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YouTube Premium
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"Music Key" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Key (music).
YouTube Premium
Formerly
Music Key (2014–2015)
YouTube Red (2015–2018)
Type
Subscription service
Industry
Internet
Founded
November 2014; 3 years ago (November 2014) (as Music Key)
October 31, 2015; 2 years ago (2015-10-31) (as YouTube Red)
Headquarters
901 Cherry Avenue, San Bruno, California, U.S.
Area served
Australia
Austria
Canada
Finland
France
Germany
Ireland
Italy
Belgium
Mexico
New Zealand
the Netherlands
Norway
Russia
South Korea
Spain
Sweden
United Kingdom
United States
[1][2]
Parent
YouTube
Website
youtube.com/premium
YouTube Premium (formerly YouTube Red) is a paid streaming subscription service for YouTube in the United States, Australia, New Zealand, Mexico, South Korea, Austria, Canada, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Norway, Russia, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom, Belgium, Denmark, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands.[1][2][3] It provides advertising-free streaming of all videos hosted by YouTube, exclusive original content produced in collaboration with the site's major creators, as well as offline playback and background playback of videos on mobile devices.[4]
The service was originally launched in November 2014 as Music Key, offering only ad-free streaming of music and music videos from participating labels on YouTube and Google Play Music.[5][6][7] The service was then revised and relaunched as YouTube Red on October 31, 2015, expanding its scope to offer ad-free access to all YouTube videos, as opposed to just music.[8] YouTube announced the rebranding of the service as YouTube Premium on May 17, 2018, alongside the return of a separate, YouTube Music subscription service.[9][10]
Contents
1 History
2 Features
3 Content
4 Reception
4.1 Licensing terms
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
History[edit]
YouTube Red's logo between 2017 and 2018.
The service was first unveiled in November 2014 as Music Key, serving as a collaboration between YouTube and Google Play Music, and meant to succeed the former's own subscription service. Music Key offered ad-free playback of music videos from participating labels hosted on YouTube, as well as background and offline playback of music videos on mobile devices from within the YouTube app. The service also included access to Google Play Music All Access, which provides ad-free audio streaming of a library of music.[11] Alongside Music Key, Google also introduced tighter integration between Play Music and YouTube's apps, including the sharing of music recommendations, and access to YouTube's music videos from within the Play Music app.[6][7] Music Key was not YouTube's first foray into premium content, having launched film rentals in 2010,[12] and premium, subscription-based channels in 2013.[13]
During its invite-only beta, Music Key faced mixed reception due to the limited scope of the offering; YouTube's chief business officer Robert Kyncl explained that his daughter was confused over why videos of songs from Frozen were not "music" in the scope of the service, and thus not ad-free.[8] These concerns and others led to a revamping of the Music Key concept to create YouTube Red; unlike Music Key, YouTube Red was designed to provide ad-free streaming to all videos, rather than just music content. This shift required YouTube to seek permission from its content creators and rights holders to allow their content to be part of the ad-free service; under the new contract terms, partners would receive a share of the total revenue from YouTube Red subscriptions, as determined by how much their content is viewed by subscribers.[8]
YouTube also sought to compete against sites such as Hulu and Netflix by offering original content as part of the subscription service, leveraging prominent YouTube personalities in combination with professional producers. Robert Kyncl acknowledged that while many of YouTube's prominent personalities had built their followings and created content while operating on a "shoestring budget", he admitted that "in order to scale up, it takes a different kind of enterprise, a different kind of skill set" such as story-telling and "showrunning".[8][14] Prominent YouTube personality PewDiePie, who was involved in one of the planned originals for the service,[14] explained that the service was meant to mitigate profits lost due to the use of ad blocking.[15]
YouTube Red was officially unveiled on October 21, 2015.[8] On May 18, 2016, YouTube Red and YouTube Music launched in Australia and New Zealand, the first countries to gain access to the service outside the United States.[16][17]
On August 3, 2016, YouTube Red support was added to the YouTube Kids app.[18] Later that month the service launched in Mexico [19].
On December 6, 2016, YouTube Red expanded to South Korea.[20]
On May 17, 2018 YouTube announced the upcoming rebranding of the service as YouTube Premium, which officially took effect on June 18. The rebranding came alongside the re-launch of YouTube Music, with a separate subscription service focused solely on music (that, as before, will be bundled with the larger YouTube Premium service, and also offered to Google Play Music subscribers). YouTube also announced that the price of the service would increase from US$9.99 (which will serve as the price point for the YouTube Music Premium service) to US$11.99 per-month for new subscribers. Alongside the rebranding, the services also expanded into Canada, and 11 European markets (including Austria, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Norway, Russia, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom), with more expansion to come in the future.[21][22][23]
On August 28, 2018, YouTube Premium expanded to Belgium, Denmark, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands.[24]
Features[edit]
A YouTube Premium subscription allows users to watch videos on YouTube without advertisements across the website and its mobile apps, including the dedicated YouTube Music, YouTube Gaming, and YouTube Kids apps. Through the apps, users can also save videos to their device for offline viewing, play them in the background, and in picture-in-picture mode on Android Oreo.[25][6][7] YouTube Premium also offers original content that is exclusive to subscribers, which is created and published by YouTube's largest creators.[26] The service also offers ad-free music streaming through the YouTube Music Premium and Google Play Music services.[8]
Content[edit]
Main article: List of original programs distributed by YouTube Premium
YouTube Premium offers original films and series produced in collaboration with professional studios and YouTube personalities.[8]
For multi-episode series, the first episode of a YouTube Premium original series is available free.[8] In selected countries where the service is not yet available, individual episodes can also be purchased through YouTube or Google Play Movies & TV.[27]
Reception[edit]
Licensing terms[edit]
In May 2014, prior to the official unveiling of the Music Key service, the independent music trade organization Worldwide Independent Network alleged that YouTube was using non-negotiable contracts with independent labels that were "undervalued" in comparison to other streaming services, and stated that YouTube threatened to block a label's videos from public access if they did not agree to the new terms. In a statement to the Financial Times in June 2014, Robert Kyncl confirmed that these measures were "to ensure that all content on the platform is governed by its new contractual terms". Stating that 90% of labels had reached deals, he went on to say that "while we wish that we had [a] 100% success rate, we understand that is not likely an achievable goal and therefore it is our responsibility to our users and the industry to launch the enhanced music experience".[28][29][30][31] The Financial Times later reported that YouTube had reached an aggregate deal with Merlin Network—a trade group representing over 20,000 independent labels, for their inclusion in the service. However, YouTube itself has not confirmed the deal.[7]
Following the unveiling of YouTube Red, it was stated that these same contractual requirements would now apply to all YouTube Partner Program members; partners who do not accept the new terms and revenue sharing agreements related to the YouTube Red service will have their videos blocked entirely in regions where YouTube Red is available.[32] The YouTube channels of ESPN were a notable party affected by the change; a representative of ESPN's parent, The Walt Disney Company, stated that conflicts with third-party rightsholders in regards to sports footage contained in ESPN's YouTube videos prevented them from being offered under the new terms. A limited number of older videos remain on ESPN's main channel.[33]
Similarly, a large amount of content licensed by Japanese record labels became unavailable in regions where YouTube Red is available. It was believed that the ability to download videos for offline viewing in YouTube Red was a subject of hesitation for Japanese media companies due to the need to monitor when, where, and how content is being used in accordance with Japanese copyright laws, hence their content was blocked under the new requirements.[34][35][36]
See also[edit]
Subscription video on demand
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Deahl, Dani (June 18, 2018). "YouTube Music and YouTube Premium officially launch in US, Canada, UK, and other countries". The Verge. Retrieved June 18, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Gao, Richard (June 18, 2018). "YouTube Premium and Music launch today in 17 countries, including Canada and 11 European countries". Android Police. Retrieved June 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ "YouTube Red available locations". YouTube Help. Google. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Statt, Nick (June 23, 2016). "YouTube Red buys its first big TV series". The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Trew, James (November 12, 2014). "YouTube unveils Music Key subscription service, here's what you need to know". Engadget. AOL. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c Newton, Casey (November 12, 2014). "YouTube announces plans for a subscription music service". The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Spangler, Todd (November 12, 2014). "YouTube Launches 'Music Key' Subscription Service with More Than 30 Million Songs". Variety. Penske Media Corporation. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Popper, Ben. "Red Dawn: An inside look at YouTube's new ad-free subscription service". The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Introducing YouTube Premium". Official YouTube Blog. May 16, 2018. Retrieved May 17, 2018.
Jump up ^ Savov, Vlad (May 17, 2018). "Google announces YouTube Music and YouTube Premium". The Verge. Retrieved May 17, 2018.
Jump up ^ Mediati, Nick (November 15, 2014). "Google Play Music subscribers will get free access to YouTube Music Key". PC World. International Data Group. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Helft, Miguel (January 20, 2010). "YouTube Takes a Small Step Into the Film Rental Market". The New York Times. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Spangler, Todd (May 9, 2013). "YouTube's 30 Pay-Channel Partners Run from Kid Fare to Cage Matches". Variety. Penske Media Corporation. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Spangler, Todd (October 21, 2015). "YouTube Red Unveiled: Ad-Free Streaming Service Priced Same as Netflix". Variety. Penske Media Corporation. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Shaul, Brandy (November 2, 2015). "PewDiePie on YouTube Red: 'Adblock Has Actual Consequences'". Adweek. Beringer Capital. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Biggs, Tim (May 18, 2016). "YouTube Red launches in Australia, plus YouTube Music app. Here's what you get". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Cooke, Henry (May 18, 2016). "'Premium' version of YouTube arrives in NZ". Stuff. Fairfax New Zealand. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Perez, Sarah (August 3, 2016). "YouTube Kids rolls out an ad-free option". TechCrunch. AOL. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Gao, Richard (August 17, 2017). "YouTube Red now available in Mexico, costs a lot less than it does in the US". Android Police. Illogical Robot. Retrieved August 23, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Google launches ad-free YouTube subscription service in Korea", Korea Herald.
Jump up ^ "New YouTube Music Premium costs $9.99 monthly, add $2 to get all Red perks". Ars Technica. Retrieved July 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ Gao, Richard (Jun 18, 2018). "YouTube Premium and Music launch today in 17 countries, including Canada and 11 European countries". Android Police. Retrieved June 26, 2018.
Jump up ^ "YouTube Music and YouTube Premium officially launch in US, Canada, UK, and other countries". The Verge. Retrieved June 19, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Bonjour. Hallo. Hej. The new YouTube Music is now available in Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, and Denmark.", @youtubemusic, Twitter.
Jump up ^ "Eight Android Oreo Features You Need to Definitely Check Out". NDTV Gadgets360.com. Retrieved August 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ Constine, Josh (October 21, 2015). "YouTube Red, A $9.99 Site-Wide Ad-Free Subscription With Play Music, Launches Oct 28". TechCrunch. AOL. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "YouTube Red Originals available locations". YouTube Help. Google. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Popper, Ben (June 17, 2014). "YouTube will block videos from artists who don't sign up for its paid streaming service". The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Dredge, Stuart (May 22, 2014). "YouTube subscription music licensing strikes wrong notes with indie labels". The Guardian. Guardian Media Group. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Gibbs, Samuel (May 23, 2014). "Talks with indie labels stall over YouTube music subscription service". The Guardian. Guardian Media Group. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Dredge, Stuart; Rushe, Dominic (June 17, 2014). "YouTube to block indie labels who don't sign up to new music service". The Guardian. Guardian Media Group. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Constine, Josh (October 21, 2015). "YouTube Will Completely Remove Videos Of Creators Who Don't Sign Its Red Subscription Deal". TechCrunch. AOL. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ Brandom, Russell (October 23, 2015). "ESPN is shutting down its YouTube channels over paid subscriptions". The Verge. Vox Media. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
Jump up ^ "CD-Loving Japan Resists Move to Online Music". The New York Times. September 16, 2014. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ "YouTube blocks Japanese contributors' content for refusing to use its paid version". Networkworld. IDG. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Japanese music and vocaloid content disappears as YouTube rolls out new paid service". RocketNews24. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
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Swamp
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Swampland" redirects here. For the theoretical-physics concept, see Swampland (physics). For other uses, see Swamp (disambiguation).
A freshwater swamp in Florida.
A black alder swamp in Germany.
Mass deforestation causes the appearance of swamps. Belorucheiskaya (Russia) forestry railway in 1977.
A swamp is a wetland that is forested.[1] Many swamps occur along large rivers where they are critically dependent upon natural water level fluctuations.[2] Other swamps occur on the shores of large lakes.[3] Some swamps have hammocks, or dry-land protrusions, covered by aquatic vegetation, or vegetation that tolerates periodic inundation.[4] The two main types of swamp are "true" or swamp forests and "transitional" or shrub swamps. In the boreal regions of Canada, the word swamp is colloquially used for what is more correctly termed a bog or muskeg. The water of a swamp may be fresh water, brackish water or seawater. Some of the world's largest swamps are found along major rivers such as the Amazon, the Mississippi, and the Congo.[5]
Contents
[hide]
1 Geomorphology and hydrology
2 Draining
3 Land value, productivity and conservation
4 Notable examples
4.1 Africa
4.2 Asia
4.3 North America
5 List of major swamps
5.1 Africa
5.2 Asia
5.3 Europe
5.4 North America
5.5 South America
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Geomorphology and hydrology[edit]
Swamps are characterized by slow-moving to stagnant waters. They are usually associated with adjacent rivers or lakes. Swamps are features of areas with very low topographic relief. Swamps generate coal as rock.
Draining[edit]
Historically, humans have drained swamps to provide additional land for agriculture and to reduce the threat of diseases borne by swamp insects and similar animals[clarification needed].[6] Many swamps have also undergone intensive logging, requiring the construction of drainage ditches and canals. These ditches and canals contributed to drainage and, along the coast, allowed salt water to intrude, converting swamps to marsh or even to open water.[1] Large areas of swamp were therefore lost or degraded. Louisiana provides a classic example of wetland loss from these combined factors.[7] Europe has probably lost nearly half its wetlands.[6] New Zealand lost 90 percent of its wetlands over a period of 150 years.[8] Ecologists recognise that swamps provide valuable ecological services including flood control, fish production, water purification, carbon storage, and wildlife habitat.[9] In many parts of the world authorities protect swamps. In parts of Europe and North America, swamp restoration projects are becoming widespread.[2][10] Often the simplest steps to restoring swamps involve plugging drainage ditches and removing levees.[11]
Land value, productivity and conservation[edit]
Swamps and other wetlands have traditionally held a very low property value compared to fields, prairies, or woodlands. They have a reputation for being unproductive land that cannot easily be utilized for human activities, other than perhaps hunting and trapping. Farmers, for example, typically drained swamps next to their fields so as to gain more land usable for planting crops.
Many societies now realize that swamps are critically important to providing fresh water and oxygen to all life, and that they are often breeding grounds for a wide variety of life. Indeed, floodplain swamps are extremely important in fish production.[12] Government environmental agencies (such as the United States Environmental Protection Agency) are taking steps to protect and preserve swamps and other wetlands. In Europe, major effort is being invested in the restoration of swamp forests along rivers.[2] Conservationists work to preserve swamps such as those in northwest Indiana in the United States Midwest that were preserved as part of the Indiana Dunes.[13][14][15]
Notable examples[edit]
Swamps can be found on all continents except Antarctica.[16]
The largest swamp in the world is the Amazon River floodplain, which is particularly significant for its large number of fish and tree species.[17][18][19]
Africa[edit]
The Sudd and the Okavango Delta are Africa's best known marshland areas.
Asia[edit]
The Tigris-Euphrates river system is a large swamp and river system in southern Iraq, traditionally inhabited in part by the Marsh Arabs.
In Asia, tropical peat swamps are located in mainland East Asia and Southeast Asia. In Southeast Asia, peatlands are mainly found in low altitude coastal and sub-coastal areas and extend inland for distance more than 100 km (62 mi) along river valleys and across watersheds. They are mostly to be found on the coasts of East Sumatra, Kalimantan (Central, East, South and West Kalimantan provinces), West Papua, Papua New Guinea, Brunei, Peninsular Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, Southeast Thailand, and the Philippines (Riley et al.,1996). Indonesia has the largest area of tropical peatland. Of the total 440,000 km2 (170,000 sq mi) tropical peat swamp, about 210,000 km2 (81,000 sq mi) are located in Indonesia (Page, 2001; Wahyunto, 2006).
The Vasyugan Swamp is a large swamp in the western Siberia area of the Russian Federation. This is one of the largest swamps in the world, covering an area larger than Switzerland.
North America[edit]
Swamp in southern Louisiana
The Atchafalaya Swamp at the lower end of the Mississippi River is the largest swamp in the United States. It is an important example of southern cypress swamp[20] but it has been greatly altered by logging, drainage and levee construction.[21] Other famous swamps in the United States are the forested portions of the Everglades, Okefenokee Swamp, Barley Barber Swamp, Great Cypress Swamp and the Great Dismal Swamp. The Okefenokee is located in extreme southeastern Georgia and extends slightly into northeastern Florida. The Great Cypress Swamp is mostly in Delaware but extends into Maryland on the Delmarva Peninsula. Point Lookout State Park on the southern tip of Maryland contains a large amount of swamps and marshes. The Great Dismal Swamp lies in extreme southeastern Virginia and extreme northeastern North Carolina. Both are National Wildlife Refuges. Another swamp area, Reelfoot Lake of extreme western Tennessee and Kentucky, was created by the 1811–12 New Madrid earthquakes. Caddo Lake, the Great Dismal and Reelfoot are swamps that are centered at large lakes. Swamps are often called bayous in the southeastern United States, especially in the Gulf Coast region.
List of major swamps[edit]
A small swamp in Padstow, New South Wales.
Inside a mangrove canopy, Salt Pan Creek, New South Wales
The world's largest wetlands include significant areas of swamp, such as in the Amazon and Congo River basins.[19] Further north, however, the largest wetlands are bogs.
Africa[edit]
Bangweulu Swamps, Zambia
Okavango Swamp, Botswana
Sudd, South Sudan
Niger Delta, Nigeria
Mare aux Songes, Mauritius
Asia[edit]
Asmat Swamp, Indonesia
Candaba Swamp in Apalit and Candaba, Pampanga and Pulilan, Bulacan, Philippines
Mangrove Swamp in Karachi, Pakistan
Myristica Swamps in Western Ghats, India
Ratargul Swamp Forest in Sylhet, Bangladesh
Sundarbans in India and Bangladesh
Vasyugan Swamp, Russia
Europe[edit]
Pripyat Marshes, Belarus
Valmayor reservoir, Spain
North America[edit]
Atchafalaya National Wildlife Refuge, Louisiana, United States
Big Cypress National Preserve, Florida, United States
Barley Barber Swamp, Florida, United States
Cache River, Illinois, United States
Caddo Lake, Texas/Louisiana, United States
Congaree Swamp, South Carolina, United States
Everglades, Florida, United States
Great Black Swamp, Indiana/Ohio, United States
Great Cypress Swamp, Delaware and Maryland, United States, also known as Great Pocomoke Swamp
Great Dismal Swamp, North Carolina/Virginia, United States
Great Swamp National Wildlife Refuge, New Jersey, United States
Green Swamp, Florida, United States
Green Swamp, North Carolina, United States
Honey Island Swamp, Louisiana, United States
Hudson Bay Lowlands, Ontario, Canada
Limberlost, Indiana, United States
Louisiana swamplands, Louisiana, United States
Mingo National Wildlife Refuge, Puxico, Missouri, United States
Okefenokee Swamp, Georgia/Florida, United States
Reelfoot Lake, Tennessee/Kentucky, United States
Pantanos de Centla, Tabasco/Campeche, Mexico
Swamp City, Plymouth, Minnesota, United States
Texas Swamplands, Texas, United States
South America[edit]
Lahuen Ñadi, Chile
Pantanal, Brazil
Paraná Delta, Argentina
Esteros del Iberá, Argentina
Amazon, Brazil
Caribbean Lowlands, Colombia
See also[edit]
Aquatic plant
Bog
Coniferous swamp
Fen
Freshwater swamp forest
Hydrogen sulfide
Marsh
Marsh gas
Muck
Peat
Peat swamp forest
Salt marsh
Shrub swamp
Slough (hydrology)
Wetland
Will-o'-the-wisp
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Keddy, P.A. 2010. Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 497 p.
^ Jump up to: a b c Hughes, F.M.R. (ed.). 2003. The Flooded Forest: Guidance for policy makers and river managers in Europe on the restoration of floodplain forests. FLOBAR2, Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. 96 p.
Jump up ^ Wilcox, D.A, Thompson, T.A., Booth, R.K. and Nicholas, J.R. 2007. Lake-level variability and water availability in the Great Lakes. USGS Circular 1311. 25 p.
Jump up ^ Swamp Archived 2007-06-10 at the Wayback Machine. (from glossary web page of the United States Geological Survey)
Jump up ^ Keddy, P.A., L.H. Fraser, A.I. Solomeshch, W.J. Junk, D.R. Campbell, M.T.K. Arroyo and C.J.R. Alho. 2009. Wet and wonderful: the world's largest wetlands are conservation priorities. BioScience 59: 39–51.
^ Jump up to: a b Dugan, P. (ed.) 2005. Guide to Wetlands. Buffalo, New York. Firefly Books. 304 p.
Jump up ^ Keddy, P.A., D. Campbell, T. McFalls, G. Shaffer, R. Moreau, C. Dranguet, and R. Heleniak. 2007. The wetlands of lakes Pontchartrain and Maurepas: past, present and future. Environmental Reviews 15: 1- 35.
Jump up ^ Peters, M. and Clarkson, B. 2010. Wetland Restoration: A Handbook for New Zealand Freshwater Systems. Manaaki Whenua Press, Lincoln, N.Z. ISBN 978-0-478-34707-4 (online)
Jump up ^ Keddy, P.A. 2010. Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 497 p. Chapter 11.
Jump up ^ Environment Canada. 2004. How Much Habitat is Enough? A Framework for Guiding Habitat Rehabilitation in Great Lakes Areas of Concern. 2nd ed. 81 p.
Jump up ^ Keddy, P.A. 2010. Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 497 p. Chapter 13.
Jump up ^ Lowe-McConnell, R. H. (1975). Fish Communities in Tropical Fresh waters: Their Distribution, Ecology and Evolution. London: Long man
Jump up ^ Smith, S. & Mark, S. (2006). Alice Gray, Dorothy Buell, and Naomi Svihla: Preservationists of Ogden Dunes. The South Shore Journal, 1. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-09-13. Retrieved 2012-06-11.
Jump up ^ Smith, S. & Mark, S. (2009). The Historical Roots of the Nature Conservancy in the Northwest Indiana/Chicagoland Region: From Science to Preservation. The South Shore Journal, 3. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-01-01. Retrieved 2015-11-22.
Jump up ^ Smith, S. & Mark, S. (2007). The cultural impact of a museum in a small community: The Hour Glass of Ogden Dunes. The South Shore Journal, 2. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-11-30. Retrieved 2012-06-11.
Jump up ^ Hunter, Malcolm L. (1999). Maintaining Biodiversity in Forest Ecosystems. Cambridge University Press. p. 325. ISBN 978-0521637688.
Jump up ^ Goulding, M. (1980). The Fishes and the Forest: Explorations in Amazonian Natural History. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Jump up ^ Lowe-McConnell, R. H. (1975). Fish Communities in Tropical Freshwaters: Their Distribution, Ecology and Evolution. London: Longman
^ Jump up to: a b L.H. Fraser and P.A. Keddy (eds.). 2005. The World's Largest Wetlands: Ecology and Conservation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 488 p.
Jump up ^ Conner, W. H. and Buford, M. A. (1998). Southern deepwater swamps. In Southern Forested Wetlands: Ecology and Management, eds. M. G. Messina and W. H. Conner, pp. 261–87. Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers.
Jump up ^ Reuss, M. (1998). Designing the Bayous: The Control of Water in the Atchafalaya Basin 1800–1995. Alexandria, VA: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Office of History.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Swamps.
"Swamp". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
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Gandhinagar
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the municipality in India. For its namesake district, see Gandhinagar district.
For other uses, see Gandhinagar (disambiguation).
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Capital City in Gujarat, India
Gandhinagar
Capital City
Akshardham Mandir
Gandhinagar
Location in Gujarat
Gandhinagar
Gandhinagar (India)
Show map of Gujarat Show map of India Show all
Coordinates: 23°13′23″N 72°39′00″E / 23.223°N 72.650°E / 23.223; 72.650Coordinates: 23°13′23″N 72°39′00″E / 23.223°N 72.650°E / 23.223; 72.650
Country
India
State
Gujarat
District
Gandhinagar
Named for
Mahatma Gandhi
Government
• Type
Mayor–Council
• Body
Gandhinagar Municipal Corporation
• Municipal Commissioner
D. N. Modi, I.A.S
• Mayor
Pravin Patel
Area
• Total
177 km2 (68 sq mi)
Elevation
81 m (266 ft)
Population (2011)[1]
• Total
292,167
• Density
1,700/km2 (4,300/sq mi)
Languages
• Official
Gujarati, Hindi, and English
Time zone
IST (UTC+5:30)
PIN CODE
382010[2]
Telephone code
079 [3]
Vehicle registration
GJ-18
Website
gujaratindia.com
Gandhinagar /ɡɑːndɪˈnɑːɡər/ ( pronunciation (help·info)) is the capital of the state of Gujarat in Western India. Gandhinagar is located approximately 23 km north of Ahmedabad, on the west central point of the Industrial corridor between Delhi, the political capital of India, and Mumbai.
Gandhinagar, Gujarat's new capital city, lies on the west bank of the Sabarmati River, about 545 km (338 miles) north of Mumbai, the financial capital of India and 901 km (560 miles) southwest of Delhi, the political capital.[4][better source needed] There is a provision of parks, extensive planting and a recreational area along the river giving the city a green garden-city atmosphere.[4][better source needed]
The Akshardham temple is located in Gandhinagar.[5] There was a determination to make Gandhinagar a purely Indian enterprise, partly because the state of Gujarat was the birthplace of Mahatma Gandhi.[4][better source needed] For this reason, the planning was done by two Indian town planners: Prakash M Apte & H. K. Mewada, who had apprenticed with Le Corbusier in Chandigarh.[citation needed]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Demographics
3 Geography
4 Climate
5 Governance and politics
6 Transport
6.1 Air
6.2 Rail
6.2.1 Metro-Link Express for Gandhinagar and Ahmedabad
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
History[edit]
The city gandhinagar was planned by Chief Architect H.K. Mewada, educated at Cornell University, and his assistant Prakash M Apte.[6][7][8]
Demographics[edit]
Religions in Gandhinagar
Religion Percent
Hindus
94.46%
Muslims
03.29%
As of 2001[update] India census,[9] Gandhinagar had a population of 195,891. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Gandhinagar has an average literacy rate of 77.11%. Male literacy is 82%, and female literacy is 73%. In Gandhinagar, 11% of the population is under 6 years of age. Over 95% of the population of Gandhinagar are Hindus.
Geography[edit]
Gandhinagar has an average elevation of 81 metres (266 feet). The city sits on the banks of the Sabarmati River, in north-central-East Gujarat. The 20,543 km2 Area Around Gandhinagar is defined by Gujarat capital Territory. It spans an area of 205 km2 (79 sq mi). The river frequently dries up in the summer, leaving only a small stream of water. Gandhinagar is India's tree capital With 54% green cover on its land area.[10]
Climate[edit]
Gandhinagar
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2.6
28
12
1.1
31
14
1
36
19
0.9
40
23
6
42
26
109
38
27
265
33
26
220
32
25
172
33
24
11
36
21
8.9
33
17
2.6
30
13
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Source: [11]
showImperial conversion
J F M A M J J A S O N D
0.1
83
53
0
88
57
0
97
66
0
104
74
0.2
107
79
4.3
101
81
10
92
78
8.7
89
77
6.8
92
75
0.4
96
70
0.4
92
62
0.1
86
55
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
Gandhinagar has a tropical wet and dry climate with three main seasons: summer, monsoon and winter. The climate is generally dry and hot outside of the monsoon season. The weather is hot to severely hot from March to June when the maximum temperature stays in the range of 36 to 42 °C (97 to 108 °F), and the minimum in the range of 19 to 27 °C (66 to 81 °F). It is pleasant in the winter days and quite chilling in the night during December to February. The average maximum temperature is around 29 °C (84 °F), the average minimum is 14 °C (57 °F), and the climate is extremely dry. The southwest monsoon brings a humid climate from mid-June to mid-September.[12] The average annual rainfall is around 803.4 mm (31.63 in).
Governance and politics[edit]
Further information: Gandhinagar (Lok Sabha constituency), Chief Ministers of Gujarat, and Gandhinagar Municipal Corporation
Religions in Gandhinagar[citation needed]
Religion Percent
Hinduism
99%
Others
1%
On 1 May 1960, Gujarat was created out of the 17 northern districts of former State of Bombay. These districts were further subdivided later on. There are 33 administrative districts in the state. Gandhinagar is a politics hub for the state of Gujarat. Sri L.k. Advani is Present Elected member for 19 years from Gandhinagar seat in Loksabha Election.[13]
Congress won the first municipality election in 2011.[14] Mahendrasinh Rana became the first mayor of the city.
In 2017, Gujarat Legislative Election Shambhuji Thakor was elected on Gandhinagar South constituency and Dr. C. J. Chavda from Indian National Congress party was elected from Gandhinagar North constituency.
Transport[edit]
Gandhinagar Road
Air[edit]
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport located in Ahmedabad is 18 km away from Gandhinagar, providing both domestic and international flights.
Rail[edit]
Gandhinagar Metro
Overview
Owner
Government of Gujarat
Locale
Gandhinagar, India
Transit type
Rapid Transit
Number of lines
4
Operation
Operator(s)
MEGACL
Gandhinagar Capital railway station (GNC ) is located in Sector 14. Many trains running on the western zones pass through Gandhinagar. Currently there are 5 trains running from this station in which 3 are express trains and 2 are MEMU trains.Jaipur-Bandra Garib Rath, Haridwar mail for Delhi and Haridwar and Shanti Express for Indore Junction BG are main express trains running through this station.
Ahmedabad Railway Station in Kalupur Ahmedabad is the nearest rail junction (25 km away) which provides connectivity with all the major cities and towns of India. The Indian Railways transports are Available for Moving in Northern India & Eastern India From Kalol Railway Station.
Metro-Link Express for Gandhinagar and Ahmedabad[edit]
The Governing Body of Gujarat planned for rapid transit in the city by proposing the Metro-Link Express for Gandhinagar and Ahmedabad (MEGA) also known as the Ahmedabad Metro. The contract for the four corridors of the system were awarded to Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC) which also manages the Delhi Metro.[15][16] Delhi Metro carried out a pre-feasibility survey in 2004–05. In 2003, when the project was conceived, its cost was worked out at Rs 45 billion.
The DMRC (Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd) has already done its techno-feasibility study and submitted its report.
See also[edit]
Software Technology Parks of India
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Gujarat (India): Districts, Cities, Towns and Outgrowth Wards - Population Statistics in Maps and Charts".
Jump up ^ "PIN Code: Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India". findpincode.net.
Jump up ^ "Change in Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar phone numbers - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 2018-03-03.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Information about History of Gandhinagar City – Gujarat". Gujaratguideonline.com. Retrieved 26 July 2010.
Jump up ^ "SBI IFSC Code: Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India". Sbiifsccode.co.in.
Jump up ^ New development plan will kill G’nagar, warns original planner. The Times of India.
Jump up ^ Architecture, Low Cost Housing, Regional Planning, Urban Development, Town Planner, Housing, India, Prakash, Madhusudan, Apte, Eisenhover, Gandhinagar, Urban Planning, Urban Growth. Angelfire.com (21 June 2014).
Jump up ^ The building of GANDHINAGAR NEW CAPITAL OF GUJARAT:INDIA, Prakash Madhusudan Apte, Power Publishers, March 2012
Jump up ^ "Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)". Census Commission of India. Archived from the original on 16 June 2004. Retrieved 1 November 2008.
Jump up ^ "With 54% green cover, Gandhinagar India's tree capital – The Times of India". The Times of India.
Jump up ^ IMD Archived 4 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Gandhinagar Weather – Records and Averages". Yahoo! Inc. Archived from the original on 14 May 2006. Retrieved 4 September 2006.
Jump up ^ "MP Elections : Mallika Sarabhai to contest against Advani « India Elections 2014, India, News, Update, Analysis, Predictions, Results".
Jump up ^ "Congress wins maiden Gandhinagar civic poll – The Times of India". The Times of India.
Jump up ^ "Govt lines up Rs 1 lakh cr for Metro projects-Railways-Transportation-News By Industry-News-The Economic Times". The Economic Times. 6 June 2009. Retrieved 26 July 2010.
Jump up ^ "Delhi Metro to discuss Ahmedabad-Gandhinagar link – Ahmedabad – City". The Times of India. 6 June 2009. Retrieved 26 July 2010.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gandhinagar.
Find more aboutGandhinagarat Wikipedia's sister projects
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BNF: cb15126128j (data)
GND: 4736596-1
VIAF: 19144928662254440880
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Devbhoomi Dwarka district

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