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My Name Is Earl
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My Name Is Earl
Genre
Sitcom
Created by
Greg Garcia
Starring
Jason Lee
Ethan Suplee
Jaime Pressly
Nadine Velazquez
Eddie Steeples
Narrated by
Jason Lee (as Earl Hickey)
Composer(s)
Danny Lux
Mark Leggett
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
4
No. of episodes
96 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Greg Garcia
Marc Buckland
Bobby Bowman
Producer(s)
Jason Lee
Henry J. Lange Jr.
Danielle Sanchez-Witzel
John Hoberg
Michael Pennie
Kat Likkel
Mike Mariano
Jessica Goldstein
Hilary Winston
Chrissy Pietrosh
Camera setup
Single-camera
Running time
19–24 minutes
Production company(s)
Amigos de Garcia Productions
20th Century Fox Television
Distributor
20th Television
Release
Original network
NBC
Picture format
1080i (16:9 HDTV)
Original release
September 20, 2005 (2005-09-20) – May 14, 2009 (2009-05-14)
Official website
www.nbc.com/My_Name_Is_Earl/
My Name Is Earl is an American sitcom series created by Greg Garcia that aired on the NBC television network from September 20, 2005, to December 16, 2008, in the United States. It was produced by 20th Century Fox Television and starred Jason Lee as Earl Hickey, the title character. The series also stars Ethan Suplee, Jaime Pressly, Nadine Velazquez, and Eddie Steeples.
Most episodes from the first season, then only a few from the rest, begin with Earl presenting the premise of the series:
You know the kind of guy who does nothing but bad things and then wonders why his life sucks? Well, that was me. Every time something good happened to me, something bad was always waiting around the corner: karma. That's when I realized that I had to change, so I made a list of everything bad I've ever done and one by one I'm gonna make up for all my mistakes. I'm just trying to be a better person. My name is Earl.
Contents
[hide]
1 Synopsis
2 Cast
3 Production
3.1 Conception
3.2 Locations
3.3 Cancellation and future
4 Critical reception
5 Episodes
6 DVD releases
6.1 Season releases overview
7 Ratings
8 Syndication
9 Comic book
10 See also
11 References
12 Further reading
13 External links
Synopsis[edit]
Earl Hickey is a small-time thief, living in the fictional rural town of Camden, whose winning $100,000 lottery ticket is lost when he is hit by a car while he celebrates his good fortune. Lying in a hospital bed, he learns about karma during an episode of the talk show Last Call with Carson Daly. Convinced he has to turn his life around to be happy, Earl gives himself over to the power of karma. He makes a list of every bad thing and every person he has wronged and make efforts to fix them all. After doing a first good deed, he finds the $100,000 lottery ticket that he had lost. Seeing this as a sign of karma rewarding him for his commitment, Earl uses his newfound wealth to do more good deeds according to his list.[1]
Having divorced from his wife Joy Darville and separated from their two kids Dodge and Earl Jr., neither of whom are biologically related to him, Earl moves into a motel and lives with his brother Randy, and they meet Catalina, the motel's beautiful maid who illegally immigrated from somewhere in Latin America. Earl works on the list which mostly involves strangers and old acquaintances he has wronged, but also contains items involving his family. Initially Joy plots to kill or blackmail Earl for the lottery money, but later gives up. Joy marries Darnell Turner, a mutual friend who works at a local restaurant called the Crab Shack, and with whom she had been having an affair. In the season 1 finale, Earl discovers he had bought the lotto tickets using money he stole from another person, but when he tries to return his winnings to that person, the latter is inflicted with bad karma, so he returns the money to Earl.
The second season has Earl continuing to work on his list, however, Joy gets in trouble when she steals a delivery truck and ends up kidnapping and assaulting the worker who was inside. Joy is arrested for felonies that would put her in prison for life because it was her third strike. To soften the jury, she decides to have a surrogate baby for her half-sister Liberty Washington. When things do not go well at her trial, Earl sacrifices himself by confessing to all of Joy's crimes, and is sentenced to two years in a state penitentiary. Also during the season, Catalina was deported, so Earl and Randy visit her village in Latin America, and Randy marries Catalina in a green card marriage to bring her back.
In the third season, Earl is in the state prison, but continues to do good deeds despite not having his list. He meets Frank, with whom he had rented the trailer in which Joy and Darnell now live, while Randy gets a job as a prison guard to be close to Earl. Meanwhile, Joy gives birth to Liberty and Ray Ray's child. Earl's good deeds attract the attention of the state warden Jerry, who offers Earl a reduction in prison time for helping him resolve his issues. When Earl is about to leave, Jerry revokes Earl's reductions as he would lose such a productive helper, but Earl eventually gains the upper hand and forces Jerry to honor his early release. After leaving prison, Earl loses his confidence in the list; he has spent years and the last of his lottery winnings doing good things, but has nothing lasting to show for it, and is insistent that karma should have given him some kind of lasting reward by now. He reverts to his pre-list ways, doing cruel and illegal things until Frank's former girlfriend Billie Cunningham hits him with her car and sends him into a coma, and is subsequently hit herself. Randy is able to revive Earl by working on the list. Earl finds Billie and marries her, thinking she is karma's reward for his years of effort. When Earl and Billie argue over the list, and when Earl chooses the list over her, Billie goes into a rampage where she undoes his good deeds. However, when Billie hides in the Amish-like "Camdenite" settlement, she has a change of heart. She divorces Earl and gives him the rest of her insurance settlement money.
The fourth season goes back to focusing on Earl doing good deeds to cross off his list.[2] A major story arc during this season was that Darnell, who is actually a former assassin from a secret government agency, blows his witness protection cover. He, Joy and his family are forced to change identities and relocate until Darnell's father, also from the agency, goes on a mission with Darnell which clears them of needing protection. The season ends with a cliffhanger episode in which Earl and the gang learn from DNA test results that Earl is actually Dodge's biological father, but that Earl Jr.'s biological father is not Darnell.
Cast[edit]
Jason Lee portrayed Earl Hickey in the series
Main article: List of My Name Is Earl characters
Jason Lee as Earl Hickey, a small-time thug who turns his life around after winning money a lottery scratcher and making a list of wrongs that he plans to make amends for.
Ethan Suplee as Randy Hickey, Earl's slow-witted brother.
Jaime Pressly as Joy Turner, Earl's ex-wife who lives in a trailer park.
Nadine Velazquez as Catalina, the maid at the motel that Earl and Randy reside.
Eddie Steeples as Darnell Turner, a worker at the local restaurant that Earl and the gang frequent. He marries Joy in season 1.
Production[edit]
Conception[edit]
Creator and head writer Greg Garcia wrote the pilot while working on another sitcom, Yes, Dear. He initially pitched the series to Fox which passed on the series. He then approached NBC, which optioned the pilot on a cast-contingent basis, meaning they would order the pilot provided a suitable cast could be assembled. Jason Lee was approached for the lead role, but was uninterested in working in television and passed on the series twice before finally agreeing to read the pilot script. Though he liked the pilot, he was hesitant to commit to his first TV starring role until meeting with Garcia, after which he signed on to play Earl Hickey.[3]
Locations[edit]
My Name Is Earl is set in fictional Camden County. Creator Greg Garcia says:[citation needed]
The show doesn't technically take place anywhere....we like to think it's anywhere. We don't really say exactly where it is.
—  Greg Garcia
In the episode "BB", Earl's driver's license address is at "Pimmit Hills Trailer Park, Space C-13, Camden County", but the state is not listed. Creator Greg Garcia said that Camden County is loosely modeled on Pimmit Hills, Virginia, the neighborhood where he grew up.[4][5] The actual location in Los Angeles was not a trailer park, but was built up to look like one.[6]
Many of the locations were filmed in San Fernando Valley in California. In the season 1 episode "The Professor", Earl receives a postcard from Alex with the address "Earl Hickey, The Palms Hotel RM 231, 9005 Lincoln Blvd, Camden USA" with Earl's hand covering up most of the postmark. The Palms Motel structure is actually a motel in North Hills, California, now named the Palm Tree Inn Motel. It was also used to film other shows and films such as Gilmore Girls, The Mentalist, and Heroes.[7][8][9][10] Exterior shots of the Crab Shack and Club Chubby were also taken from locations in Van Nuys and North Hills.[6] Houses and shops for the various characters come from locations in Van Nuys, Santa Clarita, Northridge, Moorpark, Los Angeles, and other Southern California cities.[11][12][13] In the episode "Didn't Pay Taxes", Earl and Randy climb the landmark Artesia water tower, although they do not refer to it by name.[14]
Other episodes have listed states that were unlikely to have Camden County. In the episode "Our Other Cops is On", officer Stuart Daniels states that his surveillance equipment was "supposed to go to Camden, New Jersey, but came here instead". In "Earl and Joy's Anniversary", when killer bees have invaded Camden and then left, Iqball says that the bees are heading for Texas. The flashback episodes "Inside Probe" describe Camden County as trying to stay independent during the American Civil War and forming its own country called Central, which lasted less than a day.
Cancellation and future[edit]
The series ended abruptly on September 23, 2008 after running for four seasons. Season four had ended with the caption 'To Be Continued'. The series' producer, 20th Century Fox Television, approached the Fox,[15] TBS[16] and TNT[17] networks to continue the series, but they were unable to come to terms without "seriously undermining the artistic integrity of the series."[16][18][19][20][21][22]
In October 2011, Jason Lee told E! Online he has been in talks with Greg Garcia to finish the list via a movie, possibly to be released online.[23]
On October 1, 2013, creator Greg Garcia participated in an AMA on reddit.com. Fan Jerry Denton asked "Who was Earl Jr's. real father and did Earl ever finish the list?"
Garcia replied:[23]
We never really got the chance to fully figure it out but the talk in the writers room was that Earl Jr.'s Dad was going to be someone famous. Like Dave Chappelle or Lil Jon. Someone that came to town on tour and Joy slept with. But when we got canceled we never got the chance to figure it out. I was worried about doing a cliffhanger but I asked NBC if it was safe to do one at the end of the season and they told me it was. I guess it wasn't. I had always had an ending to Earl and I'm sorry I didn't get the chance to see it happen. You've got a show about a guy with a list so not seeing him finish it is a bummer. But the truth is, he wasn't ever going to finish the list. The basic idea of the ending was that while he was stuck on a really hard list item he was going to start to get frustrated that he was never going to finish it. Then he runs into someone who had a list of their own and Earl was on it. They needed to make up for something bad they had done to Earl. He asks them where they got the idea of making a list and they tell him that someone came to them with a list and that person got the idea from someone else. Earl eventually realizes that his list started a chain reaction of people with lists and that he's finally put more good into the world than bad. So at that point he was going to tear up his list and go live his life. Walk into the sunset a free man. With good karma.
—  Greg Garcia
Critical reception[edit]
The show was well received by critics and audiences alike. One reviewer speculated that Earl's forthrightness to having led a life of idiocy is what endears him to the viewer, and is what suggests there is a depth to his character beyond what is initially seen.[1] Many of the negative and ambivalent reviews center on what is perceived to be base[24] and bigoted humor.[25]
Some critics claimed the series had a Scientologist bias or message, with actors Jason Lee and Ethan Suplee being Scientologists.[26] In 2008, Alec Baldwin publicly named Earl creator Greg Garcia as being a Scientologist;[27] Garcia quickly denied any involvement with Scientology, claiming that the Daily Mirror had incorrectly reported him to be a Scientologist.[28]
The series was nominated twice for Best International Programme at the British Academy Television Awards in 2007 and 2008. The pilot episode won Emmy awards for Outstanding Writing and Directing in a Comedy Series for Greg Garcia and Marc Buckland respectively at the 58th Primetime Emmy Awards. Jaime Pressly won for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy series at the 59th Primetime Emmy Awards. Other Emmy nominations include Beau Bridges and Giovanni Ribisi for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series.
Episodes[edit]
Main articles: List of My Name Is Earl episodes, My Name Is Earl (season 1), and My Name Is Earl (season 2)
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
First aired
Last aired
1 24 September 20, 2005 (2005-09-20) May 11, 2006 (2006-05-11)
2 23 September 21, 2006 (2006-09-21) May 10, 2007 (2007-05-10)
3 22 September 27, 2007 (2007-09-27) May 15, 2008 (2008-05-15)
4 27 September 25, 2008 (2008-09-25) May 14, 2009 (2009-05-14)
DVD releases[edit]
Season releases overview[edit]
DVD Name
Release dates
Ep #
Additional Information
Region 1
Region 2
Season One[29] September 19, 2006 September 25, 2006 24 The four disc box set includes all 24 episodes. Bonus features include deleted scenes, commentary tracks on selected episodes, selections from the season's gag reel, and a "mini-episode" vignette where Stewie Griffin from Family Guy influences Earl to get revenge on everyone who wronged him.
Season Two[30] September 25, 2007 January 28, 2008 23 The four disc box set includes all 23 episodes. Bonus features include deleted scenes, commentary tracks on selected episodes, as well as other featurettes.
Season Three[31] September 30, 2008[32] October 20, 2008[33] 22 The four disc box set includes all 22 episodes. Bonus features include a gag reel, "Creating the characters" featurette and deleted scenes.
Season Four[34] September 15, 2009 October 5, 2009 27 The four disc box set includes all 27 episodes. Bonus features include deleted scenes, a gag reel, "Earl's Fan Mail" featurette and a movie trailer inspired by the premiere episode. Also released on Blu-ray.
Ratings[edit]
The series premiered on September 20, 2005, drew in 14.9 million viewers in the United States, earning a 6.6 rating. By the airing of the third episode it was apparent that My Name Is Earl was the highest rated of NBC's new fall offerings, and a full season (22 episodes) was ordered. In its first month, it was also the highest rated new sitcom of the season to air on any network and was the highest rated sitcom on any network in the 18–49-year-old demographic. The show was renewed for a second season (2006), a third (2007), and a fourth (2008).
Season
Timeslot (EDT)
Season Premiere
Season Finale
TV Season
Viewers
(in millions)
1
Tuesday 9:00 P.M. (September 20 – October 18, 2005)
Thursday 9:00 P.M. (October 25 – December 27, 2005)
September 20, 2005 December 27, 2005 2005 10.9[35]
2
Thursday 8:00 P.M.
September 21, 2006 December 19, 2006 2006 8.9[36]
3
September 27, 2007 December 25, 2007 2007 7.3[37]
4
September 23, 2008 December 16, 2008 2008 6.6[38]
Syndication[edit]
20th Century Fox Television has cleared My Name Is Earl in nearly 50% of the U.S., said Bob Cook, the company's president and chief operating officer. 20th had sold the off-net sitcom to the Fox, Tribune, CBS, Hearst-Argyle, and Sinclair station groups for a fall 2009 debut.[39]
My Name Is Earl aired in off-network syndication and on TBS, Ion Television, and MyNetworkTV in the United States, and is currently available on the streaming service Netflix. Canada airs the series on Joytv. The series premiered in January 2006 on Channel 4 in the UK. The fourth and Final season was shown on E4 in October 2008. In 2013, 5* gained the repeat rights to the series.

Comic book[edit]
Independent comic book publisher Oni Press had announced a comic book tie-in to the series in 2006,[40] and season one's DVD release included ads for the comic; but none were produced. Since the cancellation of the show, Oni has abandoned the comic.[41]
See also[edit]
List of My Name Is Earl episodes
List of My Name Is Earl characters
100 Deeds for Eddie McDowd
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b DeWolf Smith, Nancy (September 16, 2005). "Arts and Entertainment Review". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2009-02-20.
Jump up ^ ""My Name Is Earl" Season 4 Preview: The Legend Of Dan Coscino – Channel Guide Magazine". channelguidemag.com. September 19, 2008. Retrieved August 4, 2017.
Jump up ^ My Name is Earl season 1 DVD extra: Making Things Right: Behind the Scenes of My Name is Earl Featurette
Jump up ^ Seibel, Deborah Starr (October 9, 2004). "Comedy Means Always Having to Say You're Sorry". New York Times. Retrieved July 23, 2017.
Jump up ^ "The surprise hit of My Name is Earl". Entertainment Weekly. January 13, 2006. Retrieved July 21, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Chas Demster (September 2014). "My Name Is Earl – The Main Locations". Chas Demster. Retrieved July 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Blake, Lindsay (January 29, 2016). "The Palms Motel from “My Name Is Earl”". Iamnotastalker.com. Retrieved July 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Hutchinson, Guy (November 2, 2007). "My Name Is Earl hotel". Bunchojunk. Retrieved July 21, 2017 – via Blogspot.
Jump up ^ Hutchinson, Guy (February 17, 2012). "Film locations: The "My Name is Earl" motel". Locationsfromfilms. Retrieved July 21, 2017 – via Blogspot.
Jump up ^ Hoffarth, Tony (January 28, 2010). "My Name is Earl". Flickr. Retrieved July 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Chas Demster (September 2014). "My Name Is Earl – The Houses Of Camden County". Its Filmed There. Retrieved July 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Chas Demster (September 2014). "My Name Is Earl – Businesses, Churches And Schools Of Camden County". Its Filmed There. Retrieved July 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ "My Name Is Earl – Other Memorable Locations". Its Filmed There. Retrieved July 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Official City of Artesia, California (2015). "Investigating the Water Tower's Structural Integrity". Retrieved July 21, 2017 – via Facebook.
Jump up ^ Fernandez, Maria Elena (May 19, 2009). "'My Name Is Earl' creator is OK with being 'thrown off the Titanic'". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 19, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b Littleton, Cynthia (June 8, 2009). "TBS may give new 'Earl' segs a whirl". Variety. Retrieved October 5, 2009.
Jump up ^ Flint, Joe (May 20, 2009). "TBS ready to be lifeboat for 'My Name Is Earl'". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 5, 2009.
Jump up ^ Suplee, Ethan (May 23, 2009). "Thanks for the effort guys…". Twitter. Retrieved May 23, 2009. [self-published source?]
Jump up ^ Chambers, Elizabeth; Godwin, Jennifer (June 9, 2009). "Could My Name Is Earl Be Saved?". E!. Retrieved October 5, 2009.
Jump up ^ O'Connor, Mickey (June 10, 2009). "My Name Is Earl in Talks to Move to TBS". TV Guide. Retrieved October 5, 2009.
Jump up ^ Godwin, Jennifer (June 11, 2009). "My Name Is Earl Dead, Deal with TBS Won't Work Out". E!. Retrieved October 5, 2009.
Jump up ^ Ausiello, Michael (June 11, 2009). "This just in: 'My Name is Earl' will NOT live on". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved October 5, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "Jason Lee on My Name Is Earl Movie: "It's Time!"". E! Online. October 21, 2011. Retrieved 2012-04-29.
Jump up ^ "We learn that the items on Earl's list include No. 86, "stole a car from a one-legged girl," and No. 22, "peed in back of cop car." Gosh, what swell episodes those ought to make." Quote by Shales, Tom (September 20, 2005). "Earl Defines What It Takes To Be Sorry". Washington Post. Retrieved 2008-05-18.
Jump up ^ "My Name Is Earl is not a stupid sitcom – that is what makes its sexist and homophobic jokes so maddening... Viewers aren't encouraged to laugh at Earl, as much as they are with him – at the people on his list." Citation from Will karma smile on NBC's 'My Name Is Earl'?, Baltimore Sun, by David Zurawik, 20 Sept 2005; text retrieved from AV Science Forum, Feb 2009.
Jump up ^ Donaghy, James (June 29, 2007). "My name is L Ron Hubbard". The Guardian. Retrieved 2009-04-17.
Jump up ^ Gawker article: "Alec Baldwin Doesn't Take Any Shit From Scientologists Archived March 25, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.."
Jump up ^ Spiegelman, Ian (April 17, 2009). "Greg Garcia Responds to Baldwin: 'I'm Not a Scientologist.'". 'Gawker.com. Archived from the original on April 10, 2009.
Jump up ^ "My Name Is Earl – The Complete 1st Season DVD Information". TVShowsOnDVD.com. Retrieved 2007-11-30.
Jump up ^ "My Name Is Earl – The Complete 2nd Season DVD Information". TVShowsOnDVD.com. Retrieved 2007-11-30.
Jump up ^ "My Name Is Earl – The Complete 3rd Season DVD Information". TVShowsOnDVD.com. Retrieved 2009-06-18.
Jump up ^ "My Name Is Earl – Season Three (2009)". Amazon.com. Retrieved 2013-07-25.
Jump up ^ "(UK) : My Name Is Earl: Season 3 (4 Discs) : DVD – Free Delivery". Play.com. Retrieved 2012-04-29.
Jump up ^ "My Name Is Earl – The Complete 4th Season DVD Information". TVShowsOnDVD.com. Retrieved 2009-06-18.
Jump up ^ "Series". The Hollywood Reporter. May 26, 2006. Archived from the original on December 8, 2006. Retrieved 2008-05-12.
Jump up ^ "2006–07 primetime wrap". The Hollywood Reporter. May 25, 2007. Archived from the original on October 25, 2007. Retrieved 2008-05-12.
Jump up ^ Justin Van De Kamp (June 1, 2008). "TV Ratings: 2007–2008 Season Top-200". televisionista. blogspot.com. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
Jump up ^ "Season Program Rankings from 09/22/08 through 05/17/09". ABC Medianet. May 19, 2009. Archived from the original on March 14, 2012. Retrieved 2009-07-03.
Jump up ^ Paige Albiniak (January 8, 2009). "Twentieth Clears 'Earl' In Half The Country". Broadcasting & Cable. Reed Business Information. Retrieved 2009-10-28.
Jump up ^ "'My Name Is Earl' to become a comic book". Upi.com. Retrieved 2013-07-25.
Jump up ^ [1] Archived March 15, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.
Further reading[edit]
Fry, Kim (November 28, 2005). "California church plays role in My Name Is Earl TV series". United Methodist News Service.
"Nominations and Winners". Hollywood Foreign Press Association. Archived from the original on February 13, 2008. Retrieved January 13, 2006.
External links[edit]
My Name Is Earl on IMDb
My Name Is Earl at TV.com
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=My_Name_Is_Earl&oldid=803865506"
Categories:
My Name Is Earl
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River Song (Doctor Who)
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River Song
Doctor Who character
First appearance
"Silence in the Library" (2008)
Last appearance
"The Husbands of River Song" (2015)
Portrayed by
Alex Kingston
Information
Affiliated
Tenth Doctor
Eleventh Doctor
Twelfth Doctor
Amy Pond (mother)
Rory Williams (father)
Species
Human with Time Lord DNA[1][2]
Other portrayals
Sydney Wade
Maya Glace-Green
Nina Toussaint-White
River Song is a fictional character created by Steven Moffat and played by Alex Kingston in the British science-fiction series Doctor Who. River Song was introduced to the series as an experienced future companion of series protagonist the Doctor, an alien Time Lord who travels through time in his TARDIS. Because River Song is a time traveller herself, her adventures with the Doctor occur out of synchronisation; their first meeting (from the audience's perspective) is his first and apparently her last. In later appearances, River is a companion, romantic interest and eventual wife of the Doctor in his eleventh incarnation portrayed by Matt Smith. River Song was created by Doctor Who writer Steven Moffat for the show's fourth series in 2008, under the tenure of executive producer Russell T Davies. When Moffat took over Davies' duties as executive producer, he began expanding on the character's background, depicting adventures earlier in River's timeline, upgrading Alex Kingston from a guest star to a recurring actor in the series. Other actresses have subsequently portrayed younger versions of the character.
When the character was first introduced, much about her origins remained a mystery. Following the character's initial appearance, Davies had described her as "one of the most important characters" in the narrative, and "vital" to the Doctor's life.[3] In series six (2011), Moffat's episodes unveil more about the character. Born Melody Pond, River is the daughter of the Eleventh Doctor's companions Amy Pond (Karen Gillan) and Rory Williams (Arthur Darvill), alongside whom Kingston had already appeared several times in series five and six of the show. Having been conceived on board the TARDIS as it travelled through the time vortex, Melody is born with genetic traits and abilities similar to those of the Doctor's own race, the Time Lords.
Contents
[hide]
1 Appearances
1.1 Television
1.2 Other media
2 Characterisation
2.1 Casting
2.2 Conception and development
3 Reception
4 References
5 External links
Appearances[edit]
Television[edit]
Three of the four actresses to portray River Song at different stages in her story. From left to right: Sydney Wade, Nina Toussaint-White and Alex Kingston.
River Song first appears in the Doctor Who 2008 series two-parter "Silence in the Library"/"Forest of the Dead" (written by Steven Moffat) during the Russell T Davies era of Doctor Who. Here, she encounters the Tenth Doctor (David Tennant) in the 52nd century and, though he has never met her, claims to be someone he will come to trust completely. River, who is a professor of archaeology and carries a TARDIS-colour/pattern diary of her adventures, is able to convince the Doctor of his future trust in her by whispering his real name into his ear; which he explains he would only divulge under rare circumstances. In the second of the two episodes she sacrifices herself to save the people who were trapped in the Library's database, knocking out the Doctor before he can do the same. In turn, he is able to upload a copy of her consciousness into a computer, allowing her to live on in a virtual world with the archaeological team she was with in the Library. He achieves this via the use of a sonic screwdriver given to her by his future self.
After Moffat took over from Davies as executive producer of the show, River Song reappeared in the 2010 series. In the two-parter "The Time of Angels"/"Flesh and Stone", which takes place prior to River becoming a professor, she encounters the Eleventh Doctor (Matt Smith), with whom she is more familiar. She leaves coordinates for the Doctor so that he may rescue her in the 52nd century, and together they investigate the crash of the spaceship Byzantium. She shows herself to be more adept at flying the TARDIS than he is and reveals to the Doctor that she is imprisoned in the "Stormcage Containment Facility" for killing "the best man I've ever known." An earlier version of River appears to assist the Doctor in the series finale "The Pandorica Opens"/"The Big Bang". After being contacted by Winston Churchill (Ian McNeice), River leads the Doctor to 102 A.D. While River is travelling in the TARDIS on her own, it explodes with her inside. The Doctor, using River's vortex manipulator, teleports her out. After the Doctor erases himself from history by flying the Pandorica into the exploding TARDIS in order to close the cracks in the universe, River helps Amy Pond (Karen Gillan) to remember the Doctor and bring him back, by giving Amy her now-blank diary. At the close of the series finale, River ambiguously suggests to the Doctor that they might be married and tells him that he will soon learn the truth about her, after which "everything changes".
In 2011 series opener "The Impossible Astronaut"/"Day of the Moon", River, along with Amy and her husband Rory (Arthur Darvill), is contacted by a future version of the Doctor to meet up in the United States. As they enjoy a lakeside picnic, the Doctor is killed by an assailant in a space suit, and the trio give him a Viking funeral, in Lake Silencio. In 1969, the present Doctor and company subsequently encounter a little girl (Sydney Wade) who wears the space suit, which River tells the Doctor is a life support unit; the suit has been designed by the hypnotic aliens known as the Silence. Homeless, the girl is later shown regenerating in New York City, 1970. In "A Good Man Goes to War", it is revealed that River is Amy and Rory's daughter Melody (Harrison and Maddison Mortimer[4]), who was conceived in the TARDIS while it was in the Time Vortex and consequently carries Time Lord DNA; the name River Song comes from a recursive translation of Melody Pond via the language of the Gamma Forests; which have no ponds, only rivers; hence the translation of "Pond" to "River." Baby Melody is kidnapped by Madame Kovarian (Frances Barber) to become a weapon against the Doctor.[5]
"Let's Kill Hitler" establishes that Melody was trained by the Silence to kill the Doctor. At some point after regenerating in New York, Melody becomes Rory and Amy's childhood friend Mels (Maya Glace-Green) and grew up with them. When adult Mels (Nina Toussaint-White) is shot, and regenerates into her next incarnation (Alex Kingston), she proceeds to do what she was created for: assassinate the Doctor. Persuaded she will one day become River Song, who the Doctor cares deeply about and places in great trust, Melody chooses to resurrect the Doctor with her own regenerative energy, losing any future regenerations. The Doctor learns, however, that it is she who kills him in the future. While she is recovering in bed,the Doctor gives her the blank TARDIS-shaped/coloured diary, and in an epilogue it is revealed that Melody (now River) wants to study archaeology. At the end of "Closing Time", on the day she receives her doctorate, the Silence and Kovarian recapture her and trap her in the space suit in order to kill the Doctor as history will record. In the series finale "The Wedding of River Song", River refuses to kill the Doctor as she is supposed to, creating an alternate reality in which time has frozen and all realities are occurring at once. In order to restart time and repair reality, the two of them must touch. The Doctor marries River and convinces her to repair the timeline by letting her know that he plans to fake his own death and how. River goes to prison for his murder in order to corroborate the deception, though it is established that she regularly breaks out of prison to go on dates and adventures with him with the aid of hallucinogenic lipstick and other tricks.
River appears again in the fifth episode of the seventh series, titled "The Angels Take Manhattan" (2012), where she encounters the Doctor and her parents; Rory and Amy, in 1930s New York City. At this later point in her timeline, she is a professor of archaeology and a free woman, having been released from the Stormcage Prison after the Doctor erased all evidence of his existence. When her parents are sent permanently back in time by the Weeping Angels, to be forever parted from the Doctor, she arranges for Amy to leave the Doctor a message in the form of an epilogue in a book they have been reading written by her in the 1930s. Although she agrees to travel with the Doctor for the time being, she declines his offer of being a full-time companion. In "The Name of the Doctor" (2013), the deceased River's consciousness is summoned from the Library computer, where she has existed since "Forest of the Dead", into a psychic 'conference call' by the Doctor's friend Madame Vastra (Neve McIntosh). There, she and Clara (Jenna Coleman) learn that the Doctor's grave, "his greatest secret", has been discovered. River maintains the psychic link with Clara after the call ends, and counsels her throughout the discovery of the Doctor's tomb, although she seems to be invisible to everyone else. When the Doctor and his companions are threatened by the Great Intelligence, she whispers the Doctor's name in order to open his tomb which is inside the TARDIS. After Clara enters the Doctor's time stream to save him from the Great Intelligence, who entered it first so he could destroy the Doctor in all his regenerations, the Doctor reveals that he could see River all along, but had been avoiding confronting her continued existence because it was too painful for him to bear. After he kisses her, River feels closure and fades away. However, before disappearing River points out that her continued presence indicates that Clara has not been destroyed by entering his time stream; and therefore, he can save her.
When the Doctor next encounters River, in "The Husbands of River Song" (2015), as the Twelfth Doctor (Peter Capaldi), she does not initially recognise him and he is able to learn more about what she is like when he is not around. The Doctor accompanies River (from her perspective, shortly after "The Angels Take Manhattan") on a scheme to obtain a rare diamond. He learns that in addition to him, River has had several spouses, both male and female, and is not above ruthless behaviour as she goes about her work. He also discovers that she truly loves him, but that she also genuinely believes that he does not love her back. She feels that the Doctor is above such petty emotions as love, and that he would never willingly jeopardise himself simply to help her. River ultimately discovers that the man she's been having this adventure with is actually the Doctor, with a new face she doesn't have a record of, thinking he only had 12 regenerations and that she'd already seen his last one. The pair later crash-land on the planet Darillium, where River had told the Doctor in "Forest of the Dead" that they would have their last night together. He uses time travel to ensure a perfect date, gifts her the sonic screwdriver that she had in "Silence in the Library", and comforts her by revealing that the nights on Darillium last "24 years", giving River a happy life spent with the Doctor before her impending death in the Library.
In 2017 series opener "The Pilot", a photograph of River is seen on the Doctor's desk in a university where he is lecturing in, beside a photograph of his granddaughter Susan Foreman. River is also referenced in the episode "Extremis", and it is revealed that she ordered her employee Nardole (Matt Lucas) to keep an eye on the Doctor for her in the event of her death.
Other media[edit]
Coinciding with the 2010 series, Alex Kingston portrays River Song narrating the "Monster Files" on the BBC website, an in-universe documentary account of Doctor Who monsters.[6] This series had previously (in 2008-09) been narrated by John Barrowman in character as Captain Jack Harkness.
Included with the series six DVD release, the exclusive-to-DVD bonus five-part serial Night and the Doctor (2011) references River throughout, with River appearing in the mini-episodes "First Night" and "Last Night". The serial helps explain the depth of the relationship shared by River and the Doctor – despite only appearing in 15 (14 plus one flashback, as of 2016) episodes of the television series – when Amy Pond discovers that the Doctor goes on dates with River when Amy and Rory sleep at night in the TARDIS. During the serial, the Doctor attempts to take River on a date shortly after she is imprisoned in Stormcage, but their time in the TARDIS is interrupted by two future incarnations of River, and all are in turn suspicious of the signs of "another woman" being aboard the TARDIS. The Doctor is able to be rid of the two future Rivers, but not before learning from his future self that one of them is shortly to die in the Library adventure where he first met her. (It is later revealed in "The Husbands of River Song" that the Eleventh Doctor ultimately cancelled this date, and it is the Twelfth Doctor who ends up taking River to the Singing Towers.)
River appears in a further direct-to-DVD mini-episode included with the series 7 box set, "Rain Gods".
River, alongside Smith's Eleventh Doctor, is one of two main playable characters in the PlayStation 3 Doctor Who console game The Eternity Clock. Kingston provided voice acting and motion capture physical acting for the character. In regard to River's role in the narrative of the game, the game's producer Simon Harris explains that she "realises that what’s in her diary is not what she wrote and that actually the Eternity Clock is playing with her history, as well as the Earth’s history."[7]
Author Gary Russell had planned to use River in the Twelfth Doctor novel The Big Bang Generation, but when he was unable to get permission to use her due to Steven Moffat planning on the 2015 Christmas special "The Husbands of River Song" being the Twelfth Doctor and River's first meeting, Moffat suggested that Russell write the story to incorporate the Seventh Doctor's former companion Bernice Summerfield instead.[8]
On 27 June 2015, it was announced that River Song will feature in two Big Finish dramas, Doom Coalition 2 and The Diary of River Song, alongside Paul McGann.[9] As a result, River Song becomes the first major character of the 2005–present modern era of Doctor Who to be featured in a Big Finish production (prior to 2015, the company had been restricted to only using characters from the original 1963-1989 series, plus McGann's Eighth Doctor from the 1996 Doctor Who TV movie). She also appeared in Doom Coalition 3 and Doom Coalition 4 alongside the Eighth Doctor. It was announced in early 2016 that The Diary of River Song would return for a second series in 2017, this time Kingston would be appearing alongside Colin Baker and Sylvester McCoy as the Sixth and Seventh Doctors. This box set was released early on Christmas Day 2016.[10]
Characterisation[edit]
Casting[edit]
For the role of River Song, whom executive producer Russell T Davies described as "sort of the Doctor's wife", the production sought to cast Kate Winslet.[11] One of Winslet's first acting roles was in the BBC1 teen drama Dark Season, written by Davies. The role of River Song eventually went to Alex Kingston, known for starring in the popular US drama ER. On Kingston's casting, Davies said, "I bloody love her!"[12] Kingston had been a fan of Doctor Who as a child.[13] Kingston, when first cast, did not expect her role to be recurring. She later learned that Moffat had always intended for Song to come back for return appearances.[14] Kingston enjoys getting to play an unusual action hero female role, and praises the show for its variety of settings and opportunities "to relive one's childhood fantasies" playing with laser guns and wearing varied costumes from one appearance to the next.[13] With regard to having to speak complicated dialogue, she said, "I'd work with a medical consultant on ER, who'd explain what we were saying, so I'd say it with a purpose and a truth. On Doctor Who, I've no idea what some of my lines mean!"[15]
Discussing her role alongside Tennant and Catherine Tate (Donna Noble) in her 2008 introductory episode, Kingston said, "We just clicked. I've done guest roles on other shows, but rarely have I felt such a warm bond."[16] About working with Kingston, Catherine Tate said, "I'm a huge ER fan. When you hold people in awe, it's almost a disappointment when they come in and they're utterly normal. But Alex isn't disappointing at all. She's such a lovely person." David Tennant was quoted as saying, "Alex is terrific. When she's telling you stories about hanging out with George Clooney, you know she's pretty cool."[15]
Conception and development[edit]
The character was originally created purely for the plot of "Silence in the Library". Moffat knew that the team of archaeologists would have to trust the Doctor, but the Doctor's psychic paper could not explain and convince the team why he had appeared in a sealed-off library. Therefore, Moffat intended for the Doctor to know one of the archaeologists, but decided that idea was "dull" and instead decided to have one of them know him.[17] When Kingston returned to the show, Moffat explained to her some details about her character's back-story, knowledge which Smith, Gillan and Darvill did not receive until later. Kingston relates that she knows her character cannot be killed off because we saw her death in her introductory episode; each subsequent appearance is set at a different point in her character's personal history.[13] Moffat had planned out that River was Amy and Rory's daughter for "a long time" and used "Pond" as Amy's last name to create a link between the two.[18] For the filming of the sixth series, Kingston was aware of River Song's relationship to Amy and Rory, while the other cast only found out upon reading of the mid-season cliffhanger script for "A Good Man Goes to War".[19]
Moffat was influenced by Audrey Niffenegger's science fiction romance novel The Time Traveler's Wife, which depicts a woman who romances and marries a man who unintentionally moves through time. Niffenegger's lovers experience an asynchronous and tragic love story. He comments, "I've quite purposefully used it", though he cites his 2006 episode "The Girl in the Fireplace" as the episode which most prominently explores the book's themes in addition to its conceit.[20] Kingston herself compares the character to Niffenegger's titular Time Traveler's Wife, and like Moffat enjoys "backtracking" more and more with the character as the series progresses. The tragedy for Song highlighted by "The Impossible Astronaut"/"Day of the Moon" is that she is progressing to a point where the Doctor will not know or trust her any more.[14] Kingston comments,
[What] Steven explained to me is that every time River sort of finds the Doctor, for whatever reason, she's never 100 percent sure which Doctor it is she's going to be meeting. And what they have already experienced together or not. So even when I come back, every time I meet Matt, I never quite know where we are in our relationship or what we have revealed or what we know about each other. Because time travel isn't linear.[13]
Several artefacts of River Song's, on display at the Doctor Who Experience.
Kingston describes the character as being "like a female Indiana Jones" with regard to both characters being archaeologists and having action hero qualities. She also took inspiration from Sigourney Weaver's portrayal of Ellen Ripley in the Alien film franchise commenting that she'd always been "so envious of her for having that kind of role."[21] Kingston has also praised the way the love story between River and the Doctor has been deftly handled, stating that "I'm not sure you'd get that kind of dynamic in America". For Kingston, the physical age difference between herself and Matt Smith adds to the success of the pairing, whilst she feels that viewers have responded warmly to the notion of an action hero in her 40s.[22] Matt Smith has noted that in his characterisation of the Doctor that "River Song frightens the Doctor but he finds himself strangely attracted to her" and that "what makes her a great companion is that when she turns up all hell breaks loose!".[23]
River's characterisation has invited parallels with that of Jack Harkness (John Barrowman), a companion of the Ninth and Tenth Doctors introduced by Steven Moffat in 2005. According to Moffat in the Doctor Who Confidential episode accompanying "Forest of the Dead", River's blaster gun is the one previously owned by Jack in the 2005 series of Doctor Who.[24] Upon River's return in series five, Lyle Masaki of AfterElton felt that viewers had the chance to see the character "do her best to channel Captain Jack" by capturing the same "'charming rogue' vibe".[25] In May 2012 Moffat stated that River, like Jack, is bisexual. Heather Hogan, a senior editor of AfterEllen felt that Moffat's ability to create "fascinating, complicated characters like... River Song" is a direct consequence of him abiding by "Captain Jack's label-eschewing motto": "You people and your quaint little categories".[26] James Cornish of WhatCulture subsequently cited River's characterisation in a rebuke against claims of misogyny and homophobia in Moffat's writing. He described her as "a more sexual, trigger happy version of the Doctor" and "the strongest female character seen on Doctor Who for a quite a while".[27]
Reception[edit]
An article published in Metro, entitled "Doctor Who fans love River Song...", noted how praise from fans on Twitter after the airing of "Day of the Moon" focused heavily on Song.[28] In 2011, Laura Pledger of Radio Times listed Kingston as the fourth best Doctor Who guest star, writing, "For my money we’ve seen rather too much of River in the last two series, but there’s no denying Kingston has created a memorable character in Melody Pond."[29] Keith Phipps for The A.V. Club compared the Doctor and River's romantic storyline to The Curious Case of Benjamin Button, based on the F. Scott Fitzgerald short story, "if a bit more elegantly, for my money—it echoes the plight of anyone who's watched a loved one fade into the shadowlands of dementia. This is not a story that ends well for River and she knows it, whatever flirtatious high spirits being around The Doctor stirs in her."[30] Emily Nussbaum of The New Yorker felt the character to be the Doctor's "soul mate" and described Alex Kingston as "badass".[31]
Neela Debnath of The Independent praised Nina Toussaint-White in her role as Mels, saying she was "every bit as sassy and vivacious as her later incarnation... it was a shame that she regenerated so early on because she brought a different energy to the character".[32] However, Neil McCormick in The Daily Telegraph thought that her sudden introduction as Rory and Amy's childhood friend showed that Moffat was making it up as he went along.[33] Charlie Jane Anders of io9 felt that River Song was at her "high point" in some of the early Matt Smith episodes, where she was "generally badass and mysterious". However, with "The Wedding of River Song", Anders felt she had lost her mystery and independence, and her love for the Doctor was unrealistic.[34]
Whilst critical of the typical characterisation of British female science fiction characters, The Guardian's Krystina Nellis singles out River Song alongside Torchwood's Gwen Cooper (Eve Myles) as positive depictions of strong female characters, stating: "It'd be difficult to find two superwomen in less need of a man to save them."[35] For her role as River Song in the 2011 series of Doctor Who, Alex Kingston won the Best Actress prize at the 2012 SFX magazine Awards.[36] In a 2012 poll conducted by SFX magazine to find the 100 sexiest female characters in science fiction and fantasy, River was voted number 22.[37] She was also included in AfterEllen.com's Top 50 Favorite Female TV Characters, at number 44.[38] Character Options have also released official toys based on River Song as part of their Doctor Who range.[39] Upon being notified of her own action figure, Kingston stated she did not "quite believe it" as "you don't get that on ER."[16]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Steven Moffat (Writer/Executive Producer) (4 July 2011). "A Good Man Goes to War". Doctor Who. Series 6. Episode 7. 31:55 minutes in. BBC One. Look closer: human plus. Specifically, human plus Time Lord.
Jump up ^ Steven Moffat (Writer/Executive Producer) (27 August 2011). "Let's Kill Hitler". Doctor Who. Series 6. Episode 8. 44:40 minutes in. BBC One. Apparently you used all your remaining regenerations in one go.
Jump up ^ Russell T Davies, Doctor Who Confidential, Series 4, Episode 9
Jump up ^ Lewis, Paul. "Dr Who fans see double as Baglan Moors twins get starring roles". South Wales Evening Post. Local World. Retrieved 17 August 2015.
Jump up ^ Peter Hoar (director); Steven Moffat (writer) (4 June 2011). "A Good Man Goes to War". Doctor Who. Series 6. Episode 7. BBC. BBC One.
Jump up ^ "BBC - Programmes - Page not found".
Jump up ^ Farley, Jordan (26 March 2012). "Doctor Who: The Eternity Clock Videogame Preview". SFX. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
Jump up ^ "Trivia". 2015.
Jump up ^ "River Song to team up with the Eighth Doctor for a new adventure".
Jump up ^ "The Diary of River Song: Series 2 – Coming January 2017! - News - Big Finish".
Jump up ^ Davies, Russell T; Benjamin Cook (2010). Doctor Who: The Writer's Tale — The Final Chapter. London: BBC Books. p. 263. ISBN 978-1-84607-861-3.
Jump up ^ Davies, Russell T; Benjamin Cook (17 September 2008). "The Next Doctor". The Times. Retrieved 17 September 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Zaino, Nick (23 April 2011). "Alex Kingston on River Song, Being the Doctor's Equal, and Steven Moffat's Plans". TVSquad. Retrieved 1 May 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Collis, Clark (21 April 2011). "'Doctor Who': Alex Kingston talks playing the mysterious River Song and whether she'd ever pose naked with a Dalek". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 1 May 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Alex Kingston guest-stars — Radio Times, 31 May 2008". Radio Times. 31 May 2008. Archived from the original on 13 September 2011. Retrieved 7 December 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "Alex Kingston on Doctor Who — Radio Times, 31 May 2008". Radio Times. 31 May 2008. Archived from the original on 13 September 2011. Retrieved 7 December 2009.
Jump up ^ Wilkes, Neil (22 March 2010). "Video: Steven Moffat bonus cut". Digital Spy. Retrieved 12 November 2011.
Jump up ^ Jeffery, Morgan (25 August 2011). "'Doctor Who' Steven Moffat planned River Song twist 'for a long time'". Digital Spy. Retrieved 25 August 2011.
Jump up ^ Brown, David (2 February 2012). "Alex Kingston: River Song could make a return to Doctor Who". Radio Times. Retrieved 2 February 2012.
Jump up ^ Johnston, Garth (21 April 2011). "Steven Moffat, Executive Producer of Doctor Who". Gothamist. Archived from the original on 18 March 2013. Retrieved 1 May 2011.
Jump up ^ Golder, Dave (31 March 2010). "River Song Returns". SFX. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
Jump up ^ Nissim, Mayer (2 June 2011). "'Doctor Who' Alex Kingston: 'Women like kick-ass River Song'". Digital Spy. Retrieved 29 July 2011.
Jump up ^ "Will the Doctor Die?". TV Easy. 10 January 2011.
Jump up ^ "River Runs Deep". Doctor Who Confidential. Series 4. Episode 9. 7 June 2008. BBC. BBC Three.
Jump up ^ Masaki, Lyle (28 May 2012). "The Week in Gay TV: Memorial Day marathons, couples "Wipeout" and will we get burned again by "Burn Notice"?". AfterElton. Retrieved 19 September 2012.
Jump up ^ Hogan, Heather (14 May 2012). ""Doctor Who" boss reveals River Song is bisexual, "Desperate Housewives" boss slaps lesbian fans in the face on the way out the door". Morning Brew. Archived from the original on 17 May 2012. Retrieved 19 September 2012.
Jump up ^ Cornish, James (18 September 2012). "In Defence of Steven Moffat". WhatCulture. Archived from the original on 20 September 2012. Retrieved 19 September 2012.
Jump up ^ "Doctor Who fans love River Song in Day of the Moon". Metro. 30 April 2011. Retrieved 1 May 2011.
Jump up ^ Pledger, Laura (1 October 2011). "Top 10 Doctor Who guest stars". Radio Times. Retrieved 12 February 2012.
Jump up ^ Phipps, Keith (23 April 2011). "The Impossible Astronaut". The A.V. Club.
Jump up ^ Nussbaum, Emily (4 June 2012). "Fantastic Voyage: "Doctor Who," "Community," and the passionate fan". The New Yorker. Retrieved 28 May 2012.
Jump up ^ Debnath, Neela (27 August 2011). "Review of Doctor Who 'Let's Kill Hitler'". The Independent. Archived from the original on 12 January 2013. Retrieved 28 August 2011.
Jump up ^ McCormick, Neil (28 August 2011). "Doctor Who: they're making it up as they go along". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 1 September 2011.
Jump up ^ Jane Anders, Charlie (1 October 2011). "Why This Year's Doctor Who Finale Was (Mostly) Better Than Last Year's". io9. Retrieved 6 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Nellis, Krystina (11 November 2011). "Misfits' women are not to be messed with". London: The Guardian. Retrieved 12 November 2011.
Jump up ^ Golder, Dave (4 February 2012). "SFX Awards 2012: The Winners". SFX. Retrieved 4 February 2012.
Jump up ^ Golder, Dave (27 March 2012). "Top 200 Sexiest Characters In Sci-Fi". SFX Magazine. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
Jump up ^ "Top 50 Favorite Female TV Characters". After Ellen. 27 February 2012. Retrieved 24 June 2012.
Jump up ^ "Doctor Who Future Sonic Screwdriver". Character online. Archived from the original on 25 May 2009. Retrieved 7 December 2009.
External links[edit]
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Intercostal nerves
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Intercostal nerves
Diagram of the course and branches of a typical intercostal nerve.
Intercostal nerves, the superficial muscles having been removed.
Details
From
thoracic nerves (T1-T11)
Innervates
intercostal muscle
Identifiers
Latin
nervi intercostales
MeSH
D007367
TA
A14.2.04.006
FMA
75467
Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy
[edit on Wikidata]
The intercostal nerves are part of the somatic nervous system, and arise from the anterior rami of the thoracic spinal nerves from T1 to T11. The intercostal nerves are distributed chiefly to the thoracic pleura and abdominal peritoneum and differ from the anterior rami of the other spinal nerves in that each pursues an independent course without plexus formation.
The first two nerves supply fibers to the upper limb in addition to their thoracic branches; the next four are limited in their distribution to the walls of the thorax; the lower five supply the walls of the thorax and abdomen. The 7th intercostal nerve terminates at the xyphoid process, at the lower end of the sternum. The 10th intercostal nerve terminates at the navel. The twelfth (subcostal) thoracic is distributed to the abdominal wall and groin.
Unlike the nerves from the autonomic nervous system that innervate the visceral pleura of the thoracic cavity, the intercostal nerves arise from the somatic nervous system. This enables them to control the contraction of muscles, as well as provide specific sensory information regarding the skin and parietal pleura. This explains why damage to the internal wall of the thoracic cavity can be felt as a sharp pain localized in the injured region. Damage to the visceral pleura is experienced as an un-localized ache.
Contents
[hide]
1 The 1st thoracic nerve
2 The upper thoracic nerves: 2nd–6th
2.1 Branches
3 The lower thoracic nerves: 7th–11th
4 The lower thoracic nerves: 12th
4.1 Anterior division
4.2 Lateral cutaneous branch
5 Additional images
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
The 1st thoracic nerve[edit]
The anterior division of the first thoracic nerve divides into two branches: one, the larger, leaves the thorax in front of the neck of the first rib, and enters the brachial plexus; the other and smaller branch, the first intercostal nerve, runs along the first intercostal space, and ends on the front of the chest as the first anterior cutaneous branch of the thorax.
Occasionally this anterior cutaneous branch is missing.
The first intercostal nerve rarely gives off a lateral cutaneous branch; but sometimes sends a small branch to communicate with the intercostobrachial.
From the second thoracic nerve it frequently receives a connecting twig, which ascends over the neck of the second rib. This nerve was first described by Kuntz in 1927. There is considerable anatomic variation, but Kuntz nerve may be present in 40-80% of the population.[1][2]
The upper thoracic nerves: 2nd–6th[edit]
The anterior divisions of the second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth thoracic nerves, and the small branch from the first thoracic, are confined to the walls of the thorax, and are named thoracic intercostal nerves.
They pass forward in the intercostal spaces below the intercostal vessels. At the back of the chest they lie between the pleura and the posterior intercostal membranes, but soon they run between the internal intercostals and the innermost intercostals then anteriorly they lie between the pleura and the internal intercostals.
Near the sternum, they cross in front of the internal mammary artery and transversus thoracis muscle, pierce the intercostales interni, the anterior intercostal membranes, and pectoralis major, and supply the integument of the front of the thorax and over the mamma, forming the anterior cutaneous branches of the thorax; the branch from the second nerve unites with the anterior supraclavicular nerves of the cervical plexus.
The fourth intercostal nerve is enervated by cutaneous slowly-adapting and rapidly-adapting mechanoreceptors, especially by ones densely-packed under the areola; enervation subsequently triggers oxytocin release, which, when in the peripheral bloodstream, causes myoepithelial cell contraction and lactation: this is an example of a non-nerve-innervation muscular reflex.
Branches[edit]
Numerous slender muscular filaments supply the Intercostales, the Subcostales, the Levatores costarum, the Serratus posterior superior, and the Transversus thoracis. At the front of the thorax some of these branches cross the costal cartilages from one intercostal space to another.
Lateral cutaneous branches (rami cutanei laterales) are derived from the intercostal nerves, about midway between the vertebræ and sternum; they pierce the Intercostales externi and Serratus anterior, and divide into anterior and posterior branches.
The anterior branches run forward to the side and the forepart of the chest and skin, fourth nerve anterior branches supplying the areola and the mamma; those of the fifth and sixth nerves supply the upper digitations of the Obliquus externus abdominis.
The posterior branches run backward, and supply the skin over the scapula and Latissimus dorsi.
The lateral cutaneous branch of the second intercostal nerve does not divide, like the others, into an anterior and a posterior branch; it is named the intercostobrachial nerve.
The lower thoracic nerves: 7th–11th[edit]
See also: Thoraco-abdominal nerves
The lower thoracic nerves: 12th[edit]
Anterior division[edit]
See also: Subcostal nerve
Lateral cutaneous branch[edit]
The lateral cutaneous branch of the last thoracic nerve is large, and undivided.
It perforates the internal and the external oblique muscles, descends over the iliac crest in front of the lateral cutaneous branch of the iliohypogastric nerve, and is distributed to the skin of the front part of the gluteal muscles, some of its filaments extending as low as the greater trochanter of the femur.
Additional images[edit]
Nervous system
Intercostal spaces, viewed from the left
Brachial plexus
Brachial plexus with courses of spinal nerves shown
See also[edit]
Intercostal nerve block
Intercostales externi muscle
Intercostales interni muscle
Peripheral nervous system
References[edit]
This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 945 of the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)
Jump up ^ Ramsaroop L, Partab P, Singh B, Satyapal KS. Thoracic origin of a sympathetic supply to the upper limb: the 'nerve of Kuntz' revisited. J Anat. 2001;199:675Y682
Jump up ^ Marhold F, Izay B, Zacherl J, Tschabitscher M, Neumayer C. Thoracoscopic and anatomic landmarks of Kuntz's nerve: implications for sympathetic surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 2008;86:1653Y1658.
External links[edit]
thoraxlesson5 at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman (Georgetown University) (paravertebralregion)
Atlas image: abdo_wall53 at the University of Michigan Health System - "Abdominal Wall, Dissection, Lateral View"
hide
v
t
e
Spinal nerves
Cervical
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
anterior
Cervical plexus
Brachial plexus
posterior
Posterior branches of cervical nerves
Suboccipital – C1
Greater occipital – C2
Third occipital – C3
Thoracic
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
T9
T10
T11
T12
anterior
Intercostal
Intercostobrachial – T2
Thoraco-abdominal nerves – T7–T11
Subcostal – T12
posterior
Posterior branches of thoracic nerves
Lumbar
L1
L2
L3
L4
L5
anterior
Lumbar plexus
Lumbosacral trunk
posterior
Posterior branches of the lumbar nerves
Superior cluneal L1–L3
Sacral
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
anterior
Sacral plexus
posterior
Posterior branches of sacral nerves
Medial cluneal nerves
Coccygeal
anterior
Coccygeal plexus
posterior
Posterior branch of coccygeal nerve
Anatomy portal
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