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Political history of the world
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The political history of the world is the history of the various political entities created by the human race throughout their existence and the way these states define their borders. Throughout history, political entities have expanded from basic systems of self-governance and monarchy to the complex democratic and totalitarian systems that exist today. In parallel, political systems have expanded from vaguely defined frontier-type boundaries, to the national definite boundaries existing today.
Contents
[hide]
1 Ancient history
2 Middle ages
3 Early modern era
4 Modern era
5 References
Ancient history[edit]
In ancient history, civilizations did not have definite boundaries as states have today, and their borders could be more accurately described as frontiers. Early dynastic Sumer, and early dynastic Egypt were the first civilizations to define their borders. Moreover, for the past 200,000 years and up to the twentieth century, many people have lived in non-state societies. These range from relatively egalitarian bands and tribes to complex and highly stratified chiefdoms.
The first states of sorts were those of early dynastic Sumer and early dynastic Egypt, which arose from the Uruk period and Predynastic Egypt respectively at approximately 3000BCE.[1] Early dynastic Egypt was based around the Nile River in the north-east of Africa, the kingdom's boundaries being based around the Nile and stretching to areas where oases existed.[2] Early dynastic Sumer was located in southern Mesopotamia with its borders extending from the Persian Gulf to parts of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers.[1]
By 2500 BCE the Indus Valley Civilization, located in modern-day India, Pakistan and Afghanistan had formed. The civilization's boundaries extended 600 km inland from the Arabian Sea.[3]
336 BCE saw the rise of Alexander the Great, who forged an empire from various vassal states stretching from modern Greece to the Indian subcontinent, bringing Mediterranean nations into contact with those of central and southern Asia, much as the Persian Empire had before him. The boundaries of this empire extended hundreds of kilometers.[4]
The Roman Empire (27 BCE - 476 CE) was the first western civilization known to accurately define their borders, although these borders could be more accurately described as frontiers;[5] instead of the Empire defining its borders with precision, the borders were allowed to trail off and were, in many cases, part of territory indirectly ruled by others.[6]
Roman and Greek ideals of nationhood can be seen to have strongly influenced Western views on the subject, with the basis of many governmental systems being on authority or ideas borrowed from Rome or the Greek city-states. Notably, the European states of the Dark Ages and Middle Ages gained their authority from the Roman Catholic religion, and modern democracies are based in part on the example of Ancient Athens.[citation needed]
Middle ages[edit]
Main article: Middle Ages
The Tang dynasty in 700 CE
When China entered the Sui Dynasty,[7] the government changed and expanded in its borders as the many separate bureaucracies unified under one banner.[8] This evolved into the Tang Dynasty when Li Yuan took control of China in 626.[9] By now, the Chinese borders had expanded from eastern China, up north into the Tang Empire.[10] The Tang Empire fell apart in 907 and split into ten regional kingdoms and five dynasties with vague borders.[11] Fifty-three years after the separation of the Tang Empire, China entered the Song Dynasty under the rule of Chao K'uang, although the borders of this country expanded, they were never as large as those of the Tang dynasty and were constantly being redefined due to attacks from the neighboring Tartar(Mongol) people known as the Khitan tribes.[12]
After the death of Prophet Muhammad in 632, the Quran and the teachings of Islam inspired the genesis of a new civilization. In less than a century, the Islamic Caliphate rapidly extended its reach from the Atlantic Ocean and Andalusia in the west to Central Asia in the east. The subsequent Muslim empires of the Umayyads, Abbasids, Fatimids, Ghaznavids, Seljuqs, Safavids, Mughals, and Ottomans were among the most influential and distinguished powers in the world during Middle Ages. The period between the 8th and 13th century saw a flourishing of trade, as well as several advances in science, engineering, medecine and mathematics. In Western Europe, briefly mostly united into a single state under Charlemagne around 800CE, a few countries, including England, Scotland, Iceland and Norway, had already effectively become nation states by 1,000CE, with a kingdom (Commonwealth in Iceland's case) largely co-terminus with a people mostly sharing a language and culture.[citation needed]
The Carolingian Empire under Charlemagne around 800 CE, with modern borders in orange.
Over most of the continent, the peoples were emerging around ethnic, linguistic and geographical groups, but this was not reflected in political entities. In particular, France, Italy and Germany, though recognised by other nations as countries where the French, Italians and Germans lived, did not exist as states largely matching the countries for centuries, and struggles to form them, and define their borders, as states were a major cause of wars in Europe until the 20th century. In the course of this process, some countries, such as Poland under the Partitions and France in the High Middle Ages, almost ceased to exist as states for periods. The Low Countries, in the Middle Ages as distinct a country as France, became permanently divided, today into Belgium and the Netherlands. Spain was formed as a nation state by the dynastic union of small Christian kingdoms, augmented by the final campaigns of the Reconquista against Al-Andaluz, the vanished country of Islamic Iberia.[citation needed]
In 1299 CE,[13] the Aztec empire arose in lower Mexico, this empire lasted over 300 years and at their prime, held over 5,000[dubious – discuss] square kilometers of land.[14][15]
The Aztec Empire in 1519 CE
200 years after the Aztec and Toltec empires began, northern and central Asia saw the rise of the Mongol empire. By the late 13th century, the Empire extended across Europe and America, briefly creating a state capable of ruling and administrating immensely diverse cultures.[16] In 1299, the Ottomans entered the scene. These Turkish nomads took control of Asia Minor along with much of central Europe over a period of 370 years, providing what may be considered a long-lasting Islamic counterweight to Christendom.[17]
Exploiting opportunities left open by the Mongolian advance and recession as well as the spread of Islam, Russia took control of their homeland around 1613, after many years being dominated by the Tartars (Mongols). After gaining independence, the Russian princes began to expand their borders under the leadership of many tsars.[12] Notably, Catherine the Great seized the vast western part of Ukraine from the Poles, expanding Russia's size massively. Throughout the following centuries, Russia expanded rapidly, coming close to its modern size.[18]
Early modern era[edit]
Main article: Early modern era
In the 15th and 16th centuries three major Muslim empires formed: the Ottoman Empire in the Middle East, the Balkans and Northern Africa; the Safavid Empire in Greater Iran; and the Mughul Empire in South Asia. These imperial powers were made possible by the discovery and exploitation of gunpowder and more efficient administration. By the end of the 19th century, all three had declined, and by the early 20th century, with the Ottomans' defeat in World War I, the last Muslim empire collapsed.
Silesia's position in Europe (in red)
In 1700, Charles II of Spain died, naming Phillip of Anjou, Louis XIV's grandson, his heir. Charles' decision was not well met by the British, who believed that Louis would use the opportunity to ally France and Spain and attempt to take over Europe. Britain formed the Grand Alliance with Holland, Austria and a majority of the German states and declared war against Spain in 1702. The War of the Spanish Succession lasted 11 years, and ended when the Treaty of Utrecht was signed in 1714.[19]
Less than 50 years later, in 1740, war broke out again, sparked by the invasion of Silesia, part of Austria, by King Frederick II of Prussia. Britain, the Netherlands and Hungary supported Maria Theresa. Over the next eight years, these and other states participated in the War of the Austrian Succession, until a treaty was signed, allowing Prussia to keep Silesia.[20][21] The Seven Years' War began when Theresa dissolved her alliance with Britain and allied with France and Russia. In 1763, Britain won the war, claiming Canada and land east of the Mississippi. Prussia also kept Silesia.[22]
Van Diemen's Land in 1852
Interest in the geography of the Southern Hemisphere began to increase in the 18th century.[23] In 1642, Dutch navigator Abel Tasman was commissioned to explore the Southern Hemisphere; during his voyages, Tasman discovered the island of Van Diemen's Land, which was later named Tasmania, the Australian coast, and New Zealand in 1644.[24] Captain James Cook was commissioned in 1768 to observe a solar eclipse in Tahiti and sailed into Stingray Harbor on Australia's east coast in 1770, claiming the land for the British Crown.[25] Settlements in Australia began in 1788 when Britain began to utilize the country for the deportation of convicts,[26] with the first free settles arriving in 1793.[27] Likewise New Zealand became a home for hunters seeking whales and seals in the 1790s with later non-commercial settlements by the Scottish in the 1820s and 30s.[28]
In Northern America, revolution was beginning when in 1770, British troops opened fire on a mob pelting them with stones, an event later known as the Boston Massacre.[29] British authorities were unable to determine if this event was a local one, or signs of something bigger[30] until, in 1775, Rebel forces confirmed their intentions by attacking British troops on Bunker Hill.[31] Shortly after, Massachusetts Second Continental Congress representative John Adams and his cousin Samuel Adams were part of a group calling for an American Declaration of Independence. The Congress ended without committing to a Declaration, but prepared for conflict by naming George Washington as the Continental Army Commander.[30] War broke out and lasted until 1783, when Britain signed the Treaty of Paris and recognized America's independence.[32] In 1788, the states ratified the United States Constitution, going from a confederation to a union[30] and in 1789, elected George Washington as the first President of the United States.[33]
The National Assembly
By the late 1780s, France was falling into debt, with higher taxes introduced and famines ensuring.[34] As a measure of last resort, King Louis XVI called together the Estates-General in 1788 and reluctantly agreed to turn the Third Estate (which made up all of the non-noble and non-clergy French) into a National Assembly.[35] This assembly grew very popular in the public eye and on July 14, 1789, following evidence that the King planned to disband the Assembly,[34] an angry mob stormed the Bastille, taking gunpowder and lead shot.[35] Stories of the success of this raid spread all over the country and sparked multiple uprisings in which the lower-classes robbed granaries and manor houses.[34] In August of the same year, members of the National Assembly wrote the revolutionary document Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen which proclaimed freedom of speech, press and religion.[34] By 1792, other European states were attempting to quell the revolution. In the same year Austrian and German armies attempted to march on Paris, but the French repelled them. Building on fears of European invasion, a radical group known as the Jacobins abolished the monarchy and executed King Louis for treason in 1793. In response to this radical uprising, Britain, Spain and the Netherlands join in the fight with the Jacobins until the Reign of Terror was brought to an end in 1794 with the execution of a Jacobin leader, Maximilien Robespierre. A new constitution was adopted in 1795 with some calm returning, although the country was still at war. In 1799, a group of politicians led by Napoleon Bonaparte unseated leaders of the Directory.[35]
Modern era[edit]
Main article: Modern era
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Daniel, Glyn (2003) [1968]. The First Civilizations: The Archaeology of their Origins. New York: Phoenix Press. xiii. ISBN 1-84212-500-1.
Jump up ^ Daniel, Glyn (2003) [1968]. The First Civilizations: The Archaeology of their Origins. New York: Phoenix Press. pp. 9–11. ISBN 1-84212-500-1.
Jump up ^ Daniels, Patrica S; Stephen G Hyslop; Douglas Brinkley; Esther Ferington; Lee Hassig; Dale-Marie Herring (2003). Toni Eugene, ed. Almanac of World History. National Geographic Society. p. 56. ISBN 0-7922-5092-3.
Jump up ^ de Blois, Lukas; Robartus van der Spek (1997). An Introduction to the Ancient World. New York, US: Routledge. p. 131. ISBN 0-415-12773-4.
Jump up ^ "A World Defined By Boundaries". Intertext. Syracuse University. 2001. Retrieved 2008-11-21.
Jump up ^ Kaplan, David H; Jouni Häkli (2002). "The 'Civilisational' Roots of European National Boundaries". Boundaries and Place: European Borderlands in Geographical Context. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 19. ISBN 0-8476-9883-1.
Jump up ^ Benn, Charles D. (2004). China's Golden Age: Everyday Life in the Tang Dynasty. Oxford University Press. p. 1. ISBN 0-19-517665-0. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
Jump up ^ Daniels, Patrica S; Stephen G Hyslop; Douglas Brinkley; Esther Ferington; Lee Hassig; Dale-Marie Herring (2003). Toni Eugene, ed. Almanac of World History. National Geographic Society. pp. 118–21. ISBN 0-7922-5092-3.
Jump up ^ Benn, Charles D. (2004). China's Golden Age: Everyday Life in the Tang Dynasty. Oxford University Press. pp. ix. ISBN 0-19-517665-0. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
Jump up ^ Herrmann, Albert (1970). Historical and Commercial Atlas of China. Ch'eng-wen Publishing House. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
Jump up ^ Hucker, Charles O. (1995). China's Imperial Past: An Introduction to Chinese History and Culture. Stanford University Press. p. 147. ISBN 0-8047-2353-2. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
^ Jump up to: a b Daniels, Patrica S; Stephen G Hyslop; Douglas Brinkley; Esther Ferington; Lee Hassig; Dale-Marie Herring (2003). Toni Eugene, ed. Almanac of World History. National Geographic Society. pp. 134–5. ISBN 0-7922-5092-3.
Jump up ^ Tsouras, Peter (2005). Montezuma: Warlord of the Aztecs. Brassey's. pp. xv. ISBN 1-57488-822-6.
Jump up ^ Berdan, Frances F.; Richard E. Blanton; Elizabeth H. Boone; Mary G. Hodge; Michael E. Smith; Emily Umberger (1996). Aztec Imperial Strategies. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks. ISBN 0-88402-211-0.
Jump up ^ Barlow, R.H. (1949). Extent of the Empire of the Culhua Mexica. Berkeley and Los Angeles Univ. of California.
Jump up ^ Køppen, Adolph Ludvig; Karl Spruner von Merz (1854). The World in the Middle Ages: An Historical Geography, with Accounts of the Origin and Development, the Institutions and Literature, the Manners and Customs of Three Nations in Europe, Western Asia, and Northern Africa, from the Close of the Fourth to the Middle of the Fifteenth Century. D. Appleton and company. p. 210. Retrieved 2009-01-11.
Jump up ^ Jacob, Samuel (1854). History of the Ottoman Empire: Including a Survey of the Greek Empire and the Crusades. R. Griffin. p. 456. Retrieved 2009-01-11.
Jump up ^ Thomson, Gladys Scott (2008). Catherine the Great and the Expansion of Russia. Read Books. ISBN 1-4437-2895-0. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
Jump up ^ Frey, Marsha; Linda Frey (1995). The Treaties of the War of the Spanish Succession (illustrated ed.). Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0-313-27884-9. Retrieved 2009-01-29.
Jump up ^ Dupuy, Richard Ernes; Trevor Nevitt Dupuy (1970). The Encyclopedia of Military History: From 3500 B.C. to the Present. Harper & Row. p. 630. Retrieved 2009-01-30.
Jump up ^ Rosner, Lisa; John Theibault (2000). A Short History of Europe, 1600-1815: Search for a Reasonable World (illustrated ed.). M.E. Sharpe. p. 292. ISBN 0-7656-0328-4. Retrieved 2009-01-30.
Jump up ^ Marston, Daniel (2001). The Seven Years' War (illustrated ed.). Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-84176-191-5. Retrieved 2008-01-30.
Jump up ^ Daniels, Patrica S; Stephen G Hyslop; Douglas Brinkley; Esther Ferington; Lee Hassig; Dale-Marie Herring (2003). Toni Eugene, ed. Almanac of World History. National Geographic Society. p. 214. ISBN 0-7922-5092-3.
Jump up ^ Porter, Malcolm; Keith Lye (2007). Australia and the Pacific (illustrated and revised 2007 ed.). Cherrytree Books. p. 20. ISBN 1-84234-460-9. Retrieved 2008-01-30.
Jump up ^ Kitson, Arthur (2004). The Life of Captain James Cook. Kessinger Publishing. pp. 84–5. ISBN 1-4191-6947-5. Retrieved 2008-01-30.
Jump up ^ King, Jonathan (1984). The First Settlement: The Convict Village that Founded Australia 1788-90. Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-38080-0.
Jump up ^ Currer-Briggs, Noel (1982). Worldwide Family History (illustrated ed.). Routledge. p. 180. ISBN 0-7100-0934-8.
Jump up ^ Daniels, Patrica S; Stephen G Hyslop; Douglas Brinkley; Esther Ferington; Lee Hassig; Dale-Marie Herring (2003). Toni Eugene, ed. Almanac of World History. National Geographic Society. p. 216. ISBN 0-7922-5092-3.
Jump up ^ Lancaster, Bruce; John Harold Plumb; Richard M. Ketchum (2001). illustrated, ed. The American Revolution. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 74. ISBN 0-618-12739-9. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
^ Jump up to: a b c Daniels, Patrica S; Stephen G Hyslop; Douglas Brinkley; Esther Ferington; Lee Hassig; Dale-Marie Herring (2003). Toni Eugene, ed. Almanac of World History. National Geographic Society. pp. 218–21. ISBN 0-7922-5092-3.
Jump up ^ Lancaster, Bruce; John Harold Plumb; Richard M. Ketchum (2001). illustrated, ed. The American Revolution. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 96–9. ISBN 0-618-12739-9. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
Jump up ^ Jedson, Lee (2006). The Treaty of Paris, 1783: A Primary Source Examination of the Treaty That Recognized American Independence (illustrated ed.). The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 37. ISBN 1-4042-0441-5. Retrieved 2009-01-31.
Jump up ^ Bloom, Sol; Lars Johnson (2001). The Story of the Constitution (2nd illustrated ed.). Christian Liberty Press. p. 84. ISBN 1-930367-56-2. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Daniels, Patrica S; Stephen G Hyslop; Douglas Brinkley; Esther Ferington; Lee Hassig; Dale-Marie Herring (2003). Toni Eugene, ed. Almanac of World History. National Geographic Society. pp. 222–25. ISBN 0-7922-5092-3.
^ Jump up to: a b c S. Viault, Birdsall (1990). "The French Revolution". Schaum's Outline of Modern European History (revised ed.). McGraw-Hill Professional. pp. 180–91. ISBN 0-07-067453-1. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
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Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat
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Joseph and the Amazing
Technicolor Dreamcoat
1991 Revivals Logo
Music
Andrew Lloyd Webber
Lyrics
Tim Rice
Basis
The story of Joseph in Genesis
Premiere
1970
Productions
1968 Colet Court
1971 Young Vic company
1973 West End
1978 West End
1982 Broadway
1991 West End revival
1993 Broadway revival
2003 West End revival
2005 US Tour
2007 US Tour
2007 West End revival
2010 UK tour
2014 US Tour
2014 UK Tour
2015 North American tour
2016 UK tour
Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat is a musical with lyrics by Tim Rice and music by Andrew Lloyd Webber. The story is based on the "coat of many colours" story of Joseph from the Bible's Book of Genesis. This was the first Lloyd Webber and Rice musical to be performed publicly (the first, The Likes of Us, written in 1965, was not performed until 2005).
The show has little spoken dialogue; it is almost entirely sung-through. Its family-friendly story, familiar themes and catchy music have resulted in numerous stagings. According to the owner of the copyright, the Really Useful Group, by 2008 more than 20,000 schools and amateur theatre groups had staged productions.[1]
Joseph was first presented as a 20-minute "pop cantata" at Colet Court School in London in 1968, and was published by Novello and released by Decca Records in 1969. After the success of the next Lloyd Webber and Rice piece, Jesus Christ Superstar, Joseph received stage productions beginning in 1970 and expanded recordings in 1971 and 1972. While still undergoing various modifications and expansions, the musical was produced in the West End in 1973, and in its full format was recorded in 1974. The musical was mounted on Broadway in 1982. Several major revivals, national tours, and a 1999 straight-to-video film, starring Donny Osmond, followed.
Contents
[hide]
1 Synopsis
1.1 Act I
1.2 Act II
2 Production
2.1 Development and early performances, publication, and recordings
2.2 Early stage performances
2.2.1 First American productions
2.2.2 Young Vic production and move to West End
2.2.3 1975–1979
2.3 Professional US productions, 1976–1984
2.4 1990s
2.5 2000s
2.6 2010s
3 Characters
4 Musical numbers
5 Awards and nominations
5.1 Original Broadway production
5.2 1991 London revival
5.3 2003 London revival
6 Film adaptations
7 References
8 External links
Synopsis[edit]
Act I[edit]
The story is based on the Biblical story of Joseph, found in the Book of Genesis. It is set in a frame in which a narrator is telling a story (sometimes to children, encouraging them to dream). She then tells the story of Joseph, another dreamer ("Prologue," "Any Dream Will Do"). In the beginning of the main story Jacob and his 12 sons are introduced ("Jacob and Sons"). Joseph's brothers are jealous of him for his coat of many colours, a symbol of their father's preference for him ("Joseph's Coat"). It is clear from Joseph's dreams that he is destined to rule over them ("Joseph's Dreams"). To get rid of him and prevent the dreams from coming true, they attempt fratricide, but then they sell Joseph as a slave to some passing Ishmaelites ("Poor, Poor Joseph"), who take him to Egypt.
Back home, his brothers, led by Reuben (Levi in the original Broadway production) and accompanied by their wives, break the news to Jacob that Joseph has been killed. They show his tattered coat smeared with his blood – really goat blood – as proof that what they say is true ("One More Angel in Heaven"). After the bereft Jacob leaves, the brothers and their wives happily celebrate the loss of Joseph.
In Egypt, Joseph is the slave of Egyptian millionaire Potiphar. He rises through the ranks of slaves and servants until he is running Potiphar's house. When Mrs. Potiphar makes advances, Joseph spurns her. She removes his shirt, feels his chest and back, squeezes his rear and blows him kisses. Potiphar overhears, barges in, sees the two together – and jumps to conclusions ("Potiphar"). Outraged, he throws Joseph in jail. Depressed, Joseph laments the situation ("Close Every Door") – but his spirits rise when he helps two prisoners put in his cell. Both are former servants of the Pharaoh and both have had bizarre dreams. Joseph interprets them. One cellmate, the Baker, will be executed, but the other, the Butler, will be returned to service. Upon hearing this, the rest of the prisoners surround Joseph and encourage him to go after his dreams ("Go, Go, Go Joseph").
Act II[edit]
The Narrator tells of impending changes in Joseph's fortunes ("A Pharaoh Story") because the Pharaoh is having dreams that no one can interpret. Now freed, the Butler tells Pharaoh (acted in the style of Elvis Presley) of Joseph and his dream-interpretation skills ("Poor, Poor Pharaoh"). Pharaoh orders Joseph to be brought in and the king tells him his dream involving seven fat cows, seven skinny cows, seven healthy ears of corn, and seven dead ears of corn ("Song of the King").
Joseph interprets the dream as seven plentiful years of crops followed by seven years of famine ("Pharaoh's Dreams Explained"). An astonished Pharaoh puts Joseph in charge of carrying out the preparations needed to endure the impending famine, and Joseph becomes the most powerful man in Egypt, second only to Pharaoh himself ("Stone the Crows"). (In the 2007 London revival, Pharaoh has a new song, "King of my Heart").
Back home, the famine has caught up with Joseph's brothers, who, led by Simeon, express regret at selling him and deceiving their father ("Those Canaan Days"). They hear that Egypt still has food and decide to go there to beg for mercy and to be fed ("The Brothers Come to Egypt"), not realising that they will be dealing with Joseph ("Grovel, Grovel"). Joseph gives them sacks of food, but plants a golden cup in the sack of his youngest brother, Benjamin. When the brothers try to leave, Joseph stops them, asking about the "stolen cup". Each brother empties his sack, and it is revealed that Benjamin has the cup. Joseph then accuses Benjamin of robbery ("Who's the Thief?"). The other brothers, led by Judah, (Naphtali in the original Broadway Production) beg for mercy for Benjamin, imploring that Joseph take them prisoner and set Benjamin free ("Benjamin Calypso").
Seeing their selflessness and penitence, Joseph reveals himself ("Joseph All the Time") and sends for his father. The two are reunited ("Jacob in Egypt") for a happy conclusion and Joseph dons his coloured coat once more ("Finale: Any Dream Will Do (Reprise)/Give Me My Coloured Coat").
In some productions, the finale is followed by a rock/disco medley of most of the musical's major numbers ("Joseph Megamix").
Production[edit]
Development and early performances, publication, and recordings[edit]
The 17-year-old budding musical-theatre composer Andrew Lloyd Webber was introduced to the 20-year-old aspiring pop-song writer Tim Rice in 1965, and they created their first musical, The Likes of Us.[2] They produced a demo tape of that work in 1966,[3] but the project failed to gain a backer.[2]
In the summer of 1967 Alan Doggett, a family friend of the Lloyd Webbers who had assisted on The Likes of Us and who was the music teacher at the Colet Court school in London, commissioned Lloyd Webber and Rice to write a piece for the school's choir.[3][4][2] Doggett requested a "pop cantata" along the lines of Herbert Chappell's The Daniel Jazz (1963) and Michael Hurd's Jonah-Man Jazz (1966), both of which had been published by Novello and were based on the Old Testament.[3] The request for the new piece came with a 100-guinea advance from Novello.[3] This resulted in Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat, a retelling of the biblical story of Joseph, in which Lloyd Webber and Rice humorously pastiched a number of pop-music styles.
The piece was first presented as a 20-minute pop cantata at Colet Court School in London on 1 March 1968.[2] Lloyd Webber's composer father William arranged for a second performance at his church, Westminster Central Hall, with a revised and expanded format; the boys of Colet Court and members of the band Mixed Bag sang at this performance in May 1968.[5] One of the children's parents in that audience was the Sunday Times music critic; he reviewed the piece in the newspaper, calling it a new pop oratorio and praising its innovation and exuberance.[2][6] By its third performance, at St Paul's Cathedral in November 1968, the musical had been expanded to 35 minutes.[5]
Novello published the lyrics and sheet music at the beginning of 1969, as the third of their Old Testament pop cantatas.[3] Decca Records, which had already recorded the musical in the summer of 1968, released the recording in 1969, credited to the Joseph Consortium, after the Novello publication.[3][7][8][9] David Daltrey, front man of British psychedelic band Tales of Justine, played the role of Joseph and lead guitar, and Tim Rice was Pharaoh. Other vocalists included members of the Mixed Bag group, such as Terry Saunders and Malcolm Parry, and the choir of Colet Court School.[7][8][9] Daltrey, although not part of the Mixed Bag, was managed by Tim Rice and Andrew Lloyd Webber at the time, and EMI colleague Martin Wilcox suggested to Rice that they use the Mixed Bag as a backing group on the album.[citation needed]
A recording of the musical with 19 tracks was issued in the US on Scepter Records in 1971. It was a reissue of the 1969 Decca UK album, capitalising on the success of 1970's Jesus Christ Superstar in the US. It featured Daltrey as Joseph, Rice as Pharaoh, William S. Lloyd Webber on the Hammond organ, Alan Doggett conducting, and the Colet Court choir as the chorus.[10][11]
Early stage performances[edit]
First American productions[edit]
Lloyd Webber and Rice used the popularity of their subsequent musical, the rock opera Jesus Christ Superstar, to promote Joseph, which was advertised in America as a "follow-up" to Superstar.[12] The rock opera's title song "Superstar" had been an international hit single released in late 1969, and "I Don't Know How To Love Him", another hit from Jesus Christ Superstar, was released 1 May 1970. The first American production of Joseph was in May 1970, at Cathedral College of the Immaculate Conception in Douglaston, New York. Following this, other colleges and schools sought to produce the piece.[13]
Young Vic production and move to West End[edit]
In late August and September 1972, Joseph was presented at the Edinburgh International Festival by the Young Vic Theatre Company, directed by Frank Dunlop. It starred Gary Bond in the title role, Peter Reeves as the narrator, and Gordon Waller as Pharaoh; Alan Doggett was the music director. In October the production played at London's Young Vic Theatre, and in November at the Roundhouse. The production was part of a double bill called Bible One: Two Looks at the Book of Genesis. Part I was Dunlop's reworking of the first six of the medieval Wakefield Mystery Plays, with music by Alan Doggett. Part II was Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat.[12] The Young Vic production was recorded for an LP released on the RSO label in 1972. This production was also broadcast in the UK by Granada Television in 1972.[14]
In February 1973, theatre producer Michael White and impresario Robert Stigwood mounted the Young Vic production at the Albery Theatre in the West End, where it ran for 243 performances.[15] The mystery plays that had preceded the original Young Vic productions were dropped, and instead the musical was preceded by a piece called Jacob's Journey, with music and lyrics by Lloyd Webber and Rice and a book by television comedy writers Ray Galton and Alan Simpson. Jacob's Journey, which contained a great deal of spoken dialogue, was eventually phased out in favour of a sung-through score that became part of Joseph. The first production of the show in its modern, final form was at the Haymarket Theatre in Leicester, which presented the musical several times from 1974 through 1978.[12][16]
A recording of the full musical was released on the MCA label in 1974, again featuring Bond, Reeves and Waller. This is the earliest recording of Joseph to eventually be issued on CD.[citation needed] Waller also appeared on another recording in 1979, featuring Rice as the Narrator and Paul Jones as Joseph, on the Music For Pleasure label.[citation needed]
1975–1979[edit]
In 1975 Miranda Enterprises in association with Leicester Theatre Company presented Joseph at the Queen's Theatre, Hornchurch. It was directed by Paul Tomlinson and choreographed by David Thornton. This production starred Patrick Ryecart as Joseph and David Sadgrove as Pharaoh.[citation needed]
Ken Hill directed a large-scale production of Joseph at the Westminster Theatre, London, which ran from November 1978 to February 1979, and again from November 1979 to February 1980. This production starred Paul Jones as Joseph, John Golder as the Narrator, and Leonard Whiting as Pharaoh. A recording of this production with additional narration spoken by children was broadcast on BBC radio, produced by Richard Wilcox.[citation needed]
Professional US productions, 1976–1984[edit]
The musical ran at the Brooklyn Academy of Music in New York in 1976 and in 1977 as "holiday fare". In the 1976 production, which opened on 30 December, direction was by John Dunlop, with a cast that featured Cleavon Little as the Narrator and David-James Carroll as Joseph.[17] In the 1977 production, running in December through 1 January 1978, staging was by Graciela Daniele, with Carroll as Joseph, Alan Weeks as the Narrator and William Parry as Pharaoh/Elvis.[18]
Joseph received an Off-Broadway production at the Entermedia Theatre, running from 18 November 1981 through 24 January 1982. Directed by Tony Tanner, the cast starred Bill Hutton as Joseph, Laurie Beechman as the Narrator, and Tom Carder as Pharaoh.[19][20]
The production transferred to Broadway at the Royale Theatre on 27 January 1982 and ran through 4 September 1983, with 747 performances.[21] This production was recorded on the Chrysalis label, and is the first to feature the Prologue (dubbed on the Chrysalis release "You are what you feel"). The producers were Gail Berman and Susan Rose, who were the youngest producers on Broadway.[22] The show received several Tony Award nominations including Best Musical and Best Original Score. Allen Fawcett replaced Hutton as Joseph in June 1982.[23] David Cassidy took over the role of Joseph in March 1983 and also performed in the touring cast in 1983–1984.[24]
1990s[edit]
With Jason Donovan in the lead, the expanded show was restaged in 1991 at the London Palladium with Steven Pimlott as director and Anthony Van Laast as choreographer, winning the 1992 Laurence Olivier Award for set design. The cast album of this production was the #1 UK album for two weeks in September 1991, and the single "Any Dream Will Do" from it was also the #1 UK single for two weeks in June–July 1991. When Donovan left, former children's TV presenter Phillip Schofield portrayed Joseph.[citation needed]
The musical opened in Toronto at the Elgin Theatre in July 1992, with Donny Osmond as Joseph and Janet Metz as the Narrator.[25] Afterwards, Osmond toured North America in the role.[citation needed] A major Australian production, based on the 1991 UK version, opened on 31 December 1992 at the State Theatre in Melbourne. It featured Indecent Obsession lead singer David Dixon as Joseph and Tina Arena as the Narrator. The musical then played seasons in Brisbane and Sydney through 1993.[26][27]
The show was revived in the United States in 1993, playing in Los Angeles at the Pantages Theatre for 18 weeks,[28] and in San Francisco at the Golden Gate Theatre for an 8-week run,[28] before moving to Broadway, where it played for 231 performances at the Minskoff Theatre from 10 November 1993 to 29 May 1994.[29] The cast featured Michael Damian (Joseph), Kelli Rabke (Narrator), Clifford David (Jacob), and Robert Torti (Pharaoh).[30][31]
2000s[edit]
A production starring Stephen Gately, "with cartoon cut-out sets and props and naff panto choreography", previewed in Oxford in December 2002, before moving to Liverpool over Christmas 2002. This production reached the West End at the New London Theatre in March 2003.[32]
A US national tour began in September 2005 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, starring starred Patrick Cassidy.[33]
A 2007 revival of the London Palladium production at the Adelphi Theatre starred a Joseph cast with the winner of BBC One's Any Dream Will Do, presided over by Lloyd Webber. This was second reality talent show to search for a West End star, capitalising on the success of the 2006 BBC–Lloyd Webber series, How Do You Solve a Problem Like Maria?. Viewers voted to for Lee Mead as Joseph. Mead had given up his ensemble role in The Phantom of the Opera, where he also understudied Raoul. The new Joseph production, which began on 6 July 2007, used Steven Pimlott's (who had died since staging the Palladium production) original direction, with Preeya Kalidas as the Narrator.[34]
Tickets for the show's originally-planned six-month run sold out in three weeks, and the producers had extended the show's run – and Mead's contract – until 7 June 2008. Before opening night, the producers had received £10 million in advance ticket sales. In his review for Variety, David Benedict wrote, "Mead delivers. ... For as long as Mead chooses to continue in it, Joseph is, commercially speaking, the safest of bets."[citation needed] Lloyd Webber's Really Useful Group donated all receipts from two special performances to the BBC's Children in Need charity appeal. Additionally, the money normally given to the cast for first-night gifts in July 2007 went instead to Children in Need. In January 2009 Mead left the show and was replaced by Gareth Gates. The production closed in May 2009.[citation needed]
2010s[edit]
The long-running UK touring production was re-cast in 2010 with Keith Jack taking on Joseph in July 2010 opposite Jennifer Potts as narrator.[35] In May 2013 Ian "H" Watkins replaced Jack, reprising the role he had played in London and on tour. The 2014–15 leg of the tour saw X Factor contestant Lloyd Daniels take on the title role opposite Eastender's Matt Lapinskas as Pharaoh. Danielle Hope played Narrator in 2014. Amelia Lily, another X factor alumna, later played the Narrator.[citation needed]
A new North American touring production began on 4 March 2014 in Cleveland, Ohio starring Diana DeGarmo as the Narrator and Ace Young as Joseph.[36]
The 2016 UK touring production starred Joe McElderry as Joseph and Lucy Kay as the Narrator.[37] The tour began in January 2016 and is scheduled to run through June 2017.[38]
Characters[edit]
Narrator: A character not of the time or place of the action. The Narrator tells the story through word and song, guiding the audience gently through the story of Joseph and his brothers, usually gives meaning to the story with her/his words. In early productions this character was usually played by a man; later productions have featured a woman in the role.
Jacob: The father of twelve sons, his favourite being Joseph. At times he may appear unfair and shallow, but he is, more importantly, the prophet who recognises the future and the calling of Joseph, thus saving the House of Israel. Usually doubles as Potiphar.
Joseph: Eleventh son of Jacob. Obviously his father’s favourite, Joseph early on shows a talent for interpreting dreams and telling the future. This gets him into trouble with his brothers when he predicts his future will include ruling over the other eleven. However, it saves his life when in Egypt he correctly interprets Pharaoh’s dreams. In the end he has risen to a great position of power, but he still forgives his brothers and brings his family to Egypt to partake of the bounty he has accumulated there.
Ishmaelites: Men of the desert, they buy Joseph as a slave, take him to Egypt, and sell him to Potiphar.
Potiphar: A powerful and rich Egyptian, Potiphar purchases Joseph and puts him to work in his household, where he soon realises that Joseph is honest, hard-working, and a great addition to his pool of help. When he grows suspicious of Mrs. Potiphar and Joseph, however, he grows angry and has Joseph thrown into prison. Usually played by the actor playing Jacob.
Mrs. Potiphar: Beautiful and scheming, Mrs. Potiphar tries to seduce Joseph, but is unsuccessful. However, she does manage to rip off much of his clothing just as her husband comes into the room, thus condemning him to prison. Also plays one of the wives.
Baker: One of Pharaoh servants, the Baker is in prison with Joseph who correctly interprets his dreams and predicts that he will be put to death. Played by one of the brothers.
Butler: Another of Pharaoh servants, the Butler is also in prison with Joseph who also correctly interprets his dreams, this time that he will be released and taken back into Pharaoh's household. It is the Butler who tells Pharaoh about Joseph and his uncanny ability with dreams. Played by one of the brothers.
Pharaoh: The most powerful man in Egypt, Pharaoh is considered a god on earth. When Joseph interprets his dreams, he promotes him to one of the highest positions in his government. In most productions, Pharaoh is portrayed as an Elvis Presley-style figure. Sometimes played by one of the brothers.
Joseph's Eleven Brothers: Although acting usually as a group, they each have their own different personalities, talents, and flaws. As a group they sell Joseph into slavery, but as individuals they deal with the following years and how they can make amends. They sing and dance their way through many situations and places. The brothers also double as Egyptians and servants of Potiphar.
Reuben: Eldest son of Jacob. Takes the lead on "One More Angel in Heaven"
Simeon: Second son of Jacob. Takes the lead on "Those Canaan Days"
Levi: Third son of Jacob.
Judah: Fourth son of Jacob. Takes the lead on "Benjamin Calypso".
Dan: Fifth son of Jacob.
Naphtali: Sixth son of Jacob.
Gad: Seventh son of Jacob.
Asher: Eighth son of Jacob.
Issachar: Ninth son of Jacob.
Zebulun: Tenth son of Jacob.
Benjamin: Twelfth son of Jacob. Joseph accuses him of stealing the golden cup.
The Wives: The wives of Jacob. The actresses playing the wives also double as Egyptians and servants of Potiphar.
Adult chorus
Children's chorus
Musical numbers[edit]
Act I[39]
Prologue – Narrator
Any Dream Will Do – Joseph, Children
Jacob and Sons – Narrator, Brothers, Ensemble
Joseph's Coat – Jacob, Narrator, Joseph, Brothers, Wives, Ensemble
Joseph's Dreams – Narrator, Brothers, Joseph
Poor, Poor Joseph – Narrator, Joseph, Brothers
One More Angel in Heaven – Reuben, Reuben's Wife, Brothers, Wives, Jacob
Potiphar – Narrator, Potiphar, Mrs. Potiphar, Joseph, Ensemble
Close Every Door – Joseph and Company
Go, Go, Go Joseph – Narrator, Joseph, Butler, Baker, Ensemble
Act II
Pharaoh's Story – Narrator, Ensemble
Poor, Poor Pharaoh (reprise of Poor, Poor Joseph) – Narrator, Butler, Pharaoh, Women
Song of the King – Pharaoh, Ensemble
Pharaoh's Dream Explained – Joseph, Ensemble
Stone the Crows – Narrator, Pharaoh, Joseph, Female Ensemble
King of My Heart – Pharaoh
Those Canaan Days – Simeon, Jacob, Brothers
The Brothers Come To Egypt/Grovel, Grovel – Narrator, Brothers, Joseph, Female Ensemble
Who's the Thief? – Narrator, Joseph, Ensemble
Benjamin Calypso – Judah, Brothers, Ensemble
Joseph All the Time – Narrator, Joseph, Brothers, Ensemble
Jacob in Egypt – Ensemble
Any Dream Will Do (Reprise) – Joseph, Narrator, Ensemble
Joseph Megamix – Full Company
Lloyd-Webber used a variety of musical styles, including parodies of French ballads ("Those Canaan Days"), Elvis-inspired rock and roll ("Song of the King"), western music ("One More Angel In Heaven"), 1920s Charleston ("Potiphar"), Calypso ("Benjamin Calypso"), jazz ("Joseph's Dreams"), and 1950s rock ("Go, Go, Go Joseph").[citation needed]
"Prologue" was first included in the 1982 Broadway production; the use of "Any Dream Will Do" at the start of the show (and the renaming of the closing version as per the above list) dates from the 1991 revival. The UK touring production circa 1983-1987 (produced by Bill Kenwright), included an additional song "I Don't Think I'm Wanted Back At Home", which was originally part of Jacob's Journey.[40] Sung by the title character, the brothers jokingly push Joseph out of the family home, throwing a suitcase, then a cane and top hat at him, leaving Joseph to tap-dance through the number.[citation needed] The tune has been recycled into numbers in By Jeeves and The Likes of Us.[citation needed]
Awards and nominations[edit]
Original Broadway production[edit]
Year
Award
Category
Nominee
Result
1982 Tony Award Best Musical Nominated
Best Book of a Musical Tim Rice Nominated
Best Original Score Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice Nominated
Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Musical Bill Hutton Nominated
Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical Laurie Beechman Nominated
Best Choreography Tony Tanner Nominated
Drama Desk Award Outstanding Musical Nominated
Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical Laurie Beechman Nominated
Outstanding Director of a Musical Tony Tanner Nominated
1991 London revival[edit]
Year
Award
Category
Nominee
Result
1992 Laurence Olivier Award Best Musical Revival Nominated
Best Actor in a Musical Jason Donovan Nominated
Best Actress in a Musical Linzi Hateley Nominated
Best Director of a Musical Steven Pimlott Nominated
Best Theatre Choreographer Anthony Van Laast Nominated
Best Set Designer Mark Thompson Won
2003 London revival[edit]
Year
Award
Category
Nominee
Result
2004 Laurence Olivier Award Best Musical Revival Nominated
Film adaptations[edit]
In 1999, a straight-to-video film of the same title starring Donny Osmond was released, directed by David Mallet. Osmond had toured North America in the role after opening the Toronto revival in 1992. In the film, Maria Friedman appears as the Narrator, Richard Attenborough as Jacob, Ian McNeice as Potiphar, Joan Collins as Mrs. Potiphar and Robert Torti as Pharaoh.[41]
In 2017, it was announced that an animated film based on the musical is in the works. It will be produced by Elton John's Rocket Pictures and Really Useful Group, and distributed by STX Entertainment.[42] The film will feature new songs by Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice. It will be seen as the first collaboration with Rice and John since 2000's The Road to El Dorado and 1994's The Lion King.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Joseph benefits BBC Children in Need", The Really Useful Group, 29 June 2007.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Ellis, Samantha. "Joseph, London, February 1973". The Guardian. 24 September 2003.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Chandler, David (2012). "'Everyone should have the opportunity': Alan Doggett and the modern British musical". Studies in Musical Theatre. 6 (3): 275–289. doi:10.1386/smt.6.3.275_1.
Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=_g-DDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA564
^ Jump up to: a b The Really Useful Group. "About the Show". Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 29 December 2008.
Jump up ^ Jewell, Derek. "Pop Goes Joseph". Sunday Times. 19 May 1968. Retrieved from TheMusicalCompany.com on 15 August 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b 1969 Decca Concept Album (vocalists)
^ Jump up to: a b 1969 Decca Concept Album – Credits
^ Jump up to: a b Compiled information on the 1969 Decca album
Jump up ^ "Joseph And The Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat Listing, Scepter Records, SPS-588X, 1971" discogs.com, accessed 17 March 2011
Jump up ^ Q&A regarding the original Decca and Scepter albums
^ Jump up to: a b c Vocal Selections: Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat. Milwaukee, WI: Hal Leonard. 1994. ISBN 0-7935-3427-5.
Jump up ^ "About the Show". London Palladium production programme, 1993. ReallyUseful.com.
Jump up ^ Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat (TV, 1972) at the Internet Movie Database
Jump up ^ Chronology, 1973 guidetomusicaltheatre.com, accessed 17 March 2011
Jump up ^ Garratt, David. "The Haymarket Theatre, Leicester", ArthurLloyd.co.uk, accessed 18 March 2011
Jump up ^ Barnes, Clive. "Stage:Technicolor Dreamcoat", The New York Times, 31 December 1976, p. 37
Jump up ^ Rockwell, John. "Rock: 'Joseph and Dreamcoat'", The New York Times, 16 December 1977, p. 88
Jump up ^ Gussow, Mel. "Theater: 'Joseph And The Dreamcoat'", The New York Times, 19 November 1981
Jump up ^ "'Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat' listing, 1981" Archived 18 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine., Internet Off-Broadway Database, accessed 17 March 2011
Jump up ^ "Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat' Listing, 1982". Internet Broadway Database, accessed 17 March 2011
Jump up ^ Klein, Alvin (1982-10-03). "At 26, Producing 'Joseph' on Broadway". The New York Times.
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ "David Cassidy Fan Site" Archived 1 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine. David Cassidy Fan Site
Jump up ^ Murray, Karen."Review: 'Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat'" Variety (subscription required), June 1992
Jump up ^ "Composer calls for some new theatres". The Canberra Times. 67, (21,008). Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 19 October 1992. p. 20. Retrieved 21 July 2017 – via National Library of Australia.
Jump up ^ "Arts and Entertainment: An odd tale heads our way". The Canberra Times. 67, (21,202). Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 3 May 1993. p. 24. Retrieved 21 July 2017 – via National Library of Australia.
^ Jump up to: a b Slate, Libby (30 May 1993). "On View : The Many Stages of Michael Damian". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 14 April 2014.
Jump up ^ Bloom, Ken (2003). Broadway: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 552. ISBN 9781135950194. Archived from the original on 15 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "'Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat', 1993" Internet Broadway Database, accessed 17 March 2011
Jump up ^ Brantley, Ben (11 November 1993). "Review/Theater: Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat; Joseph and His Brothers, to Music". The New York Times. Retrieved 14 April 2014.
Jump up ^ Shenton, Mark. "Review: Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat, 2003" Archived 20 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine., whatsonstage.com, 4 March 2003
Jump up ^ Hernandez, Ernio.Patrick Cassidy and "American Idol" Starlet Tour with 'Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat'" Archived 29 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Playbill.com, 15 June 2005
Jump up ^ de Jongh, Nicholas."Review: Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat" Archived 3 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. This is London, 18 July 2007
Jump up ^ Probst, Andy "Keith Jack to Join U.K. 'Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat' Tour in July". Archived from the original on 12 January 2012. Retrieved 2011-03-17. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link) Theater Mania, 9 April 2010
Jump up ^ http://www.broadwayworld.com/article/Diana-DeGarmo-and-Ace-Young-to-Lead-JOSEPH-AND-THE-AMAZING-TECHNICOLOR-DREAMCOAT-National-Tour-Launches-34-in-Cleveland-20130819
Jump up ^ Wood, John. Joseph And The Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat - Palace Theatre, Manchester, North West End. Retrieved 30 March 2016; Duke, Simon. Joe McElderry to take lead role in Joseph & the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat Chronicle Live (2 September 2015).Retrieved 20 March 2016; and Cheesman, Neil. BGT’s Lucy Kay joins Joe McElderry in Joseph UK Tour LondonTheatre1.com.Retrieved 28 March 2016
Jump up ^ Mayo, Simon. Joseph and The Amazing Technicolour Dreamcoat 2016 UK Tour, britishtheatre.com, 23 September 2015. Retrieved 20 March 2016.
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Jump up ^ "TimRice.com". Retrieved 5 July 2007.
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Jump up ^ "Elton John, Andrew Lloyd Webber & Tim Rice To Bring Animated 'Joseph And The Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat' To Big Screen For STX Family". Deadline Hollywood. 28 March 2017. Retrieved February 17, 2018.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat
Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat at the Internet Broadway Database
Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat at the Internet Movie Database
Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat – Official Site
Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat at Andrew Lloyd Webber's Really Useful Group website
Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat on Tim Rice's Official Site (links on left for production history)
Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat - Plot summary and character descriptions on StageAgent.com
Any Dream Will Do! – BBC show website
Preceded by
Metallica by Metallica UK number one album
31 August 1991 – 13 September 1991 Succeeded by
From Time to Time - The Singles Collection
by Paul Young
[show]
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Musicals by Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice
Musicals
The Likes of Us
Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat
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Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat
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Any Dream Will Do
Superstar
When Joseph Met Maria
[show]
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Last battle on British soil
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There are several contenders for the title of last battle on British or English soil, depending largely on how one defines battle and how one classifies various events.
A memorial stone to the Battle of Sedgemoor, one of the contenders for the last battle on English soil
Below is a chronological list of events that different sources cite as the last battle on British or English soil or a related title:
Battle of Sedgemoor, Somerset, England, 6 July 1685. The final battle of the Monmouth Rebellion, is often cited as the last battle on English soil.[1] The local museum makes the lesser claim that it was the last the "major battle" on English soil "when Englishmen took up arms against fellow Englishmen."[2]
Battle of Preston, Lancashire, England, 9–14 November 1715. Fought during the Jacobite Rising of 1715, it is claimed by some sources to be the last major battle to be fought on English soil;[3] other authors regard it as a siege rather than a battle.[4]
Clifton Moor Skirmish, Westmorland (now Cumbria), England, 18 December 1745. Also known as "The Battle of Clifton Moor", this was the last action of the Jacobite rising of 1745 to take place in England, and the last time English and Scottish armies clashed on English soil, but it is debated whether this counts as a full battle or just a "skirmish".[5][6]
Battle of Culloden, Scotland, 16 April 1746. The final confrontation of the Jacobite rising of 1745, this was the last large scale pitched battle fought on British soil, and in many sources the last battle of any sort fought in Great Britain.[7]
Battle of Fishguard, Wales, 22–24 February 1797. The most recent landing on British soil by a hostile foreign force, and thus is often referred to as the "last invasion of Britain".[8]
Battle of Bossenden Wood, Kent, England, 31 May 1838. The battle, if it was such - some sources refer to it as an "armed rising" - was fought between a small group of labourers from the local area and a detachment of soldiers sent from Canterbury to arrest the labourers' leader.[9][10]
Battle of Graveney Marsh, Kent, England, 27 September 1940. The last ground engagement involving a foreign force to take place on the mainland of Great Britain, was an encounter between the crew of a downed German aircraft and British soldiers training nearby.[11]
See also[edit]
Battle of Bamber Bridge a racially-charged armed confrontation between US troops in 1943
Battle of Britain an air battle over the south east of the United Kingdom during World War II.
Battle of Orgreave a 1984 confrontation between South Yorkshire Police and striking miners.
Battle of the Beanfield a 1985 confrontation between Wiltshire Police and New Age travellers.
List of wars involving the United Kingdom
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The Battle of Sedgemoor, 1685". Historic UK. Retrieved 2018-07-17.
Jump up ^ "Battle of Sedgemoor". www.bridgwatermuseum.org.uk. Retrieved 2018-07-17.
Jump up ^ Jonathan, Oates. The last battle on English soil, Preston 1715. Farnham, Surrey, England. ISBN 9781472441560. OCLC 908763188.
Jump up ^ "Clifton Moor – last battle on English soil?". Culloden Battlefield. 2016-12-16. Retrieved 2018-07-17.
Jump up ^ "PERMANENT MEMORIAL OF CLIFTON MOOR BATTLE". www.cwherald.com. Retrieved 2018-07-17.
Jump up ^ "1745 Jacobite Rebellion - Explore Penrith". www.explorepenrith.org.uk. Retrieved 2018-07-17.
Jump up ^ "BBC - History - Scottish History". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2018-07-17.
Jump up ^ "'The Last Invasion of England' : Napoleon's audacious plan". The Conveyor. 2016-06-22. Retrieved 2018-07-17.
Jump up ^ Aslet, Clive (13 January 2007). "Homes fit for heroes at scene of last battle in Britain". The Telegraph. Retrieved 17 July 2018.
Jump up ^ "Sir William Courtenay". www.faversham.org. Retrieved 2018-07-17.
Jump up ^ "Kent battle between German bomber crew and British soldiers marked after 70 years". 2010-08-20. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 2018-07-17.
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