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Light-independent reactions
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See also: Light-dependent reactions
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The internal structure of a chloroplast
The light-independent reactions, or dark reactions,[1] of photosynthesis are chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and other compounds into glucose. These reactions occur in the stroma, the fluid-filled area of a chloroplast outside the thylakoid membranes. These reactions take the products (ATP and NADPH) of light-dependent reactions and perform further chemical processes on them. There are three phases to the light-independent reactions, collectively called the Calvin cycle: carbon fixation, reduction reactions, and ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) regeneration.
This process occurs only when light is available. Plants do not carry out the Calvin cycle during nighttime. They instead release sucrose into the phloem from their starch reserves. This process happens when light is available independent of the kind of photosynthesis (C3 carbon fixation, C4 carbon fixation, and Crassulacean acid metabolism); CAM plants store malic acid in their vacuoles every night and release it by day to make this process work. They are also known as dark reactions.[2]
Contents
[hide]
1 Coupling to other metabolic pathways
1.1 Steps
1.2 Products
2 Light-dependent regulation
3 References
4 Further reading
5 External links
Coupling to other metabolic pathways [edit]
These reactions are closely coupled to the thylakoid electron transport chain as reducing power provided by NADPH produced in the photosystem I is actively needed. The process of photorespiration, also known as C2 cycle, is also coupled to the dark reactions, as it results from an alternative reaction of the RuBisCO enzyme, and its final byproduct is also another glyceraldehyde-3-P.
Overview of the Calvin cycle and carbon fixation
The Calvin cycle, Calvin–Benson–Bassham (CBB) cycle, reductive pentose phosphate cycle or C3 cycle is a series of biochemical redox reactions that take place in the stroma of chloroplast in photosynthetic organisms.
The cycle was discovered by Melvin Calvin, James Bassham, and Andrew Benson at the University of California, Berkeley[3] by using the radioactive isotope carbon-14.
Photosynthesis occurs in two stages in a cell. In the first stage, light-dependent reactions capture the energy of light and use it to make the energy-storage and transport molecules ATP and NADPH. The Calvin cycle uses the energy from short-lived electronically excited carriers to convert carbon dioxide and water into organic compounds[4] that can be used by the organism (and by animals that feed on it). This set of reactions is also called carbon fixation. The key enzyme of the cycle is called RuBisCO. In the following biochemical equations, the chemical species (phosphates and carboxylic acids) exist in equilibria among their various ionized states as governed by the pH.
The enzymes in the Calvin cycle are functionally equivalent to most enzymes used in other metabolic pathways such as gluconeogenesis and the pentose phosphate pathway, but they are found in the chloroplast stroma instead of the cell cytosol, separating the reactions. They are activated in the light (which is why the name "dark reaction" is misleading), and also by products of the light-dependent reaction. These regulatory functions prevent the Calvin cycle from being respired to carbon dioxide. Energy (in the form of ATP) would be wasted in carrying out these reactions that have no net productivity.
The sum of reactions in the Calvin cycle is the following:
3 CO
2 + 6 NADPH + 6 H+ + 9 ATP → glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) + 6 NADP+ + 9 ADP + 3 H
2O + 8 Pi (Pi = inorganic phosphate)
Hexose (six-carbon) sugars are not a product of the Calvin cycle. Although many texts list a product of photosynthesis as C
6H
12O
6, this is mainly a convenience to counter the equation of respiration, where six-carbon sugars are oxidized in mitochondria. The carbohydrate products of the Calvin cycle are three-carbon sugar phosphate molecules, or "triose phosphates," namely, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P).
Steps[edit]
In the first stage of the Calvin cycle, a CO2 molecule is incorporated into one of two three-carbon molecules (glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate or G3P), where it uses up two molecules of ATP and two molecules of NADPH, which had been produced in the light-dependent stage. The three steps involved are:
Calvin cycle step 1 (black circles represent carbon atoms)
Calvin cycle steps 2 and 3 combined
The enzyme RuBisCO catalyses the carboxylation of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate, RuBP, a 5-carbon compound, by carbon dioxide (a total of 6 carbons) in a two-step reaction.[5] The product of the first step is enediol-enzyme complex that can capture CO
2 or O
2. Thus, enediol-enzyme complex is the real carboxylase/oxygenase. The CO
2 that is captured by enediol in second step produces an unstable six-carbon compound called 2-carboxy 3-keto 1,5-biphosphoribotol (or 3-keto-2-carboxyarabinitol 1,5-bisphosphate) that immediately splits into 2 molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate, or 3-PGA, a 3-carbon compound[6] (also: 3-phosphoglyceric acid, PGA, 3PGA).
The enzyme phosphoglycerate kinase catalyses the phosphorylation of 3-PGA by ATP (which was produced in the light-dependent stage). 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate (1,3BPGA, glycerate-1,3-bisphosphate) and ADP are the products. (However, note that two 3-PGAs are produced for every CO
2 that enters the cycle, so this step utilizes two ATP per CO
2 fixed.)
The enzyme glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase catalyses the reduction of 1,3BPGA by NADPH (which is another product of the light-dependent stage). Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (also called G3P, GP, TP, PGAL, GAP) is produced, and the NADPH itself is oxidized and becomes NADP+. Again, two NADPH are utilized per CO
2 fixed.
Regeneration stage of the Calvin cycle
The next stage in the Calvin cycle is to regenerate RuBP. Five G3P molecules produce three RuBP molecules, using up three molecules of ATP. Since each CO2 molecule produces two G3P molecules, three CO2 molecules produce six G3P molecules, of which five are used to regenerate RuBP, leaving a net gain of one G3P molecule per three CO2 molecules (as would be expected from the number of carbon atoms involved).
Simplified C3 cycle with structural formulas
The regeneration stage can be broken down into steps.
Triose phosphate isomerase converts all of the G3P reversibly into dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP), also a 3-carbon molecule.
Aldolase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase convert a G3P and a DHAP into fructose 6-phosphate (6C). A phosphate ion is lost into solution.
Then fixation of another CO
2 generates two more G3P.
F6P has two carbons removed by transketolase, giving erythrose-4-phosphate. The two carbons on transketolase are added to a G3P, giving the ketose xylulose-5-phosphate (Xu5P).
E4P and a DHAP (formed from one of the G3P from the second CO
2 fixation) are converted into sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphate (7C) by aldolase enzyme.
Sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase (one of only three enzymes of the Calvin cycle that are unique to plants) cleaves sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphate into sedoheptulose-7-phosphate, releasing an inorganic phosphate ion into solution.
Fixation of a third CO
2 generates two more G3P. The ketose S7P has two carbons removed by transketolase, giving ribose-5-phosphate (R5P), and the two carbons remaining on transketolase are transferred to one of the G3P, giving another Xu5P. This leaves one G3P as the product of fixation of 3 CO
2, with generation of three pentoses that can be converted to Ru5P.
R5P is converted into ribulose-5-phosphate (Ru5P, RuP) by phosphopentose isomerase. Xu5P is converted into RuP by phosphopentose epimerase.
Finally, phosphoribulokinase (another plant-unique enzyme of the pathway) phosphorylates RuP into RuBP, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate, completing the Calvin cycle. This requires the input of one ATP.
Thus, of six G3P produced, five are used to make three RuBP (5C) molecules (totaling 15 carbons), with only one G3P available for subsequent conversion to hexose. This requires nine ATP molecules and six NADPH molecules per three CO
2 molecules. The equation of the overall Calvin cycle is shown diagrammatically below.
The overall equation of the Calvin cycle (black circles represent carbon atoms)
RuBisCO also reacts competitively with O
2 instead of CO
2 in photorespiration. The rate of photorespiration is higher at high temperatures. Photorespiration turns RuBP into 3-PGA and 2-phosphoglycolate, a 2-carbon molecule that can be converted via glycolate and glyoxalate to glycine. Via the glycine cleavage system and tetrahydrofolate, two glycines are converted into serine +CO
2. Serine can be converted back to 3-phosphoglycerate. Thus, only 3 of 4 carbons from two phosphoglycolates can be converted back to 3-PGA. It can be seen that photorespiration has very negative consequences for the plant, because, rather than fixing CO
2, this process leads to loss of CO
2. C4 carbon fixation evolved to circumvent photorespiration, but can occur only in certain plants native to very warm or tropical climates—corn, for example.
Products[edit]
The immediate products of one turn of the Calvin cycle are 2 glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) molecules, 3 ADP, and 2 NADP+. (ADP and NADP+ are not really "products." They are regenerated and later used again in the Light-dependent reactions). Each G3P molecule is composed of 3 carbons. For the Calvin cycle to continue, RuBP (ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate) must be regenerated. So, 5 out of 6 carbons from the 2 G3P molecules are used for this purpose. Therefore, there is only 1 net carbon produced to play with for each turn. To create 1 surplus G3P requires 3 carbons, and therefore 3 turns of the Calvin cycle. To make one glucose molecule (which can be created from 2 G3P molecules) would require 6 turns of the Calvin cycle. Surplus G3P can also be used to form other carbohydrates such as starch, sucrose, and cellulose, depending on what the plant needs.[7]
Light-dependent regulation[edit]
Main article: Light-dependent reactions
These reactions do not occur in the dark or at night. There is a light-dependent regulation of the cycle enzymes, as the third step requires reduced NADP.
There are two regulation systems at work when the cycle must be turned on or off: the thioredoxin/ferredoxin activation system, which activates some of the cycle enzymes; and the RuBisCo enzyme activation, active in the Calvin cycle, which involves its own activase.
The thioredoxin/ferredoxin system activates the enzymes glyceraldehyde-3-P dehydrogenase, glyceraldehyde-3-P phosphatase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase, and ribulose-5-phosphatase kinase, which are key points of the process. This happens when light is available, as the ferredoxin protein is reduced in the photosystem I complex of the thylakoid electron chain when electrons are circulating through it.[8] Ferredoxin then binds to and reduces the thioredoxin protein, which activates the cycle enzymes by severing a cystine bond found in all these enzymes. This is a dynamic process as the same bond is formed again by other proteins that deactivate the enzymes. The implications of this process are that the enzymes remain mostly activated by day and are deactivated in the dark when there is no more reduced ferredoxin available.
The enzyme RuBisCo has its own, more complex activation process. It requires that a specific lysine amino acid be carbamylated to activate the enzyme. This lysine binds to RuBP and leads to a non-functional state if left uncarbamylated. A specific activase enzyme, called RuBisCo activase, helps this carbamylation process by removing one proton from the lysine and making the binding of the carbon dioxide molecule possible. Even then the RuBisCo enzyme is not yet functional, as it needs a magnesium ion bound to the lysine to function. This magnesium ion is released from the thylakoid lumen when the inner pH drops due to the active pumping of protons from the electron flow. RuBisCo activase itself is activated by increased concentrations of ATP in the stroma caused by its phosphorylation.
References[edit]
Citations
Jump up ^ Silverstein, Alvin (2008). Photosynthesis. Twenty-First Century Books. p. 21. ISBN 9780822567981.
Jump up ^ John C. Cushman (2001). "A Plastic Photosynthetic Adaptation to Arid Environments". Plant Physiology. 127 (4): 1439–1448. doi:10.1104/pp.010818. PMC 1540176  . PMID 11743087.
Jump up ^ Bassham J, Benson A, Calvin M (1950). "The path of carbon in photosynthesis" (PDF). J Biol Chem. 185 (2): 781–7. doi:10.2172/910351. PMID 14774424.
Jump up ^ Campbell, Neil A.; Brad Williamson; Robin J. Heyden (2006). Biology: Exploring Life. Boston, Massachusetts: Pearson Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-250882-6.
Jump up ^ Farazdaghi H (2009). "Modeling the Kinetics of Activation and Reaction of RuBisCO from Gas Exchange". Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration. 29 (IV): 275–294. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9237-4_12.
Jump up ^ Campbell, and Reece Biology: 8th Edition, page 198. Benjamin Cummings, December 7, 2007.
Jump up ^ Russell, Wolfe et al.Biology: Exploring the Diversity of Life'.Toronto:Nelson College Indigenous,1st ed, Vol. 1, 2010, pg 151
Jump up ^ Besse, I; Buchanan, B (1997). "Thioredoxin-linked animal and plant processes: the new generation". Bot. Bull. Acad. Sin. 38: 1–11.
Bibliography
Bassham JA (2003). "Mapping the carbon reduction cycle: a personal retrospective". Photosyn. Res. 76 (1-3): 35–52. doi:10.1023/A:1024929725022. PMID 16228564.
Diwan, Joyce J. (2005). "Photosynthetic Dark Reaction". Biochemistry and Biophysics, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.
Portis, Archie; Parry, Martin (2007). "Discoveries in Rubisco (Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase): a historical perspective" (PDF). Photosynthesis Research. 94 (1): 121–143. doi:10.1007/s11120-007-9225-6. PMID 17665149. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-12
Further reading[edit]
Rubisco Activase, from the Plant Physiology Online website
Thioredoxins, from the Plant Physiology Online website
External links[edit]
The Biochemistry of the Calvin Cycle at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
The Calvin Cycle and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway from Biochemistry, Fifth Edition by Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko and Lubert Stryer. Published by W. H. Freeman and Company (2002).
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Louis Walsh
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other people named Louis Walsh, see Louis Walsh (disambiguation).
Louis Walsh
Walsh in 2009
Born
Michael Louis Vincent Walsh
(1952-08-05) 5 August 1952 (age 65)
Kiltimagh, Mayo, Ireland
Nationality
Irish
Occupation
Entertainment manager,
Television personality,
Talent show judge
Years active
1969–present
Employer
Syco / ITV
Known for
The X Factor
Popstars
Ireland's Got Talent
Pop Idol
Television
Irish Popstars
Popstars: The Rivals
You're a Star
Pop Idol
The X Factor
Ireland's Got Talent
Michael Louis Vincent Walsh[1] (born 5 August 1952)[2] known as Louis Walsh is an Irish entertainment manager and judge on British television talent show The X Factor.
Originally from Kiltimagh, County Mayo, Walsh moved to Dublin to get a start in the music industry.[3] He managed Johnny Logan, Boyzone and Westlife, three of Ireland's most successful pop artists in the 1990s and 2000s. In later life, Walsh began an alternative career as a television talent pundit and personality.
He has been a judge on The X Factor since the show's inception in 2004 (with the exception of 2015, when he left the show only to return in 2016).[4] He has mentored the "Groups" category six times and the "Overs" category three times.[5] He was the winning judge of the show's second series, mentoring Shayne Ward. He has also appeared on You're a Star, Popstars and Popstars: The Rivals. Walsh has also guest judged on Britain's Got Talent a number of times and on The X Factor USA in 2012. He will also be a judge on the upcoming first series of Ireland's Got Talent, which will start airing in 2018.
Contents
[hide]
1 Band manager
2 Television career
2.1 The X Factor
2.2 Ireland's Got Talent
2.3 Other TV appearances
3 List of groups and performers managed by Walsh
4 Controversy
4.1 Ronan Keating
4.2 Louis Walsh v News Group Newspapers
4.3 Stephen Gately's homosexuality
5 Awards and honours
6 References
7 External links
Band manager[edit]
In the 1990s, Walsh decided to create an Irish version of Take That, which the papers picked up on when Walsh advertised the open auditions. The band created was Boyzone, whom Walsh managed to international success achieving 16 top three singles, six of which were number ones, as well as four number one albums, selling more than 20 million copies worldwide. When Ronan Keating announced he wanted to take a break from Boyzone, Walsh continued to manage his career. Keating achieved a number one hit with "Life Is a Rollercoaster" in 2092while his album sold 4.4 million copies. Keating and Walsh later agreed to part company as Keating's solo career reached an all-time high. Walsh then went back to the boy band formula to create Westlife, which Keating co-managed with Walsh for the first couple of Westlife's number one singles and albums.
Despite an earlier bitter feud, Walsh had a public reconciliation with Boyzone, including Ronan Keating, on the ITV2 programme Ghosthunting With... Louis Walsh and Boyzone in which they explored a network of subterranean streets beneath Edinburgh.
In December 2012, he became Union J's manager.[6]
Television career[edit]
Walsh's first television work was in 2001,[citation needed] in the Irish version of Popstars. The following year Walsh appeared as a judge on the UK ITV show Popstars: The Rivals with Pete Waterman and Geri Halliwell. Walsh went head-to-head with Waterman on the show with his girlband Girls Aloud battling it out with Waterman's boy band One True Voice. Girls Aloud's debut single "Sound of the Underground" reached number one in the UK.[citation needed] Walsh managed the band to achieve a million singles sales while their debut album went platinum.[citation needed]
Walsh also frequently appears on various talent shows on Raidió Teilifís Éireann (RTÉ), the most recent[when?] being You're a Star. He covered for Simon Cowell as a judge on Britain's Got Talent during series four's Birmingham auditions in February 2010, due to Cowell being ill. He again filled in for David Hasselhoff at the London auditions in the following series when Hasselhoff was unavailable due to appearing in pantomime. Walsh also appeared on The X Factor USA series two auditions in Kansas City covering for Simon Cowell.
In January 2012, Walsh appeared on the ITV documentary series The Talent Show Story where he was interviewed about being a judge on The X Factor and Popstars The Rivals. Fellow Popstars judge Pete Waterman also appeared on the programme as well as past and present X Factor judges, including Dannii Minogue, Simon Cowell, Kelly Rowland and Gary Barlow.
The X Factor[edit]
See also: The X Factor
Walsh appeared from 2004 as a judge, along with Simon Cowell and Sharon Osbourne on ITV talent show,[7] The X Factor. In 2004, Walsh found chart success with G4, who went on to have a chart topping album and completed two tours of the UK.[citation needed] In 2005 Walsh managed the winner Shayne Ward, whose debut single "That's My Goal" spent four weeks at UK number one.[citation needed]
In November 2005, Walsh quit the show mid-series out of protest regarding his treatment on the show; the most explicit example being Osbourne's drenching him with water during a live recording.[8] Walsh returned on the Saturday evening's live show, stating that he could not abandon his remaining competitor and eventual winner, Shayne Ward. Ward went on to win the competition with over 10 million votes in the final. Walsh then went on to win The X Factor: Battle of the Stars with actress Lucy Benjamin.[citation needed]
ITV announced in March 2007 that Walsh would not return as a judge on The X Factor, but would remain behind the scenes managing some acts from the show.[9] According to UK tabloid newspaper The Sun, the decision to be replaced with two other judges came as a shock to him. He was replaced on the panel by American choreographer Brian Friedman. Osbourne, Cowell, Friedman and new judge Dannii Minogue appeared at the London auditions; however, after the first few days, Cowell decided to re-hire Walsh to the panel and hire Friedman as a choreographic instructor for the live show stages. On 22 June 2007, Walsh confirmed he would be returning as a judge for the fourth series of The X Factor.[citation needed] Friedman then became the show's creative director. Walsh mentored the Over 25s category in series four. In the 'Judges Houses' stage of the competition, Walsh took his acts to Dublin and invited guest Kian Egan to help him decide who to take through to the live shows.[citation needed]
Cowell reportedly told Walsh off for his comments about the Spice Girls. Walsh had said that the girl group were "past their sell-by date" and lacking in talent, but Cowell already had plans to book the girls on the show.[10]
In 2008, Walsh returned for the fifth series along with Cowell, Minogue and Cheryl Cole, who was hired after Osbourne quit the previous June. In this series, Walsh mentored the groups, choosing JLS, Girlband and Bad Lashes to represent him in the live shows. Walsh took his acts to Castle Leslie in Ireland during the judges houses stage where he was aided by Westlife star Shane Filan. Bad Lashes and Girlband were the first two acts to be eliminated over the first two weeks, but JLS finished as runners-up.[citation needed]
Walsh returned to the sixth series show in 2009, again mentoring the groups for the fourth time in six years. During the judges houses stage, the Groups and Walsh flew to Lake Como in Italy where Boyzone singer Ronan Keating helped Walsh pick his final three. Walsh took Kandy Rain, Miss Frank and John & Edward to the live shows. Kandy Rain were eliminated in the first live results show, from which Walsh was absent due to the sudden death of Boyzone member Stephen Gately.[citation needed] Walsh was absent again on the Saturday and Sunday of the second week of live shows due to Gately's funeral on 17 October.[citation needed] In week three, Miss Frank were eliminated from the competition, while John & Edward were eliminated in week seven, though went on to have successful careers in the industry.
In 2010, Walsh mentored the Over 28s category on the seventh series of The X Factor. In the judges houses stage, Walsh took his acts to Adare in Ireland. Walsh was helped by former judge Osbourne. His last surviving act, Mary Byrne, was eliminated in the semi-final on 5 December 2010.[11]
Walsh returned to the show in 2011 for series eight. He joined new panellists Gary Barlow, Kelly Rowland and Tulisa, who replaced former judges Cowell, Minogue and Cole, all of whom left the show after series seven. This meant that, following Cowell's departure, Walsh became the only original judge left on the programme. During the Bootcamp stages it was announced that he would mentor the Over 25s category for the rest of the competition. In the Judges Houses stage, Walsh took his acts to Barcelona in Spain where he was aided by Cowell's former assistant judge Sinitta. His most successful act of the competition was Kitty Brucknell who made it to week six of the live shows before she was eliminated.[citation needed] Walsh chose Brucknell, Sami Brookes, Johnny Robinson and Jonjo Kerr to go through to the live shows.[citation needed]
During the live shows of series eight, in an interview with former judge Minogue, Walsh stated that he "didn't know" whether he would return as a judge in 2012. However, on 3 May 2012, Walsh confirmed he would return for his ninth series alongside Tulisa and Barlow. Former American X Factor judge Nicole Scherzinger joined Walsh, Contostavlos and Barlow as the new full-time judge for ninth series.
Walsh substituted for Cowell at the Kansas City auditions for season two of the American version while Cowell was recovering from bronchitis. He joined the other season two judges: L.A. Reid, Demi Lovato and Britney Spears, and was introduced with the line, "When Simon needs an opinion from someone he trusts, I'm the man he calls".[12] His episode broke ratings records for the series.[13]
In the tenth series was joined by Barlow, Scherzinger and fellow original judge Osbourne, who replaced Tulisa. He mentored the Boys category, which consisted of Nicholas McDonald, Luke Friend, and Sam Callahan. McDonald finished in second place to Sam Bailey, mentored by Osbourne. Despite not winning, this was still by far Louis' most successful year as a judge on the show due to going 5 weeks (breaking a record) without having any of his boys in the bottom 2 and had two of them (Luke Friend and Nicholas Mcdonald) in the final.[citation needed]
In 2014, Walsh returned for the eleventh series, while Osbourne, Barlow and Scherzinger were replaced by former judges Cowell and Cole, and new judge Mel B. In 2015, Walsh stated that he was considering not returning to the twelfth series of The X Factor, citing his desire to return to full-time music management.[14] After rumours circulated that he had been fired from the show,[15] Walsh announced his decision to quit the show, stating that he had not been fired, but he was not "hanging around for them this year."[16]
In 2016 Walsh returned as a judge for the thirteenth series, alongside Cowell, Osbourne and Scherzinger.[5]
Ireland's Got Talent[edit]
In May 2015, it was announced that Walsh, would be launching a new Irish talent show, produced by Simon Cowell as a judge, set to premiere in 2017 or 2018. Walsh later stated that he would like to broadcast an Irish edition of Got Talent, though he stated that the untitled talent show was only in early development. Walsh later confirming himself and Michelle Visage on ITV's This Morning as two of the judges on the show which will launch in January 2018 on TV3. Joining him and Visage as judges are Denise Van Outen and Jason Byrne.
Other TV appearances[edit]
Walsh has made multiple appearances on Ant & Dec's Saturday Night Takeaway since 2004
Appeared as a guest panellist on 8 Out of 10 Cats and Celebrity Juice
In 2009, Walsh appeared on the ITV show Anonymous hosted by Stephen Mulhern
In July 2011, he raced the "Reasonably Priced Car", a Kia Cee'd, during series 17 of Top Gear[17]
On 14 September 2013, Walsh's house featured in an episode of Through the Keyhole, and on 26 December 2014 he featured on the show again – this time as a celebrity panellist[citation needed]
On 1 September 2014, Walsh appeared on an episode of Who's Doing the Dishes?[18]
In January 2016, ITV announced that Walsh would appear in Drive, a new show which pitted eight celebrities against each other in a series of races in different vehicles. Hosted by Vernon Kay, the show began airing on 5 April 2016[19]
In September 2017, Walsh appeared as a contestant on Tipping Point: Lucky Stars.
List of groups and performers managed by Walsh[edit]
Act
Duration
Note(s)
Boyzone 1993–2000
Westlife 1998–2012
Samantha Mumba 2000–02
Ronan Keating 2000–03
Bellefire 1999–2004
Six 2001–02
Girls Aloud 2002
G4 2004–07
Shayne Ward 2005–09
Jedward 2009–13 [20][21]
Wonderland 2010–11
Union J 2013–15
Hometown 2013-16
Shane Filan 2012–present
Myles and Connor
Controversy[edit]
Ronan Keating[edit]
When Ronan Keating announced he wanted to take a break from Boyzone, Walsh continued to manage his career. Keating achieved a number one hit with "Life is a Rollercoaster" in 2000 while his album sold 4.4 million copies. Keating and Walsh later agreed to part company and then had a bitter falling out.[22][23] Walsh told the press: "[Keating] wasn't the most talented one – he's not a great singer and he's got no personality."[24] Keating later told Closer magazine: "That man absolutely tried to ruin me and if he thinks we can ever hug and make up he can forget it. I haven't heard from him in three years and I wouldn't have a problem if I never saw him again. He's not a nice character."[25]
The feud between the two men had apparently ended by March 2008[26] and they helped select the finalists in the Groups category in The X Factor.[27]
Louis Walsh v News Group Newspapers[edit]
Walsh sought access to documents which allegedly show The Sun tabloid paid €700 to a man who made a false sexual assault accusation against Walsh. The man was later sentenced to imprisonment for the false accusation.[28] The senior counsel for Walsh told the High Court on 14 May 2012: "The Sun directed the operation to take out Louis Walsh as a public person."[29] On 10 August 2012, the High Court ordered The Sun to give all documents and information to Walsh relating to the preparation of an article in The Sun: "Louis Probed Over 'Sex Attack' on Man in Loo". The article was published both in The Sun and their website on 23 June 2011. Walsh sued for defamation of character resulting from the false and malicious allegations and the case was settled out of court.[30][31]
Walsh also took legal action against The Sun in the courts of Ireland, where it is also published and on 28 November 2012 was awarded damages of €500,000 and €180,000 costs.[32]
Despite winning the legal case, the false accusations had a "lasting effect" on Walsh, who was as of 2015, suffering from paranoid thoughts and panic attacks as a result of the ordeal/misunderstanding.[33]
Stephen Gately's homosexuality[edit]
Walsh was unaware of Stephen Gately's homosexuality when he selected him for Boyzone and has said that, had he known, he would have thought twice before picking him, claiming less than a year before his death that "it wasn't cool then to have a gay guy in a band".[34][35]
Awards and honours[edit]
2009 Mayo Person of the Year[2]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Louis Walsh: 'Simon has a crush... but he's too old for Cheryl... He's got no chance'". Mirror Online. Trinity Mirror. 27 January 2012. Retrieved 5 December 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Louis Walsh is Mayo Person of the Year". The Mayo News. 27 January 2009. Retrieved 3 October 2011.
Jump up ^ Adams, Tim (30 November 2002). "The cynical Svengali". The Observer. Guardian News and Media. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Louis Walsh is signed up for X Factor return - for a very hefty fee". Mirror Online. Trinity Mirror. 11 May 2016. Retrieved 3 October 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "The wait is over... The X Factor 2016 Judging panel revealed". ITV.com. 1 June 2016. Retrieved 2 June 2016.
Jump up ^ Carroll, Grace (7 December 2012). "Louis Walsh said to have signed Union J to a new management deal". Gigwise. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
Jump up ^ "Furious Walsh walks out on X Factor". Mail Online. 23 November 2005.
Jump up ^ X Factor Hurls Water on Louis Walsh Archived 11 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine. TV.Netscape.com; Retrieved 3 October 2011
Jump up ^ "Walsh to step down from X Factor". BBC News. 8 March 2007. Retrieved 11 May 2010.
Jump up ^ Simon scolds Louis Parkmag Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "It's a rap: Cher Lloyd makes X Factor finals by the skin of her teeth". STV. 5 December 2010. Archived from the original on 8 December 2010. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
Jump up ^ Brady, Buzz (21 September 2012). "'Who the hell is Louis?' Walsh stands in for Simon Cowell on US "X Factor" – VIDEO: Irish music mogul steps in for Cowell during Kansas auditions". Irish Central. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
Jump up ^ Butler, Laura (21 September 2012). "Louis Walsh makes splash across pond as his X Factor USA episode is ratings winner". Irish Independent. Independent News & Media. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
Jump up ^ Hegarty, Tasha (11 April 2015). "Louis Walsh threatens to quit The X Factor: "I'm done with it"". Digital Spy. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
Jump up ^ Flint, Hanna (10 May 2015). "Louis Walsh 'sacked' from The X Factor after 11 years". Metro. Retrieved 10 May 2015.
Jump up ^ The Entertainment Network (14 May 2015). "Louis Walsh confirms X Factor exit". RTE Ten. Raidió Teilifís Éireann. Retrieved 14 May 2015.
Jump up ^ "Louis Walsh is a star in a Reasonably Priced Car (Series 17, Episode 6)". 24 August 2011. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
Jump up ^ "Who's Doing the Dishes?" ITV Press Centre, 20 August 2014
Jump up ^ "Top Gear relaunch faces potential clash with new ITV motoring show rival". theguardian.com. Guardian News and Media. 14 January 2016.
Jump up ^ "Walsh signs X Factor duo John and Edward". BBC News. 3 December 2009.
Jump up ^ "X Factor 2013: Jedward have ditched Louis Walsh & appointed their MUM as their manager!". Unreality TV. 8 August 2013. Archived from the original on 7 October 2014. Retrieved 19 April 2014.
Jump up ^ "Keating talks about feud with Walsh". RTÉ. 29 May 2006. Retrieved 4 October 2009.
Jump up ^ "Ronan's Feud With Louis Walsh – Sky Showbiz". Sky Showbiz. Retrieved 4 October 2009. [dead link]
Jump up ^ "Biography – Louis Walsh". Lifetime. AETN UK. Archived from the original on 30 March 2016. Retrieved 5 December 2016.
Jump up ^ Star Trip: Ronan Keating: "Louis Walsh tried to ruin me!" Archived 26 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Boyzone – Keating Ends Walsh Feud". Contact Music. 20 March 2008. Retrieved 4 October 2009.
Jump up ^ "Louis Walsh 2009 X Factor Judges House: Louis House In Italy". The Talent Zone. 2009. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Jail term for false Walsh claims". BBC News. 25 January 2012. Retrieved 28 November 2012.
Jump up ^ Healy, Tim (14 May 2012). "X-Factor judge Louis Walsh wants access to Sun documents on false assault accusation". Irish Independent. Independent News & Media. Retrieved 14 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "Louis Walsh entitled to Sun newspaper's documents on false allegations – court". RTÉ News. RTÉ. 10 August 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
Jump up ^ "X Factor judge Louis Walsh settles 500,000 euro defamation case". BBC News. 28 November 2012. Retrieved 28 November 2012.
Jump up ^ O'Carroll, Lisa (28 November 2012). "Louis Walsh receives €500,000 damages from the Sun". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 November 2012.
Jump up ^ Louis Walsh still suffers panic attacks from false sex assault allegation Independent.ie, 17 March 2015
Jump up ^ "Louis 'mightn't have picked' gay Gately". Irish Independent. 23 November 2008. Retrieved 25 November 2008.
Jump up ^ "Boy Band Star Who 'Came Out' Found Dead". ABC. Retrieved 6 December 2016.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Louis Walsh.
Louis Walsh ITV.com
[1] Mirror.co.uk

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Pork chops and applesauce
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Pork chops and applesauce
Pork chops and applesauce is a traditional dish in Spain and the United Kingdom, consisting of cooked pork chops and apple sauce.[1][2][3][a] The pork chops can be pan-fried, baked or broiled, and the meat is sometimes breaded prior to cooking.[5][6][7] Some people consider the dish to be a comfort food.[8][9]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 In popular culture
3 See also
4 Notes
5 References
History[edit]
Pork chops and applesauce has been consumed in the United States since at least the 1890s.[10]
In popular culture[edit]
In episode #55 of The Brady Bunch titled "The Personality Kid" that aired in 1971, the phrase "pork chops and applesauce" is stated by Peter Brady (played by Christopher Knight) using an impression of the voice of Humphrey Bogart.[11][12] It has been described as a famous catchphrase of the television show.[13]
See also[edit]
Food portal
List of pork dishes
Spanish cuisine
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ "But old traditions like pork chops and apple sauce are giving way to the new, mouth-watering flavors of the 90s."[4]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Good Housekeeping. C.W. Bryan. 1893. p. 23. Retrieved July 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ The New Yorker. New Yorker Magazine. 1925. p. 40. Retrieved July 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ Sarlin, J. (1991). Food from an American Farm. Simon & Schuster. p. 153. ISBN 978-0-671-68499-0. Retrieved July 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ Prairie Farmer. Prairie Farmer Publishing Company. 1995. p. 70. Retrieved July 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ Gazzaniga, D.A. (2002). The No-Salt, Lowest-Sodium Cookbook: Hundreds of Favorite Recipes Created to Combat Congestive Heart Failure and Dangerous Hypertension. St. Martin's Press. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-312-29164-8. Retrieved July 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ Villas, J. (2011). Pig: King of the Southern Table. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-544-18770-2. Retrieved July 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ Whitehead, J. (1889). The Steward's Handbook and Guide to Party Catering. J. Anderson & Company, printers. p. 406. Retrieved July 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ Altiero, K.; Gaudet, K.; Kelly, M. (2014). Adventures in Comfort Food: Incredible, Delicious and New Recipes from a Unique, Small-Town Restaurant. Page Street Publishing. p. 242. ISBN 978-1-62414-081-5. Retrieved July 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ Bilderback, L. (2007). The Complete Idiot's Guide to Comfort Food. The Complete Idiot's Guide Series. Alpha Books. p. 125. ISBN 978-1-59257-633-3. Retrieved July 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ Filippini, A. (1890). The Table: How to Buy Food, how to Cook It, and how to Serve it. Webster. p. 260. Retrieved July 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ Freehof, I.; Catton, P. (2005). The Comfort Diner Cookbook: A World Of Classic Diner Delights, From Homestyle Dinners To Satisfying Breakfasts And Fun Midnight Treats. Clarkson Potter/Publishers. p. 91. ISBN 978-1-4000-8108-0. Retrieved July 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Pork Chops and Applesauce". Gourmet. September 2003. Retrieved July 29, 2017 – via Epicurious.
Jump up ^ "In Memory of The Brady Bunch's Ann B. Davis: Make Pork Chops and Applesauce". People. June 2, 2014. Retrieved July 29, 2017.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pork_chops_and_applesauce&oldid=823198524"
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