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Regents Examinations
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In New York State, Regents Examinations are statewide standardized examinations in core high school subjects required for a certain Regents Diploma to graduate. To graduate, students are required to have earned appropriate credits in a number of specific subjects by passing year-long or half-year courses, after which they must pass at least five Regents examinations in some of the subject areas. For higher achieving students, a Regents with Advanced designation, and an Honor designation, are also offered. Students with disabilities or enrolled in an English as a Second Language program are able to earn a local diploma.
Students with mild disabilities are generally placed in special education Regents prep courses, that will lead them to either a local or Regents diploma if indicated in their documents. Students with moderate to severe disabilities who are deemed unable to pass the Regents exams can earn a Career Development and Occupational Studies Commencement Credential.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Purpose
2 History
3 Recent and future changes
3.1 2010 changes
3.2 2011 changes
3.3 2012 change
3.4 2014 changes
3.5 Future changes
4 List of exams
5 Exam requirements
5.1 Local Diploma exam requirements and information
5.2 Regents Diploma exam requirements
5.3 Regents Diploma with Advanced Designation exam requirements
5.4 Additional honors designations
6 Exemptions
6.1 Alternative public schools
6.2 Private schools
6.3 Allowable substitute examinations
6.4 Regents Competency Test
7 References
8 External links
8.1 General
8.2 Test preparation
Purpose[edit]
The Regents Examinations are developed and administered by the New York State Education Department (NYSED) under the authority of the Board of Regents of the University of the State of New York. Regents exams are prepared by a conference of selected New York teachers of each test's specific discipline who assemble a test map that highlights the skills and knowledge required from the specific discipline's learning standards. The conferences meet and design the tests three years before the tests' issuance, which includes time for field testing and evaluating testing questions.
"At the close of each academic term, a public examination shall be held of all scholars presumed to have completed preliminary studies…To each scholar who sustains such examination, a certificate shall entitle the other person holding it to admission into the academic class in any academy subject to the visitation of the Regents, without further examination."[2][3]
The legislature’s intent in establishing the Regents Examination system is described in the ordinance. The central idea of the legislation was to create an educational control system that could be used to regulate the flow of funds to the well established academy system of schools that existed throughout the state of New York. This goal would be accomplished by:
creating a Regents Examination system, which would measure student achievement through process of examination; and
creating a new and privileged class of students in the secondary schools of New York.
The new class of students would be called the “academic class,” and those students who qualified for admission to it by sustaining a process of examination would be known as “academic scholars.” Academic scholars, and the institutions with which they were affiliated, would receive recognition and privilege under New York’s school funding formula.[2]
The focus of the ordinance was on assessing student achievement in the preliminary, or elementary curricula. In essence, the examinations were being positioned in the primary role of gatekeeper between the primary and secondary schools of the state of New York. The need for a gatekeeper examination system was due in part to the state’s 1864 school funding formula, which allocated public funds to private academies based on criteria that included the number of enrolled students. Typically, the academies used money distributed from the state literature fund to offset operating expenses, and any expenses in excess of funds received from the State were passed on to students and their families in the form of “rate bills.” Under this system, individual academies could realize economic advantages by lowering academic standards and enrolling less qualified students. In 1864, during a time of war, the New York legislature became concerned about this issue of who was and who was not qualified to be enrolled in the common, mostly private academies of the state and also in the rare, public high schools of the state. The timing of the legislature’s concern and actions in 1864 may have been related to two conditions that existed during the Civil War: the military’s need for young men of fighting age and a period of fiscal austerity in school funding.[2]
History[edit]
The first Regents Examinations were administered in November 1866. In 1878, the Regents Examination system was expanded to assess the curricula taught in the secondary schools of New York, and the Regents exams were first administered as high school end-of-course exams.[4] From the original five exams (algebra, Latin, American History, natural philosophy, natural geography), the State Education Department expanded the Regents Exams offerings to forty-two tests in 1879; tests were administered in November, February, and June. Throughout the 1920s and into the 1930s vocational education Regents Exams were approved and administered. These included, but were not limited to, agricultural science, costume draping, and salesmanship.[3] By 1970 the number and types of Regents Exams changed to reflect the changes in high school curriculum: vocational exams were discontinued, and the sheer number of exams were either dropped or consolidated as the curricular emphasis trended toward comprehensive examinations rather than the singularly focused tests of the past. This trend continued into the twenty-first century, with the cancellation of foreign language exams in 2010 and 2011.
In 1979, Regents Competency Tests were introduced for all students - in order to graduate students had to pass the RCT OR the Regents exam. Later, they were offered only to students with disabilities. They were discontinued with the class of 2015. In 2000, New York State Alternative Assessments (NYSAA) program was first administered allowing students with severe cognitive disabilities to complete a datafolio-style assessment to demonstrate their performance toward achieving the New York State learning standards.[4]
Recent and future changes[edit]
2010 changes[edit]
Due to budget cuts, in June 2010 the Board of Regents voted to cancel 7th Grade regents (Integrated Algebra, Geometry, and Living Environment) for students who were in 7th grade Honors/Accelerated Programs in Mathematics or in Science. German, Latin, and Hebrew Regents foreign language exams were also cancelled, and students studying those languages are now allowed to take a locally developed examination to demonstrate competency.[5]
2011 changes[edit]
On May 16, 2011, in the face of an $8 million budget gap, the Board of Regents voted to reduce the number of tests administered. The remaining foreign language exams (French, Italian, and Spanish) were eliminated, although districts may administer locally developed foreign language exams to let students attain a Regents Diploma with Advanced Designation. Tests administered during the month of January were to be canceled. In August 2011, New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg and five private donors contributed funds to ensure that the Regents was administered in January 2012, although the foreign language exams remained cancelled.[6]
Students that need 3 or less points to pass and came from schools that are viewed as struggling schools, regent scores are invalid and can move on to next course without regent score.
2012 change[edit]
Students graduating in 2012 (who were 9th grade students in 2008) are the first cohort of students required to take all five Regents Exams with a passing score of 65 and obtain a Regents Diploma to graduate.[7] Previously, school districts had been permitted to offer a Local Diploma, with less stringent requirements than the Regents Diploma. Requirements have gradually been increased in recent years.
Test security procedures were heightened in response to the Stuyvesant High School cheating scandal.[8] Effective August 2012, test proctors must collect and hold electronic devices for the duration of the exams; students are no longer permitted to have these devices on or near them.[9] Previously, possession of electronic devices was allowed as long as they were not in use.
2014 changes[edit]
The Regents exams in ELA, and Algebra I were changed to incorporate the Common Core Standards starting in June 2014.[10] Starting in June 2015, the Geometry regents will incorporate the Common Core, and in June 2016, the Algebra II regents will as well. High school students will be allowed to continue graduating with minimum scores of 65 on state exams until 2022.[11] At that point, required scores would rise to 75 on English exams and 80 in algebra—levels deemed evidence of readiness for college.[11]
Future changes[edit]
In April 2012 the Board of Regents decided to formally consider a proposal that would eliminate Regents Examination in Global History and Geography as a graduation requirement for some students beginning September 2013.[12][13] Global History and Geography is the most frequently failed examination. Under the proposal, students would be able to substitute a second Regents Exam in math or science or a vocational exam for this requirement. Another proposal under consideration would keep the Global History and Geography requirement, but split the test into two separate tests, one on Global History and another on Global Geography. NYSED accepts public comment and will provide a formal proposal to the Board of Regents. That proposal must be approved by the Board of Regents before the exam requirements can be changed. The proposal had since been denied.
In June 2014, Regents Exams in Comprehensive English, Algebra 1, and NYSAA will be aligned to the Common Core Learning Standards (CCLS).[14] In June 2015, the Regents Exam in "Geometry" will be aligned with CCLS. In June 2016, the Regents Exam in "Algebra II" will be aligned with CCLS as well. These standards are a result of New York State's participation in the Common Core State Standards Initiative.
In 2015, New York will begin administering computer-based standardized tests.[4][dead link]
In August 2017, the Board of Regents approved changes to the Global History and Geography exam. Instead of a comprehensive examination that covers material from two years, the new exam will cover information taught only in the 10th grade (1750-present). The new exam will also have a revised format: instead of 50 multiple choice questions, there will be only 30, but they will still be worth 55% of the grade. The thematic essay and document based question remain unchanged. [15]
Most Regents exams are three hours long. The exception is the Earth Science exam, which consists of a 41-minute (approximate) laboratory component usually given up to two weeks prior to the three-hour written exam. Most Regents exams are structured in the following format:
A multiple-choice section (Part I) of usually between 30 and 50 questions
A long-answer/essay section (Part II) consisting of either a selection of detailed questions for which the work must be shown (for math and physical sciences), or a set of essay topics, of which one or two must be written about in detail (for the social sciences)
In 2005, the Board of Regents began modifying the mathematics curriculum. An integrated approach that taught topics in geometry and algebra during each of three years, with exams normally taken after a year and a half and again after three years, was replaced by a curriculum that divides topics into Algebra I, Geometry, and Algebra II/Trigonometry. Each of these take the form of a one-year course with a Regents Examination at the end of the year. The "Math A" and "Math B" exams have been eliminated and are replaced by "Integrated Algebra", "Geometry", and "Algebra II and Trigonometry".
Beginning in January 2011, the English Language Arts exam was reduced from a six-hour exam to a three-hour exam. The exam still contains essay components, but has greater emphasis on reading comprehension and less on writing.[16]
The format of the laboratory practical for Earth Science was changed in 2008. Currently, it consists of three sections, each with a time limit of nine minutes. While administering the test, there are multiple stations for each section. Each station uses different data, but the same task. For example, each section 1 station may have different rocks and minerals, though the task is the same.
List of exams[edit]
The New York State Regents Exams are the following:
United States History and Government
Global History and Geography
English Language Arts
Algebra I
Geometry
Algebra II
Living Environment
Earth Science: The Physical Setting
Chemistry: The Physical Setting
Physics: The Physical Setting
For the 2010-11 school year, Latin, German, Greek, and Hebrew language exams were cancelled. For the 2011-12 school year the remaining language exams (Italian, Spanish, and French) were also canceled. Previously, a Regents foreign language exam was an option that would allow for Regents Exam with Advanced Designation. Currently, local school districts can develop their own exams to assess foreign language competency and allow for students to meet the Advanced Designation requirement.
Exam requirements[edit]
Local Diplomas are offered by New York State school districts for students who did not pass the Regents Diploma requirements. For students entering 9th grade in September 2008 and thereafter, the Local Diploma is only offered to disabled students, and the rest of the students must attain at least a Regents Diploma. Advanced and Honors designations are available for exemplary students. In addition to the Regents exam requirements, there are additional requirements for attaining a Regents or Regents with Advanced Designation Diploma, which are described in a NYSED handout titled "General Education & Diploma Requirements",[7] and are codified in Section 100.5 of the Part 100 Regulations of the Commissioner of Education.[17]
Students are must achieve a score of 65 (55 for Special Education students) or higher on Regents Exams to pass. [18] However this only qualifies for a local diploma as long as they compensate with a score of 65 or higher on another Regents exam.[18] Students with disabilities still must earn minimum 55 scores on Regents exams in Comprehensive English and math.[18] NYSED considers a score of 75 to 80 to indicate college readiness,[19] with a score of 75 to 85 being a cutoff for admission for some selective colleges and universities and a score below 75 being a threshold for placement in remediation for some schools, including CUNY schools.[20]
Local Diploma exam requirements and information[edit]
Students with an Individualized Education Program or 504 plan are able to obtain a local diploma through 'safety nets'. Similar to the regents diploma, a local diploma can allow the student to attend college, enroll in the military, and have jobs that require a high school diploma. General Education students can only obtain the local diploma by appealing 2 regents exams. Students with disabilities must still have the appropriate amount of credits to graduate. The safety nets include:
· Low Pass option: Which students with disabilities must earn at least 55-64 on a required regents exam to qualify for a local diploma.
· Compensatory option: Students with disabilities who score 45-54 on a required regents exam, but scores 65 or higher on another regents exam is able to compensate the 45-54 score using the 65+ score. The compensatory option cannot be used to compensate the English or Math Regents exams, but the student can use the English and Math regents to compensate another regents exam scored 45-54.
Regents Diploma exam requirements[edit]
In 2014, the Board of Regents created the 4+1 option, where students must pass at least 4 regents exams one per subject and pass 1 additional Regents exam in any subject.
Students must score 65 or higher in:
English Language Arts
At least 1 math regents (Algebra I, Geometry, or Algebra II).
At least 1 science regents (Living Environment, Earth Science, Chemistry, or Physics)
At least 1 social studies regents (Global History or United States History and Government)
1 additional Regents Exam in any subject or by passing a state-approved exam
Regents Diploma with Advanced Designation exam requirements[edit]
Students must score 65 or higher in:
English Language Arts
All three math regents (Algebra I, Geometry, and Algebra II)
Living Environment and 1 physical science regents (Earth Science, Chemistry, or Physics)
Global History or American History and Government.
Additional honors designations[edit]
The New York State Board of Regents offers the following honors to students with exemplary academic performance:
A student who earns an average score of 90 or higher (without rounding) on required exams is eligible for a Regents Diploma with Honors or a Regents Diploma with Advanced Designation with Honors.[21]
A student who earns scores of 85 or higher on all of the required mathematics Regents Examinations is eligible for an annotation on their diploma that states that the student has mastery in mathematics.[22]
A student who earns scores of 85 or higher on at least three science Regents Examinations is eligible for an annotation on their diploma that states that the student has mastery in science.[23]
Exemptions[edit]
Alternative public schools[edit]
During the 1990s, some alternative assessment schools, similar in character to charter schools, were founded in parts of New York in an attempt to provide a way for students to graduate from high school without taking any Regents Exams. Usually, the substitute graduation assessment involved would consist of the review and grading, by a panel of teachers, of an academic portfolio — a collection of the student's best work from all his or her years at the school. From such a "portfolio examination" would be issued a "Regents equivalency" grade for the areas of Math, English, History, and Science, and a "Regents Equivalency" diploma would be awarded to the student at commencement. Students enrolled in these schools do, however, take the English Regents exam as a part of the New York State school accountability system.
Private schools[edit]
Though all public schools are required to follow either the Regents Exam system or some form of alternative assessment, private schools may or may not follow either of these systems. The vast majority of private schools actually do use Regents exams and award Regents diplomas, but some, usually academically prestigious private schools, do not. These schools' argument is that their own diploma requirements exceed Regents standards. Schools run by the Society of Jesus, such as Canisius High School, Fordham Prep, McQuaid Jesuit, Regis, and Xavier and the Society of Mary (Marianists), such as Chaminade and Kellenberg, have not used Regents exams for decades. Additionally, some other schools like The Masters School, The Ursuline School, The Hackley School, The Harvey School, Long Island Lutheran Middle & High School, Manlius Pebble Hill School, and Nichols School not associated with those groups do not use the Regents system.
Allowable substitute examinations[edit]
Some Advanced Placement exams and SAT subject tests are allowable by NYSED as substitutes for the Regents Examination for that subject (e.g., AP United States History in place of the U.S. History and Government Regents). NYSED has approved a limited number of allowable substitute exams and has published required scores for the exams.[24]
Regents Competency Test[edit]
Regents Competency High School tests, or simply RCT's,[25] are exit exams given to identified special education students with Individualized Education Programs or students with a 504 plan seeking a high school diploma but cannot pass the standard Regents exams. Like the Regents Examinations, the RCT is provided and overseen by NYSED, and is designed and administered under the authority of the Board of Regents.
Most RCT's can be taken before a student takes the corresponding Regents exam. The RCT's are available for students until they graduate or when they turn 21. If the student still cannot pass all of the RCT exams, an Individualized Education Program Diploma (IEP Diploma) is awarded instead. The IEP Diploma is not the equivalent to a high school diploma, and rather is a certificate given to students who complete the twelfth grade but do not pass the standards based testing. The IEP Diploma is intended only for students with severe cognitive disabilities.[26]
Ninth grade
Students take the Math and Science RCT in June. This is done in case the students fail the Math and Living Environment Regents or Earth Science Regents which can be taken in 9th or 10th grade. Some students, however, can take Regents in 8th grade.
Tenth grade
Students take the Math and the Living Environment Regents or the Earth Science Regents in June. Students also take the Global History and Geography exam. Students can take the Global RCT if they failed the Global Regents.
Eleventh grade
Students take the Reading RCT in January. In June, students take the English and U.S. History Regents. Students can take the U.S. History RCT if they failed the U.S. History Regents.
Twelfth grade
Students take the Writing RCT in January if they have failed the English Regents.
There are six RCTs that are administered. They can be taken in January, June, and August. The Global and U.S. History Regents Exam is the only exception that does not allow students to take the RCT tests before student fails the corresponding Regents Exam.
Beginning in the 2011-2012 school year, in public schools, only students with disabilities who first enter ninth grade prior to September 2011 are eligible to take the RCTs. Additional information on eligibility for the RCT safety net option has been provided by NYSED.[27][28]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Diploma debate: LI parents, students press NYS for changes; URL accessed November 22, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Watson, Robert S (2010), Stability and Change in New York State Regents Mathematics Examinations, 1866-2009: a Socio-Historical Analysis, Ann Arbor, MI: UMI Dissertation Publishing, pp. 1–3, UMI 3433796
^ Jump up to: a b NYSED (1987). "History of Regents Examinations: 1865 to 1987". Retrieved 12 June 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c NYSED (2012). "Timeline & History of New York State Assessments" (PDF). Retrieved 13 June 2012.
Jump up ^ http://www.regents.nysed.gov/meetings/2010Meetings/December2010/1210brca7.pdf
Jump up ^ Otterman, Sharon (3 August 2011). "Private Donors, Including Mayor, Save January Regents". The New York Times.
^ Jump up to: a b NYSED (November 2011). "General Education & Diploma Requirements" (PDF). Retrieved 12 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Chapman , Monahan, Ben, Rachel (June 25, 2012). "Stuyvesant High School caught in cheating scandal on Regents exams". New York: NEW YORK DAILY NEWS. Retrieved 18 August 2014.
Jump up ^ http://www.p12.nysed.gov/assessment/sam/secondary/hssam-13rev.pdf
Jump up ^ "When the Common Core tests will be given". New York Post. 7 April 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b Regents retreat on some testing, evaluation requirements; URL accessed May 4, 2014.
Jump up ^ Reide, Paul (1 May 2012). "State considers dropping Regents exam for global history for some students, to Central New York teachers' dismay". The Syracuse Post Standard. Syracuse. Retrieved 13 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Gonen, Yoav (24 April 2012). "State considers making too-hard Regents test optional". The New York Post. New York City. Retrieved 13 June 2012.
Jump up ^ NYSED (12 March 2012). "Common Core Implementation Timeline". Retrieved 13 June 2012.
Jump up ^ NYSED (August 2017). "Global History and Geography II Regents Exam" (PDF). Retrieved 25 January 2018.
Jump up ^ http://www.nysut.org/newyorkteacher_14161.htm
Jump up ^ http://www.p12.nysed.gov/part100/
^ Jump up to: a b c Regents rule change aids special education; URL accessed November 13, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Grade 3-8 Math and English Test Results Released: Cut Scores Set to New College-Ready Proficiency Standards" (Press release). NYSED. 28 July 2010. Retrieved 13 June 2012.
Jump up ^ "July 28 Slide Presentation: A New Standard For Proficiency: College Readiness" (PDF) (Press release). NYSED. 28 July 2010. Retrieved 13 June 2012.
Jump up ^ http://www.hesc.ny.gov/content.nsf/SFC/Regents_Requirements
Jump up ^ http://www.p12.nysed.gov/part100/pages/unitsofmathcredit.htm
Jump up ^ http://www.hufsd.edu/assets/pdfs/schools/hhs/2013/letter_nys_diploma_seals.pdf
Jump up ^ http://www.nysut.org/bulletins_15116.htm
Jump up ^ RCT exams, accessed May 15, 2009
Jump up ^ http://www.p12.nysed.gov/specialed/publications/iepdiploma.htm
Jump up ^ http://www.p12.nysed.gov/specialed/publications/localdiplomaoptions-may2011.pdf
Jump up ^ http://www.p12.nysed.gov/apda/sam/secondary/section1.html
External links[edit]
General[edit]
NYSED General Education and Diploma Requirements, November 2011
NYSED Office of Assessment Policy, Development and Administration (APDA) High School General Information
NYS Education Department Regents Exams
NYS Board of Regents
Part 100 of the Regulations of the Commissioner of Education
Test preparation[edit]
NYS Regents Exams: New York State Library
New York Science Teacher: New York State (NYS) Regents Preparation
The Physical Setting/Earth Science - #1 Earth Science Regents Review Website
The Jefferson Math Project
Regents Review Live!, produced by The New York Network, a Service of the State University of New York, in collaboration with the Teacher Resource and Computer Training Centers of New York State
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List of largest Hindu temples
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This is a list of largest Hindu Temples in terms of area.[1][not in citation given]
Rank
Name of the temple
Photo
Area (m²)
Place
Country
Architecture/Timeline
1 Angkor Wat
1,626,000 Angkor Cambodia Angkor Wat is a temple complex at Angkor, Cambodia. It is the largest religious monument in the world, on a site measuring 162.6 hectares (1,626,000 m2; 402 acres) which was built for king Suryavarman II in the early 12th century as his state temple and capital city. As the best-preserved temple at the site, it is the only one to have remained a significant religious center since its foundation — first Hindu, dedicated to the god Vishnu, then Buddhist.[2]
2 Sri Ranganathasvamy Temple
631,000 Tiruchirapalli India Srirangam temple is often listed as the largest functioning Hindu temple in the world (the still larger Angkor Wat being the largest existing temple). The temple, located in Tamil Nadu, occupies an area of 156 acres (631,000 m²) with a perimeter of 4,116m (10,710 feet) making it the largest temple in India[3] and one of the largest religious complexes in the world. The temple is enclosed by seven concentric walls (termed prakarams (outer courtyard) or mathil suvar) with a total length of 32,592 feet or over six miles. These walls are enclosed by 21 Gopurams. The Ranganathanswamy Temple complex with 49 shrines, all dedicated to Lord Vishnu, is so huge that it is like a city within itself. However, the entire temple is not used for the religious purpose, the first three out of seven concentric walls are used by private commercial establishments such as restaurants, hotels, flower market, and residential homes.[4] Taking this detail into account, still the temple ranks third to in the list of large Hindu temples after Thillai Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram and Tiruvannamalai Annamalaiyar Temple. The temple was awarded with UNESCO Asia Pacific Award for Cultural Heritage Conservation Program in the year 2017 for the category 'Award of Merit'.
3 Akshardham
240,000 Delhi India Akshardham is a Hindu temple complex in Delhi, India.[5] Also referred to as Delhi Akshardham or Swaminarayan Akshardham, the complex displays millennia of traditional Indian and Hindu culture, spirituality, and architecture. The building was inspired and moderated by Pramukh Swami Maharaj, the spiritual head of the Bochasanwasi Shri Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha, whose 3,000 volunteers helped 7,000 artisans construct Akshardham.[5][6]
4 Belur Math, Ramakrishna temple
160,000 Howrah India Belūr Maṭh or Belur Mutt is the headquarters of the Ramakrishna Math and Mission, founded by Swami Vivekananda, a chief disciple of Ramakrishna Paramahamsa. It is located on the west bank of Hooghly River, Belur, West Bengal, India and is one of the significant institutions in Calcutta. This temple is the heart of the Ramakrishna Movement. The temple is notable for its architecture that fuses Hindu, Christian and Islamic motifs as a symbol of unity of all religions.[7]
5 Thillai Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram
160,000 Chidambaram India Thillai Natarajah Temple, Chidambaram - Chidambaram Thillai Natarajar-Koothan Kovil or Chidambaram temple is a Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Shiva located in the centre of the temple town of Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu in east-central South India. Chidambaram is a temple complex spread over 40 acres (160,000 m2) in the heart of the city. It is truly a large temple which is completely used for religious purpose. The main complex to Lord Shiva Nataraja also contains shrines to deities such as Sivakami Amman, Ganesh, Murugan and Vishnu in the form Govindaraja Perumal.
6 Prambanan, Trimurti temple compound
152,000 Yogyakarta Indonesia Candi Prambanan or Candi Rara Jonggrang is a 9th-century Hindu temple compound in Central Java, Indonesia, dedicated to Shiva. It also houses shrines of Vishnu, Brahma and their consorts. The temple compound is located approximately 17 kilometres (11 mi) northeast of the city of Yogyakarta on the boundary between Central Java and Yogyakarta provinces.[8]
The temple compound, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is the largest Hindu temple site in Indonesia, and one of the biggest in Southeast Asia. It is characterized by its tall and pointed architecture, typical of Hindu temple architecture, and by the towering 47-metre-high (154 ft) central building (Shiva shrine) inside a large complex of individual temples.[9] Prambanan attracts many visitors from across the world.[10]
7 Brihadeeswarar Temple
102,400 Thanjavur India Brihadeeswarar Temple also called The Big Temple was built by Raja Raja Chola I in 1010 CE and is dedicated to Shiva. The Big Temple is not only a magnificent edifice with its majestic vimana, sculptures, architecture and frescoes, but also has a wealth and richness of Tamil inscriptions engraved on stone in superb calligraphy. The temple is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site. One wonders of how such a big temple could be built in flat 6 years taking into account the amount stone and soil to be moved and the lack of powered machinery available in those days. The massive sized main Vimanam (Tower) is 200 feet high, possibly the highest in the world when it was built. The Vimanam has 16 elaborately articulated stories, and dominates the main quadrangle.It has a monolithic Nandhi weighing about 25 tonnes, and is about 12 feet high and 20 feet long.The presiding deity of lingam is 12 feet tall.[11]
8 Annamalaiyar Temple
101,171 Tiruvannamalai India Annamalaiyar Temple is a noted Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Shiva, and it is the second largest temple (by the area used completely for religious purpose). It has got four stately towers on all the four sides and four high stone walls just like the rampart walls of a fort. The 11-tiered highest (217 feet (66 m)) Eastern Tower is called the Rajagopuram. The fortified walls pierced with four gopura entrances offer a formidable look to this vast complex.[12]
9 Dakshineswar Kali Temple
101,171 Kolkata India Dakshineswar Kali Temple is situated on the eastern bank of the Hooghly River (a distributary of the Ganga River) in suburban Kolkata. The presiding deity of the temple is Bhavatarini, an aspect of Kali, meaning, 'She who liberates Her devotees from the ocean of existence i.e. Saṃsāra'.[13] The temple was built in 1855 by Rani Rashmoni, a philanthropist and a devotee of Kali.[14][15] The temple complex is spread over 25 acres (101,171 m2) and is one of the largest temple in Bengal.[16]
10 Rajagopalaswamy temple
93,000 Mannargudi India Rajagopalaswamy temple is a Vaishnavite shrine located in the town of Mannargudi, Tamil Nadu, India.[1]The Front Temple tower is 156 feet tall. The presiding deity is Rajagopalaswamy, a form of Lord Krishna. The temple is spread over an area of 23 acres (93,000 m2) and The temple tank is called Haridra Nadhi, 1,158 feet long and 837 feet broad 23 acres (93,000 m2) is one of the important Vaishnavite shrines in India. The temple is called Dakshina Dwarka (Southern Dwarka) along with Guruvayoor by Hindus.[2]. The temple is also 23 acres and the Temple tank Haridra Nadhi is also 23 acres making it one of the largest temple tanks in India[2][4]
11 Ekambareswarar Temple
92,860 Kanchipuram India Ekambareswarar Temple is a Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Shiva, located in Kanchipuram in the state of India. It is one of the five major Shiva temples or Pancha Bootha Sthalams (each representing a natural element) representing the element Earth.
12 Varadharaja Perumal Temple
81,000 Kanchipuram India Varadharaja Perumal Temple is dedicated to Lord Vishnu located in the holy city of Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu, India. It is one of the Divya Desams, the 108 temples of Vishnu believed to have been visited by the 12 poet saints, or Alwars.[17] It is located in a suburb of Kanchipuram known as the Vishnu Kanchi that is a home for many famous Vishnu temples. One of the greatest Hindu scholars of Vaishnava VisishtAdvaita philosophy, Ramanuja is believed to have resided in this temple.
13 Thyagaraja Temple
80,937 Tiruvarur India The ancient Sri Thyagaraja temple at Tiruvarur is dedicated to the Somaskanda aspect of Shiva. The temple complex has shrines dedicated to Vanmikanathar, Tyagarajar and the Kamalaamba, and covers an area of over 20 acres (81,000 m2) The Kamalalayam temple tank covers around 16 acres (65,000 m2),[18] one of the largest in the country. The temple chariot is the largest of its kind in Tamil Nadu.[19]
14 Jambukeswarar Temple, Thiruvanaikaval
72,843 Tiruchirappalli India Thiruvanaikaval (also Thiruvanaikal) is a Shiva temple in Tiruchirapalli, in the state of India. The temple was built by Kocengannan (Kochenga Chola), one of the Early Cholas, around 1,800 years ago.[20]
15 Nellaiappar Temple
71,000 Tirunelveli India This temple, dedicated to Shiva, was built 2500–3000 years ago. The river Tamirabharani referred to by poets as "Porunai" flows round the city. One of the famous temples in India steeped in tradition and history and also known for its musical pillars and other brilliant sculptural splendor. The temples were built by Muluthukanda Rama Pandiyan. The musical pillars in the Mani Mandapam which produce sound in various pitches when struck, the Somavara Mandapam, the 1000 pillared hall, and the Tamra sabha with intricate wood work, and the Vasantha Mandapam are some of the noteworthy points in this temple. The temple car belongs to this temple is the third largest temple car in India and it is more than 510 years ago and it is the oldest car festival in the world.
16 Meenakshi Amman Temple
70,050 Madurai India Meenakshi Sundareswarar Temple or Meenakshi Amman Temple is dedicated to Lord Shiva — who is known here as Sundareswarar or Beautiful Lord — and his consort, Parvati who is known as Meenakshi. The temple forms the heart and lifeline of the 2500-year-old city of Madurai. The complex houses 14 magnificent Gopurams or towers including two golden Gopurams for the main deities, that are elaborately sculptured and painted.
17 Vaitheeswaran Koil
60,780 Vaitheeswaran Koil India Vaitheeswaran Temple is located in India, dedicated to the god Shiva. In this temple, Lord Shiva is worshiped as "Vaitheeswaran" or the "God of medicine"; worshipers believe that prayers to Lord Vaitheeswaran can cure diseases.
18 Jagannath Temple, Puri
37,000 Puri India The Jagannath Temple in Puri is a famous Hindu temple dedicated to Jagannath (Vishnu) in the coastal town of Puri in the state of Odisha, India. The name Jagannath (Lord of the Universe) is a combination of the Sanskrit words Jagat (Universe) and Nath (Lord of).[21]
19 Birla Mandir
30,000 Delhi India The Laxminarayan Temple (also known as the Birla Mandir) is a Hindu temple dedicated to Laxminarayan in Delhi, India. The temple is built in honour of Lakshmi (Hindu goddess of wealth) and her consort Narayana (Vishnu, Preserver in the Trimurti). The temple was built in 1622 by Vir Singh Deo and renovated by Prithvi Singh in 1793. During 1933-39, Laxmi Narayan Temple was built by Baldeo Das Birla of Birla family. Thus, the temple is also known as Birla Mandir. The famous temple is accredited to have been inaugurated by Mahatma Gandhi in 1939. At that time, Gandhi kept a condition that the temple would not be restricted to the Hindus and people from every caste would be allowed inside. Since then, funds for further renovations and support have come from the Birla family.[22]
See also[edit]
List of large temple tanks
Lists of Hindu temples by country
List of human stampedes in Hindu temples
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh build temple ties to boost tourism". The Times of India. 2010-08-10. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
Jump up ^ "Angkor Temple Guide". Angkor Temple Guide. 2008. Retrieved 31 October 2010.
Jump up ^ "Tiruvarangam Divya Desam".
Jump up ^ Malcolm, p. 69
^ Jump up to: a b "What is Akshardham". BAPS Swaminarayan Sanstha. Archived from the original on 2008-10-17. Retrieved 2008-10-28.
Jump up ^ "Mandir". BAPS. 2005. Archived from the original on 2008-09-12. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
Jump up ^ Sarina Singh; Joe Bindloss; Paul Clammer; Janine Eberle. India. p. 452.
Jump up ^ Prambanan Temple Compounds – UNESCO World Heritage Centre
Jump up ^ http://www.borobudurpark.co.id/prambanan-temple-complex.html
Jump up ^ Prambanan Temple
Jump up ^ "Brihadeeswarar Temple". 2015. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Complete Info about Tiruvannamalai Temple". 2010. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
Jump up ^ Mehrotra 2008 p.11
Jump up ^ "History of the temple". Dakshineswar Kali Temple. Retrieved 26 November 2012.
Jump up ^ "Dakshineswar - A Heritage". Government of West Bengal. Archived from the original on 2 September 2013. Retrieved 26 November 2012.
Jump up ^ "Dakshineshwar Mandir - Indian Mirror". Retrieved 2018-04-21.
Jump up ^ Hindu Pilgrimage: A Journey Through the Holy Places of Hindus All Over India. Sunita Pant Bansal. page 82
Jump up ^ "Tiruvarur Temple Layout". Retrieved 2006-11-11.
Jump up ^ "Thiruvarur at Tamil Nadu tourism website". Retrieved 2006-11-11.
Jump up ^ "Tiruvanaikoil Temple". 2010. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
Jump up ^ "Vedic Concepts". Retrieved 2006-09-12. An example in Sanskrit is seen with the word Jagat which means universe.
Jump up ^ Birla Temple Delhi
Malcolm, Howard, Travels in south-eastern Asia, embracing Hindustan, Malaya, Siam .., Volume 2, Google(digitised) .
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Executive order
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
For other uses, see Executive order (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Presidential proclamation or Presidential memorandum.
Executive Order 9981 of July 26, 1948 by President Harry S. Truman banning segregation of the Armed Forces.
Executive orders are published in the Federal Register. Here, Executive Order 13799 of Donald Trump is reproduced.
In the United States, an executive order is a directive issued by the President of the United States that manages operations of the federal government and has the force of law.[1] The legal or constitutional basis for executive orders has multiple sources. Article Two of the United States Constitution gives the president broad executive and enforcement authority to use their discretion to determine how to enforce the law or to otherwise manage the resources and staff of the executive branch. The ability to make such orders is also based on express or implied Acts of Congress that delegate to the President some degree of discretionary power (delegated legislation).[2]
Like both legislative statutes and regulations promulgated by government agencies, executive orders are subject to judicial review and may be overturned if the orders lack support by statute or the Constitution.[3] Major policy initiatives require approval by the legislative branch, but executive orders have significant influence over the internal affairs of government, deciding how and to what degree legislation will be enforced, dealing with emergencies, waging wars, and in general fine-tuning policy choices in the implementation of broad statutes. As the head of state and head of government of the United States, as well as Commander-in-Chief of the United States Armed Forces, only the President of the United States can issue an executive order.
Contents
1 Basis in the United States Constitution
2 History and use
2.1 Franklin Roosevelt
3 Table of U.S. presidents using executive orders
4 Reaction
4.1 Legal conflicts
5 State governor executive orders
6 Presidential proclamation
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
Basis in the United States Constitution
The United States Constitution does not have a provision that explicitly permits the use of executive orders. The term executive power in Article II, Section 1, Clause 1 of the Constitution is not entirely clear. The term is mentioned as direction to "take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed" and is part of Article II, Section 3. The consequence of failing to comply could possibly be removal from office.[4][5]
The U.S. Supreme Court has held[6] that all executive orders from the President of the United States must be supported by the Constitution, whether from a clause granting specific power, or by Congress delegating such to the executive branch.[7] Specifically, such orders must be rooted in Article II of the US Constitution or enacted by the congress in statutes. Attempts to block such orders have been successful at times when such orders exceeded the authority of the president or could be better handled through legislation.[8]
The Office of the Federal Register is responsible for assigning the executive order a sequential number after receipt of the signed original from the White House and printing the text of the executive order in the daily Federal Register and Title 3 of the Code of Federal Regulations.[9]
History and use
President Nixon signing an executive order, 1969
With the exception of William Henry Harrison, all presidents, beginning with George Washington in 1789, have issued orders that in general terms can be described as executive orders. Initially, they took no set form. Consequently, such orders varied as to form and substance.[10]
The first executive order was issued by George Washington on June 8, 1789, addressed to the heads of the federal departments, instructing them "to impress me with a full, precise, and distinct general idea of the affairs of the United States" in their fields.[11]
The most famous executive order was by President Abraham Lincoln when he issued the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863. Political scientist Brian R. Dirck states:
The Emancipation Proclamation was an executive order, itself a rather unusual thing in those days. Executive orders are simply presidential directives issued to agents of the executive department by its boss.[12]
Until the early 1900s, executive orders went mostly unannounced and undocumented and seen only by the agencies to which they were directed. That changed when the Department of State instituted a numbering scheme in 1907, starting retroactively with United States Executive Order 1 issued on October 20, 1862, by President Abraham Lincoln.[13] The documents that later came to be known as "executive orders" apparently gained their name from this order issued by Lincoln, which was captioned "Executive Order Establishing a Provisional Court in Louisiana".[14] This court functioned during the military occupation of Louisiana during the American Civil War, and Lincoln also used Executive Order 1 to appoint Charles A. Peabody as judge, and to designate the salaries of the court's officers.[13]
President Truman's Executive Order 10340 in Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer, 343 US 579 (1952) placed all steel mills in the country under federal control. This was found invalid because it attempted to make law, rather than clarify or act to further a law put forth by the Congress or the Constitution. Presidents since this decision have generally been careful to cite which specific laws they are acting under when issuing new executive orders. Likewise, when presidents believe their authority for issuing an executive order stems from within the powers outlined in the Constitution, the order will simply proclaim "under the authority vested in me by the Constitution" instead.
Wars have been fought upon executive order, including the 1999 Kosovo War during Bill Clinton's second term in office. However, all such wars have had authorizing resolutions from Congress. The extent to which the president may exercise military power independently of Congress and the scope of the War Powers Resolution remain unresolved constitutional issues, although all presidents since its passage have complied with the terms of the resolution while maintaining that they are not constitutionally required to do so.
President Truman issued 907 executive orders, with 1,081 orders by Theodore Roosevelt, 1,203 orders by Calvin Coolidge, and 1,803 orders by Woodrow Wilson. Franklin D. Roosevelt has the distinction of making a record 3,522 executive orders.
Franklin Roosevelt
Prior to 1932, uncontested executive orders had determined such issues as national mourning on the death of a president, and the lowering of flags to half-staff. President Franklin Roosevelt issued the first of his 3,522 executive orders on March 6, 1933, declaring a bank holiday, forbidding banks to release gold coin or bullion. Executive Order 6102 forbade the hoarding of gold coin, bullion and gold certificates. A further executive order required all newly mined domestic gold be delivered to the Treasury.[15]
By Executive Order 6581, the president created the Export-Import Bank of the United States. On March 7, 1934, he established the National Recovery Review Board (Executive Order 6632). On June 29, the president issued Executive Order 6763 "under the authority vested in me by the Constitution", thereby creating the National Labor Relations Board.
In 1934, while Charles Evans Hughes was Chief Justice of the United States (in the time period known as the Hughes Court), the Court found that the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) was unconstitutional. The president then issued Executive Order 7073 "by virtue of the authority vested in me under the said Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935", reestablishing the National Emergency Council to administer the functions of the NIRA in carrying out the provisions of the Emergency Relief Appropriations Act. On June 15, he issued Executive Order 7075, which terminated NIRA and replaced it with the Office of Administration of the National Recovery Administration.[16]
In the years that followed, President Roosevelt replaced the outgoing judges with those more in line with his views, ultimately appointing Hugo Black, Stanley Reed, Felix Frankfurter, William O. Douglas, Frank Murphy, Robert H. Jackson and James F. Byrnes to the Court. Historically, only George Washington had equal or greater influence over Supreme Court appointments, choosing all of its original members. Justices Frankfurter, Douglas, Black, and Jackson dramatically checked presidential power by invalidating the executive order at issue in The Steel Seizure Case (i.e., Executive Order 10340). In that case Roosevelt's successor, President Truman, had ordered private steel production facilities seized in support of the Korean War effort, but the Court held the executive order was not within the power granted to the President by the Constitution.
Table of U.S. presidents using executive orders
President
Number
issued[15]
Starting with
E.O. number[15]
George Washington 8 n/a
John Adams 1 n/a
Thomas Jefferson 4 n/a
James Madison 1 n/a
James Monroe 1 n/a
John Quincy Adams 3 n/a
Andrew Jackson 12 n/a
Martin van Buren 10 n/a
William Henry Harrison 0 n/a
John Tyler 17 n/a
James K. Polk 18 n/a
Zachary Taylor 5 n/a
Millard Fillmore 12 n/a
Franklin Pierce 35 n/a
James Buchanan 16 n/a
Abraham Lincoln 48 1
Andrew Johnson 79
Ulysses S. Grant 217
Rutherford B. Hayes 92
James Garfield 6
Chester Arthur 96
Grover Cleveland (first term) 113
Benjamin Harrison 143
Grover Cleveland (second term) 140
William McKinley 185
Theodore Roosevelt 1,081
William Howard Taft 724
Woodrow Wilson 1,803
Warren G. Harding 522
Calvin Coolidge 1,203
Herbert Hoover 968 5075
Franklin D. Roosevelt (~3.05 terms) 3,522 6071
Harry S. Truman 907 9538
Dwight D. Eisenhower 484 10432
John F. Kennedy 214 10914
Lyndon B. Johnson 325 11128
Richard Nixon 346 11452
Gerald R. Ford 169 11798
Jimmy Carter 320 11967
Ronald Reagan 381 12287
George H. W. Bush 166 12668
Bill Clinton[17] 308 12834
George W. Bush[17] 291 13198
Barack Obama[17] 276 13489
Donald Trump (as of September 20, 2018[update])[17][18] 85 13765
Reaction
Large policy changes with wide-ranging effects have been implemented through executive order, including the racial integration of the armed forces under Harry Truman and the desegregation of public schools under Dwight D. Eisenhower.[citation needed]
Two extreme examples of an executive order are Franklin Roosevelt's Executive Order 6102 "forbidding the hoarding of gold coin, gold bullion, and gold certificates within the continental United States" and Executive Order 9066, which delegated military authority to remove any or all people in a military zone (used to target Japanese-Americans and German-Americans in certain regions). The order was then delegated to General John L. DeWitt, and subsequently paved the way for all Japanese-Americans on the West Coast to be sent to internment camps for the duration of World War II.
President George W. Bush issued Executive Order 13233 in 2001, which restricted public access to the papers of former presidents. The order was criticized by the Society of American Archivists and other groups, who stated that it "violates both the spirit and letter of existing U.S. law on access to presidential papers as clearly laid down in 44 USC 2201–07", and adding that the order "potentially threatens to undermine one of the very foundations of our nation". President Barack Obama revoked Executive Order 13233 in January 2009.[19]
The Heritage Foundation has accused presidents of abusing executive orders by using them to make laws without Congressional approval and moving existing laws away from their original mandates.[20]
Legal conflicts
In 1935, the Supreme Court overturned five of President Franklin Roosevelt's executive orders (6199, 6204, 6256, 6284, 6855). Executive Order 12954, issued by President Bill Clinton in 1995, attempted to prevent the federal government from contracting with organizations that had strike-breakers on the payroll; a federal appeals court subsequently ruled that the order conflicted with the National Labor Relations Act, and invalidated the order.[21][22]
Congress has the power to overturn an executive order by passing legislation that invalidates it. Congress can also refuse to provide funding necessary to carry out certain policy measures contained with the order or to legitimize policy mechanisms. In the case of the former, the president retains the power to veto such a decision; however, the Congress may override a veto with a two-thirds majority to end an executive order. It has been argued that a congressional override of an executive order is a nearly impossible event, due to the supermajority vote required and the fact that such a vote leaves individual lawmakers vulnerable to political criticism.[23]
On July 30, 2014, the Republican-led House of Representatives approved a resolution authorizing Speaker of the House John Boehner to sue President Barack Obama over claims that he exceeded his executive authority in changing a key provision of the Affordable Care Act ("Obamacare") on his own[24] and over what Republicans claimed had been "inadequate enforcement of the health care law", which Republican lawmakers opposed. In particular, Republicans "objected that the Obama administration delayed some parts of the law, particularly the mandate on employers who do not provide health care coverage".[25] The suit was filed in the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia on November 21, 2014.[26]
Part of President Donald Trump's executive order Protecting the Nation from Foreign Terrorist Entry into the United States, which temporarily banned entry to the US from citizens of seven Muslim-majority countries, including for permanent residents, was stayed by a federal court on January 28, 2017.[27]
State governor executive orders
Executive orders issued by state governors are not the same as statutes passed by state legislatures, but do have the force of law in a similar way to the federal system. State executive orders are usually based on existing constitutional or statutory powers of the governor and do not require any action by the state legislature to take effect[28][29][30][31][32]
Executive orders may, for example, demand budget cuts from state government when the state legislature is not in session, and economic conditions take a downturn, thereby decreasing tax revenue below what was forecast when the budget was approved. Depending on the state constitution, a governor may specify what percentage each government agency must reduce by, and may exempt those that are already particularly underfunded, or cannot put long-term expenses (such as capital expenditures) off until a later fiscal year. The governor may also call the legislature into special session.
There are also other uses for gubernatorial executive orders. In 2007, for example, George "Sonny" Perdue, governor of Georgia, issued an executive order for all of its state agencies to reduce water use during a major drought. This was also demanded of its counties' water systems, but it is unclear whether the order would have the force of law.
Presidential proclamation
Main article: Presidential proclamation
According to political expert Phillip J. Cooper, a presidential proclamation "states a condition, declares a law and requires obedience, recognizes an event or triggers the implementation of a law (by recognizing that the circumstances in law have been realized)."[33] Presidents define situations or conditions on situations that become legal or economic truth. These orders carry the same force of law as executive orders—the difference between the two is that executive orders are aimed at those inside government while proclamations are aimed at those outside government.
The administrative weight of these proclamations is upheld because they are often specifically authorized by congressional statute, making them "delegated unilateral powers." Presidential proclamations are often dismissed as a practical presidential tool for policy making because of the perception of proclamations as largely ceremonial or symbolic in nature. However, the legal weight of presidential proclamations suggests their importance to presidential governance.[34]
See also
Delegated legislation
List of United States federal executive orders
Presidential directive
Presidential proclamation
Presidential Determination
Presidential memorandum
Signing statement (United States)
Decree
Ukase (Russian Federation)
Order in Council
Ordonnance
Military fiat
References
Jump up ^ "What is an Executive Order?". Insights on Law and Society. Vol. 17 no. 1. American Bar Association. Fall 2016. ISSN 1531-2461. Retrieved January 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ John Contrubis, Executive Orders and Proclamations, CRS Report for Congress #95-722A, March 9, 1999, Pp. 1-2
Jump up ^ Rebecca M. Patton, MSN, RN, CNOR, FAAN; Margarete L. Zalon, PhD, RN, ACNS-BC, FAAN; Ruth Ludwick, PhD, RN-BC, CNS, FAAN (13 November 2014). Nurses Making Policy: From Bedside to Boardroom. Springer Publishing Company. p. 94. ISBN 978-0-8261-9892-1. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Richard D. Newbold, JD, MBA, CIPP/G (12 June 2008). Newbold's Biometric Dictionary for Military and Industry: 2nd Edition. AuthorHouse. p. 76. ISBN 978-1-4678-5979-0. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ SCOTUS, Myers v. United States, 272 U.S. 52 (1926), Majority Opinion.
Jump up ^ Southern reporter: Cases argued and determined in the courts of Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi. West Publishing Company. 1986. p. 723.
Jump up ^ Chester James Antieau; William J. Rich (1997). Modern Constitutional Law: The states and the federal government. West Group. p. 528. ISBN 978-0-7620-0194-1.
Jump up ^ American Bar Association (January 1971). ABA Journal. American Bar Association. p. 35. ISSN 0747-0088.
Jump up ^ "Executive orders page of the National Archives and Records Administration".
Jump up ^ 93rd Cong., 2nd sess. (1974). Executive Orders in Times of War and National Emergency: Report of the Special Committee on National Emergencies and Delegated Emergency Powers, United States Senate. U.S. Govt. Print. Off. p. 23.
Jump up ^ DiBacco, Thomas V. (2014-08-14). "DiBACCO: George Washington had a pen, but no phone, for executive orders". The Washington Times. Archived from the original on 2016-05-14. Retrieved 2017-02-04.
Jump up ^ Brian R. Dirck (2007). The Executive Branch of Federal Government: People, Process, and Politics. ABC-CLIO. p. 102.
^ Jump up to: a b Lord, Clifford et al. Presidential Executive Orders, p. 1 (Archives Publishing Company, 1944).
Jump up ^ Relyea, Harold C. (26 November 2008). "Presidential Directives: Background and Overview" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. p. 1. Order Code 98-611 GOV.
^ Jump up to: a b c Gerhard Peters. "The American Presidency Project / Executive Orders". Retrieved 26 August 2015.
Jump up ^ American Presidency Project, Executive Order 7075 (5/29/2009).
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Executive Orders". Federal Register. Retrieved 2016-11-10.
Jump up ^ "Executive Orders". White House Briefing Room. Retrieved 2017-06-16.
Jump up ^ "Executive Order 13489 of January 21, 2009 — Presidential Records". Retrieved 2009-01-22. , Federal Register publication page and date: 74 FR 4669, January 26, 2009.
Jump up ^ Gaziano, Todd F. (2001-02-21). "The Use and Abuse of Executive Orders and Other Presidential Directives". Legal Memorandum #2. The Heritage Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-11.
Jump up ^ Catherine Edwards, "Emergency Rule, Abuse of Power?" Insight on the News, August 23, 1999, Pg. 18
Jump up ^ "Chamber of Commerce of the United States, et al, v. Reich, 74 F.3d 1322 (D.C. Cir. 1996)". Public.Resource.org. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
Jump up ^ Harold Hongju Koh, The National Security Constitution: Sharing Power after the Iran-Contra Affair, 1990, pg. 118–19
Jump up ^ Deirdre Walsh, "GOP-led House authorizes lawsuit against Obama". CNN.com, July 30, 2014
Jump up ^ Michael McAuliff and Sam Levine, "House Authorizes Lawsuit Against President Obama" Huff Post: Politics, July 30, 2014,
Jump up ^ Parker, Ashley (21 November 2014). "House G.O.P. Files Lawsuit in Battling Health Law" – via NYTimes.com.
Jump up ^ "Federal court halts Trump's immigration ban". The Verge. 2017-01-28. Retrieved 2016-01-28.
Jump up ^ About Executive Orders of the State of Colorado
Jump up ^ About Executive Orders of the State of Georgia
Jump up ^ About Executive Orders of the State of Washington
Jump up ^ About Executive Orders of the State of Florida
Jump up ^ About Executive Orders of the State of Utah
Jump up ^ Phillip J. Cooper. 2002. By Order of The President. University of Kansas Press. Page 116.
Jump up ^ Presidential Proclamations Project, University of Houston, Political Science Dept.
Further reading
Bush, Ann M., "Executive Disorder: The Subversion of the United States Supreme Court, 1914-1940" [Amazon], 2010.
Mayer, Kenneth R., With the Stroke of a Pen: Executive Orders and Presidential Power, Princeton University Press, 2002.
Warber, Adam L., Executive Orders and the Modern Presidency: Legislating from the Oval Office, Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2006.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Executive orders of the United States.
Wikisource has several original texts related to: United States executive orders
Archive of U.S. Executive Orders
Executive Orders: Issuance and Revocation Congressional Research Service
Executive Orders at The American Presidency Project, Searchable Archive of Over 3,600 Executive Orders
Executive Orders and Other Presidential Documents: Sources and Explanations, LLSDC.org
Presidential Proclamations Project, University of Houston, Political Science Dept.
Governor of Missouri's executive orders 2012-1982, Missouri Secretary of State's
Federal Register: The Daily Register of the United States Government Publishes executive orders shortly after receipt
White House: List of executive orders of the current US administration shortly after issue
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Executive orders of Presidents of the United States
Executive orders 1–5074 (1789–1929)
05075–06070 (Herbert Hoover)
06071–09537 (Franklin D. Roosevelt)
09538–10431 (Harry S. Truman)
10432–10913 (Dwight D. Eisenhower)
10914–11127 (John F. Kennedy)
11128–11451 (Lyndon B. Johnson)
11452–11797 (Richard Nixon)
11798–11966 (Gerald Ford)
11967–12286 (Jimmy Carter)
12287–12667 (Ronald Reagan)
12668–12833 (George H. W. Bush)
12834–13197 (Bill Clinton)
13198–13488 (George W. Bush)
13489–13764 (Barack Obama)
13765–00000 (Donald Trump)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Executive_order&oldid=860662512"
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