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Levite
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Levites
לויים
Total population
~500,000–600,000 worldwide[a]
Regions with significant populations
Israel
240,000
United States
200,000
France
16,000
Canada
12,000
Languages
Vernacular:
Hebrew, English
Historical:
Biblical Hebrew, Aramaic
Religion
Judaism, Samaritanism
Related ethnic groups
Jews, Samaritans
Levites are the descendants of the Tribe of Levi, one of the twelve tribes of Israel. Levites are integrated in Jewish and Samaritan communities, but keep a distinct status. There are estimated 300,000 Levites among Ashkenazi Jewish communities.[1] Total percentage of Levites among Jews is about 4%.
A Levite (or Levi)[2] (/ˈliːvaɪt/, Hebrew: לֵוִי, Modern: Levi, Tiberian: Lēwî) is a Jewish male descended patrilineally from the Tribe of Levi.[3] The Tribe of Levi descended from Levi, the third son of Jacob and Leah. The surname HaLevi, which consists of the Hebrew definite article "ה" Ha- ("the") plus Levi (Levite) is not conclusive regarding being a Levite; a titular use of HaLevi indicates being a Levite. The daughter of a Levite is a "Bat Levi" (Bat being Hebrew for "daughter").
The Tribe of Levi served particular religious duties for the Israelites and had political[4] and educational responsibilities as well. In return, the landed tribes were expected to give tithe to support the Levites,[5] particularly the tithe known as the 'Maaser Rishon'. The Kohanim were the priests, who performed the work of holiness in the Temple. The Levites, who were not Kohanim, were specifically assigned to
singing and/or playing music in the Temple
serving as guards
carrying[6]
When Joshua led the Israelites into the land of Canaan (Joshua 13:33), the Sons of Levi were the only Israelite tribe that received cities but were not allowed to be landowners "because the Lord the God of Israel Himself is their inheritance" (Deuteronomy 18:2).[7][8]
Contents
1 In contemporary Jewish practice
1.1 Relationship with Kohanim
1.2 Bat Levi
1.3 The Levites and the Holocaust
2 Levite population
2.1 Levite Y-chromosome studies
2.2 Lineage
2.3 Levite surnames
2.3.1 Modern Levites
3 See also
4 Footnotes
5 References
6 Further reading
7 External links
In contemporary Jewish practice[edit]
Today, Levites in Orthodox Judaism continue to have additional rights and obligations compared to lay people, although these responsibilities have diminished with the destruction of the Temple. For instance, Kohanim are eligible to be called to the Torah first, followed by the Levites. Levites also provide assistance to the Kohanim, particularly washing their hands, before the Kohanim recite the Priestly Blessing.[9][10]
Since Levites (and Kohanim) are traditionally pledged to Divine service, there is no Pidyon HaBen (redemption of the firstborn) ceremony for:
the son of a Kohen's or a Levi's daughter
the son of a Kohen or a Levi.[11][12]
Conservative Judaism, which believes in a restoration of the Temple as a house of worship and in some special role for Levites, although not the ancient sacrificial system as previously practiced, recognizes Levites as having special status. Not all Conservative congregations call Kohanim and Levites to the first and second reading of the Torah, and many no longer perform rituals such as the Priestly Blessing and Pidyon HaBen in which Kohanim and Levites have a special role.
Reconstructionist and Reform Judaism do not observe the distinctions between Kohanim, Levites, and other Jews.
Orthodox Judaism believes in the eventual rebuilding of a Temple in Jerusalem and a resumption of the Levitical role. There are a small number of schools, primarily in Israel, to train priests and Levites in their respective roles.[13]
Relationship with Kohanim[edit]
Main articles: Kohen and Priesthood (Ancient Israel)
The Kohanim are traditionally believed and halachically required to be of direct patrilineal descent from the biblical Aaron of the Levi tribe.
The noun kohen is used in the Torah to refer to priests, both Israelite and non-Israelite, such as the Israelite nation as a whole, as well as the priests (Hebrew kohanim) of Baal. During the existence of the Temple in Jerusalem, Kohanim performed the daily and holiday (Yom Tov) duties of sacrificial offerings.
Today kohanim retain a lesser though somewhat distinct status within Judaism, and are bound by additional restrictions according to Orthodox Judaism. During the Priestly Blessing, the Levites traditionally wash the hands of the Kohanim prior to the blessing of the House of Israel.[14]
Bat Levi[edit]
In Orthodox Judaism, children of a Bat Levi, regardless of the mother's marital status or husband's tribe, retain the traditional exemption for their children from the requirement of being redeemed through the Pidyon HaBen. [15]
Conservative Judaism permits a Bat Levi to perform essentially all the rituals a male Levi would perform, including being called to the Torah for the Levite aliyah in those Conservative synagogues which have both retained traditional tribal roles and modified traditional gender roles.[16] In Israel, Conservative/Masorti Judaism has not extended Torah honors to either a bat Kohen or a bat Levi.[17]
The Levites and the Holocaust[edit]
Main article: Holocaust theology
In 1938, with the outbreak of violence that would come to be known as Kristallnacht, American Orthodox rabbi Menachem HaKohen Risikoff wrote about the central role he saw for Priests and Levites in terms of Jewish and world responses, in worship, liturgy, and teshuva, repentance. In The Priests and the Levites,[18] he stressed that members of these groups exist in the realm between history (below) and redemption (above), and must act in a unique way to help move others to prayer and action, and help bring an end to suffering. He wrote, "Today, we also are living through a time of flood, Not of water, but of a bright fire, which burns and turns Jewish life into ruin. We are now drowning in a flood of blood... Through the Kohanim and Levi'im help will come to all Israel."[19]
Levite population[edit]
Levite Y-chromosome studies[edit]
A 2003 study of the Y-chromosome by Behar et al. pointed to multiple origins for Ashkenazi Levites, a priestly class who comprise approximately 4% among the Ashkenazi Jews. It found that Haplogroup R1a1a (R-M17), uncommon in the Middle East or among Sephardi Jews, is present in over 50% of Ashkenazi Levites, while the rest of Ashkenazi Levites' paternal lineage is of certain Middle Eastern origin. Haplogroup R1a1a is found at the highest levels among people of Eastern European descent, with 50 to 65% among Sorbs, Poles, Russians, and Ukrainians. [20][21] In South Asia, R1a1a has often been observed with high frequency in a number of demographic groups, reaching over 70% in West Bengal Brahmins in India and among the Mohani tribe in Sindh province in Pakistan.[22] Behar suggested a founding event, probably involving one or very few European men, occurring at a time close to the initial formation and settlement of the Ashkenazi community as a possible explanation.[23] As Nebel, Behar and Goldstein speculate, "although neither the NRY haplogroup composition of the majority of Ashkenazi Jews nor the microsatellite haplotype composition of the R1a1 haplogroup within Ashkenazi Levites is consistent with a major Khazar or other European origin, as has been speculated by some authors (Baron 1957; Dunlop 1967; Ben-Sasson 1976; Keys 1999), one cannot rule out the important contribution of a single or a few founders among contemporary Ashkenazi Levites."[24]
A 2013 paper by Siiri Rootsi et al. confirmed a Near or Middle Eastern origin for all Ashkenazi Levites, including the R1a Y-chromosome carriers, and refuted the Khazar origin:
Previous Y-chromosome studies have demonstrated that Ashkenazi Levites, members of a paternally inherited Jewish priestly caste, display a distinctive founder event within R1a, the most prevalent Y-chromosome haplogroup in Eastern Europe. Here we report the analysis of 16 whole R1 sequences and show that a set of 19 unique nucleotide substitutions defines the Ashkenazi R1a lineage. While our survey of one of these, M582, in 2,834 R1a samples reveals its absence in 922 Eastern Europeans, we show it is present in all sampled R1a Ashkenazi Levites, as well as in 33.8% of other R1a Ashkenazi Jewish males and 5.9% of 303 R1a Near Eastern males, where it shows considerably higher diversity. Moreover, the M582 lineage also occurs at low frequencies in non-Ashkenazi Jewish populations. In contrast to the previously suggested Eastern European origin for Ashkenazi Levites, the current data are indicative of a geographic source of the Levite founder lineage in the Near East and its likely presence among pre-Diaspora Hebrews.[25]
Lineage[edit]
Having a last name of Levi or a related term does not necessarily mean a person is a Levite, and many well-known Levites do not have such last names.[26]
Levitical status is passed down in families from father[27] to child born from a Jewish mother, as part of a family's genealogical tradition. Tribal status of Levite is determined by patrilineal descent, so a child whose biological father is a Levite (in cases of adoption or artificial insemination, status is determined by the genetic father), is also considered a Levite. Jewish status is determined by matrilineal descent, thus conferring levitical status onto children requires both biological parents to be Israelites and the biological father to be a Levite.
Accordingly, there is currently no branch of Judaism that regards levitical status as conferable by matrilineal descent. It is either conferable patrilineally with a Jewish mother, in the traditional manner, or it does not exist and is not conferred at all.
Levite surnames[edit]
Some Levites have adopted a related last name to signify their priestly status. Because of diverse geographical locations, the names have several variations:[28][29]
Alouwi, Arabic variant, of Sephardic origin
Aguiló - surname to the Jews from Mallorca (Xuetes).
Bazes – a Levite Surname.
Benveniste - a Sephardic Levite surname.[30][31]
Epstein - one of the European lineages descended from Zerahiah Ha-Levi of Sepharad
HaLevi, Halevi and Halevy - Hebrew language and all translate to "the Levi" or "the Levite".
Horowitz HaLevi, or simply Horowitz/Hurwitz/Gurvich/Gurevich - a European Levite surname, tracing to Isaiah Horowitz HaLevi - a descendant of Zerahiah Ha-Levi of Sepharad
Lavi - a common Levite surname
Leevi - Finnish variation.
Lev - simplified Russian variation of Levi
Levai and Levay - a Levitic surname, originally meaning "a person from Levice" but today it is used by Jews who were forced to change their name during the Holocaust.
Leven - Swedish variation.
Lévi, Levi, Lévy or Levy - Hebrew for "Levite", equally common in Ashkenasic and Sephardic groups.
Levian/Livian/Benlevi/Liviem - Persian-Jewish variations.
Lević, - also Levinić, Prelević, Croatian or Serbian variations.
Levin - Russian variation, also Levine, Lavin or Lavine (/ləˈviːn/, rhyming with "ravine", or in some cases further anglicised to /ləˈvaɪn/, rhyming with "divine") and Lewin a Polish variation. Sometimes supplemented with German "thal" (valley) to Levinthal or Leventhal and -sohn and -son to Levinson or Levinsohn as a patronymic, and with Slavic -ski and -sky suffixes Levinski, Levinsky, Lewinski and Lewinsky (the "e" often replaced with "a" in German areas).
Levit, - also Levitt, typically from the Bessarabia region of Romania, Moldova and southern Ukraine.
Levita - Elia Levita, an ancestor of David Cameron[32]
Leviyev - the Russified surname (adding the yev/ev) that many Bukharian Jews of Central Asia have. Sometimes spelled Leviev or even Levaev.
Lewi or Lewj (Polish, Levi and Levy)
Lewicki - Polish "of the Levites", also Lewicka, Lewycka, Lewycki, Lewycky, Lewicky, Levicki, Levicky (can also originate from placenames in Poland).
Lewita: - Polish Levite or Levita Latinized, with Slavic suffix -an/in Lewitan, Levitan, Levitin, Lewitin, Lewitinn, and with additional suffix -ski/sky Levitanski, Lewitanski, Levitansky, also Lewitas, Levitas, Lithuanian, Belorussian, Leyva Spanish Sephardic, also but rare Lefite, Lafite, Lafitte, of French Sephardic origin.[28]
Variants from Yiddish Leyvik, a pet form of Leyvi: Levitch Ukrainian variant, also Levicz, Levis, Levitz, Lewicz, Lewitz, Lewis, and with -ski and -sky suffixes Leviczky, Levitski, Levitsky, Lewitski and Lewitsky ("e" and "s" often replaced with "a" and "z" in German areas).
Loewy, Löwi, Löwy and Loewe German or Swiss variations (although the usual origin for these names is Löwe, the German word for "lion").[28]
Segal - shortened "Segen Levi" (secondary Levite)
Urfali or Levi Urfali (also Levi Abud, Levi Aslan, Levi Hamami - an Urfalim community surname, which was mostly Levite in origin
Zemmel - shortened "Zecher mi-Shevet Levi" (descendant of the Levite tribe)
Modern Levites[edit]
The following is a list of Levites, with non-Levite-like last names, in modern times:
Frank Gehry[33]
Yaakov Yitzchak Horowitz (HaLevi)
Saadia Kobashi
Norman Lear[34]
Chaim Herzog
See also[edit]
bat-Kohen
Samaritans
Urfalim
Footnotes[edit]
^ Levites comprise a subgroup of about 4% of world Jewry.[35] Combined with Kohanim, who are also Levites, the subgroup forms roughly 8% of the Jewish population worldwide,[35] or about 1–1.1 million. Levites also comprise one of the four surviving families of Samaritans, where they serve the role of High Priests due to the fact that the last Samaritan High Priest Cohanic family went extinct in the 17th century.[36]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ "Levite synonyms, Levite antonyms". Synonyms for Levite ... noun a member of the Hebrew tribe of Levi .. the branch that provided male assistants to ...
Jump up ^ "Membership in the Levites is determined by paternal descent." "Medical Definition of Levite". Retrieved 2017-02-19.
Jump up ^ administering cities of refuge
Jump up ^ Numbers 18:21-25
Jump up ^ a Levite assigned to one area was punishable by death for encroaching on one of the other two areas
Jump up ^ Joshua 13:33, cited in Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Levites". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
Jump up ^ Deuteronomy 18:2
Jump up ^ Rabbi Isaac Rice (June 22, 2017). "The Levi Washing the Hands of the Kohen". YUTorah.org.
Jump up ^ "Kohanim and Leviim - Jewish Essentials". chabad.org. In preparation for Duchaning, the Kohen has his hands washed by a Levi
Jump up ^ "Who Is Obligated in Pidyon Haben? - Lifecycle Events". The son of a Levi's daughter does not have a pidyon haben
Jump up ^ {{cite web |title=Pidyon Ha'ben - Redemption of First Born |url=http://www.aish.com/jl/l/b/Pidyon_Haben_-_Redemption_of_First_Born.html |quote=Pidyon Ha'Ben, the "redemption of the first born son," takes place when a ... 4) The father of the baby is not a Kohen or a Levi, and the mother's father is ...}
Jump up ^ "Temple Institute announces school to train Levitical priests - Israel". March 8, 2016. The Temple Institute, dedicated to reestablishing the Holy Temple in Jerusalem, announces school for training Kohanim. ... on the Temple service
Jump up ^ "The general procedure of the Priestly Blessing is: After *Kedushah the priests prepare themselves, removing their shoes and washing their hands with the assistance of the levites, whereafter they ascend the platform before the Ark.""Priestly Blessing." Jewish Virtual Library.
Jump up ^ "Rivash" 15; "Divrei Yatziv" by R' Y. Halberstam, E.H. 6; "Yechaveh Da'at" by R' O. Yosef, V 61)
Jump up ^ Joel Roth, The Status of Daughters of Kohanim and Leviyim for Aliyot, Rabbinical Assembly[permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ See: Robert A. (Rafael) Harris, Rabbinical Assembly of Israel's Law Committee Teshuvah: "The First Two Aliyot for a Bat Kohen and a Bat Levi." Pages 31–33 in Responsa of the Va’ad Halacha of the Rabbinical Assembly of Israel 5748–5749 (1989). Volume 3. Jerusalem: The Rabbinical Assembly of Israel and the Masorti Movement (Hebrew; English Summary, vii–viii).
Jump up ^ הכהנים והלוים HaKohanim vHaLeviim (1940)
Jump up ^ Gershon Greenberg, “Kristallnacht: The American Ultra-Orthodox Jewish Theology of Response,” in Maria Mazzenga (editor), American Religious Responses to Kristallnacht, Palgrave MacMillan:2009, pp158-172.
Jump up ^ Underhill, PA; Myres, NM; Rootsi, S; Metspalu, M; Zhivotovsky, LA; King, RJ; Lin, AA; Chow, CE; Semino, O; Battaglia, V; Kutuev, I; Järve, M; Chaubey, G; Ayub, Q; Mohyuddin, A; Mehdi, SQ; Sengupta, S; Rogaev, EI; Khusnutdinova, EK; Pshenichnov, A; Balanovsky, O; Balanovska, E; Jeran, N; Augustin, DH; Baldovic, M; Herrera, RJ; Thangaraj, K; Singh, V; Singh, L; Majumder, P; Rudan, P; Primorac, D; Villems, R; Kivisild, T (2010). "Separating the post-Glacial coancestry of European and Asian Y chromosomes within haplogroup R1a". Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 18: 479–84. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2009.194. PMC 2987245. PMID 19888303.
Jump up ^ Balanovsky 2008.
Jump up ^ Sengupta 2006.
Jump up ^ Behar DM, Thomas MG, Skorecki K, et al. (October 2003). "Multiple origins of Ashkenazi Levites: Y chromosome evidence for both Near Eastern and European ancestries". American Journal of Human Genetics. 73 (4): 768–779. doi:10.1086/378506. PMC 1180600. PMID 13680527.
Jump up ^ Goldstein, David B. (2008). "3". Jacob's legacy: A genetic view of Jewish history. Yale University Press. pp. location 873 (Kindle for PC). ISBN 978-0-300-12583-2.
Jump up ^ Siiri Rootsi; Doron M. Behar; Mari Järve; Alice A. Lin; et al. (2013). "Phylogenetic applications of whole Y-chromosome sequences and the Near Eastern origin of Ashkenazi Levites". Nature Communications. 4: 1. doi:10.1038/ncomms3928. PMC 3905698. PMID 24346185.
Jump up ^ Some examples of having the title HaLevi, but not in their last name are: Baruch Epstein, Israel Belsky, Abraham Fraenkel, Shmuel Wosner, Meir Abulafia, Samuel ibn Naghrillah, Yehuda Ashlag, Yitzchok Zev Soloveitchik, Pinchas Horowitz, Hillel Paritcher, The Chozeh (seer) of Lublin, Shmuel Schecter, Joseph Weiler, Yom-Tov Lipman Heller, Abraham ibn Daud, Salomon ibn Parhon, Shlomo Wahrman, Salomon Alkabetz, Issachar Berend Lehmann, Avraham Bromberg, Max Letteris, Joseph ibn Migash, Yechezkel Landau, Jacob Moelin, Luis de Torres, Chaim Herzog, Avraham Gombiner
Jump up ^ the child of a Bat Levi has no Levi status
^ Jump up to: a b c {{cite web |title=What's in a name? |url=https://inmuchness.wordpress.com/2014/10/18/whats-in-a-name
Jump up ^ "Levi not only has variations like Lewita (Polish) and Loewe (German/Swiss), but also Segal and Zemmel. They sound nothing like the original name, and that’s because they’re acronyms in the Hebrew alphabet – a great way to hide your Jewish heritage while keeping true to the family identity. Segal stands for “SeGan Leviyyah”, which is roughly translated as “deputy Levite”, since Levites served as deputies to kohanim. Segal itself has variations too, like Chagall (French).
Jump up ^ "Don Judah de la Cavalleria Ha Levi (Benveniste "Cavalier") (c.1227 - 1286)".
Jump up ^ "BENVENISTE". JewishEncyclopedia.com. Joseph ben Ephraim ha-Levi Benveniste
Jump up ^ "David Cameron 'may be directly descended from Moses'". Mail Online. 20 July 2009. Retrieved 18 December 2013.
Jump up ^ PBS Show Finding Your Roots broadcast February 2, 2016
Jump up ^ PBS Show Finding Your Roots broadcast January 26, 2016
^ Jump up to: a b Bradman et al. 1999.
Jump up ^ Sean Ireton (2003). "The Samaritans - A Jewish Sect in Israel: Strategies for Survival of an Ethno-religious Minority in the Twenty First Century". Anthrobase. Retrieved 2007-11-29.
Further reading[edit]
Grena, G.M. (2004). LMLK: A Mystery Belonging to the King vol. 1. Redondo Beach, California: 4000 Years of Writing History. ISBN 0-9748786-0-X.
External links[edit]
Twenty-four places in tanach where the Kohanim are called Levi'im - Kehuna.org
The Cohen-Levi Family Heritage
LeviteDNA.org - website on R1a Ashkenazi Levites
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Gun laws in Texas
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Location of Texas in the United States
Gun laws in Texas regulate the sale, possession, and use of firearms and ammunition in the U.S. state of Texas.
Contents
[hide]
1 Summary
2 Firearms possession
3 Firearms carry
3.1 License to Carry
3.2 College Carry Laws
3.3 Restrictions on licensed carry
3.3.1 30.06 signage
3.4 Open Carry
3.4.1 30.07 signage
4 Castle Doctrine
4.1 Stand Your Ground
4.2 Civil Immunity
5 Motorists Protection Act
6 National Firearms Act
7 See also
8 References
Summary[edit]
Subject/Law
Long guns
Handguns
Relevant Statutes
Notes
State permit to purchase? No No
Firearm registration? No No
Owner license required? No No
Assault weapon law? No No
Magazine capacity restriction? No No
Carry license required? No Yes GC Ch. 411.172[1] Licensed carry of a handgun requires a "shall-issue" license, and is subject to specific laws governing trespass while armed. People who are barred from licensing include those under age 21, felons, fugitives, people who are "chemically dependent" or "incapable of exercising sound judgment", and those in arrears for taxes or child support.
Open carry? Yes Yes PC 46.02 Long gun and black powder weapon (including handgun) open carry is not forbidden by law, unless in a manner "calculated to cause alarm."
Effective January 1, 2016, individuals with a handgun carry license are permitted to carry openly, per House Bill 910 of the 2015 legislative session. Non-residents from states whose permits are recognized by Texas are also allowed to open carry under the new law.
Concealed carry on college campus? No Yes May carry in parking lots, parking garages, outdoor walkways on campus.
Public four-year universities (as of August 1, 2016) and public two-year colleges (as of August 1, 2017) must allow concealed carry in campus buildings as well. Universities will be allowed to designate certain sensitive areas as "gun free zones"; these will be subject to legislative analysis.
State preemption of local restrictions? Yes Yes LGC §229.001. State law prohibits municipal governments from regulating the ownership, transfer, storage, or licensing of firearms, ammunition, or accessories. Local ordinances can regulate the discharge of firearms (such as for noise, nuisance or public safety), but not in contradiction of state law concerning justified use of a firearm.
NFA weapons restricted? No No PC 46.01, PC 46.05 Texas Penal Code Section 46.05 requires that "explosive weapons", "machine guns", "short-barrel firearms", and "firearm silencers", as defined in Section 46.01, be "registered in the National Firearms Registration and Transfer Record maintained by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives or classified as a curio or relic by the United States Department of Justice". Prior to May 22nd 2015, Section 46.05 called "registration pursuant to the National Firearms Act" a "defense to prosecution".[2]
Peaceable journey laws? Yes Yes PC 46.02, PC 46.15 A person may carry a loaded handgun without a permit while in or heading directly to a motor vehicle or watercraft they own or control. The statute does not specifically state the handgun must be concealed while heading to the vehicle or watercraft, and 46.02, which requires concealment of a handgun while in a motor vehicle or watercraft, is not applicable to a person while the person is traveling, pursuant to said activities. 46.15(b)(2).
Castle doctrine/ stand your ground law? Yes Yes PC 9.32 A person is presumed justified in using deadly force to protect themselves against an unlawful, forceful intrusion into their dwelling, or to prevent an unlawful, forceful attempt to remove a lawful occupant from the dwelling, or to prevent certain serious felonies such as burglary or arson. There is no duty to retreat from any place where the shooter has a legal right to be.
Background checks required for private sales? No No
A notice stating that the Turman Halfway House in Austin, Texas prohibits concealed handguns. This sign uses obsolete wording in font smaller than required, and is no longer enforceable under current law.[3]
Firearms possession[edit]
Texas has no laws regarding possession of any firearm regardless of age, without felony convictions; all existing restrictions in State law mirror Federal law. A person of any age, except certain Felons, can possess a firearm such as at a firing range. Texas and Federal law only regulate the ownership of all firearms to 18 years of age or older, and regulate the transfer of handguns to 21 years or older by FFL dealers. However, a private citizen may sell, gift, lease etc. a handgun to anyone over 18 who is not Felon. NFA weapons are also only subject to Federal restrictions; no State regulations exist. Municipal and county ordinances on possession and carry are generally overridden (preempted) due to the wording of the Texas Constitution, which gives the Texas Legislature (and it alone) the power to "regulate the wearing of arms, with a view to prevent crime".[4] Penal Code Section 1.08 also prohibits local jurisdictions from enacting or enforcing any law that conflicts with State statute. Local ordinances restricting discharge of a firearm are generally allowed as State law has little or no specification thereof, but such restrictions do not preempt State law concerning justification of use of force and deadly force.
In Texas a convicted felon may possess a firearm in the residence in which he lives once five years have elapsed from his release from prison or parole, whichever is later. Under Texas Penal Code §§ 12.33, 46.04, the unlawful possession of a firearm is a third degree felony with a punishment range of two to ten years for a defendant with one prior felony conviction and fine up to $10,001.
Firearms carry[edit]
There is no legal statute specifically prohibiting the carry of a firearm other than a handgun (pre-1899 black powder weapons, and replicas of such, are not legally firearms in Texas).[5] However, if the firearm is displayed in a manner "calculated to cause alarm," then it is "disorderly conduct". Open carry of a handgun in public had long been illegal in Texas, except when the carrier was on property he/she owned or had lawful control over, was legally hunting, or was participating in some gun-related public event such as a gun show. However, the 2015 Texas Legislature passed a bill to allow concealed handgun permit holders to begin carrying handguns openly. The bill was signed into law on June 13, 2015, and took effect on January 1, 2016. A License to Carry (LTC) is still required to carry a handgun openly or concealed in public.
License to Carry[edit]
The Texas handgun carry permit was previously called a "Concealed Handgun License" or CHL. This has changed on Jan 1. 2016 to LTC "License To Carry" and at the same time the laws changed to include "Open Carry". Permits are issued on a non-discretionary ("shall-issue") basis to all eligible, qualified applicants. Texas has full reciprocity agreements with 30 states, not including Vermont (which is an "unrestricted" state and neither issues nor requires permits), most of these having some residency restrictions (the holder must either be a resident of Texas or a non-resident of the reciprocal state for the Texas license to be valid in that state). Texas recognizes an additional 11 states' concealed-carry permits unilaterally; those states do not recognize Texas' own permit as valid within their jurisdiction, usually due to some lesser requirement of the Texas permit compared to their own.
The handgun licensing law sets out the eligibility criteria that must be met. For example, an applicant must be eligible to purchase a handgun under the State and Federal laws (including an age restriction of 21), however an exception is granted to active members of the military who are age 18 and over. Additionally, a number of factors may make a person ineligible (temporarily or permanently) to obtain a license, including:
felony convictions (permanent) and Class A or B misdemeanors (5 years, permanent in cases of domestic violence), including charges that resulted in probation or deferred adjudication;
pending criminal charges (indefinite until resolved);
chemical or alcohol dependency (defined as 2 convictions for substance-related offenses in a 10-year period; 10-year ban from the date of the first conviction);
certain types of psychological diagnoses (indefinite until the condition is testified by a medical professional as being in remission);
protective or restraining orders (indefinite until rescinded); or
defaults on taxes, student loans, child support and/or other governmental fees (indefinite until resolved).[6]
This last category, though having little to do with a person's ability to own a firearm, is in keeping with Texas policy for any licensing; those who are delinquent or in default on State-regulated debts or court judgments are generally barred from obtaining or renewing any State-issued license (including driver licenses), as an incentive to settle those debts.
"Information regarding any psychiatric, drug, alcohol, or criminal history" is required only from new users.[7] Renewals are required every five years, but are granted without further inquiry into or update of this information.
An eligible person wishing to obtain an LTC (formerly CHL) must take a State-set instruction course taught by a licensed instructor for a minimum of 4 hours and a maximum of 6 hours, covering topics such as applicable laws, conflict resolution, criminal/civil liability, and handgun safety, and pass a practical qualification at a firing range with a handgun.[6] The caliber requirement was repealed on September 1, 2017.[8] Such courses vary in cost, but are typically around $100–$125 for new applicants (usually not including the cost of ammunition and other shooting supplies; the practical qualification requires firing 50 rounds of ammunition). They may then apply, providing a picture, fingerprints, other documentation, and a $40 application fee[9] (as of September 1, 2017; previously $140 and $70 for renewals), – active and discharged military are eligible for discounts – to the DPS, which processes the application, runs a federal background check, and if all is well, issues the permit. Permits are valid for five years, and allow resident holders to carry in 29 other states (nonresidents may carry in all but four of those),[10] due to reciprocity agreements.[11] Discounted LTC fees vary from $0 for active duty military (through one year after discharge), to $25 for military veterans.[12]
College Carry Laws[edit]
Public four-year universities (as of August 1, 2016) and public two-year colleges (as of August 1, 2017) must allow concealed carry in campus buildings as well. Universities will be allowed to designate certain sensitive areas as "gun free zones"; these will be subject to legislative analysis.
Restrictions on licensed carry[edit]
While a permitted resident of Texas (or a nonresident holding a recognized permit) is generally authorized to carry in most public places, there are State and Federal laws that still restrict a permit holder from carrying a weapon in certain situations. These include:
Federal buildings - Premises owned by the U.S. Federal Government or its agencies for the purpose of any official business of the Federal Government are covered by Federal statutes that supersede State law. It is illegal in general under said statutes to possess a firearm while in any such location, and possession of a State-issued concealed firearms permit is no defense. Such places commonly encountered include post offices, Federal courts, and offices of the IRS, FBI, Justice Department, Department of Energy, USDA, FDA, etc. A rider tied to the 2009 Federal CARD Act has restricted the Department of the Interior from enacting or enforcing restrictions on carry of arms within lands controlled by the Bureau of Land Management; CHL permittees may carry concealed while in a federal park or wildlife preserve contained wholly or partially within the borders of the State of Texas. However, Army Corps of Engineers properties (including all reservoir lakes and included park areas) are still off-limits.
Schools - Concealed carry in a school may be a felony under TPC section 46.03: "A person commits an offense if the person intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly possesses or goes with a firearm, illegal knife, club, or prohibited weapon listed in Section 46.05(a): …on the physical premises of a school or educational institution, any grounds or building on which an activity sponsored by a school or educational institution is being conducted, or a passenger transportation vehicle of a school or educational institution, whether the school or educational institution is public or private, unless pursuant to written regulations or written authorization of the institution [emphasis added]."[13] The age/grade level, funding type or for-profit status of the school does not matter. Carry of a concealed weapon while in a public outdoor area surrounding an educational building is permitted; as defined by TPC 46.035(f)(3), "premises" refers only to a building or part of a building, and does not refer to driveways, streets, sidewalks, parking lots, parking garages, or privately owned vehicles.[12] Employees of schools will be able to keep their firearms within their vehicles as of September 1, 2017.[8]
Public sporting events - It is a Class A misdemeanor to carry while inside a building currently being used for an interscholastic or professional sporting event, unless the person carrying is a participant in the sporting event and said sporting event requires the use of the firearm (i.e. a target shooting competition).
Businesses posting a compliant "51% sign" - It is a felony to carry a firearm while on the premises of a business that makes more than 51% of its revenue from the sale of alcoholic beverages for on-premises consumption (colloquially "bars", "nightclubs", "taverns", "saloons", etc.). A person with a LTC that is in violation has a defense that the establishment did not post the proper signage, as required by the Government Code section 411.204. The proper signage contains similar language as is required of all liquor license holders, but with the addition of a couple of words to prohibit licensed as well as unlicensed carry, and a background containing a red "51%" to make it obvious at a glance that the sign applies to LTC holders.
Correctional facilities - It is a felony, whether licensed or not, to carry inside a building generally termed a "jail" or "prison".
Execution premises - within 1,000 feet of premises the location of which is designated by the Texas Department of Criminal Justice as a place of execution under Article 43.19, Code of Criminal Procedure, on a day that a sentence of death is set to be imposed on the designated premises and the person received notice that: (A) going within 1,000 feet of the premises with a weapon listed under this subsection was prohibited; or (B) possessing a weapon listed under this subsection within 1,000 feet of the premises was prohibited.
Courts or court offices - It is a felony, whether licensed or not, to carry inside a building used by a functioning municipal, state or federal court for official business. Exceptions are granted to certain employees of those offices, such as judges, attorneys, baliffs, and law enforcement officials.
Election polling places - It is a felony, whether licensed or not, to carry inside a building being used as a polling center for any municipal, state and/or federal elections process on the scheduled voting date or while polling is underway. This is significant, as a local business or other generally public building, which would normally not prohibit concealed carry, may offer their facilities for use as a polling place. A person would be in violation if they entered the building on the day voting occurs, even if the polls are not open at the time, and even if the license holder is there for some other purpose than to vote.
Racetracks - It is a felony, whether licensed or not, to carry a firearm on the premises of a racetrack (horse or dog).
While intoxicated - LTC holders may not carry in any place or at any time while intoxicated (Penal Code 46.035.), defined as: (a) not having the normal use of mental or physical faculties by reason of the introduction of alcohol, a controlled substance, a drug, a dangerous drug, a combination of two or more of those substances, or any other substance into the body; or (B) having an alcohol concentration of 0.08 percent BAC or more (Penal Code 49.01.)
30.06 signage[edit]
TPC section 30.06 covers "Trespass by a person licensed to carry a concealed handgun". It allows a residential or commercial landowner to post signage that preemptively bars licensed persons from entering the premises while carrying concealed. It is a Class A misdemeanor to fail to heed compliant signage. As of January 1, 2016, the charge for failing to heed signage has been reduced to a Class C misdemeanor, unless it can be shown at trial that the actor was given oral notice and failed to depart, in which case it remains a Class A misdemeanor. This is a significant difference, in that conviction of a Class A or B misdemeanor will result in the loss of your handgun license for at least 5 years, this is not the case if convicted of a Class C misdemeanor.
Signs posted in compliance with TPC 30.06 are colloquially called "30.06 signs" or "30.06 signage".
The courts have yet to rule on any specific requirements of 30.06, but LTC permittees are generally instructed that signage which does not comply exactly with TPC Sec. 30.06(c)(3)(B) is not binding. The law states a compliant sign must be:
In contrasting colors;
With block letters;
Having text 1" or greater in height;
Containing "identical" text to the following:
"Pursuant to Section 30.06, Penal Code (trespass by license holder with a concealed handgun), a person licensed under Subchapter H, Chapter 411, Government Code (handgun licensing law), may not enter this property with a concealed handgun"[14]
In both English and Spanish;
Posted conspicuously and "clearly visible to the public".
Hospitals are a gray area due to conflicts in the law and multiple provisions that may apply to a medical facility:
License holders were originally prohibited from carrying concealed inside a hospital without written authorization, under TPS 46.035(b)(4).
An amendment in 2007 added paragraph (i) to the same section, stating that (b)(4) the prohibition does not apply if the license holder did not receive notice (oral or written communication, including posting of a sign, under TPC 30.06) of the prohibition.
But, a hospital may be a "teaching hospital" and considered a school, where firearms carry is prohibited, under TPC 46.03(a)(1).
It may also be a VA or military hospital, and thus subject to federal prohibition on weapons carry.
All hospitals are required under Government Code Section 411.204(b) to post a sign stating that possession of a handgun whether licensed or not is a felony. It is unknown, given the amendments to 46.035, whether the GC 411.204 signage would actually prohibit a CHL holder from carrying, as it would not constitute "effective notice under section 30.06" and GC 411.204 does not describe failure to heed such a sign as an offense by the license holder.
Anyone who owns or controls property may orally or in writing, inform a person carrying a concealed handgun that they must leave the property.
Open Carry[edit]
As of January 1, 2016, holders of a Texas CHL or LTC are able to openly carry handguns in the same places that allow concealed carry with some exceptions. Openly carried handguns must be in a shoulder or belt holster.
Existing CHL holders may continue to carry with a valid license. New applicants will be required to complete training on the use of restraint holsters and methods to ensure the secure carry of openly carried handguns.
Exceptions to Open Carry
Open carry is not permitted on the premises of a public institution of higher education or on the premises of a private or independent institution of higher education
Open carry is not permitted on any public or private driveway, street, sidewalk or walkway, parking lot, parking garage or other parking area of an institution of higher education or private or independent institution of higher education
Open carry is not permitted by an individual who is acting as a personal protection officer under Chapter 1702 Texas Occupations Code and is not wearing a uniform[15]
30.07 signage[edit]
This law took effect January 1, 2016, and covers the new Open Carry law. Section 30.07 is substantially similar to Section 30.06 which covers concealed carry.
TPC section 30.07 covers "Trespass by license holder with an openly carried handgun" This allows a residential or commercial landowner to post signage that preemptively bars licensed persons from entering the premises while openly carrying a handgun. An offense under section 30.07 is a Class C misdemeanor, unless it is shown at trial that the actor was given oral notice and failed to depart, in which case the offense is a Class A misdemeanor. The 30.07 sign differs from the 30.06 sign in that it must be displayed at each entrance to the property. (In both cases the sign must be "clearly visible to the public".)
The law states that notice may be given orally by the owner of the property, or someone with apparent authority to act for the owner, or by written communication.
Written communication consists of a card or other document consisting the 30.07 language below, or a sign posted on the property.
Both written communication and a posted sign must contain language identical to the following (30.07 notice):
"Pursuant to section 30.07, Penal Code (trespass by license holder with an openly carried handgun), a person licensed under Subchapter H, Chapter 411, Government Code (handgun licensing law), may not enter this property with a handgun that is carried openly"
Additionally, signs posted on the property must conform to the following regulations:
Must include the 30.07 notice above in both English and Spanish
Must appear in contrasting colors
Must be in block letters at least one inch in height
Must be "displayed in a conspicuous manner clearly visible to the public at each entrance to the property"
[16]
Castle Doctrine[edit]
On March 27, 2007, Governor Rick Perry signed Senate Bill 378 into law, making Texas a "Castle Doctrine" state which came into effect September 1, 2007.[17] Residents lawfully occupying a dwelling may use deadly force against a person who "unlawfully, and with force, enters or attempts to enter the dwelling", or who unlawfully and with force removes or attempts to remove someone from that dwelling, or who commits or attempts to commit a "qualifying" felony such as "aggravated kidnapping, murder, sexual assault, aggravated sexual assault, robbery, or aggravated robbery" (TPC 9.32(b)).
Stand Your Ground[edit]
Senate Bill 378 also contains a "Stand Your Ground" clause; A person who has a legal right to be wherever he/she is at the time of a defensive shooting has no "duty to retreat" before being justified in shooting. The "trier of fact" (the jury in a jury trial, otherwise the judge) may not consider whether the person retreated when deciding whether the person was justified in shooting (TPC 9.32(c,d)).
Civil Immunity[edit]
In addition, two statutes of the Texas Civil Practice And Remedies Code protect people who justifiably threaten or use deadly force. Chapter 86 prohibits a person convicted of a misdemeanor or felony from filing suit to recover any damages suffered as a result of the criminal act or any justifiable action taken by others to prevent the criminal act or to apprehend the person, including the firing of a weapon.[18] Chapter 83 of the same code states that a person who used force or deadly force against an individual that is justified under TPC Chapter 9 is immune from liability for personal injury or death of the individual against whom the force was used.[19] This does not relieve a person from liability for use of force or deadly force on someone against whom the force would not be justified, such as a bystander hit by an errant shot.
This law does not prevent a person from being sued for using deadly force. The civil court will determine if the defendant was justified under chapter 9 of the Penal Code.
Motorists Protection Act[edit]
Gov. Perry also signed H.B. 1815 after passage by the 2007 Legislature, a bill that allows any Texas resident to carry a handgun in the resident's motor vehicle without a CHL or other permit.[20] The bill revised Chapter 46, Section 2 of the Penal Code to state that it is in fact not "Unlawful Carry of a Weapon", as defined by the statute, for a person to carry a handgun while in a motor vehicle they own or control, or to carry while heading directly from the person's home to that car. However, lawful carry while in a vehicle requires these four critical qualifiers: (1) the weapon must not be in plain sight (in Texas law, "plain sight" and "concealed" are mutually exclusive opposing terms);[21] (2) the carrier cannot be involved in criminal activities, other than Class C traffic misdemeanors; (3) the carrier cannot be prohibited by state or federal law from possessing a firearm; and (4) the carrier cannot be a member of a criminal gang.[22][23]
Previous legislation (H.B. 823) enacted in the 2005 session of the Legislature had modified TPC 46.15 ("Non-Applicability") to include the "traveller assumption"; a law enforcement officer who encounters a firearm in a vehicle was required to presume that the driver of that vehicle was "travelling" under a pre-existing provision of 46.15, and thus the Unlawful Carry statute did not apply, absent evidence that the person was engaged in criminal activity, a member of a gang, or prohibited from possessing a firearm. However, attorneys and law enforcement officials in several municipalities including DA Chuck Rosenthal of Houston stated that they would continue to prosecute individuals found transporting firearms in their vehicles despite this presumption,[24] leading to the more forceful statement of non-applicability in the 2007 H.B. 1815.
National Firearms Act[edit]
Possession of destructive devices, automatic firearms (machine guns), short-barrel shotguns (SBS), short-barrel rifles (SBR), suppressors, smoothbore pistols and other such NFA-restricted weapons is permitted by Texas law as long the owner has registered the item(s) into the NFA registry. This registration is legal if the owner possesses the proper forms, processed in accordance with the National Firearms Act which includes a paid tax stamp and approval by the NFA branch of the BATFE.[25]
See also[edit]
Gun violence and gun control in Texas
Law of Texas
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Texas Government Code - Section 411.172". Texas Constitution and Statutes. Retrieved 2015-06-13.
Jump up ^ "NFA Weapons Now Legal In Texas". ammoland.com. 2015-06-02. Retrieved 2017-04-15.
Jump up ^ "TxDPS - CHL Sign Posting". Txdps.state.tx.us. Retrieved 2011-12-23.
Jump up ^ "NRA/ILA Firearms Laws for Texas" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-10-17.
Jump up ^ "PENAL CODE CHAPTER 46. WEAPONS". Statutes.legis.state.tx.us. Retrieved 2015-03-16.
^ Jump up to: a b "Texas License to Carry a Handgun Laws" (PDF). Txdps.state.tx.us. Retrieved 2016-02-23. ]
Jump up ^ "Welcome | License To Carry A Handgun | Texas.gov". Txapps.texas.gov. Retrieved 2016-02-23.
^ Jump up to: a b NRA-ILA. "NRA-ILA | Texas: Governor Abbott Signs Remaining Pro-Second Amendment Bills from 2017 Regular Session". NRA-ILA. Retrieved 2017-06-17.
Jump up ^ NRA-ILA. "NRA-ILA | Abbott Signs Senate Bill 16, Bringing Texas License To Carry Fees Down to Among Lowest in Nation". NRA-ILA. Retrieved 2017-05-26.
Jump up ^ "Texas CCW information" (PDF). Handgunlaw.us. Retrieved 2013-11-27.
Jump up ^ "TxDPS – Agreements with other states". Txdps.state.tx.us. Retrieved 2016-02-23.
^ Jump up to: a b "TxDPS - New laws for Handgun Licensing Program". Txdps.state.tx.us. Retrieved 2016-02-23.
Jump up ^ [1]
Jump up ^ "TEX PE. CODE § 30.06 : Section 30.06: TRESPASS BY LICENSE HOLDER WITH A CONCEALED HANDGUN". www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us. 2016-01-01. Retrieved 2016-01-25.
Jump up ^ "TxDPS - New Legislation for Concealed Handgun Licensing". www.dps.texas.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-17.
Jump up ^ "PENAL CODE CHAPTER 30. BURGLARY AND CRIMINAL TRESPASS". www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us. Retrieved 2015-12-17.
Jump up ^ "Texas Legislature Online – History of Senate Bill 378". Capitol.state.tx.us. Retrieved 2011-12-23.
Jump up ^ "CIVIL PRACTICE AND REMEDIES CODE CHAPTER 86. LIABILITY FOR CERTAIN INJURIES TO CONVICTED PERSONS". Statutes.legis.state.tx.us. Retrieved 2015-03-16.
Jump up ^ "CIVIL PRACTICE AND REMEDIES CODE CHAPTER 83. USE OF FORCE OR DEADLY FORCE". Statutes.legis.state.tx.us. Retrieved 2015-03-16.
Jump up ^ "Texas H.B. 1815". Capitol.state.tx.us. 2007-09-01. Retrieved 2011-12-23.
Jump up ^ "PENAL CODE CHAPTER 46. WEAPONS". Statutes.legis.state.tx.us. Retrieved 2015-03-16.
Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20111126103705/http://apps.carryconcealed.net/legal/texas-ccw-state-laws.php. Archived from the original on November 26, 2011. Retrieved December 23, 2011. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Jump up ^ "Texas Concealed Carry Permit Information on". Usacarry.com. Retrieved 2011-12-23.
Jump up ^ "DA warns handgun law won't relax enforcement - Houston Chronicle". Chron.com. 2005-08-30. Retrieved 2015-03-16.
Jump up ^ "Weapons - When can you carry a gun in Texas". Texasgunlaws.org. 2007-09-01. Retrieved 2015-03-16.
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You've Got to Hide Your Love Away
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"You've Got to Hide Your Love Away"
The French jukebox single release of the song, backed with "Yesterday"
Song by the Beatles
from the album Help!
Released
6 August 1965 (mono and stereo)
Recorded
18 February 1965,
EMI Studios, London
Genre
Folk
Length
2:11
Label
Parlophone
Songwriter(s)
Lennon–McCartney
Producer(s)
George Martin
Audio sample
file
help
"You've Got to Hide Your Love Away"
Single by The Silkie
from the album You've Got to Hide Your Love Away
B-side
"City Winds"
Released
1965
Format
7"
Genre
Rock
Length
2:20
Label
Fontana
Songwriter(s)
Lennon–McCartney
Producer(s)
The Beatles
The Silkie singles chronology
"You've Got to Hide Your Love Away"
(1965) "Blood Red River"
(1965)
"You've Got to Hide Your Love Away"
(1965) "Blood Red River"
(1965)
"You've Got to Hide Your Love Away" is a song by English rock band the Beatles. It was written and sung by John Lennon (credited to Lennon–McCartney) and released on the album Help! in August 1965.
Contents
[hide]
1 Composition and recording
2 Performance in the film
3 Other studio tracks
4 Personnel
5 Cover versions
6 References
7 External links
Composition and recording[edit]
Lennon said of the song, "That's me in my Dylan period again. I am like a chameleon, influenced by whatever is going on. If Elvis can do it, I can do it. If the Everly Brothers can do it, me and Paul can. Same with Dylan." The song is an early example of John self-reflecting in his writing, which had begun with songs such as "I'm a Loser" in the summer of 1964. Lennon wrote the song at home during what he called his "Dylan period," wanting another song for the film Help!.[1] The song "is just basically John doing Dylan," Paul McCartney confirmed.[2] The song is similar to a folkish strophic form and uses a Dylanesque acoustic guitar figure in compound time, chiefly acoustic accompaniment, no backing voices and light percussion from brushed snare, tambourine and maraca. A flute, however, replaces the harmonica that Dylan typically used.[3]
The song lyrics are ambiguous. They may tell of an unrequited love and hidden feelings. John could also have been referring to the fact that as a Beatle he was expected to keep the fact he was married a secret. He could also have been writing about his inability to express his true 'loving' self in public and his feelings of isolation and paranoia related to fame.[3] Some, such as singer Tom Robinson, have suggested that it was written for their manager Brian Epstein, who had to hide his homosexuality from the public.[4][5] Lennon himself however never discussed the inspiration for the lyrics. When the song was first written, Lennon used "two-foot tall" to rhyme with the "wall" in the first verse, but mistakenly said "two-foot small" when he sang the line to McCartney, and decided to keep it this way. Pete Shotton, Lennon's former bandmate from The Quarrymen, was present when the song was being composed, and he suggested adding "Hey" to the start of the line in refrain.[3]
The basic rhythm track was recorded first, followed by George Harrison's guitar and some extra percussion. John Scott recorded a tenor flute in the spaces in Lennon's vocal track and an additional alto flute part, an octave higher than the first, on the last available track of the four-track machine.[6]
Performance in the film[edit]
In the film Help!, at the opening of the song, the head of the cult, Clang (Leo McKern), appears from underneath a manhole cover in the middle of Ailsa Avenue, London, where parts of the film were shot. He stays there for the whole song, which the Beatles play in Lennon's quarters of the Beatles' shared flat. The flute part of the song is performed by George's in-house gardener (who also trims his grass carpet with chattery teeth). They are watched by Ahme (Eleanor Bron), and at the end of the song, Harrison passes out after Ahme produces a giant needle for Starr, who is wearing the ring the cult is seeking.
Other studio tracks[edit]
In a montage the first two takes (both broken down) are followed by a completed alternative version (Take 5), included on Anthology 2. Lennon counts off the song then stops to readjust his guitar pickup ("I'm just going to raise this so that it's nearer to the bass strings than the top string"). This is followed by the sound of a glass shattering on the floor, prompting John to teasingly sing: "Paul's broken a glass, broken a glass. Paul's broken a glass. A glass, a glass he's broke today". (In the background, Ringo plays the snare drum with wire brush drumsticks, keeping time with John's cadence). John also addresses Paul as "Macca," a nickname in England for someone who is of Irish descent or has "Mc" in their last name. "Oh, you ready, Macca?"
Personnel[edit]
John Lennon – double-tracked vocal, 12-string acoustic guitar
Paul McCartney – bass
George Harrison – classical acoustic guitar
Ringo Starr – brushed snare drum, tambourine, maracas
John Scott – tenor and alto flutes[7]
Cover versions[edit]
Eddie Vedder for the 2001 film I Am Sam, directed by Jessie Nelson.
The Beach Boys covered the song in 1965 on their album Beach Boys' Party! with a lead vocal by their drummer Dennis Wilson. Beach Boys' Party! album got up to number 6 on the US Billboard 200 and all the way to number 3 in the UK.
Jan & Dean on their album Filet of Soul from 1966.
French singer Eddie Mitchell recorded a French cover version of the song entitled TU FERAIS MIEUX DE L'OUBLIER.[8]
The Silkie, a band that had been signed by Brian Epstein, recorded their version a few months after the Beatles. Lennon produced the session, while McCartney contributed guitar and Harrison tambourine. Their version peaked at #10 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100[9] and peaked at #28 on the UK Singles Chart.[10]
Enuff Z'nuff on the Japanese release of 1985.
Oasis, as a bonus track on the deluxe edition reissue of their album (What's the Story) Morning Glory? (Remastered) from 2014.
The Kentucky Headhunters covered the song in 1994 on their album The Best of The Kentucky Headhunters: Still Pickin'
Waylon Jennings and the Waylors covered the song in 1967 on their album Love of the Common People
The cast of Glee cast on their 2013 album Glee Sings the Beatles.
Joe Cocker, notable for many Beatles covers, covered the song for his album Night Calls.
Percy Faith and his orchestra covered it on the 1965 album Themes for the 'It' Crowd.
Elvis Costello covered the song as the B-side of his 1994 single "You Tripped at Every Step."[11]
The Pozo-Seco Singers covered this on their 1968 album Shades of Time.
The Grass Roots covered this on their 1966 album Where Were You When I Needed You.
The Beau Brummels on their 1966 album Beau Brummels '66
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Everett, Walter (2001). The Beatles as Musicians: The Quarry Men Through Rubber Soul. pp. 287-88. ISBN 9780195141047
Jump up ^ Dowling, William J. (1989). Beatlesongs. New York: Simon & Schuster Inc. p. 554. ISBN 0-671-68229-6.
^ Jump up to: a b c Stevens, John (October 2002). The Songs of John Lennon: The Beatles Years. Berklee Press Publications. pp. 112 – 120. ISBN 978-0634017957.
Jump up ^ Gary Graff, Daniel Durchholz (15 June 2012). Rock 'n' Roll Myths: The True Stories Behind the Most Infamous Legends=. Voyageur Press. p. 81. ISBN 978-0760342305. CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter (link)
Jump up ^ Kenneth Womack (30 June 2014). The Beatles Encyclopedia: Everything Fab Four: Everything Fab Four. Greenwood. p. 263. ISBN 9780313391729.
Jump up ^ Spitz, Bob (2005). The Beatles: The Biography. Boston: Little, Brown. ISBN 0-316-80352-9.
Jump up ^ "You've Got To Hide Your Love Away | The Beatles Bible". www.beatlesbible.com. Retrieved 2017-01-30.
Jump up ^ https://www.allmusic.com/song/eddy-mitchell-tu-ferais-mieux-de-loublier-youve-got-to-hide-your-l-mt0019167291
Jump up ^ "The Silkie Album & Song Chart History". Billboard. Retrieved 31 May 2011.
Jump up ^ Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 498. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
Jump up ^ "Elvis Costello & The Attractions - You Tripped At Every Step". Discogs.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Help! (album)
Alan W. Pollack's Notes on "You've Got To Hide Your Love Away"
[hide]
v
t
e
Help!
Songs
Side one
"Help!"
"The Night Before"
"You've Got to Hide Your Love Away"
"I Need You"
"Another Girl"
"You're Going to Lose That Girl"
"Ticket to Ride"
Side two
"Act Naturally"
"It's Only Love"
"You Like Me Too Much"
"Tell Me What You See"
"I've Just Seen a Face"
"Yesterday"
"Dizzy Miss Lizzy"
Non-album tracks
"I'm Down"
"Yes It Is"
"Bad Boy"
Outtakes
"If You've Got Trouble"
"That Means a Lot"
"Wait"
Related article
Help! (film)
The Beatles discography
Help! (George Martin album)
Please Please Me
With the Beatles
A Hard Day's Night
Beatles for Sale
Help!
Rubber Soul
Revolver
Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band
Magical Mystery Tour
The Beatles (White Album)
Yellow Submarine
Abbey Road
Let It Be
Past Masters
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You%27ve_Got_to_Hide_Your_Love_Away&oldid=834481639"
Categories:
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Fontana Records singles
Jan and Dean songs
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text:
EuroTrip
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
EuroTrip
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Jeff Schaffer[1]
Produced by
Alec Berg
David Mandel
Daniel Goldberg
Jackie Marcus
Written by
Jeff Schaffer
Alec Berg
David Mandel
Starring
Scott Mechlowicz
Jacob Pitts
Michelle Trachtenberg
Travis Wester
Music by
James L. Venable
Cinematography
David Eggby
Edited by
Roger Bondelli
Production
company
The Montecito Picture Company[1]
Distributed by
DreamWorks Pictures[1]
Release date
February 20, 2004 (2004-02-20)
Running time
92 minutes[1]
Country
United States[1]
Language
English[1]
Budget
$25 million[2]
Box office
$20.8 million[2]
EuroTrip is a 2004 American teen comedy adventure film written by Alec Berg, David Mandel, and Jeff Schaffer, and directed by Schaffer. The film stars Scott Mechlowicz, Jacob Pitts, Michelle Trachtenberg, Travis Wester, and Jessica Boehrs. Mechlowicz portrays Scott "Scotty" Thomas, an American teenager who travels across Europe in search of his German pen pal, Mieke (Boehrs). Accompanied by his friend Cooper (Pitts) and siblings Jenny and Jamie (Trachtenberg and Wester), Scott's quest takes him to London, Paris, Amsterdam, Bratislava, Berlin, and Rome, encountering awkward, humorous, and embarrassing situations along the way. The film received a 2004 Teen Choice Award nomination for Choice Movie Your Parents Didn't Want You to See.
Contents
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Reception
4.1 Critical response
4.2 Box office
4.3 Home media
5 Soundtrack
5.1 Additional songs
6 References
7 External links
Plot[edit]
The film begins in Hudson, Ohio in 2004, where Scott Thomas (Scott Mechlowicz) is dumped by his girlfriend, Fiona (Kristin Kreuk), immediately after his high school graduation. With his best friend, Cooper Harris (Jacob Pitts), Scott attends a graduation party that evening where the band performs a song detailing the affair Fiona was having with the band's singer (Matt Damon). Scott returns home drunk and angry and reads an e-mail from his German pen pal, Mieke (Jessica Boehrs), expressing sympathy for Scott and suggesting they meet in person. However, Scott has always misunderstood her name as "Mike", thinking that she is male. Cooper suggests that "Mike" may be a sexual predator, and Scott tells Mieke to stay away from him. Scott's younger brother informs him that "Mieke" is a common German girl's name. Realizing his mistake, and that he has feelings for Mieke, Scott tries to contact her again, but finds that Mieke has blocked his email address. Scott decides to travel to Europe, with Cooper, to find Mieke and apologize in person.
Scott and Cooper arrive in London, where they befriend a Manchester United football hooligan firm, led by Mad Maynard (Vinnie Jones). After a night of drinking, Scott and Cooper wake up on a bus on their way to Paris with the hooligans. In Paris, they meet up with their classmates Jenny and Jamie (Michelle Trachtenberg and Travis Wester), fraternal twins who are touring Europe together. Jenny and Jamie decide to accompany Scott and Cooper to find Mieke in Berlin. The group travels to Amsterdam, where Jamie is robbed while receiving oral sex in an alley, losing everyone's money, passports, and train tickets. They attempt to hitchhike to Berlin, but due to a language misunderstanding, they end up in Bratislava. Finding a great exchange rate with the U.S. dollar, the group goes to a nightclub. Drunk on absinthe, Jenny and Jamie make out with each other, witnessed by Scotty and Cooper, and are horrified when they realize what they are doing. The next day, a Slovak man drives them to Berlin, where they learn that Mieke has left with a summer tour group, and will be reachable in Rome for only a short time. Jamie sells his camera for plane tickets to Rome.
In Rome, the group heads to the Vatican City, where Mieke is touring before her summer at sea. Inside the Vatican, Scott and Cooper search for Mieke, but accidentally ring the bell that signals the Pope has died. Scott appears on a balcony and spots Mieke in the crowd below. The Swiss Guards detain Scott and Cooper, but they are rescued by the Manchester United hooligans. Scott finally introduces himself to Mieke and confesses his love. Mieke is happy to see him, and they have sex in a confessional booth before she leaves on her trip. On the flight back to Ohio, Jenny and Cooper give into their urges and have sex in the plane's lavatory, while Jamie stays in Europe being hired by Arthur Frommer.
In the fall, Scott moves to Oberlin College. During a phone conversation with Cooper, who is now dating Jenny, Mieke knocks on his door, having been assigned to the same room due to another misunderstanding about her name. They embrace and get into bed together.
Cast[edit]
Scott Mechlowicz as Scott "Scotty" Thomas
Jacob Pitts as Cooper Harris
Michelle Trachtenberg as Jenny
Travis Wester as Jamie
Jessica Boehrs as Mieke Schmidt
Kristin Kreuk as Fiona
Nial Iskhakov as Bert Thomas
Vinnie Jones as Mad Maynard
J.P. Manoux as Robot mime from Louvre
Fred Armisen as the Creepy Italian Guy
Joanna Lumley as Hostel clerk
Lucy Lawless as Madame Vandersexxx
Diedrich Bader as Alleyway thief
Patrick Rapold as Kristoff
Rade Šerbedžija as Tibor
Jana Pallaske, as Anna, the Camera Store Girl
Patrick Malahide as Arthur Frommer
Jeffrey Tambor (uncredited) as Mr. Thomas
Matt Damon as Donny
Production[edit]
Writers Mandel, Berg, and Schaffer all directed while only Schaffer could achieve director credit, according to the DVD filmmaker commentary. Also according to the commentary track, all scenes were filmed in Prague, the Czech Republic, especially in the streets close to the Rudolfinum. The opening scenes set in the United States was filmed at the International School of Prague. The scene where the main characters are boarding at the Paris railway station was filmed in Prague's main railway station (Hlavní nádraží). The scene inside Vatican City was actually filmed in Prague's National Museum. The scenes with a German lorry driver were taken at the then-unfinished D5 motorway near Pilsen.
Reception[edit]
Critical response[edit]
Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a 46% rating based on 119 reviews, and an average of 5.1/10. The site's critical consensus says, "A trip worth taking if one's not offended by gratuitous nudity and bad taste."[3] On Metacritic, the film scored 45 out of 100 based on 30 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[4]
In her review for Salon, Stephanie Zacharek wrote, "The giddy ridiculousness of Eurotrip is a pleasant surprise: The picture starts out slow and unsteady in its rhythms. But just when you begin to wonder if it’s ever going to get funny, or if it’s going to be merely desperate all the way through, it lifts off like a wobbly helicopter—and somehow it keeps flying."[5] Ultra Culture blogger Charlie Lyne, who also introduced a screening of the film in 2011 at the Institute of Contemporary Arts, wrote that "EuroTrip is satire at its most brazenly self-loathing and audaciously entertaining."[6]
In the New York Times, Elvis Mitchell wrote that "almost every girl in the movie with fewer than 10 lines to speak has to take her top off."[7] In his review for Village Voice, Michael Miller criticized the film for its "constant anxiety that women might turn out to be men and vice versa."[8]
Box office[edit]
The film was released in the United States and Canada on February 20, 2004, in 2,512 theaters. Over its opening weekend, the film grossed $6.7 million. It went on to gross $17.8 million in the United States and Canada and $3 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $20.8 million.[2]
Home media [edit]
The film was released on DVD in the U.S. on June 1, 2004, in an R-rated theatrical version (90 minutes) and an "Unrated" extended version (92 minutes). The theatrical version was released on Blu-ray in 2013.
Soundtrack[edit]
Eurotrip
Soundtrack album by various artists
Released
February 24, 2004
Genre
Punk rock, pop
Label
Milan
Professional ratings
Review scores
Source
Rating
Allmusic link
"Scotty Doesn't Know" – Lustra
"My Generation" – Chapeaumelon (The Who cover)
"Wild One" – Wakefield
"99 Red Balloons" – Goldfinger (Nena cover)
"In the City" – The Jam
"Shooting Stars" – Cauterize
"Nonchalant" – Chapeaumelon
"Scotty Doesn't Know" (Euro Version) – MC Jeffsky
"Make My Dreams Come True" – Apollo 440
"Du" – David Hasselhoff (Peter Maffay cover)
"Les Promesses" – Autour De Lucie
"Walking in the Clouds" – Basement Jaxx
"I Love Marijuana" – Linval Thompson
"Turn It Up" – Ugly Duckling
"Get Loose" – The Salads
Additional songs[edit]
The film features additional tracks not included on the soundtrack album:
"Morning Train (9 to 5)", a song by Sheena Easton plays after the football hooligans, having forced Scott and Cooper to "sing the Manchester United song", approve of Scott's altered ending to the song
"England 5 – Germany 1", a song by the seminal English Oi! band The Business, plays on the hooligan bus trip to Paris
"Prosper", a song by Maurice Chevalier is playing over the background in the scene at the Louvre when the panning camera stops and returns to ogle a beautiful brunette
"Two Tribes" by Frankie Goes To Hollywood plays during the robot fight scene outside the Louvre.
"Ça plane pour moi", a song by Belgian musician Plastic Bertrand, can be heard when the four friends first get on the train.
Donna Summer's 1979 hit "Hot Stuff" is featured in the scene where the four are on the train to Amsterdam.
"Let Forever Be", a song sung by Noel Gallagher of Oasis on lead vocals and performed by The Chemical Brothers. It can be heard in the unrated edition where the twins are seen drunkenly kissing each other
Bloodhound Gang's "The Bad Touch"; the song can be heard in the film when Cooper is walking in Amsterdam looking for Club Vandersexx.
"Keine Überdosis Deutschland", a song by Normahl, can be heard during the journey through Germany to Bratislava
"The Sacred War" during the visit in Slovakia
"Are You Gonna Be My Girl" by Jet is used during the flight from Berlin to Rome
"Horndog" by Overseer plays during the club scene in Eastern Europe
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Eurotrip". AFI Catalog of Feature Films. Retrieved 2017-08-05.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Eurotrip (2004)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved January 19, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Eurotrip". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved January 19, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Eurotrip (2004): Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved January 19, 2008.
Jump up ^ Zacharek, Stephanie. "EuroTrip". Salon.com. Retrieved January 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ "EuroTrip, a somewhat definitive review". Ultra Culture. Retrieved January 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ Mitchell, Elvis (February 20, 2004). "A Jokey Quest for Eurosex, Riding a Wave of Alcohol". The New York Times. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
Jump up ^ Miller, Michael (February 17, 2004). "Film". Village Voice. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: EuroTrip
EuroTrip on IMDb
EuroTrip at AllMovie
EuroTrip at Box Office Mojo
EuroTrip at Rotten Tomatoes
EuroTrip at Metacritic
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