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1920s
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From left, clockwise: Third Tipperary Brigade Flying Column No. 2 under Seán Hogan during the Irish War of Independence; Prohibition agents destroying barrels of alcohol in accordance to the 18th amendment, which made alcoholic beverages illegal throughout the entire decade; In 1927, Charles Lindbergh embarks on the first solo nonstop flight from New York to Paris on the Spirit of St. Louis; A crowd gathering on Wall Street after the 1929 stock market crash, which led to the Great Depression; Benito Mussolini and Fascist Blackshirts during the March on Rome in 1922; the People's Liberation Army attacking government defensive positions in Shandong, during the Chinese Civil War; The Women's suffrage campaign leads to the ratification of the 19th amendment in the United States and numerous countries granting women the right to vote and be elected; Babe Ruth becomes the most iconic baseball player of the time.
The 1920s was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1, 1920, and ended on December 31, 1929. In North America, it is frequently referred to as the "Roaring Twenties" or the "Jazz Age", while in Europe the period is sometimes referred to as the "Golden Age Twenties"[1] because of the economic boom following World War I. French speakers refer to the period as the "Années folles" (“Crazy Years”),[2] emphasizing the era's social, artistic, and cultural dynamism.
The economic prosperity experienced by many countries during the 1920s (especially the United States) was similar in nature to that experienced in the 1950s and 1990s. Each period of prosperity was the result of a paradigm shift in global affairs. These shifts in the 1920s, 1950s, and 1990s, occurred in part as the result of the conclusion of World War I and Spanish flu, World War II, and the Cold War, respectively.
The 1920s saw foreign oil companies begin operations throughout South America. Venezuela became the world's second largest oil producing nation.[3]
In some countries the 1920s saw the rise of radical political movements, especially in regions that were once part of empires. Communism spread as a consequence of the October Revolution and the Bolsheviks' victory in the Russian Civil War. Fear of the spread of Communism led to the emergence of far right political movements and fascism in Europe. Economic problems contributed to the emergence of dictators in Eastern Europe and the Balkans, to include Józef Piłsudski in the Second Polish Republic, and Peter and Alexander Karađorđević in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.
The devastating Wall Street Crash in October 1929 is generally viewed as a harbinger of the end of 1920s prosperity in North America and Europe.
Millennium: 2nd millennium
Centuries:
19th century
20th century
21st century
Decades:
1900s
1910s
1920s
1930s
1940s
Years:
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
Categories:
Births
Deaths
By country
By topic
Establishments
Disestablishments
Contents
[hide]
1 Social history
2 War, peace and politics
2.1 Wars
2.2 Internal conflicts
2.3 Major political changes
2.4 Decolonization and independence
3 International issues
3.1 United States
3.2 Europe
3.3 Asia
3.4 Africa
4 Economics
5 Technology
6 Popular culture
6.1 Film
6.2 Music
6.3 Radio
6.4 Arts
6.5 Literature
6.6 Architecture
6.7 Fashion
6.8 Sports highlights
6.8.1 1920
6.8.2 1921
6.8.3 1923
6.8.4 1924
6.8.5 1925
6.8.6 1926
6.8.7 1927
6.8.8 1928
6.8.9 1929
6.9 Miscellaneous trends
7 People
7.1 World leaders
7.2 Politics
7.3 Science
7.4 Literature
7.5 Entertainers
7.5.1 Musicians
7.6 Film makers
7.7 Artists
7.8 Architects
7.9 Sports figures
8 See also
8.1 Timeline
9 References
10 Bibliography
Social history
Main articles: Roaring Twenties and Social issues of the 1920s in the United States
The Roaring Twenties brought about several novel and highly visible social and cultural trends. These trends, made possible by sustained economic prosperity, were most visible in major cities like New York, Chicago, Paris, Berlin and London. “Normalcy” returned to politics in the wake of hyper-emotional patriotism during World War I, jazz blossomed, and Art Deco peaked. For women, knee-length skirts and dresses became socially acceptable, as did bobbed hair with a marcel wave. The women who pioneered these trends were frequently referred to as flappers.[4]
The era saw the large-scale adoption of automobiles, telephones, motion pictures, radio and household electricity, as well as unprecedented industrial growth, accelerated consumer demand and aspirations, and significant changes in lifestyle and culture. The media began to focus on celebrities, especially sports heroes and movie stars. Large baseball stadiums were built in major U.S. cities, in addition to palatial cinemas.
Most independent countries passed women's suffrage after 1918, especially as a reward for women's support of the war effort and endurance of its deaths and hardships.
War, peace and politics
Wars
Turkish War of Independence
Greco–Turkish War (May 1919 – October 1922)
Turkish–Armenian War (September 24 to December 2, 1920)
Franco-Turkish War (May 1920 – October 1921)
Unification of Saudi Arabia
Rashidi-Saudi War (1903 – 1921)
Kuwait-Saudi War (1919 – 1920)
Hejaz-Saudi War (1919 – 1925)
Transjordan-Saudi War (1922 – 1924)
Polish–Soviet War (February 1919 – March 1922)
Irish War of Independence (January 1919 – July 1921)
Internal conflicts
Irish Civil War (June 28, 1922 – May 24, 1923)
Chinese Civil War (first phase 1927-1936)
Castellammarese War (1929 – September 10, 1931)
Major political changes
Rise of radical political movements such as communism and fascism, amid the economic and political turmoil after World War I and after the stock market crash
Decolonization and independence
Irish Free State gains independence from the United Kingdom in 1922.
Egypt officially becomes an independent country through the Declaration of 1922, though it still remains under the military and political influence of the British Empire.
International issues
Kellogg–Briand Pact to end war
Women's suffrage movement continues to make gains as women obtain full voting rights in New Zealand (1893), the Grand Duchy of Finland (1906), Denmark (1915), the United Kingdom in 1918 (women over 30) and in 1928 (full enfranchisement), and in the United States in 1920
Women begin to enter the workplace in larger numbers
United States
Prohibition agents emptying barrels of alcohol.
Prohibition of alcohol occurs in the United States. Prohibition in the United States began January 16, 1919, with the ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment to the U.S.Constitution, effective as of January 17, 1920, and it continued throughout the 1920s. Prohibition was finally repealed in 1933. Organized crime turns to smuggling and bootlegging of liquor, led by figures such as Al Capone, boss of the Chicago Outfit.
The Immigration Act of 1924 places restrictions on immigration. National quotas curbed most Eastern and Southern European nationalities, further enforced the ban on immigration of East Asians, Indians and Africans, and put mild regulations on nationalities from the Western Hemisphere (Latin Americans).
The major sport was baseball and the most famous player was Babe Ruth.
The Lost Generation (which characterized disillusionment), was the name Gertrude Stein gave to American writers, poets, and artists living in Europe during the 1920s. Famous members of the Lost Generation include Cole Porter, Gerald Murphy, Patrick Henry Bruce, Waldo Peirce, Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Zelda Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound, John Dos Passos, and Sherwood Anderson.
A peak in the early 1920s in the membership of the Ku Klux Klan of four to five million members (after its reemergence in 1915), followed by a rapid decline down to an estimated 30,000 members by 1930.[5]
The Scopes Trial (1925), which declared that John T. Scopes had violated the law by teaching evolution in schools, creating tension between the competing theories of creationism and evolutionism.
Europe
Benito Mussolini and Fascist Blackshirts during the March on Rome in 1922.
This Cruzcampo Beer Truck was photographed in the 1920s in Spain (left side of the photograph).
Polish–Soviet War (1920–21).
Major armed conflict in Ireland including Irish War of Independence (1919–1921) resulting in Ireland becoming an independent country in 1922 followed by the Irish Civil War (1922–23).
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soviet Union) is created in 1922.
Benito Mussolini leader of the National Fascist Party became Prime Minister of Italy, shortly thereafter creating the world's first fascist government. The Fascist regime establishes a totalitarian state led by Mussolini as a dictator. The Fascist regime restores good relations between the Roman Catholic Church and Italy with the Lateran Treaty, which creates Vatican City. The Fascist regime pursues an aggressive expansionist agenda in Europe such as by raiding the Greek island of Corfu in 1923, pressuring Albania to submit to becoming a de facto Italian protectorate in the mid-1920s, and holding territorial aims on the region of Dalmatia in Yugoslavia.
In Germany, the Weimar Republic suffers from economic crisis in the early 1920s and hyperinflation of currency in 1923. From 1923 to 1925 the Occupation of the Ruhr takes place. The Ruhr was an industrial region of Germany taken over by the military forces of the French Third Republic and Belgium, in response to the failure of the Weimar Republic under Chancellor Wilhelm Cuno to keep paying the World War I reparations. The recently formed fringe National Socialist German Workers’ Party (a.k.a. Nazi Party) led by Adolf Hitler attempts a coup against the Bavarian and German governments in the 1923 Beer Hall Putsch, which fails, resulting in Hitler being briefly imprisoned for one year in prison where he writes Mein Kampf.
Turkish War of Independence (1919–23).
The United Kingdom general strike (1926).
Asia
The Qajar dynasty ended under Ahmad Shah Qajar as Reza Shah Pahlavi founds the Pahlavi Dynasty, which later became the last monarchy of Iran.
The Chinese Civil War begins (1927–37).
Africa
Pan-Africanist supporters of Marcus Garvey’s Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL) are repressed by colonial powers in Africa. Garvey's UNIA-ACL supported the creation of a state led by black people in Africa including African Americans.[6]
Economics
Crowd gathering after the Wall Street Crash of 1929
Economic boom ended by “Black Tuesday" (October 29, 1929); the stock market crashes, leading to the Great Depression. The market actually began to drop on Thursday October 24, 1929, and the fall continued until the huge crash on Tuesday October 29, 1929.
The New Economic Policy is created by the Bolsheviks in the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, to be replaced by the first five-year plan in 1928.
The Dawes Plan, which lasted from 1924 to 1928.
Average annual inflation for the decade was virtually zero but individual years ranged from a high of 3.47% in 1925 to a deflationary -11% in 1921.[7]
Dow Jones Industrial, 1928–1930
Technology
Robert Goddard and his rocket, 1926
John Logie Baird invents the first working mechanical television system (1925). In 1928 he invents and demonstrates the first color television.
Warner Brothers produces the first movie with a soundtrack Don Juan in 1926, followed by the first Part-Talkie The Jazz Singer in 1927, the first All-Talking movie Lights of New York in 1928 and the first All-Color All-Talking movie On with the Show, 1929. Silent films start giving way to sound films. By 1936, the transition phase arguably ends, with Modern Times being the last notable silent film.
Charles Lindbergh becomes the first person to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean (May 20–21, 1927), nonstop from New York to Paris.
Karl Ferdinand Braun invents the modern electronic cathode ray tube in 1897. The CRT became a commercial product in 1922.
Record companies (such as Victor, Brunswick and Columbia) introduce an electrical recording process on their phonograph records in 1925 (that had been developed by Western Electric), resulting in a more lifelike sound.
Robert Goddard makes the first flight of a liquid-fueled rocket in 1926.
The first electric razor is patented in 1928 by the American manufacturer Col. Jacob Schick.
The first selective Jukeboxes being introduced in 1927 by the Automated Musical Instrument Company.
Harold Stephen Black revolutionizes the field of applied electronics by inventing the negative feedback amplifier in 1927.
Clarence Birdseye invents a process for frozen food in 1925.
Popular culture
Film
Main article: 1920s in film
Oscar winners: Wings (1927–1928), The Broadway Melody (1928–1929), All Quiet on the Western Front (1929–1930)
First feature-length motion picture with a soundtrack (Don Juan) is released in 1926. First part-talkie (The Jazz Singer) released in 1927, first all-talking feature (Lights of New York) released in 1928 and first all-color all-talking feature (On with the Show) released in 1929.
Music
“The Jazz Age”—jazz and jazz-influenced dance music became widely popular throughout the decade.
George Gershwin wrote Rhapsody in Blue and An American in Paris.
Eddie Lang and Joe Venuti were the first musicians to incorporate the guitar and violin into jazz.
Radio
First commercial radio stations in the U.S., 8MK (WWJ) in Detroit and (KDKA 1020 AM) in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, go on the air on August 27, 1920.
Both stations broadcast the election results between Harding and Cox in early November. The first station to receive a commercial license is WBZ, then in Springfield MA, in mid-September 1921. While there are only a few radio stations in 1920–21, by 1922 the radio craze is sweeping the country.
1922: The BBC begins radio broadcasting in the United Kingdom as the British BroadcastingCompany, a consortium between radio manufacturers and newspapers. It became a public broadcaster in 1926.
On August 27, 1920, regular wireless broadcasts for entertainment began in Argentina for the first time,[8] by a Buenos Aires group including Enrique Telémaco Susini. The station is soon called Radio Argentina. (See Radio in Argentina.)
Arts
Beginning of surrealist movement.
Art Deco becomes fashionable.
The Group of Seven (artists).
Pablo Picasso paints Three Musicians in 1921.
René Magritte paints The Treachery of Images.
Albert Gleizes paints Woman with Black Glove, 1920
Marcel Duchamp completes The Bride Stripped Bare By Her Bachelors, Even (The Large Glass).
The Museum of Modern Art opens in Manhattan, November 7, 1929, nine days after the Wall Street Crash.
Literature
See also: List of years in literature § 1920s
First edition of Erich Maria Remarque’s book All Quiet on the Western Front, January 1929
First edition of Adolf Hitler’s book Mein Kampf, July 1925
F. Scott Fitzgerald publishes some of the most enduring novels characterizing the Jazz Age. This Side of Paradise, The Beautiful and Damned, and The Great Gatsby, as well as three short story collections, were all published in these years.
Hermann Hesse publishes Siddhartha
A. A. Milne publishes Winnie-the-Pooh
Ernest Hemingway publishes The Sun Also Rises and A Farewell to Arms
Thornton Wilder publishes The Bridge of San Luis Rey
Alexey Tolstoy publishes Aelita
Kahlil Gibran publishes The Prophet
George Bernard Shaw publishes Back to Methuselah
Eugene O'Neill awarded Pulitzer Prizes for Beyond the Horizon in 1920, Anna Christie in 1922, and Strange Interlude in 1928.
Sinclair Lewis publishes Main Street, Babbitt, Dodsworth, Arrowsmith, and Elmer Gantry
André Breton publishes the Surrealist Manifesto
D.H. Lawrence publishes Women in Love, and Lady Chatterley's Lover
Virginia Woolf publishes Jacob's Room, Mrs. Dalloway, To the Lighthouse, A Room of One's Own and Orlando
Aldous Huxley publishes his inaugural novel Crome Yellow
Sylvia Townsend Warner publishes Lolly Willowes in 1926
James Joyce publishes Ulysses
Franz Kafka publishes The Trial
T. S. Eliot publishes The Waste Land
Robert Lee Frost publishes New Hampshire 1923 and West-Running Brook in 1928
Wallace Stevens publishes his first book of poetry, Harmonium
Erich Maria Remarque publishes All Quiet on the Western Front
Hugh MacDiarmid publishes A Drunk Man Looks at the Thistle
Margaret Sanger publishes Woman and the New Race and The Pivot of Civilization
Margaret Mead publishes Coming of Age in Samoa in 1928
Architecture
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2010)
Bauhaus College in Dessau
Walter Gropius builds the Bauhaus in Dessau
Le Corbusier published the book Toward an Architecture serving as the manifesto for a generation of architects.
Fashion
Main article: 1920s in Western fashion
Sports highlights
1920
January 24: Grand Prix de Paris switches its name to Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe (horse race)
February 13: Negro National League created (baseball)
April: Babe Ruth began playing for the New York Yankees
April – September: Summer Olympics held in Antwerp.
August 17: Ray Chapman from the Cleveland Indians is killed by Carl Mays' pitch (baseball)
August 20: National Football League founded
Kenesaw Mountain Landis is named the first Commissioner of Baseball.
1921
March 26: Schooner Bluenose launched
1923
May 26: the 24 hours of Le Mans conducts their first sports car race
October: The New York Yankees win the 1923 World Series, the first title for the team.
1924
January – February: First Winter Olympic Games takes place in Chamonix France.
May – July: Summer Olympics held in Paris France.
July 10–13: Paavo Nurmi wins five gold medals in Summer Olympics (track and field)
1925
May 28: French Open invites non-French tennis athletes for the first time
Germany and Belgium in first handball international tournament.
1926
August 6: Gertrude Ederle swims English Channel and is first woman to do so.
September 23: Gene Tunney wins Jack Dempsey's world heavyweight boxing title.
1927
May 23: Warwickshire end Yorkshire's 71-match unbeaten sequence in the County Championship – the longest unbeaten sequence in that competition.
June 3: First Ryder Cup golf tournaments are held in Massachusetts
1928
February: Winter Olympics held in St. Moritz Switzerland.
May – August: Women's Olympics takes place for first time, in 1928 Summer Olympics held in Amsterdam.
William Ralph "Dixie" Dean wins the Football League, scores 60 goals in 39 matches for Everton F.C. (English Football)
1929
The English team led by Wally Hammond defeats Australia in The Ashes series (Test Cricket)
Miscellaneous trends
Youth culture of The Lost Generation; flappers, the Charleston, and the bob cut haircut.
Fads such as marathon dancing, mah-jong, crossword puzzles and pole-sitting are popular.
The height of the clip joint.
The Harlem Renaissance centered in a thriving African American community of Harlem, New York City.
Since the 1920s scholars have methodically dug into the layers of history that lie buried at thousands of sites across China.
The tomb of Tutankhamun is discovered intact by Howard Carter (1922). This begins a second revival of Egyptomania.
People
World leaders
Prime Minister James Scullin (Australia)
Prime Minister Stanley Bruce (Australia)
Prime Minister William Hughes (Australia)
Prime Minister Mackenzie King (Canada)
Prime Minister Arthur Meighen (Canada)
President Sun Yat-sen (Republic of China)
President Chiang Kai-shek (Republic of China)
President Thomas Garrigue Masaryk (Czechoslovakia)
President Alexandre Millerand (France)
President Gaston Doumergue (France)
President Friedrich Ebert (Germany)
President Paul von Hindenburg (Germany)
Regent Miklós Horthy (Hungary)
Ahmad Shah Qajar of the Qajar Dynasty (Persia)
Reza Shah Pahlavi of the Pahlavi Dynasty (Persia)
President Éamon de Valera (Ireland)
President W. T. Cosgrave (Irish Free State)
King Victor Emmanuel III (Italy)
Prime Minister Benito Mussolini (Italy)
Emperor Hirohito (Japan)
President Álvaro Obregón (Mexico)
President Plutarco Elías Calles (Mexico)
President Emilio Portes Gil (Mexico)
Józef Piłsudski (Poland)
King Alfonso XIII (Spain)
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (Turkey)
Vladimir Lenin, 1921
Premier Vladimir Lenin (Russia) later (Soviet Union)
General Secretary of the Communist Party Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union)
King George V (United Kingdom)
Prime Minister David Lloyd George (United Kingdom)
Prime Minister Bonar Law (United Kingdom)
Benito Mussolini during his first years in power
Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin (United Kingdom)
Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald (United Kingdom)
President Woodrow Wilson (United States)
President Warren G. Harding (United States)
President Calvin Coolidge (United States)
President Herbert Hoover (United States)
King of Ras Tafari (Ethiopia)
Prime Minister James Barry Munnik Hertzog (Union of South Africa)
President Washington Luís Pereira de Sousa (Brazil)
President Hipólito Yrigoyen (Argentina)
Pope Pius XI (Vatican)
Politics
Hendrik G. Cannegieter, Chief of the Secretariat World Meteorological Organization
Oskar Dressler, Secretary International Criminal Police Organization
Sir James Eric Drummond, Secretary-general League of Nations
Christian Louis Lange, Secretary-general Inter-Parliamentary Union
Fridtjof Wedel-Jarlsberg Nansen, League of Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
Pierre Nolf, Chairman of the Standing Commission International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
Ludwik J. Rajchman, Medical Director of the Health Section International Health Organization
Johann Schober, President International Criminal Police Organization
Albert Thomas, Director International Labour Organization
Harry Thuku helped to found the Young Kikuyu Association in Kenya
Zaccheus Richard Mahabane and Josiah Tshangana Gumede President of the African National Congress
Marcus Garvey
Science
Albert Einstein, 1921
Albert Einstein
Sigmund Freud
Alexander Fleming
Frederick Banting
Niels Bohr
Werner Heisenberg
Howard Carter
Georges Lemaître
Edwin Powell Hubble
Garrett Morgan
Literature
Bertolt Brecht
Countee Cullen
Nancy Cunard
T. S. Eliot
William Faulkner
F. Scott Fitzgerald
Zelda Fitzgerald
Ernest Hemingway
Langston Hughes
Zora Neale Hurston
James Weldon Johnson
Erich Kastner
Sinclair Lewis
Alain Locke
Thomas Mann
Claude McKay
Carl Sandburg
William Butler Yeats
Entertainers
Charlie Chaplin
Buster Keaton
Roscoe "Fatty" Arbuckle
Mary Astor
Josephine Baker
Tallulah Bankhead
Ethel Barrymore
John Barrymore
Lionel Barrymore
Clara Bow
Louise Brooks
Anna May Wong
Lon Chaney
Katharine Cornell
Joan Crawford
Bebe Daniels
Betty Bronson
Mary Brian
Marion Davies
Douglas Fairbanks
Eva Le Gallienne
Greta Garbo
Janet Gaynor
John Gilbert
Dorothy Gish
Lillian Gish
William Haines
William S. Hart
Harry Houdini
Emil Jannings
Al Jolson
Harold Lloyd
Charlie Chaplin during the 1920s
Tom Mix
Colleen Moore
Mae Murray
Pola Negri
Ramón Novarro
Will Rogers
Mary Pickford
Norma Shearer
Gloria Swanson
Chief Tahachee
Norma Talmadge
Rudolph Valentino
Anna May Wong
Musicians
George Gershwin
Al Jolson
Louis Armstrong
Richard Tauber
Irving Berlin
Eddie Cantor
Duke Ellington
Kelly Harrell
Jimmy Rodgers
Jelly Roll Morton
Cole Porter
Rudy Vallée
Paul Whiteman
Irving Berlin (left) and Al Jolson, c. 1927
Fats Waller
Fletcher Henderson
Eddie Lang
Joe Venuti
Bix Beiderbecke
Art Tatum
Béla Bartók
Lonnie Johnson
Joe "King" Oliver
Bessie Smith
Count Basie
King Oliver
Sidney Bechet
Film makers
Main article: 1920s in film
Harry Beaumont
Busby Berkeley
Frank Borzage
Charles Chaplin
Alan Crosland
Cecil B. DeMille
William C. DeMille
Sergei Eisenstein
Victor Fleming
John Ford
D. W. Griffith at a rolltop desk, c. 1925
D. W. Griffith
Alfred Hitchcock
Rex Ingram
Buster Keaton
Fritz Lang
Ernst Lubitsch
Lewis Milestone
Erich von Stroheim
King Vidor
Robert Wiene
Artists
Hans Arp
Max Beckmann
Georges Braque
André Breton
Patrick Henry Bruce
Alexander Calder
Carlo Carrà
Marc Chagall
Giorgio de Chirico
Salvador Dalí
Stuart Davis
Charles Demuth
Otto Dix
Theo van Doesburg
Arthur Dove
Marcel Duchamp
Max Ernst
Alberto Giacometti
Julio Gonzalez
Juan Gris
George Grosz
Marsden Hartley
Wassily Kandinsky
Paul Klee
Gaston Lachaise
Fernand Léger
Tamara de Lempicka
René Magritte
Georges Malkine
John Marin
André Masson
Henri Matisse
Joan Miró
Piet Mondrian
Henry Moore
Max Morise
Georgia O'Keeffe
Francis Picabia
Pablo Picasso
Man Ray
Morgan Russell
Kurt Schwitters
Charles Sheeler
Chaim Soutine
Yves Tanguy
Stanton Macdonald-Wright
Architects
See also: Bauhaus
Marcel Breuer
Le Corbusier
Walter Gropius
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
Frank Lloyd Wright
Sports figures
See also: History of baseball in the United States § Babe Ruth and the end of the dead-ball era
Grover Cleveland Alexander (American baseball player)
Ty Cobb, (American baseball player)
Eddie Collins, (American baseball player)
Walter Johnson (American baseball player)
Rogers Hornsby (American baseball player)
Babe Ruth (American baseball player)
Tris Speaker, (American baseball player)
Lou Gehrig (American baseball player)
Kenesaw Mountain Landis (American Baseball Commissioner)
Gene Tunney (American boxer)
Jack Dempsey (American boxer)
Francisco Guilledo (Filipino boxer)
Warwick Armstrong (Australian cricket captain)
Wilfred Rhodes (Yorkshire and England cricketer)
Jack Hobbs (Surrey and England cricketer)
Herbert Sutcliffe (Yorkshire and England cricketer)
Maurice Tate (Sussex and England cricketer)
Jack Gregory, Australian cricketer
Bert Oldfield, Australian cricketer
Babe Ruth in 1920
Herbie Taylor, South African cricketer
Alex Grove (American bowler)
Red Grange (American football player)
Knute Rockne (American football player and coach)
Alex James (Arsenal and Scotland soccer player)
Gordon Coventry (Australian rules football player)
Walter Hagen (American golfer)
Bobby Jones (American golfer)
Paavo Nurmi (Finnish runner)
Fanny "Bobbie" Rosenfeld (Canadian athlete)
Earl Sande (jockey)
Gertrude Ederle (swimming)
Johnny Weissmuller (swimming)
Suzanne Lenglen (French tennis player)
Helen Wills Moody (American tennis player)
Bill Tilden (American tennis player)
See also
1920s portal
Interwar Britain
1920s in television
Table of years in radio
1920s in literature
Roaring Twenties
Timeline
The following articles contain brief timelines listing the most prominent events of the decade:
1920 • 1921 • 1922 • 1923 • 1924 • 1925 • 1926 • 1927 • 1928 • 1929
References
Jump up ^ Paul Sann, The Lawless Decade Retrieved 2009-09-03
Jump up ^ Andrew Lamb (2000). 150 Years of Popular Musical Theatre. Yale U.P. p. 195.
Jump up ^ Wilkins, Mira (1974). "Multinational Oil Companies in South America in the 1920s: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru". The Business History Review. 48 (3): 414–446. doi:10.2307/3112955.
Jump up ^ Price, S (1999). "What made the twenties roar?". 131 (10): 3–18.
Jump up ^ "The Ku Klux Klan, a brief biography". The African American Registry. Retrieved July 19, 2012. and Lay, Shawn. "Ku Klux Klan in the Twentieth Century". The New Georgia Encyclopedia. Coker College.
Jump up ^ African History Timeline
Jump up ^ "Inflation and CPI Consumer Price Index 1920-1929". Inflation Data. Retrieved 23 April 2014.
Jump up ^ Altgelt, Carlos A. "EARLY HISTORY OF RADIO BROADCASTING IN ARGENTINA". The Broadcast Archive. Retrieved 5 November 2017.
Bibliography
Robert Sobel The Great Bull Market: Wall Street in the 1920s. (1968)
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1927
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1926
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1925
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text:
China–Nepal border
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The border between China and Nepal is 1,236 kilometres (768 mi) in length, along the mountain range the Himalayas, extends northwest-southeast direction, separating the south of Tibet Autonomous Region of China and the territory of Nepal. This border passes through the highest peak in the world, Mount Everest.
The line extends between two tripoints China–Nepal–India. The tripoint in the west is in the Nepalese district of Mahakali Zone. The tripoint in the east is in the region of Mechi.
Contents
1 History
2 Border crossings
3 Gallery
4 References
History[edit]
Throughout history, Nepalis traded with the Tibetans via the many border crossing. One of the most important goods traded was salt from the Tibetan areas.[1][2]
The border between Nepal and China is one of the most natural boundaries of the earth, due to the barrier Himalayas.[citation needed]
People's Republic of China and Kingdom of Nepal had a brief border dispute shortly before 1960.[3] They resolved this by officially signing border agreement in 1961.[4]
Border crossings[edit]
In 2012, Nepal and China agreed to open new ports of entry, to a total of 6 official ports. Three of the ports are designated as international ports, while three others are only designated for bilateral trade.[5]
The border crossing between Zhangmu and Kodari on the Friendship Highway has been in operation since 1968.[6] In 2014, the border crossing at Rasuwa Fort (Rasuwagadhi) was opened for commerce.[1] However, this crossing is not open to foreigners until 2017.[7][8] In addition, this border crossing is being considered for a future rail crossing between the two countries.[9]
Other crossings like the one at Burang-Hilsa near the western tripoint while not widely accessible has been used for local trade between China and Nepal for many years.[10] Some of those crossings has gotten so important for local trade that in 2008 when Chinese tightened its border control during the Olympics, villages like Kimathanka faced food shortages due to disruption of local trade.[11] Historically, there are even more border crossings. The crossing at Kora La between Upper Mustang and Tibet for example was a major salt trade route. However, this crossing was closed due to Tibetan guerrillas in the 1960s. It remain closed for most of the year to this day, except when opening for limited local trade during the semiannual cross-border trade fairs.[1]
Ports of Entry According to 2012 Treaty
Treaty Name[5](Other Name)
Jurisdictions[5]
Status
International
Transit
Crossing
Location
Border
elevation
Maximum
inside T.A.R.
Note
Burang–Yari (Xieerwa[12]) Hilsa, Humla District
Burang, Burang County Active Planned 30°09′12″N 81°20′00″E / 30.15333°N 81.33333°E / 30.15333; 81.33333 3,640 m (11,900 ft) 4,720 m (15,500 ft) Local trade currently exists
Lizi—Nechung (Kora La) Lo Manthang, Mustang District
Zhongba County Planned No 29°19′24″N 83°59′09″E / 29.32333°N 83.98583°E / 29.32333; 83.98583 4,620 m (15,200 ft) Seasonal trade fair currently exists
Gyirong–Rasuwa Rasuwa Gadhi, Rasuwa District
Gyirong, Gyirong County Active Yes 28°16′45″N 85°22′43″E / 28.27917°N 85.37861°E / 28.27917; 85.37861 1,850 m (6,100 ft) 5,230 m (17,200 ft)
Zhangmu–Kodari Tatopani, Sindhupalchok District
Zhangmu, Nyalam County Closed[13] Yes 27°58′24″N 85°57′50″E / 27.97333°N 85.96389°E / 27.97333; 85.96389 1,760 m (5,800 ft) 5,150 m (16,900 ft)
Chentang–Kimathanka Kimathanka, Sankhuwasabha District
Chentang, Dinggyê County Planned No 27°51′30″N 87°25′30″E / 27.85833°N 87.42500°E / 27.85833; 87.42500 2,248 m (7,400 ft) Local trade currently exists
Ri'og–Olangchung Gola (Tipta La) Olangchung Gola, Taplejung District
Ri'og, Dinggyê County Planned No 27°49′00″N 87°44′00″E / 27.81667°N 87.73333°E / 27.81667; 87.73333 5,095 m (16,700 ft) Local trade currently exists
Gallery[edit]
Crossing Bridge near the Rasuwa Fort Gyirong–Rasuwa crossing
Sino-Nepal Friendship Bridge at the Zhangmu–Kodari crossing
Nara La near the Burang–Hilsa crossing
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Murton, Galen (March 2016). "A Himalayan Border Trilogy: The Political Economies of Transport Infrastructure and Disaster Relief between China and Nepal". Cross-Currents E-Journal. ISSN 2158-9674. Retrieved 2017-02-09.
Jump up ^ Eede, Joanna (2015-06-12). "Nomads of Dolpo". National Geographic Voices. National Geographic. Retrieved 2017-02-10.
Jump up ^ Office of the Geographer (1969-05-30). "International Boundary Study - China – Nepal Boundary" (PDF). Bureau of Intelligence and Research. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-05-03. Retrieved 2017-02-14. The exact number of territorial disputes has never been ascertained, but as many as 20 sectors may have been involved. The most serious disputes were located at Rasu (north of Katmandu), Kimathanka in the east, Nara Pass, Tingribode near Mustang, Mount Everest, and the Nelu River. Most of these disputes were settled in favor of Nepal, although several favored China.
Jump up ^ (in Chinese) 中华人民共和国和尼泊尔王国边界条约 [China-Nepal Border Agreement]. Wikisource. 1961-10-05.
^ Jump up to: a b c "中华人民共和国政府和尼泊尔政府关于边境口岸及其管理制度的协定" [China-Nepal Agreement on Port of Entry] (in Chinese). Chinese Embassy in Nepal. 2012-01-14. Retrieved 2017-02-10.
Jump up ^ Buddhi Narayan Shrestha (2015-11-29). "Nepal-China Seven Border Crossing-points". Border Nepal Buddhi. Retrieved 2017-02-09. Kodari-Khasa has been in operation since 1968 for the transaction of trade and commerce. The second commercial border-point is the Rasuwagadhi-Kerung, which has come into use recently.
Jump up ^ Lobsang (2016-06-25). "Tibet Nepal Border Closed". The Land of Snows. Retrieved 2017-02-09. the new border crossing from Kyirong, Tibet to Rasuwaghadi, Nepal. Though this border crossing has NOT been opened to foreign travelers yet, this route has been open to traders from Nepal and China for much of the past year...
Jump up ^ Tenphel, Sonam. "Gyirong Port, new Sino-Nepal Border Finally was Opened, so Lhasa and Kathmandu Overland Tour is all Available Now". Tibet Vista. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "China Wants To Stretch Rail Network All The Way To Touch Bihar: Report". NDTV. 2016-05-24. Retrieved 2017-02-09. A cross-border railroad link to the Rasuwagadhi area in Nepal has already been discussed between the two countries.
Jump up ^ Prithvi Man Shrestha; Jaya Bahadur Rokaya (2016-03-24). "Nepal, China rush to open Hilsa border". Kathmandu Post. Retrieved 2017-02-10. Hilsa is one of the six border points Nepal and China had agreed to open for international trade when former Chinese Prime Minister Wen Jibao visited Kathmandu in 2012.
Jump up ^ Budhathoki, Kishor (2008-06-04). "China seals border, villages on Nepali side face starvation". The Himalayan Times. Retrieved 2017-02-13. Starvation looms large in the northern parts of Sankhuwasabha district after China closed the Kimathanka check post
Jump up ^ "News from China" (PDF). Chinese Embassy in India. Vol. XXVIII no. 7. July 2016. Retrieved 2017-02-15.
Jump up ^ Zheng, Sarah (16 August 2017). "Beijing signs deals with Nepal amid China-India border clash". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
show
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e
China–Nepal border crossings
Official
Zhangmu–Kodari (Friendship Bridge)
Gyirong–Rasuwa Gadhi
Local Trade
Burang–Hilsa, Humla
Zhongba–Lo Manthang (Kora La)
Kimathanka–Chentang
Olangchung Gola–Ri'og (Tipta La)
Traditional
Nangpa La
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China–India border

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values: Frontera entre la Xina i Nepal – Catalan

values: Frontière entre le Népal et la république populaire de Chine – French

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