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What's New, Scooby-Doo?
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What's New, Scooby-Doo?
Genre
Action/Adventure
Mystery
Comedy
Based on
Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!, by Joe Ruby and Ken Spears
Developed by
Sander Schwartz
Starring
Frank Welker
Casey Kasem
Mindy Cohn
Grey DeLisle
Theme music composer
Rich Dickerson and Gigi Meroni
Opening theme
"What's New, Scooby-Doo?" performed by Simple Plan
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
3
No. of episodes
42 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Joseph Barbera
Sander Schwartz
Producer(s)
Chuck Sheetz
James Krieg
George Doty IV
Ed Scharlach
Running time
22 minutes
Production company(s)
Warner Bros. Animation
Distributor
Warner Bros. Television Distribution
Release
Original network
The WB (Kids' WB)
Picture format
480i/576i (SDTV)
1080i (HDTV)
Audio format
Dolby Surround
Original release
September 14, 2002 (2002-09-14) – July 21, 2006 (2006-07-21)
Chronology
Preceded by
A Pup Named Scooby-Doo (1988–1991)
Followed by
Shaggy & Scooby-Doo Get a Clue! (2006–2008)
External links
Website
What's New, Scooby-Doo? is an American animated mystery comedy series produced by Warner Bros. Animation for The WB television network; it is the ninth incarnation of the Scooby-Doo franchise that began with Hanna-Barbera's Scooby-Doo, Where Are You! and the first of such since the previous incarnation, A Pup Named Scooby-Doo, ended in 1991. The series revives the format of Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!, in which the title character and his companions, Fred Jones; Daphne Blake; Velma Dinkley and Shaggy Rogers, travel to varying locations solving mysteries; this format is modernized for What's New, Scooby-Doo?, in which the characters utilize technology that did not exist at the time Scooby-Doo, Where Are You! first aired. It is the first television series in the franchise in which Frank Welker, Grey DeLisle and Mindy Cohn respectively portrayed the voices of Scooby-Doo, Daphne and Velma, as well as the final one in which Casey Kasem portrayed Shaggy, having originally quit the role following a dispute regarding the portrayal of the character.
The series premiered on September 14, 2002, and ran for three seasons before ending on July 21, 2006. The title song was performed by Canadian band Simple Plan. Reruns of the series have aired on both Cartoon Network and Boomerang in the United States. It also aired on Teletoon in Canada, and CITV[citation needed] in the United Kingdom.
Contents
[hide]
1 Production
2 Characters
2.1 Main characters
2.2 Recurring characters
3 Cast
4 Episodes
5 Spin-off films
6 Home media releases
6.1 Season sets
6.2 UK volume sets
6.3 Volume releases
7 References
8 External links
Production[edit]
For this incarnation of the franchise, Frank Welker, the voice of Fred, took over as Scooby's voice (replacing both Don Messick, the original voice of Scooby, who died in 1997 and Scott Innes, the second voice of the character in the made-for-video films released between 1998 and 2001). Casey Kasem returned as Shaggy, seven years after he had quit the role; Grey DeLisle returned as Daphne's voice (having previously voiced the character in Scooby-Doo and the Cyber Chase). Actress Mindy Cohn of The Facts of Life fame, took over from B. J. Ward as Velma's voice.
The series itself is a modernized version of the original Where Are You! series. It takes place in the 21st century and is more "realistic" than the previous, more cartoony incarnations, and features music from contemporary genres and all-new, original sound effects to replace the classic Hanna-Barbera sound effects. Even a distinctive thunderclap sound that was used frequently on older Scooby-Doo TV series was very rarely used on the series. A laugh track was only used for the Halloween special. The classic formula was also frequently parodied throughout (in a manner similar to A Pup Named Scooby-Doo), including the line "And I would've gotten away with it too, if it weren't for you meddling kids." As such, it returns to the formulaic version of humans in monster disguises, rather than the real monsters and ghosts of the prior four direct-to-video films (or the 1980s versions that preceded them).
The show was produced by Warner Bros. Animation, the successor to Warner Bros. Cartoons which was the studio famous for bringing the Looney Tunes/Merrie Melodies to life, which had by this time absorbed Hanna-Barbera Productions on March 12, 2001, after being bought by Time Warner from Turner Broadcasting System since their merger on October 10, 1996. As is the standard for other classic Hanna-Barbera properties (Yogi Bear, The Flintstones, Wacky Races, etc.), the studio is still credited as the copyright owner, and Joseph Barbera, co-founder and co-chairman of the Hanna-Barbera studios, served as an executive producer alongside Sander Schwartz. Barbera's longtime partner William Hanna had died the year before.
The band Simple Plan is strongly connected to What's New, Scooby-Doo?. They perform the theme song (written by Rich Dickerson), and appeared as themselves in the episode "Simple Plan and the Invisible Madman". Two of their songs appeared in chase scenes: "I'd Do Anything" in the episode "It's Mean, It's Green, It's the Mystery Machine" and "You Don't Mean Anything" in "Simple Plan and the Invisible Madman", which also had the song "The Worst Day Ever" serve as the song the band plays during a scene where they practice, and a scene where they are in concert. Also, they contributed to the theatrical movie Scooby-Doo 2: Monsters Unleashed.
What's New aired for three seasons on The WB Television Network's "Kids' WB" programming block as a half-hour program, before being put on an indefinite hiatus in 2005, although the last episode, "E-Scream", was aired on Cartoon Network.[citation needed] Reruns have been shown on both Cartoon Network and its sister channel Boomerang. Each season contained thirteen normal episodes and one holiday-themed special. It also debuted[timeframe?] on Boomerang and Cartoon Network in the United Kingdom and Ireland. In the United Kingdom, it also aired on CBBC, but currently airs on CITV.[citation needed]
Characters[edit]
Main characters[edit]
Fred Jones: The leader of the Mystery, Inc. gang who is the master of making traps to catch the villains. However, sometimes the traps fail to work when Shaggy and Scooby mess them up then use the parts to catch the villain in their own fashion. Voiced by Frank Welker.
Daphne Blake: The fashionable, rich glamor girl of the gang who defends herself with her great fighting skills. She is also quite ditzy and accident prone. Voiced by Grey DeLisle.
Velma Dinkley: The smartest of the gang, and wears glasses because she is myopic. She has to fight back the advances of semi-recurring Gibby Norton, who does devious things, thinking it will win her over. Voiced by Mindy Cohn.
Shaggy Rogers: A beatnik teenager who is best friends with Scooby. He and Scooby are usually scared and hungry; a running gag in the show. He is also known to have a high metabolism, and also is rich. At his voice actor's request, Shaggy was made into a vegetarian for this series.[1][2] Voiced by Casey Kasem.
Scooby-Doo: A cowardly, clumsy Great Dane who is best friends with Shaggy Rogers. Two things that they have in common are that they love food and are always afraid of things including monsters. Voiced by Frank Welker.
Recurring characters[edit]
Characters in the series who appear more than once.
Elliot Blender: A competitive, jerkish spoiled child who often loses to Velma in contests. Voiced by Kimberly Brooks.
Melbourne O'Reilly: An Australian adventurer/explorer who is one of Fred's heroes (he is also based on Steve Irwin and Indiana Jones) Voiced by Steven Blum.
J.J. Hakimoto: A famous, over enthusiastic, Asian director. Voiced by Brian Tochi.
Gibby Norton: A nerd who has a crush on Velma, who hates the sight of him. He often turns out to be the villain to impress Velma, never succeeding. Gibby is modelled after his voice actor, Eddie Deezen.
Burr Batson: Cocky southern professional racer who drives a monster truck. Voiced by James Arnold Taylor.
Professor Laslow Ostwald: An inventor whom the gang meets. Voiced by Dave Foley, later by James Arnold Taylor. He first appears in "High-Tech House of Horrors" where his "House of the Future's" AI "Shari" goes haywire attacking tourists. Though the gang suspects him it is later revealed that "Shari" itself is responsible (as she was angry at the Professor due to him getting all of the attention). The gang defeated "Shari" by ignoring her (as attention was what she wanted) causing her to overload. Professor Ostwald also appears in "E-Scream" at a "Video Game Convention" where his new invention the cuddly "Osomons" turn evil. It is later discovered that the whole mystery was actually a VR simulation Velma was trying out.
The Hex Girls: Thorn, Dusk and Luna, are the members of the famous eco-goth rock band, The Hex Girls, with whom Scooby and the gang are acquainted with, due to being prominent side characters in Scooby-Doo! and the Witch's Ghost. Thorn is voiced by Jennifer Hale, Dusk by Jane Wiedlin and Luna by Kimberly Brooks.
Mr. B: The owner of the Secret Six puppies. His full name is never revealed. Voiced by Jeff Bennett. He also appears to be based on actor John Turturro given his accent and appearance.
Crissie: A Golden Retriever who is the Secret Six's mother.
The Secret Six puppies: Maize, Flax, Jingle, Knox, 14-Carat and Bling-Bling. They are six very well-trained, prize-winning Golden Retriever puppies who have a knack for getting into trouble. Maize and Knox are voiced by Jennifer Hale, Jingle is voiced by Colleen O'Shaughnessey, Flax is voiced by Dee Bradley Baker, Bling-Bling is voiced by Grey DeLisle, and 14-Carat is voiced by Frank Welker.
Nancy Chang: Reporter in episodes "There's No Creature Like Snow Creature" and "Riva Ras Regas". Voiced by Lauren Tom.
Cast[edit]
Frank Welker as Fred Jones, Scooby-Doo
Casey Kasem as Shaggy Rogers
Mindy Cohn as Velma Dinkley
Grey DeLisle as Daphne Blake
Episodes[edit]
Main article: List of What's New, Scooby-Doo? episodes
Spin-off films[edit]
Seven spin-off movies set in the same style and animation of the series with the same voice cast as before, which continued after the series ended in 2006, up until 2009.
The films in order are: The Loch Ness Monster (2004), Aloha, Scooby-Doo! (2005), Where's My Mummy? (2005), Pirates Ahoy! (2006), Chill Out, Scooby-Doo! (2007), The Goblin King (2008) and The Samurai Sword (2009).
Home media releases[edit]
Warner Home Video has released the entire series on DVD in Region 1. The series was initially released in ten volumes of four or five episodes between 2003–2006, as well as in the United Kingdom from 2004–2006 and later re-released, in the United States, in season sets in 2007–2008.[3][4][5] In the UK, the volumes were released in a two disc set on May 30, 2011.[6] A box set was released on October 29, 2007 in the UK containing all ten volumes in a complete set.[7]
Season sets[edit]
DVD Name
Ep #
Release Date
What's New, Scooby-Doo? Complete 1st Season 14 February 20, 2007 (2007-02-20)
What's New, Scooby-Doo? Complete 2nd Season 14 June 5, 2007 (2007-06-05)
What's New, Scooby-Doo? Complete 3rd Season 14 January 8, 2008 (2008-01-08)
UK volume sets[edit]
DVD Name
Ep #
Release Date
What's New, Scooby-Doo?: The Complete Collection 42 October 29, 2007 (2007-10-29)
What's New, Scooby-Doo?: A Scary Space & A Swinging Face 8 May 30, 2011 (2011-05-30)
What's New, Scooby-Doo?: Movie Monsters & A Magic Mummy May 30, 2011 (2011-05-30)
What's New, Scooby-Doo?: Top Dog & A Hot Dog 10 May 30, 2011 (2011-05-30)
What's New, Scooby-Doo?: Ghouls, Fools and Food & A Grief on a Reef 8 May 30, 2011 (2011-05-30)
What's New, Scooby-Doo?: Spooky Case and a Mad Race May 30, 2011 (2011-05-30)
Volume releases[edit]
US DVD Name
Ep #
Release Date
Episodes Featured
What's New, Scooby-Doo? Volume 1: Space Ape at the Cape 4 August 19, 2003 (2003-08-19)
"There's No Creature Like Snow Creature"
"3-D Struction"
"Space Ape at the Cape"
"Big Scare in the Big Easy"
What's New, Scooby-Doo? Volume 2: Safari So Goodi! 4 March 9, 2004 (2004-03-09)
"It's Mean, It's Green, It's the Mystery Machine"
"Riva Ras Regas"
"Roller Ghoster Ride"
"Safari, So Goodi!"
What's New, Scooby-Doo? Volume 3: Halloween Boos and Clues 4 August 10, 2004 (2004-08-10)
"The Vampire Strikes Back"
"Mummy Scares Best"
"High-tech House of the Future"
"She Sees a Sea Monster by the Sea Shore"
What's New, Scooby-Doo? Volume 4: Merry Scary Holiday 4 October 5, 2004 (2004-10-05)
"A Scooby Doo Christmas"
"Toy Scary Boo"
"Homeward Hound"
"Recipe for Disaster"
What's New, Scooby-Doo? Volume 5: Sports Spooktacular 4 June 14, 2005 (2005-06-14)
"The Unnatural"
"The Fast and the Wormious"
"Wrestle Maniacs"
"Diamonds Are Ghoul's Best Friend"
What's New, Scooby-Doo? Volume 6: Monster Matinee 4 August 9, 2005 (2005-08-09)
"A Scooby-Doo Halloween"
"San Franpsycho"
"New Mexico, Old Monster"
"Big Appetite in Little Tokyo"
What's New, Scooby-Doo? Volume 7: Ghosts on the Go 4 November 8, 2005 (2005-11-08)
"Large Dragon at Large"
"It's All Greek to Scooby"
"Pompeii and Circumstance"
"Ready to Scare"
What's New, Scooby-Doo? Volume 8: Zoinks! Camera! Action! 4 February 21, 2006 (2006-02-21)
"Lights! Camera! Mayhem"
"E-Scream"
"Simple Plan and the Invisible Madman"
"A Scooby-Doo Valentine"
What's New, Scooby-Doo? Volume 9: Route Scary 6 5 June 6, 2006 (2006-06-06)
"Fright House of a Lighthouse"
"Go West Young Scoob"
"Farmed and Dangerous"
"Gentlemen Start Your Monsters"
"Camp Comeoniwannascareya" (Bonus episodes)
What's New, Scooby-Doo? Volume 10: Monstrous Tails 5 December 5, 2006 (2006-12-05)
"Uncle Scooby and Antarctica!"
"Block-Long Hong Kong Terror"
"Reef Grief"
"Gold Paw"
"A Terrifying Round with a Menacing Metallic Clown" (Bonus episodes)
UK DVD Name
Ep #
Release Date
Episodes Featured
What's New, Scooby-Doo? Volume 1: Space Ape at the Cape 4 May 3, 2004 (2004-05-03)
"There's No Creature Like Snow Creature"
"3-D Struction"
"Space Ape at the Cape"
"Big Scare in the Big Easy"
What's New, Scooby-Doo? Volume 2: Safari, So Goodi! 4 June 28, 2004 (2004-06-28)
"It's Mean, It's Green, It's the Mystery Machine"
"Riva Ras Regas"
"Roller Ghoster Ride"
"Safari, So Goodi!"
What's New, Scooby-Doo? Volume 3: Lights! Camera! Mayhem! 4 June 20, 2005 (2005-06-20)
"She Sees Sea Monsters by the Sea Shore"
"Toy Scary Boo"
"Lights! Camera! Mayhem!"
"Pompeii and Circumstance"
What's New, Scooby-Doo? Volume 4: Mummy Scares Best! 4 July 18, 2005 (2005-07-18)
"The Unnatural"
"Big Appetite in Little Tokyo"
"Mummy Scares Best"
"The Fast and the Wormious"
What's New, Scooby-Doo? Volume 5: Homeward Hound 5 October 24, 2005 (2005-10-24)
"High-Tech House of Horrors"
"The Vampire Strikes Back"
"Homeward Hound"
"The San Franpsycho"
"Simple Plan and the Invisible Madman"
What's New, Scooby-Doo? Volume 6: Recipe for Disaster 5 November 21, 2005 (2005-11-21)
"Recipe for Disaster"
"Large Dragon at Large"
"Uncle Scooby and Antarctica"
"New Mexico, Old Monster"
"It's All Greek to Scooby"
What's New, Scooby-Doo? Volume 7: Ready to Scare 4 April 10, 2006 (2006-04-10)
"Wrestle Maniacs"
"Diamonds Are a Ghoul’s Best Friend"
"Ready to Scare"
"A Scooby-Doo Valentine"
What's New, Scooby-Doo? Volume 8: E-Scream 4 May 29, 2006 (2006-05-29)
"Block-Long Hong Kong Horror"
"Gold Paw"
"Reef Grief!"
"E-Scream"
What's New, Scooby-Doo? Volume 9: Fright House of a Lighthouse 4 July 24, 2006 (2006-07-24)
"Go West, Young Scoob"
"Fright House of a Lighthouse"
"Farmed and Dangerous"
"Camp Comeoniwannascareya"
What's New, Scooby Doo? Volume 10: Gentlemen, Start Your Monsters 4 November 20, 2006 (2006-11-20)
"Gentleman, Start Your Monsters"
"A Scooby-Doo Halloween"
"A Scooby-Doo Christmas"
"A Terrifying Round with a Menacing Metallic Clown"
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Barnes, Mike (2014-06-15). "Casey Kasem, Iconic Radio Host, Dies at 82". Billboard.com. Retrieved 2014-12-11.
Jump up ^ Legum, Judd (2014-06-15). "Casey Kasem's Secret Legacy: How He Used Scooby-Doo To Advance His Values". Thinkprogress.org. Retrieved 2014-12-11.
Jump up ^ US Volumes:
"What's New Scooby-Doo, Vol. 1 - Space Ape at the Cape Starring Frank Welker, Casey Kasem, Mindy Cohn and Grey DeLisle (Jun 1, 2004)". Amazon.com. Retrieved 2012-03-11.
"What's New Scooby-Doo, Vol. 2 - Safari So Good! Starring Frank Welker, Casey Kasem, Mindy Cohn and Grey DeLisle (Mar 9, 2004)". Amazon.com. Retrieved 2012-03-11.
"What's New Scooby-Doo, Vol. 3 - Halloween Boos and Clues Starring Frank Welker, Casey Kasem, Mindy Cohn and Grey DeLisle (Aug 10, 2004)". Amazon.com. Retrieved 2012-03-11.
"What's New Scooby-Doo, Vol. 4 - Merry Scary Holiday (Oct 5, 2004)". Amazon.com. Retrieved 2012-03-11.
"What's New Scooby-Doo, Vol. 5 - Sports Spooktacular Starring Frank Welker, Casey Kasem, Mindy Cohn and Grey DeLisle (Jun 14, 2005)". Amazon.com. Retrieved 2012-03-11.
"What's New Scooby-Doo, Vol. 6 - Monster Matinee Starring Frank Welker, Casey Kasem, Mindy Cohn and Grey DeLisle (Aug 9, 2005)". Amazon.com. Retrieved 2012-03-11.
"What's New Scooby-Doo, Vol. 7 - Ghosts on the Go Starring Mindy Cohn, Miranda Cosgrove, Grey DeLisle and Casey Kasem (Nov 8, 2005)". Amazon.com. Retrieved 2012-03-11.
"What's New Scooby-Doo, Vol. 8 - Zoinks! Camera! Action! Starring Mindy Cohn, Miranda Cosgrove, Grey DeLisle and Casey Kasem (Feb 21, 2006)". Amazon.com. Retrieved 2012-03-11.
"What's New Scooby-Doo, Vol. 9 - Route Scary6 Starring Frank Welker, Casey Kasem, Mindy Cohn and Grey DeLisle (Jun 6, 2006)". Amazon.com. Retrieved 2012-03-11.
"What's New Scooby-Doo, Vol. 10 - Monstrous Tails (Dec 5, 2006)". Amazon.com. Retrieved 2012-03-11.
Jump up ^ UK Volumes:
"What's New Scooby Doo: Vol.1 - Space Ape At The Cape [2003] [DVD] Starring Don Messick, Casey Kasem, Frank Welker and Heather North (DVD - 2004)". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved 2012-03-11.
"What's New Scooby Doo : Vol 2 - Safari So Goodi [DVD] Starring Don Messick, Casey Kasem, Frank Welker and Heather North (DVD - 2004)". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved 2012-03-11.
"What's New Scooby Doo : Vol 3 - Lights, Camera, Mayhem [DVD] (DVD - 2005)". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved 2012-03-11.
"What's New Scooby Doo : Vol. 4 - Mummy Scares Best [DVD] (DVD - 2005)". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved 2012-03-11.
"What's New Scooby Doo : Vol 5 - Homeward Hound [DVD] (DVD - 2005)". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved 2012-03-11.
"What's New Scooby Doo : Vol 6 - Recipe For Disaster [DVD] (DVD - 2005)". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved 2012-03-11.
"What's New Scooby Doo : Vol. 7 - Ready To Scare [DVD] (DVD - 2006)". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved 2012-03-11.
"What's New Scooby Doo : Vol. 8 - E-Scream [DVD] (DVD - 2006)". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved 2012-03-11.
"What's New Scooby Doo : Vol. 9 - Fright House Of A Lighthouse [DVD] (DVD - 2006)". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved 2012-03-11.
"What's New Scooby Doo? - Volume 10 - Gentleman Start Your Monsters [DVD] (DVD - 2006)". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved 2012-03-11.
Jump up ^ Season set reference:
"What's New Scooby-Doo?: The Complete First Season: Frank Welker, Casey Kasem, Mindy Cohn, Grey DeLisle, Jeff Bennett, Colleen O'Shaughnessey, Dee Bradley Baker, James Arnold Taylor, Jennifer Hale, Steve Blum, Tom Kenny, John Di Maggio, Jeffrey Gatrall, Joe Sichta, Russell Calabrese, Swinton O. Scott III, Tim Maltby, Tom Mazzocco, Dwayne McDuffie, Ed Scharlach: Movies & TV". Amazon.com. Retrieved 2011-11-12.
"What's New Scooby-Doo?: The Complete Second Season: Frank Welker, Casey Kasem, Mindy Cohn, Grey DeLisle, Jeff Bennett, Colleen O'Shaughnessey, Dee Bradley Baker, James Arnold Taylor, Jennifer Hale, Steve Blum, Tom Kenny, John Di Maggio, Heechul Kang, Jeffrey Gatrall, Joe Sichta, Russell Calabrese, Scott Jeralds, Swinton O. Scott III, Tae Ho Han, Tim Maltby: Movies & TV". Amazon.com. Retrieved 2011-11-12.
"What's New Scooby-Doo? - The Complete Third Season: What's New Scooby-Doo, Various directors: Movies & TV". Amazon.com. Retrieved 2011-11-12.
"What's New Scooby-Doo: Complete Seasons 1-3". Amazon.com. Retrieved June 15, 2011.
Jump up ^ Set Releases:
"What's New Scooby Doo - Volume 1-2". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved September 20, 2011.
"What's New Scooby Doo - Volume 3-4". Amazon.com. Retrieved September 20, 2011.
"What's New Scooby Doo - Volume 5-6". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved September 20, 2011.
"What's New Scooby Doo - Volume 7-8". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved September 20, 2011.
"What's New Scooby Doo - Volume 9-10". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved September 20, 2011.
Jump up ^ Limited, Linens. "What's New Scooby Doo: Complete 10-Disc Box Set DVD: Amazon.co.uk: Scooby Doo: Film & TV". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved 2011-09-20.
"Scooby-Doo". Banks, Clive. Retrieved September 4, 2005.
"The Complete Scooby-Doo Episode Guide". Baxter, Joel (2003). Archived from the original on 2005-08-26. Retrieved September 3, 2005.
"Hanna-Barbera Studio Directory (1958-2001)". The Big Cartoon DataBase. Retrieved September 3, 2005.
External links[edit]
Official Scooby-Doo website
What's New, Scooby-Doo? on IMDb
What's New, Scooby-Doo? at the Big Cartoon DataBase
What's New, Scooby-Doo? at TV.com
[show]
v
t
e
Scooby-Doo
Characters
Scooby-Doo
Shaggy Rogers
Daphne Blake
Fred Jones
Velma Dinkley
Scrappy-Doo
Television shows
Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!
episodes (1969–1970)
The New Scooby-Doo Movies
episodes (1972–73)
The Scooby-Doo Show
episodes (1976–78)
Scooby-Doo and Scrappy-Doo (1979–1980)
Scooby-Doo and Scrappy-Doo (1980–82)
The New Scooby and Scrappy-Doo Show/The New Scooby-Doo Mysteries (1983–84)
The 13 Ghosts of Scooby-Doo (1985)
A Pup Named Scooby-Doo
episodes (1988–1991)
What's New, Scooby-Doo?
episodes (2002–06)
Shaggy & Scooby-Doo Get a Clue!
episodes (2006–08)
Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated
episodes (2010–13)
Be Cool, Scooby-Doo! (2015–18)
Scooby-Doo and Guess Who? (2019)
Package shows and
programming blocks
The Scooby-Doo/Dynomutt Hour (1976–77)
Scooby's All-Star Laff-A-Lympics/Scooby's All-Stars (1977–78)
The Richie Rich/Scooby-Doo Show (1980–81)
The Scooby & Scrappy-Doo/Puppy Hour (1982)
Scary Scooby Funnies (1984–85)
Scooby's Mystery Funhouse (1985–86)
Television films
and specials
Hanna-Barbera's All-Star Comedy Ice Revue (1978)
Scooby Goes Hollywood (1979)
Scooby-Doo Meets the Boo Brothers (1987)
Scooby-Doo and the Ghoul School (1988)
Scooby-Doo! and the Reluctant Werewolf (1988)
Hanna-Barbera's 50th: A Yabba Dabba Doo Celebration (1989)
Scooby-Doo! in Arabian Nights (1994)
Scooby-Doo: Behind the Scenes (1998)
Night of the Living Doo (2001)
Scooby-Doo! Spooky Games (2012)
Scooby-Doo! Haunted Holidays (2012)
Scooby-Doo! and the Spooky Scarecrow (2013)
Scooby-Doo! Mecha Mutt Menace (2013)
Scooby-Doo! Ghastly Goals (2014)
Scooby-Doo! and the Beach Beastie (2015)
Lego Scooby-Doo! Knight Time Terror (2015)
Direct-to-video films
Zombie Island (1998)
Witch's Ghost (1999)
Alien Invaders (2000)
Cyber Chase (2001)
Legend of the Vampire (2003)
Monster of Mexico (2003)
Loch Ness Monster (2004)
Aloha (2005)
Where's My Mummy? (2005)
Pirates Ahoy! (2006)
Chill Out (2007)
Goblin King (2008)
Samurai Sword (2009)
Abracadabra-Doo (2010)
Camp Scare (2010)
Legend of the Phantosaur (2011)
Music of the Vampire (2012)
Big Top (2012)
Mask of the Blue Falcon (2013)
The Mystery Map (2013)
Stage Fright (2013)
WrestleMania Mystery (2014)
Frankencreepy (2014)
Moon Monster Madness (2015)
Rock and Roll Mystery (2015)
Haunted Hollywood (2016)
Curse of the Speed Demon (2016)
Shaggy's Showdown (2017)
Blowout Beach Bash (2017)
The Brave and the Bold (2018)
The Gourmet Ghost (2018)
Live-action films
Scooby-Doo (2002)
2: Monsters Unleashed (2004)
The Mystery Begins (2009)
Curse of the Lake Monster (2010)
Daphne & Velma (2018)
Video games
Scooby-Doo (1986)
Mystery (1995)
Mystery of the Fun Park Phantom (1999)
Mystery Adventures (2000)
Classic Creep Capers (2000)
The Cyber Chase (2001)
Night of 100 Frights (2002)
Mystery Mayhem (2004)
Unmasked (2005)
Who's Watching Who? (2006)
First Frights (2009)
Spooky Swamp (2010)
Amusement rides
The Funtastic World of Hanna-Barbera (1990)
Ghoster Coaster (1998)
Haunted Mansion (2001)
Spooky Coaster (2002)
Comic books
Scooby Apocalypse (2016)
Soundtracks
Snack Tracks: The Ultimate Collection (1998)
Scooby-Doo (2002)
Miscellaneous
Scooby Snacks
"Scoobynatural"
List of media
Category
[show]
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Theatrical feature-length films
The Looney Looney Looney Bugs Bunny Movie (1981)
Bugs Bunny's 3rd Movie: 1001 Rabbit Tales (1982)
Daffy Duck's Fantastic Island (1983)
Daffy Duck's Quackbusters (1988)
Batman: Mask of the Phantasm (1993)
Space Jam (1996)
Quest for Camelot (1998)
The Iron Giant (1999)
Osmosis Jones (2001)
Looney Tunes: Back in Action (2003)
The Lego Movie (2014)
Storks (2016)
The Lego Batman Movie (2017)
The Lego Ninjago Movie (2017)
Teen Titans Go! To the Movies (2018)
Smallfoot (2018)
The Lego Movie 2: The Second Part (2019)
Other TV series
Freakazoid!
Histeria!
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¡Mucha Lucha! (characters)
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Television specials
A Miser Brothers' Christmas (2008)
Scooby-Doo! Spooky Games (2012)
Robot Chicken DC Comics Special (2012
Scooby-Doo! Haunted Holidays (2012)
Scooby-Doo! and the Spooky Scarecrow (2013)
Scooby-Doo! Mecha Mutt Menace (2013)
Robot Chicken DC Comics Special 2: Villains in Paradise (2014)
Scooby-Doo! Ghastly Goals (2014)
Tom and Jerry: Santa's Little Helpers (2014)
Lego DC Comics: Batman Be-Leaguered (2014)
Elf: Buddy's Musical Christmas (2014)
Scooby-Doo! and the Beach Beastie (2015)
Robot Chicken DC Comics Special III: Magical Friendship (2015)
Lego Scooby-Doo! Knight Time Terror (2015)
DC Super Hero Girls: Super Hero High (2016)
Direct-to-video films
Tiny Toon Adventures: How I Spent My Vacation (1992)
Batman & Mr. Freeze: SubZero (1998)
Scooby-Doo on Zombie Island (1998)
Scooby-Doo! and the Witch's Ghost (1999)
Wakko's Wish (1999)
Tweety's High-Flying Adventure (2000)
Scooby-Doo and the Alien Invaders (2000)
Batman Beyond: Return of the Joker (2000)
Scooby-Doo and the Cyber Chase (2001)
Tom and Jerry: The Magic Ring (2002)
Baby Looney Tunes' Eggs-traordinary Adventure (2003)
Scooby-Doo! and the Legend of the Vampire (2003)
Scooby-Doo! and the Monster of Mexico (2003)
Batman: Mystery of the Batwoman (2003)
Scooby-Doo! and the Loch Ness Monster (2004)
Kangaroo Jack: G'Day U.S.A.! (2004)
¡Mucha Lucha!: The Return of El Maléfico (2005)
Tom and Jerry: Blast Off to Mars (2005)
Aloha, Scooby-Doo! (2005)
Tom and Jerry: The Fast and the Furry (2005)
The Batman vs. Dracula (2005)
Scooby-Doo! in Where's My Mummy? (2005)
Scooby-Doo! Pirates Ahoy! (2005)
Superman: Brainiac Attacks (2006)
Tom and Jerry: Shiver Me Whiskers (2006)
Teen Titans: Trouble in Tokyo (2006)
Bah, Humduck! A Looney Tunes Christmas (2006)
Chill Out, Scooby-Doo! (2007)
Superman: Doomsday (2007)
Tom and Jerry: A Nutcracker Tale (2007)
Justice League: The New Frontier (2008)
Batman: Gotham Knight (2008)
Scooby-Doo! and the Goblin King (2008)
Wonder Woman (2009)
Scooby-Doo! and the Samurai Sword (2009)
Green Lantern: First Flight (2009)
Superman/Batman: Public Enemies (2009)
Scooby-Doo! Abracadabra-Doo (2010)
Justice League: Crisis on Two Earths (2010)
Batman: Under the Red Hood (2010)
Tom and Jerry Meet Sherlock Holmes (2010)
Scooby-Doo! Camp Scare (2010)
Superman/Batman: Apocalypse (2010)
All-Star Superman (2011)
Green Lantern: Emerald Knights (2011)
Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz (2011)
Scooby-Doo! Legend of the Phantosaur (2011)
Batman: Year One (2011)
Justice League: Doom (2012)
Scooby-Doo! Music of the Vampire (2012)
Superman vs. The Elite (2012)
Batman: The Dark Knight Returns (2012/2013)
Tom and Jerry: Robin Hood and His Merry Mouse (2012)
Big Top Scooby-Doo! (2012)
Scooby-Doo! Mask of the Blue Falcon (2013)
Superman: Unbound (2013)
Scooby-Doo! Adventures: The Mystery Map (2013)
Justice League: The Flashpoint Paradox (2013)
Tom and Jerry's Giant Adventure (2013)
Scooby-Doo! Stage Fright (2013)
JLA Adventures: Trapped in Time (2014)
Justice League: War (2014)
Scooby-Doo! WrestleMania Mystery (2014)
Son of Batman (2014)
Batman: Assault on Arkham (2014)
Scooby-Doo! Frankencreepy (2014)
Tom and Jerry: The Lost Dragon (2014)
Justice League: Throne of Atlantis (2015)
Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Justice League vs. Bizarro League (2015)
Scooby-Doo! Moon Monster Madness (2015)
The Flintstones & WWE: Stone Age SmackDown! (2015)
Batman vs. Robin (2015)
Batman Unlimited: Animal Instincts (2015)
Tom and Jerry: Spy Quest (2015)
Scooby-Doo! and Kiss: Rock and Roll Mystery (2015)
Justice League: Gods and Monsters (2015)
Looney Tunes: Rabbits Run (2015)
Batman Unlimited: Monster Mayhem (2015)
Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Justice League – Attack of the Legion of Doom (2015)
Batman: Bad Blood (2016)
Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Justice League – Cosmic Clash (2016)
Justice League vs. Teen Titans (2016)
Lego Scooby-Doo! Haunted Hollywood (2016)
Tom and Jerry: Back to Oz (2016)
Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Justice League – Gotham City Breakout (2016)
Batman: The Killing Joke (2016)
Scooby-Doo! and WWE: Curse of the Speed Demon (2016)
DC Super Hero Girls: Hero of the Year (2016)
Batman Unlimited: Mechs vs. Mutants (2016)
Batman: Return of the Caped Crusaders (2016)
Justice League Dark (2017)
Scooby-Doo! Shaggy's Showdown (2017)
The Jetsons & WWE: Robo-WrestleMania! (2017)
Teen Titans: The Judas Contract (2017)
DC Super Hero Girls: Intergalactic Games (2017)
Tom and Jerry: Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory (2017)
Lego Scooby-Doo! Blowout Beach Bash (2017)
Lego DC Super Hero Girls: Brain Drain (2017)
Batman and Harley Quinn (2017)
Batman vs. Two-Face (2017)
Scooby-Doo! & Batman: The Brave and the Bold (2018)
Batman: Gotham by Gaslight (2018)
Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: The Flash (2018)
Suicide Squad: Hell to Pay (2018)
Batman Ninja (2018)
Lego DC Super Hero Girls: Super-Villain High (2018)
Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Aquaman: Rage of Atlantis (2018)
The Death of Superman (2018)
Short films
The Duxorcist (1987)
The Night of the Living Duck (1988)
Box-Office Bunny (1990)
I'm Mad (1994)
Chariots of Fur (1994)
Carrotblanca (1995)
Another Froggy Evening (1995)
Superior Duck (1996)
Pullet Surprise (1997)
Marvin the Martian in the Third Dimension (1997)
From Hare to Eternity (1997)
Father of the Bird (1997)
Little Go Beep (2000)
Chase Me (2003)
The Karate Guard (2005)
DC Showcase: The Spectre (2010)
DC Showcase: Jonah Hex (2010)
Coyote Falls (2010)
Fur of Flying (2010)
DC Showcase: Green Arrow (2010)
Superman/Shazam!: The Return of Black Adam (2010)
Rabid Rider (2010)
DC Showcase: Catwoman (2011)
I Tawt I Taw a Puddy Tat (2011)
Daffy's Rhapsody (2012)
The Master (2016)
See also
Warner Animation Group
Warner Bros. Cartoons
Warner Bros. Family Entertainment
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Cartoon Network Productions
Cartoon Network Studios
Williams Street
Cartoon Network Studios Europe
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¡Mucha Lucha! (2002–05)
The Nightmare Room (2001–02)
Ozzy & Drix (2002–04)
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Pinky, Elmyra & the Brain (1998–2000)
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Krypto the Superdog (2006–07)
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The All-New Scooby and Scrappy-Doo Show
Captain Planet (1997–2000)
The New Scooby-Doo Movies
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Shaggy & Scooby-Doo Get a Clue! (2006–08)
Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!
Tom and Jerry Tales (2006–08)
What's New, Scooby-Doo? (2002–06)
Looney Tunes
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That's Warner Bros.! (1995–2000)
Cartoon Network/Studios
Codename: Kids Next Door (2004)
Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends (2005)
The Powerpuff Girls (2002)
Misc. programs
Brats of the Lost Nebula (1998)
Cubix: Robots for Everyone (2001–03)
Da Boom Crew (2004–05)
The Legend of Calamity Jane (1997)
Monster Allergy (2006–07)
Mummy Nanny (2001)
Rescue Heroes: Global Response Team (2001–03)
Skunk Fu! (2007–08)
Specials
Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer (2000)
Pokémon: The Mastermind of Mirage Pokémon (2006)
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Categories:
2002 American television series debuts
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Foot (unit)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For the unit of weight, see fotmal.
foot
Unit system
imperial/US units
Unit of
length
Symbol
ft
Unit conversions
1 ft in ... ... is equal to ...
imperial/US units
⅓ yd
12 in
metric (SI) units
0.3048 m
The foot (pl. feet; abbreviation: ft; symbol: ′, the prime symbol) is a unit of length in the imperial and US customary systems of measurement. Since 1959, both units have been defined by international agreement as equivalent to 0.3048 meters exactly. In both systems, the foot comprises 12 inches and three feet compose a yard.
Historically the "foot" was a part of many local systems of units, including the Greek, Roman, Chinese, French, and English systems. It varied in length from country to country, from city to city, and sometimes from trade to trade. Its length was usually between 250 mm and 335 mm and was generally, but not always, subdivided into 12 inches or 16 digits.
The United States is the only industrialized nation that uses the international foot and the survey foot (a customary unit of length) in preference to the meter in its commercial, engineering, and standards activities.[1] The foot is legally recognized in the United Kingdom; road signs must use imperial units (however distances on road signs are always marked in yards, not feet), while its usage is widespread among the British public as a measurement of height.[2][3] The foot is recognized as an alternative expression of length in Canada[4] officially defined as a unit derived from the meter[5] although both the U.K. and Canada have partially metricated their units of measurement. The measurement of altitude in international aviation is one of the few areas where the foot is widely used outside the English-speaking world.
The length of the international foot corresponds to a human foot with shoe size of 13 (UK), 14 (US male), 15.5 (US female) or 46 (EU sizing).
Contents
[hide]
1 Historical origin
1.1 England
2 Definition
2.1 International foot
2.2 Pre-1959
2.3 Survey foot
2.3.1 US survey foot
2.3.2 Indian survey foot
3 Historical use
3.1 Metric foot
3.1.1 France
3.1.2 Germany
3.2 Other obsolete feet
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
Historical origin[edit]
See also: pous
Determination of the rod, using the length of the left foot of 16 randomly chosen people coming from church service. Woodcut published in the book Geometrei by Jakob Köbel (Frankfurt, c. 1536).
Historically the human body has been used to provide the basis for units of length.[6] The foot of a white male is typically about 15.3% of his height,[7] giving a person of 160 cm (5 ft 3 in) a foot of 245 mm and one of 180 cm (5 ft 11 in) a foot of 275 mm. These figures are less than the foot used in most cities over time, suggesting that the "foot" was actually a synonym for a "shoe".[original research?]
Archeologists believe that the Egyptians, Ancient Indians and Mesopotamians preferred the cubit while the Romans and the Greeks preferred the foot. Under the Harappan linear measures, Indus cities during the Bronze Age used a foot of 13.2 inches (333.5 mm) and a cubit of 20.8 inches (528.3 mm).[8] The Egyptian equivalent of the foot—a measure of four palms or 16 digits—was known as the djeser and has been reconstructed as about 30 cm (12 in).
The Greek foot (πούς, pous) had a length of 1⁄600 of a stadion,[9] one stadion being about 181.2 m,[10] therefore a foot being at the time about 302 mm. Its exact size varied from city to city and could range as much as between 270 mm and 350 mm, but lengths used for temple construction appear to have been about 295 mm to 325 mm, the former being close to the size of the Roman foot.
The standard Roman foot (pes) was normally about 295.7 mm (97% of today's measurement), but in the provinces, the pes Drusianus (foot of Nero Claudius Drusus) was used, with a length of about 334 mm. (In reality, this foot predated Drusus.)[11]
Originally both the Greeks and the Romans subdivided the foot into 16 digits, but in later years, the Romans also subdivided the foot into 12 unciae (from which both the English words "inch" and "ounce" are derived).
After the fall of the Roman Empire, some Roman traditions were continued but others fell into disuse. In AD 790 Charlemagne attempted to reform the units of measure in his domains. His units of length were based on the toise and in particular the toise de l'Écritoire, the distance between the fingertips of the outstretched arms of a man.[12] The toise has 6 pieds (feet) each of 326.6 mm (12.86 in).
He was unsuccessful in introducing a standard unit of length throughout his realm: an analysis of the measurements of Charlieu Abbey shows that during the 9th century the Roman foot of 296.1 mm was used; when it was rebuilt in the 10th century, a foot of about 320 mm[Note 1] was used. At the same time, monastic buildings used the Carolingian foot of 340 mm.[Note 1][13]
The procedure for verification of the foot as described in the 16th century by Jacob Koebel in his book Geometrei. Von künstlichem Feldmessen und absehen is:[14]
Stand at the door of a church on a Sunday and bid 16 men to stop, tall ones and small ones, as they happen to pass out when the service is finished; then make them put their left feet one behind the other, and the length thus obtained shall be a right and lawful rood to measure and survey the land with, and the 16th part of it shall be the right and lawful foot.
England[edit]
The unofficial public imperial measurement standards erected at the Royal Observatory in Greenwich in the 19th century
See also: yard
The measures of Iron Age Britain are uncertain and proposed reconstructions such as the Megalithic Yard are controversial. Later Welsh legend credited Dyfnwal Moelmud with the establishment of their units, including a foot of 9 inches. The Belgic or North German foot of 335 mm (13.2 inches) was introduced to England either by the Belgic Celts during their invasions prior to the Romans or by the Anglo-Saxons in the 5th & 6th century.
Roman units were introduced following their invasion in AD 43. The Roman foot had been previously standardized by Agrippa at around 296 mm or 11.65 inches. Following the Roman withdrawal and Saxon invasions, the Roman foot continued to be used in the construction crafts while the Belgic foot was used for land measurement. Both the Welsh and Belgic feet seem to have been based on multiples of the barleycorn, but by as early as 950 the English kings seem to have (ineffectually) ordered measures to be based upon an iron yardstick at Winchester and then London. Henry I was said to have ordered a new standard to be based upon his own arm and, by the c. 1300 Act concerning the Composition of Yards and Perches[15] traditionally credited to Edward I or II, the statute foot was a different measure exactly 10⁄11 of the old foot. The barleycorn, inch, ell, and yard were likewise shrunk, while rods and furlongs remained the same.[16] The ambiguity over the state of the mile was resolved by the 1593 Act against Converting of Great Houses into Several Tenements and for Restraint of Inmates and Inclosures in and near about the City of London and Westminster, which codified the statute mile as comprising 5,280 feet. The differences among the various physical standard yards around the world, revealed by increasingly powerful microscopes, eventually led to the 1959 adoption of the international foot defined in terms of the meter.
Definition[edit]
International foot[edit]
The international yard and pound agreement of July 1959 defined the length of the international yard in the United States and countries of the Commonwealth of Nations as exactly 0.9144 meters. Consequently, the international foot is defined to be equal to exactly 0.3048 meters. This was 2 ppm shorter than the previous U.S. definition and 1.7 ppm longer than the previous British definition.[17]
The international standard symbol for a foot is "ft" (see ISO 31-1, Annex A). In some cases, the foot is denoted by a prime, which is often marked by an apostrophe, and the inch by a double prime; for example, 2 feet 4 inches is sometimes denoted as 2′−4″, 2′ 4″ or 2′4″. (See 'minute' for another case where prime and double prime symbols are used to denote first and second cuts in refining measurement.)
Pre-1959[edit]
In the United States, the foot was defined as 12 inches, with the inch being defined by the Mendenhall Order of 1893 by 39.37 inches = 1 m. In Imperial units, the foot was defined as 1⁄3 yard, with the yard being realized as a physical standard (separate from the standard meter).
The yard standards of the different Commonwealth countries were periodically compared with one another.[18] The value of the United Kingdom primary standard of the yard was determined in terms of the meter by the National Physical Laboratory in 1964 as 6999914396900000000♠0.9143969 m,[19] implying a pre-1959 foot in the UK of approximately 6999304798966667000♠0.304798966667 m.
Survey foot[edit]
When the international foot was defined in 1959, a great deal of survey data was already available based on the former definitions, especially in the United States and in India. The small difference between the survey and the international foot would not be detectable on a survey of a small parcel, but becomes significant for mapping, or when the state plane coordinate system (SPCS) is used in the US, because the origin of the system may be hundreds of thousands of feet (hundreds of miles) from the point of interest. Hence the previous definitions continued to be used for surveying in the United States and India for many years, and are denoted survey feet to distinguish them from the international foot. The United Kingdom was unaffected by this problem, as the retriangulation of Great Britain (1936–62) had been done in meters.
US survey foot[edit]
The United States survey foot is defined as exactly 1200⁄3937 meters, approximately 6999304800609601000♠0.304800609601 m.[20] Out of the 50 states, 24 have legislated that surveying measures should be based on the U.S. survey foot, eight have legislated that they be made on the basis of the international foot, and 18 have not specified the conversion factor from metric units.[21]
In 1986 the National Geodetic Survey (NGS) released the North American Datum of 1983, which underlies the state plane coordinate systems and is entirely defined in meters. An NGS policy from 1991 has this to say about the units used with the new datum to define the SPCS 83:
In preparation for the adjustment of the North American Datum of 1983, 31 states enacted legislation for the State Plane Coordinate System of 1983 (SPCS 83). All states defined SPCS 83 with metric parameters. Within the legislation, the U.S. Survey Foot was specified in 11 states and the International Foot was specified in 6 states. In all other states the meter is the only referenced unit of measure in the SPCS 83 legislation. The remaining 19 states do not yet have any legislation concerning SPCS 83.[22]
Since then, 42 states have abandoned the non-metric versions of SPCS 83: seven states continue to keep location data in survey feet as well as in meters, while one state keeps data in international feet as well as in meters.[21] State legislation is also important for determining the conversion factor to be used for everyday land surveying and real estate transactions, although the difference (2 ppm) is of no practical significance given the precision of normal surveying measurements over short distances (usually much less than a mile).
Indian survey foot[edit]
The Indian survey foot is defined as exactly 6999304799600000000♠0.3047996 m,[23] presumably derived from a measurement of the previous Indian standard of the yard. The current National Topographic Database of the Survey of India is based on the metric WGS-84 datum,[24] which is also used by the Global Positioning System.
Historical use[edit]
Page from Austrian Lehrbuch des gesammten Rechnens für die vierte Classe der Hauptschulen in den k.k. Staaten – 1848[25]
Metric foot[edit]
An ISO 2848 measure of 3 basic modules (30 cm) is called a "metric foot", but there were earlier distinct definitions of a metric foot during metrication in France and Germany.
France[edit]
In 1799 the meter became the official unit of length in France. This was not fully enforced, and in 1812 Napoleon introduced the system of mesures usuelles which restored the traditional French measurements in the retail trade, but redefined them in terms of metric units. The foot, or pied métrique, was defined as one third of a meter. This unit continued in use until 1837.[26]
Germany[edit]
In southwestern Germany in 1806, the Confederation of the Rhine was founded and three different reformed feet were defined, all of which were based on the metric system:[27]
In Hesse, the Fuß (foot) was redefined as 25 cm.
In Baden, the Fuß was redefined as 30 cm.
In the Palatinate, the Fuß was redefined as being 33 1⁄3 cm (as in France).
Other obsolete feet[edit]
Prior to the introduction of the metric system, many European cities and countries used the foot, but it varied considerably in length: the voet in Ieper, Belgium, was 273.8 millimetres (10.78 in) while the piede in Venice was 347.73 millimetres (13.690 in). Lists of conversion factors between the various units of measure were given in many European reference works including:
Traité, Paris – 1769[28]
Palaiseau – Bordeaux: 1816 [29]
de Gelder, Amsterdam and The Hague – 1824[30]
Horace, Brussels – 1840[31]
Noback & Noback (2 volumes), Leipzig – 1851[32][33]
Bruhns, Leipzig – 1881[34]
Many of these standards were peculiar to a particular city, especially in Germany (which, before German Unification in 1871, consisted of many kingdoms, principalities, free cities and so on). In many cases the length of the unit was not uniquely fixed: for example, the English foot was stated as 11 pouces 2.6 lignes (French inches and lines) by Picard, 11 pouces 3.11 lignes by Maskelyne and 11 pouces 3 lignes by D'Alembert.[35]
Most of the various feet in this list ceased to be used when the countries adopted the metric system. The Netherlands and modern Belgium adopted the metric system in 1817, having used the mesures usuelles under Napoleon[36] and the newly formed German Empire adopted the metric system in 1871.[37]
The palm (typically 200 mm to 280 mm) was used in many Mediterranean cities instead of the foot. Horace Doursther, whose reference was published[clarification needed] in Belgium which had the smallest foot measurements, grouped both units together, while J.F.G. Palaiseau devoted three chapters to units of length: one for linear measures (palms and feet), one for cloth measures (ells) and one for distances traveled (miles and leagues). In the table below, arbitrary cut-off points of 270 mm and 350 mm have been chosen.
Location
Modern Country
Local name
Metric
equivalent
(mm)
Comments
Vienna Austria Wiener Fuß 316.102[34][38]
Tyrol Austria Fuß 334.12[27]
Ieper/Ypres Belgium voet 273.8[39]
Bruges/Brugge Belgium voet 274.3[39]
Brussels Belgium voet 275.75[39]
Hainaut Belgium pied 293.39[31]
Liège Belgium pied 294.70[31]
Kortrijk Belgium voet 297.6[39]
Aalst Belgium voet 277.2[39]
Mechelen Belgium voet 278.0[39]
Leuven Belgium voet 285.5[39]
Tournai Belgium pied 297.77[31]
Antwerp Belgium voet 286.8[39]
China China tradesman's foot 338.3[40]
China China mathematician's foot 333.2[40]
China China builder's foot 322.8[40]
China China surveyor's foot 319.5[40]
Moravia Czech Republic stopa 295.95[27]
Prague Czech Republic stopa 296.4[33] (1851) Bohemian foot or shoe
301.7[28] (1759) Quoted as "11 pouces 1 3⁄4 lignes"[Notes 1]
Denmark Denmark Fod 313.85[34] Until 1835, thereafter the Prussian foot
330.5[28] (1759) Quoted as " 2 1⁄2 lignes larger than the pied [of Paris]"[Notes 1]
France France pied du roi 324.84[41] [Notes 2]
Angoulême France pied d'Angoulême 347.008[42]
Bordeaux (urban) France pied de ville de Bordeaux 343.606[42]
Bordeaux (rural) France pied de terre de Bordeaux 357.214[42]
Strasbourg France pied de Strasbourg 294.95[42]
Württemberg Germany Fuß 286.49[27]
Hanover Germany Fuß 292.10[27]
Augsburg Germany Römischer Fuß 296.17[32]
Nuremberg Germany Fuß 303.75[32]
Meiningen-Hildburghausen Germany Fuß 303.95[27]
Oldenburg Germany Römischer Fuß 296.41[27]
Weimar Germany Fuß 281.98[27]
Lübeck Germany Fuß 287.62[34]
Aschaffenburg Germany Fuß 287.5[31]
Darmstadt Germany Fuß 287.6[31] Until 1818, thereafter the Hessen "metric foot"
Bremen Germany Fuß 289.35[34]
Rhineland Germany Fuß 313.7[40]
Berlin Germany Fuß 309.6[40]
Hamburg Germany Fuß 286.8[40]
Bavaria Germany Fuß 291.86[27]
Aachen Germany Fuß 282.1[32]
Leipzig Germany Fuß 282.67[27]
Dresden Germany Fuß 283.11[27]
Saxony Germany Fuß 283.19[34]
Prussia Germany, Poland, Russia etc. Rheinfuß 313.85[34]
Frankfurt am Main Germany Fuß 284.61[27]
Venice & Lombardy Italy 347.73[27]
Turin Italy 323.1[40]
Rome Italy piede romano 297.896[42]
Malta Malta 283.7[40]
Utrecht Netherlands voet 272.8[40]
Amsterdam Netherlands voet 283.133[30] Divided into 11 duimen (inches)
Honsbossche en Rijpse Netherlands voet 285.0[30]
’s Hertogenbosch Netherlands voet 287.0[30]
Gelderland Netherlands voet 292.0[30]
Bloois (Zeeland) Netherlands voet 301.0[30]
Schouw Netherlands voet 311.0[30]
Rotterdam Netherlands voet 312.43[31]
Rijnland Netherlands voet 314.858[30]
Norway Norway fot 313.75[43] (1824–1835)[Notes 3] Thereafter as for Sweden
Warsaw Poland stopa 297.8[44] until 1819
288.0[31] (From 1819) Polish stopa
Lisbon Portugal Pé 330.0[32] (From 1835)[Notes 4]
Riga Latvia pēda 274.1[40]
South Africa South Africa Cape foot 314.858[45] Originally equal to the Rijnland foot; redefined as 1.033 English feet in 1859.
Burgos and Castile Spain Pie de Burgos/
Castellano 278.6[28] (1759) Quoted as "122.43 lignes"[Notes 1]
Toledo Spain Pie 279.0[28] (1759) Quoted as "10 pouces 3.7 lignes"[Notes 1]
Sweden Sweden fot 296.9[34] = 12 tum (inches). The Swedish fot was also used in Finland ("jalka").
Zürich Switzerland 300.0[40]
Galicia Ukraine, Poland stopa galicyjska 296.96[31] Part of Austria before World War I
Scotland United Kingdom fuit, fit, troigh 305.287[46] [Notes 5]
(In Belgium, the words pied (French) and voet (Dutch) would have been used interchangeably.)
Notes
^ Jump up to: a b c d The source document used pre-metric French units (pied, pouce and lignes)
Jump up ^ The original meter was computed using pre-metric French Units
Jump up ^ The Norwegian fot was defined in 1824 as the length of a (theoretical) pendulum that would have a period of 12⁄38 seconds at 45° from the equator
Jump up ^ Prior to 1835, the pé or foot was not used in Portugal – instead a palm was used. In 1835 the size of the palm was increased from 217.37 mm (according to Palaiseau) to 220 mm
Jump up ^ The Scots foot ceased to be legal after the Act of Union in 1707
See also[edit]
Anthropic units
English units
Mermin's foot
Metric foot
History of measurement
Imperial units
International System of Units
Pous
Systems of measurement
United States customary units
Units of measurement
Notes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b The original reference was given in a round number of centimeters
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Appendix G – Weights and Measures". The World Factbook. Washington: Central Intelligence Agency. January 17, 2007. Retrieved February 4, 2007.
Jump up ^ Kelly, Jon (21 December 2011). "Will British people ever think in metric?". BBC.
Jump up ^ Alder, Ken (2002). The Measure of all Things—The Seven-Year-Odyssey that Transformed the World. London: Abacus.
Jump up ^ Weights and Measures Act, accessed January 2012, Act current to 2012-01-18. Basis for units of measurement 4.(1) All units of measurement used in Canada shall be determined on the basis of the International System of Units established by the General Conference of Weights and Measures. (...) Canadian units (5) The Canadian units of measurement are as set out and defined in Schedule II, and the symbols and abbreviations therefore are as added pursuant to subparagraph 6(1)(b)(ii).
Jump up ^ Weights and Measures Act
Jump up ^ Oswald Ashton Wentworth Dilke (May 22, 1987). Mathematics and measurement. University of California Press. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-520-06072-2. Retrieved February 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ Fessler, Daniel M; Haley, Kevin J; Lal, Roshni D (January–February 2005). "Sexual dimorphism in foot length proportionate to stature" (PDF). Annals of Human Biology. 32 (1): 44–59. doi:10.1080/03014460400027581.
Jump up ^ Kenoyer JM (2010) "Measuring the Harappan world," in Morley I & Renfrew C (edd) The Archaeology of Measurement, 117; "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on June 26, 2015. Retrieved January 11, 2015.
Jump up ^ History of Herodotus : a new English version, book II, 6.7
Jump up ^ http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/artifact?name=Epidauros%2C+Stadium&object=Building
Jump up ^ Oswald Ashton Wentworth Dilke (May 22, 1987). Mathematics and measurement. University of California Press. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-520-06072-2. Retrieved February 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ Russ Rowlett. "How Many? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement". Center for Mathematics and Science Education, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved February 28, 2011.
Jump up ^ Sutherland, Elizabeth R (May 1957). "Feet and dates at Charlieu". Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians. 16 (2). JSTOR 987740.
Jump up ^ Jacob Koebel (16th century). Geometrei. Von künstlichem Feldmessen und absehen (in German). Check date values in: |date= (help)
Jump up ^ Great Britain (1762). The statutes at large: from the Magna Charta, to the end of the eleventh Parliament of Great Britain, anno 1761 (continued to 1807). The statutes at large. 1. Printed by J. Bentham. p. 400. Retrieved November 30, 2011.
Jump up ^ Zupko, Ronald Edward (1977). British Weights and Measures: A History from Antiquity to the Seventeenth Century. University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 6, 10, 20. ISBN 978-0-299-07340-4.
Jump up ^ "On what basis is one inch exactly equal to 25.4 mm? Has the imperial inch been adjusted to give this exact fit and if so when?". National Physical Laboratory. Retrieved July 24, 2012.
Jump up ^ See, for example, Report on the Comparisons of the Parliamentary Copies of the Imperial Standards with the Imperial Standard Yard and the Imperial Standard Pound and with each other during the Years 1947 to 1948 (H.M.S.O., London, 1950). Report on the Comparisons of the Parliamentary Copies of the Imperial Standards with each other during the Year 1957 (H.M.S.O., London, 1958).
Jump up ^ Bigg, P. H.; Anderton, Pamela (March 1964), "The United Kingdom standards of the yard in terms of the meter", British Journal of Applied Physics, 15 (3): 291–300, Bibcode:1964BJAP...15..291B, doi:10.1088/0508-3443/15/3/308 CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ A. V. Astin & H. Arnold Karo, (1959), Refinement of values for the yard and the pound, Washington DC: National Bureau of Standards, republished on National Geodetic Survey web site and the Federal Register (Doc. 59-5442, Filed, June 30, 1959, 8:45 am)
^ Jump up to: a b National Geodetic Survey (n.d.), "What are the "official" conversions that are used by NGS to convert 1) meters to inches, and 2) meters to feet?", Frequently Asked Questions about the National Geodetic Survey, retrieved May 16, 2009
Jump up ^ National Geodetic Survey (January 1991), Policy of the National Geodetic Survey Concerning Units of Measure for the State Plane Coordinate System of 1983.
Jump up ^ Schedule to the Standards of Weights and Measures Act, 1976[permanent dead link].
Jump up ^ Survey of India, "National Map Policy – 2005" Archived March 31, 2010, at the Wayback Machine..
Jump up ^ Dr. Franz Mozhnik: Lehrbuch des gesammten Rechnens für die vierte Classe der Hauptschulen in den k.k. Staaten. Im Verlage der k.k. Schulbücher Verschleiß-Administration bey St. Anna in der Johannisgasse – Wien 1848
Jump up ^ Denis Février. "Un historique du mètre" (in French). Ministère de l'Économie, des Finances et de l'Industrie. Retrieved March 10, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Amtliche Maßeinheiten in Europa 1842" [Official measures in Europe 1842] (in German). Retrieved September 22, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e d'Anville, Jean Baptiste Bourguignon (1769). Traité des mesures itinéraires anciennes et modernes [Treatise of ancient and modern measures of distance] (in French). Paris: de l'Imprimerie Royale. Retrieved October 24, 2011.
Jump up ^ Palaiseau, JFG (October 1816). Métrologie universelle, ancienne et moderne: ou rapport des poids et mesures des empires, royaumes, duchés et principautés des quatre parties du monde. Bordeaux. Retrieved October 30, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Jacob de Gelder (1824). Allereerste Gronden der Cijferkunst [Introduction to Numeracy] (in Dutch). 's-Gravenhage (The Hague) and Amsterdam: de Gebroeders van Cleef. pp. 163–176. Retrieved March 2, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Doursther, Horace (1840). Dictionnaire universel des poids et mesures anciens et modernes. Brussels: M. Hayez. pp. 402–418. Retrieved October 25, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Noback, Christian; Noback, Friedrich Eduard (1851). Vollständiges tasehenbuch der Münz-, Maass- und Gewichts-Verhältnisse etc. aller Länder und Handelsplätze [Comprehensive pocketbook of money, weights and measures for all counties and trading centres] (in German). I. Leipzig: F. А. Brockhaus. Retrieved October 24, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Noback, Christian; Noback, Friedrich Eduard (1851). Vollständiges tasehenbuch der Münz-, Maass- und Gewichts-Verhältnisse etc. aller Länder und Handelsplätze [Comprehensive pocketbook of money, weights and measures for all counties and trading centres] (in German). II. Leipzig: F. А. Brockhaus. Retrieved October 24, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Bruhns, Carl (1881). new manual of logarithms to seven places of decimals. Leipzig: Bernhard Tauchnitz. p. 610. Retrieved October 26, 2011.
Jump up ^ Thomas Jefferson (July 13, 1790). "Plan for Establishing Uniformity in the Coinage, Weights, and Measures of the United States". United States House of Representatives. Retrieved November 8, 2011.
Jump up ^ Jacob de Gelder (1824). Allereerste Gronden der Cijferkunst [Introduction to Numeracy] (in Dutch). The Hague and Amsterdam: de Gebroeders van Cleef. pp. 155–157. Retrieved March 2, 2011.
Jump up ^ Andreas Dreizler; et al. (April 20, 2009). "Metrologie" (PDF) (in German). Technische Universität Darmstadt. Retrieved March 28, 2011. [dead link]
Jump up ^ File
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "Maten en gewichten" [Weights and measures] (in Dutch). Vlaamse Vereniging voor Familiekunde (Flemish Association for Family History). 2011. Archived from the original on April 25, 2012. Retrieved October 24, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l Rose, Joshua (1900). Pattern Makers Assistant (9th ed.). New York: D. van Nostrand Co. p. 264.
Jump up ^ "Les anciennes unités et leurs équivalences" [Old units and their equivalences] (in French). Le Cybergroupe Généalogique de Charente Poitevine. 2011. Retrieved February 25, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Guilhiermoz, P (1913). "De l'équivalence des anciennes mesures. A propos d'une publication récente" [Values of ancient measures quoted in recent publications]. Bibliothèque de l'École des chartes (in French). 74: 267–328. doi:10.3406/bec.1913.448498.
Jump up ^ halbo, leif (July 21, 2005). "Mål, vekt og norsk selvstendighet" [Dimensions, weight and Norwegian independence]. Aftenposten.
Jump up ^ [citation needed] – Information copied from pl:Stopa polska
Jump up ^ Tomasz Zakiewicz (April 2005). "The Cape Geodetic Standards and Their Impact on Africa" (PDF). FIG, Cairo. Retrieved January 4, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Scottish Weights and Measures: Distance and Area". Scottish Archive Network. Retrieved January 28, 2010.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foot_(unit)&oldid=804102937"
Categories:
Customary units of measurement in the United States
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