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Province of Pennsylvania
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Province of Pennsylvania
1681–1783
Flag
Coat of arms
A map of the Province of Pennsylvania.
Status
Colony of England (1681–1707)
Colony of Great Britain (1707–1776)
Capital
Philadelphia
Common languages
English, Pennsylvania German, Welsh, Unami, Susquehannock, Munsee
Government
Proprietary colony, semi-autonomous constitutional monarchy
Monarch
• 1681–1685
Charles II
• 1685–1688
James II
• 1689–1702 (Mary died 1694)
William III & Mary II
• 1702–1714
Anne
• 1714–1727
George I
• 1727–1760
George II
• 1760–1776
George III
Royal Governor
• 1681–1783
List of colonial governors of Pennsylvania
Legislature
Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly
History
• Land grant to William Penn
March 4 1681
• Treaty of Paris (1783)
September 3 1783
Currency
Pennsylvania pound
Succeeded by
Pennsylvania
Today part of
United States
The Province of Pennsylvania, also known as the Pennsylvania Colony, was founded in English North America by William Penn on March 4, 1681 as dictated in a royal charter granted by King Charles II. The name Pennsylvania, which translates roughly as "Penn's Woods",[1] was created by combining the Penn surname (in honor of William's father, Admiral Sir William Penn) with the Latin word sylvania, meaning "forest land". The Province of Pennsylvania was one of the two major Restoration colonies, the other being the Province of Carolina. The proprietary colony's charter remained in the hands of the Penn family until the American Revolution, when the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania was created and became one of the original thirteen states. "The lower counties on Delaware", a separate colony within the province, would breakaway during the American Revolution as "the Delaware State" and also be one of the original thirteen states.
Contents
1 Government
2 Counties
2.1 Lower Counties
2.2 New Lands and New Counties
3 Religious freedom and prosperity
4 Relations with Native Americans
4.1 Limits on further settlement
5 Judiciary
6 Famous colonial Pennsylvanians
7 See also
8 References
8.1 Secondary sources
9 External links
Government[edit]
The colonial government, established in 1682 by Penn's Frame of Government, consisted of an appointed Governor, the proprietor (William Penn), a 72-member Provincial Council, and a larger General Assembly. The General Assembly, also known as the Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly, was the largest and most representative branch of government, but had little power.
Succeeding Frames of Government were produced in 1683, 1696 and 1701. The fourth Frame was also known as the Charter of Privileges and remained in effect until the American Revolution. At that time, the Provincial Assembly was deemed too moderate by the revolutionaries, who ignored the Assembly and held a convention which produced the Constitution of 1776 for the newly established commonwealth, creating a new General Assembly in the process.
William Penn (14 October 1644 – 30 July 1718) was an English real estate entrepreneur, philosopher, early Quaker and founder of the Province of Pennsylvania, the English North American colony and the future Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. He was an early advocate of democracy and religious freedom, notable for his good relations and successful treaties with the Lenape Indians. Under his direction, the city of Philadelphia was planned and developed.
Counties[edit]
Penn, despite having the land grant from the King, embarked on an effort to purchase the lands from native Americans. Much of the land near present day Philadelphia was held by the Delaware (Lenni Lenape) who would expect payment in exchange for a quitclaim to vacate the territory[2]. Penn and his representatives (Proprietors) negotiated a series of treaties with the Delaware and other tribes that had an interest in the land in his royal grant.
The initial treaties were conducted between 1682 and 1684 for tracts between New Jersey and the former Swedish / Dutch colonies in present day Delaware[3]. The province was thus divided first into three counties, plus the three "lower counties on Delaware Bay". The easternmost, Bucks County, Philadelphia County and Chester County, the westernmost.
Lower Counties[edit]
Main article: History of Delaware
"The lower counties on Delaware," a separate colony within the province, constituted the same three counties that constitute the present State of Delaware: New Castle, the northernmost, Sussex, the southernmost, and Kent, which fell between New Castle and Sussex County. Their borders remain unchanged to this day.
New Lands and New Counties[edit]
It was not until several decades into the next century that additional treaties with the native Americans were concluded. The Proprietors of the colony made treaties in 1718, 1732, 1737, 1749, 1754 and 1754 pushing the boundaries of the colony (still within the original royal grant) north and west.[4] By the time the French and Indian War began in 1754, the Assembly had established the additional counties of Lancaster (1729), York (1749), Cumberland (1750), Berks (1752) and Northampton (1752)[5].
After the war was concluded, an additional treaty was made in 1768, that abided by the limits of the Royal Proclamation of 1763. This proclamation line was not intended to be a permanent boundary between the colonists and native American lands, but rather a temporary boundary which could be extended further west in an orderly manner but only by the royal government and not private individuals such as the Proprietors. This effectively altered the original royal land grant to Penn. The next acquisitions by Pennsylvania were to take place as an independent commonwealth or state and no longer as a colony. The Assembly establish additional counties from the land prior to the War for American Independence. These counties were Bedford (1771), Northumberland (1772) and Westmoreland (1773)[6].
Religious freedom and prosperity[edit]
William Penn and his fellow Quakers heavily imprinted their religious values on the early Pennsylvanian government. The Charter of Privileges extended religious freedom to all monotheists and government was initially open to all Christians. Until the French and Indian War Pennsylvania had no military, few taxes and no public debt. It also encouraged the rapid growth of Philadelphia into America's most important city, and of the Pennsylvania Dutch Country hinterlands, where German (or "Deutsch") religions and political refugees prospered on the fertile soil and spirit of cultural creativeness. Among the first groups were the Mennonites, who founded Germantown in 1683; and the Amish, who established the Northkill Amish Settlement in 1740. 1751 was an auspicious year for the colony. Pennsylvania Hospital, the first hospital in the British American colonies,[7] and The Academy and College of Philadelphia, the predecessor to the private University of Pennsylvania,[8] both opened. Benjamin Franklin founded both of these institutions along with Philadelphia's Union Fire Company fifteen years earlier in 1736.[9] Likewise in 1751, the Pennsylvania State House ordered a new bell which would become known as the Liberty Bell for the new bell tower being built in the Pennsylvania State House in Philadelphia.
Relations with Native Americans[edit]
Benjamin West's painting (in 1771) of William Penn's 1682 treaty with the Lenni Lenape
William Penn had mandated fair dealings with Native Americans. This led to significantly better relations with the local Native tribes (mainly the Lenape and Susquehanna) than most other colonies had. The Quakers had previously treated Indians with respect, bought land from them voluntarily, and had even representation of Indians and Whites on juries. According to Voltaire, the Shackamaxon Treaty was "the only treaty between Indians and Christians that was never sworn to and that was never broken."[10] The Quakers also refused to provide any assistance to New England's Indian wars.
In 1737, the Colony exchanged a great deal of its political goodwill with the native Lenape for more land. The colonial administrators claimed that they had a deed dating to the 1680s in which the Lenape-Delaware had promised to sell a portion of land beginning between the junction of the Delaware River and Lehigh River (present Easton, Pennsylvania) "as far west as a man could walk in a day and a half." This purchase has become known as the Walking Purchase. Although the document was most likely a forgery, the Lenape did not realize that. Provincial Secretary James Logan set in motion a plan that would grab as much land as they could possibly get and hired the three fastest runners in the colony to run out the purchase on a trail which had been cleared by other members of the colony beforehand. The pace was so intense that only one runner actually completed the "walk," covering an astonishing 70 miles (110 km). This netted the Penns 1,200,000 acres (4,900 km2) of land in what is now northeastern Pennsylvania, an area roughly equivalent to the size of the state of Rhode Island in the purchase. The area of the purchase covers all or part of what are now Pike, Monroe, Carbon, Schuylkill, Northampton, Lehigh and Bucks counties. The Lenape tribe fought for the next 19 years to have the treaty annulled, but to no avail. The Lenape-Delaware were forced into the Shamokin and Wyoming Valleys, which were already overcrowded with other displaced tribes.
Limits on further settlement[edit]
Further information: Great Britain in the Seven Years' War
As the colony grew, colonists and British military forces came into confrontation with Natives in the Western half of the state. Britain fought for control of the neighboring Ohio Country with France during the French and Indian War, and following the British victory the territory was formally ceded to them in 1763 and became part of the British Empire.
With the war just over and Pontiac's War beginning, the Royal Proclamation of 1763 banned colonization beyond the Appalachian Mountains in an effort to prevent settlers settling lands which the Native Americans considered their own. This proclamation affected Pennsylvanians and Virginians the most, as they had been racing towards the lands surrounding Fort Pitt (modern-day Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania).
Judiciary[edit]
The Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, consisting of the Chief Justice and at least one other judge, was founded in 1722 and sat in Philadelphia twice a year.
Chief Justices[1]
Incumbent
Tenure
Notes
Took office
Left office
Arthur Cook 1681 1684
Nicholas Moore 1684 1685
Arthur Cook 1686 1690
John Simcock 1690 1693
Andrew Robson 1693 1699
Edward Shippen 1699 1701
John Guest 20 Aug 1701 10 Apr 1703
William Clark 10 Apr 1703 1705
John Guest 1705 1706
Roger Mompesson 17 April 1706 1715
Joseph Growden, Jr. 1715 1718
David Lloyd 1718 1731
James Logan 20 Aug 1731 1739
Jeremiah Langhorne 13 Aug 1739 1743
John Kinsey 5 April 1743 1750
William Allen 20 Sept 1750 1774
Benjamin Chew 29 April 1774 1776
Famous colonial Pennsylvanians[edit]
Benjamin Franklin moved to Philadelphia at age 17 in 1723; during his later years he was Pennsylvania's most famous citizen. Among his accomplishments was founding in 1751 the Academy and College of Philadelphia, the predecessor to the private University of Pennsylvania. Franklin was also a strong advocate for a state militia, creating his own extra-legal militia when the state assembly would not during King George's War.[11]
Thomas McKean was born in New London, Pennsylvania. He was an officer in the Continental Army during the American Revolution, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, the second President of the U.S. Congress under the Articles of Confederation, Acting President of Delaware, and Chief Justice and Governor of Pennsylvania.
Gouverneur Morris, one of the leading minds of the American Revolution, lived in New York City during most of the colonial period, but moved to Philadelphia to work as a lawyer and merchant during the Revolution.
Robert Morris moved to Philadelphia around 1749 at about age 14. He was known as the Financier of the Revolution because of his role in securing financial assistance for the American Colonial side in the Revolutionary War. In 1921, Robert Morris University was founded and named after him.
John Morton was born in Ridley Township, Pennsylvania. He was a delegate to the Continental Congress and a signatory to the Continental Association and the United States Declaration of Independence.
Thomas Paine emigrated to Philadelphia in 1774 at Benjamin Franklin's urging. His tract, Common Sense, published in 1776, was arguably the most famous and influential argument for the Revolution. He was also the first to publicly champion the phrase "United States of America."
William Penn was the colony's founder and son of naval Admiral Sir William Penn.
George Ross was born in New Castle, Delaware and moved to Philadelphia to practice law. He was a delegate to the Continental Congress and a signatory to the Continental Association and the United States Declaration of Independence.
Arthur St. Clair moved to Ligonier Valley, Pennsylvania in 1764. He served as a judge in colonial Pennsylvania, a general in the Continental Army, and a President under the Articles of Confederation.
James Wilson moved to Philadelphia in 1765 and became a lawyer. He signed the Declaration of Independence and wrote or worked on many of the most difficult compromises in the U.S. Constitution, including the Three-Fifths Compromise, which defined slaves as three-fifths of a person for purposes of census-taking, number of members to be elected to U. S. House of Representatives, and government appropriations.
Peggy Shippen was the daughter of prominent Philadelphia merchant Edward Shippen and wife of Benedict Arnold.
See also[edit]
United States portal
North America portal
Pennsylvania portal
British Empire portal
Fort Augusta
Fort Dupuy
Great Wagon Road
Independence Hall, originally the Pennsylvania State House.
List of colonial governors of Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania in the American Revolution
Restoration colony
Walking Purchase
Welsh Tract
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "About Pennsylvania". Archived from the original on 2009-10-14.
Jump up ^ Forest, Tuomi J., William Penn Visionary Proprietor http://xroads.virginia.edu/~cap/penn/pnind.html
Jump up ^ See the Genealogical Map of Pennsylvania Counties developed by the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, 11th Edition (1999) https://www.phmc.state.pa.us%2Fbah%2Fdam%2Frg%2Fdi%2Fr17_522ConnectedDraftAndOtherMaps%2FPennsylvaniaGenealogicalMapOfTheCounties.pdf&usg=AOvVaw098KEykqrxtYLoZE80PLXb
Jump up ^ Ibid
Jump up ^ Ibid
Jump up ^ Ibid
Jump up ^ Historic Pennsylvania Hospital,The American Journal of Nursing , Vol. 39, No. 12 (Dec., 1939) , pp. 1306-1311
Jump up ^ College Founding in the American Colonies, 1745-1775 Beverly McAnear, The Mississippi Valley Historical Review , Vol. 42, No. 1 (Jun., 1955), pp. 24-44
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-03-26. Retrieved 2014-03-25. CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)
Jump up ^ Rothbard, Murray N. (2005). "Pennsylvania's Anarchist Experiment: 1681–1690". LewRockwell.com. Retrieved 2008-07-02.
Jump up ^ Rothbard, Murray N., Conceived in Liberty, Vol. II (Auburn, AL: Ludwig von Mises Institute, 1999), p. 64.
Secondary sources[edit]
Illick Joseph E. Colonial Pennsylvania: A History (1976)
Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, The Quaker Province
External links[edit]
William Penn: Preface to the Frame of Government of Pennsylvania, 1682
"Members and Districts by Session, 1682-1775", Wilkes University Election Statistics Project
Pennsylvania General Assembly: Pennsylvania Constitution
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Coordinates: 40°17′46″N 75°30′32″W / 40.296°N 75.509°W / 40.296; -75.509
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Province_of_Pennsylvania&oldid=865431192"
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Michael Aldridge
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the Australian rugby union player, see Michael Aldridge (rugby union).
Michael Aldridge
As Seymour in Last of the Summer Wine
Born
(1920-09-09)9 September 1920
Glastonbury, Somerset, England
Died
10 January 1994(1994-01-10) (aged 73)
Greenwich, London, England
Occupation
Actor
Years active
1939–1994
Spouse(s)
Kirsteen Rowntree (1947-1994, his death; 3 children)
Michael William ffolliott Aldridge[1] (9 September 1920 – 10 January 1994) was an English actor. He was known for playing Seymour in the television series Last of the Summer Wine from 1986 to 1990 and he had a long career as a character actor on stage and screen dating back to the 1930s.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
2.1 Theatre
2.2 Television
3 Private life
4 Selected filmography
5 References
6 External links
Early life[edit]
The son of Dr Frederick James Aldridge and his wife Kathleen Michaela Marietta White, Aldridge was born in Glastonbury, Somerset, England, on 9 September 1920. He was educated at Gresham's School, Holt, Norfolk, where he acted in school plays.[2][3] In his last year at school he played the title role in a production of Othello, a report in The Times noting "M. W. ff. Aldridge (aged 17½ years) was masterly and dignified as Othello and well worthy of the formal designation 'a noble Moor'".[4]
Career[edit]
He started his acting career in August 1939 at the Palace Theatre, Watford appearing in Terence Rattigan's play French Without Tears. A few days later, World War II broke out. From 1939 to 1940, he was in rep at Bristol, Blackpool, Sunderland, Sheffield, Bradford and Amersham. In 1940, he joined the Royal Air Force and served in Africa, the United States, the Middle East and the Mediterranean, leaving the service in 1945 as a flight lieutenant.
After the war, Aldridge returned to acting, and toured with the Arts Council Midland Theatre Company from 1946 to 1948, but it was not until 1954 that his career started to gain him recognition, when he took a role in Salad Days at the Vaudeville Theatre, where he remained until 1957. He played many roles in musicals throughout his career, usually in supporting roles in which he was highly reliable and professional.
Theatre[edit]
Aldridge's first professional appearance was in the part of Kenneth in French without Tears, at the Palace Theatre, Watford, in August 1939. He was in rep until 1940. His first West End appearance was in This Way to the Tomb, playing the Prologue and the Mechanic, at the Garrick Theatre, 1946; toured with the Arts Council Midland Theatre Company from November 1946 to July, 1948; appeared in Nottingham Theatre Trust productions from November 1948 to March 1949, playing Othello in Othello at Nottingham, 1948, and at the Embassy Theatre, 1949; with Birmingham rep, 1949; Old Vic Company at New Theatre, 1949-1950: Love's Labour's Lost, She Stoops to Conquer, The Miser, Hamlet; returned to Arts Council Midland Theatre Company, 1950; Bristol Old Vic, 1951-1952: played Macbeth in Macbeth, Two Gentlemen of Verona, Of Mice and Men; Escapade, at St James's Theatre, Strand, London, 1953–1954; Salad Days, Vaudeville Theatre, 1954; Free as Air, Savoy Theatre, 1957; Moon for the Misbegotten, Arts Theatre, 1960; Vanity Fair, Queen's Theatre, 1962; The Fighting Cock, Duke of York's Theatre, 1966; at Chichester Festival, 1966–1969, and 1971-1972. Heartbreak House, Lyric Theatre, 1967; The Cocktail Party, Wyndham's Theatre, Haymarket, 1968; The Magistrate, Cambridge, 1969; A Bequest to the Nation, Haymarket, 1970; Reunion in Vienna, Piccadilly, 1972; Absurd Person Singular, Criterion Theatre, 1973; The Tempest, Royal Shakespeare Company at The Other Place, 1974; Jeeves, Her Majesty's Theatre, 1975; Lies, Albery Theatre, 1975; The Bed before Yesterday, Lyric Theatre, 1976; Rosmersholm, Haymarket, 1977;The Old Country, Queen's Theatre, 1978; Bedroom Farce, National Theatre at The Prince of Wales, 1978; The Last of Mrs Cheyney, Cambridge, 1980; Noises Off, Lyric, Hammersmith and Savoy, 1982; The Biko Inquest, Riverside, 1984; Relatively Speaking, Greenwich, 1986.[1][3]
Television[edit]
On television, an early significant role was as criminologist Ian Dimmock in the Granada TV series The Man in Room 17 and its sequel The Fellows (1965–67). His screen work included playing Pistol in Orson Welles' movie Chimes at Midnight in 1967.
In 1975 Aldridge appeared in the title role of Andrew Lloyd Webber and Alan Ayckbourn's musical Jeeves, based on the stories by P. G. Wodehouse. Unfortunately the show was a rare flop for Webber, and the negative critical reaction led to Aldridge giving up his stage career to concentrate on television and film roles.[5]
He played the part of Rollo in the 1977 serial Love for Lydia, produced by London Weekend Television.
He played Percy Alleline in Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy on BBC TV in 1979, and appeared in the sitcom Yes, Prime Minister amongst numerous other appearances.
In 1980 he played the role of Lord Alconleigh/Matthew Radlett in the TV miniseries Love in a Cold Climate - Simon Raven's adaptation of the Nancy Mitford novels Love in a Cold Climate and the Pursuit of Love for Thames Television.
Between 1986 and 1990, he starred as Seymour Utterthwaite in Last of the Summer Wine. The character was an ex-headmaster and inventor, designed to replace the Foggy Dewhurst character played by Brian Wilde, who had left the series. However, Aldridge wanted to retire to nurse his sick wife, and this coincided with Wilde deciding to return to the show, so Aldridge's character was dropped.
One of his most memorable later roles was as the elderly professor Digory Kirke in the television version of The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe (1988).
When Aldridge died in 1994, his obituary in The Times said of him:
“ If Aldridge joined the cast of a show, it invariably meant the injection of an extra dimension of dramatic interest, however modest his role in it. In everything he did, if never a big name, he was a professional to his fingertips.[2] ”
Private life[edit]
Aldridge married Kirsteen Rowntree, and they had three daughters: Charlotte L. Aldridge (born 1948), Harriet K. Aldridge (born 1952) and Emma R. Aldridge (born 1954). He stated his main interests as sailing, market gardening, watching cricket and playing tennis, and also liked to make his own bread and jam.[2][3] At the time of his death, he was living in Greenwich, London.[6]
Selected filmography[edit]
Nothing Venture (1948) - Michael Garrod
Murder in the Cathedral (1952) - Second Knight
Life for Ruth (1962) - Dr. Richard Harvard
Chimes at Midnight (1965) - Pistol
Follow Me! (1972) - Sir Philip Crouch
Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy (1979) - Percy Alleline
Reilly, Ace of Spies (1983) - Orlov
Bullshot (1983) - Prof. Rupert Fenton
A Voyage Round My Father (1984) (TV) - Headmaster
Hallelujah! (1983–1984) (TV)
Charters and Caldicott (1985) (TV) - Caldicott
Turtle Diary (1985) - Mr. Meager, Bookstore Owner
Mussolini: The Untold Story (1985) - Matteotti
Yes Prime Minister (1986) (TV) - Geoffrey - Director General MI5
Clockwise (1986) - Prior
Shanghai Surprise (1986) - Mr. Burns
Murder by the Book (1986) - Edmond Cork
The Lion, the Witch, & the Wardrobe (1988) - Professor Digory Kirke
Countdown to War (1989) - Neville Chamberlain
Last of the Summer Wine (1986–1990) (TV) - Seymour
Stanley and the Women (1991) (TV) - Dr. Alfred Nash
References[edit]
Notes
^ Jump up to: a b ALDRIDGE, Michael William ffolliott in Who Was Who 1897-2006 online (accessed 23 September 2007)
^ Jump up to: a b c Seymour: Michael Aldridge Archived 9 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine. at examiner.co.uk (accessed 12 April 2008)
^ Jump up to: a b c Aldridge, Michael, actor, in Who's Who in the Theatre: a Biographical Record of the Contemporary Stage (11th edition, 1952) (text online)
Jump up ^ The Times, Monday, 27 June 1938; pg. 20; Issue 48031; col A
Jump up ^ "Michael Aldridge". Musical Theatre.com. Retrieved 21 November 2010.
Jump up ^ Michael Aldridge, 73, Versatile British Actor in New York Times (online text) for 17 January 1994
Bibliography
Who's Who 1993 (A. & C. Black, London, 1993) page 19
External links[edit]
Michael Aldridge on IMDb
Stout-hearted Men
icHuddersfield Obituary
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 233009878
ISNI: 0000 0003 6758 6715
BNF: cb16584352j (data)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Aldridge&oldid=784656832"
Categories:
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