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Neelam Sanjiva Reddy
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His Excellency
Neelam Sanjiva Reddy
6th President of India
In office
25 July 1977 – 25 July 1982
Prime Minister
Morarji Desai
Charan Singh
Indira Gandhi
Vice President
B. D. Jatti
Mohammad Hidayatullah
Preceded by
B. D. Jatti (Acting)
Succeeded by
Zail Singh
4th Speaker of the Lok Sabha
In office
17 March 1967 – 19 July 1969
Deputy
R.K. Khadilkar
Preceded by
Sardar Hukam Singh
Succeeded by
Gurdial Singh Dhillon
In office
26 March 1977 – 13 July 1977
Deputy
Godey Murahari
Preceded by
Bali Ram Bhagat
Succeeded by
K. S. Hegde
1st Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh
In office
12 March 1962 – 20 February 1964
Governor
Bhim Sen Sachar
Satyawant Mallannah Shrinagesh
Preceded by
Damodaram Sanjivayya
Succeeded by
Kasu Brahmananda Reddy
In office
1 November 1956 – 11 January 1960
Governor
Chandulal Madhavlal Trivedi
Bhim Sen Sachar
Succeeded by
Damodaram Sanjivayya
Secretary General of the Non-Aligned Movement
In office
7 March 1982 – 11 March 1983
Preceded by
Fidel Castro
Succeeded by
Zail Singh
Personal details
Born
(1913-05-19)19 May 1913
Illur, Anantapur District, Madras Presidency, British India
(now in Andhra Pradesh, India)
Died
1 June 1996(1996-06-01) (aged 83)
Bangalore, Karnataka, India
Political party
Janata Party (since 1977)
Other political
affiliations
Indian National Congress (before 1977)
Spouse(s)
Neelam Nagaratnamma
Alma mater
University of Madras
Neelam Sanjiva Reddy pronunciation (help·info) (19 May 1913 – 1 June 1996) was the sixth President of India, serving from 1977 to 1982. Beginning a long political career with the Indian National Congress Party in the Indian independence movement, he went on to hold several key offices in independent India—as the first Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh, a two-time Speaker of the Lok Sabha and a Union Minister—before becoming the youngest-ever Indian president.[2]
Born in present-day Anantapur district, Andhra Pradesh, Reddy completed his schooling at Adayar and joined the Government Arts College at Anantapur. He quit to become an Indian independence activist and was jailed for participating in the Quit India Movement. He was elected to the Madras Legislative Assembly in 1946 as a Congress party representative. Reddy became the deputy chief minister of Andhra State in 1953 and the first Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh in 1956. He was a union cabinet minister under Prime Ministers Lal Bahadur Shastri and Indira Gandhi from 1964 to 1967 and Lok Sabha Speaker from 1967 to 1969. He later retired from active politics but returned in 1975, responding to Jayaprakash Narayan's call for "Total Revolution" against the Indira Gandhi Government.
Elected to Parliament in 1977 as a candidate of the Janata Party, Reddy was unanimously elected Speaker of the Sixth Lok Sabha and three months later was elected unopposed as President of India. As president, Reddy worked with Prime Ministers Morarji Desai, Charan Singh and Indira Gandhi. Reddy was succeeded by Giani Zail Singh in 1982 and he retired to his farm in Anantapur. He died in 1996 and his samadhi is at Kalpally Burial Ground, Bangalore. In 2013, the Government of Andhra Pradesh commemorated Reddy's birth centenary.
Contents
1 Education and family
2 Role in the Indian independence movement
3 Political career
3.1 Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh (1956–60, 1962–64)
3.2 Congress President (1960–62) and Union Minister (1964–67)
3.3 Speaker of the Lok Sabha (1967–69)
3.4 Presidential election of 1969
3.5 Return to active politics (1975–82)
3.6 Presidential election of 1977
4 President of India
4.1 Morarji Desai government (1977–79)
4.2 Charan Singh government (1979)
4.3 Indira Gandhi's return to power (1980–82)
5 Retirement and death
6 Commemoration
7 Explanatory notes
8 References
9 External links
Education and family[edit]
Reddy was born into a Telugu-speaking Hindu family in Illur village, Madras Presidency (present-day Anantapur district, Andhra Pradesh) on 19 May 1913.[3][4][5] He studied at the Theosophical High School at Adayar in Madras and later enrolled at the Government Arts College at Anantapur, an affiliate of the University of Madras, as an undergraduate.[6] In 1958, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati bestowed the degree of Honorary Doctor of Laws on him because of his role in its founding.[7][8]
Reddy was married to Neelam Nagaratnamma. The couple had one son and three daughters.[9]
Role in the Indian independence movement[edit]
Reddy joined the Indian struggle for independence from the British Raj following Mahatma Gandhi's visit to Anantapur in July 1929 and dropped out of college in 1931. He was closely associated with the Youth League and participated in a student satyagraha. In 1938, Reddy was elected Secretary of the Andhra Pradesh Provincial Congress Committee, an office he held for ten years. During the Quit India Movement, he was imprisoned and was mostly in jail between 1940 and 1945. Released in March 1942, he was arrested again in August and sent to the Amraoti jail where he served time with activists T Prakasam, S. Satyamurti, K Kamaraj and V V Giri till 1945.[10][11]
Political career[edit]
Elected to the Madras Legislative Assembly in 1946 as a Congress representative, Reddy became secretary of the Congress' legislature party.[12] He was also a Member of the Indian Constituent Assembly from Madras.[13][14] From April 1949 to April 1951, he was the Minister for Prohibition, Housing and Forests of the Madras State.[15] Reddy lost the 1951 election to the Madras Legislative Assembly to the Communist leader Tarimela Nagi Reddy.[16]
Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh (1956–60, 1962–64)[edit]
In 1951, in a closely contested election, he was elected President of the Andhra Pradesh Congress Committee defeating N G Ranga.[17][18] When the Andhra State was formed in 1953, T. Prakasam became its Chief Minister and Reddy became the deputy.[19] After the later formation of the Andhra Pradesh state by incorporating Telangana with the Andhra State, Reddy became its first Chief Minister[20] from 1 November 1956 to 11 January 1960.[21] He was Chief Minister for a second time from 12 March 1962 to 20 February 1964, thus holding that office for over five years.[22] Reddy was MLA from Sri Kalahasti and Dhone respectively during his stints as Chief Minister.[23][24][25] The Nagarjuna Sagar and Srisailam multipurpose river valley projects were initiated during his tenure.[26] The Government of Andhra Pradesh later renamed the Srisailam project to Neelam Sanjiva Reddy Sagar in his honour.[27]
The Congress governments under Reddy placed emphasis on rural development, agriculture and allied sectors.[28] The shift towards industrialisation remained limited and was largely driven by the central government's investments in large public sector enterprises in the state.[29] Reddy's first term as Chief Minister ended in 1960 after he resigned on being elected President of the Indian National Congress. In 1964, he resigned voluntarily following unfavourable observations made against the Government of Andhra Pradesh by the Supreme Court in the Bus Routes Nationalisation case.[a][4][31]
Congress President (1960–62) and Union Minister (1964–67)[edit]
Reddy served thrice as President of the Indian National Congress at its Bangalore, Bhavnagar and Patna sessions during 1960 to 1962.[12] At the Congress session at Goa in 1962, Reddy's speech stating India's determination to end the Chinese occupation of Indian territory and the irrevocable nature of the liberation of Goa was enthusiastically received by attendees.[32][33] He was thrice member of the Rajya Sabha.[18] From June 1964, Reddy was Union Minister of Steel and Mines in the Lal Bahadur Shastri government. He also served as Union Minister of Transport, Civil Aviation, Shipping and Tourism from January 1966 to March 1967 in Indira Gandhi's Cabinet.[15][34]
Speaker of the Lok Sabha (1967–69)[edit]
In the general elections of 1967, Reddy was elected to the Lok Sabha from Hindupur in Andhra Pradesh.[35] On 17 March 1967, Reddy was elected Speaker of the Fourth Lok Sabha becoming only the third person to be elected Speaker of the house during their inaugural term.[36] To emphasize the independence of the Speaker's office, Reddy resigned from the Congress Party.[37][38] His term as Speaker was marked by several firsts including the admission of a No-Confidence Motion on the same day as the President's address to a joint session of Parliament,[15] the handing down of a sentence of imprisonment for Contempt of the house[39] and the setting up of the Committee on the Welfare of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.[15] During his term as Speaker a defamation suit filed against him by an MP resulted in the Supreme Court's ruling that parliamentarians had complete freedom of speech in the House and that the courts had no say in such matters.[b][41][42] Reddy described his role as being the 'watchman of the Parliament'.[43] He however had several hostile encounters with Prime Minister Indira Gandhi in the House that proved costly when he became, two years later, the Congress Party's nominee to succeed Zakir Hussain as president.[44]
Presidential election of 1969[edit]
In 1969, following President Zakir Hussain's death, the Congress party nominated Reddy, a member of its Syndicate faction, as candidate for president although Prime Minister Indira Gandhi opposed him.[45] She was forced to accept Reddy as the Congress party's official candidate and feared his election would allow the Syndicate to expel her from office.[46] She asked Congress legislators to "vote according to their conscience" rather than blindly toe the Party line, in effect giving a call to support the independent candidate V V Giri.[47] In a closely fought election held on 16 August 1969, V V Giri emerged victorious, winning 48.01 per cent of the first preference votes and subsequently getting a majority on counting the second preference votes. In the final tally, Giri had 420,077 votes against the quota of 418,169 votes required to be elected president and Reddy had 405,427 votes.[48][49] The election led to much discord within the Congress Party and culminated in the historic split of 1969 and the subsequent rise of Indira Gandhi in Indian politics.[50][51]
Subsequently, Reddy, who had resigned as Speaker of the Lok Sabha to contest the election, retired from active politics and moved back to Anantapur where he took to farming.[52]
Return to active politics (1975–82)[edit]
In response to Jayaprakash Narayan's call for a Total Revolution, Reddy emerged from his political exile in 1975. In January 1977, he was made a member of the Committee of the Janata Party and in March, he fought the General Election from the Nandyal constituency in Andhra Pradesh as a Janata Party candidate. He was the only non-Congress candidate to be elected from Andhra Pradesh.[53][54] The Congress Party led by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi was defeated, ending 30 years of Congress rule in India and a five party coalition with Morarji Desai as its leader came to power.[55] Reddy was unanimously elected Speaker of the Sixth Lok Sabha on 26 March 1977. However he resigned a few months later to contest in the presidential elections of July 1977.[15] Reddy's second term as Speaker lasted three months and 17 days and remains till date the shortest tenure for anyone to have held that post.[56][57]
Presidential election of 1977[edit]
The presidential election of 1977 was necessitated by the death in office of the incumbent Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed. Although Prime Minister Morarji Desai wanted to nominate danseuse Rukmini Devi Arundale for the post, she turned down the offer.[58] Reddy was elected unopposed, the only President to be elected thus, after being unanimously supported by all political parties including the opposition Congress party. At 64, he became the youngest ever person to be elected President of India. He was also the only serious presidential candidate to have contested twice – in 1969 against V V Giri and in 1977.[59][60] 37 candidates had filed their nominations for the presidency of whom 36 were rejected by the returning officer. Following these disqualifications, Reddy remained the only validly nominated candidate in the fray which made elections unnecessary. Reddy thus became the first person to be elected President of India without a contest and remains the only President to have been elected unopposed.[61][62]
President of India[edit]
President Neelam Sanjiva Reddy led seven state visits between 1980 and 1982. He visited USSR, Bulgaria, Kenya, Zambia, UK, Ireland, Indonesia, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Ireland and Yugoslavia.
Neelam Sanjiva Reddy was elected on 21 July 1977[54] and was sworn in as the sixth President of India on 25 July 1977. Reddy worked with three governments, with Prime Ministers Morarji Desai, Charan Singh and Indira Gandhi.[63] Reddy announced, on the eve of India's thirtieth anniversary of Independence, that he would be moving out of the Rashtrapati Bhawan to a smaller accommodation and that he would be taking a 70 percent pay cut in solidarity with India's impoverished masses.[64][65]
Morarji Desai government (1977–79)[edit]
Relations between Reddy and Desai soon soured over the latter's promotion of his son, Kanti Desai, in politics and over Desai's communication with Chief Ministers Vengala Rao and Channa Reddy on the issue of land ceilings in Andhra Pradesh.[66] Following mass defections from the Janata Party and from the cabinet, Morarji Desai's 30-month-old government ended in July 1979 after he handed in his resignation to Reddy before a no-confidence motion could be tabled against his government in Parliament.[67] Reddy's actions following Desai's resignation have been much debated. His decision to accept Desai's resignation before an alternative government created a ministerial vacuum in the executive according to H. M. Seervai.[68] The faction of the Janata Party supporting Desai continued to have the support of 205 MPs as opposed to Charan Singh's 80 MPs.[68] Reddy used presidential discretion in choosing Charan Singh as the next Prime Minister over a contending claim from Jagjivan Ram, the leader of the Janata Party.[69][70]
Charan Singh government (1979)[edit]
Following Desai's resignation and the fall of the Janata government headed by him, Reddy appointed Charan Singh as Prime Minister. This was on the condition that he should prove his majority on the floor of the House before the end of August.[71] Singh was sworn in on 28 July 1979 but never faced Parliament to prove his majority when Reddy convened it on 20 August. Reddy had appointed him Prime Minister since he had produced a letter claiming to have a parliamentary majority with the support of the opposition Congress Party led by his rival, the former Prime Minister Indira Gandhi.[72][73] In return for her support, Gandhi demanded that a law establishing special courts to try her and her son Sanjay Gandhi be repealed – a proposition that was unacceptable to Charan Singh.[73] Gandhi therefore withdrew her support, forcing Singh to resign.[74] His government lasted 24 days and he never faced Parliament.[75][76] The convention of appointing a Prime Minister in a hung House but with conditions on time to prove majority was later adopted by President R Venkataraman.[60][77]
Following Charan Singh's resignation, Reddy summoned Chandrashekhar and Jagjivan Ram to Rashtrapati Bhavan to look into the possibility of forming an alternate government. Reddy, convinced that they would not be able to form one, accepted Singh's advice and dissolved Lok Sabha, calling for a mid term election.[c][75][84][85] Singh was asked to continue as the caretaker prime minister till a new government was sworn in after the election. Reddy's decision was met with angry denunciations and protests by members of the Janata Party who even threatened to have him impeached.[86][87] Although heading a caretaker government, Singh proposed as many as seven ordinances on a broad range of matters from effecting changes in company law, providing state funding of elections and reservation of jobs for the backward classes.[88][89] Reddy however refused to promulgate the ordinances arguing that such momentous changes could not be made by a caretaker government.[90]
Indira Gandhi's return to power (1980–82)[edit]
In the elections of 1980, Indira Gandhi's party the Indian National Congress (I) returned to power by winning 351 seats in the Lok Sabha. Neither the Janata Party nor Charan Singh's Lok Dal won the 54 seats needed for recognition as the official opposition in Parliament.[91] Indira was sworn in as Prime Minister by Reddy for what would become her last term in office in January 1980.[92][93] Between 1980 and 1982 President Reddy led seven state visits abroad, visiting the USSR, Bulgaria, Kenya, Zambia, the UK, Ireland, Indonesia, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Ireland and Yugoslavia.[94][95] At home, as president, he signed an ordinance that gave the new government wide powers to imprison people for up to a year without trial under preventive detention[96][97] and ordered the imposition of President's rule in nine opposition-ruled states on the advice of the government.[98]
Retirement and death[edit]
Reddy was succeeded as president by Giani Zail Singh, who was sworn in on 25 July 1982.[99][100] In his farewell address to the nation, Reddy criticised the failure of successive governments in improving the lives of the Indian masses and called for the emergence of a strong political opposition to prevent governmental misrule.[101][102] Following his presidential term, the then Chief Minister of Karnataka Ramakrishna Hegde invited Reddy to settle down in Bangalore but he chose to retire to his farm in Anantapur.[103][104] He died of pneumonia in Bangalore in 1996 at the age of 83.[105] His samadhi is at Kalpally Burial Ground, Bangalore.[106] The Parliament mourned Reddy's death on 11 June 1996 and members cutting across party lines paid him tribute and recalled his contributions to the nation and the House.[107]
Reddy authored a book, Without Fear or Favour: Reminiscences and Reflections of a President, published in 1989.[108] The character Mahendranath, Chief Minister of the fictional state of Afrozabad in former Prime Minister P V Narasimha Rao's novel, The Insider, is based on Reddy, portraying his career in Andhra Pradesh and his political rivalry with Kasu Brahmananda Reddy.[109][110]
Commemoration[edit]
Sanjiva Reddy's birth centenary was celebrated in 2013 by the Government of Andhra Pradesh with the concluding ceremony in Anantapur being addressed by President Pranab Mukherjee and with the Chief Ministers of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka in attendance.[111][112][113] The Postal Department of India released a commemorative stamp and special cover in honour of Reddy on the occasion of his birth centenary.[114] In Hyderabad, there is the Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy College of Education. As part of the centenary celebrations of his birth, the Government of Andhra Pradesh has announced that it will rename the Andhra Pradesh State Revenue Academy, Reddy's alma mater the Government Arts College and the Government Medical College, Anantapur after the former president.[114][115] In the 1960s, when he was Union Minister for Mines, a statue of him had been unveiled at Vijayawada by K Kamaraj, the then president of the Congress Party, prompting Reddy to ask for its removal as he deemed the practice of erecting statues of people holding public office undesirable.[116] A statue of Sanjiva Reddy, unveiled in 2005, stands at the Andhra Pradesh Secretariat in Hyderabad.[117]
Explanatory notes[edit]
Jump up ^ In C. S. Rowjee And Others vs Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation (APSRTC), the petitioners accused the APSRTC of having acted mala fide under the orders of the Chief Minister, Sanjiva Reddy, in ordering the nationalisation of bus routes in the Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh. In its verdict, the Supreme Court observed "that [it was] to give effect to the wishes of the Chief Minister expressed [...] that the impugned schemes were formulated by the Corporation and therefore, it would be vitiated by malafides notwithstanding the interposition of the semi-autonomous corporation."[30] The Supreme Court also observed that the allegations [of "bias and personal ill-will against the appellants"] were neither denied by the Chief Minister nor were affidavits stating the Government's position filed in the High Court. Further the Supreme Court observed that the counter-affidavits, while denying that the APSRTC was acting at the behest of the Chief Minister, failed to explain the choice of Kurnool district for nationalisation of the routes.[30] In effect this was a condemnation of Reddy's role.
Jump up ^ In Tej Kiran Jain And Others vs N. Sanjiva Reddy, the Supreme Court ruled that what MPs say in Parliament "is only subject to the discipline of the rules of Parliament, the good sense of the members and the control of proceedings by the Speaker. The courts have no say in the matter and should really have none."[40] The case dealt with certain references made against the Shankaracharya of Puri during a Calling Attention Motion introduced in the House.
Jump up ^ Reddy's choice was between accepting the outgoing Prime Minister Charan Singh's advice of dissolving the Lok Sabha or giving Jagjivan Ram, leader of the Janata Party, the largest single bloc there, a chance of forming the government.[78][79] Reddy was advised on the possibility of horse trading and accepted Singh's advice.[80] Jagjivan Ram's claim to having a majority were overlooked[81] and elections called prompting accusations of racial prejudice and political one upmanship against Reddy.[82][83]
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External links[edit]
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President Neelam Sanjiva Reddy's broadcast to India on Republic Day, 1979 (Audio)
Neelam Sanjiva Reddy - The Office of Speaker Lok Sabha
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Preceded by
Burgula Ramakrishna Rao
as Chief Minister of Hyderabad Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh
1956–60 Succeeded by
Damodaram Sanjivayya
Preceded by
Bezawada Gopala Reddy
as Chief Minister of Andhra
Preceded by
Damodaram Sanjivayya Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh
1962–64 Succeeded by
Kasu Brahmananda Reddy
Preceded by
Sardar Hukam Singh Speaker of the Lok Sabha
1967–69 Succeeded by
Gurdial Singh Dhillon
Preceded by
Bali Ram Bhagat Speaker of the Lok Sabha
1977 Succeeded by
Kawdoor Sadananda Hegde
Preceded by
Basappa Danappa Jatti
Acting President of India
1977–82 Succeeded by
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BNF: cb12457853n (data)
LCCN: n83329196
VIAF: 187059480
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neelam_Sanjiva_Reddy&oldid=853280883"
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Freepost
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
"Use this card to order - it requires no postage" c.1940s
Freepost is a postal service provided by various postal administrations, whereby a person sends mail without affixing postage, and the recipient pays the postage when collecting the mail. Freepost differs from self-addressed stamped envelopes, courtesy reply mail, and metered reply mail in that the recipient of the freepost pays only for those items that are actually received, rather than for all that are distributed.
Contents
[hide]
1 Uses
2 By country
2.1 Australia
2.2 Canada
2.3 United States
2.4 United Kingdom and New Zealand
2.5 The Netherlands
2.6 Finland
2.7 More generally
3 International Business Reply Service (IBRS)
4 References
5 External links
Uses[edit]
In one typical use of freepost, a business sends bulk mail to potential customers, the bulk mail including envelopes or postcards that potential customers can return to the business by freepost. In another typical use, magazines include subscription cards that potential subscribers can return by freepost. In yet another typical use, a seller can provide a merchandise return label bearing the appropriate freepost indicia (as described below) to a customer so that the customer can return the item to the seller by freepost upon issuance of a Return Merchandise Authorization.
A non-commercial usecase would be to return lost items belonging to some business: the item will have printed on the back "if found please return by freepost to <address>". For example, UK's NHS worker's RFID access cards can be returned by freepost if lost & found.
By country[edit]
Australia[edit]
In Australia, freepost is called Reply Paid. Specially printed envelopes are used, with the permit holder's address, the words "Reply Paid" with an authorization number. The stamp is replaced by three black stripes. The permit holder pays the postage plus a fee to the postal authority. The customer may write the Reply Paid envelope out by hand.
Centrelink Australia,
REPLY PAID# 7800,
CANBERRA BC, ACT, 2610,
AUSTRALIA
An important customer like the Taxation Office would have an RP number the same as the post code, to minimize errors even more.
Wiki Foundation
Reply Paid 1435
Wherever NSW 1435
Canada[edit]
To coordinate service with the United States, Canada Post uses the same terminology and the same standards as the USPS (as explained below), with the exception of the use of Canadian Postal codes.
United States[edit]
Business Reply Mail
In the United States, the United States Postal Service refers to freepost as business reply mail. A mailer wishing to receive mail by freepost must obtain a business reply permit and design the envelopes, postcards, or labels according to the standards specified by the USPS, including the use of an appropriate FIM B or C code. The address on the envelope, postcard, or label is the same as the address for regular mail, except that the ZIP+4 code is different. In some large cities, business reply mail has its own five-digit ZIP code or codes (e.g., 20077 and 20078 in Washington, D.C.). The envelope or postcard also includes space for the business reply permit number.
United Kingdom and New Zealand[edit]
In the UK and NZ, freepost envelopes can be hand addressed by the sender; this simply requires including the word ‘FREEPOST’ and the recipient’s permit number as part of the address. (This technique can not be used to send mail to merely anyone, who would then have to pay for it; the permit number and the recipient address must match for the recipient to be billed.) [1]
The Netherlands[edit]
In the Netherlands, freepost is addressed exactly the same as normal mail. The recipient needs a special address: an answering number (antwoordnummer in Dutch). The sender can distinguish these addresses because they include the word 'antwoordnummer' and may choose whether or not to use a stamp. When no stamp is used, the recipient pays the costs plus a fee, but when the sender uses a stamp, no extra costs are made.
Finland[edit]
In Finland, there are two types of freepost. In the first one, that is used on order that company has sent and customer wants to return it (for example, an order from a web store), the customer can use the same envelope the company sent and simply write ‘PALAUTUS’ or ‘ASIAKASPALAUTUS’ (‘RETURN’ or ‘CUSTOMER RETURN’ in English). The company must have a contract with the Finnish postal service Itella.
The other option is to use following form:
Company name
Tunnus: 12345
00003 VASTAUSLÄHETYS
Where ‘tunnus’ means ‘code’ and ‘vastauslähetys’ means ‘return delivery’. Postal code is always same for these deliveries. There is usually some text indicating that postage is paid on the upper-right corner. (where stamp would be located) Companies can, however design this text, or image, themselves to match the company logo instead of using the standard one. The company must also have contract with Itella. The address may be handwritten by the customer.
More generally[edit]
Other countries use freepost as well, although the envelope designs required by those countries' postal authorities differ widely from that described above. A freepost address may have a special freepost number for use along with, or instead of, the address for regular mail.
International Business Reply Service (IBRS)[edit]
Example of an International Business Reply Service envelope that would be accepted by the United States Postal Service for free delivery to addresses outside the USA.[2]
International freepost also exists and is known variously as ‘International Business Reply Service’, ‘International Business Reply Mail’, 'International Business Response Service', 'IBRS' and, in French, "Correspondance Commerciale-Réponse Internationale" (CCRI). Like USPS business reply mail, international business reply mail must conform to certain format requirements, including the prominent notice "REPONSE PAYEE" (French for "reply paid"), and a number indicating the account that will pay for the postage.[3][2] International Business Reply Service is a convenient way for international customers to reply to the sender with pre-paid cards and envelopes, at no cost to them.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "UK Freepost rules". UK Royal Mail. Retrieved 22 March 2011. [dead link]
^ Jump up to: a b "International Business Reply Service".
Jump up ^ USPS (2010). "International Mail Manual". Retrieved September 2, 2011, §382.
External links[edit]
Information on reply paid from Australia Post
Information on business reply mail from the USPS
Return and Reply Mail (Mailpiece Quality Control Program, chapter 9), a USPS document showing the design of business reply mail in the United States
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Freepost&oldid=808245954"
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Table 19
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Table 19
Theatrical release poster
Directed by
Jeffrey Blitz
Produced by
Shawn Levy
Tom McNulty
Mark Roberts
Screenplay by
Jeffrey Blitz
Story by
Jay Duplass
Mark Duplass
Jeffrey Blitz
Starring
Anna Kendrick
Craig Robinson
June Squibb
Lisa Kudrow
Stephen Merchant
Tony Revolori
Wyatt Russell
Amanda Crew
Music by
John Swihart
Cinematography
Ben Richardson
Edited by
Yana Gorskaya
Production
companies
3311 Productions
21 Laps Entertainment
Distributed by
Fox Searchlight Pictures
Release date
March 3, 2017 (2017-03-03)
Running time
87 minutes[1][2]
Country
United States
Language
English
Budget
$5 million[3]
Box office
$5 million[4]
Table 19 is a 2017 American comedy film written and directed by Jeffrey Blitz, from a story originally written by brothers Jay and Mark Duplass. The film stars Anna Kendrick, Craig Robinson, June Squibb, Lisa Kudrow, Stephen Merchant, Wyatt Russell, and Tony Revolori.
The film was released on March 3, 2017, by Fox Searchlight Pictures, receiving generally negative reviews from critics and grossed $5 million.
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Cast
3 Production
4 Music
5 Release
5.1 Critical response
6 References
7 External links
Plot[edit]
Eloise McGarry attends the wedding of her oldest friend Francie Millner. It's discovered that she was originally maid of honor but "dropped out" two months ago after her ex boyfriend Teddy, the bride's brother and the best man, broke up with her by text after two years together. Teddy is now back with his old girlfriend Nikki, who has replaced Eloise as maid of honor. At the reception, Eloise discovers she has been seated at Table 19. While she considers leaving early, she meets a man named Huck who notices her looking distressed and offers words of advice which are not well received.
Eloise decides to stay and meets her table mates: Jerry and Bina Kepp, Facebook friends with the groom's father who own a chain of diners; high-schooler Renzo Eckberg, whose parents are acquaintances of the groom and who came to the wedding in the hopes of meeting a girl; Jo Flanagan, Francie's childhood nanny; and Walter Thimble, the bride's cousin who is currently on parole. The table debates whether table 19 is a "good table," to which Eloise responds that before getting dumped she planned half the wedding and knows for a fact that table 19 is for "guests that should have known not to show up."
As the newlyweds come in the reception hall and start dancing, Eloise starts feeling insecure and accepts a dance from Huck, whom she kisses. He declines to sit down with her and she realizes he is crashing the wedding and that "Huck" isn't his real name.
Although the six initially have difficulty finding anything to talk about, they swiftly band together when Jo realizes that Eloise is pregnant. The table confronts Teddy about dumping Eloise after she told him about the baby, and he reveals he dumped her because she said they would be ridiculous parents and he was tired of disappointing her. During this confrontation the wedding cake is destroyed as Eloise backs into it, knocking it onto Teddy. Bitter at this development and feeling unappreciated at the wedding, the Table 19 denizens quickly conceal the cake mishap, and go to Jo's room to smoke pot and converse about their reasons for attending the wedding. Walter reveals he went to prison for stealing 125,000 from the father of the bride, but only did so because he was conned into taking it by his former friend. Renzo tells the group that the wedding is the same night as his junior prom, but his mom encouraged him to come to the wedding instead as he would "probably have a better chance of meeting someone." Jo believes that the children she has cared for have now completely forgotten about her. Going out for a walk, Jerry offers Renzo some advice about how to pick up girls, while Eloise realizes that Jo has cancer. Jo admits that she is probably 'due' the same time Eloise will give birth. Eloise says she thinks she's having a girl and Jo asks that she not name her "Jo" as it's a tough name for a girl. Bina and Jerry fight and she tells him the reason she came to the wedding was to have an affair with an old flame, who has not shown up. They fight about their marriage, and Bina heads back inside with Walter.
On Jo's recommendation, the six attempt to find the wedding crasher that Eloise had encountered earlier, with the aid of the wedding photographer and the hotel reception staff. They learn that "Huck" is actually the groom from another wedding. As payback, Walter steals Huck's wedding cake to replace the one they destroyed earlier.
Returning to the wedding, Table 19 is visited by the bride and groom, who express genuine happiness that everyone there has attended. Francie and Eloise talk briefly, and Francie apologizes that Eloise was seated so far away from her for the reception, and Eloise decides to leave early. Francie then assures Jo that she has not forgotten her, telling a brief but touching childhood story about Teddy, inspiring the table to see him in a new light. The rest of the table tracks down Eloise and encourages her to tell him how she really feels. As the core wedding party leaves the hotel on a ferry, she shouts out an apology to him from the dock, but he's unable to hear.
Eloise, Walter, Jo, and Renzo return to the wedding hall for the last of the cake. In their room, the Kepps discuss their fragile marriage and reconcile before joining the others. The mood significantly changes when Teddy suddenly appears, dripping wet from apparently jumping off the boat and swimming to shore, and asks Eloise to repeat what she was trying to yell to him. Eloise asks that they both continue to be willing to forgive each other and they reconcile. Renzo asks the band to play them another song to which everybody dances, including Teddy.
A few months later, Jo has died of cancer and the Kepps are now happy and taking care of her dog. Renzo has a new girlfriend, and Walter refers to the other Table 19 guests as his family. Eloise and Teddy are together and have a son, who they have named Joe. The movie ends with Eloise and Teddy mailing birth announcements to their friends and family, including all the guests from Table 19.
Cast[edit]
Anna Kendrick as Eloise McGarry
Craig Robinson as Jerry Kepp
June Squibb as Jo Flanagan
Lisa Kudrow as Bina Kepp
Stephen Merchant as Walter Thimble
Tony Revolori as Renzo Eckberg
Wyatt Russell as Teddy
Amanda Crew as Nikki
Thomas Cocquerel as Huck
Becky Ann Baker as Carol Millner
Andy Daly as Luke Pfaffler
Maria Thayer as Infamous Kate Millner
Andy Blitz as Notorious Donny Haczyk
Rya Meyers as Francie Millner
Margo Martindale as Freda Eckberg
Production[edit]
In April 2009, Fox Searchlight Pictures acquired the film, with Jay Duplass and Mark Duplass set to direct their own screenplay.[5] In October 2011, Jeffrey Blitz was brought in to rewrite the script and direct the film.[6][7] On March 24, 2015, it was announced that Anna Kendrick, Craig Robinson, Lisa Kudrow, Stephen Merchant, Tony Revolori, June Squibb, Wyatt Russell, and Amanda Crew would star in the film.[8]
Principal photography began in the Atlanta area on March 27, 2015, and ended on April 30, 2015.[7][9][10] While the plot places the wedding at a resort on an island in the fictional "Lake Alma", in Michigan, filming took place on the Lake Lanier Islands, northeast of Atlanta and at The Ritz-Carlton Reynolds on Lake Oconee, southeast of Atlanta.[11] Other scenes were filmed in Douglasville, west of Atlanta.[11]
Music[edit]
In February 2016, it was announced that John Swihart would score the film.[12]
Release[edit]
The film was originally scheduled to be released on January 20, 2017,[13] before being pushed back to March 3.[14]
Critical response[edit]
On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 26% based on 105 reviews, with a weighted average of 4.5/10. The film's critical consensus reads, "Table 19 is marginally more entertaining than actually sitting with a table full of strangers at a wedding—although most screenings won't come with an open bar, which makes it a wash."[15] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 40 out of 100, based on 29 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[16]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Table 19" (PDF). Digital Cinema by Deluxe. Retrieved February 25, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Table 19 (12A)". British Board of Film Classification.
Jump up ^ "Table 19 (2017)". The Wrap. Retrieved March 5, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Table 19 (2017)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved March 28, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The Duplass Brothers' Table 19 Set Up at Fox Searchlight - /Film". Slashfilm.com. 2009-04-04. Retrieved 2015-05-30.
Jump up ^ Rachel Abrams (2011-10-27). "Jeffrey Blitz in talks to helm 'Table 19′". Variety. Retrieved 2015-05-30.
^ Jump up to: a b Brooks, Brian (2017-03-03). "Anna Kendrick & Lisa Kudrow Seated At 'Table 19′; Bart Freundlich's Journey With 'Wolves' – Specialty B.O. Preview". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved 2017-12-09.
Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro (2015-03-24). "Anna Kendrick Reunites With 'Rocket Science' Director For 'Table 19′". Deadline. Retrieved 2015-05-30.
Jump up ^ "On the Set for 3/30/15: Brad Pitt, Christian Bale & Ryan Gosling Start on 'The Big Short', Julianne Moore Wraps 'Maggie's Plan' & More". Ssninsider.com. Retrieved 2015-05-30.
Jump up ^ "On the Set for 5/4/15: Independence Day 2 Starts Shooting While Directors Jodie Foster and Martin Scorsese Wrap Their Films". Ssninsider.com. Retrieved 2015-05-30.
^ Jump up to: a b ""Table 19" Starring Starring Anna Kendrick Casting Call for Recurring Extras, Featured Roles and Stand-ins in GA". AuditionsFree.com. 2015-03-15. Retrieved 2017-12-09.
Jump up ^ "John Swihart to Score Jeffrey Blitz's 'Table 19'". FilmMusicReporter.com. February 2, 2016. Retrieved February 2, 2016.
Jump up ^ Lee, Ashley (July 7, 2016). "'Table 19' Trailer: Anna Kendrick, Lisa Kudrow Are a Wedding's Most Unwanted Guests". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved November 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Table 19". Fox Searchlight. Retrieved November 10, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Table 19 (2017)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved January 1, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Table 19 reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved May 16, 2017.
External links[edit]
Official website
Table 19 on IMDb
[hide]
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t
e
Jay and Mark Duplass filmography
Feature films
Directed
The Puffy Chair (2005)
Baghead (2008)
Cyrus (2010)
Jeff, Who Lives at Home (2011)
The Do-Deca-Pentathlon (2012)
Written only
Black Rock (2012, Mark only)
Creep (2014, Mark only)
Blue Jay (2016, Mark only)
Table 19 (2017)
Creep 2 (2017, Mark only)
Untitled Alex Lehmann Project (2018, Mark only)
Television
Togetherness (2015–2016)
Room 104 (2017–present)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Table_19&oldid=830221912"
Categories:
2017 films
English-language films
2010s comedy films
American comedy films
American films
Films about weddings
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