text:
Apple
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the technology company, see Apple Inc. For other uses, see Apple (disambiguation), Apple Blossom (disambiguation), and Apple tree (disambiguation).
Apple
Fruit
Flowers
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Rosales
Family: Rosaceae
Genus: Malus
Species: M. pumila
Binomial name
Malus pumila
Miller, 1768
Synonyms[1][2]
Malus communis Desf.
Malus domestica Borkh. nom. illeg.
M. frutescens Medik.
M. paradisiaca (L.) Medikus
M. sylvestris Mil.
Pyrus malus L.
Pyrus malus var. paradisiaca L.
Pyrus dioica Moench
An apple is a sweet, edible fruit produced by an apple tree (Malus pumila). Apple trees are cultivated worldwide as a fruit tree, and is the most widely grown species in the genus Malus. The tree originated in Central Asia, where its wild ancestor, Malus sieversii, is still found today. Apples have been grown for thousands of years in Asia and Europe, and were brought to North America by European colonists. Apples have religious and mythological significance in many cultures, including Norse, Greek and European Christian traditions.
Apple trees are large if grown from seed. Generally apple cultivars are propagated by grafting onto rootstocks, which control the size of the resulting tree. There are more than 7,500 known cultivars of apples, resulting in a range of desired characteristics. Different cultivars are bred for various tastes and uses, including cooking, eating raw and cider production. Trees and fruit are prone to a number of fungal, bacterial and pest problems, which can be controlled by a number of organic and non-organic means. In 2010, the fruit's genome was sequenced as part of research on disease control and selective breeding in apple production.
Worldwide production of apples in 2014 was 84.6 million tonnes, with China accounting for 48% of the total.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Botanical information
1.1 Wild ancestors
1.2 Genome
2 History
3 Society and culture
3.1 Germanic paganism
3.2 Greek mythology
3.3 Christian art
4 Cultivars
5 Cultivation
5.1 Breeding
5.2 Pollination
5.3 Maturation and harvest
5.4 Storage
5.5 Pests and diseases
6 Production
7 Nutrition
8 Human consumption
8.1 Popular uses
8.2 Organic production
8.3 Phytochemicals
8.4 Other products
8.5 Health effects
8.6 Allergy
8.7 Toxicity of seeds
9 Proverbs
10 Gallery
11 See also
12 References
13 Further reading
14 External links
Botanical information
Blossoms, fruits, and leaves of the apple tree (Malus pumila)
An apple's side, stem end, and interior
The apple is a deciduous tree, generally standing 6 to 15 ft (1.8 to 4.6 m) tall in cultivation and up to 30 ft (9.1 m) in the wild. When cultivated, the size, shape and branch density are determined by rootstock selection and trimming method. The leaves are alternately arranged dark green-colored simple ovals with serrated margins and slightly downy undersides.[4]
Apple blossom
Blossoms are produced in spring simultaneously with the budding of the leaves, and are produced on spurs and some long shoots. The 3 to 4 cm (1.2 to 1.6 in) flowers are white with a pink tinge that gradually fades, five petaled, with an inflorescence consisting of a cyme with 4–6 flowers. The central flower of the inflorescence is called the "king bloom"; it opens first, and can develop a larger fruit.[4][5]
The fruit matures in late summer or autumn, and cultivars exist with a wide range of sizes. Commercial growers aim to produce an apple that is 2 3⁄4 to 3 1⁄4 in (7.0 to 8.3 cm) in diameter, due to market preference. Some consumers, especially those in Japan, prefer a larger apple, while apples below 2 1⁄4 in (5.7 cm) are generally used for making juice and have little fresh market value. The skin of ripe apples is generally red, yellow, green, pink, or russetted although many bi- or tri-colored cultivars may be found.[6] The skin may also be wholly or partly russeted i.e. rough and brown. The skin is covered in a protective layer of epicuticular wax.[7] The exocarp (flesh) is generally pale yellowish-white,[6] though pink or yellow exocarps also occur.
Wild ancestors
Main article: Malus sieversii
The original wild ancestor of Malus pumila was Malus sieversii, found growing wild in the mountains of Central Asia in southern Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Xinjiang, China.[4][8] Cultivation of the species, most likely beginning on the forested flanks of the Tian Shan mountains, progressed over a long period of time and permitted secondary introgression of genes from other species into the open-pollinated seeds. Significant exchange with Malus sylvestris, the crabapple, resulted in current populations of apples being more related to crabapples than to the more morphologically similar progenitor Malus sieversii. In strains without recent admixture the contribution of the latter predominates.[9][10][11]
Genome
In 2010, an Italian-led consortium announced they had sequenced the complete genome of the apple in collaboration with horticultural genomicists at Washington State University,[12] using 'Golden Delicious'.[13] It had about 57,000 genes, the highest number of any plant genome studied to date[14] and more genes than the human genome (about 30,000).[15] This new understanding of the apple genome will help scientists in identifying genes and gene variants that contribute to resistance to disease and drought, and other desirable characteristics. Understanding the genes behind these characteristics will allow scientists to perform more knowledgeable selective breeding. The genome sequence also provided proof that Malus sieversii was the wild ancestor of the domestic apple—an issue that had been long-debated in the scientific community.[12]
History
Wild Malus sieversii apple in Kazakhstan
The center of diversity of the genus Malus is in eastern present-day Turkey. The apple tree was perhaps the earliest tree to be cultivated,[16] and its fruits have been improved through selection over thousands of years. Alexander the Great is credited with finding dwarfed apples in Kazakhstan in 328 BCE.[4] Winter apples, picked in late autumn and stored just above freezing, have been an important food in Asia and Europe for millennia.[16]
Of the many Old World plants that the Spanish introduced to Chiloé Archipelago in the 16th century, apple trees became particularly well adapted.[17] Apples were introduced to North America by colonists in the 17th century,[4] and the first apple orchard on the North American continent was planted in Boston by Reverend William Blaxton in 1625.[18] The only apples native to North America are crab apples, which were once called "common apples".[19] Apple cultivars brought as seed from Europe were spread along Native American trade routes, as well as being cultivated on colonial farms. An 1845 United States apples nursery catalogue sold 350 of the "best" cultivars, showing the proliferation of new North American cultivars by the early 19th century.[19] In the 20th century, irrigation projects in Eastern Washington began and allowed the development of the multibillion-dollar fruit industry, of which the apple is the leading product.[4]
Until the 20th century, farmers stored apples in frostproof cellars during the winter for their own use or for sale. Improved transportation of fresh apples by train and road replaced the necessity for storage.[20][21] Controlled atmosphere facilities are used to keep apples fresh year-round. Controlled atmosphere facilities use high humidity, low oxygen, and controlled carbon dioxide levels to maintain fruit freshness. They were first used in the United States in the 1960s.[22]
Society and culture
Main article: Apple (symbolism)
Germanic paganism
"Brita as Iduna" (1901) by Carl Larsson
In Norse mythology, the goddess Iðunn is portrayed in the Prose Edda (written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson) as providing apples to the gods that give them eternal youthfulness. English scholar H. R. Ellis Davidson links apples to religious practices in Germanic paganism, from which Norse paganism developed. She points out that buckets of apples were found in the Oseberg ship burial site in Norway, and that fruit and nuts (Iðunn having been described as being transformed into a nut in Skáldskaparmál) have been found in the early graves of the Germanic peoples in England and elsewhere on the continent of Europe, which may have had a symbolic meaning, and that nuts are still a recognized symbol of fertility in southwest England.[23]
Davidson notes a connection between apples and the Vanir, a tribe of gods associated with fertility in Norse mythology, citing an instance of eleven "golden apples" being given to woo the beautiful Gerðr by Skírnir, who was acting as messenger for the major Vanir god Freyr in stanzas 19 and 20 of Skírnismál. Davidson also notes a further connection between fertility and apples in Norse mythology in chapter 2 of the Völsunga saga when the major goddess Frigg sends King Rerir an apple after he prays to Odin for a child, Frigg's messenger (in the guise of a crow) drops the apple in his lap as he sits atop a mound.[24] Rerir's wife's consumption of the apple results in a six-year pregnancy and the Caesarean section birth of their son—the hero Völsung.[25]
Further, Davidson points out the "strange" phrase "Apples of Hel" used in an 11th-century poem by the skald Thorbiorn Brúnarson. She states this may imply that the apple was thought of by Brúnarson as the food of the dead. Further, Davidson notes that the potentially Germanic goddess Nehalennia is sometimes depicted with apples and that parallels exist in early Irish stories. Davidson asserts that while cultivation of the apple in Northern Europe extends back to at least the time of the Roman Empire and came to Europe from the Near East, the native varieties of apple trees growing in Northern Europe are small and bitter. Davidson concludes that in the figure of Iðunn "we must have a dim reflection of an old symbol: that of the guardian goddess of the life-giving fruit of the other world."[23]
Greek mythology
Heracles with the apple of Hesperides
Apples appear in many religious traditions, often as a mystical or forbidden fruit. One of the problems identifying apples in religion, mythology and folktales is that the word "apple" was used as a generic term for all (foreign) fruit, other than berries, including nuts, as late as the 17th century.[26] For instance, in Greek mythology, the Greek hero Heracles, as a part of his Twelve Labours, was required to travel to the Garden of the Hesperides and pick the golden apples off the Tree of Life growing at its center.[27][28][29]
The Greek goddess of discord, Eris, became disgruntled after she was excluded from the wedding of Peleus and Thetis.[30] In retaliation, she tossed a golden apple inscribed Καλλίστη (Kalliste, sometimes transliterated Kallisti, "For the most beautiful one"), into the wedding party. Three goddesses claimed the apple: Hera, Athena, and Aphrodite. Paris of Troy was appointed to select the recipient. After being bribed by both Hera and Athena, Aphrodite tempted him with the most beautiful woman in the world, Helen of Sparta. He awarded the apple to Aphrodite, thus indirectly causing the Trojan War.[31]
The apple was thus considered, in ancient Greece, to be sacred to Aphrodite, and to throw an apple at someone was to symbolically declare one's love; and similarly, to catch it was to symbolically show one's acceptance of that love. An epigram claiming authorship by Plato states:[32]
I throw the apple at you, and if you are willing to love me, take it and share your girlhood with me; but if your thoughts are what I pray they are not, even then take it, and consider how short-lived is beauty.
—  Plato, Epigram VII
Atalanta, also of Greek mythology, raced all her suitors in an attempt to avoid marriage. She outran all but Hippomenes (also known as Melanion, a name possibly derived from melon the Greek word for both "apple" and fruit in general),[28] who defeated her by cunning, not speed. Hippomenes knew that he could not win in a fair race, so he used three golden apples (gifts of Aphrodite, the goddess of love) to distract Atalanta. It took all three apples and all of his speed, but Hippomenes was finally successful, winning the race and Atalanta's hand.[27]
Christian art
Adam and Eve by Albrecht Dürer (1507), showcasing the apple as a symbol of sin.
Though the forbidden fruit of Eden in the Book of Genesis is not identified, popular Christian tradition has held that it was an apple that Eve coaxed Adam to share with her.[33] The origin of the popular identification with a fruit unknown in the Middle East in biblical times is found in confusion between the Latin words mālum (an apple) and mălum (an evil), each of which is normally written malum.[34] The tree of the forbidden fruit is called "the tree of the knowledge of good and evil" in Genesis 2:17, and the Latin for "good and evil" is bonum et malum.[35]
Renaissance painters may also have been influenced by the story of the golden apples in the Garden of Hesperides. As a result, in the story of Adam and Eve, the apple became a symbol for knowledge, immortality, temptation, the fall of man into sin, and sin itself. The larynx in the human throat has been called the "Adam's apple" because of a notion that it was caused by the forbidden fruit remaining in the throat of Adam.[33] The apple as symbol of sexual seduction has been used to imply human sexuality, possibly in an ironic vein.[33]
Cultivars
Main article: List of apple cultivars
There are more than 7,500 known cultivars of apples.[36] Cultivars vary in their yield and the ultimate size of the tree, even when grown on the same rootstock.[37] Different cultivars are available for temperate and subtropical climates. The UK's National Fruit Collection, which is the responsibility of the Department of Environment Food and Rural Affairs, includes a collection of over 2,000 cultivars of apple tree in Kent.[38] The University of Reading, which is responsible for developing the UK national collection database, provides access to search the national collection. The University of Reading's work is part of the European Cooperative Programme for Plant Genetic Resources of which there are 38 countries participating in the Malus/Pyrus work group.[39]
The UK's national fruit collection database contains a wealth of information on the characteristics and origin of many apples, including alternative names for what is essentially the same "genetic" apple cultivar. Most of these cultivars are bred for eating fresh (dessert apples), though some are cultivated specifically for cooking (cooking apples) or producing cider. Cider apples are typically too tart and astringent to eat fresh, but they give the beverage a rich flavor that dessert apples cannot.[40]
Commercially popular apple cultivars are soft but crisp. Other desired qualities in modern commercial apple breeding are a colorful skin, absence of russeting, ease of shipping, lengthy storage ability, high yields, disease resistance, common apple shape, and developed flavor.[37] Modern apples are generally sweeter than older cultivars, as popular tastes in apples have varied over time. Most North Americans and Europeans favor sweet, subacid apples, but tart apples have a strong minority following.[41] Extremely sweet apples with barely any acid flavor are popular in Asia[41] and especially Indian Subcontinent .[40]
Old cultivars are often oddly shaped, russeted, and have a variety of textures and colors. Some find them to have a better flavor than modern cultivars,[42] but they may have other problems which make them commercially unviable—low yield, disease susceptibility, poor tolerance for storage or transport, or just being the "wrong" size. A few old cultivars are still produced on a large scale, but many have been preserved by home gardeners and farmers that sell directly to local markets. Many unusual and locally important cultivars with their own unique taste and appearance exist; apple conservation campaigns have sprung up around the world to preserve such local cultivars from extinction. In the United Kingdom, old cultivars such as 'Cox's Orange Pippin' and 'Egremont Russet' are still commercially important even though by modern standards they are low yielding and susceptible to disease.[4]
'Alice'
'Ambrosia'
'Ananasrenette'
'Arkansas Black'
'Aroma'
'Belle de Boskoop'
'Bramley'
'Cox Pomona'
'Discovery'
'Fuji'
'Gala'
'Golden Delicious'
'Goldrenette', ('Reinette')
'Granny Smith'
'Honeycrisp'
'James Grieve'
'Jonagold'
'Lobo'
'McIntosh'
'Pacific rose'
'Pink Lady'
'Red Delicious'
'Sampion' (Shampion)
'SugarBee'
'Summerred'
'Yellow Transparent'
Cultivation
Breeding
See also: Fruit tree propagation and Malling series
An apple tree in Germany
Blooming apple tree on Kota Batu, Indonesia
In the wild, apples grow readily from seeds. However, like most perennial fruits, apples are ordinarily propagated asexually by grafting. This is because seedling apples are an example of "extreme heterozygotes", in that rather than inheriting DNA from their parents to create a new apple with those characteristics, they are instead significantly different from their parents.[43] Triploid cultivars have an additional reproductive barrier in that 3 sets of chromosomes cannot be divided evenly during meiosis, yielding unequal segregation of the chromosomes (aneuploids). Even in the case when a triploid plant can produce a seed (apples are an example), it occurs infrequently, and seedlings rarely survive.[44]
Because apples do not breed true when planted as seeds, grafting is generally used to produce new apple trees. The rootstock used for the bottom of the graft can be selected to produce trees of a large variety of sizes, as well as changing the winter hardiness, insect and disease resistance, and soil preference of the resulting tree. Dwarf rootstocks can be used to produce very small trees (less than 3.0 m (10 ft) high at maturity), which bear fruit earlier in their life cycle than full size trees.[45] Dwarf rootstocks for apple trees can be traced as far back as 300 BC, to the area of Persia and Asia Minor. Alexander the Great sent samples of dwarf apple trees to Aristotle's Lyceum. Dwarf rootstocks became common by the 15th century, and later went through several cycles of popularity and decline throughout the world.[46] The majority of the rootstocks used today to control size in apples were developed in England in the early 1900s. The East Malling Research Station conducted extensive research into rootstocks, and today their rootstocks are given an "M" prefix to designate their origin. Rootstocks marked with an "MM" prefix are Malling-series cultivars later crossed with trees of 'Northern Spy' in Merton, England.[47]
Most new apple cultivars originate as seedlings, which either arise by chance or are bred by deliberately crossing cultivars with promising characteristics.[48] The words "seedling", "pippin", and "kernel" in the name of an apple cultivar suggest that it originated as a seedling. Apples can also form bud sports (mutations on a single branch). Some bud sports turn out to be improved strains of the parent cultivar. Some differ sufficiently from the parent tree to be considered new cultivars.[49]
Since the 1930s, the Excelsior Experiment Station at the University of Minnesota has introduced a steady progression of important apples that are widely grown, both commercially and by local orchardists, throughout Minnesota and Wisconsin. Its most important contributions have included 'Haralson' (which is the most widely cultivated apple in Minnesota), 'Wealthy', 'Honeygold', and 'Honeycrisp'.
Apples have been acclimatized in Ecuador at very high altitudes, where they can often, with the needed factors, provide crops twice per year because of constant temperate conditions year-round.[50]
Pollination
See also: Fruit tree pollination
Apple blossom from an old Ayrshire cultivar
Orchard mason bee on apple bloom, British Columbia, Canada
Apples are self-incompatible; they must cross-pollinate to develop fruit. During the flowering each season, apple growers often utilize pollinators to carry pollen. Honey bees are most commonly used. Orchard mason bees are also used as supplemental pollinators in commercial orchards. Bumblebee queens are sometimes present in orchards, but not usually in enough quantity to be significant pollinators.[49][51]
There are four to seven pollination groups in apples, depending on climate:
Group A – Early flowering, 1 to 3 May in England ('Gravenstein', 'Red Astrachan')
Group B – 4 to 7 May ('Idared', 'McIntosh')
Group C – Mid-season flowering, 8 to 11 May ('Granny Smith', 'Cox's Orange Pippin')
Group D – Mid/late season flowering, 12 to 15 May ('Golden Delicious', 'Calville blanc d'hiver')
Group E – Late flowering, 16 to 18 May ('Braeburn', 'Reinette d'Orléans')
Group F – 19 to 23 May ('Suntan')
Group H – 24 to 28 May ('Court-Pendu Gris' – also called Court-Pendu plat)
One cultivar can be pollinated by a compatible cultivar from the same group or close (A with A, or A with B, but not A with C or D).[52]
Cultivars are sometimes classified by the day of peak bloom in the average 30-day blossom period, with pollenizers selected from cultivars within a 6-day overlap period.
Maturation and harvest
See also: Fruit picking and Fruit tree pruning
Cultivars vary in their yield and the ultimate size of the tree, even when grown on the same rootstock. Some cultivars, if left unpruned, will grow very large, which allows them to bear much more fruit, but makes harvesting very difficult. Depending on the tree density (number of trees planted per unit surface area), mature trees typically bear 40–200 kg (90–440 lb) of apples each year, though productivity can be close to zero in poor years. Apples are harvested using three-point ladders that are designed to fit amongst the branches. Trees grafted on dwarfing rootstocks will bear about 10–80 kg (20–180 lb) of fruit per year.[49]
Farms with apple orchards may open them to the public, so consumers may themselves pick the apples they will purchase.[53]
Crops ripen at different times of the year according to the cultivar. Cultivar that yield their crop in the summer include 'Gala', 'Golden Supreme', 'McIntosh', 'Transparent', 'Primate', 'Sweet Bough', and 'Duchess'; fall producers include 'Fuji', 'Jonagold', 'Golden Delicious', 'Red Delicious', 'Chenango', 'Gravenstein', 'Wealthy', 'McIntosh', 'Snow', and 'Blenheim'; winter producers include 'Winesap', 'Granny Smith', 'King', 'Wagener', 'Swayzie', 'Greening', and 'Tolman Sweet'.[19]
Storage
Commercially, apples can be stored for some months in controlled atmosphere chambers to delay ethylene-induced ripening. Apples are commonly stored in chambers with higher concentrations of carbon dioxide and high air filtration. This prevents ethylene concentrations from rising to higher amounts and preventing ripening from occurring too quickly. Ripening continues when the fruit is removed from storage.[citation needed]
For home storage, most cultivars of apple can be held for approximately two weeks when kept at the coolest part of the refrigerator (i.e. below 5 °C). Some can be stored up to a year without significant degradation.[dubious – discuss][54][verification needed] Some varieties of apples (e.g. 'Granny Smith' and 'Fuji') have more than three times the storage life of others.[55]
Non-organic apples may be sprayed with 1-methylcyclopropene blocking the apples' ethylene receptors, temporarily preventing them from ripening.[56]
Pests and diseases
Leaves with significant insect damage
Main article: List of apple diseases
See also: List of Lepidoptera that feed on Malus
Apple trees are susceptible to a number of fungal and bacterial diseases and insect pests. Many commercial orchards pursue a program of chemical sprays to maintain high fruit quality, tree health, and high yields. A trend in orchard management is the use of organic methods.[citation needed] These prohibit the use of synthetic pesticides, though some older pesticides are allowed. Organic methods include, for instance, introducing its natural predator to reduce the population of a particular pest.
A wide range of pests and diseases can affect the plant; three of the more common diseases/pests are mildew, aphids and apple scab.
Mildew: which is characterized by light grey powdery patches appearing on the leaves, shoots and flowers, normally in spring. The flowers will turn a creamy yellow color and will not develop correctly. This can be treated in a manner not dissimilar from treating Botrytis; eliminating the conditions which caused the disease in the first place and burning the infected plants are among the recommended actions to take.[57]
Aphids: There are five species of aphids commonly found on apples: apple grain aphid, rosy apple aphid, apple aphid, spirea aphid and the woolly apple aphid. The aphid species can be identified by their color, the time of year when they are present and by differences in the cornicles, which are small paired projections from the rear of aphids.[57] Aphids feed on foliage using needle-like mouth parts to suck out plant juices. When present in high numbers, certain species reduce tree growth and vigor.[58]
Apple scab: Apple scab causes leaves to develop olive-brown spots with a velvety texture that later turn brown and become cork-like in texture. The disease also affects the fruit, which also develops similar brown spots with velvety or cork-like textures. Apple scab is spread through fungus growing in old apple leaves on the ground and spreads during warm spring weather to infect the new year's growth.[59]
Among the most serious disease problems are fireblight, a bacterial disease; and Gymnosporangium rust, and black spot, two fungal diseases.[58] Codling moths and apple maggots are two other pests which affect apple trees. Young apple trees are also prone to mammal pests like mice and deer, which feed on the soft bark of the trees, especially in winter.[59] The larvae of the apple clearwing moth (red-belted clearwing) burrow through the bark and into the phloem of apple trees, potentially causing significant damage.[60]
Production
Apple production – 2014
Country
(millions of tonnes)
China 40.9
United States 5.2
Poland 3.2
Turkey 2.5
Italy 2.5
World 84.6
Source: FAOSTAT of the United Nations[3]
Main article: List of countries by apple production
World production of apples in 2014 was 84.6 million tonnes, with China producing 48% of the world total (table).[3] Other major producers with 6% or less of the world total were the United States, Poland, Turkey, and Italy.
Nutrition
Apples, with skin (edible parts)
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy
218 kJ (52 kcal)
Carbohydrates
13.81 g
Sugars
10.39
Dietary fiber
2.4 g
Fat
0.17 g
Protein
0.26 g
Vitamins
Vitamin A equiv.
beta-Carotene
lutein zeaxanthin
(0%)
3 μg
(0%)
27 μg
29 μg
Thiamine (B1)
(1%)
0.017 mg
Riboflavin (B2)
(2%)
0.026 mg
Niacin (B3)
(1%)
0.091 mg
Pantothenic acid (B5)
(1%)
0.061 mg
Vitamin B6
(3%)
0.041 mg
Folate (B9)
(1%)
3 μg
Vitamin C
(6%)
4.6 mg
Vitamin E
(1%)
0.18 mg
Vitamin K
(2%)
2.2 μg
Minerals
Calcium
(1%)
6 mg
Iron
(1%)
0.12 mg
Magnesium
(1%)
5 mg
Manganese
(2%)
0.035 mg
Phosphorus
(2%)
11 mg
Potassium
(2%)
107 mg
Sodium
(0%)
1 mg
Zinc
(0%)
0.04 mg
Other constituents
Water
85.56 g
Fluoride
3.3 µg
Link to Full Nutrient Report of USDA Database entry
Units
μg = micrograms • mg = milligrams
IU = International units
Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults.
A typical apple serving weighs 242 grams and provides 126 calories with a moderate content of dietary fiber (table).[61] Otherwise, there is generally low content of essential nutrients (table).
Human consumption
See also: Cooking apple and Cider apple
The whole fruit including the skin, except for the seeds, is suitable for human consumption. The core, containing the seeds, is usually not eaten and is discarded.
Apples can be consumed various ways: juice, raw in salads, baked in pies, cooked into sauces, and other baked dishes.[62]
Several techniques are used to preserve apples and apple products. Apples can be canned, dried or frozen.[62] Canned or frozen apples are eventually baked into pies or other cooked dishes. Apple juice or cider is also bottled. Apple juice is often concentrated and frozen.
Popular uses
Apples are often eaten raw. Cultivars bred for raw consumption are termed dessert or table apples.
In the UK, a toffee apple is a traditional confection made by coating an apple in hot toffee and allowing it to cool. Similar treats in the U.S. are candy apples (coated in a hard shell of crystallized sugar syrup), and caramel apples (coated with cooled caramel).
Apples are eaten with honey at the Jewish New Year of Rosh Hashanah to symbolize a sweet new year.[53]
Apples are an important ingredient in many desserts, such as apple pie, apple crumble, apple crisp and apple cake. When cooked, some apple cultivars easily form a puree known as apple sauce. Apples are also made into apple butter and apple jelly. They are often baked or stewed and are also (cooked) in some meat dishes. Dried apples can be eaten or reconstituted (soaked in water, alcohol or some other liquid).
Apples are milled or pressed to produce apple juice, which may be drunk unfiltered (called apple cider in North America), or filtered. Filtered juice is often concentrated and frozen to be reconstituted later and consumed. Apple juice can be fermented to make cider (called hard cider in North America), ciderkin, and vinegar. Through distillation, various alcoholic beverages can be produced, such as applejack, Calvados, and apfelwein.[63]
Sliced apples turn brown with exposure to air due to the conversion of natural phenolic substances into melanin upon exposure to oxygen.[64] Different cultivars vary in their propensity to brown after slicing[65] and the genetically engineered Arctic Apples do not brown. Sliced fruit can be treated with acidulated water to prevent this effect.[64] Sliced apple consumption tripled in the US from 2004 to 2014 to 500 million apples annually due to its convenience.[66]
Organic production
Organic apples are commonly produced in the United States.[67] Due to infestations by key insects and diseases, organic production is difficult in Europe.[68] The use of pesticides containing chemicals, such as sulfur, copper, microorganisms, viruses, clay powders, or plant extracts (pyrethrum, neem) has been approved by the EU Organic Standing Committee to improve organic yield and quality.[68] A light coating of kaolin, which forms a physical barrier to some pests, also may help prevent apple sun scalding.[49]
Phytochemicals
Apples are a rich source of various phytochemicals including flavonoids (e.g., catechins, flavanols, and quercetin) and other phenolic compounds (e.g., epicatechin and procyanidins)[69] found in the skin, core, and pulp of the apple;[69] they have unknown health value in humans.[64]
Phenolic compounds, such as polyphenol oxidase, are the main driving force behind browning in apples. Polyphenol oxidase catalyzes the reaction of phenolic compounds to o-quinones causing the pigment to turn darker and therefore brown.[70]
Ideain (cyanidin 3-O-galactoside) is an anthocyanin, a type of pigment, which is found in some red apple cultivars.[71]
Phlorizin is a flavonoid that is found in apple trees, particularly in the leaves, and in only small amounts if at all in other plants, even other species of the Malus genus or related plants such as pear trees.[72]
Other products
Apple seed oil[73] and pectin can be produced.
Health effects
Preliminary research is investigating whether nutrients and/or phytochemicals in apples may be preventive against the risk of some types of cancer.[69][74]
Allergy
One form of apple allergy, often found in northern Europe, is called birch-apple syndrome, and is found in people who are also allergic to birch pollen.[75] Allergic reactions are triggered by a protein in apples that is similar to birch pollen, and people affected by this protein can also develop allergies to other fruits, nuts, and vegetables. Reactions, which entail oral allergy syndrome (OAS), generally involve itching and inflammation of the mouth and throat,[75] but in rare cases can also include life-threatening anaphylaxis.[76] This reaction only occurs when raw fruit is consumed—the allergen is neutralized in the cooking process. The variety of apple, maturity and storage conditions can change the amount of allergen present in individual fruits. Long storage times can increase the amount of proteins that cause birch-apple syndrome.[75]
In other areas, such as the Mediterranean, some individuals have adverse reactions to apples because of their similarity to peaches.[75] This form of apple allergy also includes OAS, but often has more severe symptoms, such as vomiting, abdominal pain and urticaria, and can be life-threatening. Individuals with this form of allergy can also develop reactions to other fruits and nuts. Cooking does not break down the protein causing this particular reaction, so affected individuals can eat neither raw nor cooked apples. Freshly harvested, over-ripe fruits tend to have the highest levels of the protein that causes this reaction.[75]
Breeding efforts have yet to produce a hypoallergenic fruit suitable for either of the two forms of apple allergy.[75]
Toxicity of seeds
The seeds of apples contain small amounts of amygdalin, a sugar and cyanide compound known as a cyanogenic glycoside. Ingesting small amounts of apple seeds will cause no ill effects, but consumption of extremely large doses can cause adverse reactions. It may take several hours before the poison takes effect, as cyanogenic glycosides must be hydrolyzed before the cyanide ion is released.[77] The United States National Library of Medicine's Hazardous Substances Data Bank records no cases of amygdalin poisoning from consuming apple seeds.[78]
Proverbs
The proverb "An apple a day keeps the doctor away", addressing the health effects of the fruit, dates from 19th century Wales, according to Caroline Taggart, author of "An Apple a Day: Old-Fashioned Proverbs and Why They Still Work". The original phrase, Taggart said, was: "Eat an apple on going to bed, and you'll keep the doctor from earning his bread". In the 19th century and early 20th, the phrase evolved to "an apple a day, no doctor to pay" and "an apple a day sends the doctor away", while the phrasing now commonly used was first recorded in 1922.[79]
Gallery
Red and green apples in India
Different kinds of apple cultivars in a wholesale food market
An apple core, part of an apple not usually eaten, containing the seeds.
See also
Apple chips
Applecrab, apple–crabapple hybrids for eating
Cooking apple
Johnny Appleseed
List of apple cultivars
List of apple dishes
Rootstock
Welsh Apples
References
Jump up ^ Elizabeth E. Dickson (2015), "Malus pumila Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8. Malus no. 3. 1768", Flora of North America, 9, archived from the original on 25 July 2015
Jump up ^ Wendy L. Applequist (2014), "Report of the Nomenclature Committee for Vascular Plants: 66: (1933). To conserve Malus domestica Borkh. against M. pumila Miller, M. communis Desf., M. frutescens Medik., and Pyrus dioica Moench (Rosaceae). Proposed by G.-Z. Qian, L.-F. Liu & G.-G. Tang in Taxon 59(2): 650–652. 2010. Votes: 6–11–1 (not recommended)", Taxon, 63 (6): 1358–1371, doi:10.12705/636.20
^ Jump up to: a b c "Production/Crops, Apple, Area by World". FAOSTAT, UN Food & Agriculture Organization, Statistics Division. 2014. Archived from the original on 22 November 2016. Retrieved 10 February 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "Origin, History of cultivation". University of Georgia. Archived from the original on 21 January 2008. Retrieved 22 January 2008.
Jump up ^ "Apple". Natural History Museum. Archived from the original on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 5 September 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Jules Janick; James N. Cummins; Susan K. Brown; Minou Hemmat (1996). "Chapter 1: Apples". In Jules Janick; James N. Moore. Fruit Breeding, Volume I: Tree and Tropical Fruits (PDF). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 9. ISBN 0-471-31014-X. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 July 2013.
Jump up ^ "Natural Waxes on Fruits". Postharvest.tfrec.wsu.edu. 29 October 2010. Archived from the original on 24 May 2013. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
Jump up ^ Lauri, Pierre-éric; Karen Maguylo; Catherine Trottier (2006). "Architecture and size relations: an essay on the apple (Malus x domestica, Rosaceae) tree". American Journal of Botany. Botanical Society of America, Inc. 93 (3): 357–368. doi:10.3732/ajb.93.3.357. PMID 21646196.
Jump up ^ Amandine Cornille; et al. (2012). Mauricio, Rodney, ed. "New Insight into the History of Domesticated Apple: Secondary Contribution of the European Wild Apple to the Genome of Cultivated Varieties". PLOS Genetics. 8 (5): e1002703. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002703. PMC 3349737  . PMID 22589740. Archived from the original on 30 May 2012.
Jump up ^ Sam Kean (17 May 2012). "ScienceShot: The Secret History of the Domesticated Apple". Archived from the original on 11 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Coart, E.; Van Glabeke, S.; De Loose, M.; Larsen, A.S.; Roldán-Ruiz, I. (2006). "Chloroplast diversity in the genus Malus: new insights into the relationship between the European wild apple (Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill.) and the domesticated apple (Malus domestica Borkh.)". Mol. Ecol. 15 (8): 2171–82. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2006.02924.x. PMID 16780433.
^ Jump up to: a b Clark Brian (29 August 2010). "Apple Cup Rivals Contribute to Apple Genome Sequencing". Cahnrsnews.wsu.edu. Archived from the original on 20 May 2012. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
Jump up ^ Velasco, R; Zharkikh, A; Affourtit, J; et al. (October 2010). "The genome of the domesticated apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.)". Nature Genetics. Nature.com. 42 (10): 833–839. doi:10.1038/ng.654. PMID 20802477. Archived from the original on 13 December 2012. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
Jump up ^ An Italian-led international research consortium decodes the apple genome Archived 5 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine. AlphaGallileo 29 August 2010. Retrieved 19 October 2011.
Jump up ^ The Science Behind the Human Genome Project Archived 2 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Human Genome Project Information, US Department of Energy, 26 March 2008. Retrieved 19 October 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "An apple a day keeps the doctor away". Vegetarians in Paradise. Archived from the original on 11 February 2008. Retrieved 27 January 2008.
Jump up ^ Torrejón, Fernando; Cisternas, Marco; Araneda, Alberto (2004). "Efectos ambientales de la colonización española desde el río Maullín al archipiélago de Chiloé, sur de Chile" [Environmental effects of the spanish colonization from de Maullín river to the Chiloé archipelago, southern Chile]. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural (in Spanish). 77 (4): 661–677. doi:10.4067/s0716-078x2004000400009. Archived from the original on 18 October 2017.
Jump up ^ Smith, Archibald William (1997). A Gardener's Handbook of Plant Names: Their Meanings and Origins. Dover Publications. p. 39. ISBN 0-486-29715-2.
^ Jump up to: a b c Lawrence, James (1980). The Harrowsmith Reader, Volume II. Camden House Publishing Ltd. p. 122. ISBN 0-920656-10-2.
Jump up ^ James M. Van Valen (2010). History of Bergen county, New Jersey. Nabu Press. p. 744. ISBN 1-177-72589-4.
Jump up ^ Brox, Jane (2000). Five Thousand Days Like This One: An American Family History. Beacon Press. ISBN 978-0-8070-2107-1.
Jump up ^ "Controlled Atmospheric Storage (CA)". Washington Apple Commission. Archived from the original on 14 March 2012. Retrieved 3 April 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Ellis Davidson, H. R. (1965) Gods And Myths of Northern Europe, page 165 to 166. ISBN 0-14-013627-4
Jump up ^ Ellis Davidson, H. R. (1965) Gods And Myths of Northern Europe, page 165 to 166. Penguin Books ISBN 0-14-013627-4
Jump up ^ Ellis Davidson, H. R. (1998) Roles of the Northern Goddess, page 146 to 147. Routledge ISBN 0-415-13610-5
Jump up ^ Sauer, Jonathan D. (1993). Historical Geography of Crop Plants: A Select Roster. CRC Press. p. 109. ISBN 0-8493-8901-1.
^ Jump up to: a b Wasson, R. Gordon (1968). Soma: Divine Mushroom of Immortality. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. p. 128. ISBN 0-15-683800-1.
^ Jump up to: a b Ruck, Carl; Blaise Daniel Staples (2001). The Apples of Apollo, Pagan and Christian Mysteries of the Eucharist. Durham: Carolina Academic Press. pp. 64–70. ISBN 0-89089-924-X.
Jump up ^ Heinrich, Clark (2002). Magic Mushrooms in Religion and Alchemy. Rochester: Park Street Press. pp. 64–70. ISBN 0-89281-997-9.
Jump up ^ Hyginus. "92". Fabulae. Theoi Project. Translated by Mary Grant. Archived from the original on 9 February 2013. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Lucian. "The Judgement of Paris". Dialogues of the Gods. Theoi Project. Translated by H. W. & F. G. Fowler. Archived from the original on 2 September 2017. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Edmonds, J.M. (1997). "Epigrams". In Cooper, John M.; Hutchinson, D.S. Plato: Complete Works. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Co. p. 1744. ISBN 9780872203495. Archived from the original on 27 March 2018. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Macrone, Michael; Tom Lulevitch (1998). Brush up your Bible!. Tom Lulevitch. Random House Value. ISBN 0-517-20189-5. OCLC 38270894.
Jump up ^ Kissling, Paul J (2004). Genesis. Books.google.com. 1. College Press. p. 193. ISBN 978-0-89900875-2. Archived from the original on 26 September 2014. Retrieved 25 August 2014.
Jump up ^ Hendel, Ronald (2012). The Book of Genesis: A Biography. Books.google.com. Princeton University Press. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-69114012-4. Archived from the original on 2 October 2014. Retrieved 25 August 2014.
Jump up ^ Elzebroek, A.T.G.; Wind, K. (2008). Guide to Cultivated Plants. Wallingford: CAB International. p. 27. ISBN 1-84593-356-7.
^ Jump up to: a b "Apple – Malus domestica". Natural England. Archived from the original on 12 May 2008. Retrieved 22 January 2008.
Jump up ^ "National Fruit Collection". Archived from the original on 15 June 2012. Retrieved 2 December 2012.
Jump up ^ "ECPGR Malus/Pyrus Working Group Members". Ecpgr.cgiar.org. 22 July 2002. Archived from the original on 26 August 2014. Retrieved 25 August 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Sue Tarjan (Fall 2006). "Autumn Apple Musings" (PDF). News & Notes of the UCSC Farm & Garden, Center for Agroecology & Sustainable Food Systems. pp. 1–2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 August 2007. Retrieved 24 January 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b "World apple situation". Archived from the original on 11 February 2008. Retrieved 24 January 2008.
Jump up ^ Weaver, Sue (June–July 2003). "Crops & Gardening – Apples of Antiquity". Hobby Farms magazine. BowTie, Inc. Archived from the original on 19 February 2017.
Jump up ^ John Lloyd and John Mitchinson (2006). QI: The Complete First Series – QI Factoids (DVD). 2 entertain.
Jump up ^ Ranney, Thomas G. "Polyploidy: From Evolution to Landscape Plant Improvement". Proceedings of the 11th Metropolitan Tree Improvement Alliance (METRIA) Conference. 11th Metropolitan Tree Improvement Alliance (METRIA) Conference held in Gresham, Oregon, August 23–24, 2000. METRIA (NCSU.edu). METRIA. Archived from the original on 23 July 2010. Retrieved 7 November 2010.
Jump up ^ William G. Lord; Amy Ouellette (February 2010). "Dwarf Rootstocks for Apple Trees in the Home Garden" (PDF). University of New Hampshire. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 September 2013. Retrieved 1 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Esmaeil Fallahi; W. Michael Colt; Bahar Fallahi; Ik-Jo Chun (January–March 2002). "The Importance of Apple Rootstocks on Tree Growth, Yield, Fruit Quality, Leaf Nutrition, and Photosynthesis with an Emphasis on 'Fuji'" (PDF). Hort Technology. 12 (1). Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 February 2014.
Jump up ^ ML Parker (September 1993). "Apple Rootstocks and Tree Spacing". North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service. Archived from the original on 11 September 2013. Retrieved 1 September 2013.
Jump up ^ Ferree, David Curtis; Ian J. Warrington (1999). Apples: Botany, Production and Uses. CABI Publishing. ISBN 0-85199-357-5. OCLC 182530169.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Bob Polomski; Greg Reighard. "Apple". Clemson University. Archived from the original on 28 February 2008. Retrieved 22 January 2008.
Jump up ^ Barahona, M. (1992). "Adaptation of Apple Varieties in Ecuador". Acta Hort. 310 (310): 139–142. doi:10.17660/ActaHortic.1992.310.17. Archived from the original on 6 October 2008. Retrieved 17 July 2008.
Jump up ^ Adamson, Nancy Lee. An Assessment of Non-Apis Bees as Fruit and Vegetable Crop Pollinators in Southwest Virginia Archived 20 November 2015 at the Wayback Machine.. Diss. 2011. Web. 15 October 2015.
Jump up ^ S. Sansavini (1 July 1986). "The chilling requirement in apple and its role in regulating Time of flowering in spring in cold-Winter Climate". Symposium on Growth Regulators in Fruit Production (International ed.). Acta Horticulturae. p. 179. ISBN 978-90-6605-182-9.
^ Jump up to: a b "Apples". Washington State Apple Advertising Commission. Archived from the original on 20 December 2007. Retrieved 22 January 2008.
Jump up ^ Yepsen, Roger (1994). Apples. New York: W.W. Norton & Co. ISBN 0-393-03690-1.
Jump up ^ "Refrigerated storage of perishable foods". CSIRO. 26 February 2015. Archived from the original on 15 March 2015. Retrieved 25 May 2007.
Jump up ^ Karp, David (25 October 2006). "Puff the Magic Preservative: Lasting Crunch, but Less Scent". New York Times. Archived from the original on 26 October 2017. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Lowther, Granville; William Worthington. The Encyclopedia of Practical Horticulture: A Reference System of Commercial Horticulture, Covering the Practical and Scientific Phases of Horticulture, with Special Reference to Fruits and Vegetables. The Encyclopedia of horticulture corporation.
^ Jump up to: a b Coli, William; et al. "Apple Pest Management Guide". University of Massachusetts Amherst. Archived from the original on 12 February 2008. Retrieved 3 March 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b Bradley, Fern Marshall; Ellis, Barbara W.; Martin, Deborah L., eds. (2009). The Organic Gardener's Handbook of Natural Pest and Disease Control. Rodale, Inc. pp. 32–34. ISBN 978-1-60529-677-7.
Jump up ^ Erler, Fedai (1 January 2010). "Efficacy of tree trunk coating materials in the control of the apple clearwing, Synanthedon myopaeformis". Journal of Insect Science. 10 (1): 1. doi:10.1673/031.010.6301. Archived from the original on 15 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Nutrition Facts, Apples, raw, with skin [Includes USDA commodity food A343] Nutrition Facts & Calories". Nutritiondata.com. Archived from the original on 28 December 2012. Retrieved 3 January 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Apple Varietals". Washington Apple Commission. Archived from the original on 2 July 2017. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
Jump up ^ Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 4, Fruits. ISBN 9789400740532.
^ Jump up to: a b c Boyer, Jeanelle; Liu, RH (May 2004). "Apple phytochemicals and their health benefits". Nutrition journal. Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-7201 USA: Department of Food Science and Institute of Comparative and Environmental Toxicology. 3 (1): 5. doi:10.1186/1475-2891-3-5. PMC 442131  . PMID 15140261. Archived from the original on 11 March 2008.
Jump up ^ The Brown Apple Archived 1 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine.. // The New York Times, 22 November 2010
Jump up ^ Ferdman, Roberto A. (19 May 2016). "A clever tweak to how apples are sold is making everyone eat more of them". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 20 May 2016. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Organic apples". USDA Agricultural Marketing Service. February 2016. Archived from the original on 24 February 2017. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "European Organic Apple Production Demonstrates the Value of Pesticides" (PDF). CropLife Foundation, Washington, DC. December 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 February 2017. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Ribeiro FA, Gomes de Moura CF, Aguiar O Jr, de Oliveira F, Spadari RC, Oliveira NR, Oshima CT, Ribeiro DA (September 2014). "The chemopreventive activity of apple against carcinogenesis: antioxidant activity and cell cycle control". European Journal of Cancer Prevention (Review). 23 (5): 477–80. doi:10.1097/CEJ.0000000000000005. PMID 24366437.
Jump up ^ Sapers, Gerald M.; Douglas, Frederic W. (1 September 1987). "Measurement of Enzymatic Browning at Cut Surfaces and in Juice of Raw Apple and Pear Fruits". Journal of Food Science. 52 (5): 1258–1285. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2621.1987.tb14057.x. ISSN 1750-3841.
Jump up ^ Determination of Polyphenolic Profiles of Basque Cider Apple Varieties Using Accelerated Solvent Extraction. R. M. Alonso-Salces, E. Korta, A. Barranco, L. A. Berrueta, B. Gallo and F. Vicente, J. Agric. Food Chem., 2001, volume 49, pages 3761–3767, doi:10.1021/jf010021
Jump up ^ Gosch, C.; Halbwirth, H.; Stich, K. (2010). "Phloridzin: biosynthesis, distribution and physiological relevance in plants". Phytochemistry. 71 (8): 838–843. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2010.03.003. PMID 20356611.
Jump up ^ Yu, Xiuzhu; Van De Voort, Frederick R.; Li, Zhixi; Yue, Tianli (2007). "Proximate Composition of the Apple Seed and Characterization of Its Oil". International Journal of Food Engineering. 3 (5). doi:10.2202/1556-3758.1283.
Jump up ^ Gerhauser, C (2008). "Cancer chemopreventive potential of apples, apple juice, and apple components". Planta Medica. 74 (13): 1608–24. doi:10.1055/s-0028-1088300. PMID 18855307.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "General Information – Apple". Informall. Archived from the original on 23 July 2012. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
Jump up ^ Landau, Elizabeth, Oral allergy syndrome may explain mysterious reactions Archived 15 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine., 8 April 2009, CNN Health, accessed 17 October 2011
Jump up ^ Lewis S. Nelson; Richard D. Shih; Michael J. Balick (2007). Handbook of poisonous and injurious plants. Springer. pp. 211–212. ISBN 978-0-387-33817-0. Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 13 April 2013.
Jump up ^ "Amygdalin". Toxnet, US Library of Medicine. Archived from the original on 21 April 2017. Retrieved 20 April 2017.
Jump up ^ Pollan, Michael (2001). The Botany of Desire: a Plant's-eye View of the World. Random House. p. 22, cf. p. 9 & 50. ISBN 0375501290. Archived from the original on 25 December 2014. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
Further reading
Books
Browning, F. (1999). Apples: The Story of the Fruit of Temptation. North Point Press. ISBN 978-0-86547-579-3.
Mabberley, D.J; Juniper, B.E (2009). The Story of the Apple. Timber Press. ISBN 978-1-60469-172-6.
External links
Find more aboutAppleat Wikipedia's sister projects
Definitions from Wiktionary
Media from Wikimedia Commons
Quotations from Wikiquote
Texts from Wikisource
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Taxonomy from Wikispecies
Apple (fruit and tree) at Encyclopædia Britannica
Apple at the Encyclopedia of Life
"Apple". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).
"Malus pumila". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 18 February 2017.
Malus pumila Mill. (accepted name)
Apple Facts from the UK's Institute of Food Research
National Fruit Collection (UK)
Grand Valley State University digital collections- diary of Ohio fruit farmer Theodore Peticolas, 1863
[show]
v
t
e
Apples
List of apple cultivars
Species
Malus pumila
Malus niedzwetskyana
Malus sieversii
Table apples
Adams Pearmain
Akane
Åkerö
Alkmene
Allington Pippin
Ambrosia
Anna
Annurca
Ariane
Arkansas Black
Ashmead's Kernel
Aurora Golden Gala
Baldwin
Beacon
Beauty of Bath
Belle de Boskoop
Bellflower
Ben Davis
Birgit Bonnier
Braeburn
Brina
Cameo
Champion
Civni (Rubens)
Claygate Pearmain
Clivia
Cornish Aromatic
Cornish Gilliflower
Cortland
Cosmic Crisp
Court Pendu Plat
Cox's Orange Pippin
Crimson Gold
Cripps Red
Cripps Pink (Pink Lady)
Delbard Jubilee
Delbarestivale
Delrouval
Discovery
Dorsett Golden
Dougherty
Duchess of Oldenburg
Egremont Russet
Ellison's Orange
Elstar
Empire
Enterprise
Envy
Esopus Spitzenburg
Eva
Fiesta
Filippa
Flamenco
Florina
Fuji
Gala
Gascoyne's Scarlet
Geheimrat Dr. Oldenburg
Ginger Gold
Golden Delicious
Golden Orange
Goldspur
Granny Smith
Gravenstein
Grimes Golden
Haralson
Honeycrisp
Honeygold
Idared
Ingrid Marie
James Grieve
Jazz
Jersey Black
Jonagold
Jonathan
Jubilee
Julieta
Jupiter
Kanzi
Karmijn de Sonnaville
King of the Pippins
Knobby Russet
Lady Alice
Laxton's Superb
Liberty
Liveland Raspberry
Lodi
Lord Lambourne
Lucombe's Seedling
Macoun
McIntosh
Melba
Melrose
Mutsu
Newtown Pippin
Nicola
Opal
Pacific Rose
Pam's Delight
Papirovka
Paula Red
Pink Pearl
Pinova
Prima
Pristine
Rajka
Ralls Genet
Rambo
Red Astrachan
Red Delicious
Red Pineapple
Redlove apples
Rhode Island Greening
Ribston Pippin
Rome
Roxbury Russet
Sandow
Sekai Ichi
Spartan
Splendour
Star of Devon
Stayman
Sturmer Pippin
Summerfree
Sundowner
Sunset
Suntan
SweeTango
Taliaferro
Tartu Rose
Tentation
Tompkins King
Topaz
Wealthy
Winesap
Winston
Worcester Pearmain
Wyken Pippin
York Imperial
Zestar
Cooking apples
Antonovka
Bismarck
Blenheim Orange
Bramley
Calville Blanc d'hiver
Chelmsford Wonder
Creston
Crimson Bramley
Flower of Kent
Golden Noble
Granny Smith
Grenadier
King Byerd
Manks Codlin
Newton Wonder
Norfolk Biffin
Northern Spy
Reinette du Canada
Upton Pyne
White Transparent
Wolf River
Cider apples
Antonovka
Brown Snout
Chisel Jersey
Coccagee
Crimson King
Dabinett
Dufflin
Ellis Bitter
Foxwhelp
Golden Russet
Golden Spire
Hangdown
Harrison Cider
Kingston Black
Michelin
Redstreak
Slack-ma-Girdle
Styre
Tom Putt
Woodcock
Yarlington Mill
Ornamental apple
Flamenco
Goldspur
Wijcik McIntosh
Apple products
Apfelwein
Apple butter
Apple cake
Apple chips
Apple cider
Apple cider vinegar
Apple crisp
Apple dishes
Apple juice
Apple pie
Apple sauce
Apple seed oil
Apple strudel
Applejack
Calvados
Candy apple
Caramel apple
Cider
Himmel und Erde
Ice cider
Jewish apple cake
Pectin
Pommeau
Agriculture
Apple diseases
Apple picking
Apple scab
Applecrab
Countries by apple production
Fruit tree pruning
Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae
Johnny Appleseed
Lepidoptera that feed on Malus
Malling series
Malus
Pearmain
Pollination
Pome
PRI disease resistant apple breeding program
Reinette
Russeting
US Apple Association
Cultivars
Production
[show]
v
t
e
"Crabapple" or "Wild apple" (of the genus Malus)
Species, varieties
and cultivars
Malus angustifolia (Southern)
Malus asiatica (Chinese pearleaf)
Malus baccata (Siberian)
Malus bracteata
Malus brevipes
Malus coronaria (Sweet)
Malus doumeri
Malus 'Evereste'
Malus florentina
Malus floribunda (Japanese)
Malus fusca (Oregon/Pacific)
Malus glabrata
Malus glaucescens
Malus halliana
Malus honanensis
Malus hupehensis (Tea)
Malus ioensis (Prairie)
Malus kansuensis
Malus lancifolia
Malus × micromalus (Midget)
Malus niedzwetskyana
Malus prattii
Malus prunifolia
Malus pumila (Orchard)
Malus rockii
Malus sargentii
Malus sieboldii
Malus sieversii (Asian wild/Almaty)
Malus sikkimensis
Malus spectabilis
Malus sublobata
Malus sylvestris (European wild)
Malus toringoides
Malus transitoria
Malus trilobata
Malus tschonoskii
Malus yunnanensis
Topics
Apple
Applecrab
Malling series
Category
Commons
Taxon identifiers
Malus pumila
Wd: Q158657
APDB: 225375
EoL: 629943
EPPO: MABPM
FoC: 200010913
GBIF: 3001093
GRIN: 23261
iNaturalist: 77949
IPNI: 726372-1
ITIS: 25262
NCBI: 283210
Plantarium: 44348
Plant List: rjp-5777
PLANTS: MAPU
Tropicos: 27800985
VASCAN: 8790
Malus domestica
Wd: Q18674606
EPPO: MABSD
GRIN: 104681
ITIS: 516655
NCBI: 3750
Plant List: rjp-454
Tropicos: 27804420
Authority control
NDL: 00569482
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apple&oldid=835448464"
Categories:
Apples
Malus
Fruits originating in Asia
Plants described in 1803
Hidden categories:
Webarchive template wayback links
CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)
Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages
Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages
Use dmy dates from October 2017
Good articles
Articles with 'species' microformats
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017
All accuracy disputes
Articles with disputed statements from December 2017
All pages needing factual verification
Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from December 2017
Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015
Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links
Encyclopedia of Life ID not in Wikidata
Taxonbar templates desynced from Wikidata
Taxonbar templates using multiple Wikidata items
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
View source
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikiquote
Wiktionary
Languages
Afrikaans
Alemannisch
አማርኛ
Ænglisc
العربية
Aragonés
ܐܪܡܝܐ
Armãneashti
Asturianu
Atikamekw
Avañe'ẽ
Azərbaycanca
تۆرکجه
বাংলা
Bân-lâm-gú
Basa Banyumasan
Башҡортса
Беларуская
Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
भोजपुरी
Bislama
Български
Boarisch
Bosanski
Brezhoneg
Català
Чӑвашла
Čeština
Cymraeg
Dansk
ދިވެހިބަސް
Diné bizaad
Dolnoserbski
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Emiliàn e rumagnòl
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Fiji Hindi
Français
Furlan
Gaeilge
Gàidhlig
Galego
贛語
ગુજરાતી
客家語/Hak-kâ-ngî
Хальмг
한국어
Հայերեն
हिन्दी
Hornjoserbsce
Hrvatski
Ido
Ilokano
Bahasa Indonesia
Interlingua
ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ/inuktitut
Ирон
IsiZulu
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
ಕನ್ನಡ
Къарачай-малкъар
कॉशुर / کٲشُر
Қазақша
Kinyarwanda
Kiswahili
Kreyòl ayisyen
Кыргызча
Ladino
ລາວ
Latina
Latviešu
Lëtzebuergesch
Lietuvių
Ligure
Livvinkarjala
La .lojban.
Македонски
Malagasy
മലയാളം
Māori
मराठी
مصرى
Bahasa Melayu
Mirandés
Мокшень
Nāhuatl
Na Vosa Vakaviti
Nederlands
नेपाल भाषा
日本語
Napulitano
Нохчийн
Norsk
Nouormand
Occitan
Олык марий
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ
پنجابی
Polski
Português
Qaraqalpaqsha
Ripoarisch
Русиньскый
Русский
Gagana Samoa
संस्कृतम्
Scots
Sesotho sa Leboa
Setswana
Shqip
Sicilianu
Simple English
سنڌي
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
کوردی
Српски / srpski
Basa Sunda
Suomi
Svenska
Tagalog
தமிழ்
Татарча/tatarça
ไทย
Тоҷикӣ
ᏣᎳᎩ
Tsetsêhestâhese
Tshivenda
Türkçe
Türkmençe
Українська
اردو
ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche
Vahcuengh
Vepsän kel’
Tiếng Việt
Võro
Walon
West-Vlams
Winaray
吴语
ייִדיש
粵語
Zazaki
中文
142 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 8 April 2018, at 19:39.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

values: mw-page-base noprint

values: mw-head-base noprint

values: This is a good article. Follow the link for more information.

values: mw-indicator-good-star mw-indicator

values: mw-indicator-pp-default mw-indicator

values: firstHeading firstHeading en

values: siteSub noprint

values: jump-to-nav mw-jump

values:
/wiki/Apple_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Apple (disambiguation)

values:
/wiki/Apple_Blossom_(disambiguation)
mw-redirect mw-disambig
Apple Blossom (disambiguation)

values:
/wiki/Apple_tree_(disambiguation)
mw-disambig
Apple tree (disambiguation)

values:
note
hatnote navigation-not-searchable

values: text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)

attrs: alt src width height data-file-width data-file-height

values: font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;

values: min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)

values: text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%

values:
/wiki/Leaf_arrangement
mw-redirect
Leaf arrangement

values:
/wiki/Cyme_(botany)
mw-redirect
Cyme (botany)

values: color photograph of a hand holding a red apple

values:
/wiki/Crab_apples
mw-redirect
Crab apples

values: Illustration of girl in a red dress, holding 3 candles in one hand and a basket of apples in the other

values:
/wiki/H._R._Ellis_Davidson
mw-redirect
H. R. Ellis Davidson

values:
/wiki/Norse_paganism
mw-redirect
Norse paganism

values:
/wiki/Oseberg_ship
mw-redirect
Oseberg ship

values:
/wiki/World_religions
mw-redirect
World religions

values:
/wiki/Latin_language
mw-redirect
Latin language

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.esvbible.org/Genesis+2:17

values:
/wiki/Indian_Subcontinent
mw-redirect
Indian Subcontinent

values:
/wiki/Kota_Batu,_Indonesia
mw-redirect
Kota Batu, Indonesia

values:
/wiki/Orchard_mason_bee
mw-redirect
Orchard mason bee

values: None of the cited information was in reference given. Might be in Yepsen 1994 reference. (December 2017)

values:
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact
white-space:nowrap;

values: The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (December 2017)

values: The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (December 2017)

values: This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2015)

values:
/wiki/Black_Spot_(disease)
mw-redirect
Black Spot (disease)

values:
/wiki/Essential_nutrients
mw-redirect
Essential nutrients

values:
/wiki/Toffee_apple
mw-redirect
Toffee apple

values:
/wiki/Caramel_apples
mw-redirect
Caramel apples

values:
/wiki/Fermentation_(food)
mw-redirect
Fermentation (food)

values:
/wiki/Applejack_(beverage)
mw-redirect
Applejack (beverage)

values:
/wiki/Calvados_(spirit)
mw-redirect
Calvados (spirit)

values:
/wiki/Genetically_engineered
mw-redirect
Genetically engineered

values:
/wiki/Adverse_reaction
mw-redirect
Adverse reaction

values:
/wiki/National_Library_of_Medicine
mw-redirect
National Library of Medicine

values:
/wiki/Apple_chips
mw-redirect
Apple chips

values: -moz-column-width: 20em; -webkit-column-width: 20em; column-width: 20em;

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.12705%2F636.20

values:
nofollow
external text
http://faostat3.fao.org/browse/Q/QC/E

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.uga.edu/fruit/apple.html

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.3732%2Fajb.93.3.357

values:
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier
mw-redirect
PubMed Identifier

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21646196

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22589740

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16780433

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1038%2Fng.654

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20802477

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/38270894

values:
/wiki/John_Lloyd_(writer)
mw-redirect
John Lloyd (writer)

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/oclc/182530169

values:
/wiki/New_York_Times
mw-redirect
New York Times

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1673%2F031.010.6301

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.nutritionj.com/content/3/1/5

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1186%2F1475-2891-3-5

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15140261

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24366437

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.worldcat.org/issn/1750-3841

values:
nofollow
external text
https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjf010021

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20356611

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.2202%2F1556-3758.1283

values:
nofollow
external text
//doi.org/10.1055%2Fs-0028-1088300

values:
nofollow
external text
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18855307

values:
nofollow
https://www.pbs.org/thebotanyofdesire/
external text

values: -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;

values: padding-bottom: 0.75em; text-align: center;

attrs: alt src width height style srcset data-file-width data-file-height

values: display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;

values: display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;

values: border-top:1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 0.75em;

values: metadata plainlinks plainlist mbox-small

values: border:1px solid #aaa; padding:0.75em; background:#f9f9f9;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.eol.org/pages/629942

values: National Center for Biotechnology Information

values:
/wiki/Institute_of_Food_Research
mw-redirect
Institute of Food Research

values:
/wiki/Malus_niedzwetskyana
mw-redirect
Malus niedzwetskyana

values:
navbox-image
7
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values:
/wiki/Delbard_Jubilee
mw-redirect
Delbard Jubilee

values:
/wiki/Ellison%27s_Orange_(apple)
mw-redirect
Ellison's Orange (apple)

values:
/wiki/James_Grieve_apple
mw-redirect
James Grieve apple

values:
/wiki/Ralls_Genet
mw-redirect
Ralls Genet

values:
/wiki/Bismarck_apple
mw-redirect
Bismarck apple

values:
/wiki/Crimson_Bramley_(apple)
mw-redirect
Crimson Bramley (apple)

values:
/wiki/Apple_picking
mw-redirect
Apple picking

values: PRI disease resistant apple breeding program

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values:
/wiki/Malus_bracteata
mw-redirect
Malus bracteata

values:
/wiki/Malus_lancifolia
mw-redirect
Malus lancifolia

values:
navbox-image
2
width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px

values:
row
navbox-group
width:1%;text-align: left;

values:
nofollow
external text
http://eol.org/pages/629943

values:
nofollow
external text
https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/MABPM

values: Global Biodiversity Information Facility

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.gbif.org/species/3001093

values:
nofollow
external text
https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/77949

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.tropicos.org/Name/27800985

values:
nofollow
external text
https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/MABSD

values:
nofollow
external text
http://www.tropicos.org/Name/27804420

values: Category:Webarchive template wayback links

values: Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)

values: Category:Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages

values: Category:Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages

values: Category:Use dmy dates from October 2017

values: Category:Articles with 'species' microformats

values: Category:All articles with unsourced statements

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017

values: Category:Articles with disputed statements from December 2017

values: Category:All pages needing factual verification

values: Category:Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from December 2017

values: Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015

values: Category:Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links

values: Category:Encyclopedia of Life ID not in Wikidata

values: Category:Taxonbar templates desynced from Wikidata

values: Category:Taxonbar templates using multiple Wikidata items

values: Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n]

values: A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y]

values: You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory

values: You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o]

values:
/wiki/Apple
View the content page [ctrl-alt-c]
c

values: Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t]

values: p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label

values:
p-variants
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-variants-label

values:
This page is protected.
You can view its source [ctrl-alt-e]

values: Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h]

values: p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label

values:
p-cactions
navigation
vectorMenu emptyPortlet
p-cactions-label

values:
mw-wiki-logo
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page

values:
/wiki/Main_Page
Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z]
z

values: Featured content – the best of Wikipedia

values: Find background information on current events

values:
/wiki/Special:Random
Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x]
x

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values:
https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appel
Appel – Afrikaans
af
af
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-af
display: none;

values:
https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apfel
Apfel – Alemannisch
als
als
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-als
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-am
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ang
display: none;

values:
https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazana
Mazana – Aragonese
an
an
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-an
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-arc
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup
display: none;

values:
https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazana
Mazana – Asturian
ast
ast
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
display: none;

values:
https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wamin
Wamin – Atikamekw
atj
atj
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-atj
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-az
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-azb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan
display: none;

values:
https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apel
Apel – Basa Banyumasan
map-bms
map-bms
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ba
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be
display: none;

values: Яблык – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bh
display: none;

values:
https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apol
Apol – Bislama
bi
bi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg
display: none;

values:
https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epfe
Epfe – Bavarian
bar
bar
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bar
display: none;

values:
https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabuka
Jabuka – Bosnian
bs
bs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-bs
display: none;

values:
https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aval
Aval – Breton
br
br
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-br
display: none;

values:
https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poma
Poma – Catalan
ca
ca
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values: Панулми – Chuvash

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cv
display: none;

values:
https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jablko
Jablko – Czech
cs
cs
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afal
Afal – Welsh
cy
cy
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cy
display: none;

values:
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86ble
Æble – Danish
da
da
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values: އާފަލް – Divehi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-dv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb
display: none;

values:
https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%95un
Õun – Estonian
et
et
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-et
display: none;

values: Μήλο – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values:
https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A0m
Pàm – Emiliano-Romagnolo
eml
eml
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eml
display: none;

values:
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manzana
Manzana – Spanish
es
es
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomo
Pomo – Esperanto
eo
eo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo
display: none;

values:
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagar
Sagar – Basque
eu
eu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu
display: none;

values: interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle

values:
https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aapul
Aapul – Fiji Hindi
hif
hif
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hif
display: none;

values:
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomme
Pomme – French
fr
fr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fur
display: none;

values:
https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9All
Úll – Irish
ga
ga
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ga
display: none;

values:
https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubhal
Ubhal – Scottish Gaelic
gd
gd
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gd
display: none;

values:
https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maz%C3%A1
Mazá – Galician
gl
gl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gan
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-gu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hak
display: none;

values: Альман – Kalmyk

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-xal
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hy
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr
display: none;

values:
https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomo
Pomo – Ido
io
io
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-io
display: none;

values:
https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansanas
Mansanas – Iloko
ilo
ilo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo
display: none;

values:
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apel
Apel – Indonesian
id
id
interlanguage-link-target

values:
https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomo
Pomo – Interlingua
ia
ia
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ia
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-iu
display: none;

values: Фæткъуы – Ossetic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-os
display: none;

values:
https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihhabhula
Ihhabhula – Zulu
zu
zu
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zu
display: none;

values:
https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epli
Epli – Icelandic
is
is
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-is
display: none;

values:
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mela
Mela – Italian
it
it
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kn
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-krc
display: none;

values: ژوٗنٛٹھ – Kashmiri

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ks
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kk
display: none;

values:
https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pome
Pome – Kinyarwanda
rw
rw
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-rw
display: none;

values:
https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tofaa
Tofaa – Swahili
sw
sw
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sw
display: none;

values:
https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B2m
Pòm – Haitian Creole
ht
ht
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ht
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ky
display: none;

values:
https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansana
Mansana – Ladino
lad
lad
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lad
display: none;

values: ໝາກປົ່ມ – Lao

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lo
display: none;

values:
https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malum
Malum – Latin
la
la
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-la
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lv
display: none;

values:
https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apel
Apel – Luxembourgish
lb
lb
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lb
display: none;

values:
https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obuolys
Obuolys – Lithuanian
lt
lt
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt
display: none;

values:
https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mei
Mei – Ligurian
lij
lij
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-lij
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-olo
display: none;

values:
https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/plise
plise – Lojban
jbo
jbo
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk
display: none;

values:
https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paoma
Paoma – Malagasy
mg
mg
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ml
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mi
display: none;

values: सफरचंद – Marathi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-arz
display: none;

values:
https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epal
Epal – Malay
ms
ms
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf
display: none;

values:
https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manzana
Manzana – Nāhuatl
nah
nah
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nah
display: none;

values:
https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yapolo
Yapolo – Fijian
fj
fj
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fj
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: स्याउ – Newari

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-new
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milo
Milo – Neapolitan
nap
nap
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nap
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ce
display: none;

values:
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eple
Eple – Norwegian
no
no
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-no
display: none;

values:
https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poume
Poume – Norman
nrm
nrm
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm
display: none;

values:
https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poma
Poma – Occitan
oc
oc
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-oc
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pa
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pt
display: none;

values:
https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma
Alma – Kara-Kalpak
kaa
kaa
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa
display: none;

values:
https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appel
Appel – Colognian
ksh
ksh
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh
display: none;

values: Ябко – Rusyn

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-rue
display: none;

values: Яблоко – Russian

values:
https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apu
Apu – Samoan
sm
sm
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sm
display: none;

values: सेवफलम् – Sanskrit

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sa
display: none;

values:
https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiple
Aiple – Scots
sco
sco
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco
display: none;

values:
https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apole
Apole – Northern Sotho
nso
nso
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nso
display: none;

values:
https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apole
Apole – Tswana
tn
tn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tn
display: none;

values:
https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molla
Molla – Albanian
sq
sq
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sq
display: none;

values:
https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumu
Pumu – Sicilian
scn
scn
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-scn
display: none;

values:
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple
Apple – Simple English
simple
simple
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sd
display: none;

values:
https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jablko
Jablko – Slovak
sk
sk
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk
display: none;

values:
https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabolko
Jabolko – Slovenian
sl
sl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb
display: none;

values: Јабука – Serbian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr
display: none;

values:
https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apel
Apel – Sundanese
su
su
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-su
display: none;

values:
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omena
Omena – Finnish
fi
fi
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values:
https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansanas
Mansanas – Tagalog
tl
tl
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tl
display: none;

values: ஆப்பிள் – Tamil

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ta
display: none;

values: Алма – Tatar

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tt
display: none;

values: แอปเปิล – Thai

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-th
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tg
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-chr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-chy
display: none;

values:
https://ve.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apula
Apula – Venda
ve
ve
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ve
display: none;

values:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elma
Elma – Turkish
tr
tr
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values:
https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma
Alma – Turkmen
tk
tk
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tk
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk
display: none;

values: ئالما – Uyghur

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ug
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-za
display: none;

values:
https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jablok
Jablok – Veps
vep
vep
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vep
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values:
https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upin
Upin – Võro
fiu-vro
fiu-vro
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro
display: none;

values:
https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pem%C3%AE
Pemî – Walloon
wa
wa
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-wa
display: none;

values:
https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appel
Appel – West Flemish
vls
vls
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vls
display: none;

values:
https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansanas
Mansanas – Waray
war
war
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-war
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-yi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue
display: none;

values:
https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saye
Saye – Zazaki
diq
diq
interlanguage-link-target

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-diq
display: none;

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Apple rootpage-Apple skin-vector action-view