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The Heart Wants What It Wants
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"The Heart Wants What It Wants"
Single by Selena Gomez
from the album For You
Released
November 6, 2014 (2014-11-06)
Format
Digital download
Recorded
2013
Studio
Rock Mafia Studios (Santa Monica, CA)
Genre
Pop
R&B
Length
3:47
Label
Hollywood
Songwriter(s)
Selena Gomez
Antonina Armato
Tim James
David Jost
Producer(s)
Rock Mafia
Selena Gomez singles chronology
"Slow Down"
(2013) "The Heart Wants What It Wants"
(2014) "I Want You to Know"
(2015)
"Slow Down"
(2013) "The Heart Wants What It Wants"
(2014) "I Want You to Know"
(2015)
Music video
"The Heart Wants What It Wants" on YouTube
"The Heart Wants What It Wants" is a song by American singer Selena Gomez from her 2014 compilation album For You. It was released on November 6, 2014, through Hollywood Records. The song was written by Gomez, Antonina Armato and Tim James. Additional songwriting was provided by David Jost.[1][2][3] Armato and James, who collectively form the production duo Rock Mafia, also produced the song. A mid-tempo pop and R&B track with a minimal electropop beat, its accompanying music video was premiered on November 6, 2014, alongside the premiere of the song itself.[4][5] It is Gomez's last release under the label.[6]
Music critics mostly commended the song's lyrical content, production, vocals, and Gomez's new direction. The song reached number six on the Billboard Hot 100. It also reached number six in Canada, and peaked in the top 40 in sixteen countries, including Australia, Belgium, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background and release
2 Composition and lyrical interpretation
3 Critical reception
3.1 Accolades
4 Chart performance
5 Music video
6 Live performance
7 Track listings
8 Credits and personnel
9 Charts
9.1 Weekly charts
9.2 Year-end charts
10 Certifications
11 References
12 External links
Background and release[edit]
Gomez said about the song, "And it's also a step for me knowing like, 'Ok, this is what I'm about to say, and I need to say it when I'm ready' [...] And I think after this year, it's the perfect way to end the year, it's the perfect way to end a chapter in a way. It's like, this is what I'll say about every single person that has judged me for every decision that I've made, for every person, [and] heart that is being judged for something they've done, and now I just want to release it," Gomez stated in an interview with Ryan Seacrest on 102.7 KIIS FM during the world premiere of "The Heart Wants What It Wants."[7] In its first day on radio, the song had a listening audience of 10.061 million.[8]
Composition and lyrical interpretation[edit]
"The Heart Wants What It Wants"
A 22-second sample of "The Heart Wants What It Wants" by Selena Gomez, where the chorus is heard.
Problems playing this file? See media help.
"The Heart Wants What It Wants" is a midtempo pop and R&B song,[9][10] that contains a minimal electropop beat complete with finger snaps, ominous synths and haunting groans.[11] Several critics noted the reminiscence of the song to the works by singers Lorde and Lana Del Rey.[11][12] Lyrically, Gomez details being in love with a bad boy despite knowing he may not be a stand-up guy.[11] She sings, "The bed's getting cold and you're not here / The future that we hold is so unclear / But I'm not alive until you call / And I'll bet the odds against it all... / There's a million reasons why I should give you up / But the heart wants what it wants."[11]
The title is from a letter by Emily Dickinson.[13] The saying was popularized in 2001 when it was quoted by Woody Allen in an interview about his relationship with Soon-Yi Previn.[14]
Critical reception[edit]
Lucas Villa of AXS favorably compared "The Heart Wants What it Wants" to the music of Lana Del Rey for Gomez's use of "trip hop beats, guitar and distorted Emile Haynie-styled yelps" alongside her "darkest" lyrics yet. He further wrote that the song "stands as a heartbreaking revelation in her five-year-old songbook, one that's vulnerably beautiful and unapologetically honest."[12] Tim Sendra of AllMusic highlighted the song and praised it by calling it "very adult and real-sounding" and adding that "she acquits herself well here too."[15] Popology Now called this song "emotionally charged."[16] The Huffington Post's Christopher Rosen deemed the song "a fairly good anthem for those going through heartbreak."[17]
Idolator praised the song: "The Rock Mafia-produced gem shows the former teen queen in an entirely new light. There’s a vulnerability we haven’t seen before as Selena sings about the dark side of her very own fairytale with palpable honesty and conviction" and the editor called it the selling point of an album and added that if Selena follows this direction, many hits will be coming for her."[18] The Times of India editor Kasmin Fernandes added that this song shows her in an "entirely new light."[19] Renowned for Sound was also positive: "smooth dose of pop with a second-guessing love storyline."[9] When reviewing single, Music Times concluded: "Emotional song channels Justin Bieber drama but is still stunning on its own."[20]
Accolades[edit]
"The Heart Wants What It Wants" won the award for Best Breakup Song at the 2015 Radio Disney Music Awards.[21] It also received a nomination for Choice Break-Up Song at the 2015 Teen Choice Awards.[22]
Chart performance[edit]
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During its first week, "The Heart Wants What It Wants" sold 103,000 digital copies in the United States, which allowed it to debut at number six in the list Digital Songs. These sales gave Gomez her second best debut on the list, after "Who Says" with her band Selena Gomez & the Scene, which debuted with 116,000 copies. The Billboard Hot 100 list, which combines the single's digital sales, plus its performance on the radio and streaming, debuted at number twenty-five; the best entry of the week. In Streaming Songs it debuted at number thirty-seven because it received 3.1 million streams.[23] After performing the song at the American Music Awards on November 23, 2014, Gomez received her second top 10 on the Billboard Hot 100, and it reached number six, the same position obtained by "Come & Get It" in May 2013. The week after its introduction, the song sold 136,000 copies and reached number five on Digital Songs, since it had a 98% increase in downloads compared to the previous week. Simultaneously, it reached the fifth position in Streaming Songs and debuted at number forty-two on Radio Songs. In the latter, managed to position itself as her second top ten, again behind "Come & Get It".[24] In the counting of Pop Songs, based on the level of airplay that songs receive on pop radio stations in the United States, "The Heart Wants What It Wants" became Gomez's third top 10 single in her solo career and her third consecutive single that make it to the first ten. On the other hand, in late January 2015, the song debuted on the Hot Dance Club Songs chart, marking the most popular songs in the dance clubs of the United States. As of May 2017, the single has sold 1.4 million copies in the United States.[25]
In Canada it also achieved the best debut in its first week, at number nine. This automatically turned "The Heart Wants What It Wants" Gomez's third top 10 in the country and her second best positioned single after "Come & Get It" which peaked at number six followed by "Love You like a Love Song", which reached the tenth position. Weeks later "The Heart Wants What It Wants" equaled the position of "Come & Get It" in the Canadian territory.
Music video[edit]
The music video was filmed in black and white in California and directed by Dawn Shadforth over a year before its release.[26][27] The video received over 9 million views in its first 24 hours. Actor Shiloh Fernandez appears in the music video as Gomez's love interest.[8]
The UK edition of the International Business Times called the video "emotionally charged".[28] Artist Direct wrote that the video contained "a painful, powerful and emotional visual opening."[26]
Live performance[edit]
Gomez performed the single for the first time at the 2014 American Music Awards.[29] In her presentation, Gomez wore a skin-colored dress, and the background consisted of images as dark lights, thorns, roses, broken glass and wings appeared behind her on the screen. At the end of her performance, the singer added the phrase "I thought you were the one...".
Caitlin White from MTV described the visuals as "amazing" and said: "It is a more mature song for Selena, but one that almost everyone in the audience could relate, given the intense and emotional response public."[30] The Wrap's Matt Donnelly wrote that it was "a considerable growth moment" for the singer.[31] Casey Rackham of Zap2it called the performance "beautifully and emotionally intense." She commented that the use of wings was "pretty empowering."[32] After her presentation at the American Music Awards, the song went to number one on the Billboard Twitter Real-Time, position it had occupied in its release.
Track listings[edit]
Digital download[33]
"The Heart Wants What It Wants" – 3:47
Digital download – remixes
"The Heart Wants What It Wants" (DJ Laszlo Club Mix) – 5:59
"The Heart Wants What It Wants" (Dave Audé Extended) – 5:25
"The Heart Wants What It Wants" (Cosmic Dawn Club Mix) – 6:57
"The Heart Wants What It Wants" (Kue Remix) – 4:32
"The Heart Wants What It Wants" (Ruff Loaderz Remix) – 5:18
"The Heart Wants What It Wants" (Ultimix by Mark Roberts) – 5:49
Credits and personnel[edit]
Recording and management
Recorded, Engineered and Mixed at Rock Mafia Studios (Santa Monica, California)
Mastered at Sterling Sound (New York City)
Good Fellowship Publishing (ASCAP) administered by Seven Peaks Music (ASCAP); Downtown DLJ Songs obo Antonina Songs (ASCAP); David Jost Music Publishing (GEMA); Downtown DMP Songs obo Akashic Field Music (BMI)
Personnel
Selena Gomez – vocals, songwriting
Antonina Armato – songwriting; production, mixing (as part of Rock Mafia)
David Jost – songwriting
Tim James – songwriting; production, mixing (as part of Rock Mafia)
Devrim Karaoglu – additional production
Steve Hammons – additional production, engineering, mix engineering
Dubkiller – additional production
Jon Vella – additional production
Xander Singh – additional production
Ace Ha – additional production
Adam Comstock – engineering
Rami Jaffee – vibraphone, mellotron
Chris Gehringer – mastering
Credits adapted from For You liner notes.[34]
Charts[edit]
Weekly charts[edit]
Chart (2014–15)
Peak
position
Australia (ARIA)[35]
33
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[36]
48
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[37]
33
Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[38]
23
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[39]
6
Canada CHR/Top 40 (Billboard)[40]
10
Canada Hot AC (Billboard)[41]
21
Czech Republic (Rádio Top 100)[42]
39
Czech Republic (Singles Digitál Top 100)[43]
6
Denmark (Tracklisten)[44]
9
Finland (Suomen virallinen lista)[45]
15
France (SNEP)[46]
30
Germany (Official German Charts)[47]
53
Greece Digital Songs (Billboard)[48]
1
Hungary (Single Top 40)[49]
13
Ireland (IRMA)[50]
60
Italy (FIMI)[51]
80
Lebanon (Lebanese Top 20)[52]
4
Netherlands (Single Top 100)[53]
58
New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[54]
19
Norway (VG-lista)[55]
13
Scotland (Official Charts Company)[56]
22
Slovakia (Rádio Top 100)[57]
40
Slovakia (Singles Digitál Top 100)[58]
7
South Africa (EMA)[59]
8
Spain (PROMUSICAE)[60]
23
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[61]
53
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[62]
52
UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[63]
30
US Billboard Hot 100[64]
6
US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[65]
18
US Adult Top 40 (Billboard)[66]
18
US Dance Club Songs (Billboard)[67]
35
US Latin Pop Songs (Billboard)[68]
32
US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[69]
7
US Rhythmic (Billboard)[70]
30
Year-end charts[edit]
Chart (2015)
Position
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)[71]
63
US Billboard Hot 100[72]
62
US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[73]
43
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Canada (Music Canada)[74]
Platinum 80,000^
Denmark (IFPI Denmark)[75]
Gold 40,000^
Sweden (GLF)[76]
Gold 20,000^
United States (RIAA)[77]
Platinum 1,400,000[78]
^shipments figures based on certification alone
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ Mackinley, Page (November 3, 2014). "Selena Gomez's 'For You' Album Tracklist Leaks: 'Stars Dance' Gets Dubkiller Remix". Inquisitr.
Jump up ^ "The Heart Wants What it Wants" – Selena Gomez – Sheet Music. Downtown Music Publishing, Good Fellowship Publishing, Downtown DLJ Songs, Antonina Songs, Downtown DMP Songs, Mafia Della Roccia and Akashic Field Music. 2014. ISBN 978-1-4950-0875-7. Retrieved June 24, 2016.
Jump up ^ Boardman, Madeline (November 6, 2014). "Selena Gomez Cries in Emotional "The Heart Wants What It Wants" Video". Us Weekly.
Jump up ^ Byrne, Suzy (November 6, 2014). "Selena Gomez Debuts 'The Heart Wants What It Wants,' an Apparent Ode to Justin Bieber". Yahoo Music.
Jump up ^ Wass, Mike (December 4, 2014). "Selena Gomez's "The Heart Wants What It Wants" Gets A Batch Of Official Dance Remixes: Listen To Them All". Idolator. Retrieved April 7, 2017.
Jump up ^ Inocencio, Marc (November 6, 2014). "Selena Gomez Talks New Single and Justin Bieber: 'I'm Upset When He's Upset'". RyanSeacrest.com.
^ Jump up to: a b Mackinley, Page (November 7, 2014). "Selena Gomez's 'The Heart Wants What It Wants' Impacts Big At Radio & YouTube". Inquisitir.
^ Jump up to: a b Review by Renowned for Sound Retrieved 29 December 2014
Jump up ^ Bill Lamb. "Selena Gomez – "The Heart Wants What It Wants"". About.com. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d ""The Heart Wants What It Wants": Is Selena Gomez Singing, Crying About Justin Bieber in New Single? – Fuse". Fuse. Retrieved 26 June 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Villa, Lucas (November 10, 2014). "Review: Selena Gomez has a Lana Del Rey moment on 'Heart Wants What it Wants'". AXS.
Jump up ^ "Dickinson/M. Bowles Correspondence spring 1862 (letter 262)".
Jump up ^ "The Heart Wants What It Wants".
Jump up ^ Review by AllMusic Retrieved 20 December 2014
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Jump up ^ Review by Idolator Retrieved 29 December 2014
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Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (November 14, 2014). "Hot 100 Chart Moves: Selena Gomez's 'Heart' Starts at No. 25". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved July 20, 2015.
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (December 3, 2014). "Taylor Swift No. 1 on Hot 100, Selena Gomez, Mark Ronson Hit Top 10". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved July 20, 2015.
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (14 May 2017). "Ask Billboard: Selena Gomez's Career Album & Song Sales". Billboard. Billboard. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b "Selena Gomez Cries In New Video for "The Heart Wants What It Wants," About Justin Bieber". Artist Direct. November 7, 2014. Retrieved June 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Watch Selena Gomez Break Down in New 'Heart Wants What It Wants' Music Video". PEOPLE.com. Retrieved 26 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Maharana, Kabita (November 7, 2014). "Selena Gomez's New Song 'The Heart Wants What it Wants' About Justin Bieber? Fans Tweet Emotionally for the Songstress". International Business Times (UK Edition). Retrieved November 14, 2014.
Jump up ^ "American Music Awards: Selena Gomez, Garth Brooks, Imagine Dragons to Perform". Hollywood Reporter. November 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ White, Caitlin (November 23, 2015). "Selena Gomez's Tearful, Emotional Performance Of 'The Heart Wants What It Wants' Will Leave You Sobbing". MTV. Retrieved June 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ Donnelly, Matt (November 23, 2014). "Selena Gomez Delivers Emotional AMA Performance With 'The Heart Wants What It Wants' (Video)". The Wrap. Retrieved June 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ Rackham, Casey (November 23, 2014). "elena Gomez takes AMAs to an emotional place with 'The Heart Wants What It Wants'". Zap2it. Retrieved June 23, 2015.
Jump up ^ "iTunes – Music – For You by Selena Gomez". United States: iTunes Store. November 24, 2014.
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Jump up ^ "Austriancharts.at – Selena Gomez – The Heart Wants What It Wants" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved November 19, 2014.
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Jump up ^ "Canadian single certifications – Selena Gomez – The Heart Wants What It Wants". Music Canada. Retrieved March 17, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Danish single certifications – Selena Gomez – The Heart Wants What It Wants". IFPI Denmark. Retrieved February 28, 2015. Click on næste to go to page if certification from official website
Jump up ^ "Guld- och Platinacertifikat" (in Swedish). IFPI Sweden. Retrieved May 18, 2015. Type Selena Gomez in the top right search bar. Click on "Sok" and select The Heart Wants What It Wants and see certification.
Jump up ^ "American single certifications – Selena Gomez – The Heart Wants What It Wants". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved January 24, 2015. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Single, then click SEARCH
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (May 14, 2017). "Ask Billboard: Selena Gomez's Career Album & Song Sales". Billboard. Billboard. Retrieved May 15, 2017.
External links[edit]
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
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Selena Gomez
Discography
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Stars Dance
Revival
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For You
Singles
"Come & Get It"
"Slow Down"
"The Heart Wants What It Wants"
"Good for You"
"Same Old Love"
"Hands to Myself"
"Kill Em with Kindness"
"It Ain't Me"
"Bad Liar"
"Fetish"
"Wolves"
"Back to You"
Featured singles
"I Want You to Know"
"We Don't Talk Anymore"
"Hands"
"Trust Nobody"
Promotional singles
"Tell Me Something I Don't Know"
"Magic"
"Whoa Oh!" (remix)
"Send It On"
"Shake It Up"
"Me & the Rhythm"
Other charted songs
"One and the Same"
"Birthday"
"Stars Dance"
"Sober"
"Me & My Girls"
Other songs
"Like a Champion"
"Forget Forever"
"Revival"
"Only You"
Concert tours
Stars Dance Tour
Revival Tour
Related articles
Selena Gomez & the Scene
Francia Raisa
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Artificial kidney
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (February 2017)
Artificial kidney is often a synonym for hemodialysis, but may also, more generally, refer to renal replacement therapies (with exclusion of kidney transplantation) that are in use and/or in development. This article deals with bioengineered kidneys/bioartificial kidneys that are grown from renal cell lines/renal tissue.
The first successful artificial kidney was developed by Willem Kolff in the Netherlands during the early 1940s. Kolff was the first to construct a working dialyzer in 1943.
Contents
[hide]
1 Medical uses
1.1 Kidney failure
1.2 Need for a bioartificial kidney
2 Proposed Solutions
2.1 Artificial Kidney
2.2 Implantable Artificial Kidney
2.3 Wearable artificial kidney
2.4 Experiments of the Wearable Artificial Kidney
2.5 Implantable Renal Assist Device (IRAD)
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
Medical uses[edit]
Kidney failure[edit]
Kidneys are paired vital organs located behind the abdominal cavity at the bottom of the ribcage corresponding to the levels T12-L3 of the spine vertebrae. They perform about a dozen physiologic functions and are fairly easily damaged. Some of these functions include filtration and excretion of metabolic waste products, regulation of necessary electrolytes and fluids and stimulation of red blood cell-production.[1] These organs routinely filter about 100 to 140 liters of blood a day to produce 1 to 2 liters of urine, composed of wastes and excess fluid.[2]
Kidney failure results in the slow accumulation of nitrogenous wastes, salts, water, and disruption of the body's normal pH balance. This failure occurs over a long period of time, and when the patient's renal function declines enough over the course of the disease, is commonly known as end stage renal disease (ESRD; which is also known as Level 5 or 6 kidney disease, depending on whether dialysis or renal replacement therapy is used). Detecting kidney disease before the kidneys start to shut down is uncommon, with high blood pressure and decreased appetite being symptoms that indicate a problem.[3] Diabetes and high blood pressure are seen as the 2 most common causes of kidney failure.[4] Experts predict that the demand for dialysis will increase as the prevalence of diabetes increases.[5] Until the Second World War, kidney failure generally meant death for the patient. Several insights into kidney function and acute kidney failure were made during the war.[6]
1 in 3 American adults are at a risk for developing kidney disease.[7] Over 26 million American adults have kidney disease and most are not aware of it.[7] More than 661,000 of them have kidney failure and 468,000 are on dialysis.[7] The large population of individuals with kidney failure drives continuing advancements in the technology of artificial kidneys so that more people can have access to treatments.
Home hemodialysis has become rare because of its disadvantages. It is expensive, time consuming and space inefficient. In 1980, 9.7% of the dialysis population was on home hemodialysis but by 1987 the proportion had dropped to 3.6%.[8]
According to a 2011 report by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, the United States of America has the second-highest rate of dialysis among advanced countries after Japan.[5] The United States has the highest mortality rate among patients with ESRD. On average 20% of American ESRD patients die annually, which is more than twice that of Japan.[5] The growth of dialysis facilities in the United States is the result of more Americans developing end-stage renal disease. From 2001 to 2011 the number increased by about 49.7% from 411,000 citizens to 615,000 citizens.[5] In 2001 there were only 296,000 Americans on some form of dialysis.[5] Ten years later that number increased to more than 430,000 as a result of chronic conditions developing such as diabetes and hypertension.[5]
Need for a bioartificial kidney[edit]
Over 300,000 Americans are dependent on hemodialysis as treatment for kidney failure, but according to data from the 2005 USRDS 452,000 Americans have end-stage kidney disease (ESKD).[9] Intriguing investigations from groups in London, Ontario and Toronto, Ontario have suggested that dialysis treatments lasting two to three times as long as, and delivered more frequently than, conventional thrice weekly treatments may be associated with improved clinical outcomes.[10] Implementing six-times weekly, all-night dialysis would overwhelm existing resources in most countries. This, as well as scarcity of donor organs for kidney transplantation has prompted research in developing alternative therapies, including the development of a wearable or implantable device.[11]
Proposed Solutions[edit]
Artificial Kidney[edit]
Dialyser used in hemodialysis
Hemodialysis is a method for removing waste products such as creatinine and urea, as well as free water from the blood when the kidneys are in kidney failure. The mechanical device used to clean the patients blood is called a dialyser, also known as an artificial kidney. The other name for artificial kidney is also called a dialysis machine. Modern dialysers typically consist of a cylindrical rigid casing enclosing hollow fibers cast or extruded from a polymer or copolymer, which is usually a proprietary formulation. The combined area of the hollow fibers is typically between 1-2 square meters. Intensive research has been conducted by many groups to optimize blood and dialysate flows within the dialyser, in order to achieve efficient transfer of wastes from blood to dialysate.
Implantable Artificial Kidney[edit]
The implantable artificial kidney is a second project that is being co-developed by a nephrologist named William H. Fissell IV, MD, from the Vanderbilt University Medical Center with Professor Shuvo Roy from the University of California, San Francisco. Fissell and his colleges have been working on the implantable artificial kidney for over a decade but recently received a 6-million-dollar grant in November 2015 to further continue the research and development of the project. The goal of this project is to create a bio-hybrid device that can imitate the functions of a healthy kidney by removing enough waste products to keep a patient from needing dialysis treatment. The key to the success of this device is the use of silicon nanotechnology and the microchip which is precious and can act as a natural filter. Fissell and his team have designed each pore (of the filter) to perform a specific function or task. The microchips will also act as a platform for which living kidney cells will reside and grow on and around the filters with the goal of imitating the natural functions of the kidney. The bio-hybrid device will not be in reach of the body’s immune response which allows it to be protected against being rejected by the patient's body. The device will be designed to be small enough to fit inside a patient’s body that will successfully operate with the patient’s natural blood flow. Fissel and his research team continue to make progress and they expected the implantable artificial kidney would enter human trials by 2017. [12][13]
Wearable artificial kidney[edit]
A wearable artificial kidney is a wearable dialysis machine that a person with end-stage kidney disease could use daily or even continuously. A wearable artificial kidney (WAK) is not available, but research teams are in the process of developing such a device. The goal is to develop a portable device that will be able to imitate the functions of the regular kidney. This device would allow for a patient to be treated twenty-four hours a day. With the development of miniature pumps, the hope of an effective wearable hemodialysis device has become realizable. Some patients already receive continuous peritoneal dialysis treatment which allows them to remain ambulatory. However, only a small portion of dialysis patients use peritoneal dialysis treatment because it requires large amounts of dialysate to be stored and disposed. A healthy individual's kidneys filter blood 24 hours/day, 168 hours/week compared to an individual with end-stage renal disease whose dialysis treatment plan is approximately 12 hours a week. The treatment results in a lower quality of life as well as a higher mortality rate for patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD). Therefore, there is a need for an around-the-clock device that will allow ESRD patients to receive dialysis continuously while maintaining a normal life.[14][15][16] The FDA approved the first human clinical trial in the United States for a wearable artificial kidney designed by Blood Purification Technologies Inc. The prototype of the WAK is a 10-pound device, powered by nine-volt batteries, which connects to a patient via a catheter, and should use less than 500mL of dialysate.[14] It is designed to run continuously on batteries, allowing patients to remain ambulatory when wearing the device, leading to a greater quality of life.The device is designed to improve other physiological aspects of the patient’s health such as improved volume control, decreased hypertension and sodium retention, as well as a decreased rate of cardiovascular disease and stroke.[14][15][16]
Experiments of the Wearable Artificial Kidney[edit]
The wearable artificial kidney (WAK) has constantly been modified throughout the years for the better of people who have kidney failure. To try and make the WAK usable, several experiments have been conducted. While conducting these experiments for the WAK, similar goals are trying to be achieved. For example, a main goal that these experiments are trying to achieve is to make sure that the WAK can function like a regular kidney.
One experiment that took place included eight people who wore the WAK for four to eight hours.[14] As the participants wore the WAK, several outcomes occurred. For example, one outcome during the experiment was that the fluid removal for the WAK was controlled correctly by an ultrafiltration pump.[14] Another outcome that took place during this experiment was that a needle connected to the WAK ended up disconnecting itself.[14] When this happened, the WAK was able to recognize this, and the blood stopped pumping.[14] When the blood stopped pumping, the needle could be reinserted without the body losing a large amount of blood.[14] As other research has been conducted, it has been argued that using an ultrafiltration pump may not be the best pump for the WAK. For example, research has found that by using a peristaltic pump instead, would allow a person to know their blood flow rate without having a sensor, which is needed in an ultrafiltration pump used in the experiment mentioned above.[17] A change in the type of pump used for the WAK may be crucial because it could help make the device cheaper and more reliable for the public by not having a sensor.[17]
After doing a lot of research on the WAK, several research questions have been answered. For example, researchers have found out that the WAK can work without an outlet because it has been able to function on a nine-volt battery.[14] Although, it has been argued by researchers that using nine-volt batteries are not effective enough for the WAK because it does not power the device long enough and indirectly it makes the WAK less affordable when having to constantly change the batteries.[18] Due to this, other energy sources are being explored, for example, researchers are seeing if fuel cells, wireless transmission of energy from an active source, or harvesting energy from the environment would be better ways to power the WAK for longer periods of time.[18] Several questions have been answered about the WAK, but many research questions are still left unanswered. Researchers are still trying to figure out if the WAK can be energy efficient, affordable, and if it can reuse small amounts of dialysate.[14]
Implantable Renal Assist Device (IRAD)[edit]
Currently, no viable bioengineered kidneys exist. Although a great deal of research is underway, numerous barriers exist to their creation.[19][20][21]
However, manufacturing a membrane that mimics the kidney's ability to filter blood and subsequently excrete toxins while reabsorbing water and salt would allow for a wearable and/or implantable artificial kidney. Developing a membrane using microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology is a limiting step in creating an implantable, bioartificial kidney.
The BioMEMS and Renal Nanotechnology Laboratories at the Cleveland Clinic's Lerner Research Institute have focused on advancing membrane technology to develop an implantable or wearable therapy for end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). Current dialysis cartridges are too large and require superphysiologic pressures for blood circulation, and pores in current polymer membranes have too broad of a size distribution and irregular features. Manufacturing a silicon, nanoporous membrane with narrow pore size distributions improves the membrane's ability to discriminate between filtered and retained molecules. It also increases hydraulic permeability by allowing the mean pore size to approach the desired cutoff of the membrane. Using a batch-fabrication process allows for strict control over pore size distribution and geometry.[22]
Studies show human kidney cells were harvested from donated organs unsuitable for transplantation, and grown on these membranes. The cultured cells covered the membranes and appear to retain features of adult kidney cells. The differentiated growth of renal epithelial cells on MEMS materials suggests that a miniaturized device suitable for implantation may be feasible.
A UCSF-led effort to create an implantable artificial kidney for dialysis patients has been selected as one of the first projects to undergo more timely and collaborative review at the Food and Drug Administration.
The FDA announced on April 9, 2012, that it had chosen three renal device projects to pilot a regulatory approval program called Innovation Pathway 2.0, intended to bring breakthrough medical device technologies to patients faster and more efficiently.
The artificial kidney project, which is targeted for clinical trials in 2017, was selected for its transformative potential in treating end stage kidney disease and for its potential to benefit from early interactions with the FDA in the approval process.
The FDA effort will involve close contact between the federal agency and device developers early in the development process to identify and address potential scientific and regulatory hurdles and create a roadmap for project approval. The goal is to improve the projects’ overall chance of success, while reducing the time and cost of FDA review and maintaining safety. Lessons, the agency said, will inform approvals in other areas.
See also[edit]
Artificial organ
Kidney
Dialysis
Tissue engineering
Wearable artificial kidney
Microelectromechanical Systems
Nanotechnology
Hemodialysis
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Kidney Anatomy: Overview, Gross Anatomy, Microscopic Anatomy".
Jump up ^ "The Kidneys and How They Work". www.niddk.nih.gov. Retrieved 2015-11-30.
Jump up ^ "Kidney Overview". WebMD. Retrieved 2015-12-02.
Jump up ^ "Key Points: About Dialysis For Kidney Failure". www.kidney.org. National Kidney Foundation. 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Johnson, Steven (2014-10-11). "Dialysis Demand Strong as Kidney Disease Grows". www.modernhealthcare.com. Modern Healthcare.
Jump up ^ Bywaters EGL, Beall D (1941). "Crush injuries with impairment of renal function". British Medical Journal. 1 (4185): 427–32. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.4185.427. PMC 2161734  . PMID 20783577.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Fast Facts". The National Kidney Foundation. National Kidney Foundation. 2014-08-12. Retrieved 2016-11-13 – via kidney.org.
Jump up ^ Twardowski, Zbylut J. (Aug 9, 1994). "Artificial kidney for frequent (daily) Hemodialysis". United States Patent.
Jump up ^ Fissell WH, Humes HD, Fleischman AJ, Roy S (2007). "Dialysis and Nanotechnology: Now, 10 years, or Never?". Blood Purification. 25 (1): 12–17. doi:10.1159/000096391. PMID 17170531.
Jump up ^ Lindsay RM, Le itch R, Heidenham AP, Kortas C (2003). "The London daily/nocturnal Hemodialysis study: Study design, morbidity, and mortality results". Am J Kidney Dis. 42 Supp 1: S5–S12. doi:10.1016/S0272-6386(03)00531-6.
Jump up ^ Fissell W, Manley S, Westover A, Humes HD, Fleischman AJ, Roy S (2006). "Differentiated Growth of Human Renal Tubule Cells on Thin-Film and Nanostructured Materials". ASAIO Journal. 52 (3): 221–227. doi:10.1097/01.mat.0000205228.30516.9c. PMID 16760708.
Jump up ^ "Implantable artificial kidney project making progress - Nephrology News & Issues". Nephrology News & Issues. 2016-02-25. Retrieved 2016-12-07.
Jump up ^ "World's First Implantable Artificial Kidney Could Enter Human Trials By 2017". Med Device Online. Retrieved 2016-12-07.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Ronco, Claudio; Davenport, Andrew; Gura, Victor (2008-07-01). "Toward the wearable artificial kidney". Hemodialysis International. 12: S40–S47. doi:10.1111/j.1542-4758.2008.00295.x. ISSN 1542-4758.
^ Jump up to: a b Gura, Victor; Rivara, Matthew B.; Bieber, Scott; Munshi, Raj; Smith, Nancy Colobong; Linke, Lori; Kundzins, John; Beizai, Masoud; Ezon, Carlos. "A wearable artificial kidney for patients with end-stage renal disease". JCI Insight. 1 (8). doi:10.1172/jci.insight.86397. ISSN 2379-3708. PMC 4936831  . PMID 27398407.
^ Jump up to: a b Gura, Victor; Macy, Alexandra S.; Beizai, Masoud; Ezon, Carlos; Golper, Thomas A. (2016-12-07). "Technical Breakthroughs in the Wearable Artificial Kidney (WAK)". Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 4 (9): 1441–1448. doi:10.2215/CJN.02790409. ISSN 1555-9041. PMC 2736696  . PMID 19696219.
^ Jump up to: a b Markovic, M.; Rapin, M.; Correvon, M.; Perriard, Y. (2013-09-01). "Design and Optimization of A Blood Pump for A Wearable Artificial Kidney Device". IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications. 49 (5): 2053–2060. doi:10.1109/TIA.2013.2260851. ISSN 0093-9994.
^ Jump up to: a b Kim, Jeong Chul; Garzotto, Francesco; Nalesso, Federico; Cruz, Dinna; Kim, Ji Hyun; Kang, Eungtaek; Kim, Hee Chan; Ronco, Claudio. "A wearable artificial kidney: technical requirements and potential solutions". Expert Review of Medical Devices. 8 (5): 567–579. doi:10.1586/erd.11.33.
Jump up ^ Saito A, Aung T, Sekiguchi K, Sato Y, Vu D, Inagaki M, Kanai G, Tanaka R, Suzuki H, Kakuta T (2006). "Present status and perspectives of bioartificial kidneys". J Artif Organs. 9 (3): 130–5. doi:10.1007/s10047-006-0336-1. PMID 16998696.
Jump up ^ Saito A, Aung T, Sekiguchi K, Sato Y (2006). "Present status and perspective of the development of a bioartificial kidney for chronic renal failure patients". Ther Apher Dial. 10 (4): 342–7. doi:10.1111/j.1744-9987.2006.00387.x. PMID 16911187.
Jump up ^ Wang P, Takezawa T (2005). "Reconstruction of renal glomerular tissue using collagen vitrigel scaffold". J Biosci Bioeng. 99 (6): 529–40. doi:10.1263/jbb.99.529. PMID 16233828.
Jump up ^ Fissell W, Fleischman AJ, Roy S, Humes HD (2007). "Development of continuous implantable renal replacement: past and future". Translational Research. 150 (6): 327–336. doi:10.1016/j.trsl.2007.06.001. PMID 18022594.
External links[edit]
Tissue engineering and kidneys - umich.edu.
BioMEMS & Nanotechnology -lerner.ccf.org/bme/mems/
https://pharm.ucsf.edu/kidney
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artificial_kidney&oldid=828854100"
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To Have and Have Not (film)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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To Have and Have Not
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Howard Hawks
Produced by
Howard Hawks
Jack L. Warner
Screenplay by
Jules Furthman
William Faulkner
Based on
To Have and Have Not
by Ernest Hemingway
Starring
Humphrey Bogart
Walter Brennan
Lauren Bacall
Dolores Moran
Hoagy Carmichael
Music by
William Lava
Franz Waxman
Cinematography
Sidney Hickox
Edited by
Christian Nyby
Distributed by
Warner Bros.
Release date
October 11, 1944 (1944-10-11) (United States)
Running time
100 minutes
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$1,684,000[1]
Box office
$3.65 million (US)[2] or $5,257,000 (worldwide)[1]
To Have and Have Not is a 1944 American war film[3] directed by Howard Hawks, and produced by Hawks and Jack L. Warner. Written by Jules Furthman and William Faulkner, the screenplay is based on Ernest Hemingway's 1937 novel of the same name. However, the story was altered for the film. It stars Humphrey Bogart, Walter Brennan and Lauren Bacall in her film debut. The plot centers on the romance between a freelancing fisherman in Martinique and a beautiful American drifter which is complicated by the growing French resistance in Vichy France.
Audience reception of the film was generally good, with most film critics stating that the film was a remake of Casablanca (1942), either stating that it was acceptable or poor. After the film's production, Bogart married Bacall in 1945. The film was one of the top thirty grossing films in 1944 and it received an award from the National Board of Review.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Reception
4.1 Box Office
5 Music
6 Cultural references
7 Legacy
8 Adaptations
9 See also
10 References
11 Bibliography
12 External links
12.1 Streaming audio
Plot[edit]
Bacall, Dalio and Bogart in the scene for the film
In the summer of 1940, world-weary Harry Morgan (Humphrey Bogart) operates a small fishing-boat, the Queen Conch, in Fort-de-France, on the French colony of Martinique. It is not long since the fall of France and the island is controlled by pro-German Vichy France. Harry makes a modest living chartering his fishing boat to tourists, along with his unofficial mate Eddie (Walter Brennan). Eddie is Harry's close friend and one time trusted co-worker, but he has of late succumbed to heavy drinking. The island is a tinder-box of dissent, harboring many people sympathetic to Free France.
At his hotel home, hotel owner Gérard (Marcel Dalio) (known as "Frenchy" to English speakers) urges Harry to help the French Resistance by smuggling some people off the island. Harry steadfastly refuses, choosing to keep aloof from the current political situation. Also at the hotel, he meets Marie ("Slim") Browning (Lauren Bacall), a young American wanderer who has recently arrived in Martinique. An accomplished singer, she sings "How Little We Know" with pianist Cricket (Hoagy Carmichael) in the hotel bar.
Harry's current charter client, Johnson (Walter Sande), owes Harry $825. Johnson insists he hasn't enough ready money, but promises to get the funds when the banks open the next day. In the hotel bar, Harry notices Slim pick Johnson's pocket and he later forces her to hand over the wallet. On inspection the wallet is found to contain $1,400 in traveler's cheques and a plane ticket for early the next morning (before the banks are open). On returning the wallet to Johnson, Harry demands that Johnson sign the traveler's cheques to pay him immediately. But just then, there is a shootout in front of the hotel between police and the Resistance, and Johnson is killed by a stray bullet. The police take Harry and several others for questioning, and seize Harry's passport and money.
Back at the hotel, Gérard offers to hire Harry and his boat for one night to transport Resistance members Paul de Bursac (Walter Surovy) and his wife Hélène (Dolores Moran). Now effectively penniless, Harry reluctantly accepts Gérard's offer. Meanwhile, a romance has been developing between Harry and Slim, the latter of whom feels that Harry changed his mind about the smuggling to help her out. Her suspicions are bolstered by the fact that Harry has used some of the money he earned in transporting the fugitives to buy her a plane ticket back to America.
Harry picks up the de Bursacs, but his boat is seen and fired upon by a navy patrol boat. His passenger Paul de Bursac is wounded, but Harry manages to escape by turning the Queen Conch into a fogbank. On returning to the hotel, he learns that Slim has not used the ticket he purchased for her and instead has stayed in Martinique to be with him. The de Bursacs are hiding in the basement of the hotel and at Frenchy's request, Harry removes the bullet from Paul's shoulder. He learns that the couple have come to Martinique to help a man with the Free French escape from the penal colony at Devil's Island. De Bursac asks for Harry's assistance in this operation, but Harry respectfully turns him down.
The police return to the hotel and reveal that they recognized Harry's boat the previous night. They also reveal they have Eddie in custody. Exploiting his addiction to alcohol, they plan to withhold liquor until he reveals the details of the smuggling plot. His friend in custody and his back against the wall, Harry decides to act. With Slim's help, Harry turns the tables on the police. He holds Vichyite Police Captain Renard (Dan Seymour) at gunpoint and forces him to order Eddie's release and sign harbor passes. When Eddie returns, he Harry, Slim and the de Bursacs and escape on the Queen Conch, Harry having agreed to help the de Bursacs with their mission.
Cast[edit]
Left to right: Dan Seymour, Aldo Nadi, Humphrey Bogart, Sheldon Leonard, Marcel Dalio and Lauren Bacall in To Have and Have Not
Humphrey Bogart as Harry "Steve" Morgan
Walter Brennan as Eddie
Lauren Bacall as Marie "Slim" Browning
Dolores Moran as Mme Hélène de Bursac
Hoagy Carmichael as Cricket
Sheldon Leonard as Lieutenant Coyo
Walter Surovy as Paul de Bursac
Marcel Dalio as Gérard (Frenchy)
Walter Sande as Johnson, Harry's charter client
Dan Seymour as Capitaine Renard
Aldo Nadi as Renard's bodyguard
Paul Marion as Beauclère
Eugene Borden as Quartermaster
Patricia Shay as Mrs. Beauclère
Emmett Smith as Bartender
Pat West as Bartender
Production[edit]
On a ten day fishing trip, independent director Howard Hawks tried to convince Ernest Hemingway to write him a script, but Hemingway wasn't interested. Hawks insisted that he could make a film from his "worst story"[4]:15-16. Although Hawks had a high regard for Hemingway's works in general, he considered To Have and Have Not to be his worst book, a "bunch of junk", and told Hemingway so.[5][6] Hemingway and Hawks worked on the screenplay during the remainder of the fishing trip. In May 1939, Hemingway sold book rights to Howard Hughes. Hughes sold the book rights to Hawks in October 1943, who sold them to Warner Bros.[4]:16 Hemingway and Hawks had discussed that the film was not going to resemble the novel, and would rather tell the story of how Morgan met Hawks's character Marie that he developed for the film. Humphrey Bogart was cast by Warner Bros. in early 1943. Lauren Bacall was then a 18-year-old model. She appeared on the cover of Harper's Bazaar, and was noticed by Hawks' wife, Nancy "Slim" Keith, who showed the cover photo to her husband. Hawks sought Bacall out in April 1943 and signed her for the role, her first movie appearance. In the movie, Harry calls her by the nickname "Slim", and she calls him "Steve", the nicknames used between Keith and Hawks.[4]:18[7] The initial screenplay was completed on October 12, 1943 and resembled the novel more than the final screenplay.[4]:19
Hawks instructed Jules Furthman, who had worked on the screenplay, to alter Marie's character to be more sultry and masculine, resembling Marlene Dietrich. After Bacall turned nineteen, Hawks changed her name to Lauren Bacall (she was born Betty Perske) and shot her screen test in January 1944. Hawks instructed Furthman to work on the final screenplay and stop writing the second version of the screenplay which had Bacall in a minor role in case she proved to be poor for the role.[4]:18-19 Furthman worked on the screenplay throughout January and February 1944 and completed it before February 14, 1944.[4]:27
As the movie was filmed during World War II, Hawks moved the setting from Cuba to Vichy-controlled Martinique as required by the Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs to placate the Roosevelt administration. They objected to the unfavorable portrayal of Cuba's government as against the U.S. government's "Good Neighbor" policy toward Latin American nations.[4]:31 This change created many similarities to the plot of Bogart's earlier, highly successful Casablanca (1942). Other changes tended in the same direction, such as the introduction of a sympathetic piano player as an important supporting character. Carmichael's Cricket was not in the Hemingway book, and parallels Dooley Wilson's Sam in Casablanca. Several cast members from Casablanca also appear in the film; apart from Bogart and Dalio (Emil in Casablanca), Dan Seymour (Abdul in Casablanca) plays Captain Renard, whose name and position parallel Captain Renault in Casablanca. As in Casablanca, Bogart's initially reluctant character assists husband-and-wife Resistance members.
The film preserves the book's title, and the names and characteristics of some of the characters, but nothing from beyond the first fifth of the volume. Another novelist William Faulkner, an intense rival of Hemingway, but "out of print and broke", also worked on the script.[8] The screenplay was developed further by Jules Furthman and, near the end, by Faulkner.[9] Furthman stopped writing after Faulkner was brought on the project.[4]:28 Faulkner was hired on by Hawks on February 22, 1944 to avoid recounting political conflict between Free France and the Vichy government in the storyline. Each scene was written three days before it was filmed. The final cast reading was done on March 6, 1944 with final script changes finished by April 22. Line by line, Hawks and Bogart changed the script to create a more sexual and comedic film. Filming was completed May 10, 1944.[4]:32,35 Bogart and Hawks served as their own technical advisors, because of their experience with fishing and sailing.[4]:39
After filming began, a romance developed between Bogart and Bacall, despite Hawks' disapproval. Not only was Bogart married but, at 45, he was more than twice Bacall's age. They kept their relationship a secret from Hawks until The Big Sleep, after which Hawks never worked with either of them.[4]:39 This romance eventually led to Bogart divorcing Mayo Methot, his third wife. He and Bacall later married, and remained married until Bogart's death in 1957.
Hawks expanded Bacall's part to take advantage of the Bogart-Bacall chemistry. According to the documentary, "A Love Story: The Story of To Have and Have Not", included on the 2003 DVD release, Hawks recognized the star-making potential of the film for Bacall. He emphasized her role and downplayed that of Dolores Moran, the film's other female lead. (Hawks and Moran had their own affair during production).[10]
Reception[edit]
Much of the initial reaction to the film centered around Lauren Bacall, either praising her or criticising her part in the film as merely for publicity and attention from the press. Critics called the film a fast, witty romance with a plot as merely "an excuse for some good scenes."[4]:50 Variety cited the film's inferiority to Casablanca and other Warner Bros. melodramas, but acknowledged the film's success in its characterization.[11] Time called the film a, "tinny romantic melodrama which millions of cinemaddicts have been waiting for ever since Casablanca.[4]:50 New York Variety was mixed about the film citing, "nifty productional accoutrements" with "too unsteady" of a storyline.[4]:50 Other reviewers called it, "definitely swell entertainment", while others stated it was an delightful remake of Casablanca.[4]:50 American film critic James Agee liked the film but felt that Going My Way was a better film, because To Have and Have Not focused too much on "character and atmosphere" rather than on plot.[4]:51 The film was one of the top thirty grossing pictures of 1944 and received an award from the National Board of Review.[4]:51
Box Office[edit]
According to Warner Bros records the film earned $3,652,000 domestically and $1,605,000 foreign.[1]
Music[edit]
Cricket, the piano player in the hotel bar, was played by real-life songwriter and band leader Hoagy Carmichael. In the course of the movie, Cricket and Slim perform "How Little We Know", by Carmichael and Johnny Mercer, and "Am I Blue?", by Harry Akst and Grant Clarke. Cricket and the band also perform "Hong Kong Blues", by Carmichael and Stanley Adams. "The Rhumba Jumps", by Mercer and Carmichael, is performed by the hotel band. Bacall shimmies out at the end of the movie to a faster "How Little We Know".[12] According to professor of film studies Ian Brookes, Howard Hawks uses jazz, particularly through interracial performance scenes to underscore the concerns of anti fascism in the storyline of the film.[13]
A persistent myth is that a teenage Andy Williams, the future singing star, dubbed the singing for Bacall. According to authoritative sources, including Hawks and Bacall, this was not true. Williams and some female singers were tested to dub for Bacall, because of fears that she lacked the necessary vocal skills. But those fears were overshadowed by the desire to have Bacall do her own singing (perhaps championed by Bogart) despite her less than perfect vocal talent.[14] This myth is disputed in Leonard Maltin's Movie Guide entry for this film, but the myth is propagated in a 1986 episode of MacGyver, entitled "Three for the Road", when the character of a veteran movie asks his wife this particular question, whereupon she answers that Andy Williams, when 14, did dub the voice for Lauren Bacall.[15][16] However, several sources on the film set have stated that this myth is false.[17]
Cultural references[edit]
In one scene, Marie says to Morgan, "I'm hard to get, Steve. All you have to do is ask me." This quote came from the earlier 1939 Hawks film Only Angels Have Wings in which Jean Arthur says to Cary Grant, "I'm hard to get, Geoff. All you have to do is ask me."[18]:232,239
Legacy[edit]
Some of Bacall's lines became renowned as double entendre; for instance, "You know how to whistle, don't you, Steve? You just put your lips together and ... blow ..." (said while looking at him provocatively). This quote is ranked at #34 on AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes list.[19] Aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports 97% approval of To Have or Have Not, with the critical consensus stated as, "With Howard Hawks directing and Bogey and Bacall in front of the cameras, To Have and Have Not benefits from several levels of fine-tuned chemistry -- all of which ignite on screen."[20]
Adaptations[edit]
To Have and Have Not was adapted as an hour-long radio play for Lux Radio Theater, with Bogart and Bacall reprising their screen roles. It was broadcast on October 14, 1946.[21]
Warner Brothers adapted the novel a second time, in the 1950 film The Breaking Point. This screenplay stayed closer to the novel; it bore little resemblance to the 1944 film.[22]
See also[edit]
Bacall to Arms, a 1946 Looney Tunes short, spoofing scenes from To Have And Have Not, and featuring "Bogey Gocart" and "Laurie Becool". It is included as a Special Feature on the DVD release of To Have And Have Not.[23]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Warner Bros financial information in The William Shaefer Ledger. See Appendix 1, Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television, (1995) 15:sup1, 1-31 p 25 DOI: 10.1080/01439689508604551
Jump up ^ Thomas Schatz, Boom and Bust: American Cinema in the 1940s Uni of California Press, 1999 p 220
Jump up ^ Harrison's Reports film review; October 14, 1944, page 168.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Furthman, Jules; Faulkner, William (1980). Kawin, Bruce F., ed. To Have and Have Not. Madison, Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 0299080943.
Jump up ^ Hawks telling Hemingway he could film his worst book and that this one was "a bunch of junk": interview with Hawks by Joseph McBride for the Directors' Guild of America, October 21–23, 1977, private publication of the Directors' Guild, p. 21; quoted at length in Mast, p. 243.
Jump up ^ You Must Remember This (retrospective for Warner Brothers' 85th anniversary), American Masters, PBS, broadcast September 23, 2008.
Jump up ^ Bacall, Lauren (1978). Lauren Bacall by myself. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0394413083.
Jump up ^ Sperber and Lax 1997, p. 250.
Jump up ^ "the film's many upstairs sequences are Faulkner's primary contribution to the film's conception." Mast, Gerald. Howard Hawks, Storyteller. 257
Jump up ^ Thomson, David (October 16, 2012). "The Big Screen: The Story of the Movies". Macmillan – via Google Books.
Jump up ^ "To Have and Have Not". Variety. October 11, 1944. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
Jump up ^ rauloparedes (November 1, 2010). "Lauren Bacall "To Have and Have Not"" – via YouTube.
Jump up ^ Brookes, Ian (2016). "'More Than Just Dance Music':Hawks and Jazz in the 1940s". In Brookes, Ian. Howard Hawks: New Perspectives. Palgrave. p. 177. ISBN 9781844575411.
Jump up ^ McBride, Joseph. Hawks on Hawks. Berkeley, University of California Press, 1982. p. 130.
Jump up ^ "To Have and Have Not". Turner Classic Movies. Turner Classic Movies, Inc. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
Jump up ^ Zlotoff, Lee David; Lenhart, Kerry; Sakmar, John J. (December 1986). "'Three for the Road'". MacGyver. ABC.
Jump up ^ Hagen, Ray (January 2, 2000). "'Dubbing' Bacall; It Says It Right Here". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
Jump up ^ Dibbern, Doug (2016). "Irresolvable Circularity: Narrative Closure and Nihilism in Only Angels Have Wings". In Brookes, Ian. Howard Hawks: New Perspectives. Palgrave. ISBN 9781844575411.
Jump up ^ "AFI's 100 Greatest Movie Quotes of All Time". American Film Institute. American Film Institute. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
Jump up ^ "To Have or Have Not (1944)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved January 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Bacall & Bogart Lux Theatre Stars". Harrisburg Telegraph. October 12, 1946. p. 17. Retrieved October 1, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
Jump up ^ Valladares, Carlos (October 25, 2017). "'The Breaking Point' is a more brutally honest 'Casablanca'". The Stanford Daily. The Stanford Daily Publishing Corportation. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
Jump up ^ Warner Bros. Pictures Inc. (1946), Bacall To Arms, retrieved 2018-07-02
Bibliography[edit]
Mast, Gerald (1982). Howard Hawks, Storyteller. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-503091-5.
Oliver, Charles M. (1999). Ernest Hemingway A to Z: The Essential Reference to the Life and Work. New York: Checkmark. ISBN 0-8160-3467-2.
Sperber, Ann M., and Lax, Eric. (1997). Bogart. New York: William Morrow. ISBN 0-688-07539-8
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to To Have and Have Not (film).
Wikiquote has quotations related to: To Have and Have Not (film)
To Have and Have Not on IMDb
To Have and Have Not at AllMovie
To Have and Have Not at the TCM Movie Database
To Have and Have Not at the American Film Institute Catalog
To Have and Have Not film trailer on YouTube
Streaming audio[edit]
To Have and Have Not on Lux Radio Theater: October 14, 1946
show
v
t
e
Films directed by Howard Hawks
The Road to Glory (1926)
Fig Leaves (1926)
Cradle Snatchers (1927)
Paid to Love (1927)
A Girl in Every Port (1928)
Fazil (1928)
The Air Circus (1928)
Trent's Last Case (1929)
The Dawn Patrol (1930)
The Criminal Code (1931)
Scarface (1932)
The Crowd Roars (1932)
Tiger Shark (1932)
Today We Live (1933)
The Prizefighter and the Lady (1933)
Viva Villa! (1934)
Twentieth Century (1934)
Barbary Coast (1935)
Ceiling Zero (1936)
The Road to Glory (1936)
Come and Get It (1936)
Bringing Up Baby (1938)
Only Angels Have Wings (1939)
His Girl Friday (1940)
Sergeant York (1941)
Ball of Fire (1941)
Air Force (1943)
The Outlaw (1943) (uncredited)
To Have and Have Not (1944)
The Big Sleep (1946)
Red River (1948)
A Song Is Born (1948)
I Was a Male War Bride (1949)
The Big Sky (1951)
Monkey Business (1952)
O. Henry's Full House (1952)
Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (1953)
Land of the Pharaohs (1955)
Rio Bravo (1959)
Hatari! (1962)
Man's Favorite Sport? (1964)
Red Line 7000 (1965)
El Dorado (1966)
Rio Lobo (1970)
show
v
t
e
Ernest Hemingway
Bibliography
Novels
The Torrents of Spring (1926)
The Sun Also Rises (1926)
A Farewell to Arms (1929)
To Have and Have Not (1937)
For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940)
Across the River and into the Trees (1950)
The Old Man and the Sea (1952)
Non-fiction
Death in the Afternoon (1932)
Green Hills of Africa (1935)
Posthumous
A Moveable Feast (1964)
Islands in the Stream (1970)
The Dangerous Summer (1985)
The Garden of Eden (1986)
True at First Light (1999)
Under Kilimanjaro (2005)
Short stories
"Indian Camp" (1925)
"The Doctor and the Doctor's Wife" (1925)
"The End of Something" (1925)
"The Three-Day Blow" (1925)
"The Battler" (1925)
"A Very Short Story" (1925)
"Soldier's Home" (1925)
"The Revolutionist" (1925)
"Mr. and Mrs. Elliot" (1925)
"Cat in the Rain" (1925)
"Out of Season" (1925)
"Cross Country Snow" (1925)
"My Old Man" (1925)
"Big Two-Hearted River" (1925)
"A Clean, Well-Lighted Place" (1926)
"A Canary for One" (1926)
"Fifty Grand" (1927)
"Hills Like White Elephants" (1927)
"The Killers" (1927)
"The Undefeated" (1927)
"Che Ti Dice La Patria?" (1927)
"In Another Country" (1927)
"On the Quai at Smyrna" (1930)
"Fathers and Sons" (1932)
"A Day's Wait" (1933)
"The Gambler, the Nun, and the Radio" (1933)
"A Way You'll Never Be" (1933)
"The Snows of Kilimanjaro" (1936)
"The Capital of the World" (1936)
"The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber" (1936)
Short story
collections
Three Stories and Ten Poems (1923)
In Our Time (1925)
Men Without Women (1927)
Winner Take Nothing (1933)
The Fifth Column and the First Forty-Nine Stories (1938)
The Snows of Kilimanjaro (1961)
The Fifth Column and Four Stories of the Spanish Civil War (1969)
The Nick Adams Stories (1972)
The Complete Short Stories of Ernest Hemingway (1987)
Ernest Hemingway: The Collected Stories (1995)
Story fragments
"On Writing"
Poetry
88 Poems (1979)
Complete Poems
Letters and
journalism
Ernest Hemingway Selected Letters 1917–1961 (1981)
Dateline: Toronto (1985)
The Cambridge Edition of the Letters of Ernest Hemingway (2011)
Adaptations
The Sun Also Rises
1957 film
1984 film
Opera
The Select (The Sun Also Rises)
Ballet
"The Killers"
1946 film
1956 film
1964 film
Bukowski short story
A Farewell to Arms
1932 film
1957 film
1966 TV series
To Have and Have Not
1944 film
The Breaking Point (1950)
The Gun Runners (1958)
Captain Khorshid (1987)
For Whom the Bell Tolls
1943 film
1965 TV series
Metallica song
The Old Man and the Sea
1958 film
1990 miniseries
1999 film
Other film adaptations
The Macomber Affair (1947)
The Snows of Kilimanjaro (1952)
Hemingway's Adventures of a Young Man (1962)
Islands in the Stream (1977)
See also
Nick Adams
Michigan cottage
Idaho house
Key West home
Hotel Ambos Mundos, Havana home
Finca Vigía, Cuba home
Pilar (boat)
The Spanish Earth (1937 film)
Bacall to Arms (1946 cartoon)
Hello Hemingway (1990 film)
In Love and War (1996 film)
Hemingway & Gellhorn (2012 film)
Cooper & Hemingway: The True Gen (2013 documentary)
Papa: Hemingway in Cuba (2015 film)
Hemingway Foundation/PEN Award
Kennedy Library Hemingway collection
Family
Elizabeth Hadley Richardson (first wife)
Jack Hemingway (son)
Pauline Pfeiffer (second wife)
Patrick Hemingway (son)
Gregory Hemingway (son)
Martha Gellhorn (third wife)
Mary Welsh Hemingway (fourth wife)
Grace Hall Hemingway (mother)
Leicester Hemingway (brother)
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William Faulkner
Bibliography
Novels
Soldiers' Pay (1926)
Mosquitoes (1927)
Sartoris / Flags in the Dust (1929 / 1973)
The Sound and the Fury (1929)
As I Lay Dying (1930)
Sanctuary (1931)
Light in August (1932)
Pylon (1935)
Absalom, Absalom! (1936)
The Unvanquished (1938)
If I Forget Thee, Jerusalem (1939)
The Hamlet (1940)
Intruder in the Dust (1948)
Requiem for a Nun (1951)
A Fable (1954)
The Town (1957)
The Mansion (1959)
The Reivers (1962)
Short story
collections
These 13 (1931)
Go Down, Moses (1942)
Knight's Gambit (1949)
Collected Stories (1950)
Short stories
"Landing in Luck" (1919)
"A Rose for Emily" (1930)
"Red Leaves" (1930)
"Dry September" (1931)
"Spotted Horses" (1931)
"That Evening Sun" (1931)
"Mountain Victory" (1932)
"Barn Burning" (1939)
"The Tall Men" (1941)
"Shingles for the Lord" (1943)
Screenplays
Flesh (1932)
Today We Live (1933)
Submarine Patrol (1938)
To Have and Have Not (1944)
Children's books
The Wishing Tree (1927)
Related
William Clark Falkner (great-grandfather)
Rowan Oak home
Papers and manuscripts
William Faulkner Foundation
Yoknapatawpha County
Compson family
Louis Grenier
Ikkemotubbe
Gavin Stevens
Thomas Sutpen
Snopes trilogy
Southern Renaissance
Faux Faulkner contest
PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=To_Have_and_Have_Not_(film)&oldid=849650356"
Categories:
1944 films
English-language films
1940s romantic drama films
1940s adventure films
American adventure films
American black-and-white films
American films
American romantic drama films
Films based on American novels
Films based on works by Ernest Hemingway
Films directed by Howard Hawks
Films scored by Franz Waxman
Films scored by William Lava
Films set in 1940
Films set in Martinique
Seafaring films
Screenplays by Jules Furthman
Screenplays by William Faulkner
War romance films
World War II films
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