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Camelot
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This article is about the legendary castle. For other uses, see Camelot (disambiguation).
Camelot
Gustave Doré's illustration of Camelot from Idylls of the King (1867)
Arthurian legend location
Created by
Chrétien de Troyes
Notable characters
King Arthur, Uther Pendragon, Guinevere, Knights of the Round Table, Morgan le Fay
First appearance
Lancelot, the Knight of the Cart
Camelot is a castle and court associated with the legendary King Arthur. Absent in the early Arthurian material, Camelot first appeared in 12th-century French romances and, after the Lancelot-Grail cycle, eventually came to be described as the fantastic capital of Arthur's realm and a symbol of the Arthurian world.
The stories locate it somewhere in Great Britain and sometimes associate it with real cities, though more usually its precise location is not revealed. Most scholars regard it as being entirely fictional, its geography being perfect for chivalric romance writers. Nevertheless, arguments about the location of the "real Camelot" have occurred since the 15th century and continue to rage today in popular works and for tourism purposes.
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 Early appearances
3 Description in the romances
4 Identifications
5 Later uses
6 See also
7 References
8 Sources
Etymology[edit]
The name's derivation is uncertain. It has numerous different spellings in medieval French Arthurian romance, including: Camaalot, Camalot, Chamalot, Camehelot (sometimes read as Camchilot), Camaaloth, Caamalot, Camahaloth, Camaelot, Kamaalot, Kamaaloth, Kaamalot, Kamahaloth, Kameloth, Kamaelot, Kamelot, Kaamelot, Cameloth, Camelot and Gamalaot.[1][2][3] Renowned Arthurian scholar Ernst Brugger suggested that it was a corruption of the site of Arthur's final battle, the Battle of Camlann, in Welsh tradition.[3] Roger Sherman Loomis believed it was derived from Cavalon, a place name that he suggested was a corruption of Avalon (under the influence of the Breton place name Cavallon). He further suggested that Cavalon/Camelot became Arthur's capital due to confusion with Arthur's other traditional court at Carlion (Caer Lleon in Welsh).[1]
Others have suggested a derivation from the British Iron Age and Romano-British place name Camulodunum, one of the first capitals of Roman Britain and which would have significance in Romano-British culture. Indeed, John Morris, the English historian who specialized in the study of the institutions of the Roman Empire and the history of Sub-Roman Britain, suggested in his book The Age of Arthur that as the descendants of Romanized Britons looked back to a golden age of peace and prosperity under Rome, the name "Camelot" of Arthurian legend may have referred to the capital of Britannia (Camulodunum, modern Colchester) in Roman times. It is unclear, however, where Chrétien de Troyes would have encountered the name Camulodunum, or why he would render it as Camaalot, though Urban T. Holmes argued in 1929 that Chretien had access to Book 2 of Pliny's Natural History, where it is rendered as "Camaloduno".[4] Given Chrétien's known tendency to create new stories and characters, being the first to mention the hero Lancelot's love affair with Queen Guinevere for example, the name might also be entirely invented.[5]
Early appearances[edit]
Arthur's court at Camelot is mentioned for the first time in Chrétien' poem Lancelot, the Knight of the Cart, dating to the 1170s, though it does not appear in all the manuscripts.[5][6] It is mentioned in passing, and is not described:
A un jor d'une Acenssion / Fu venuz de vers Carlion / Li rois Artus et tenu ot / Cort molt riche a Camaalot / Si riche com au jor estut. [7]
Upon a certain Ascension Day / King Arthur had come from Caerleon / And had held a very magnificent court at Camelot / As was fitting on such a day.[8]
Nothing in Chrétien's poem suggests the level of importance Camelot would have in later romances. For Chrétien, Arthur's chief court was in Caerleon in Wales; this was the king's primary base in Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Regum Britanniae and subsequent literature.[5] Chrétien depicts Arthur, like a typical medieval monarch, holding court at a number of cities and castles.
It is not until the 13th-century French prose romances, including the Lancelot-Grail and the Post-Vulgate Cycle, that Camelot began to supersede Caerleon, and even then, many descriptive details applied to Camelot derive from Geoffrey's earlier grand depiction of the Welsh town.[5] Most Arthurian romances of this period produced in English or Welsh did not follow this trend; Camelot was referred to infrequently, and usually in translations from French. One exception is Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, which locates Arthur's court at "Camelot";[9] however, in Britain, Arthur's court was generally located at Caerleon, or at Carlisle, which is usually identified with the "Carduel" of the French romances.[10] In the late 15th century, Thomas Malory created the image of Camelot most familiar to English speakers today in his Le Morte d'Arthur, a work based mostly on the French romances. He firmly identifies Camelot with Winchester, an identification that remained popular over the centuries, though it was rejected by Malory's own editor, William Caxton, who preferred a Welsh location.[11]
Description in the romances[edit]
The Lancelot-Grail Cycle and the texts it influenced depict the city of Camelot as standing along a river, downstream from Astolat. It is surrounded by plains and forests, and its magnificent cathedral, St. Stephen's, is the religious centre for Arthur's Knights of the Round Table. There, Arthur and Guinevere are married and there are the tombs of many kings and knights. In a mighty castle stands the Round Table; it is here that Galahad conquers the Siege Perilous, and where the knights see a vision of the Holy Grail and swear to find it. Jousts are held in a meadow outside the city. In the Palamedes and other works, the castle is eventually destroyed by King Mark of Cornwall after the loss of Arthur at the Battle of Camlann.[5] However maddening to later scholars searching for Camelot's location, its imprecise geography serves the romances well, as Camelot becomes less a literal place than a powerful symbol of Arthur's court and universe.[5] It should be noted, too, that there is a Kamaalot featured as the home of Perceval's mother in the romance Perlesvaus.[12]
The romancers' versions of Camelot drew on earlier descriptions of Arthur's fabulous court. From Geoffrey's grand description of Caerleon, Camelot gains its impressive architecture, its many churches and the chivalry and courtesy of its inhabitants.[5] Geoffrey's description in turn drew on an already established tradition in Welsh oral tradition of the grandeur of Arthur's court. The tale Culhwch and Olwen, associated with the Mabinogion and perhaps written in the 11th century, draws a dramatic picture of Arthur's hall and his many powerful warriors who go from there on great adventures, placing it in Celliwig, an uncertain locale in Cornwall. Although the court at Celliwig is the most prominent in remaining early Welsh manuscripts, the various versions of the Welsh Triads agree in giving Arthur multiple courts, one in each of the areas inhabited by the Celtic Britons: Cornwall, Wales and the Hen Ogledd. This perhaps reflects the influence of widespread oral traditions common by 800 which are recorded in various place names and features such as Arthur's Seat, indicating Arthur was a hero known and associated with many locations across Brittonic areas of Britain as well as Brittany. Even at this stage Arthur could not be tied to one location.[13] Many other places are listed as a location where Arthur holds court in the later romances, Carlisle and London perhaps being the most prominent.
Identifications[edit]
Arthurian scholar Norris J. Lacy commented that "Camelot, located no where in particular, can be anywhere."[5] The romancers' versions of Camelot draw on earlier traditions of Arthur's fabulous court. The Celliwig of Culhwch and Olwen appears in the Welsh Triads as well; this early Welsh material places Wales' greatest leader outside its national boundaries. Geoffrey's description of Caerleon is probably based on his personal familiarity with the town and its impressive Roman ruins; it is less clear that Caerleon was associated with Arthur before Geoffrey. Several French romances (Perlesvaus, the Didot Perceval attributed to Robert de Boron, and even the early romances of Chrétien de Troyes such as Erec and Enide and Yvain, the Knight of the Lion) have Arthur hold court at "Carduel in Wales," a northern city based on the real Carlisle. Malory's identification of Camelot as Winchester was probably partially inspired by the latter city's history: it had been the capital of Wessex under Alfred the Great, and boasted the Winchester Round Table, an artifact constructed in the 13th century but widely believed to be the original by Malory's time. Caxton rejected the association, saying Camelot was in Wales and that its ruins could still be seen; this is a likely reference to the Roman ruins at Caerwent.[11]
The Cadbury Castle site in 2006
In 1542, John Leland reported the locals around Cadbury Castle, formerly known as Camalet,[14] in Somerset considered it to be the original Camelot. This theory, which was repeated by later antiquaries, is bolstered, or may have derived from, Cadbury's proximity to the River Cam (Somerset) and the villages of Queen Camel and West Camel, and remained popular enough to help inspire a large-scale archaeological dig in the 20th century.[13] These excavations, led by archaeologist Leslie Alcock from 1966–70, were titled "Cadbury-Camelot" and won much media attention.[13] The dig revealed that the site seems to have been occupied as early as the 4th millennium BC and to have been refortified and occupied by a major Brittonic ruler and his war band from c. 470. This early medieval settlement continued until around 580.[15] The works were by far the largest known fortification of the period, double the size of comparative caers and with Mediterranean artifacts representing extensive trade[16][17][18] and Saxon ones showing possible conquest.[13] The use of the name Camelot and the support of Geoffrey Ashe helped ensure much publicity for the finds, but Alcock himself later grew embarrassed by the supposed Arthurian connection to the site. Following the arguments of David Dumville, Alcock felt the site was too late and too uncertain to be a tenable Camelot.[19] Modern archaeologists follow him in rejecting the name, calling it instead Cadbury Castle hill fort. Despite this, Cadbury remains widely associated with Camelot.
The name of the in Roman Britain town of Camulodunum in Essex was derived from the Celtic god Camulus. However, Camulodunum was located well within territory usually thought to have been conquered early in the 5th century by Saxons, so it is unlikely to have been the location of any "true" Camelot. The town was definitely known as Colchester as early as the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in 917.[20] Even Colchester Museum argues strongly regarding the historical Arthur: "It would be impossible and inconceivable to link him to the Colchester area, or to Essex more generally," pointing out that the connection between the name Camulodunum and Colchester was unknown until the 18th century.[21] Professor Peter Fields has suggested that another Camulodunum, a former Roman fort, is a likely location of King Arthur's Camelot[22] and that "Slack, on the outskirts of Huddersfield in West Yorkshire," is where Arthur would have held court. This is because of the name, and also regarding its strategic location: it is but a few miles from the extreme South-West of Hen Ogledd (also making close to North Wales), and would have been a great flagship point in starving off attacks to the Celtic kingdoms from both the Angles and other attackers. Other places in Britain with names related to "Camel" have also been suggested, such as Camelford in Cornwall, located down the River Camel from where Geoffrey places Camlann, the scene of Arthur's final battle. The area's connections with Camelot and Camlann are merely speculative.
Later uses[edit]
Camelot has become a permanent fixture in interpretations of the Arthurian legend. The symbolism of Camelot so impressed Alfred, Lord Tennyson that he wrote up a prose sketch on the castle as one of his earliest attempts to treat the legend.[23]
Modern stories typically retain Camelot's lack of precise location and its status as a symbol of the Arthurian world, though they typically transform the castle itself into romantically lavish visions of a High Middle Ages palace.[5] Some writers of the "realist" strain of modern Arthurian fiction have attempted a more sensible Camelot. Inspired by Alcock's Cadbury-Camelot excavation, some authors such as Marion Zimmer Bradley and Mary Stewart place their Camelots in that place and describe it accordingly.[13]
Camelot lends its name to the musical Camelot, which was adapted into a film of the same title, featuring the Castle of Coca, Segovia as Camelot. An Arthurian television series Camelot was also named after the castle, as were some other works including the video game Camelot and the comic book series Camelot 3000. French television series Kaamelott presents a humorous alternative version of the Arthurian legend; Camelot Theme Park is a now-abandoned Arthurian theme park resort located in the English county of Lancashire.
In American contexts, the word "Camelot" is sometimes used to refer admiringly to the presidency of John F. Kennedy. The Lerner and Loewe musical was still quite recent at the time and his widow Jacqueline quoted its lines in a 1963 Life interview following JFK's assassination. She said the lines, "Don't let it be forgot, that once there was a spot, for one brief shining moment, that was known as Camelot" were Kennedy's favorite in the score, adding that "there'll be great Presidents again, but there'll never be another Camelot again… It will never be that way again."[24]
See also[edit]
List of mythological places
Locations associated with Arthurian legend
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Loomis, Roger Sherman, Arthurian tradition & Chrétien de Troyes, Columbia University Press, 1961, p. 480.
Jump up ^ Sommer, Heinrich Oskar, The Vulgate Version of the Arthurian Romances: Lestoire de Merlin, Carnegie Institution, 1916, p. 19.
^ Jump up to: a b Brugger, Ernst, "Beiträge zur Erklärung der arthurischen Geographie", in: Zeitschrift für französische Sprache und Literatur, Volume 28, 1905, pp. 1-71.
Jump up ^ Nitze, William A. et al. Le Haut Livre del Graal: Perlesvaus - Volume 2: Commentary and Notes, p. 196. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1937.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Lacy, Norris J. (1991). "Camelot". In Norris J. Lacy (Ed.), The New Arthurian Encyclopedia, pp. 66–67. New York: Garland. ISBN 0-8240-4377-4.
Jump up ^ "Camelot". From the Camelot Project. Retrieved October 9, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Lancelot Ou Le Chevalier De La Charette".
Jump up ^ Lancelot, vv. 31-32.
Jump up ^ Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, line 37.
Jump up ^ Ashley, pp. 612-3.
^ Jump up to: a b Malory, Le Morte d'Arthur, p. xvii.
Jump up ^ "Arthurian Name Dictionary". www.celtic-twilight.com.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Ashe, Geoffrey (1991). "Topography and Local Legends". In Norris J. Lacy (Ed.), The New Arthurian Encyclopedia, pp. 455–458. New York: Garland. ISBN 0-8240-4377-4.
Jump up ^ Phelps, W. The History and Antiquities of Somersetshire; Being a General and Parochial Survey of That Interesting County, to which is Prefixed an Historical Introduction, with a Brief View of Ecclesiastical History; and an Account of the Druidical, Belgic-British, Roman, Saxon, Danish, and Norman Antiquities, Now Extant, Vol. II, Ch. VI, §1: "Camalet or Cadbury", p. 118. J. B. Nichols & Son (London), 1839.
Jump up ^ "Large multivallate hillfort and associated earthworks at South Cadbury". National heritage list for England. English Heritage. Retrieved 1 June 2013.
Jump up ^ Alcock, Leslie (1972). "By South Cadbury is that Camelot...": Excavations at Cadbury Castle 1966-70. London: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 0-8128-1505-X.
Jump up ^ Alcock, Leslie (1973). Arthur's Britain. Harmondsworth: Pelican. ISBN 0-14-021396-1.
Jump up ^ Tabor, Richard (2008). Cadbury Castle: The hillfort and landscapes. Stroud: The History Press. pp. 169–172. ISBN 978-0-7524-4715-5.
Jump up ^ Alcock & al.
Jump up ^ "Place Names".
Jump up ^ Official Response to linking Arthur and Colchester
Jump up ^ "Professor reveals 'the true Camelot'". 18 December 2016 – via www.bbc.com.
Jump up ^ Staines, David (1991). "Alfred, Lord Tennyson". In Norris J. Lacy (Ed.), The New Arthurian Encyclopedia, pp. 446–449. New York: Garland. ISBN 0-8240-4377-4.
Jump up ^ Jacqueline Kennedy, interview with Theodore H. White, Life, Dec. 6, 1963. Coincidentally, the November 23, 1963, edition of the London Herald had the subheadline: “America Mourns Camelot Dream.”
Sources[edit]
Alcock, Leslie; Stenvenson, S. J.; & Musson, C. R. (1995). Cadbury Castle, Somerset: The Early Medieval Archaeology. University of Wales Press.
Ashley, Mike (2005). The Mammoth Book of King Arthur. London: Running Press. ISBN 0-7867-1566-9.
Lacy, Norris J. (Ed.) (1991). The New Arthurian Encyclopedia. New York: Garland. ISBN 0-8240-4377-4.
Malory, Thomas (1994). Le Morte D'Arthur. New York: Modern Library. ISBN 0-679-60099-X.
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King Arthur and the Matter of Britain
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Russian roulette
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For other uses, see Russian roulette (disambiguation).
A Russian Nagant M1895 revolver
Russian roulette (Russian: русская рулетка, russkaya ruletka) is a lethal game of chance in which a player places a single round in a revolver, spins the cylinder, places the muzzle against his or her head, and pulls the trigger. "Russian" refers to the supposed country of origin, and roulette to the element of risk-taking and the spinning of the revolver's cylinder, which is reminiscent of a spinning roulette wheel.
Contents
[hide]
1 Probability
2 History
3 Notable incidents
4 In popular culture
4.1 Drinking games
4.2 Arts and entertainment
5 Game show
6 See also
7 References
Probability[edit]
Because only one chamber is loaded, the player has a one in x chance of being shot; x is the number of chambers in the cylinder. So, for instance, if a revolver holds six chambers, the chance is one in six. That assumes that each chamber is equally likely to come to rest in the "correct" position. However, due to gravity, in a properly maintained weapon with a single round inside the cylinder, the full chamber, which weighs more than the empty chambers, will usually end up near the bottom of the cylinder when its axis is not vertical, altering the odds in favor of the player.[citation needed] This only applies to swing-out cylinder type revolvers, and only if the cylinder is spun outside of the revolver and allowed to come to a complete stop before being locked back in.[citation needed] The number of pulls of the trigger before a round is expected to discharge is 3.5 (without spinning between the pulls) or 6 (with spinning between the pulls).[1]
History[edit]
In Mikhail Lermontov's "The Fatalist" (1840), one of five novellas comprising his A Hero of Our Time, a minor character places a gun with an unknown number of bullets to his head, pulls the trigger and survives. However, the term "Russian roulette" does not appear in the story.[2]
The term "Russian roulette" was possibly first used in an eponymous 1937 short story by Georges Surdez. However, the story describes using a gun with one empty chamber out of six, instead of five empty chambers out of six:
'Did you ever hear of Russian Roulette?' ... with the Russian army in Romania, around 1917... some officer would suddenly pull out his revolver, anywhere, at the table, remove a cartridge from the cylinder, spin the cylinder, snap it back in place, put it to his head and pull the trigger. There were five chances to one that the hammer would set off a live cartridge and blow his brains all over the place.[3]
Notable incidents[edit]
In a 1946 U.S. legal case, Commonwealth v. Malone, 47 A.2d 445 (1946), a Pennsylvania teenager's conviction for murder in the second degree as a result of shooting a friend, was upheld by the Pennsylvania Supreme Court. In this case the teenagers involved played a modified version of Russian roulette, called Russian poker, in which they took turns aiming and pulling the trigger of the revolver at each other, rather than at their own heads. The court ruled that "When an individual commits an act of gross recklessness without regard to the probability that death to another is likely to result, that individual exhibits the state of mind required to uphold a conviction of manslaughter even if the individual did not intend for death to ensue."[4] However, it has not yet been established whether simply participating in a game of Russian roulette in which another participant kills himself by his own hand would constitute manslaughter or some lesser form of conspiracy or homicide.
The Autobiography of Malcolm X, Malcolm X recalls an incident during his burglary career when he once played Russian roulette, pulling the trigger three times in a row to convince his partners in crime that he was not afraid to die. In the epilogue to the book, Alex Haley states that Malcolm X revealed to him that he palmed the round.[5] The incident is portrayed in the 1992 film adaptation of the autobiography.
On December 25, 1954, the American blues musician Johnny Ace killed himself in Texas, after a gun he pointed at his own head discharged. A report in The Washington Post attributed this to Russian roulette.[6]
Graham Greene relates in his first autobiography, A Sort of Life (1971), that he played Russian roulette, alone, a few times as a teenager.
In 1976, Finnish magician Aimo Leikas killed himself in front of a crowd while performing his Russian roulette act. He had been performing the act for about a year, selecting six bullets from a box of assorted live and dummy ammunition.[7][8]
John Hinckley, Jr., who attempted to assassinate President Ronald Reagan in 1981, was known to have played Russian roulette, alone, on two occasions.[9] Hinckley also took a picture of himself in 1980, pointing a gun at his head.[10]
On October 12, 1984, while waiting on filming to resume on Cover Up (1985), actor Jon-Erik Hexum played Russian roulette with a .44 Magnum revolver loaded with a blank. The gunshot fractured his skull and caused massive cerebral hemorrhaging when bone fragments were forced through his brain. He was rushed to Beverly Hills Medical Center, where he was pronounced brain dead.[11]
PBS claims that William Shockley, co-inventor of the transistor and winner of the Nobel Prize for Physics, had attempted suicide by playing a solo game of Russian roulette.[12]
On October 5, 2003, psychological illusionist Derren Brown appeared to take part in a game of Russian roulette live on UK television. Two days later, a statement by the police said they had been informed of the arrangements in advance, and were satisfied that "There was no live ammunition involved and at no time was anyone at risk."[13]
The BBC program Who Do You Think You Are?, on 13 September 2010, featured the actor Alan Cumming investigating his grandfather Tommy Darling, who he discovered had died playing Russian roulette while serving as a police officer in British Malaya. The family had previously believed he had died accidentally while cleaning his gun.[14]
On June 11, 2016, MMA fighter Ivan "JP" Cole apparently killed himself by playing Russian roulette.[15]
In popular culture[edit]
Drinking games[edit]
There is a drinking game based on Russian roulette. The game involves six shot glasses filled by a non-player. Five are filled with water, the sixth with vodka. Among some groups, low quality vodka is preferred as it makes the glass representing the filled chamber less desirable. The glasses are arranged in a circle, and players take turns choosing a glass to take a shot from at random.[16]
There is also a game called "Beer Hunter" (titled after the Russian roulette scenes in the film The Deer Hunter). In this game, six cans of beer are placed between the participants. One can is vigorously shaken, and the cans are scrambled. The participants take turns opening the cans of beer right under their noses; the person who opens the shaken can (and sprays beer up their nose) is deemed the loser.[17]
Arts and entertainment[edit]
Russian roulette has been portrayed in many different works of modern culture.
In the 1951 Friz Freleng-directed Bugs Bunny cartoon Ballot Box Bunny, in the often censored ending, after both Bugs and Yosemite Sam lose a mayoral election to a literal "dark horse candidate", Bugs invites Sam to play Russian roulette. Sam clicks but doesn't get. Just as Bugs is about to put the gun to his head, the cartoon irises out and the audience hears a shot. The iris opens back up to reveal Bugs missed and ended up hitting Sam.
In the 1973 Stephen Sondheim musical A Little Night Music the character of Count Carl-Magnus Malcolm challenges the character of Fredrik Egerman to a game of Russian Roulette to settle a romantic feud. A nervous Fredrik accidentally shoots himself in the ear, and Carl-Magnus declares himself the winner.[18]
In the 1973 comic-album Le Grand Duc, Lucky Luke guides a Russian Grand Duke through the old west. The Duke conducts negotiations through Russian roulette, said to be popular at the Czar's court.[19]
The 1975 movie Sholay portrays a villain, Gabbar Singh, who uses Russian Roulette to punish three members of his own gang.[20]
The 1978 film The Deer Hunter features three US soldiers who are captured during the Vietnam War and forced to play Russian roulette as their captors gamble on the results. Their captors demand an especially brutal variation of the game: the game is played until all but one contestant is killed. The game takes place in a bamboo room above where the other prisoners are held, so that the losers' blood drips down on future contestants. Several teen deaths following the movie's release caused police and the media to blame the film's depiction of Russian roulette, saying that it inspired the youths.[21]
In the 1986 movie Crawlspace, the main character used Russian Roulette to determine his own fate.
A 1990 episode from Tales from the Crypt, "Cutting Cards", portrayed two rival gamblers playing a game of Russian Roulette, with one accusing the other of a "dud" ammunition.
In the 1997 film One Eight Seven Samuel L. Jackson's character is forced to play Russian roulette.
In 2001, in their debut album Ompa til du dør, Norwegian band Kaizers Orchestra included numerable references to Russian roulette, most notably in the songs "Rulett", "Fra sjåfør til passasjer", and "Resistansen".[22]
In the 2001 film Black Hawk Down, Sam Shepard playing Garrison says of his local informant, "You know, the last one of these guys shot himself in the head playing Russian-Roulette in a bar".
During the third season of television series 24, which aired in 2004, main character Jack Bauer is forced to play Russian roulette during a prison riot.[23]
Lady Gaga references the game in her song, "Poker Face", "Russian roulette is not the same without a gun".
In 2009, pop star Rihanna released a song named "Russian Roulette", that features lyrics comparing an abusive relationship to the game and even finishes with a gunshot sound.[24]
In 2010, the video game Call of Duty: Black Ops featured characters being forced to play Russian roulette, heavily inspired by the scene from The Deer Hunter.[25]
MAD Magazine published in 1963 the Sergio Aragonés cartoon Russian "Russian Roulette", in which six men play the game without spinning the chamber of a revolver between turns. When the last (and doomed) man gets the gun he fires it back through the heads of the other five.[26][27]
In Hinterland season 2, episode 2 (2014), Bell and DCI Mathias each play one round of Russian roulette.[28]
In the film Kiss Kiss, Bang Bang, Robert Downey, Jr.'s character uses Russian roulette to intimidate a criminal, by pointing a six-shot revolver containing one round at the criminal's head. He pulls the trigger and the gun fires, killing the criminal instantly. Upon being asked why he used a live round in the chamber rather than a blank, he says that he believed there to be only a "8 percent" chance of a discharge, rather than 16.667%.
In Peaky Blinders, series 3, episode 4, Duchess Tatiana Petrovna plays Russian roulette with Tommy's gun, to his horror and dismay, and she unsuccessfully urges him to play, too, advising him it's exhilarating. When the gun does not fire, she says it's God's will.[29][30]
In the episode "Venezuela" of Banged Up Abroad, James Miles and Paul Loseby voice their utter shock and horror when they discover the prisoners playing Russian roulette. After having his appeal refused and facing a 10-year sentence, as well as due to the harshness of the prison life and complete lack of self-esteem, James eventually participated in the game.[31]
In the 2014 first season of the Italian TV series Gomorrah, Camorra member Ciro is forced to participate in a game of Russian roulette in order to seal a business deal between the Camorra and a Russian Mafia crew.
In the 2012 video game Danganronpa 2: Goodbye Despair, one of the challenges presented to students entering the "Final Dead Room" is a one-player Russian roulette game, which is played by Gundham Tanaka and Nagito Komaeda on two separate occasions. The latter played an inverted version with five bullets and one empty chamber, surviving thanks to his "Ultimate Lucky Student" talent. Tanaka played with one bullet and also survived.
In the 2014 movie The November Man, Devereaux uses Russian roulette when interrogating Arkady Federov to force Federov to give him information regarding a plan to bomb civilian buildings and trigger the 2nd Chechen war.
In the 2013 Australian film These Final Hours Russian roulette is played in "The party to end all parties"
A variant of Russian Roulette called “Hillbilly Roulette,” which involves loading a gun with three chambers, and aiming as close as possible to another person’s head without hitting, and requires the person firing the gun to drink a shot of 80 proof or stronger libation (usually whiskey or moonshine) before each round of play, is referenced extensively in the 2016 novel Nobody's Property.[32]
In the film ABCs of Death 2, three characters are seen playing Russian roulette in the scene "R is for Roulette." They play a variant where they do not re-spin the chamber between pulls so one of them would certainly get the bullet and avoid being captured by the Nazi regime.[citation needed] The "winner" (who is certain to get the bullet) decides to shoot his lover in an act of mercy before they are all eventually captured.
In September 2016, the South Korean girlgroup Red Velvet (band), released their 3rd Extended play with the title "Russian Roulette". The E.P. lead single has also the same name, and it's a synthpop song that has an arcade sound feel with a retro 8-bit sound source. Its lyrics compare the process of winning someone's heart with a game of Russian Roulette. The music video features the girls sabotaging each other with fatal (off-screen) consequences, such as dropping pianos onto other members and pushing each other into empty swimming pools, drawing parallels to the lethality of Russian roulette.
In June 2017, a video game "Super Russian Roulette" was released for the Nintendo Entertainment System. The game involves pointing the Zapper light-gun accessory at the players own heads, facing off against a computer-generated cowboy and up to 3 human players.[33][34][35]
Game show[edit]
In 2002, Game Show Network debuted a television game show called Russian Roulette. It was hosted by Mark L. Walberg.
See also[edit]
13
13 Tzameti (film)
Counterphobic attitude
Freddie Prinze
Quantum suicide
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Abnormal risks". Retrieved 21 June 2017.
Jump up ^ The Fatalist (1840) Lermontov, Mikhail. English translation.
Jump up ^ Georges Surdez, "Russian Roulette," Collier's Illustrated Weekly 30 January 1937; "Russian roulette n.", Oxford English Dictionary.
Jump up ^ "Commonwealth v. Malone". casebriefs.com. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
Jump up ^ Rothstein, Edward (19 May 2005). "The Personal Evolution of a Civil Rights Giant". Retrieved 21 June 2017 – via NYTimes.com.
Jump up ^ "Really Old School", The Washington Post, December 25, 1998.
Jump up ^ http://www.circushistory.org/Publications/CircusReport20Sep1976.pdf
Jump up ^ "Toledo Blade - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com. Retrieved 21 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Garbus, Martin (2002-09-17) [2002]. Courting Disaster: The Supreme Court and the Unmaking of American Law (hardcover ed.). Times Books. ISBN 978-0-8050-6918-1.
Jump up ^ http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/hinckley/hinkleygun2.jpg
Jump up ^ "Jon-Erik Hexum's Fatal Joke". Entertainment Weekly. 14 October 1994. Retrieved 5 February 2013.
Jump up ^ Transistorized!, Public Broadcasting Service, 1999.
Jump up ^ "Roulette gun stunt 'a hoax'". BBC News. 2003-10-07. Retrieved 2007-09-02.
Jump up ^ BBC1 13 September 2010.
Jump up ^ "MMA fighter 'killed himself playing Russian roulette'". Retrieved 13 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "Drinking Roulette Fun Game". roulettegamesvariety.com. Retrieved 21 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Beer Hunter". Modern Drunkard Magazine. Archived from the original on 2014-12-09.
Jump up ^ "A Little Night Music". www.theatrehistory.com. Retrieved 21 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Slings & Arrows". theslingsandarrows.com. Retrieved 21 June 2017.
Jump up ^ B.Srinivasan (January 1, 2002). "How is the word "roulette" pronounced?". www.thehindu.com. Retrieved 19 March 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Deer Hunter Suicides". Snopes. August 16, 2007. Retrieved April 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ "/ "Kaizers Orchestra album lyrics - Ompa til du Dør". Retrieved 22 September 2014.
Jump up ^ TV.com. "24: Day 3: 5:00 P.M. - 6:00 P.M." TV.com. Retrieved 21 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Matos, Michaelangelo (December 8, 2009). "Rihanna: Rated R — Music". The A.V. Club. The Onion. Retrieved April 5, 2013.
Jump up ^ Stuart, Keith (November 9, 2010). "Call of Duty: Black Ops – review". The Guardian. Retrieved May 15, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Sergio Aragones, genius cartoonist of Mad Magazine. From the early 1960s". Flickr. Retrieved 21 June 2017.
Jump up ^ Aragonés, Sergio (July 1963). "Russian "Russian Roulette"". MAD. E.C. Publications, Inc. (80).
Jump up ^ "hinterland-y-gwylls-richard-harrington-everybody-around-me-sounded-like-pingu". The Guardian. September 11, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Peaky Blinders Recap Series Three, Episode 4, Sickeningly Good". The Guardian. May 26, 2016.
Jump up ^ Debnath, Neela (May 26, 2016). "Peaky Blinders series 3, episode 4 review: A terrifying, unpredictable rollercoasterepisode 4 review: A terrifying, unpredictable rollercoaster". Express.
Jump up ^ Series 2, episode 1 - "Venezuela"
Jump up ^ Nobody's Property (2016 novel), p17
Jump up ^ "Super Russian Roulette: A New Party Game for the NES". Kickstarter. Retrieved 2017-07-06.
Jump up ^ "Update 16: State of the Saloon — Shipping Update #2 · Super Russian Roulette: A New Party Game for the NES". Kickstarter. Retrieved 2017-07-06.
Jump up ^ "Shop". Batlab Electronics. Retrieved 2017-07-06.
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