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2005 World Series
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2005 World Series
Team (Wins)
Manager(s) Season
Chicago White Sox (4)
Ozzie Guillén 99–63, .611, GA: 6
Houston Astros (0)
Phil Garner 89–73, .549, GB: 11
Dates
October 22–26
MVP
Jermaine Dye (Chicago)
Umpires
Joe West (crew chief), Jeff Nelson, Jerry Layne, Derryl Cousins, Gary Cederstrom, Ángel Hernández
Hall of Famers
White Sox: Tim Raines (1B Coach), Frank Thomas (DNP)
Astros: Jeff Bagwell, Craig Biggio
ALCS
Chicago White Sox defeated Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim, 4–1
NLCS
Houston Astros defeated St. Louis Cardinals, 4–2
Broadcast
Television
Fox
TV announcers
Joe Buck and Tim McCarver
Radio
ESPN
WMVP (White Sox)
KTRH (Astros)
Radio announcers
Jon Miller and Joe Morgan (ESPN)
John Rooney and Ed Farmer (White Sox)
Milo Hamilton and Alan Ashby (Astros)
← 2004 World Series 2006 →
The 2005 World Series was the 101st edition of Major League Baseball's championship series, a best-of-seven playoff between the American League (AL) champions Chicago White Sox and the National League (NL) champions Houston Astros.[1] The White Sox swept the Astros four games to none in the series, played between October 22 to 26, winning their third World Series championship and their first in 88 seasons. Although the series was a sweep, all four games were quite close, being decided by two runs or fewer.
Home-field advantage was awarded to Chicago by virtue of the American League's 7–5 victory over the National League in the Major League Baseball All-Star Game. The Astros were attempting to become the fourth consecutive wild card team to win the Series, following the Anaheim Angels (2002), Florida Marlins (2003) and Boston Red Sox (2004). Both teams were attempting to overcome decades of disappointment, with a combined 132 years between the two teams without a title. The Astros were making their first Series appearance in 44 years of play, while the White Sox had waited exactly twice as long for a title, having last won the Series in 1917, and had not been in the Series since 1959, three years before the Astros' inaugural season.
Like the 1982 World Series between the St. Louis Cardinals and the Milwaukee Brewers, the 2005 World Series is one of only two World Series in the modern era (1903–present) with no possibility for a rematch between the two opponents, because the Astros moved to the American League in 2013. However, the Brewers did meet the Cardinals in the 2011 National League Championship Series.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
1.1 Chicago White Sox
1.2 Houston Astros
2 Matchups
2.1 Game 1
2.2 Game 2
2.3 Game 3
2.4 Game 4
3 Series statistics
4 Media
5 Ratings
6 Aftermath
7 Notes
8 External links
Background[edit]
Chicago White Sox[edit]
Main article: 2005 Chicago White Sox season
The Chicago White Sox finished the regular season with the best record in the American League at 99–63. After starting the season on a tear, the White Sox began to fade in August, when a 15 1⁄2 game lead fell all the way to 1 1⁄2. However, the Sox were able to hold off the Cleveland Indians to win the American League Central Division by six games, sweeping Cleveland in three games on the season's final weekend. In the Division Series, the White Sox swept the defending champion Boston Red Sox. The League Championship Series began with the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim winning Game 1, but a controversial uncaught third strike in Game 2 helped the Sox start a run and win Games 2–5, all on complete games pitched by starters Mark Buehrle, Jon Garland, Freddy García, and José Contreras, clinching their first American League pennant in 46 years.
Frank Thomas throws out the ceremonial first pitch of the 2005 ALDS between the White Sox and Red Sox.
Manager Ozzie Guillén then led the White Sox to a World Series victory, their first in 88 years. Slugger Frank Thomas was not on the post-season roster because he was injured, but the team honored his perennial contributions to the franchise during Game 1 of the Division Series against the Boston Red Sox when he was chosen to throw out the ceremonial first pitch. "What a feeling," Thomas said. "Standing O all around the place. People really cheering me. I had tears in my eyes. To really know the fans cared that much about me – it was a great feeling. One of my proudest moments in the game."[2]
Houston Astros[edit]
Main article: 2005 Houston Astros season
The Houston Astros won the Wild Card for the second straight year, once again clinching it on the final day of the season. The Astros embarked on a memorable Division Series rematch against the Atlanta Braves. With the Astros in the lead two games to one, the teams played an eighteen-inning marathon in Game 4, which was the longest (in both time and innings played) postseason game in history. In this game, Roger Clemens made only the second relief appearance of his career, and the first in postseason play. Chris Burke's walk-off home run ended the game in the bottom of the eighteenth. For the second straight year, the Astros played the St. Louis Cardinals in the League Championship Series. Like the White Sox, the Astros dropped Game 1, but were able to regroup and win Games 2–4. With the Astros on the verge of clinching their first ever National League pennant in Game 5, Albert Pujols hit a mammoth three-run home run off Brad Lidge in the top of the ninth inning to take the lead, and subsequently stave off elimination. However, behind NLCS MVP Roy Oswalt, the Astros were able to defeat the Cards 5–1 in Game 6 and earned a trip to the World Series. This was the Astros' first World Series appearance in franchise history.
Matchups[edit]
Game 1[edit]
Saturday, October 22, 2005 7:05 pm (CDT) at U.S. Cellular Field in Chicago, Illinois
Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
R
H
E
Houston 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 7 1
Chicago 1 2 0 1 0 0 0 1 X 5 10 0
WP: José Contreras (1–0) LP: Wandy Rodríguez (0–1) Sv: Bobby Jenks (1)
Home runs:
HOU: Mike Lamb (1)
CWS: Jermaine Dye (1), Joe Crede (1)
The teams on the field before Game 1.
Playing in their first World Series home game since 1959, the White Sox took an early lead with a home run from Jermaine Dye in the first inning. After Mike Lamb's home run tied the game in the second, the Sox scored two more in the second when Juan Uribe doubled in A. J. Pierzynski after Carl Everett had already scored on a ground-out earlier in the inning. The Astros responded in the next inning when Lance Berkman hit a double, driving in Adam Everett and Craig Biggio. In the White Sox half of the fourth, Joe Crede hit what turned out to be the game-winning home run. In the bottom of the eighth, Scott Podsednik hit a triple with Pierzynski on second off of Russ Springer for an insurance run. Roger Clemens recorded his shortest World Series start, leaving after the second inning with 53 pitches, including 35 for strikes, due to a sore hamstring that he had previously injured (which had caused him to also miss his last regular season start) as the loss went to Wandy Rodríguez. José Contreras pitched seven innings, allowing three runs on six hits for the win. Before exiting, Contreras allowed a leadoff double by Willie Taveras with no outs. Neal Cotts entered the game in the top of the eighth inning. It marked the first time in five games that the White Sox had gone to their bullpen. Cotts pitched  2⁄3 innings before Bobby Jenks was called upon by manager Ozzie Guillén to relieve him. Guillen signaled for the large pitcher by holding his arms out wide and then up high. In the postgame conference, the Sox manager joked that he wanted to be clear he was asking for "The Big Boy." Jenks returned in the ninth to earn the save, giving the White Sox a 1–0 lead in the series.
Game 2[edit]
Sunday, October 23, 2005 7:16 pm (CDT) at U.S. Cellular Field in Chicago, Illinois
Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
R
H
E
Houston 0 1 1 0 2 0 0 0 2 6 9 0
Chicago 0 2 0 0 0 0 4 0 1 7 12 0
WP: Neal Cotts (1–0) LP: Brad Lidge (0–1)
Home runs:
HOU: Morgan Ensberg (1)
CWS: Paul Konerko (1), Scott Podsednik (1)
On a miserably cold (51 °F (11 °C)) and rainy evening, Morgan Ensberg's first-pitch home run off starter Mark Buehrle put the Astros on top in the second inning. The White Sox answered in the bottom of the second with two runs off Andy Pettitte on Joe Crede's RBI single with two on and Juan Uribe's sacrifice fly. Houston's Lance Berkman tied the game on a sacrifice fly in the third after a one-out triple, then hit a two-run double in the fifth to give the Astros a 4–2 lead. In the seventh, Dan Wheeler loaded the bases with a double by Juan Uribe, a walk to Tadahito Iguchi, and plate umpire Jeff Nelson's ruling that Jermaine Dye was hit by a pitched ball. The Astros brought in Chad Qualls, who promptly served up a grand slam to Paul Konerko on his first pitch, the 18th grand slam in the annals of the Fall Classic. In the top of the ninth, Sox closer Bobby Jenks blew the save on a game-tying pinch-hit single by José Vizcaíno. In the bottom of the ninth, Astros closer Brad Lidge gave up a one-out, walk-off home run—the 14th in Series history—to Scott Podsednik, giving Lidge his second loss in as many post-season appearances (his previous appearance was in Game 5 of 2005 National League Championship Series). Podsednik had not hit a single homer in the regular season, but this was his second of the post-season. This was the second time in World Series history where a grand slam and a walk-off home run were hit in the same game. The Oakland A's Jose Canseco (grand slam) and the Los Angeles Dodgers' Kirk Gibson (walk-off) in Game 1 of the 1988 World Series were the first to do it. Never before had a World Series grand slam and a World Series walk-off home run been hit by the same team in the same game.
Game 3[edit]
Tuesday, October 25, 2005 7:39 pm (CDT) at Minute Maid Park in Houston, Texas
Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
R
H
E
Chicago 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 7 14 3
Houston 1 0 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 8 1
WP: Dámaso Marte (1–0) LP: Ezequiel Astacio (0–1) Sv: Mark Buehrle (1)
Home runs:
CWS: Joe Crede (2), Geoff Blum (1)
HOU: Jason Lane (1)
Game 3 was the first World Series game played in the state of Texas. Before the game, it was ruled by Commissioner Bud Selig that the retractable roof would be open at Minute Maid Park, weather permitting. The Astros objected, citing that their record in games with the roof closed was better than with the retractable roof open. Selig's office claimed that the ruling was based on the rules established by Houston and were consistent with how the Astros organization treated the situation all year long, as well as the weather forecasts for that period of time.
The game would become the longest World Series game in length of time (5 hours and 41 minutes) and tied for the longest in number of innings (14, tied with Game 2 of the 1916 World Series and Game 1 of the 2015 World Series). Houston struck early on a Lance Berkman single after a Craig Biggio lead-off double in the bottom of the first off Chicago starter Jon Garland. A White Sox rally was snuffed in the second inning; after Paul Konerko hit a leadoff double and A. J. Pierzynski walked, Aaron Rowand lined out into a double play. Houston scored in the third; Adam Everett walked, was caught in a rundown and got hit by the ball on a Juan Uribe throwing error, then scored on a Roy Oswalt sacrifice bunt and a Biggio single. Two batters later, Morgan Ensberg singled Biggio home. Jason Lane led off the Astros' fourth with a home run to left-center field. It was later shown in replays that the ball should not have been ruled a home run, hitting to the left of the yellow line on the unusual wall in left-center field.
The White Sox rallied in the top of the fifth, true to their "Win Or Die Trying" mantra of 2005, starting with a Joe Crede lead-off homer. Uribe, on first after hitting a single, scored on a Tadahito Iguchi base hit with one out, followed by Scott Podsednik coming home on a single by Jermaine Dye. Pierzynski hit a two-out double to Tal's Hill, driving in two runs, scoring Iguchi and Dye giving the Sox the lead. The Astros rallied in the last of the eighth with two outs when Lane's double scored Ensberg with the tying run after back-to-back walks by Ensberg and Mike Lamb, giving Dustin Hermanson a blown save. Houston tried to rally to win in the ninth, but stranded Chris Burke at third, after he had walked, reached second on an error and stolen third.
The Astros tried again in the 10th as well as in the 11th, but failed each time. In the top of the 14th, after the Sox hit into a spectacular double play started by Ensberg, Geoff Blum (a former Astro and the Astros' television color analyst as of 2015), who had entered the game in the 13th, homered to right with two outs off Ezequiel Astacio. Infield singles by Rowand and Crede were followed by walks to Uribe and Chris Widger. Trailing 7-5, Houston tried to rally with the tying runs on first and third and two outs after a Uribe error. Game 2 starter Mark Buehrle earned the save for winning pitcher Dámaso Marte when Everett popped out, bringing Chicago one game closer to its first championship in 88 years. Buehrle became the first pitcher to start a game in the Series and save the next one since Bob Turley of the Yankees in the 1958 World Series.
Many records were set or tied besides time and innings: The teams combined to use 17 pitchers (nine for the White Sox, eight for the Astros), throwing a total of 482 pitches, and walking 21 batters (a dozen by Chicago, nine by Houston); 43 players were used (the White Sox used 22 and the Astros used 21), and 30 men were left on base (15 for each team), all new high-water marks in Fall Classic history. Scott Podsednik set a new all-time record with eight official at-bats in this game. One tied record was total double plays, with six (four by the Astros, two by the White Sox).
Game 4[edit]
Wednesday, October 26, 2005 7:41 pm (CDT) at Minute Maid Park in Houston, Texas
Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
R
H
E
Chicago 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 8 0
Houston 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0
WP: Freddy García (1–0) LP: Brad Lidge (0–2) Sv: Bobby Jenks (2)
Before the game, Major League Baseball unveiled its Latino Legends Team.
The fourth game was the pitchers' duel that had been promised throughout the series. Both Houston starter Brandon Backe and Chicago starter Freddy García put zeros on the scoreboard through seven innings, the longest Series scoreless stretch since Game 7 of the 1991 World Series. Scott Podsednik had a two-out triple in the top of the third, but a Tadahito Iguchi groundout ended that threat. The Astros wasted a chance in the sixth, Jason Lane striking out with the bases loaded. The White Sox in the top of the seventh put runners at second and third, but shortstop Juan Uribe struck out to end the inning. Chicago broke through in the next inning against embattled Houston closer Brad Lidge. Willie Harris hit a pinch-hit single. Podsednik advanced him with a sacrifice bunt. Carl Everett pinch-hit for Iguchi and grounded out to the right side to allow Harris to move to third. Jermaine Dye, the Most Valuable Player of the series, had the game-winning single, driving in Harris.
Things got a little sticky for the Sox in the Astros half of the eighth when reliever Cliff Politte hit Willy Taveras, threw a wild pitch, sending Taveras to second, and walked Lance Berkman. After Morgan Ensberg flew out to center, the White Sox manager Ozzie Guillén brought in Neal Cotts to finish the inning. Cotts induced pinch-hitter José Vizcaíno into a ground out to Uribe. Bobby Jenks, the 24-year-old fireballer, started the ninth inning. He allowed a single to Jason Lane and a sacrifice bunt to Brad Ausmus. Chris Burke came in to pinch-hit; he fouled one off to the left side, but Uribe made an amazing catch in the stands to retire Burke.[3]
The game ended when Orlando Palmeiro grounded to Uribe. It was a bang-bang play as Paul Konerko caught the ball from Uribe at 11:01 pm CDT to begin the biggest celebration in Chicago since the sixth NBA championship by the Bulls, co-owned with the White Sox, in 1998. As a result, Jerry Reinsdorf, owner of both teams, had won seven championships overall.
This game would be the last playoff game for the Astros as a member of the NL, as they would move to the AL in 2013, and not appear in a playoff game until the 2015 American League Wild Card Game.
The last two Series games technically ended on the same day, Game 3 having concluded after midnight, Houston time.
The 1–0 shutout was the first game with a total of one run scored to end a World Series since the 1995 World Series, in which Game 6 was won by the Atlanta Braves over the Cleveland Indians, and the first 1–0 game in any Series game since Game 5 of the 1996 World Series when the New York Yankees shut-out the Braves in the last game ever played at Atlanta–Fulton County Stadium.
The 2005 White Sox joined the 1995 Atlanta Braves and 1999 New York Yankees as the only teams to win a World Series after losing no more than one game combined in the Division Series and Championship Series.
This was the second consecutive World Series to be won by a team that has the word "Sox" in its nickname, after the Boston Red Sox won the 2004 World Series against the St. Louis Cardinals. This also happened in 1917 and 1918. Furthermore, it was the second year in a row in which the Series champions broke a long-lived "curse." In one of those ways that patterns appear to emerge in sporting events, the White Sox World Series win in 2005, along with the Boston Red Sox win in 2004, symmetrically bookended the two teams' previous World Series winners and the long gaps between, with the Red Sox and White Sox last Series wins having come in 1918 and 1917, respectively.[4]
Series statistics[edit]
Victorious White Sox players being honored at the White House by President George W. Bush.
Chicago skyline during the World Series supporting the White Sox
AL Chicago White Sox (4) vs. NL Houston Astros (0)
Game
Date
Score
Location
Time
Attendance
1 October 22 Houston Astros – 3, Chicago White Sox – 5 U.S. Cellular Field 3:13 41,206[5]
2 October 23 Houston Astros – 6, Chicago White Sox – 7 U.S. Cellular Field 3:11 41,432[6]
3 October 25 Chicago White Sox – 7, Houston Astros – 5 (14 innings) Minute Maid Park 5:41 42,848[7]
4 October 26 Chicago White Sox – 1, Houston Astros – 0 Minute Maid Park 3:20 42,936[8]
2005 World Series (4–0): Chicago White Sox (A.L.) over Houston Astros (N.L.)
Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
R
H
E
Chicago White Sox 1 4 0 1 5 0 4 2 1 0 0 0 0 2 20 44 3
Houston Astros 1 2 5 1 2 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 14 29 2
Total attendance: 168,422 Average attendance: 42,106
Winning player's share: $324,533 Losing player's share: $191,985[9]
U.S. Cellular Field
Media[edit]
As per their contract, Fox Sports carried the World Series on United States television. Joe Buck provided play-by-play for his eighth World Series while analyst Tim McCarver worked his sixteenth.
ESPN Radio was the nationwide radio broadcaster, as it had been since 1998. Jon Miller and Joe Morgan provided the play-by-play and analysis.
Locally, KTRH-AM and WMVP were the primary carriers for the World Series in the Houston and Chicago markets. For KTRH long time Astros voice Milo Hamilton provided play-by-play while John Rooney called the games for the White Sox. Game 4 was Rooney's last call after seventeen years as the radio voice of the White Sox, as he left to take the same position with the St. Louis Cardinals. The Cardinals proceeded to win the 2006 World Series, making Rooney the first home announcer to call back-to-back World Series wins for two different teams. That the teams were in two different leagues makes the feat even more unusual.
Ratings[edit]
The ratings for the 2005 World Series were considered weak.
With an overall average of 11.1, 2005 set a record for the lowest rated World Series of all-time. The prior lowest was 11.9, set by the 2002 World Series between the San Francisco Giants and the Anaheim Angels (importantly, this series went 7 games, and the 2005 Series went 4).
Following the 2005 World Series, however, every subsequent Series through 2013 except for 2009 produced lower ratings. The record-low 2012 World Series, another four-game sweep, averaged 7.6 (3.5 points lower than 2005's rating) and 12.7 million viewers (4.4 million fewer viewers than 2005).[10]
Game
Ratings
(households)
Share
(households)
American audience
(in millions)
1
9.5 17 15.0
2
11.1 17 17.19
3
11.0 21 16.65
4
13.0 21 19.98
Aftermath[edit]
Neither team advanced to the post-season in 2006, but the 2006 World Series again featured teams from the American League Central and National League Central divisions, this time represented by the Detroit Tigers and the St. Louis Cardinals, respectively. The Cardinals won the World Series in five games, in which manager Tony La Russa became the second manager to win the World Series in both American and National leagues, previously managing the Oakland Athletics to the 1989 World Series championship. Both the White Sox and the Astros were in the Wild Card race until the final weeks of the season, with the White Sox finishing with 90 wins, the Astros with 82 wins. The White Sox made their first post-2005 playoff appearance in 2008, while the Astros would not return to the postseason until 2015, their third season as an American League team and would not return to the World Series until 2017, their fifth season as an American League team.
October 28, 2005 Parade
This was the city of Chicago's first professional sports championship since the Chicago Fire won MLS Cup '98 (which came four months after the Chicago Bulls' sixth NBA championship that year). The next major Chicago sports championship came in 2010, when the NHL's Chicago Blackhawks ended a 49-year Stanley Cup title drought. With the Chicago Bears' win in Super Bowl XX and the Chicago Cubs' own World Series championship in 2016, all Chicago sports teams have won at least one major championship since 1985. Meanwhile, the Astros themselves made it back to the World Series in 2017, but this time as an AL team, where they defeated the Los Angeles Dodgers in seven games, resulting in Houston's first professional sports championship since the 2006–07 Houston Dynamo won their back-to-back MLS Championships.
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "2005 World Series". Baseball-Reference. Retrieved January 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ "ESPN – Big Hurt is far from forgotten – MLB". Sports.espn.go.com. 2005-10-19. Retrieved 2010-08-29.
Jump up ^ Singer, Tom (October 27, 2005). "No fear: Uribe goes head over heels". MLB. Retrieved September 30, 2009.
Jump up ^ "White Sox end 88-year drought, sweep Astros to win World Series". ESPN. 26 October 2005. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "2005 World Series Game 1 – Houston Astros vs. Chicago White Sox". Retrosheet. Retrieved September 13, 2009.
Jump up ^ "2005 World Series Game 2 – Houston Astros vs. Chicago White Sox". Retrosheet. Retrieved September 13, 2009.
Jump up ^ "2005 World Series Game 3 – Chicago White Sox vs. Houston Astros". Retrosheet. Retrieved September 13, 2009.
Jump up ^ "2005 World Series Game 4 – Chicago White Sox vs. Houston Astros". Retrosheet. Retrieved September 13, 2009.
Jump up ^ "World Series Gate Receipts and Player Shares". Baseball Almanac. Archived from the original on May 2, 2009. Retrieved June 14, 2009.
Jump up ^ World Series television ratings
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2005 World Series.
Wikinews has related news: Chicago White Sox win 2005 World Series baseball championship
2005 World Series at WorldSeries.com (MLB.com)
2005 World Series at Baseball Almanac
2005 World Series at Baseball-Reference.com
The 2005 Post-Season Games (box scores and play-by-play) at Retrosheet
History of the World Series - 2005 at The SportingNews. Archived from the original on 2008.
2005 Postseason Schedule at MLB.com
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Speeds and feeds
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A line drawing showing some basic concepts of speeds and feeds in the context of lathe work. The angular velocity of the workpiece (rev/min) is called the "spindle speed" by machinists. Its tangential linear equivalent at the workpiece surface (m/min or sfm) is called the "cutting speed", "surface speed", or simply the "speed" by machinists. The "feeds" may be for the X-axis or the Z-axis (typically mm/rev or inch/rev for lathe work; sometimes measured as mm/min or inch/min). Notice that as the tool plunges closer to the workpiece's center, the same spindle speed will yield a decreasing surface (cutting) speed (because each rev represents a smaller circumferential distance, but takes the same amount of time). Most CNC lathes have CSS to counteract that natural decrease, which speeds up the spindle as the tool plunges in.
Milling cutter paused after taking a cut. Arrows show the vectors of various velocities collectively known as speeds and feeds. The circular arrow represents the angular velocity of the spindle (rev/min), called the "spindle speed" by machinists. The tangential arrow represents the tangential linear velocity (m/min or sfm) at the outer diameter of the cutter, called the "cutting speed", "surface speed", or simply the "speed" by machinists. The arrow colinear with the slot that has been milled represents the linear velocity at which the cutter is advanced laterally (usually mm/min or inch/min for milling; may also be measured as mm/rev or inch/rev). This velocity is called the "feed" by machinists.
The phrase speeds and feeds or feeds and speeds refers to two separate velocities in machine tool practice, cutting speed and feed rate. They are often considered as a pair because of their combined effect on the cutting process. Each, however, can also be considered and analyzed in its own right.
Cutting speed (also called surface speed or simply speed) is the speed difference (relative velocity) between the cutting tool and the surface of the workpiece it is operating on. It is expressed in units of distance along the workpiece surface per unit of time, typically surface feet per minute (sfm) or meters per minute (m/min).[1] Feed rate (also often styled as a solid compound, feedrate, or called simply feed) is the relative velocity at which the cutter is advanced along the workpiece; its vector is perpendicular to the vector of cutting speed. Feed rate units depend on the motion of the tool and workpiece; when the workpiece rotates (e.g., in turning and boring), the units are almost always distance per spindle revolution (inches per revolution [in/rev or ipr] or millimeters per revolution [mm/rev]).[2] When the workpiece does not rotate (e.g., in milling), the units are typically distance per time (inches per minute [in/min or ipm] or millimeters per minute [mm/min]), although distance per revolution or per cutter tooth are also sometimes used.[2]
If variables such as cutter geometry and the rigidity of the machine tool and its tooling setup could be ideally maximized (and reduced to negligible constants), then only a lack of power (that is, kilowatts or horsepower) available to the spindle would prevent the use of the maximum possible speeds and feeds for any given workpiece material and cutter material. Of course, in reality those other variables are dynamic and not negligible; but there is still a correlation between power available and feeds and speeds employed. In practice, lack of rigidity is usually the limiting constraint.
The phrases "speeds and feeds" or "feeds and speeds" have sometimes been used metaphorically to refer to the execution details of a plan, which only skilled technicians (as opposed to designers or managers) would know.
Contents
[hide]
1 Cutting speed
1.1 Machinability rating
2 Spindle speed
2.1 Spindle speed calculations
2.1.1 Approximation
2.1.2 Accuracy
3 Feed rate
3.1 Formula to determine feed rate
4 Depth of cut
5 Interrelationship of theory and practice
6 Academic research examples
7 References
8 Bibliography
8.1 Further reading
9 External links
Cutting speed[edit]
Cutting speed may be defined as the rate at the workpiece surface, irrespective of the machining operation used. A cutting speed for mild steel of 100 ft/min is the same whether it is the speed of the cutter passing over the workpiece, such as in a turning operation, or the speed of the cutter moving past a workpiece, such as in a milling operation. The cutting conditions will affect the value of this surface speed for mild steel.
Schematically, speed at the workpiece surface can be thought of as the tangential speed at the tool-cutter interface, that is, how fast the material moves past the cutting edge of the tool, although "which surface to focus on" is a topic with several valid answers. In drilling and milling, the outside diameter of the tool is the widely agreed surface. In turning and boring, the surface can be defined on either side of the depth of cut, that is, either the starting surface or the ending surface, with neither definition being "wrong" as long as the people involved understand the difference. An experienced machinist summed this up succinctly as "the diameter I am turning from" versus "the diameter I am turning to."[3] He uses the "from", not the "to", and explains why, while acknowledging that some others do not. The logic of focusing on the largest diameter involved (OD of drill or end mill, starting diameter of turned workpiece) is that this is where the highest tangential speed is, with the most heat generation, which is the main driver of tool wear.[3]
There will be an optimum cutting speed for each material and set of machining conditions, and the spindle speed (RPM) can be calculated from this speed. Factors affecting the calculation of cutting speed are:
The material being machined (steel, brass, tool steel, plastic, wood) (see table below)
The material the cutter is made from (Carbon steel, high speed steel (HSS), carbide, ceramics)
The economical life of the cutter (the cost to regrind or purchase new, compared to the quantity of parts produced)
Cutting speeds are calculated on the assumption that optimum cutting conditions exist. These include:
Metal removal rate (finishing cuts that remove a small amount of material may be run at increased speeds)
Full and constant flow of cutting fluid (adequate cooling and chip flushing)
Rigidity of the machine and tooling setup (reduction in vibration or chatter)
Continuity of cut (as compared to an interrupted cut, such as machining square section material in a lathe)
Condition of material (mill scale, hard spots due to white cast iron forming in castings)
The cutting speed is given as a set of constants that are available from the material manufacturer or supplier. The most common materials are available in reference books or charts, but will always be subject to adjustment depending on the cutting conditions. The following table gives the cutting speeds for a selection of common materials under one set of conditions. The conditions are a tool life of 1 hour, dry cutting (no coolant), and at medium feeds, so they may appear to be incorrect depending on circumstances. These cutting speeds may change if, for instance, adequate coolant is available or an improved grade of HSS is used (such as one that includes cobalt).
Cutting speeds for various materials using a plain high speed steel cutter
Material type
Meters per min (MPM)
Surface feet per min (SFM)
Steel (tough) 15–18 50–60
Mild Steel 30–38 100–125
Mild Steel (with coolant) 60-76 200-250
Cast Iron (medium) 18–24 60–80
Alloy Steels (1320–9262) 20–37 65–120[4]
Carbon Steels (C1008–C1095) 21–40 70–130[5]
Free Cutting Steels (B1111–B1113 & C1108–C1213) 35–69 115–225[5]
Stainless Steels (300 & 400 series) 23–40 75–130[6]
Bronzes 24–45 80–150
Leaded Steel (Leadloy 12L14) 91 300[7]
Aluminium 75–105 250–350
Aluminum (with coolant) 150-210 500-700
Brass 90–210 300–700[8]
Machinable Wax 200
Acetal Copolymer (Delrin) 350
Polyethylene 400
Acrylic (with coolant) 500
Wood 600-1000
Machinability rating[edit]
Main article: Machinability
The machinability rating of a material attempts to quantify the machinability of various materials. It is expressed as a percentage or a normalized value. The American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) determined machinability ratings for a wide variety of materials by running turning tests at 180 surface feet per minute (sfpm). It then arbitrarily assigned 160 Brinell B1112 steel a machinability rating of 100%. The machinability rating is determined by measuring the weighed averages of the normal cutting speed, surface finish, and tool life for each material. Note that a material with a machinability rating less than 100% would be more difficult to machine than B1112 and material and a value more than 100% would be easier.
Machinability ratings can be used in conjunction with the Taylor tool life equation, VTn = C in order to determine cutting speeds or tool life. It is known that B1112 has a tool life of 60 minutes at a cutting speed of 100 sfpm. If a material has a machinability rating of 70%, it can be determined, with the above knowns, that in order to maintain the same tool life (60 minutes), the cutting speed must be 70 sfpm (assuming the same tooling is used).
When calculating for copper alloys, the machine rating is arrived at by assuming the 100 rating of 600 SFM. For example, phosphorus bronze (grades A–D) has a machinability rating of 20. This means that phosphor bronze runs at 20% the speed of 600 SFM or 120 SFM. However, 165 SFM is generally accepted as the basic 100% rating for "grading steels".[9]
Spindle speed[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The spindle speed is the rotational frequency of the spindle of the machine, measured in revolutions per minute (RPM). The preferred speed is determined by working backward from the desired surface speed (sfm or m/min) and incorporating the diameter (of workpiece or cutter).
The spindle may hold the:
Material (as in a screw machine)
Drill bit in a drill
Milling cutter in a milling machine
Router bit in a wood router
Shaper cutter or knife in a wood shaper or spindle moulder
Grinding wheel on a grinding machine.
Or it may hold the chuck, which then holds the workpiece in a lathe. In these cases the tool is often a stationary tool bit, although there are plenty of exceptions, such as in thread milling.
Excessive spindle speed will cause premature tool wear, breakages, and can cause tool chatter, all of which can lead to potentially dangerous conditions. Using the correct spindle speed for the material and tools will greatly enhance tool life and the quality of the surface finish.
For a given machining operation, the cutting speed will remain constant for most situations; therefore the spindle speed will also remain constant. However, facing, forming, parting off, and recess operations on a lathe or screw machine involve the machining of a constantly changing diameter. Ideally this means changing the spindle speed as the cut advances across the face of the workpiece, producing constant surface speed (CSS). Mechanical arrangements to effect CSS have existed for centuries, but they were never applied commonly to machine tool control. In the pre-CNC era, the ideal of CSS was ignored for most work. For unusual work that demanded it, special pains were taken to achieve it. The introduction of CNC-controlled lathes has provided a practical, everyday solution via automated CSS. By means of the machine's software and variable speed electric motors, the lathe can increase the RPM of the spindle as the cutter gets closer to the center of the part.
Grinding wheels are designed to be run at a maximum safe speed, the spindle speed of the grinding machine may be variable but this should only be changed with due attention to the safe working speed of the wheel. As a wheel wears it will decrease in diameter, and its effective cutting speed will be reduced. Some grinders have the provision to increase the spindle speed, which corrects for this loss of cutting ability; however, increasing the speed beyond the wheels rating will destroy the wheel and create a serious hazard to life and limb.
Generally speaking, spindle speeds and feed rates are less critical in woodworking than metalworking. Most woodworking machines including power saws such as circular saws and band saws, jointers, Thickness planers rotate at a fixed RPM. In those machines, cutting speed is regulated through the feed rate. The required feed rate can be extremely variable depending on the power of the motor, the hardness of the wood or other material being machined, and the sharpness of the cutting tool.
In woodworking, the ideal feed rate is one that is slow enough not to bog down the motor, yet fast enough to avoid burning the material. Certain woods, such as black cherry and maple are more prone to burning than others. The right feed rate is usually obtained by "feel" if the material is hand fed, or by trial and error if a power feeder is used. In thicknessers (planers), the wood is usually fed automatically through rubber or corrugated steel rollers. Some of these machines allow varying the feed rate, usually by changing pulleys. A slower feed rate usually results in a finer surface as more cuts are made for any length of wood.
Spindle speed becomes important in the operation of routers, spindle moulders or shapers, and drills. Older and smaller routers often rotate at a fixed spindle speed, usually between 20,000 and 25,000 rpm. While these speeds are fine for small router bits, using larger bits, say more than 1-inch (25 mm) or 25 millimeters in diameter, can be dangerous and can lead to chatter. Larger routers now have variable speeds and larger bits require slower speed. Drilling wood generally uses higher spindle speeds than metal, and the speed is not as critical. However, larger diameter drill bits do require slower speeds to avoid burning.
Cutting feeds and speeds, and the spindle speeds that are derived from them, are the ideal cutting conditions for a tool. If the conditions are less than ideal then adjustments are made to the spindle's speed, this adjustment is usually a reduction in RPM to the closest available speed, or one that is deemed (through knowledge and experience) to be correct.
Some materials, such as machinable wax, can be cut at a wide variety of spindle speeds, while others, such as stainless steel require much more careful control as the cutting speed is critical, to avoid overheating both the cutter and workpiece. Stainless steel is one material that work hardens very easily, therefore insufficient feed rate or incorrect spindle speed can lead to less than ideal cutting conditions as the work piece will quickly harden and resist the tool's cutting action. The liberal application of cutting fluid can improve these cutting conditions; however, the correct selection of speeds is the critical factor.
Spindle speed calculations[edit]
Most metalworking books have nomograms or tables of spindle speeds and feed rates for different cutters and workpiece materials; similar tables are also likely available from the manufacturer of the cutter used.
The spindle speeds may be calculated for all machining operations once the SFM or MPM is known. In most cases we are dealing with a cylindrical object such as a milling cutter or a workpiece turning in a lathe so we need to determine the speed at the periphery of this round object. This speed at the periphery (of a point on the circumference, moving past a stationary point) will depend on the rotational speed (RPM) and diameter of the object.
One analogy would be a skateboard rider and a bicycle rider travelling side by side along the road. For a given surface speed (the speed of this pair along the road) the rotational speed (RPM) of their wheels (large for the skater and small for the bicycle rider) will be different. This rotational speed (RPM) is what we are calculating, given a fixed surface speed (speed along the road) and known values for their wheel sizes (cutter or workpiece).
The following formulae[10] may be used to estimate this value.
Approximation[edit]
The exact RPM is not always needed, a close approximation will work (using 3 for the value of π {\displaystyle {\pi }} ).
R P M = C u t t i n g S p e e d × 12 π × D i a m e t e r {\displaystyle RPM={CuttingSpeed\times 12 \over \pi \times Diameter}}
e.g. for a cutting speed of 100 ft/min (a plain HSS steel cutter on mild steel) and diameter of 10 inches (the cutter or the work piece)
R P M = C u t t i n g S p e e d × 12 π × D i a m e t e r = 12 × 100 f t / m i n 3 × 10 i n c h e s = 40 r e v s / m i n {\displaystyle RPM={CuttingSpeed\times 12 \over \pi \times Diameter}={12\times 100ft/min \over 3\times 10inches}={40revs/min}}
and, for an example using metric values, where the cutting speed is 30 m/min and a diameter of 10 mm,
R P M = S p e e d π × D i a m e t e r = 1000 × 30 m / m i n 3 × 10 m m = 1000 r e v s / m i n {\displaystyle RPM={Speed \over \pi \times Diameter}={1000\times 30m/min \over 3\times 10mm}={1000revs/min}}
Accuracy[edit]
However, for more accurate calculations, and at the expense of simplicity, this formula can be used:
R P M = S p e e d C i r c u m f e r e n c e = S p e e d π × D i a m e t e r {\displaystyle RPM={Speed \over Circumference}={Speed \over \pi \times Diameter}}
and using the same example
R P M = 100 f t / m i n π × 10 i n c h e s ( 1 f t 12 i n c h e s ) = 100 2.62 = 38.2 r e v s / m i n {\displaystyle RPM={100ft/min \over \pi \times 10\,inches\left({\frac {1ft}{12\,inches}}\right)}={100 \over 2.62}=38.2revs/min}
and using the same example as above
R P M = 30 m / m i n π × 10 m m ( 1 m 1000 m m ) = 1000 ∗ 30 π ∗ 10 = 955 r e v s / m i n {\displaystyle RPM={30m/min \over \pi \times 10\,mm\left({\frac {1m}{1000\,mm}}\right)}={1000*30 \over \pi *10}=955revs/min}
where:
RPM is the rotational speed of the cutter or workpiece.
Speed is the recommended cutting speed of the material in meters/minute or feet/min
Diameter in millimeters or inches.
Feed rate[edit]
Feed rate is the velocity at which the cutter is fed, that is, advanced against the workpiece. It is expressed in units of distance per revolution for turning and boring (typically inches per revolution [ipr] or millimeters per revolution). It can be expressed thus for milling also, but it is often expressed in units of distance per time for milling (typically inches per minute [ipm] or millimeters per minute), with considerations of how many teeth (or flutes) the cutter has then determining what that means for each tooth.
Feed rate is dependent on the:
Type of tool (a small drill or a large drill, high speed or carbide, a boxtool or recess, a thin form tool or wide form tool, a slide knurl or a turret straddle knurl).
Surface finish desired.
Power available at the spindle (to prevent stalling of the cutter or workpiece).
Rigidity of the machine and tooling setup (ability to withstand vibration or chatter).
Strength of the workpiece (high feed rates will collapse thin wall tubing)
Characteristics of the material being cut, chip flow depends on material type and feed rate. The ideal chip shape is small and breaks free early, carrying heat away from the tool and work.
Threads per inch (TPI) for taps, die heads and threading tools.
Cut Width. Any time the width of cut is less than half the diameter, a geometric phenomenon called Chip Thinning reduces the actual chipload. Feedrates need to be increased to offset the effects of chip thinning, both for productivity and to avoid rubbing which reduces tool life.
When deciding what feed rate to use for a certain cutting operation, the calculation is fairly straightforward for single-point cutting tools, because all of the cutting work is done at one point (done by "one tooth", as it were). With a milling machine or jointer, where multi-tipped/multi-fluted cutting tools are involved, then the desirable feed rate becomes dependent on the number of teeth on the cutter, as well as the desired amount of material per tooth to cut (expressed as chip load). The greater the number of cutting edges, the higher the feed rate permissible: for a cutting edge to work efficiently it must remove sufficient material to cut rather than rub; it also must do its fair share of work.
The ratio of the spindle speed and the feed rate controls how aggressive the cut is, and the nature of the swarf formed.
Formula to determine feed rate[edit]
This formula[11] can be used to figure out the feed rate that the cutter travels into or around the work. This would apply to cutters on a milling machine, drill press and a number of other machine tools. This is not to be used on the lathe for turning operations, as the feed rate on a lathe is given as feed per revolution.
F R = R P M × T × C L {\displaystyle FR={RPM\times T\times CL}}
Where:
FR = the calculated feed rate in inches per minute or mm per minute.
RPM = is the calculated speed for the cutter.
T = Number of teeth on the cutter.
CL = The chip load or feed per tooth. This is the size of chip that each tooth of the cutter takes.
Depth of cut[edit]
Cutting speed and feed rate come together with depth of cut to determine the material removal rate, which is the volume of workpiece material (metal, wood, plastic, etc.) that can be removed per time unit
Interrelationship of theory and practice[edit]
Speed-and-feed selection is analogous to other examples of applied science, such as meteorology or pharmacology, in that the theoretical modeling is necessary and useful but can never fully predict the reality of specific cases because of the massively multivariate environment. Just as weather forecasts or drug dosages can be modeled with fair accuracy, but never with complete certainty, machinists can predict with charts and formulas the approximate speed and feed values that will work best on a particular job, but cannot know the exact optimal values until running the job. In CNC machining, usually the programmer programs speeds and feedrates that are as maximally tuned as calculations and general guidelines can supply. The operator then fine-tunes the values while running the machine, based on sights, sounds, smells, temperatures, tolerance holding, and tool tip lifespan. Under proper management, the revised values are captured for future use, so that when a program is run again later, this work need not be duplicated.
As with meteorology and pharmacology, however, the interrelationship of theory and practice has been developing over decades as the theory part of the balance becomes more advanced thanks to information technology. For example, an effort called the Machine Tool Genome Project is working toward providing the computer modeling (simulation) needed to predict optimal speed-and-feed combinations for particular setups in any internet-connected shop with less local experimentation and testing.[12] Instead of the only option being the measuring and testing of the behavior of its own equipment, it will benefit from others' experience and simulation; in a sense, rather than 'reinventing a wheel', it will be able to 'make better use of existing wheels already developed by others in remote locations'.
Academic research examples[edit]
Speeds and feeds have been studied scientifically since at least the 1890s. The work is typically done in engineering laboratories, with the funding coming from three basic roots: corporations, governments (including their militaries), and universities. All three types of institution have invested large amounts of money in the cause, often in collaborative partnerships. Examples of such work are highlighted below.
In the 1890s through 1910s, Frederick Winslow Taylor performed turning experiments[13] that became famous (and seminal). He developed Taylor's Equation for Tool Life Expectancy.
Scientific study by Holz and De Leeuw of the Cincinnati Milling Machine Company[14] did for milling cutters what F. W. Taylor had done for single-point cutters.
"Following World War II, many new alloys were developed. New standards were needed to increase [U.S.] American productivity. Metcut Research Associates, with technical support from the Air Force Materials Laboratory and the Army Science and Technology Laboratory, published the first Machining Data Handbook in 1966. The recommended speeds and feeds provided in this book were the result of extensive testing to determine optimum tool life under controlled conditions for every material of the day, operation and hardness."[3]
Flórez-Orrego et al. 2010, studied the effect of the variation of cutting parameters in the surface integrity in turning of an AISI 304 stainless steel. They found that the feed rate has the greatest impairing effect on the quality of the surface, and that besides the achievement of the desired roughness profile, it is necessary to analyze the effect of speed and feed on the creation of micropits and microdefects on the machined surface. Moreover, they found that the conventional empirical relation that relates feed rate to roughness value does not fit adequately for low cutting speeds.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Smid 2008, pp. 74,85–90.
^ Jump up to: a b Smid 2008, pp. 74,91–92.
^ Jump up to: a b c Gosselin, Jim (2016), "Calculating surface footage and RPM for optimum tool life", Production Machining, 16 (5): 28–29.
Jump up ^ Brown & Sharpe, pp. 222, 223.
^ Jump up to: a b Brown & Sharpe, p. 222.
Jump up ^ Brown & Sharpe, p. 224.
Jump up ^ Brown & Sharpe 2, p. 5.
Jump up ^ Brown & Sharpe, p. 226.
Jump up ^ Brown & Sharpe 2, pp. 120, 224, 225.
Jump up ^ Culley 1988.
Jump up ^ Smid 2003, p. 90.
Jump up ^ Zelinski 2011.
Jump up ^ Taylor 1907.
Jump up ^ Woodbury 1972, pp. 79–81.
Bibliography[edit]
Brown & Sharpe. "Brown and Sharpe Speeds and Feeds Chart". Automatic Screw Machine Handbook. Providence, R.I.: Brown & Sharpe Manufacturing Co.
Brown & Sharpe 2. "Cam & Tool Design: Surface Cutting Speeds Chart". Automatic Screw Machine Handbook. Providence, R.I.: Brown & Sharpe Manufacturing Co.
Brown & Sharpe 3. "Machinebility of Materials, Composition and Machinability Chart". Automatic Screw Machine Handbook. Providence, R.I.: Brown & Sharpe Manufacturing Co.
Culley, Ron (1988). Fitting and machining. Melbourne, Victoria: RMIT Publications. ISBN 0-7241-3819-6.
Flórez-Orrego, Daniel Alexander; Varela-Jiménez, Luis Bernardo; Escobar-Atehortua, Julian David; López-Ochoa, Diana Maria (November 24–26, 2010). "Effect of the variation of cutting parameters in surface integrity in turning processing of an AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel". Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: TriboBR, First International Brazilian Conference on Tribology.
Smid, Peter (2003). "Feed Rate Equation". CNC Programming Handbook. Industiral Press, Inc.
Smid, Peter (2008), CNC Programming Handbook (3rd ed.), New York: Industrial Press, ISBN 9780831133474, LCCN 2007045901.
Taylor, Frederick Winslow (1907), On the art of cutting metals, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA: ASME.
Woodbury, Robert S. (1972), Studies in the history of machine tools, Cambridge, MA, USA: MIT Press, ISBN 9780262730334.
Zelinski, Peter (2010-12-15). "The Online Optimizer: Coming soon: The Machine Tool Genome Project promises to let almost any machine shop use its machining centers more productively. Shops will benefit from tap-test findings without personally tapping any of their own machines or tools". Modern Machine Shop. Cincinnati, Ohio, USA: Gardner Publications Inc. 83 (9): 70–73.
Further reading[edit]
Groover, Mikell P. (2007). "Theory of Metal Machining". Fundamentals of Modern Manufacturing (3rd ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 491–504. ISBN 0-471-74485-9.
External links[edit]
Basic Speeds and Feeds Calculator
Illustrated Speed and feed calculator
Cuttingspeed Software Calculator
CNC Online Feeds and Speeds Calculator
Chip Thinning Tutorial
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