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NFC East
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NFC East
Conference
National Football Conference
League
National Football League
Sport
American football
Founded
1967 (as the NFL Eastern Conference Capitol Division)
Country
United States
Teams
No. of teams
4
Championships
Most recent NFC East champion(s)
Philadelphia Eagles (10 titles)
Most NFC East titles
Dallas Cowboys (22 titles)
The NFC East is a division of the National Football League (NFL)'s National Football Conference (NFC). It currently has four members: the Philadelphia Eagles, the New York Giants, the Dallas Cowboys, and the Washington Redskins.
The division was formed in 1967 as the National Football League Capitol Division, keeping with the theme of having all of the league's divisions starting with the letter "C." The division was so named because it was centered on the capital of the United States, Washington, D.C. In 1967 and 1969 the teams in the NFL Capitol Division were Dallas, Philadelphia, Washington and the expansion team New Orleans Saints, which had been replaced by the New York Giants for the 1968 season. The division is the only one in the league in which all four teams have a Super Bowl win.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Division lineups
3 Division champions
3.1 As NFL Capitol Division
3.2 As NFC East
4 Wild Card qualifiers
5 Total playoff berths
6 See also
7 References
History[edit]
Previously, although the St. Louis Rams were geographically farther east than Dallas before moving back to Los Angeles, the Cowboys remained in the NFC East despite being the only team located in the Central Time Zone and the Rams stayed in the NFC West because of long-standing rivalries: the Cowboys with all three other teams in the East, and the Rams with the San Francisco 49ers in the West.
The NFC East teams have combined to be the most successful division in the NFL since the 1970 NFL merger with 21 NFC Championship wins and 13 Super Bowl victories, the highest marks of any division in the NFL. Each of the current NFC East's four teams has won at least three NFL Championships during their existence, and it is currently the only division whose teams have all won a Super Bowl. The division features a number of prominent rivalries such as the Cowboys–Redskins rivalry and Eagles–Giants rivalry. Because the division's teams are in some of the United States' largest media markets (New York No. 1, Philadelphia, No. 4, Dallas-Fort Worth No. 5, and Washington No. 8), the NFC East receives a high amount of coverage from national sports media outlets.[1] In the early 1990s the division claimed four consecutive Super Bowl champions, all 4 against the Buffalo Bills, with the Giants and Redskins respectively winning back-to-back in Super Bowls XXV and XXVI; and the Cowboys winning twice after in Super Bowls XXVII and XXVIII. Those same three teams won seven out of ten Super Bowls, from 1986-87 to 1995-96 (49ers won the other three).
The Philadelphia Eagles are the only NFC East team to play in the city of the team's naming, Philadelphia.[2] The other three teams play in suburbs of the major cities they are named after. The Dallas Cowboys play in Arlington, Texas.[3] The Washington Redskins play in Landover, Maryland[4] and the New York Giants play in East Rutherford, New Jersey,[5] where they share a stadium with the New York Jets. The only two other teams not from either East division to do so is the NFC West's San Francisco 49ers, who started playing in the San Francisco suburb of Santa Clara in 2014, and the Arizona Cardinals, who play in the Phoenix suburb of Glendale.
The NFC East can also be called the most valuable NFL Division. All four teams in the division are in the top ten of most valuable NFL franchises (Cowboys #1; Giants #3; Redskins #4; Eagles #10).[6] The next closest division is the AFC North, which is not completed until the 26th ranked Cincinnati Bengals.[7]
Division lineups[edit]
Place cursor over year for division champ or Super Bowl team.
NFL Eastern Conference
Capitol Division
NFC East Division[B]
1900s
2000s
67[A]
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
00
01
Dallas Cowboys
Philadelphia Eagles
Washington Redskins
N.O. Saints NY Giants N.O. Saints New York Giants
St. Louis Cardinals[C] Phoenix Cardinals Arizona Cardinals[D]
NFC East Division [D]
2000s
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Dallas Cowboys
Philadelphia Eagles
Washington Redskins
New York Giants
Team not in division Division Won Super Bowl Division Won NFC Championship
A The Eastern Conference was divided into the Capitol and Century Divisions. Dallas, Philadelphia, and Washington moved in. Also, the New Orleans Saints joined the league.
B The Capitol Division became the National Football Conference East division (called "NFC East"). New Orleans realigned to the NFC West. The Giants and Cardinals are added from the Century Division.
C St. Louis moved to Phoenix in 1988. The team changed its name from Phoenix Cardinals to the Arizona Cardinals in 1994.
D Arizona moved to the NFC West when the league realigned into 8 four-team divisions before the 2002 season.
Division champions[edit]
As NFL Capitol Division[edit]
Season
Team
Record
Playoff Results
NFL Capitol
1967 Dallas Cowboys 9–5 Lost NFL Championship
1968 Dallas Cowboys 12–2 Lost NFL Divisional Playoffs
1969 Dallas Cowboys 11–2–1 Lost NFL Divisional Playoffs
There was one division sweep of the Capitol Division, 1969 Cowboys 6-0[8]
As NFC East[edit]
Season
Team
Record
Playoff Results
1970 Dallas Cowboys 10–4 Lost Super Bowl V
1971 Dallas Cowboys 11–3 Won Super Bowl VI
1972 Washington Redskins 11–3 Lost Super Bowl VII
1973 Dallas Cowboys 10–4 Lost NFC Championship Game
1974 St. Louis Cardinals 10–4 Lost NFC Divisional Playoffs
1975 St. Louis Cardinals 11–3 Lost NFC Divisional Playoffs
1976 Dallas Cowboys 11–3 Lost NFC Divisional Playoffs
1977 Dallas Cowboys 12–2 Won Super Bowl XII
1978 Dallas Cowboys 12–4 Lost Super Bowl XIII
1979 Dallas Cowboys 11–5 Lost NFC Divisional Playoffs
1980 Philadelphia Eagles 12–4 Lost Super Bowl XV
1981 Dallas Cowboys 12–4 Lost NFC Championship Game
1982 Washington Redskins 8–1 Won Super Bowl XVII*
1983 Washington Redskins 14–2 Lost Super Bowl XVIII
1984 Washington Redskins 11–5 Lost NFC Divisional Playoffs
1985 Dallas Cowboys 10–6 Lost NFC Divisional Playoffs
1986 New York Giants 14–2 Won Super Bowl XXI
1987 Washington Redskins 11–4 Won Super Bowl XXII++
1988 Philadelphia Eagles 10–6 Lost NFC Divisional Playoffs
1989 New York Giants 12–4 Lost NFC Divisional Playoffs
1990 New York Giants 13–3 Won Super Bowl XXV
1991 Washington Redskins 14–2 Won Super Bowl XXVI
1992 Dallas Cowboys 13–3 Won Super Bowl XXVII
1993 Dallas Cowboys 12–4 Won Super Bowl XXVIII
1994 Dallas Cowboys 12–4 Lost NFC Championship Game
1995 Dallas Cowboys 12–4 Won Super Bowl XXX
1996 Dallas Cowboys 10–6 Lost NFC Divisional Playoffs
1997 New York Giants 10–5–1 Lost NFC Wild Card Playoffs
1998 Dallas Cowboys 10–6 Lost NFC Wild Card Playoffs
1999 Washington Redskins 10–6 Lost NFC Divisional Playoffs
2000 New York Giants 12–4 Lost Super Bowl XXXV
2001 Philadelphia Eagles 11–5 Lost NFC Championship Game
2002 Philadelphia Eagles 12–4 Lost NFC Championship Game
2003 Philadelphia Eagles 12–4 Lost NFC Championship Game
2004 Philadelphia Eagles 13–3 Lost Super Bowl XXXIX
2005 New York Giants 11–5 Lost NFC Wild Card Playoffs
2006 Philadelphia Eagles 10–6 Lost NFC Divisional Playoffs
2007 Dallas Cowboys 13–3 Lost NFC Divisional Playoffs
2008 New York Giants 12–4 Lost NFC Divisional Playoffs
2009 Dallas Cowboys 11–5 Lost NFC Divisional Playoffs
2010 Philadelphia Eagles 10–6 Lost NFC Wild Card Playoffs
2011 New York Giants 9–7 Won Super Bowl XLVI
2012 Washington Redskins 10–6 Lost NFC Wild Card Playoffs
2013 Philadelphia Eagles 10–6 Lost NFC Wild Card Playoffs
2014 Dallas Cowboys 12–4 Lost NFC Divisional Playoffs
2015 Washington Redskins 9–7 Lost NFC Wild Card Playoffs
2016 Dallas Cowboys 13–3 Lost NFC Divisional Playoffs
2017 Philadelphia Eagles 13–3 Won Super Bowl LII
* A players' strike in 1982 reduced the regular season to nine games. Thus, the league used a special 16-team playoff tournament just for this year. Division standings were ignored; Washington had the best record of the division teams and won the Super Bowl.
++ The 1987 Redskins are the only NFC 3rd Seed to win the Super Bowl.[9]
^ The 2007 Dallas Cowboys were defeated by division rival and NFC 5th Seed New York Giants, who ultimately won Super Bowl XLII.
# The 2011 New York Giants are the only sub-10-win team to win the Super Bowl (other than the 1982 Redskins listed above), as well as the only team to win the Super Bowl as the NFC's 4th Seed.[9]
All four teams in the NFC East have won the Super Bowl. The Cowboys lead with five, followed by the Giants with four, the Redskins with three, and the Eagles with one. In overall NFL history, however, the Giants lead with eight league championships, followed by the Redskins and Cowboys with five each, then the Eagles with four.
There have been two division sweeps of the NFC East Division, the 1998 Dallas Cowboys (8–0) and the 2004 Philadelphia Eagles (6–0). [8]
Wild Card qualifiers[edit]
This article needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (September 2016)
Season
Team
Record
Playoff Results
NFC East
1971 Washington Redskins 9–4–1 Lost Divisional Playoffs
1972 Dallas Cowboys 10–4 Lost NFC Championship Game
1973 Washington Redskins 10–4 Lost Divisional Playoffs
1974 Washington Redskins 10–4 Lost Divisional Playoffs
1975 Dallas Cowboys 10–4 Lost Super Bowl X
1976 Washington Redskins 10–4 Lost Divisional Playoffs
1978 Philadelphia Eagles 9–7 Lost Wild Card Playoffs
1979 Philadelphia Eagles 11–5 Lost Divisional Playoffs
1980 Dallas Cowboys 12–4 Lost NFC Championship Game
1981 Philadelphia Eagles
New York Giants 10–6
9–7 Lost Wild Card Playoffs
Lost Divisional Playoffs
1982+ Dallas Cowboys
St. Louis Cardinals 6–3
5–4 Lost NFC Championship Game
Lost NFC First Round
1983 Dallas Cowboys 12–4 Lost Wild Card Playoffs
1984 New York Giants 9–7 Lost Divisional Playoffs
1985 New York Giants 10–6 Lost Divisional Playoffs
1986 Washington Redskins 12–4 Lost NFC Championship Game
1989 Philadelphia Eagles 11–5 Lost Wild Card Playoffs
1990 Washington Redskins
Philadelphia Eagles 10–6
10–6 Lost Divisional Playoffs
Lost Wild Card Playoffs
1991 Dallas Cowboys 11–5 Lost Divisional Playoffs
1992 Philadelphia Eagles
Washington Redskins 10–6
9–7 Lost Divisional Playoffs
Lost Divisional Playoffs
1993 New York Giants 11–5 Lost Divisional Playoffs
1995 Philadelphia Eagles 10–6 Lost Divisional Playoffs
1996 Philadelphia Eagles 10–6 Lost Wild Card Playoffs
1998 Arizona Cardinals 9–7 Lost Divisional Playoffs
1999 Dallas Cowboys 8–8 Lost Wild Card Playoffs
2000 Philadelphia Eagles 11–5 Lost Divisional Playoffs
NFC East
2002 New York Giants 10–6 Lost Wild Card Playoffs
2003 Dallas Cowboys 10–6 Lost Wild Card Playoffs
2005 Washington Redskins 10–6 Lost Divisional Playoffs
2006 Dallas Cowboys
New York Giants 9–7
8–8 Lost Wild Card Playoffs
Lost Wild Card Playoffs
2007 New York Giants
Washington Redskins 10–6
9–7 Won Super Bowl XLII**
Lost Wild Card Playoffs
2008 Philadelphia Eagles 9–6–1 Lost NFC Championship Game
2009 Philadelphia Eagles 11–5 Lost Wild Card Playoffs
2016 New York Giants 11–5 Lost Wild Card Playoffs
+ A players' strike in 1982 reduced the regular season to nine games, so the league used a special 16-team playoff tournament just for this year.
** The 2007 New York Giants are the only NFC East team to win a Super Bowl as a Wild Card team, and the only NFL team in history to win the Super Bowl as a 5th Seed in either Conference.[9]
Total playoff berths[edit]
(NFC East records 1967-2017)
Team
Division
Championships
Playoff
Berths
Super Bowl
Appearances
Super Bowl
Championships
Dallas Cowboys 22 32 8 5
Philadelphia Eagles 10 21 3 1
Washington Redskins 9 18 5 3
New York Giants 8 15 5 4
Arizona Cardinals1 2 4 0 0
To sort table above, click button to right of heading.
NFC East
Division
Championships
Playoff
Berths
NFC
Championships
Super Bowl
Championships
Totals- 1967-2017 51 89 22 13
1These numbers only reflect the Cardinals' time as a member of the NFC East, as the team realigned to the NFC West after the 2001 season.
See also[edit]
Cowboys–Giants rivalry
Cowboys–Eagles rivalry
Cowboys–Redskins rivalry
Eagles–Giants rivalry
Eagles–Redskins rivalry
Giants–Redskins rivalry
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-04-07. Retrieved 2012-07-20.
Jump up ^ "Lincoln Financial Field - Google Maps". Google Maps. Retrieved 2016-11-30.
Jump up ^ "AT&T Stadium - Google Maps". Google Maps. Retrieved 2016-11-30.
Jump up ^ "FedExField". Redskins. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
Jump up ^ "Met Life Stadium - Google Maps". Google Maps. Retrieved 2016-11-30.
Jump up ^ "Sports Money: 2017 NFL Valuations". Forbes. Retrieved 2018-04-02.
Jump up ^ Ozanian, Mike (September 5, 2012). "Dallas Cowboys Lead NFL With $2.1 Billion Valuation". Forbes. Retrieved 2016-11-30.
^ Jump up to: a b "NFL.com - Official Site of the National Football League - NFL.com". www.nfl.com.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Graphic: Which NFL Playoff Seeds Succeed?".
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1967
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1970
1971
1972
1973
1976
1977
1978
1979
1981
1985
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1998
2007
2009
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Conference championships (10)
1966
1967
1970
1971
1975
1977
1978
1992
1993
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Darren Woodson
Media
Broadcasters
Radio network
KRLD-FM
Brad Sham
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Current league affiliations
League: National Football League
Conference: National Football Conference
Division: East Division
Seasons (58)
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
Championship seasons in bold
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New York Giants
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Based and headquartered in East Rutherford, New Jersey
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1933
1934
1935
1938
1939
1941
1941
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1986
1989
1990
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2000
2005
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1956
1958
1959
1961
1962
1963
1986
1990
2000
2007
2011
League championships (8)
1927
1934
1938
1956
1986 (XXI)
1990 (XXV)
2007 (XLII)
2011 (XLVI)
Retired numbers
1
4
7
11
14
14
16
32
40
42
50
56
Ring of Honor
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Current league affiliations
League: National Football League
Conference: National Football Conference
Division: East Division
Seasons (93)
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
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1945
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1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
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1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
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1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
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1990
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1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
Championship seasons in bold
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1947
1948
1949
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1988
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2002
2003
2004
2006
2010
2013
2017
Conference championships (4)
1960
1980
2004
2017
League championships (4)
1948
1949
1960
2017 (LII)
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5
15
20
40
44
60
70
92
99
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Conference: National Football Conference
Division: East Division
Seasons (86)
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
Championship seasons in bold
[show]
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Washington Redskins
Founded in 1932
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Division championships (14)
1936
1937
1940
1942
1943
1945
1972
1983
1984
1987
1991
1999
2012
2015
Conference championships (5)
1972
1982
1983
1987
1991
League championships (5)
1937
1942
1982 (XVII)
1987 (XXII)
1991 (XXVI)
Hall of Fame players
Battles
Baugh
Dudley
Edwards
Green
Grimm
Hanburger
Houston
Huff
D. Jones
S. Jones
Jurgensen
Krause
Millner
Mitchell
Monk
Riggins
Smith
Taylor
All-time leaders
Passing
Receiving
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Kick and punt returning
Current league affiliations
League: National Football League
Conference: National Football Conference
Division: East Division
Seasons (86)
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
Championship seasons in bold
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NFC_East&oldid=833923523"
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text:
List of Major League Baseball career doubles leaders
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Tris Speaker is the all-time leader in doubles, with 792.
In baseball, a double is a hit in which the batter advances to second base in one play, with neither the benefit of a fielding error nor another runner being put out on a fielder's choice.[1] A batter may also be credited with a ground-rule double when a fair ball, after touching the ground, bounds into the stands or becomes lodged in a fence or scoreboard.[2]
Hall of Fame center fielder Tris Speaker holds the Major League Baseball career doubles record with 792.[3] Pete Rose is second with 746, the National League record.[4] Speaker, Rose, Stan Musial (725), and Ty Cobb (724) are the only players with more than 700 doubles.[3] Only doubles hit during the regular season are included in the totals (Derek Jeter holds the record in post-season doubles, with 32).[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Key
2 List
3 Notes
4 References
5 External links
Key[edit]
Rank Rank amongst leaders in career doubles. A blank field indicates a tie.
Player (2017 2Bs) Number of doubles hit during the 2017 Major League Baseball season
2B Total career doubles hit
*
denotes elected to National Baseball Hall of Fame.
Bold
denotes active player.[a]

List[edit]
Stan Musial, 3rd all time in doubles.
Stats updated as of the 2017 season.
Rank
Player (2017 2Bs)
2B
1 Tris Speaker * 792
2 Pete Rose 746
3 Stan Musial * 725
4 Ty Cobb * 724
5 Craig Biggio * 668
6 George Brett * 665
7 Nap Lajoie * 657
8 Carl Yastrzemski * 646
9 Honus Wagner * 643
10 David Ortiz 632
11 Hank Aaron * 624
12 Albert Pujols (17) 619
13 Adrián Beltré (22) 613
14 Paul Molitor * 605
Paul Waner * 605
16 Cal Ripken Jr. * 603
17 Barry Bonds 601
18 Luis Gonzalez 596
19 Todd Helton 592
20 Rafael Palmeiro 585
21 Robin Yount * 583
22 Cap Anson * 582
23 Wade Boggs * 578
24 Bobby Abreu 574
Charlie Gehringer * 574
26 Iván Rodríguez * 572
27 Carlos Beltrán (29) 565
28 Jeff Kent 560
Eddie Murray * 560
30 Chipper Jones 549
31 Alex Rodriguez 548
32 Manny Ramirez 547
33 Miguel Cabrera (22) 545
34 Derek Jeter 544
35 Tony Gwynn * 543
36 Harry Heilmann * 542
37 Rogers Hornsby * 541
38 Joe Medwick * 540
Dave Winfield * 540
40 Al Simmons * 539
41 Lou Gehrig * 534
42 Al Oliver 529
43 Frank Robinson * 528
44 Dave Parker 526
45 Ted Williams * 525
46 Ken Griffey Jr. * 524
47 Willie Mays * 523
48 Garret Anderson 522
Johnny Damon 522
Ed Delahanty * 522
Rank
Player (2017 2Bs)
2B
51 Scott Rolen 517
52 Joe Cronin * 515
53 Edgar Martínez 514
54 Robinson Canó (33) 512
55 Mark Grace 511
Jimmy Rollins (0) 511
57 Rickey Henderson * 510
58 Babe Ruth * 506
59 Tony Pérez * 505
60 Roberto Alomar * 504
61 Andre Dawson * 503
62 Goose Goslin * 500
John Olerud 500
64 Rusty Staub 499
65 Bill Buckner 498
Torii Hunter 498
Al Kaline * 498
Sam Rice * 498
69 Aramis Ramírez 495
Frank Thomas * 495
71 Heinie Manush * 491
72 Mickey Vernon 490
73 Jeff Bagwell * 488
Harold Baines 488
Mel Ott * 488
76 Lou Brock * 486
Billy Herman * 486
78 Vada Pinson 485
79 Hal McRae 484
80 Carlos Delgado 483
Dwight Evans 483
Ted Simmons 483
83 Brooks Robinson * 482
84 Alfonso Soriano 481
85 Vladimir Guerrero 477
86 Zach Wheat * 476
87 Jake Beckley * 473
88 Larry Walker 471
89 Carlos Lee 469
90 Jim O'Rourke * 468
Miguel Tejada 468
92 Gary Sheffield 467
93 Frankie Frisch * 466
Matt Holliday (18) 466
95 Jim Bottomley * 465
96 Reggie Jackson * 463
97 Dan Brouthers * 462
98 Orlando Cabrera 459
99 Sam Crawford * 458
Jimmie Foxx * 458
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ A player is considered inactive if he has announced his retirement or not played for a full season.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Rule 10.06". Official Baseball Rules. Major League Baseball.
Jump up ^ "Rule 6.09(e)". Official Baseball Rules. Major League Baseball.
^ Jump up to: a b "Career Leaders & Records for Doubles". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC.
Jump up ^ "Historical Player Stats (sorted by doubles, NL only)". Major League Baseball.
Jump up ^ "All-time and Single-Season Playoffs Batting Leaders". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC.
External links[edit]
Baseball portal
Baseball Reference
Major League Baseball
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Progressive
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Batting average
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Home run
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Home runs
Hitting for the cycle
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Major_League_Baseball_career_doubles_leaders&oldid=803495057"
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Gun laws in Texas
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Location of Texas in the United States
Gun laws in Texas regulate the sale, possession, and use of firearms and ammunition in the U.S. state of Texas.
Contents
[hide]
1 Summary
2 Firearms possession
3 Firearms carry
3.1 License to Carry
3.2 Restrictions on licensed carry
3.2.1 30.06 signage
3.3 Open Carry
3.3.1 30.07 signage
4 Castle Doctrine
4.1 Stand Your Ground
4.2 Civil Immunity
5 Motorists Protection Act
6 National Firearms Act
7 See also
8 References
Summary[edit]
Subject/Law
Long guns
Handguns
Relevant Statutes
Notes
State permit to purchase? No No
Firearm registration? No No
Owner license required? No No
Assault weapon law? No No
Magazine capacity restriction? No No
Carry license required? No Yes GC Ch. 411.172[1] Licensed carry of a handgun requires a "shall-issue" license, and is subject to specific laws governing trespass while armed. People who are barred from licensing include those under age 21, felons, fugitives, people who are "chemically dependent" or "incapable of exercising sound judgment", and those in arrears for taxes or child support.
Open carry? Yes Yes PC 46.02 Long gun and black powder weapon (including handgun) open carry is not forbidden by law, unless in a manner "calculated to cause alarm."
Effective January 1, 2016, individuals with a handgun carry license will be permitted to carry openly, per House Bill 910 of the 2015 legislative session. Non-residents from states whose permits are recognized by Texas will also be allowed to open carry under the new law.
Concealed carry on college campus? No Yes May carry in parking lots, parking garages, outdoor walkways on campus.
Public four-year universities (as of August 1, 2016) and public two-year colleges (as of August 1, 2017) must allow concealed carry in campus buildings as well. Universities will be allowed to designate certain sensitive areas as "gun free zones"; these will be subject to legislative analysis.
State preemption of local restrictions? Yes Yes LGC §229.001. State law prohibits municipal governments from regulating the ownership, transfer, storage, or licensing of firearms, ammunition, or accessories. Local ordinances can regulate the discharge of firearms (such as for noise, nuisance or public safety), but not in contradiction of state law concerning justified use of a firearm.
NFA weapons restricted? No No PC 46.01, PC 46.05 Texas Penal Code Section 46.05 requires that "explosive weapons", "machine guns", "short-barrel firearms", and "firearm silencers", as defined in Section 46.01, be "registered in the National Firearms Registration and Transfer Record maintained by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives or classified as a curio or relic by the United States Department of Justice". Prior to May 22nd 2015, Section 46.05 called "registration pursuant to the National Firearms Act" a "defense to prosecution".[2]
Peaceable journey laws? Yes Yes PC 46.02, PC 46.15 A person may carry a loaded handgun without a permit while in or heading directly to a motor vehicle or watercraft they own or control. The statute does not specifically state the handgun must be concealed while heading to the vehicle or watercraft, and 46.02, which requires concealment of a handgun while in a motor vehicle or watercraft, is not applicable to a person while the person is traveling, pursuant to said activities. 46.15(b)(2).
Castle doctrine/ stand your ground law? Yes Yes PC 9.32 A person is presumed justified in using deadly force to protect themselves against an unlawful, forceful intrusion into their dwelling, or to prevent an unlawful, forceful attempt to remove a lawful occupant from the dwelling, or to prevent certain serious felonies such as burglary or arson. There is no duty to retreat from any place where the shooter has a legal right to be.
Background checks required for private sales? No No
A notice stating that the Turman Halfway House in Austin, Texas prohibits concealed handguns. This sign uses obsolete wording in font smaller than required, and is no longer enforceable under current law.[3]
Firearms possession[edit]
Texas has no laws regarding possession of "long-barreled firearms" or "long guns" (shotguns, rifles and similar) by persons 18 years or older with valid identification, or handguns by persons 21 years or older, without felony convictions; all existing restrictions in State law mirror Federal law. NFA weapons are also only subject to Federal restrictions; no State regulations exist. Municipal and county ordinances on possession and carry are generally overridden (preempted) due to the wording of the Texas Constitution, which gives the Texas Legislature (and it alone) the power to "regulate the wearing of arms, with a view to prevent crime".[4] Penal Code Section 1.08 also prohibits local jurisdictions from enacting or enforcing any law that conflicts with State statute. Local ordinances restricting discharge of a firearm are generally allowed as State law has little or no specification thereof, but such restrictions do not preempt State law concerning justification of use of force and deadly force.
In Texas a convicted felon may possess a firearm in the residence in which he lives once five years have elapsed from his release from prison or parole, whichever is later. Under Texas Penal Code §§ 12.33, 46.04, the unlawful possession of a firearm is a third degree felony with a punishment range of two to ten years for a defendant with one prior felony conviction and fine up to $10,001.
Firearms carry[edit]
There is no legal statute specifically prohibiting the carry of a firearm other than a handgun (pre-1899 black powder weapons, and replicas of such, are not legally firearms in Texas).[5] However, if the firearm is displayed in a manner "calculated to cause alarm," then it is "disorderly conduct". Open carry of a handgun in public had long been illegal in Texas, except when the carrier was on property he/she owned or had lawful control over, was legally hunting, or was participating in some gun-related public event such as a gun show. However, the 2015 Texas Legislature passed a bill to allow concealed handgun permit holders to begin carrying handguns openly. The bill was signed into law on June 13, 2015, and took effect on January 1, 2016. A License to Carry (LTC) is still required to carry a handgun openly or concealed in public.
License to Carry[edit]
The Texas handgun carry permit was previously called a "Concealed Handgun License" or CHL. This has changed on Jan 1. 2016 to LTC "License To Carry" and at the same time the laws changed to include "Open Carry". Permits are issued on a non-discretionary ("shall-issue") basis to all eligible, qualified applicants. Texas has full reciprocity agreements with 30 states, not including Vermont (which is an "unrestricted" state and neither issues nor requires permits), most of these having some residency restrictions (the holder must either be a resident of Texas or a non-resident of the reciprocal state for the Texas license to be valid in that state). Texas recognizes an additional 11 states' concealed-carry permits unilaterally; those states do not recognize Texas' own permit as valid within their jurisdiction, usually due to some lesser requirement of the Texas permit compared to their own.
The handgun licensing law sets out the eligibility criteria that must be met. For example, an applicant must be eligible to purchase a handgun under the State and Federal laws (including an age restriction of 21), however an exception is granted to active members of the military who are age 18 and over. Additionally, a number of factors may make a person ineligible (temporarily or permanently) to obtain a license, including:
felony convictions (permanent) and Class A or B misdemeanors (5 years, permanent in cases of domestic violence), including charges that resulted in probation or deferred adjudication;
pending criminal charges (indefinite until resolved);
chemical or alcohol dependency (defined as 2 convictions for substance-related offenses in a 10-year period; 10-year ban from the date of the first conviction);
certain types of psychological diagnoses (indefinite until the condition is testified by a medical professional as being in remission);
protective or restraining orders (indefinite until rescinded); or
defaults on taxes, student loans, child support and/or other governmental fees (indefinite until resolved).[6]
This last category, though having little to do with a person's ability to own a firearm, is in keeping with Texas policy for any licensing; those who are delinquent or in default on State-regulated debts or court judgments are generally barred from obtaining or renewing any State-issued license (including driver licenses), as an incentive to settle those debts.
"Information regarding any psychiatric, drug, alcohol, or criminal history" is required only from new users.[7] Renewals are required every five years, but are granted without further inquiry into or update of this information.
An eligible person wishing to obtain an LTC (formerly CHL) must take a State-set instruction course taught by a licensed instructor for a minimum of 4 hours and a maximum of 6 hours, covering topics such as applicable laws, conflict resolution, criminal/civil liability, and handgun safety, and pass a practical qualification at a firing range with a handgun.[6] The caliber requirement was repealed on September 1, 2017.[8] Such courses vary in cost, but are typically around $100–$125 for new applicants (usually not including the cost of ammunition and other shooting supplies; the practical qualification requires firing 50 rounds of ammunition). They may then apply, providing a picture, fingerprints, other documentation, and a $40 application fee[9] (as of September 1, 2017; previously $140 and $70 for renewals), – active and discharged military are eligible for discounts – to the DPS, which processes the application, runs a federal background check, and if all is well, issues the permit. Permits are valid for five years, and allow resident holders to carry in 29 other states (nonresidents may carry in all but four of those),[10] due to reciprocity agreements.[11] Discounted LTC fees vary from $0 for active duty military (through one year after discharge), to $25 for military veterans.[12]
Restrictions on licensed carry[edit]
While a permitted resident of Texas (or a nonresident holding a recognized permit) is generally authorized to carry in most public places, there are State and Federal laws that still restrict a permit holder from carrying a weapon in certain situations. These include:
Federal buildings - Premises owned by the U.S. Federal Government or its agencies for the purpose of any official business of the Federal Government are covered by Federal statutes that supersede State law. It is illegal in general under said statutes to possess a firearm while in any such location, and possession of a State-issued concealed firearms permit is no defense. Such places commonly encountered include post offices, Federal courts, and offices of the IRS, FBI, Justice Department, Department of Energy, USDA, FDA, etc. A rider tied to the 2009 Federal CARD Act has restricted the Department of the Interior from enacting or enforcing restrictions on carry of arms within lands controlled by the Bureau of Land Management; CHL permittees may carry concealed while in a federal park or wildlife preserve contained wholly or partially within the borders of the State of Texas. However, Army Corps of Engineers properties (including all reservoir lakes and included park areas) are still off-limits.
Schools - Concealed carry in a school may be a felony under TPC section 46.03: "A person commits an offense if the person intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly possesses or goes with a firearm, illegal knife, club, or prohibited weapon listed in Section 46.05(a): …on the physical premises of a school or educational institution, any grounds or building on which an activity sponsored by a school or educational institution is being conducted, or a passenger transportation vehicle of a school or educational institution, whether the school or educational institution is public or private, unless pursuant to written regulations or written authorization of the institution [emphasis added]."[13] The age/grade level, funding type or for-profit status of the school does not matter. Carry of a concealed weapon while in a public outdoor area surrounding an educational building is permitted; as defined by TPC 46.035(f)(3), "premises" refers only to a building or part of a building, and does not refer to driveways, streets, sidewalks, parking lots, parking garages, or privately owned vehicles.[12] Employees of schools will be able to keep their firearms within their vehicles as of September 1, 2017.[8]
Public sporting events - It is a Class A misdemeanor to carry while inside a building currently being used for an interscholastic or professional sporting event, unless the person carrying is a participant in the sporting event and said sporting event requires the use of the firearm (i.e. a target shooting competition).
Businesses posting a compliant "51% sign" - It is a felony to carry a firearm while on the premises of a business that makes more than 51% of its revenue from the sale of alcoholic beverages for on-premises consumption (colloquially "bars", "nightclubs", "taverns", "saloons", etc.). A person with a CHL that is in violation has a defense that the establishment did not post the proper signage, as required by the Government Code section 411.204. The proper signage contains similar language as is required of all liquor license holders, but with the addition of a couple of words to prohibit licensed as well as unlicensed carry, and a background containing a red "51%" to make it obvious at a glance that the sign applies to CHL holders.
Correctional facilities - It is a felony, whether licensed or not, to carry inside a building generally termed a "jail" or "prison".
Execution premises - within 1,000 feet of premises the location of which is designated by the Texas Department of Criminal Justice as a place of execution under Article 43.19, Code of Criminal Procedure, on a day that a sentence of death is set to be imposed on the designated premises and the person received notice that: (A) going within 1,000 feet of the premises with a weapon listed under this subsection was prohibited; or (B) possessing a weapon listed under this subsection within 1,000 feet of the premises was prohibited.
Courts or court offices - It is a felony, whether licensed or not, to carry inside a building used by a functioning municipal, state or federal court for official business. Exceptions are granted to certain employees of those offices, such as judges, attorneys, baliffs, and law enforcement officials.
Election polling places - It is a felony, whether licensed or not, to carry inside a building being used as a polling center for any municipal, state and/or federal elections process on the scheduled voting date or while polling is underway. This is significant, as a local business or other generally public building, which would normally not prohibit concealed carry, may offer their facilities for use as a polling place. A person would be in violation if they entered the building on the day voting occurs, even if the polls are not open at the time, and even if the license holder is there for some other purpose than to vote.
Racetracks - It is a felony, whether licensed or not, to carry a firearm on the premises of a racetrack (horse or dog).
While intoxicated - CHL holders may not carry in any place or at any time while intoxicated (Penal Code 46.035.), defined as: (a) not having the normal use of mental or physical faculties by reason of the introduction of alcohol, a controlled substance, a drug, a dangerous drug, a combination of two or more of those substances, or any other substance into the body; or (B) having an alcohol concentration of 0.08 or more (Penal Code 49.01.)
30.06 signage[edit]
TPC section 30.06 covers "Trespass by a person licensed to carry a concealed handgun". It allows a residential or commercial landowner to post signage that preemptively bars licensed persons from entering the premises while carrying concealed. It is a Class A misdemeanor to fail to heed compliant signage. As of January 1, 2016, the charge for failing to heed signage has been reduced to a Class C misdemeanor, unless it can be shown at trial that the actor was given oral notice and failed to depart, in which case it remains a Class A misdemeanor. This is a significant difference, in that conviction of a Class A or B misdemeanor will result in the loss of your handgun license for at least 5 years, this is not the case if convicted of a Class C misdemeanor.
Signs posted in compliance with TPC 30.06 are colloquially called "30.06 signs" or "30.06 signage".
The courts have yet to rule on any specific requirements of 30.06, but CHL permittees are generally instructed that signage which does not comply exactly with TPC Sec. 30.06(c)(3)(B) is not binding. The law states a compliant sign must be:
In contrasting colors;
With block letters;
Having text 1" or greater in height;
Containing "identical" text to the following:
"Pursuant to Section 30.06, Penal Code (trespass by license holder with a concealed handgun), a person licensed under Subchapter H, Chapter 411, Government Code (handgun licensing law), may not enter this property with a concealed handgun"[14]
In both English and Spanish;
Posted conspicuously and "clearly visible to the public".
Hospitals are a gray area due to conflicts in the law and multiple provisions that may apply to a medical facility:
License holders were originally prohibited from carrying concealed inside a hospital without written authorization, under TPS 46.035(b)(4).
An amendment in 2007 added paragraph (i) to the same section, stating that (b)(4) the prohibition does not apply if the license holder did not receive notice (oral or written communication, including posting of a sign, under TPC 30.06) of the prohibition.
But, a hospital may be a "teaching hospital" and considered a school, where firearms carry is prohibited, under TPC 46.03(a)(1).
It may also be a VA or military hospital, and thus subject to federal prohibition on weapons carry.
All hospitals are required under Government Code Section 411.204(b) to post a sign stating that possession of a handgun whether licensed or not is a felony. It is unknown, given the amendments to 46.035, whether the GC 411.204 signage would actually prohibit a CHL holder from carrying, as it would not constitute "effective notice under section 30.06" and GC 411.204 does not describe failure to heed such a sign as an offense by the license holder.
Anyone who owns or controls property may orally or in writing, inform a person carrying a concealed handgun that they must leave the property.
Open Carry[edit]
As of January 1, 2016, holders of a Texas CHL or LTC are able to openly carry handguns in the same places that allow concealed carry with some exceptions. Openly carried handguns must be in a shoulder or belt holster.
Existing CHL holders may continue to carry with a valid license. New applicants will be required to complete training on the use of restraint holsters and methods to ensure the secure carry of openly carried handguns.
Exceptions to Open Carry
Open carry is not permitted on the premises of a public institution of higher education or on the premises of a private or independent institution of higher education
Open carry is not permitted on any public or private driveway, street, sidewalk or walkway, parking lot, parking garage or other parking area of an institution of higher education or private or independent institution of higher education
Open carry is not permitted by an individual who is acting as a personal protection officer under Chapter 1702 Texas Occupations Code and is not wearing a uniform[15]
30.07 signage[edit]
This law took effect January 1, 2016, and covers the new Open Carry law. Section 30.07 is substantially similar to Section 30.06 which covers concealed carry.
TPC section 30.07 covers "Trespass by license holder with an openly carried handgun" This allows a residential or commercial landowner to post signage that preemptively bars licensed persons from entering the premises while openly carrying a handgun. An offense under section 30.07 is a Class C misdemeanor, unless it is shown at trial that the actor was given oral notice and failed to depart, in which case the offense is a Class A misdemeanor. The 30.07 sign differs from the 30.06 sign in that it must be displayed at each entrance to the property. (In both cases the sign must be "clearly visible to the public".)
The law states that notice may be given orally by the owner of the property, or someone with apparent authority to act for the owner, or by written communication.
Written communication consists of a card or other document consisting the 30.07 language below, or a sign posted on the property.
Both written communication and a posted sign must contain language identical to the following (30.07 notice):
"Pursuant to section 30.07, Penal Code (trespass by license holder with an openly carried handgun), a person licensed under Subchapter H, Chapter 411, Government Code (handgun licensing law), may not enter this property with a handgun that is carried openly"
Additionally, signs posted on the property must conform to the following regulations:
Must include the 30.07 notice above in both English and Spanish
Must appear in contrasting colors
Must be in block letters at least one inch in height
Must be "displayed in a conspicuous manner clearly visible to the public at each entrance to the property"
[16]
Castle Doctrine[edit]
On March 27, 2007, Governor Rick Perry signed Senate Bill 378 into law, making Texas a "Castle Doctrine" state which came into effect September 1, 2007.[17] Residents lawfully occupying a dwelling may use deadly force against a person who "unlawfully, and with force, enters or attempts to enter the dwelling", or who unlawfully and with force removes or attempts to remove someone from that dwelling, or who commits or attempts to commit a "qualifying" felony such as "aggravated kidnapping, murder, sexual assault, aggravated sexual assault, robbery, or aggravated robbery" (TPC 9.32(b)).
Stand Your Ground[edit]
Senate Bill 378 also contains a "Stand Your Ground" clause; A person who has a legal right to be wherever he/she is at the time of a defensive shooting has no "duty to retreat" before being justified in shooting. The "trier of fact" (the jury in a jury trial, otherwise the judge) may not consider whether the person retreated when deciding whether the person was justified in shooting (TPC 9.32(c,d)).
Civil Immunity[edit]
In addition, two statutes of the Texas Civil Practice And Remedies Code protect people who justifiably threaten or use deadly force. Chapter 86 prohibits a person convicted of a misdemeanor or felony from filing suit to recover any damages suffered as a result of the criminal act or any justifiable action taken by others to prevent the criminal act or to apprehend the person, including the firing of a weapon.[18] Chapter 83 of the same code states that a person who used force or deadly force against an individual that is justified under TPC Chapter 9 is immune from liability for personal injury or death of the individual against whom the force was used.[19] This does not relieve a person from liability for use of force or deadly force on someone against whom the force would not be justified, such as a bystander hit by an errant shot.
This law does not prevent a person from being sued for using deadly force. The civil court will determine if the defendant was justified under chapter 9 of the Penal Code.
Motorists Protection Act[edit]
Gov. Perry also signed H.B. 1815 after passage by the 2007 Legislature, a bill that allows any Texas resident to carry a handgun in the resident's motor vehicle without a CHL or other permit.[20] The bill revised Chapter 46, Section 2 of the Penal Code to state that it is in fact not "Unlawful Carry of a Weapon", as defined by the statute, for a person to carry a handgun while in a motor vehicle they own or control, or to carry while heading directly from the person's home to that car. However, lawful carry while in a vehicle requires these four critical qualifiers: (1) the weapon must not be in plain sight (in Texas law, "plain sight" and "concealed" are mutually exclusive opposing terms);[21] (2) the carrier cannot be involved in criminal activities, other than Class C traffic misdemeanors; (3) the carrier cannot be prohibited by state or federal law from possessing a firearm; and (4) the carrier cannot be a member of a criminal gang.[22][23]
Previous legislation (H.B. 823) enacted in the 2005 session of the Legislature had modified TPC 46.15 ("Non-Applicability") to include the "traveller assumption"; a law enforcement officer who encounters a firearm in a vehicle was required to presume that the driver of that vehicle was "travelling" under a pre-existing provision of 46.15, and thus the Unlawful Carry statute did not apply, absent evidence that the person was engaged in criminal activity, a member of a gang, or prohibited from possessing a firearm. However, attorneys and law enforcement officials in several municipalities including DA Chuck Rosenthal of Houston stated that they would continue to prosecute individuals found transporting firearms in their vehicles despite this presumption,[24] leading to the more forceful statement of non-applicability in the 2007 H.B. 1815.
National Firearms Act[edit]
Possession of destructive devices, automatic firearms (machine guns), short-barrel shotguns (SBS), short-barrel rifles (SBR), suppressors, smoothbore pistols and other such NFA-restricted weapons is permitted by Texas law as long the owner has registered the item(s) into the NFA registry. This registration is legal if the owner possesses the proper forms, processed in accordance with the National Firearms Act which includes a paid tax stamp and approval by the NFA branch of the BATFE.[25]
See also[edit]
Gun violence and gun control in Texas
Law of Texas
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Texas Government Code - Section 411.172". Texas Constitution and Statutes. Retrieved 2015-06-13.
Jump up ^ "NFA Weapons Now Legal In Texas". ammoland.com. 2015-06-02. Retrieved 2017-04-15.
Jump up ^ "TxDPS - CHL Sign Posting". Txdps.state.tx.us. Retrieved 2011-12-23.
Jump up ^ "NRA/ILA Firearms Laws for Texas" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-10-17.
Jump up ^ "PENAL CODE CHAPTER 46. WEAPONS". Statutes.legis.state.tx.us. Retrieved 2015-03-16.
^ Jump up to: a b "Texas License to Carry a Handgun Laws" (PDF). Txdps.state.tx.us. Retrieved 2016-02-23. ]
Jump up ^ "Welcome | License To Carry A Handgun | Texas.gov". Txapps.texas.gov. Retrieved 2016-02-23.
^ Jump up to: a b NRA-ILA. "NRA-ILA | Texas: Governor Abbott Signs Remaining Pro-Second Amendment Bills from 2017 Regular Session". NRA-ILA. Retrieved 2017-06-17.
Jump up ^ NRA-ILA. "NRA-ILA | Abbott Signs Senate Bill 16, Bringing Texas License To Carry Fees Down to Among Lowest in Nation". NRA-ILA. Retrieved 2017-05-26.
Jump up ^ "Texas CCW information" (PDF). Handgunlaw.us. Retrieved 2013-11-27.
Jump up ^ "TxDPS – Agreements with other states". Txdps.state.tx.us. Retrieved 2016-02-23.
^ Jump up to: a b "TxDPS - New laws for Handgun Licensing Program". Txdps.state.tx.us. Retrieved 2016-02-23.
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ "TEX PE. CODE § 30.06 : Section 30.06: TRESPASS BY LICENSE HOLDER WITH A CONCEALED HANDGUN". www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us. 2016-01-01. Retrieved 2016-01-25.
Jump up ^ "TxDPS - New Legislation for Concealed Handgun Licensing". www.dps.texas.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-17.
Jump up ^ "PENAL CODE CHAPTER 30. BURGLARY AND CRIMINAL TRESPASS". www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us. Retrieved 2015-12-17.
Jump up ^ "Texas Legislature Online – History of Senate Bill 378". Capitol.state.tx.us. Retrieved 2011-12-23.
Jump up ^ "CIVIL PRACTICE AND REMEDIES CODE CHAPTER 86. LIABILITY FOR CERTAIN INJURIES TO CONVICTED PERSONS". Statutes.legis.state.tx.us. Retrieved 2015-03-16.
Jump up ^ "CIVIL PRACTICE AND REMEDIES CODE CHAPTER 83. USE OF FORCE OR DEADLY FORCE". Statutes.legis.state.tx.us. Retrieved 2015-03-16.
Jump up ^ "Texas H.B. 1815". Capitol.state.tx.us. 2007-09-01. Retrieved 2011-12-23.
Jump up ^ "PENAL CODE CHAPTER 46. WEAPONS". Statutes.legis.state.tx.us. Retrieved 2015-03-16.
Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20111126103705/http://apps.carryconcealed.net/legal/texas-ccw-state-laws.php. Archived from the original on November 26, 2011. Retrieved December 23, 2011. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ "Texas Concealed Carry Permit Information on". Usacarry.com. Retrieved 2011-12-23.
Jump up ^ "DA warns handgun law won't relax enforcement - Houston Chronicle". Chron.com. 2005-08-30. Retrieved 2015-03-16.
Jump up ^ "Weapons - When can you carry a gun in Texas". Texasgunlaws.org. 2007-09-01. Retrieved 2015-03-16.
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