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NBA high school draftees
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The NBA high school draftees are players who have been drafted to the National Basketball Association (NBA) straight out of high school without playing basketball at the collegiate level. The process of jumping directly from high school to the professional level is also known as going prep-to-pro. Since 2006, the practice of drafting high school players has been prohibited by the new collective bargaining agreement, which requires that players who entered the draft be 19 years of age and at least one year removed from high school.[1] Contrary to popular belief, the player does not have to play at least a year in college basketball, as the player can choose to instead play in another professional league (especially overseas) like Brandon Jennings or Emmanuel Mudiay in Italy and China respectively, simply take the year off, such as the case with Satnam Singh Bhamara, or even hold themselves back a year in high school before declaring for the draft, such as the case with Thon Maker.
The NBA has long had a preference for players who played basketball at the collegiate level;[2] the vast majority of players to play in the NBA have had college experience. However, there have been numerous notable players who attended high school in the United States and then jumped directly to the NBA without playing college basketball.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
1.1 Early years
1.2 1995–2005
1.3 2005–present
2 List
3 Other players
4 Controversy
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
Early years[edit]
In the early years of the NBA draft, a player had to finish his four-year college eligibility to be eligible for selection. Reggie Harding, who had graduated from high school but did not enroll in a college, became the first player drafted out of high school when the Detroit Pistons selected him in the fourth round of the 1962 draft.[3] However, the NBA rules at that time prohibited a high school player to play in the league until one year after his high school class graduated.[4][5] Thus, he spent a year playing in a minor basketball league before he was drafted again in the 1963 draft by the Pistons.[6] He finally entered the league in the 1963–64 season and played four seasons in the NBA and American Basketball Association (ABA).[7]
In 1971, the U.S. Supreme Court decision Haywood v. National Basketball Association ruled, 7–2 against the National Basketball Association's requirement that a player must wait four years after high school graduation (which in most cases was spent playing in college) before turning professional. This ruling allowed players to enter the NBA Draft without four years of college, provided they could give evidence of hardship to the NBA office.[8]
In 1974, the NBA's rival, the ABA, drafted high school star Moses Malone. He was immediately signed by the Utah Stars and became the first player to go directly from high school basketball to a professional league.[9] He became an instant success, averaging 18 points and 14 rebounds per game in his rookie season. He played in the ABA until the ABA–NBA merger in 1976. He then played 19 successful seasons with 7 NBA teams. He won the NBA championship, along with the Finals Most Valuable Player Award, with the Philadelphia 76ers in 1983. His other achievements include 3 Most Valuable Player Awards, 12 consecutive All-Star Game selections, 8 All-NBA Team selections and 6 rebounding titles. He has been inducted to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame and was also named in the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History list announced at the league's 50th anniversary in 1996.[10]
A year later, two high school players, Darryl Dawkins and Bill Willoughby, applied for hardship and were declared eligible to be selected in the 1975 draft.[11] They had applied and gave evidence of financial hardship to the league, which granted them the right to start earning their living by starting their professional careers earlier.[8] Dawkins was selected 5th by the Philadelphia 76ers while Willoughby was selected 19th by the Atlanta Hawks. Dawkins played 14 seasons and averaged 12 points and 6 rebounds per game. Willoughby played 8 seasons with 6 different teams and averaged only 6 points per game. Neither player reached the level of success that was expected. It is argued that they could have been better players if they had college basketball experience before entering the NBA.[12][13][14]
After Dawkins and Willoughby, no high schoolers were drafted for 14 years, though several players entered the league without playing college basketball. One notable player, Shawn Kemp, enrolled in college but never played any games due to personal problems. In 1989, a year after his high school graduation, he was drafted by the Seattle SuperSonics.[15] He played 14 seasons in the NBA and was selected to 6 All-Star Games and 3 All-NBA Teams.[16]
1995–2005[edit]
Kevin Garnett's high-profile migration from high school to the NBA in 1995 prompted many high schoolers to follow in his footsteps
In 1995, Kevin Garnett, USA Today's high school basketball player of the year, announced his intentions to forgo college, and declared himself eligible for the 1995 NBA draft. The move was highly controversial; the conventional wisdom at the time was that high-schoolers were neither emotionally nor physically mature enough for the rigors of the NBA game. On draft day, Garnett was selected with the #5 pick in the first round by the Minnesota Timberwolves. Garnett led the Timberwolves to eight consecutive playoff berths and was a multiple All-Star during his time with the team. In 2004, the Wolves advanced to the Western Conference Finals before losing to the Lakers; Garnett was named Most Valuable Player that year. After a trade in the 2007 offseason to the Boston Celtics, he was a core player in the Celtics' first NBA title in over 20 years.
In 1996, two notable players made the jump from high school to the NBA. The first was Kobe Bryant, selected by the Charlotte Hornets with the 13th pick of the NBA draft, but traded almost immediately to the Los Angeles Lakers. The second was Jermaine O'Neal, selected by the Trail Blazers with the 17th pick. O'Neal was traded in 2000 to the Indiana Pacers (and later to the Miami Heat). In 1997, another All-Star caliber player, Tracy McGrady, was selected by the Toronto Raptors. In 1998, three high-schoolers were drafted with Al Harrington and Rashard Lewis experiencing the most success. Darius Miles became the highest high school player selected with the third pick in the 2000, until the following year.
In 2001, Kwame Brown (selected by the Washington Wizards) became the first high-schooler to be selected with the number one pick in the draft; since then, LeBron James (2003) and Dwight Howard (2004) have also been selected with the first pick. Other notable high-schoolers include Tyson Chandler and Eddy Curry (2001); Amar'e Stoudemire (2002); Josh Smith, Sebastian Telfair, J. R. Smith, and Shaun Livingston (2004); Andrew Bynum and Monta Ellis (2005).
Many prep-to-pro players like Kevin Garnett, Kobe Bryant, LeBron James, and Tracy Mcgrady went on to become star players in the NBA. Kevin Garnett, Kobe Bryant, LeBron James have all won the league's MVP Award; as well as holding at least one NBA title under their belt, and are widely regarded as future Hall-of-Famers. Dwight Howard, Jermaine O'Neal and Amar'e Stoudemire also became perennial All-Stars in their prime. However, not all high-schoolers were successful. Kwame Brown and Eddy Curry are widely regarded as draft busts, while Jonathan Bender and Darius Miles had their careers cut short by injury. Korleone Young (drafted in 1998) and Leon Smith (drafted in 1999) only played a handful of games in the NBA, while Lenny Cooke and DeAngelo Collins, both of whom declared for the 2002 Draft, went undrafted and never played in the NBA.
2005–present[edit]
Brandon Jennings spent a year playing in Italy before entering the NBA
Beginning 2005, both the NBA and the players' union started to discuss the possibility of implementing a new age limit. The league lobbied for an age minimum of 20 while the union was against an age limit.[17] Finally in July 2005, both sides compromised in the new collective bargaining agreement, requiring that the minimum age for entry into the NBA be 19 and that entrants be at least one year removed from high school.[18] For the first time, teams are also allowed to send players, with two years of NBA experience or less, to the NBA Development League (NBA D-League).[17]
The terms of the new agreement ended the practice of drafting high school players, starting in the 2006 Draft. A high school player must wait at least a year to be eligible for selection. However, they are not required to spend that year in college. In 2008, high school star Brandon Jennings decided to skip college and play professional basketball in Italy. After a year, he was eligible for the 2009 draft and was selected 10th by the Milwaukee Bucks.[19] In the 2010 draft, Latavious Williams, who did not qualify academically to go to college, spent a year playing in the NBA D-League before he was drafted in the second round.[20] Emmanuel Mudiay decided to take a route similar to that of Brandon Jennings by skipping college to play professionally in China in 2014 before being selected by the Denver Nuggets at pick 7 a year later. In the 2015 draft, Satnam Singh Bhamara, who did not qualify academically to go to college, went straight to the NBA draft as a post-graduate after being at IMG Academy for five years. He would be taken by the Dallas Mavericks with the 52nd pick in the draft, thus becoming the first high school student to be drafted since the rule changes. Most recently, in the 2016 draft, one of the Top–10 players that was declared eligible for NCAA play in 2016, Thon Maker, decided to enter the draft instead as a post-graduate from Orangeville Prep in Orangeville, Ontario, Canada due to him originally declaring himself as eligible for college in 2015. Thon would also mark the first player to be drafted directly from a Canadian high school, as well as the second player to enter as a post-graduate. He'd also be the first high schooler to be drafted in the first round since 2005. He would be drafted by the Milwaukee Bucks with the tenth pick in the draft, becoming the first high school student to be taken in the first round in that range since 2005.
Some players support the new age limit. Gerald Green called it "a smart move", saying that "[not everybody is] LeBron James ... He came in ready and he dominated the league. There's a lot of players that have to get developed. Me, I've got to get developed. But I guess that age limit, that one year of college experience, can get you more developed and I think that's pretty good."[17] Others, however, strongly criticize the rule. Andrew Bynum said "That's something I'll never understand. Because in no other business can the owner, or a stock trader or a C.E.O. of a company try to protect themselves by putting rules like that."[21] Former Florida Gators and current Oklahoma City Thunder head coach Billy Donovan believed that the rule made high schoolers feel like they were being punished.[22]
List[edit]
There have been 44 high school draftees in the NBA Draft. Three draftees were selected first overall; Kwame Brown in 2001 NBA draft, LeBron James in 2003 and Dwight Howard in 2004 NBA draft. Two draftees went on to win the Rookie of the Year Award in their first season; LeBron James and 2002 draftee Amar'e Stoudemire.[23] Three draftees went on to win the Most Valuable Player Award; Kevin Garnett in 2004, Kobe Bryant in 2008 and LeBron James in 2009, 2010, 2012, and 2013.[24] Ten draftees have been selected to the All-Star Game while seven draftees have been selected to the All-NBA Team.
Pos. G F C
Position Guard Forward Center
^ Denotes player who has been inducted to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame
* Denotes player who has been selected for at least one All-Star Game and All-NBA Team
+ Denotes player who has been selected for at least one All-Star Game
# Denotes player who never played in the NBA regular season or playoffs
Kobe Bryant was selected by the Charlotte Hornets in 1996.
Jermaine O'Neal was selected by the Portland Trail Blazers in 1996.
Tracy McGrady was selected by the Toronto Raptors in 1997.
Amar'e Stoudemire was selected by the Phoenix Suns in 2002.
LeBron James was selected by the Cleveland Cavaliers in 2003.
Dwight Howard was selected by the Orlando Magic in 2004.
Draft[a]
Round
Pick
Player
Pos.
Nationality
Draft team
High school (city)
Ref.
1962 4 29 Harding, ReggieReggie Harding C United States Detroit Pistons Detroit Eastern High School (Detroit)1[›] [25]
1975 1 5 Dawkins, DarrylDarryl Dawkins C United States Philadelphia 76ers Maynard Evans High School (Orlando, Florida) [26]
1975 2 19 Willoughby, BillBill Willoughby F/C United States Atlanta Hawks Dwight Morrow High School (Englewood, New Jersey) [27]
1995 1 5 Garnett, KevinKevin Garnett* F United States Minnesota Timberwolves Farragut Career Academy (Chicago) [28]
1996 1 13 Bryant, KobeKobe Bryant* G United States Charlotte Hornets Lower Merion High School (Ardmore, Pennsylvania) [29]
1996 1 17 O'Neal, JermaineJermaine O'Neal* F/C United States Portland Trail Blazers Eau Claire High School (Columbia, South Carolina) [30]
1997 1 9 McGrady, TracyTracy McGrady^ F United States Toronto Raptors Mount Zion Christian Academy (Durham, North Carolina) [31]
1998 1 25 Harrington, AlAl Harrington F United States Indiana Pacers St. Patrick High School (Elizabeth, New Jersey) [32]
1998 2 32 Lewis, RashardRashard Lewis+ F United States Seattle SuperSonics Alief Elsik High School (Houston, Texas) [33]
1998 2 40 Young, KorleoneKorleone Young F United States Detroit Pistons Hargrave Military Academy (Chatham, Virginia) [34]
1999 1 5 Bender, JonathanJonathan Bender F United States Toronto Raptors Picayune Memorial High School (Picayune, Mississippi) [35]
1999 1 25 Smith, LeonLeon Smith C United States Dallas Mavericks Martin Luther King High School (Chicago) [36]
2000 1 3 Miles, DariusDarius Miles F United States Los Angeles Clippers East St. Louis High School (East St. Louis, Illinois) [37]
2000 1 23 Stevenson, DeShawnDeShawn Stevenson G United States Utah Jazz Washington Union High School (Fresno, California) [38]
2001 1 1 Brown, KwameKwame Brown F United States Washington Wizards Glynn Academy (Brunswick, Georgia) [39]
2001 1 2 Chandler, TysonTyson Chandler* C United States Los Angeles Clippers Dominguez High School (Compton, California) [40]
2001 1 4 Curry, EddyEddy Curry C United States Chicago Bulls Thornwood High School (South Holland, Illinois) [41]
2001 1 8 Diop, DeSaganaDeSagana Diop C Senegal Cleveland Cavaliers Oak Hill Academy (Mouth of Wilson, Virginia) [42]
2001 2 46 Cisse, OusmaneOusmane Cisse# F Mali Denver Nuggets St. Jude High School (Montgomery, Alabama) [43]
2002 1 9 Stoudemire, Amar'eAmar'e Stoudemire* F/C United States Phoenix Suns Cypress Creek High School (Orlando, Florida) [44]
2003 1 1 James, LeBronLeBron James* F United States Cleveland Cavaliers St. Vincent – St. Mary High School (Akron, Ohio) [45]
2003 1 23 Outlaw, TravisTravis Outlaw F United States Portland Trail Blazers Starkville High School (Starkville, Mississippi) [46]
2003 1 26 Ebi, NdudiNdudi Ebi F United Kingdom
Nigeria2[›] Minnesota Timberwolves Westbury Christian School (Houston, Texas) [47]
2003 1 27 Perkins, KendrickKendrick Perkins C United States Memphis Grizzlies Clifton J. Ozen High School (Beaumont, Texas) [48]
2003 2 48 Lang, JamesJames Lang C United States New Orleans Hornets Central Park Christian High School (Birmingham, Alabama) [49]
2004 1 1 Howard, DwightDwight Howard* F/C United States Orlando Magic Southwest Atlanta Christian Academy (Atlanta) [50]
2004 1 4 Livingston, ShaunShaun Livingston G United States Los Angeles Clippers Peoria High School (Peoria, Illinois) [51]
2004 1 12 Swift, RobertRobert Swift C United States Seattle SuperSonics Bakersfield High School (Bakersfield, California) [52]
2004 1 13 Telfair, SebastianSebastian Telfair G United States Portland Trail Blazers Abraham Lincoln High School (Brooklyn, New York) [53]
2004 1 15 Jefferson, AlAl Jefferson F United States Boston Celtics Prentiss High School (Prentiss, Mississippi) [54]
2004 1 17 Smith, JoshJosh Smith F United States Atlanta Hawks Oak Hill Academy (Mouth of Wilson, Virginia) [55]
2004 1 18 Smith, J. R.J. R. Smith G United States New Orleans Hornets Saint Benedict's Preparatory School (Newark, New Jersey) [56]
2004 1 19 Wright, DorellDorell Wright G/F United States Miami Heat South Kent Preparatory School (South Kent, Connecticut) [57][58]
2005 1 6 Webster, MartellMartell Webster G/F United States Portland Trail Blazers Seattle Preparatory School (Seattle) [59]
2005 1 10 Bynum, AndrewAndrew Bynum+ C United States Los Angeles Lakers St. Joseph High School (Metuchen, New Jersey) [60]
2005 1 18 Green, GeraldGerald Green F United States Boston Celtics Gulf Shores Academy (Houston, Texas) [61]
2005 2 34 Miles, C. J.C. J. Miles G United States Utah Jazz Skyline High School (Dallas) [62]
2005 2 35 Sánchez, RickyRicky Sánchez# F Puerto Rico Portland Trail Blazers IMG Academy (Bradenton, Florida) [63]
2005 2 40 Ellis, MontaMonta Ellis G United States Golden State Warriors Lanier High School (Jackson, Mississippi) [64]
2005 2 45 Williams, LouisLouis Williams G United States Philadelphia 76ers South Gwinnett High School (Snellville, Georgia) [65]
2005 2 49 Blatche, AndrayAndray Blatche F United States
Philippines3[›] Washington Wizards South Kent Preparatory School (South Kent, Connecticut) [66]
2005 2 56 Johnson, AmirAmir Johnson F United States Detroit Pistons Westchester High School (Los Angeles) [67]
2015 2 52 Singh, SatnamSatnam Singh# C India4[›] Dallas Mavericks IMG Academy (Bradenton, Florida) [68]
2016 1 10 Maker, ThonThon Maker F/C Sudan
South Sudan
Australia5[›] Milwaukee Bucks Orangeville District Secondary School (Orangeville, Ontario, Canada)6[›] [69]
^ 1: Reggie Harding played and graduated from Detroit Eastern High School in January but he played high school basketball in Nashville, Tennessee prior to the draft.[70][71]
^ 2: While Ndudi Ebi was originally born and raised in London, England, he also holds Nigerian nationality due to his parents being born and raised there.
^ 3: Andray Blatche was born and raised in Syracuse, New York and holds American nationality, but he had become a naturalized Filipino since June 2014 and has officially represented the Philippines since.
^ 4: Satnam Singh officially marks the first ever player to be taken from India in the NBA. He also marks the first time since 2005 after their latest ruling on high school players that someone directly from high school would be taken in the draft, albeit as a postgraduate senior.
^ 5: Thon Maker was born in Wau, Sudan at the time, but Wau has now since become a part of South Sudan instead due to war. Even then, though, he would be raised as an Australian representative.
^ 6: Thon Maker would become the first high schooler (and second overall high school postgraduate student) to be selected from the nation of Canada instead of somewhere in the United States of America. Also, while Thon attended classes at Orangeville Prep, he would play basketball games for the Athlete Institute nearby in Mono, Ontario as well.
Other players[edit]
The following players also played in the NBA or were drafted without playing college basketball; however, these players did not get drafted or join the NBA directly after their high school graduation.
Year[b]
Debut[c]
Player
Pos.
Nationality
High school (city)
Notes
Ref.
—[d] 1946 Kappen, TonyTony Kappen G United States —[d]
Played in the ABL before making his BAA debut
The first player to play in the BAA/NBA without any college experience
Made his BAA debut at the age of 27
[72][73][74]
—[d] 1946 Simmons, ConnieConnie Simmons F/C United States Flushing High School (Flushing, New York)5[›]
The second player to play in the BAA/NBA without any college experience
Made his BAA debut at the age of 21
[75][76]
—[d] 1948 Graboski, JoeJoe Graboski F/C United States Tuley High School (Chicago)
The third and final player to play in the BAA before its merger as the NBA
Made his BAA debut at the age of 18
[77][78]
1960 1969 Hawkins, ConnieConnie Hawkins^ F/C United States Boys High School (Brooklyn, New York)
Was permanently banned by the NBA due to a point shaving scandal in college, but was later reinstated in 1969
Attended University of Iowa
Played in the ABL and the ABA before making his NBA debut
[79][80][81]
1974 1976 Malone, MosesMoses Malone^ F/C United States Petersburg High School (Petersburg, Virginia)
Drafted by the Utah Stars in the 1974 ABA Draft
Played in the ABA before the ABA–NBA merger
[82]
1988 1989 Kemp, ShawnShawn Kemp* F/C United States Concord High School (Elkhart, Indiana)
Attended University of Kentucky and Trinity Valley Community College
Drafted by the Seattle SuperSonics in the 1989 NBA draft (1st round, 17th pick)
[83][84]
1986 1992 Daniels, LloydLloyd Daniels G United States Andrew Jackson High School (Queens, New York)
Attended Mt. San Antonio College
Played in various minor basketball leagues before making his NBA debut
[85][86][87]
1993 1996 Hamilton, ThomasThomas Hamilton C United States Martin Luther King High School (Chicago)
Attended University of Pittsburgh
Declared for the 1994 NBA draft but went undrafted
[88][89]
1996 2000 Jackson, StephenStephen Jackson F United States Oak Hill Academy (Mouth of Wilson, Virginia)
Attended Butler Community College
Drafted by the Phoenix Suns in the 1997 NBA draft (2nd round, 43rd pick)
[90][91]
2001 2015 Huertas, MarceloMarcelo Huertas G Brazil
Italy Coppell High School (Coppell, Texas)
Was born in Brazil and played for the Esporte Clube Pinheiros before moving to the U.S.A. around 2000.
Played senior year in Coppell High School before beginning his professional international career.
Went undrafted in the 2005 NBA draft.
Played in Brazil, Spain, and Italy before making his NBA debut in 2015.
[92]
2004 2005 Butler, JackieJackie Butler F/C United States Coastal Christian Academy (Virginia Beach, Virginia)
Initially committed to Mississippi State University and, later on, the University of Tennessee
Declared for the 2004 NBA draft but went undrafted
Played in the CBA before making his NBA debut
[93][94][95]
2008 2009 Jennings, BrandonBrandon Jennings G United States Oak Hill Academy (Mouth of Wilson, Virginia)
Initially committed to the University of Southern California and, later on, the University of Arizona
Played in the Italian league in the 2008–09 season
Drafted by the Milwaukee Bucks in the 2009 NBA draft (1st round, 10th pick)
[96][97]
2009 Williams, LataviousLatavious Williams# F United States Christian Life Center Academy (Humble, Texas)
Initially committed to the University of Memphis
Played in the NBA D-League in the 2009–10 season
Drafted by the Miami Heat in the 2010 NBA draft (2nd round, 43rd pick)
[98][99]
2010 2011 Kanter, EnesEnes Kanter F/C Turkey Stoneridge Preparatory School (Simi Valley, California)
Previously played in both youth squads and professionally in Turkey
Moved to the U.S.A. in 2009 and played basketball in his senior year of high school
Attended the University of Kentucky, but was barred from playing due to his previous time spent in Turkey
Drafted by the Utah Jazz in the 2011 NBA draft (1st round, 3rd pick)
2010 2011 Tyler, JeremyJeremy Tyler C United States San Diego High School (San Diego)
Initially committed to the University of Louisville
Left high school after his junior year in 2009
Played in the Israeli league in the 2009–10 season
Played in the Japanese league in the 2010–11 season
Drafted by the Charlotte Bobcats in the 2011 NBA draft (2nd round, 39th pick)
[100][101]
2012 2013 Ledo, RickyRicky Ledo G United States South Kent High School (South Kent, Connecticut)
Attended Providence College
Drafted by the Dallas Mavericks in the 2013 NBA draft (2nd round, 43rd pick)
2013 2015 Felício, CristianoCristiano Felício C Brazil CCSE Prep Academy (Sacramento)
Was born in Brazil and played professionally there before moving in his senior year.
Tried to get a scholarship for the University of Oregon, but was deemed ineligible.
Returned to playing professionally in Brazil.
2014 2015 Mudiay, EmmanuelEmmanuel Mudiay PG Democratic Republic of the Congo
United States Prime Prep Academy (Dallas)
Initially committed to Southern Methodist University
Played in the Chinese professional league in the 2014–15 season
Drafted by the Denver Nuggets in the 2015 NBA draft (1st round, 7th pick)
2014 2016 Papagiannis, GeorgiosGeorgios Papagiannis C Greece Westtown School (West Chester, Pennsylvania)
Was born in Greece and played professionally for Peristeri at 14 before moving in his freshman year
Went to Westtown as a junior before moving back to Greece
Played professionally for the Panathinaikos while also attending the American School in Athens, Greece
Drafted by the Phoenix Suns and traded to the Sacramento Kings in the 2016 NBA draft (1st round, 13th pick)
^ 5: Secondary source mentions that Connie Simmons attended Forest Hills High School (Queens, New York).[76]
Controversy[edit]
Further information: National Basketball Association criticisms and controversies § Age limit
Despite the success of some high school players drafted, the entry of high school players into the NBA remains controversial. Critics say that high school players are not mentally and physically mature or prepared enough to handle the pressure of professional play. Thus, they are more likely to fail.[14][102] Instead, they believe that colleges are useful at filtering out players who can dominate against weak competition in high school, but cannot succeed at a higher level of play. They also think that the influx of high schoolers bypassing colleges in favor of the NBA has caused collegiate game to deteriorate. Universities are wary of spending time recruiting as many players that are motivated financially to turn pro fresh out of high school.[102][103]
On the other hand, proponents argue that there is no valid reason to exclude high school players. Michael McCann, writer of law article "Illegal Defense: The Irrational Economics of Banning High School Players from the NBA Draft", contends that players drafted straight out of high school can do as well as any other players in the NBA. The article finds that "on average, these [high school] players perform better in every major statistical category than does the average NBA player".[104] Others instead believe that the problem was due to the lack of established farm system in basketball until recently. In other major sports, such as baseball and hockey, it is common for young players to develop in their minor league systems.[102]
See also[edit]
Haywood v. National Basketball Association
Notes[edit]
a Each year is linked to an article about that particular NBA Draft.
b Year denotes the year when the player graduated from high school.
c Debut denotes the year when the player made his NBA debut. Each year is linked to an article about that particular NBA season.
d Information not available
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ "Dorell Wright Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved July 19, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Prospect Profile: Dorell Wright". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved July 19, 2010.
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Jump up ^ "Andrew Bynum Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved July 19, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Gerald Green Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved July 19, 2010.
Jump up ^ "C. J. Miles Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved July 19, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Fifty Early Entry Candidates Withdraw". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. June 22, 2005. Retrieved July 19, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Monta Ellis Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved July 19, 2010.
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Jump up ^ "Andray Blatche Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved July 19, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Amir Johnson Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved July 19, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Satnam Singh Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved June 25, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Thon Maker Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved June 27, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Pistons Can't Use 7-Foot Prep". Lawrence Journal-World. July 3, 1962. Retrieved July 19, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Royals Snap Up Lucas". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. March 27, 1962. Retrieved July 19, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Tony Kappen Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved July 20, 2010.
Jump up ^ O'Mealy, Ryan Canner (March 19, 2010). "Jeremy Tyler: Preps-to-Passports". ESPN Internet Ventures. Retrieved July 20, 2010.
Jump up ^ "American Basketball League Statistics 1938–39 To 1952–53". The Association for Professional Basketball Research. Retrieved July 20, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Connie Simmons Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved July 20, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Butler, Dylan (February 11, 2010). "The Butler Did It". New York Post. NYP Holdings, Inc. Retrieved July 20, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Joe Graboski Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved July 20, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Joe Graboski of Olympians Jumps From Preps to Pros". The Milwaukee Journal. October 29, 1952. Retrieved July 20, 2010.
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Jump up ^ Flatter, Ron (November 19, 2003). "Layups: More Info on Connie Hawkins". ESPN. Retrieved January 1, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Connie Hawkins Bio". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved January 1, 2011.
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Jump up ^ "Shawn Kemp Bio". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Archived from the original on February 15, 2004. Retrieved July 19, 2010.
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Jump up ^ "Lloyd Daniel's Next Stop: Long Island". The New York Times. April 30, 1992. Retrieved July 19, 2010.
Jump up ^ Gup, Ted; Doyle, Brian (April 3, 1989). "Education: Playing To Win in Vegas". Time. Retrieved July 19, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Thomas Hamilton Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved July 19, 2010.
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Jump up ^ "Hawks Sign Free Agent Stephen Jackson". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. October 3, 2003. Retrieved July 19, 2010.
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Jump up ^ "Jackie Butler Bio". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved July 19, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Spurs Sign Jackie Butler". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. July 21, 2006. Retrieved July 19, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Brandon Jennings Statistics". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved July 19, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Draft 2009 Prospects: Brandon Jennings". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Archived from the original on August 20, 2009. Retrieved July 19, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Draft 2010 Prospects: Latavious Williams". NBA.com. Turner Sports Interactive, Inc. Retrieved July 19, 2010.
Jump up ^ "2010 NBA Draft". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved December 8, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Tyler intrigues as NBA draft nears". ESPN Internet Ventures. June 15, 2011. Retrieved December 8, 2011.
Jump up ^ "2011 NBA Draft". basketball-reference.com. Retrieved December 2, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c Sappenfield, Mark (May 22, 2001). "Straight to the NBA--without a stop at college". Christian Science Monitor. Vol. 93, Issue 124, p. 1. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ Freeman, Mike (April 5, 2002). "Sports of The Times; Young Star Stays Cool in Spotlight". The New York Times. Retrieved August 8, 2010.
Jump up ^ Ewell, Christian (May 18, 2004). "Difficult jump shot: preps to NBA; Basketball: More and more try the leap, but for every LeBron James who flourishes, there are a lot of James Langs who don't". The Baltimore Sun. p. 1 C. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
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Arc de Triomphe
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
For the horse race in Paris, see Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe. For other uses, see Arch of Triumph (disambiguation).
Arc de Triomphe
The Arc de Triomphe in western Paris
Location within Paris
Alternative names
Arc de Triomphe de l'Étoile
General information
Type
Triumphal Arch
Architectural style
Neoclassicism
Location
Place Charles de Gaulle (formerly Place de l'Étoile)
Coordinates
48°52′26″N 2°17′42″E / 48.8738°N 2.2950°E / 48.8738; 2.2950Coordinates: 48°52′26″N 2°17′42″E / 48.8738°N 2.2950°E / 48.8738; 2.2950
Construction started
15 August 1806[1]
Inaugurated
29 July 1836[2]
Height
50 m (164 ft)
Dimensions
Other dimensions
Wide: 45 m (148 ft)
Deep: 22 m (72 ft)
Design and construction
Architect
Jean Chalgrin, Louis-Étienne Héricart de Thury
The Arc de Triomphe de l'Étoile (French pronunciation: [aʁk də tʁijɔ̃f də letwal] ( listen), Triumphal Arch of the Star) is one of the most famous monuments in Paris, standing at the western end of the Champs-Élysées at the center of Place Charles de Gaulle, formerly named Place de l'Étoile — the étoile or "star" of the juncture formed by its twelve radiating avenues.
The Arc de Triomphe should not be confused with a smaller arch, the Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel, which stands west of the Louvre. The Arc de Triomphe honours those who fought and died for France in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, with the names of all French victories and generals inscribed on its inner and outer surfaces. Beneath its vault lies the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier from World War I.
As the central cohesive element of the Axe historique (historic axis, a sequence of monuments and grand thoroughfares on a route running from the courtyard of the Louvre to the Grande Arche de la Défense), the Arc de Triomphe was designed by Jean Chalgrin in 1806, and its iconographic program pits heroically nude French youths against bearded Germanic warriors in chain mail. It set the tone for public monuments with triumphant patriotic messages.
Inspired by the Roman Arch of Titus, the Arc de Triomphe has an overall height of 50 metres (164 ft), width of 45 m (148 ft), and depth of 22 m (72 ft), while its large vault is 29.19 m (95.8 ft) high and 14.62 m (48.0 ft) wide. The smaller transverse vaults are 18.68 m (61.3 ft) high and 8.44 m (27.7 ft) wide. Three weeks after the Paris victory parade in 1919 (marking the end of hostilities in World War I), Charles Godefroy flew his Nieuport biplane under the arch's primary vault, with the event captured on newsreel.[3][4][5]
Paris's Arc de Triomphe was the tallest triumphal arch until the completion of the Monumento a la Revolución in Mexico City in 1938, which is 67 metres (220 ft) high. The Arch of Triumph in Pyongyang, completed in 1982, is modelled on the Arc de Triomphe and is slightly taller at 60 m (197 ft).
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Design
3 Tomb of the Unknown Soldier
4 Details
5 Access
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
History
A colourised aerial photograph of the southern side (published in 1921)
Free French forces on parade after the liberation of Paris (1944)
Arc de Triomphe. Postcard, c.1920
The Arc is located on the right bank of the Seine at the centre of a dodecagonal configuration of twelve radiating avenues. It was commissioned in 1806 after the victory at Austerlitz by Emperor Napoleon at the peak of his fortunes. Laying the foundations alone took two years and, in 1810, when Napoleon entered Paris from the west with his bride Archduchess Marie-Louise of Austria, he had a wooden mock-up of the completed arch constructed. The architect, Jean Chalgrin, died in 1811 and the work was taken over by Jean-Nicolas Huyot. During the Bourbon Restoration, construction was halted and it would not be completed until the reign of King Louis-Philippe, between 1833 and 1836, by the architects Goust, then Huyot, under the direction of Héricart de Thury. On 15 December 1840, brought back to France from Saint Helena, Napoleon's remains passed under it on their way to the Emperor's final resting place at the Invalides.[6] Prior to burial in the Panthéon, the body of Victor Hugo was displayed under the Arc during the night of 22 May 1885.
The sword carried by the Republic in the Marseillaise relief broke off on the day, it is said, that the Battle of Verdun began in 1916. The relief was immediately hidden by tarpaulins to conceal the accident and avoid any undesired ominous interpretations.[7] On 7 August 1919, Charles Godefroy successfully flew his biplane under the Arc.[8] Jean Navarre was the pilot who was tasked to make the flight, but he died on 10 July 1919 when he crashed near Villacoublay while training for the flight.
Following its construction, the Arc de Triomphe became the rallying point of French troops parading after successful military campaigns and for the annual Bastille Day Military Parade. Famous victory marches around or under the Arc have included the Germans in 1871, the French in 1919, the Germans in 1940, and the French and Allies in 1944[9] and 1945. A United States postage stamp of 1945 shows the Arc de Triomphe in the background as victorious American troops march down the Champs-Élysées and U.S. airplanes fly overhead on 29 August 1944. After the interment of the Unknown Soldier, however, all military parades (including the aforementioned post-1919) have avoided marching through the actual arch. The route taken is up to the arch and then around its side, out of respect for the tomb and its symbolism. Both Hitler in 1940 and de Gaulle in 1944 observed this custom.
By the early 1960s, the monument had grown very blackened from coal soot and automobile exhaust, and during 1965–1966 it was cleaned through bleaching.
In the prolongation of the Avenue des Champs-Élysées, a new arch, the Grande Arche de la Défense, was built in 1982, completing the line of monuments that forms Paris's Axe historique. After the Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel and the Arc de Triomphe de l'Étoile, the Grande Arche is the third arch built on the same perspective.
In 1995, the Armed Islamic Group of Algeria placed a bomb near the Arc de Triomphe which wounded 17 people as part of a campaign of bombings.[10]
Design
Avenues radiate from the Arc de Triomphe in Place Charles de Gaulle, the former Place de l'Étoile.
The Arc de Triomphe is located on Paris's Axe historique, a long perspective that runs from the Louvre to the Grande Arche de la Défense.
Arc de triomphe 1989
The astylar design is by Jean Chalgrin (1739–1811), in the Neoclassical version of ancient Roman architecture (see, for example, the triumphal Arch of Titus). Major academic sculptors of France are represented in the sculpture of the Arc de Triomphe: Jean-Pierre Cortot; François Rude; Antoine Étex; James Pradier and Philippe Joseph Henri Lemaire. The main sculptures are not integral friezes but are treated as independent trophies applied to the vast ashlar masonry masses, not unlike the gilt-bronze appliqués on Empire furniture. The four sculptural groups at the base of the Arc are The Triumph of 1810 (Cortot), Resistance and Peace (both by Antoine Étex) and the most renowned of them all, Departure of the Volunteers of 1792 commonly called La Marseillaise (François Rude). The face of the allegorical representation of France calling forth her people on this last was used as the belt buckle for the honorary rank of Marshal of France. Since the fall of Napoleon (1815), the sculpture representing Peace is interpreted as commemorating the Peace of 1815.
In the attic above the richly sculptured frieze of soldiers are 30 shields engraved with the names of major French victories in the French Revolution and Napoleonic wars.[11] The inside walls of the monument list the names of 660 people, among which are 558 French generals of the First French Empire;[12] The names of those generals killed in battle are underlined. Also inscribed, on the shorter sides of the four supporting columns, are the names of the major French victories in the Napoleonic Wars. The battles that took place in the period between the departure of Napoleon from Elba to his final defeat at Waterloo are not included.
For four years from 1882 to 1886, a monumental sculpture by Alexandre Falguière topped the arch. Titled Le triomphe de la Révolution ("The Triumph of the Revolution"), it depicted a chariot drawn by horses preparing "to crush Anarchy and Despotism". It remained there only four years before falling in ruins.
Inside the monument, a permanent exhibition conceived by the artist Maurice Benayoun and the architect Christophe Girault opened in February 2007.[13] The steel and new media installation interrogates the symbolism of the national monument, questioning the balance of its symbolic message during the last two centuries, oscillating between war and peace.
Tomb of the Unknown Soldier
Tomb of the Unknown Soldier beneath the Arc de Triomphe, Paris
Beneath the Arc is the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier from World War I. Interred on Armistice Day 1920,[14] it has the first eternal flame lit in Western and Eastern Europe since the Vestal Virgins' fire was extinguished in the fourth century. It burns in memory of the dead who were never identified (now in both world wars).
A ceremony is held at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier every 11 November on the anniversary of the armistice signed by the Entente Powers and Germany in 1918. It was originally decided on 12 November 1919 to bury the unknown soldier's remains in the Panthéon, but a public letter-writing campaign led to the decision to bury him beneath the Arc de Triomphe. The coffin was put in the chapel on the first floor of the Arc on 10 November 1920, and put in its final resting place on 28 January 1921. The slab on top bears the inscription ICI REPOSE UN SOLDAT FRANÇAIS MORT POUR LA PATRIE 1914–1918 ("Here lies a French soldier who died for the fatherland 1914–1918").
In 1961, American President John F. Kennedy and First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy paid their respects at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, accompanied by French President Charles de Gaulle. After the 1963 assassination of President Kennedy, Mrs Kennedy remembered the eternal flame at the Arc de Triomphe and requested that an eternal flame be placed next to her husband's grave at Arlington National Cemetery in Virginia. President Charles de Gaulle went to Washington to attend the state funeral, and witnessed Jacqueline Kennedy lighting the eternal flame that had been inspired by her visit to France.
Details
The four main sculptural groups on each of the Arc's pillars are:
Le Départ de 1792 (or La Marseillaise), by François Rude. The sculptural group celebrates the cause of the French First Republic during the 10 August uprising. Above the volunteers is the winged personification of Liberty. This group served as a recruitment tool in the early months of World War I and encouraged the French to invest in war loans in 1915–16.[15]
Le Triomphe de 1810, by Jean-Pierre Cortot celebrates the Treaty of Schönbrunn. This group features Napoleon, crowned by the goddess of Victory.
La Résistance de 1814, by Antoine Étex commemorates the French resistance to the Allied armies during the War of the Sixth Coalition.
La Paix de 1815, by Antoine Étex commemorates the Treaty of Paris, concluded in that year.
Le Départ de 1792 (La Marseillaise)
Le Triomphe de 1810
La Résistance de 1814
La Paix de 1815
Six reliefs sculpted on the façades of the Arch, representing important moments of the French Revolution and of the Napoleonic era include:
Les funérailles du général Marceau (General Marceau's burial), by P. H. Lamaire (SOUTH façade, right),
La bataille d'Aboukir (The Battle of Aboukir), by Bernard Seurre (SOUTH façade, left),
La bataille de Jemappes (The Battle of Jemappes), by Carlo Marochetti (EAST façade),
Le passage du pont d'Arcole (The Battle of Arcole), by J. J. Feuchère (NORTH façade, right),
La prise d'Alexandrie, (The Fall of Alexandria), by J. E. Chaponnière (NORTH façade, left),
La bataille d'Austerlitz (The Battle of Austerlitz), by J. F. T. Gechter (WEST façade),
Les funérailles du général Marceau, 20 September 1796
La bataille d'Aboukir,
25 July 1799
La bataille de Jemmappes,
6 November 1792
Le passage du pont d'Arcole,
15 November 1796
La prise d'Alexandrie,
3 July 1798
La bataille d'Austerlitz,
2 December 1805
The names of some great battles of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars are engraved on the attic, including

A list of French victories is engraved under the great arches on the inside façades of the monument.

On the inner façades of the small arches are engraved the names of the military leaders of the French Revolution and Empire. The names of those who died on the battlefield are underlined.
NORTH pillar
SOUTH pillar
EAST pillar
WEST pillar
The great arcades are decorated with allegorical figures representing characters in Roman mythology (by J. Pradier).
The ceiling with 21 sculpted roses
Interior of the Arc de Triomphe
First World War monument
Permanent exhibition about the design of the Arch
There are several plaques at the foot of the monument
De Gaulle speech plaque
Proclamation of Republic plaque
Access
The Arc de Triomphe is accessible by the RER and Métro, with exit at the Charles de Gaulle—Étoile station. Because of heavy traffic on the roundabout of which the Arc is the centre, it is recommended that pedestrians use one of two underpasses located at the Champs Élysées and the Avenue de la Grande Armée. A lift will take visitors almost to the top – to the attic, where there is a small museum which contains large models of the Arc and tells its story from the time of its construction. Another 46 steps remain to climb in order to reach the top, the terrasse, from where one can enjoy a panoramic view of Paris.[citation needed]
Paris seen from the top of the Arc de triomphe
See also
Paris portal
Bastille Day military parade
Galerie des Batailles
List of works by James Pradier
Names inscribed under the Arc de Triomphe
References
Jump up ^ Raymond, Gino (30 October 2008). Historical dictionary of France. Scarecrow Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-8108-5095-8. Retrieved 28 July 2011.
Jump up ^ Fleischmann, Hector (1914). An unknown son of Napoleon. John Lane company. p. 204. Retrieved 28 July 2011.
Jump up ^ Melville Wallace, La vie d'un pilote de chasse en 1914–1918, Flammarion, Paris, 1978. The film clip is included in The History Channel's Four Years of Thunder.
Jump up ^ This film is thought still to be subject to copyright.
Jump up ^ Photograph of the first flight through the Arc
Jump up ^ Hôtel des Invalides website Archived 25 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "History of the Arc de Triomphe in Paris". Places in France. Retrieved 28 December 2013.
Jump up ^ "Les débuts de l'aviation : Charles Godefroy – L'Histoire par l'image". Histoire-image.org. Retrieved 13 August 2014.
Jump up ^ Image of Liberation of Paris parade Archived 28 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Bomb Near Arc De Triomphe wounds 17". New York Times. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
Jump up ^ The Battle of Fuentes de Oñoro is inscribed as a French victory, instead of the tactical draw that it actually was.
Jump up ^ Among the generals are at least two foreign generals, Venezuelan Francisco de Miranda and German born Nicolas Luckner.
Jump up ^ "Between War and Peace". Archived from the original on 16 December 2014. Retrieved 15 September 2014.
Jump up ^ Naour, Jean-Yves Le; Allen, Penny (16 August 2005). The Living Unknown Soldier: A Story of Grief and the Great War. Macmillan. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-8050-7937-1. Retrieved 28 July 2011.
Jump up ^ Forrest. The Legacy of the French Revolutionary Wars. Cambridge University Press. p. 38. ISBN 1139489240.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Arc de Triomphe.
Inscriptions on the Arc de Triomphe
The names of 660 persons inscribed on the Arc de Triomphe
Clarification of history of Arc de Triomphe
The permanent exhibition inside the Arc de Triomphe
View from the Arc de Triomphe
Arc de Triomphe at Find a Grave
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