.2 Solar flare
6 Protection by international law
7 Political consequences
8 Recent history
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
Geological disasters[edit]
Avalanches and landslides[edit]
See also: List of avalanches
A landslide in San Clemente, California in 1966
A landslide is described as an outward and downward slope movement of an abundance of slope-forming materials including rock, soil, artificial, or even a combination of these things.[5]
During World War I, an estimated 40,000 to 80,000 soldiers died as a result of avalanches during the mountain campaign in the Alps at the Austrian-Italian front. Many of the avalanches were caused by artillery fire.[6][7]
Earthquakes[edit]
See also: Lists of earthquakes
An earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves. At the Earth's surface, earthquakes manifest themselves by vibration, shaking, and sometimes displacement of the ground. Earthquakes are caused by slippage within geological faults. The underground point of origin of the earthquake is called the seismic focus. The point directly above the focus on the surface is called the epicenter. Earthquakes by themselves rarely kill people or wildlife. It is usually the secondary events that they trigger such as building collapse, fires, tsunamis (seismic sea waves) and volcanoes. Many of these could possibly be avoided by better construction, safety systems, early warning and planning.
Sinkholes[edit]
See also: Sinkholes § Notable examples
The Red Lake in Croatia.
When natural erosion or human mining makes the ground too weak to support the structures built on it, the ground can collapse and produce a sinkhole. For example, the 2010 Guatemala City sinkhole which killed fifteen people was caused when heavy rain from Tropical Storm Agatha, diverted by leaking pipes into a pumice bedrock, led to the sudden collapse of the ground beneath a factory building.
Volcanic eruptions[edit]
Artist's impression of the volcanic eruptions that formed the Deccan Traps in India.
Main articles: List of largest volcanic eruptions and Types of volcanic eruptions
Volcanoes can cause widespread destruction and consequent disaster in several ways. The effects include the volcanic eruption itself that may cause harm following the explosion of the volcano or falling rocks. Secondly, lava may be produced during the eruption of a volcano, and so as it leaves the volcano the lava destroys many buildings, plants and animals due to its extreme heat. Thirdly, volcanic ash, generally meaning the cooled ash, may form a cloud, and settle thickly in nearby locations. When mixed with water this forms a concrete-like material. In sufficient quantities, ash may cause roofs to collapse under its weight but even small quantities will harm humans if inhaled. Since the ash has the consistency of ground glass it causes abrasion damage to moving parts such as engines. The main killer of humans in the immediate surroundings of a volcanic eruption is the pyroclastic flows, which consist of a cloud of hot volcanic ash which builds up in the air above the volcano and rushes down the slopes when the eruption no longer supports the lifting of the gases. It is believed that Pompeii was destroyed by a pyroclastic flow. A lahar is a volcanic mudflow or landslide. The 1953 Tangiwai disaster was caused by a lahar, as was the 1985 Armero tragedy in which the town of Armero was buried and an estimated 23,000 people were killed.
Volcanoes rated at 8 (the highest level) on the Volcanic Explosivity Index are known as supervolcanoes. According to the Toba catastrophe theory, 75,000 to 80,000 years ago a supervolcanic eruption at what is now Lake Toba in Sumatra reduced the human population to 10,000 or even 1,000 breeding pairs, creating a bottleneck in human evolution,[8] and killed three-quarters of all plant life in the northern hemisphere. However, there is considerable debate regarding the veracity of this theory. The main danger from a supervolcano is the immense cloud of ash, which has a disastrous global effect on climate and temperature for many years.
Hydrological disasters[edit]
The Limpopo River during the 2000 Mozambique flood
A violent, sudden and destructive change either in the quality of Earth's water or in the distribution or movement of water on land below the surface or in the atmosphere.
Floods[edit]
See also: List of floods
A flood is an overflow of water that 'submerges' land.[9] The EU Floods Directive defines a flood as a temporary covering by water of land which is usually not covered by water.[10] In the sense of 'flowing water', the word may also be applied to the inflow of the tides. Flooding may result from the volume of water within a body of water, such as a river or lake, which overflows, causing some of the water to escape its usual boundaries.[11] While the size of a lake or other body of water will vary with seasonal changes in precipitation and snow melt, it is not a significant flood unless the water covers land used by man, like a village, city or other inhabited area, roads, expanses of farmland, etc.
Limnic eruptions[edit]
Main article: Limnic eruption
A limnic eruption occurs when a gas, usually CO2, suddenly erupts from deep lake water, posing the threat of suffocating wildlife, livestock and humans. Such an eruption may also cause tsunamis in the lake as the rising gas displaces water. Scientists believe landslides, volcanic activity, or explosions can trigger such an eruption. To date, only two limnic eruptions have been observed and recorded. In 1984, in Cameroon, a limnic eruption in Lake Monoun caused the deaths of 37 nearby residents, and at nearby Lake Nyos in 1986 a much larger eruption killed between 1,700 and 1,800 people by asphyxiation.
Tsunami[edit]
Main article: Tsunami
A tsunami (plural: tsunamis or tsunami; from Japanese: 津波, lit. "harbour wave"; English pronunciation: /tsuːˈnɑːmi/), also known as a seismic sea wave or as a tidal wave, is a series of waves in a water body caused by the displacement of a large volume of water, generally in an ocean or a large lake. Tsunamis can be caused by undersea earthquakes such as the 2004 Boxing Day tsunami, or by landslides such as the one in 1958 at Lituya Bay, Alaska, or by volcanic eruptions such as the ancient eruption of Santorini. On March 11, 2011, a tsunami occurred near Fukushima, Japan and spread through the Pacific.
Meteorological disasters[edit]
Young steer after a blizzard, March 1966
Main article: Meteorological disasters
Blizzards[edit]
Main article: Blizzard
Blizzards are severe winter storms characterized by heavy snow and strong winds. When high winds stir up snow that has already fallen, it is known as a ground blizzard. Blizzards can impact local economic activities, especially in regions where snowfall is rare. The Great Blizzard of 1888 affected the United States, when many tons of wheat crops were destroyed, and in Asia, 2008 Afghanistan blizzard and the 1972 Iran blizzard were also significant events. The 1993 Superstorm originated in the Gulf of Mexico and traveled north, causing damage in 26 states as well as Canada and leading to more than 300 deaths.[12]
Cyclonic storms[edit]
Cyclone, tropical cyclone, hurricane, and typhoon are different names for the same phenomenon, which is a cyclonic storm system that forms over the oceans. The determining factor on which term is used is based on where they originate. In the Atlantic and Northeast Pacific, the term "hurricane" is used; in the Northwest Pacific it is referred to as a "typhoon" and "cyclones" occur in the South Pacific and Indian Ocean.
The deadliest hurricane ever was the 1970 Bhola cyclone; the deadliest Atlantic hurricane was the Great Hurricane of 1780 which devastated Martinique, St. Eustatius and Barbados. Another notable hurricane is Hurricane Katrina, which devastated the Gulf Coast of the United States in 2005.
Droughts[edit]
Main article: Drought
Drought is the unusual dryness of soil caused by levels of rainfall significantly below average over a prolonged period. Hot dry winds, shortage of water, high temperatures and consequent evaporation of moisture from the ground can also contribute to conditions of drought. Droughts result in crop failure and shortages of water.
Well-known historical droughts include the 1997–2009 Millennium Drought in Australia led to a water supply crisis across much of the country. As a result, many desalination plants were built for the first time (see list). In 2011, the State of Texas lived under a drought emergency declaration for the entire calendar year and severe economic losses.[13] The drought caused the Bastrop fires.
Thunderstorms[edit]
Main article: Thunderstorm
Severe storms, dust clouds, and volcanic eruptions can generate lightning. Apart from the damage typically associated with storms, such as winds, hail, and flooding, the lightning itself can damage buildings, ignite fires and kill by direct contact. Especially deadly lightning incidents include a 2007 strike in Ushari Dara, a remote mountain village in northwestern Pakistan, that killed 30 people,[14] the crash of LANSA Flight 508 which killed 91 people, and a fuel explosion in Dronka, Egypt caused by lightning in 1994 which killed 469.[15] Most lightning deaths occur in the poor countries of America and Asia, where lightning is common and adobe mud brick housing provides little protection.[16]
A large hailstone, about 6 cm (2.4 in) in diameter
Hailstorms[edit]
Main article: Hail
Hailstorms are precipitation in the form of ice, with the ice not melting before it hits the ground. A particularly damaging hailstorm hit Munich, Germany, on July 12, 1984, causing about $2 billion in insurance claims.
Heat waves[edit]
Main article: Heat wave
A heat wave is a period of unusually and excessively hot weather. The worst heat wave in recent history was the European Heat Wave of 2003. A summer heat wave in Victoria, Australia, created conditions which fuelled the massive bushfires in 2009. Melbourne experienced three days in a row of temperatures exceeding 40 °C (104 °F) with some regional areas sweltering through much higher temperatures. The bushfires, collectively known as "Black Saturday", were partly the act of arsonists. The 2010 Northern Hemisphere summer resulted in severe heat waves, which killed over 2,000 people. It resulted in hundreds of wildfires which caused widespread air pollution, and burned thousands of square miles of forest.
A classic anvil-shaped, and clearly-developed Cumulonimbus incus
Tornadoes[edit]
See also: List of tornadoes and tornado outbreaks
A tornado is a violent and dangerous rotating column of air that is in contact with both the surface of the Earth and a cumulonimbus cloud, or the base of a cumulus cloud in rare cases. It is also referred to as a twister or a cyclone,[17] although the word cyclone is used in meteorology in a wider sense, to refer to any closed low pressure circulation. Tornadoes come in many shapes and sizes, but are typically in the form of a visible condensation funnel, whose narrow end touches the Earth and is often encircled by a cloud of debris and dust. Most tornadoes have wind speeds less than 110 miles per hour (177 km/h), are approximately 250 feet (80 m) across, and travel a few miles (several kilometers) before dissipating. The most extreme tornadoes can attain wind speeds of more than 300 mph (480 km/h), stretch more than two miles (3 km) across, and stay on the ground for dozens of miles (perhaps more than 100 km).[18][19][20]
Wildfires[edit]
See also: List of forest fires
Wildfires are large fires which often start in wildland areas. Common causes include lightning and drought but wildfires may also be started by human negligence or arson. They can spread to populated areas and can thus be a threat to humans and property, as well as wildlife. Notable cases of wildfires were the 1871 Peshtigo Fire in the United States, which killed at least 1700 people, and the 2009 Victorian bushfires in Australia.
Space disasters[edit]
Fallen trees caused by the Tunguska meteoroid of the Tunguska event in June 1908.
Impact events and airburst[edit]
Main article: Impact event
Asteroids that impact the Earth have led to several major extinction events, including one which created the Chicxulub crater 64.9 million years ago and which is associated with the demise of the dinosaurs. Scientists estimate that the likelihood of death for a living human from a global impact event is comparable to the probability of death from an airliner crash.
No human death has been definitively attributed to an impact event, but the 1490 Ch'ing-yang event in which over 10,000 people may have died has been linked to a meteor shower. Even asteroids and comets that burn up in the atmosphere can cause significant destruction on the ground due to the air burst explosion: notable air bursts include the Tunguska event in June 1908, which devastated large areas of Siberian countryside, and the Chelyabinsk meteor on 15 February 2013, which caused widespread property damage in the city of Chelyabinsk and injured 1,491.
Solar flare[edit]
See also: Solar storm of 1859
A solar flare is a phenomenon where the Sun suddenly releases a great amount of solar radiation, much more than normal. Solar flares are unlikely to cause any direct injury, but can destroy electrical equipment. The potential of solar storms to cause disaster was seen during the 1859 Carrington event, which disrupted the telegraph network, and the March 1989 geomagnetic storm which blacked out Quebec. Some major known solar flares include the X20 event on August 16, 1989,[21] and a similar flare on April 2, 2001.[21] The most powerful flare ever recorded occurred on November 4, 2003 (estimated at between X40 and X45).[22]
Protection by international law[edit]
International law, for example Geneva Conventions defines International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, requires that "States shall take, in accordance with their obligations under international law, including international humanitarian law and international human rights law, all necessary measures to ensure the protection and safety of persons with disabilities in situations of risk, including the occurrence of natural disaster."[23] And further United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs is formed by General Assembly Resolution 44/182. People displaced due to natural disasters are currently protected under international law (Guiding Principles of International Displacement, Campala Convention of 2009).[24]
Political consequences[edit]
Natural disasters can also affect political relations with countries and vice versa.[clarification needed] Violent conflicts within states can exacerbate the impact of natural disasters by weakening the ability of states, communities and individuals to provide disaster relief. Natural disasters can also worsen ongoing conflicts within states by weakening the capacity of states to fight rebels.[25][26] In developed countries like the US, studies find that incumbents lose votes when the electorate perceives them as responsible for a poor disaster response.[27]
Recent history[edit]
Between 1995 and 2015, according to the UN’s disaster-monitoring system, the greatest number of natural disasters occurred in America, China and India.[28]
In 2012, there were 905 natural disasters worldwide, 93% of which were weather-related disasters. Overall costs were US$170 billion and insured losses $70 billion. 2012 was a moderate year. 45% were meteorological (storms), 36% were hydrological (floods), 12% were climatological (heat waves, cold waves, droughts, wildfires) and 7% were geophysical events (earthquakes and volcanic eruptions). Between 1980 and 2011 geophysical events accounted for 14% of all natural catastrophes.[29]
Studies on natural events require complete historical records and strategies related to obtaining and storing reliable records, allowing for both critical interpretation and validation of the sources. Under this point of view the irreplaceable role of traditional repositories (archives) can be supplemented by the use of such web sources as eBay.[30]
See also[edit]
Disasters portal
Act of God
Civil defense
Disaster risk reduction
Emergency management
Emergency sanitation
Environmental disaster
Environmental emergency
List of countries by natural disaster risk
List of environmental disasters
List of natural disasters by death toll
World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction
References[edit]
Jump up ^ U.S. Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters
Jump up ^ G. Bankoff, G. Frerks, D. Hilhorst (eds.) (2003). Mapping Vulnerability: Disasters, Development and People. ISBN 1-85383-964-7. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ D. Alexander (2002). Principles of Emergency planning and Management. Harpended: Terra publishing. ISBN 1-903544-10-6.
Jump up ^ B. Wisner; P. Blaikie; T. Cannon & I. Davis (2004). At Risk – Natural hazards, people's vulnerability and disasters. Wiltshire: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-25216-4.
Jump up ^ Highland, Lynn. "Landslide Hazard Information". Geology.com. Geology.com. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
Jump up ^ Lee Davis (2008). "Natural Disasters". Infobase Publishing. p.7. ISBN 0-8160-7000-8
Jump up ^ "Avalanche!". WorldWar1.com. Retrieved 2015-01-12.
Jump up ^ Gibbons, Ann (19 January 2010). "Human Ancestors Were an Endangered Species". ScienceNow.
Jump up ^ MSN Encarta Dictionary. Flood. Retrieved on 2006-12-28. Archived 2009-10-31.
Jump up ^ Directive 2007/60/EC Chapter 1 Article2
Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology (June 2000). Flood. Archived 2007-08-24 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on 2009-01-09.
Jump up ^ "Natural Hazards – Snow & Hail Storms". www.n-d-a.org. Retrieved 2017-02-26.
Jump up ^ Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters: Table of Events
Jump up ^ "Lightning kills 30 people in Pakistan's north". Reuters. 2007-07-20. Retrieved July 27, 2007.
Jump up ^ Evans, D. "An appraisal of underground gas storage technologies and incidents, for the development of risk assessment methodology" (PDF). British Geological Survey. Health and Safety Executive: 121. Retrieved 2008-08-14.
Jump up ^ Nina Lakhani (31 July 2015). "Deadly lightning strike in Mexico reveals plight of poorest citizens". The Guardian. Retrieved 2016-03-18.
Jump up ^ merriam-webster.com
Jump up ^ Wurman, Joshua (2008-08-29). "Doppler On Wheels". Center for Severe Weather Research. Archived from the original on 2007-02-05. Retrieved 2009-12-13.
Jump up ^ "Hallam Nebraska Tornado". National Weather Service. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2005-10-02. Retrieved 2009-11-15.
Jump up ^ Roger Edwards (2006-04-04). "The Online Tornado FAQ". National Weather Service. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2006-09-08.
^ Jump up to: a b "Sun Unleashes Record Superflare, Earth Dodges Solar Bullet". ScienceDaily. April 4, 2011. Retrieved 2011-08-27.
Jump up ^ "Biggest Solar Flare ever recorded". National Association for Scientific and Cultural Appreciation. 2004. Archived from the original on August 4, 2011. Retrieved 2011-08-27.
Jump up ^ Article 11 of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
Jump up ^ Terminski, Bogumil, Towards Recognition and Protection of Forced Environmental Migrants in the Public International Law: Refugee or IDPs Umbrella (December 1, 2011). Policy Studies Organization (PSO) Summit, December 2011.
Jump up ^ Philip Nel and Marjolein Righarts, 2008, "National Disasters and the Risk of Violent Civil Conflict", International Studies Quarterly, 52 (1): 159–185
Jump up ^ Dawn Brancati, 2007. "Political Aftershocks: The Impact of Earthquakes on Intrastate Conflict", Journal of Conflict Resolution 51 (5): 715–743.
Jump up ^ JT Gasper, A Reeves, 2011, "Make It Rain? Retrospection and the Attentive Electorate in the Context of Natural Disasters", American Journal of Political Science 55 (2), 340–355
Jump up ^ "Weather-related disasters are increasing". The Economist. 29 Aug 2017.
Jump up ^ Natural Catastrophes in 2012 Dominated by U.S. Weather Extremes Worldwatch Institute May 29, 2013
Jump up ^ Gizzi F.T. (2009).The electronic trading site eBay as a useful tool for obtaining historical data on natural events. Computers & Geosciences, 35(9), 1950–1957, doi:10.1016/j.cageo.2008.12.016
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Natural disasters
"World Bank's Hazard Risk Management". World Bank.
"Billion-dollar Weather and Climate Disasters". NCDC.
"Disaster News Network". Retrieved 2006-11-05. US news site focused on disaster-related news.
"EM-DAT International Disaster Database". Archived from the original on 2008-08-11. Retrieved 2006-11-05. Includes country profiles, disaster profiles and a disaster list.
"Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System". European Commission and United Nations website initiative.
"Natural Disaster and Extreme Weather. Searchable Information Center". Ebrary.
Natural hazard research from Bushfire and Natural Hazards CRC
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text:
Sons of Anarchy (season 2)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Sons of Anarchy (season 2)
Season 2 DVD cover
Starring
Charlie Hunnam
Katey Sagal
Mark Boone Junior
Kim Coates
Tommy Flanagan
Ryan Hurst
Johnny Lewis
William Lucking
Theo Rossi
Maggie Siff
Ron Perlman
Country of origin
United States
No. of episodes
13
Release
Original network
FX
Original release
September 8 (2009-09-08) – December 1, 2009 (2009-12-01)
Season chronology
← Previous
Season 1
Next →
Season 3
List of Sons of Anarchy episodes
The second season of the American television drama series Sons of Anarchy created by Kurt Sutter, about the lives of a close-knit outlaw motorcycle club operating in Charming, a fictional town in California's Central Valley. The show centers on protagonist Jackson "Jax" Teller (Charlie Hunnam), the vice president of the club, who begins questioning the club and himself.
The second season of Sons of Anarchy premiered on September 8, 2009, on cable network FX and concluded on December 1.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast and characters
2.1 Main cast
2.2 Special guest cast
2.3 Recurring cast
2.4 Guest stars
3 Production
4 Reception
5 Episodes
6 Home media release
7 References
8 External links
Plot[edit]
White separatists called the League of American Nationalists (LOAN) arrive in Charming.[1] LOAN's leader Ethan Zobelle and Zobelle's enforcer, A.J. Weston, seek to drive the Sons of Anarchy from Charming. To send a message to SAMCRO, Zobelle orchestrates to have Gemma kidnapped and gang raped by Weston and two others. Due to the improper handling of an internal problem, the rift between Clay and Jax continues to widen as Jax challenges most of Clay's decisions and comes to a head when a lone car bomb nearly kills another member of SAMCRO. The second season sees SAMCRO battling LOAN for control of Charming, Jax and Clay veering further apart in their individual visions for the club, and evading the ever-present threat of the ATF.
Cast and characters[edit]
Charlie Hunnam
Katey Sagal
Mark Boone Junior
Kim Coates
Tommy Flanagan
Ryan Hurst
Johnny Lewis
Theo Rossi
Maggie Siff
Ron Perlman
Main article: List of Sons of Anarchy characters
Sons of Anarchy is the story of the Teller-Morrow family of Charming, California, as well as the other members of the Sons of Anarchy Motorcycle Club, Redwood Original (SAMCRO), their families, various Charming townspeople, allied and rival gangs, associates, and law agencies that undermine or support SAMCRO's legal and illegal enterprises. Introduced into this season was white separatist called the League of American Nationalists (LOAN). LOAN arrive in Charming. LOAN's leader Ethan Zobelle and Zobelle's enforcer, A.J. Weston, seek to drive the Sons of Anarchy out of Charming.
Main cast[edit]
Charlie Hunnam as Jackson "Jax" Teller
Katey Sagal as Gemma Teller Morrow
Mark Boone Junior as Robert "Bobby Elvis" Munson
Kim Coates as Alex "Tig" Trager
Tommy Flanagan as Filip "Chibs" Telford
Ryan Hurst as Harry "Opie" Winston
Johnny Lewis as Kip "Half Sack" Epps
William Lucking as Piermont "Piney" Winston
Theo Rossi as Juan-Carlos "Juice" Ortiz
Maggie Siff as Tara Knowles
Ron Perlman as Clarence "Clay" Morrow
Special guest cast[edit]
Adam Arkin as Ethan Zobelle
Ally Walker as Agent June Stahl
Tom Everett Scott as Rosen
Recurring cast[edit]
Dayton Callie as Wayne Unser
Henry Rollins as A.J. Weston
Taylor Sheridan as Deputy Chief David Hale
Winter Ave Zoli as Lyla Winston
Callard Harris as Edmond Hayes
Jamie McShane as Cameron Hayes
Sarah Jones as Polly Zobelle
Julie Ariola as Mary Winston
Mitch Pileggi as Ernest Darby
McNally Sagal as Margaret Murphy
Marcos de la Cruz as Estevez
Kristen Renton as Ima Tite
Kurt Sutter as "Big" Otto Delaney
Emilio Rivera as Marcus Alvarez
Tory Kittles as Laroy Wayne
Bellina Logan as Fiona Larkin
Michael Marisi Ornstein as Chuck Marstein
Patrick St. Esprit as Elliott Oswald
Dendrie Taylor as Luann Delaney
Titus Welliver as Jimmy O'Phelan
Kenneth Choi as Henry Lin
Jeff Kober as Jacob Hale, Jr.
Glenn Plummer as Sheriff Vic Trammel
Jamie McShane as Cameron Hayes
Guest stars[edit]
Tom Arnold as Georgie Caruso
Cleo King as Neeta
Olivia Burnette as Homeless Woman
Kenny Johnson as Herman Kozik
Production[edit]
Although Sons of Anarchy is set in Northern California's Central Valley, it is filmed primarily at Occidental Studios Stage 5A in North Hollywood. Main sets located there include the clubhouse, St. Thomas Hospital and Jax's house. The production rooms at the studio used by the writing staff also double as the Charming police station.
External scenes are often filmed nearby in Sun Valley and Tujunga.[2] Interior and exterior scenes set in Northern Ireland during season 3 were also filmed at Occidental Studios and surrounding areas. A second unit shot footage in Northern Ireland used in the third season.[3]
Reception[edit]
The second season received critical acclaim. This season of Sons of Anarchy also saw a substantial increase in positive reviews in comparison with the first season. On Rotten Tomatoes, the second season has a rating of 100%, based on 10 reviews, with an average rating of 8.7/10. There is currently no critical consensus yet.[4] On the review aggregator website Metacritic, the second season has a score of 86 out of 100, based on 6 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[5]
IGN gave the second season an 8.4/10.0 rating, giving praise to Henry Rollins character, AJ Weston, saying, "A decidedly stronger second season sees the gang unravel and knit back together."[6]
Writing for Chicago Tribune, Maureen Ryan called the second season "engrossing". She elaborated that "the pacing is better [and] the plotting is tighter" and commended Sagal and Perlman for their performances.[7] Variety’s Stuart Levine called the new season "compelling" and complimented the acting skill of Perlman, Sagal, Hunnam, and Siff.[8] James Poniewozik of TIME called Sagal's performance "devastatingly powerful" and named the series on his list of Top 10 Shows of 2009.[9]
Episodes[edit]
See also: List of Sons of Anarchy episodes
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)
14
1 "Albification" Guy Ferland Kurt Sutter September 8, 2009 (2009-09-08) 2WAB01 4.29[10]
With the club divided in the wake of Donna's death, Clay sets up a new gun deal with the Real IRA. Meanwhile, a white supremacist group takes root in Charming and threatens more than just SAMCRO's control over Charming.
15
2 "Small Tears" Stephen Kay Jack LoGiudice September 15, 2009 (2009-09-15) 2WAB02 3.71[11]
Following a traumatic event, Gemma finds herself unable to tell either Clay or Jax about it. Meanwhile, a rival porn producer, Georgie Caruso (Tom Arnold), moves to put Luanne out of business, and Clay takes exception to Jax's hasty decision-making.
16
3 "Fix" Gwyneth Horder-Payton Dave Erickson September 22, 2009 (2009-09-22) 2WAB03 3.49[12]
Ethan Zobelle (Adam Arkin) cooks up a "temporary problem" for Hale to solve as a way to undermine SAMCRO, Gemma's secret is undermining her relationship with Clay, and Jax's involvement in Luanne's porn business is getting to Tara. Meanwhile, Clay tells Bobby, who needs a job, to do the bookkeeping at CaraCara, Luanne's porn studio.
17
4 "Eureka" Guy Ferland Kurt Sutter & Brett Conrad September 29, 2009 (2009-09-29) 2WAB04 3.76[12]
Tensions between Jax and Clay escalate when they disagree over strategy for rescuing Tig, after he's captured by bounty hunters on a gun running mission. Back in Charming, Gemma is rattled by a graphic reminder of her attack, and she sets out to do something about it.
18
5 "Smite" Terrence O'Hara Chris Collins October 6, 2009 (2009-10-06) 2WAB05 3.66[13]
Charming and its small-town appeal become vulnerable to The League, which finds new ways to provoke SOA members. Tara's compassionate efforts to help a distraught Gemma don't go unpunished.
19
6 "Falx Cerebri" Billy Gierhart Regina Corrado October 13, 2009 (2009-10-13) 2WAB06 3.31[14]
Incited by Zobelle, Clay sets a course for retaliation, forcing Jax to turn to an unlikely source to save the club from destruction. Gemma shows Tara how an old lady handles her anger.
20
7 "Gilead" Gwyneth Horder-Payton Kurt Sutter & Chris Collins October 20, 2009 (2009-10-20) 2WAB07 3.70[15]
With nearly every SAMCRO member behind bars, the club must make new alliances in prison to survive. ATF Agent June Stahl uses this imprisonment to test Clay and Jax's relationship.
21
8 "Potlatch" Paul Maibaum Kurt Sutter & Misha Green October 27, 2009 (2009-10-27) 2WAB08 3.39[16]
Zobelle's business dealings with SAMCRO's rivals exacerbate divisions within the club, which are already strained by the Jax-Clay split. Complicating matters further, Georgie Caruso's thugs attack Luanne's studio. Meanwhile, Clay comes to an agreement with Elliott Oswald (Patrick St. Esprit), and Chibs' estranged wife, Fiona, shows up at his hospital bedside.
22
9 "Fa Guan" Stephen Kay Brett Conrad & Liz Sagal November 3, 2009 (2009-11-03) 2WAB09 3.52[17]
When SAMCRO's adult film business becomes a hindrance to the club, Clay seizes the opportunity to revive the gun running cartel. As Jax and Clay continue to clash over club activities, their relationship reaches a new level of antagonism.
23
10 "Balm" Paris Barclay Dave Erickson & Stevie Long November 10, 2009 (2009-11-10) 2WAB10 3.38[18]
Agent Stahl takes notice of the handsome profits SAMCRO is reaping. Meanwhile, the Jax-Clay standoff forces Gemma to make a difficult decision.
24
11 "Service" Phil Abraham Story by: Brady Dahl & Cori Uchida
Teleplay by: Kurt Sutter & Jack LoGiudice November 17, 2009 (2009-11-17) 2WAB11 3.48[19]
Chibs contemplates making a secret deal in order to protect his wife and daughter. Deep in emotional turmoil, Opie seeks both revenge and reconciliation.
25
12 "The Culling" Gwyneth Horder-Payton Kurt Sutter & Dave Erickson November 24, 2009 (2009-11-24) 2WAB12 3.44[20]
The entire SAMCRO family goes on lockdown inside the clubhouse, as Jax and Clay prepare to battle the League. A.J. Weston learns the truth about Ethan Zobelle's business dealings in Charming. Applying what she has learned from Gemma, Tara ensures her position at St. Thomas Hospital.
26
13 "Na Trioblóidí" Kurt Sutter Kurt Sutter December 1, 2009 (2009-12-01) 2WAB13 4.33[21]
As SAMCRO attempts to rid Charming of Ethan Zobelle and the League permanently, familiar faces present new challenges.
Home media release[edit]
The second season was released on DVD and Blu-ray in region 1 on August 31, 2010.[22]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Gallagher, Danny (September 8, 2009). "Sons of Anarchy: Albification (season premiere)". TVSquad.com. Retrieved September 16, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Sons of Anarchy Filming Locations". Internet Movie Database.
Jump up ^ "First pictures Sons of Anarchy". Chicago Tribune. June 8, 2010.
Jump up ^ https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/sons_of_anarchy/s02
Jump up ^ http://www.metacritic.com/tv/sons-of-anarchy/season-2
Jump up ^ http://ie.ign.com/articles/2009/12/10/sons-of-anarchy-season-2-review
Jump up ^ "'Sons of Anarchy' revs up the pace in its compelling new season". Chicago Tribune. September 3, 2009.
Jump up ^ Levine, Stuart (September 4, 2009). "Sons of Anarchy Season 2". Variety.
Jump up ^ "The Top 10 Everything of 2009". TIME. December 8, 2009.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (September 9, 2009). "Sons of Anarchy revs up huge ratings". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 29, 2011.
Jump up ^ Berman, Marc (January 30, 2010). "Sons of Anarchy Ratings". Mediaweek. Archived from the original on April 18, 2010. Retrieved July 2, 2015. CS1 maint: Unfit url (link)
^ Jump up to: a b Seidman, Robert (September 30, 2009). "Sons of Anarchy staying strong for FX with 3.76 million on September 29". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 29, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Cable Ratings for the Week Ending October 11, 2009". TV Aholics. October 14, 2009. Retrieved June 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Cable Ratings for the Week Ending October 18, 2009". TV Aholics. October 21, 2009. Retrieved June 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (October 27, 2009). "Cable ratings: Football, Baseball Monk, White Collar, Jeff Dunham, and Sons of Anarchy top weekly cable chart". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 29, 2011.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (October 28, 2009). "Cable Ratings: Ouch! Sons of Anarchy loses to The Forgotten". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 29, 2011.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (November 4, 2009). "Cable Ratings: Sons of Anarchy averages 3.5 million and a 1.8 adults 18-49 rating". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 29, 2011.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (November 11, 2009). "Sons of Anarchy rides to 3.38 million viewers and wins night on cable with adults 18-49". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 29, 2011.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (November 18, 2009). "Tuesday cable: Sons of Anarchy beats The Forgotten and ties The Jay Leno Show with adults 18-49". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 29, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Cable TV Ratings for the Week Ending November 29, 2009" (PDF). TV Aholics. December 15, 2009. Retrieved June 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ Seidman, Robert (December 2, 2009). "Sons of Anarchy Renewed for a third season". TV by the Numbers. Retrieved August 29, 2011.
Jump up ^ Lambert, David (May 28, 2010). "Sons of Anarchy - Fox's Full Press Release for Season 2 on DVD and Blu-ray!". TV Shows on DVD. Archived from the original on August 29, 2013. Retrieved May 6, 2013.
External links[edit]
Sons of Anarchy at FXNetworks.com
Sons of Anarchy on IMDb
Sons of Anarchy at TV.com
hide
v
t
e
Sons of Anarchy
Created by: Kurt Sutter
Episodes
"Pilot"
Seasons
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Characters
Clay Morrow
Jax Teller
Gemma Teller Morrow
Tara Knowles
Opie Winston
Bobby Munson
Tig Trager
Chibs Telford
Piney Winston
Juice Ortiz
Half-Sack Epps
Happy
Wayne Unser
David Hale
June Stahl
Josh Kohn
Ernest Darby
Marcus Álvarez
Ethan Zobelle
Universe
Sons of Anarchy MC
Charming, CA
List of gangs
Music
"This Life"
Songs of Anarchy
Songs of Anarchy Volume 2
Category
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sons_of_Anarchy_(season_2)&oldid=845207829"
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Sons of Anarchy
2009 American television seasons
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This page was last edited on 10 June 2018, at 05:45.
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