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The Winds of Winter
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This article is about the novel. For the episode of the television series, see The Winds of Winter (Game of Thrones).
The Winds of Winter
Author
George R. R. Martin
Country
United States
Language
English
Series
A Song of Ice and Fire
Genre
Fantasy
Publisher
Bantam Spectra/US
Voyager Books/UK
Preceded by
A Dance with Dragons
Followed by
A Dream of Spring
The Winds of Winter is the forthcoming sixth novel in the epic fantasy series A Song of Ice and Fire by George R. R. Martin.
Martin believes the last two volumes of the series will be big books of 1,500+ manuscript pages each.[1] They will take readers farther north than any of the previous books, and the Others will appear in The Winds of Winter.[2]
Martin has refrained from making hard estimates for The Winds of Winter's final release date.[3] In 2014, estimates based on extrapolation of Martin's writing pace predicted the release date sometime between 2015 and 2018.[4][5] In January 2017, Martin announced that he believed that The Winds of Winter will be released "this year", referring to 2017. However, he also noted that he believed the same thing would occur the previous year.[6][7][8]
Contents
[hide]
1 Plot
2 Viewpoint characters
3 Background and publication
3.1 Chapters
3.2 Publication date
4 References
5 External links
Plot[edit]
The Winds of Winter will take readers farther north than any of the previous books, and the Others will appear in the book.[2] The previous installment, A Dance with Dragons, covered less story than Martin intended, excluding at least one planned large battle sequence and leaving several character threads ending in cliffhangers.[3] Martin intends to resolve these storylines "very early" in The Winds of Winter, saying "I'm going to open with the two big battles that I was building up to, the battle in the ice and the battle at Meereen—the battle of Slaver's Bay. And then take it from there."[2] A Victarion Greyjoy chapter will begin five minutes after the end of A Dance with Dragons, taking place on the eve of the Iron Islanders' arrival in Slaver's Bay.[9] Arianne Martell sample chapters that Martin released on his website showed her heading for Griffin's Roost to see the young man who is calling himself Aegon.[10][11]
Viewpoint characters[edit]
George R. R. Martin has confirmed that the following characters have point-of-view chapters in The Winds of Winter:
Sansa Stark: One chapter was removed from A Dance with Dragons in June 2010,[12] and one sample chapter titled Alayne appeared on Martin's website in April 2015.[13]
Arya Stark: One chapter was removed from A Dance with Dragons in June 2010,[12] and one sample chapter titled Mercy appeared on Martin's website in March 2014.[14][15]
Arianne Martell: Two chapters were removed from A Dance with Dragons in June 2010.[12] One sample chapter appeared on Martin's website in January 2013,[10] and was read at Harbour Front Literaturfestival in June 2015.[16] Martin read from both chapters at MystiCon in February 2016.[17] In May 2016, Martin replaced the sample Sansa Stark chapter titled Alayne on his website from 2015 with the first Arianne Martell chapter he has read from at MystiCon.[18]
Aeron Greyjoy: One chapter was removed from A Dance with Dragons in July 2010.[19] A chapter titled The Forsaken was read in May 2016 at Balticon. It was written in, or before, 2011 but there was no confirmation that this was the chapter removed from A Dance with Dragons.[20]
Theon Greyjoy: One sample chapter appeared on Martin's website in December 2011.[21][22] It also appears as a teaser chapter at the end of the UK paperback edition of A Dance with Dragons (part two).
Victarion Greyjoy: Portions of one chapter were first read at TIFF Bell Lightbox in March 2012.[9]
Tyrion Lannister: One chapter was read at Eastercon in April 2012,[23] and another one at Worldcon in August 2013,[24] the second of which was later published in the official iOS app on March 20, 2014.[25]
Barristan Selmy: One chapter was released as a teaser at the end of the 2013 U.S. paperback edition of A Dance with Dragons.[26] In 2013 Martin read from 2 chapters at Boskone.[27][better source needed]
George R. R. Martin confirmed that there are no new viewpoint characters intended for The Winds of Winter.[28] Martin confirmed that Areo Hotah[29] and Melisandre[30] will return as viewpoints but did not state which novel their chapters will appear in, and that Bran Stark[31] will appear in the novel, but did not elaborate if as a viewpoint. In addition, he teased at the 2014 San Diego Comic-Con that Jeyne Westerling, Robb Stark's widow, will appear in the prologue chapter, but did not reveal who will be the POV character.[32]
Background and publication[edit]
Chapters[edit]
The Winds of Winter[12] was originally intended, in the very early stages of the series, to be the final installment of A Song of Ice and Fire (then conceived as a trilogy).[33] Following his expansion of the series, Martin eventually concluded it would be succeeded by one final novel, A Dream of Spring.[34] By June 2010, Martin had finished four chapters for The Winds of Winter from the viewpoints of Sansa Stark, Arya Stark, and Arianne Martell.[12] In July 2010, he added an Aeron Greyjoy chapter that had been moved from A Dance with Dragons to The Winds of Winter, accumulating around 100 completed manuscript pages.[19] Following the publication of A Dance with Dragons in the summer of 2011, Martin announced his return to writing the series in January 2012,[3] having spent the intervening time on his U.S. and overseas book publicity tours and attending various conventions. He continued to work, with his two co-authors Elio Garcia and Linda Antonsson, on the planned illustrated series companion guide The World of Ice & Fire concordance and Westeros history, which at one time he wanted to have completed by the end of 2011. He also worked on a Westeros story, the fourth Tales of Dunk and Egg novella, that will eventually find anthology publication elsewhere. A year after that eventual publication, the story and the three previously published Dunk and Egg tales will be collected and published in the U.S. by Bantam Spectra as a stand-alone fix-up novel.[35]
In December 2011, Martin posted a Theon Greyjoy viewpoint chapter from The Winds of Winter; he also announced that another sample chapter would be included at the end of the North American paperback version of A Dance with Dragons,[2][36] which was originally expected to be released in summer 2012,[2] but was released on October 29, 2013.[37] (International paperback editions of A Dance with Dragons published a year earlier did not include a new, as yet unpublished sample chapter.)[38] In the first quarter of 2012, Martin read new chapters of other characters at public events, including the chapters of Victarion Greyjoy and Tyrion Lannister.[23] Martin continued work editing anthologies and completing a large, highly detailed series atlas The Lands of Ice and Fire, which was published in October 2012.[39][40] Martin published another sample chapter from Arianne Martell's POV on his website in January 2013.[10] On March 27, ten days before the Game of Thrones season four premiere, Martin posted a chapter on his website, titled Mercy. Martin said the new chapter is actually an old one, though never published nor publicly read.[14] In April 2015, Martin posted a Sansa Stark viewpoint chapter from The Winds of Winter titled Alayne.[13] In May 2016, Martin replaced this chapter with an Arianne Martell chapter he had read from at Mysticon,[18] and an Aeron Greyjoy chapter that was removed from A Dance with Dragons was read at Balticon.
As of June 2016, a total of 11 chapters from The Winds of Winter have been either read publicly or published as a sample chapter. The point of view characters with released material are Victarion, Aeron, Tyrion, Barristan, Arianne, Theon, Mercy (Arya), and Alayne (Sansa).[8] Several websites, including Goodreads, have dedicated entire discussion panels to any material that has been released from The Winds of Winter, including plot twists, theories, and speculations.
At Guadalajara International Book Fair 2016, George R.R. Martin gave some clues about the dark nature of The Winds of Winter: ... "I’ve been telling you for 20 years that winter was coming. Winter is the time when things die, and cold and ice and darkness fill the world, so this is not going to be the happy feel-good that people may be hoping for. Some of the characters [are] in very dark places. .... Things get worse before they get better, so things are getting worse for a lot of people.”[41]
Publication date[edit]
Martin believes the last two volumes of the series will be massive works of 1,500+ manuscript pages each.[1] He does not intend to separate characters by geography again, as he was forced to do because of the unpublishable length of A Feast for Crows' original manuscript. But, as Martin stated in a 2011 interview, "Three years from now when I'm sitting on 1,800 pages of manuscript with no end in sight, who the hell knows".[42] In April 2011, shortly before the publication of A Dance with Dragons which took him six years to write, Martin hoped that "the last two books will go a little quicker than this one has" and estimated that it would take "three years to finish the next one at a good pace".[43][44] By October 2012, 400 pages of the sixth novel had been written, although Martin considered only the first 200 as "really finished", the rest still needing revisions.[45] In April 2013, Martin estimated that he had a quarter of the book.[46] In the past, Martin has angered some of his fan base for repeatedly estimating his publication dates too optimistically; therefore, he has refrained from making hard estimates for The Winds of Winter's final release date.[3] Ultimately the book "will be done when it's done".[33] In 2012, Martin had acknowledged his concerns about the final novel, A Dream of Spring, not being completed by the time Game of Thrones catches up in its story line to the novels.[47]
In January 2014, Martin's UK publisher, Jane Johnson, declared on Twitter that the book would "certainly" not be published before 2015.[48] In September 2014 Johnson stated that the book was "not a 2015 release",[49] a statement she repeated in January 2015.[50][51] In April 2015, Martin commented on his blog that The Winds of Winter will not be eligible for the 2016 Hugo Award which is awarded for science fiction or fantasy works of the previous year[52] but he also said he would like to have it published before the sixth season of the HBO series Game of Thrones (which would cover material from the book) aired in 2016.[53][54] In Autumn 2015, statements made by the Spanish editor and the Polish translator of the novel indicated that it was expected to be published in 2016.[55][56][57][58]
In early January 2016, Martin confirmed on his Live Journal that he had not met an end-of-year deadline that he had established with his publisher for release of the book before the sixth season of the HBO show. He added that there was "a lot still left to write" and that completion of the book was "months away still... if the writing goes well". Martin also revealed there had been a previous deadline of October 2015 that he had considered achievable in May 2015, and that in September 2015 he had still considered the end-of-year deadline achievable. He further confirmed that some of the plot of the book might be revealed in the upcoming season of Game of Thrones[59] but one of the showrunners, David Benioff, claimed that while certain key elements would be the same, the show would diverge from the book in many respects.[60] In February 2016, Martin stated that he had dropped all his editing projects except for Wild Cards, and that he would not be writing any teleplays, screenplays, short stories, introductions or forewords before delivering The Winds of Winter.[61]
In September 2014, Walt Hickey of FiveThirtyEight[4] and Christopher Ingraham of the Washington Post[5] estimated the release date sometime between 2015 and 2018, based on extrapolation of Martin's writing pace.
On January 10, 2017, Martin announced on his blog in a response to a comment that he believed that The Winds of Winter will be released "this year", referring to 2017. However, he also noted that he believed the same thing would occur the previous year.[6][7][8] He confirmed on his blog that he was still working on The Winds of Winter as of July 22, 2017, being "still months away" from finishing the book. He also indicated that it may not be published until 2018 or later.[62]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "George R. R. Martin Webchat Transcript". empireonline.com. April 2012. Retrieved April 26, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "George R.R. Martin Talks Season Two, 'The Winds of Winter,' and Real-World Influences for 'A Song of Ice and Fire'". SmarterTravel. March 26, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Hibberd, James (July 22, 2011). "The Fantasy King". ew.com. Retrieved January 21, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b Hickey, Walt. "Predicting When ‘Game of Thrones’ Author George R. R. Martin Will Come Out With His Next Book". Fivethirtyeight.com. Retrieved September 7, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b Ingraham, Christopher (June 16, 2014). "Predict when George R.R. Martin will finish ‘Game of Thrones’, using the magic of geometry". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 7, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b George R. R. Martin (January 9, 2017). "Doom, Despair, Defeat". Not a Blog. Archived from the original on 15 August 2017. Retrieved January 11, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b Hibberd, James (January 11, 2017). "George R.R. Martin on Winds of Winter release date: 'I think this year'". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved January 11, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c "The Winds of Winter: release date, news, plot, chapters and returning characters". NME. 2017-01-15. Retrieved 2017-01-17.
^ Jump up to: a b Martin, George R. R. (2012). In Conversation With... George R.R. Martin on Game of Thrones Part 3 – TIFF Bell Lightbox. TIFF Bell Lightbox. Event occurs at 30:50 min.
^ Jump up to: a b c Martin, George R. R. (January 27, 2013). "Arianne". George R. R. Martin. Archived from the original on March 29, 2013.
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^ Jump up to: a b c d e Martin, George R. R. (June 27, 2010). "Dancing in Circles". grrm.livejournal.com. Archived from the original on April 4, 2012. Retrieved February 4, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Excerpt from the Winds of Winter - George R.R. Martin". georgerrmartin.com.
^ Jump up to: a b "‘Winds Of Winter’ Chapter — George RR Martin Releases ‘Game Of Thrones’ Excerpt - Hollywood Life". Hollywood Life.
Jump up ^ "The Winds of Winter: Mercy". georgerrmartin.com. Archived from the original on March 27, 2014. Retrieved March 26, 2014.
Jump up ^ Martin, George R. R. (2015). George R. R. Martin reads TWoW Arianne @ Harbour Front Literaturfestival 2015
Jump up ^ "George R.R. Martin Reads Winds of Winter Chapters At Mysticon". Winter is Coming.
^ Jump up to: a b "A Taste of This, A Taste of That". Archived from the original on May 11, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b Martin, George R. R. (July 31, 2010). "Dancing". grrm.livejournal.com. Archived from the original on April 4, 2012. Retrieved February 4, 2012.
Jump up ^ "6 Things We Learned From the New Winds of Winter Chapter".
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Jump up ^ Sacks, Ethan (December 30, 2011). "George R.R. Martin surprises Song of Ice and Fire fans with free chapter of next book". nydailynews.com. Retrieved January 21, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "EasterCon – Eat, Drink and talk SFF!". harpervoyagerbooks.com. April 10, 2012. Archived from the original on April 19, 2012. Retrieved April 11, 2012.
Jump up ^ Schwartz, Terry (February 26, 2014). "Winds of Winter: Read a new excerpt from George R.R. Martin's next Game of Thrones novel". Zap2it.com. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
Jump up ^ "New Winds of Winter Chapter Coming Out Today". Tor.com. March 20, 2014. Retrieved July 15, 2014.
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Jump up ^ Martin, George R. R. "A Taste of This, A Taste of That". Not A Blog. Retrieved November 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ Martin, George R. R. "A Taste of This, A Taste of That". Not A Blog. Retrieved November 25, 2016.
Jump up ^ JUEGOS DE TRONOS de George R.R Martin en la FIL de Guadalajara 2016 Event occurs at 27:22
Jump up ^ "Conventions and Cancellations". GRRM Not A Blog. April 1, 2015. Retrieved January 21, 2017.
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^ Jump up to: a b Brown, Rachael (July 11, 2011). "George R.R. Martin on Sex, Fantasy, and A Dance With Dragons". theatlantic.com. Retrieved February 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ Gevers, Nick (December 2000). "Sunsets of High Renown – An Interview with George R. R. Martin". infinityplus.co.uk. Retrieved January 21, 2012. (Interview approved by GRRM.)
Jump up ^ Harte, Bryant (July 12, 2011). "An Interview with George R. R. Martin, Part I". indigo.ca. Archived from the original on April 4, 2012. Retrieved February 15, 2012.
Jump up ^ Kepler, Adam W. (January 1, 2012). "‘Game of Thrones’ Treat". The New York Times. Retrieved January 2, 2012.
Jump up ^ "A Dance with Dragons by George R. R. Martin". Random House. Retrieved February 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ "A Dance with Dragons: A Song of Ice and Fire: Book Five". amazon.de. Retrieved February 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ Martin, George R.R (April 8, 2012). George R.R. Martin Interview. Eastercon. Event occurs at 58:00. Retrieved April 12, 2012.
Jump up ^ "The Lands of Ice and Fire (A Game of Thrones)". randomhouse.ca. Retrieved April 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ Gettell, Oliver (December 6, 2016). "George RR Martin on Winds of Winter: Things are getting worse". Entertainment Weekly. Time Inc. Retrieved December 21, 2016. Watch Martin’s full Q&A above.
Jump up ^ Hibberd, James (July 12, 2011). "EW interview: George R.R. Martin talks A Dance With Dragons". ew.com. Retrieved January 21, 2012.
Jump up ^ Flood, Alison (April 13, 2011). "George RR Martin: Barbarians at the gate". guardian.co.uk. Retrieved January 21, 2012.
Jump up ^ Miller, Laura (April 11, 2011). "Just Write It! A fantasy author and his impatient fans.". newyorker.com. Retrieved April 23, 2010.
Jump up ^ Guxens, Adrià (October 7, 2012). "George R.R. Martin: "Trying to please everyone is a horrible mistake"". adriasnews.com. Retrieved October 9, 2012.
Jump up ^ Game of Thrones - George R. R. Martin Interview. YouTube. April 1, 2013.
Jump up ^ Griffin, Bryant (June 13, 2012). "Martin Talks 'Game Of Thrones,' 'The Winds Of Winter'". Airlock Alpha. Retrieved August 20, 2012.
Jump up ^ Johnson, Jane (January 24, 2014). "Twitter / JaneJohnsonBakr: @bonefish914 Certainly not this year.". Twitter. Retrieved 26 September 2017.
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Jump up ^ Hooton, Christopher (September 10, 2015). "The Winds of Winter release date 2016: George RR Martin’s next book might finally be coming". The Independent. Archived from the original on September 12, 2015. Retrieved January 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ Jesús Baratheon. "Alejo Cuervo (Gigamesh): "Está previsto que Vientos de Invierno salga en 2016 (también en español)"". Los Siete Reinos.
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External links[edit]
Official website of author George R. R. Martin
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text:
Thin Line Between Love and Hate
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Thin Line Between Love and Hate"
A-side label of U.S. vinyl single
Single by The Persuaders
from the album Thin Line Between Love and Hate
B-side
"Thigh Spy"
Released
August 1971
Format
7" (45 rpm)
Genre
R&B
Length
3:16
Label
Atco Records
Songwriter(s)
Richard Poindexter
Robert Poindexter
Jackie Members
Producer(s)
Richard Poindexter
Robert Poindexter
"Thin Line Between Love and Hate" is the title of a 1971 song by the New York City-based R&B vocal group The Persuaders. The song was written and produced by the Poindexter brothers, Robert and Richard, and was also co-written by Jackie Members.
This was the group's biggest hit song, spending two weeks atop the Billboard R&B chart in late 1971. It also reached #15 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and was a certified Gold Record by the RIAA.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Cover versions
2 See also
3 References
4 External links
Cover versions[edit]
The song has been covered or sampled by many musical acts.
Roots reggae artist BB Seaton did a version on his 1973 album of the same name
British reggae band Black Slate also did a cover on their 1980 Ensign Records album Amigo
The rock band The Pretenders recorded a cover version of this song that was included on their 1984 album Learning to Crawl. Featuring Paul Carrack on keyboards and backing vocals and released as a single, peaking at #83 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and #49 on the UK Singles Chart.[2] This version changed the lyrics from first-person viewpoint to second-person.
A sample of "Thin Line Between Love and Hate" was featured in the song "Washed Away" by the hip-hop band Arrested Development. This song can be found on their 1992 album 3 Years, 5 Months & 2 Days in the Life Of....
Also in 1992, rapper Kid Frost sampled this song on his track "Thin Line". This song is included on his album East Side Story and reached #82 on the Billboard R&B chart.
In 1995, Annie Lennox recorded a cover of this song that was featured on her second solo album Medusa.
In 1996, R&B vocal trio H-Town recorded the song, which was included in the film A Thin Line Between Love and Hate starring Martin Lawrence. Released as "A Thin Line Between Love & Hate", this version featured Shirley Murdock on female vocals and reached #6 on the Billboard R&B chart and #37 on the Billboard Hot 100.[1]
In 2000, Chrissie Hynde performed a cover version on Da Ali G Show. During the performance, Ali G said the song was "depressing", and sped it up into a jungle song, with backup dancers.
See also[edit]
R&B number-one hits of 1971 (USA)
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Whitburn, Joel (2004). The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits, 8th Edition (Billboard Publications), page 488.
Jump up ^ UK Singles Chart info Chartstats.com. Retrieved 22 April 2009.
External links[edit]
1971 Persuaders single info From discogs.com
1984 Pretenders single info From discogs.com
Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
Preceded by
"Make It Funky" Part 1 by James Brown Billboard Best Selling Soul Singles number-one single
October 2–9, 1971 Succeeded by
"Trapped By a Thing Called Love" by Denise LaSalle
[show]
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text:
Estates General of 1789
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Engraving by Isidore-Stanislaus Helman (1743–1806) following a sketch by Charles Monnet (1732–1808). The title is L'Ouverture des États Généraux à Versailles le 5 Mai 1789, "Opening of the Estates-General in Versailles 5 May 1789." It was one of a series by Helman: Principales Journées de la Révolution.[1]
Painting by Auguste Couder showing the General
The Estates General of 1789 was a general assembly representing the French estates of the realm: the clergy (First Estate), the nobility (Second Estate), and the commoners (Third Estate). Summoned by King Louis XVI, it was brought to an end when the Third Estate formed into a National Assembly, inviting the other two to join, against the wishes of the King. This signaled the outbreak of the French Revolution.
Contents
1 The decision to summon the Estates
1.1 First Assembly of Notables and peasants
1.2 Rebellion of the parliament
1.3 The Return of Necker
2 Convening the Estates-General
2.1 Edict of 24 January 1789
2.2 Elections of early Spring 1789
2.3 Opening of the Convention
3 Proceedings and dissolution
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
The decision to summon the Estates[edit]
First Assembly of Notables and peasants[edit]
The suggestion to summon the Estates General came from the Assembly of Notables installed by the King on 22 February 1787. It had not met since 1614. The usual business of registering the King's edicts as law was performed by the Parlement of Paris. In this year it was refusing to cooperate with Charles Alexandre de Calonne's program of badly needed financial reform, due to the special interests of its noble members. Calonne was the Controller-General of Finances, appointed by the King to address the state deficit. As a last measure, Calonne was hoping to bypass them by reviving an archaic institution.[2] The initial roster of Notables included 137 nobles, among them many future revolutionaries, such as the Comte de Mirabeau and the Marquis de Lafayette, hero of the American Revolution. Lafayette had served in George Washington's army. Much of the debt had been incurred on behalf of the Americans. The final defeat of Lord Cornwallis at the Battle of Yorktown was due in large part to the participation of the French army and navy. If Calonne thought he would find more cooperation by changing the assembly, he was mistaken. He proposed a "land tax," Subvention Territoriale, to be imposed on all land-holders, rich or poor. A storm of protest arose. Charges of mismanagement were made. Calonne was dismissed on 8 April 1787 and then was exiled. He commented on the French political scene from London.[3]
Calonne's replacement was Étienne Charles de Loménie de Brienne, President of the Assembly of Notables. He was offered the post of Prime Minister, which was to include being Controller. The Notables nevertheless remained recalcitrant. They made a number of proposals but they would not grant the King money. Lafayette suggested that the problem required a national assembly. Brienne asked him if he meant the Estates General. On receiving an affirmative answer, Brienne recorded it as a proposal. Frustrated by his inability to obtain money, the King staged a day-long harangue, and then on 25 May dissolved the Notables. Their proposals reverted to the Parlement.[4]
Rebellion of the parliament[edit]
Turning again to the parliament, the King found that they were inclined to continue the issues that had been raised in the Assembly of Notables. Their proper legal function, besides giving advice to the King, was only to register, or record, his edicts as law, a matter of simple obedience, which the King's father and grandfather had been able to command, sometimes by sternness, threats, and losses of temper. Unless registered, the edicts were not lawful.
On 6 July 1787, Loménie forwarded the Subvention Territoriale and another tax, the Edit du Timbre, or "Stamp Act," based on the American model, for registration. Parlement refused an illegal act, demanding accounting statements, or "States," as a prior condition. It was the King's turn to refuse. The members of the Parlement began to jest that they required either the accounting States or the Estates General. The King could not let this slight to his authority pass. Parlement was commanded to assemble at the King's palace at Versailles where, on 6 August, he ordered them in person to register the taxes. On 7 August back in Paris, the Parlement declared, in earnest this time, that the order was null and void, repudiating all previous registrations of taxes. Only the Estates General, they said, could register taxes.[5]
For the second time, the King summoned Parlement away from Paris, where crowds of people cheered their every act from the street, this time to meet at Troyes, Champagne on 15 August. He did not personally appear. By messenger he and Parlement negotiated an agreement: the King withdrew the Stamp Tax and modified the Land Tax to exclude the lands of people of title in return for the assured registration of further loans. Parlement was allowed to return on 20 September. Encouraged, Loménie, with the support of the King, went beyond the intent of the Parlement which was to grant specific loans. He proposed an Emprunt Successif (Successive Loan) until 1792 giving the King a blank cheque. When Parlement delayed the King resorted to a ruse; he scheduled a Royal Hunt for 19 November. On that day at 11:00 AM the King and his peers noisily entered the session of Parlement dressed in hunting clothes. They would confer with each other and have the decisions registered immediately, they said.[6]
Nearly the entire government was now face-to-face. They argued the problems and issues concerned until dusk, some six hours later. Parlement believed that the problem had gone beyond the government and needed the decisions of the Estates General which did not correspond to the King's concept of monarchy. At the end of the day, the King demanded the registration of the Successive Loan. The Duc d'Orléans (a previous Notable, a relative of the King, and an ardent revolutionary), known as Philippe Égalité, asked if this were a Royal Session of the Peers or a Session of Parlement. On being told it was a Royal Session he replied that edicts were not registered at Royal Sessions. The King retorted, Vous êtes bien le maître (do as YOU will) with some sarcasm as the King's will was legally required, and strode angrily from the session with a retinue. Lettres de Cachet, or arbitrary arrest warrants, followed on the 20th for D'Orleans and two others. They were taken into custody and held under comfortable conditions away from Paris; D'Orleans on his country estate. Parlement began a debate on the legality of Lettres de Cachet. The men being held became a cause célèbre.[7]
As the King and Parlement could accomplish no more together De Brienne, over the winter, pressed for an alternative plan; to resurrect even more archaic institutions. The Grand Bailliages, or larger legal jurisdictions that once had existed, would assume Parlement legal functions, while the Plenary Court, last known under Louis IX, when it had the power to register edicts, would assume the registration duties of the Parlement, leaving it with no duties to perform. The King planned a sudden revelation and dismissal of Parlement. However, Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil heard the government presses running and bribed the printer to give him the proofs of the edict. Hearing it read the next day, 3 May 1788, Parlement swore an oath not to be disbanded and defined a manifesto of their rights.
Warrants were issued for Eprémesnil and another but they escaped from their homes over the rooftops in the early morning to seek refuge in Parlement. The King sent his guards into Parlement to arrest them. They surrendered. Parlement filed silently out between a line of guards. The commander gave the key to the building to the King.[8]
The Return of Necker[edit]
The transfer of power to the new government was to begin on 8 May 1788 with the registration of the edicts establishing it in the regional Parlement. The latter refused unanimously following the Parlement of Paris. If the King's commissioners forced the issue Parlement abandoned the meeting place only to return the next day to declare the registration null and void. Armed protest swept the kingdom. Street fighting broke out at Rennes, Brittany. A deputation sent to Paris from there was imprisoned in the Bastille. The Bretons in Paris founded the Breton Club, later the Jacobin Society. The Grand Bailliages could not be created and the Plenary Court met only once.[9]
Convening the Estates-General[edit]
Edict of 24 January 1789[edit]
The Estates-General were summoned by a royal edict dated to 24 January 1789. It comprised two parts: a Lettre du Roi, and a Règlement.[10]
The Lettre announces:
"We have need of a concourse of our faithful subjects, to assist us surmount all the difficulties we find relative to the state of our finances... These great motives have resolved us to convoke the assemblée des États of all the provinces under our authority ...."
The King promises to address the grievances of his people. The "most notable persons" of each community and judicial district are summoned "to confer and to record remonstrances, complaints, and grievances." Elections for Deputies are to be held. He says that he intends "reform of abuse," "establishment of a fixed and durable order," and "general prosperity." The Lettre is signed "Louis."
Lettres de Convocation were sent to all the provinces with the Règlement prescribing the methods of election. During the preceding autumn the Parlement of Paris, an aristocratic advisory body to the King, had decided that the organization of the convention would be the same as in 1614, the last time the Estates had met. As 175 years had gone by since then it is clear the Estates were not a functional institution in French society. By reviving them as much as possible like they had been the King and the Parlement intended to control the authority of the people. The previous Estates had voted by order; that is, the Nobles and the Clergy could together outvote the Commons by 2 to 1.
If on the other hand, each delegate were to have one vote, the majority would prevail. The issue was widely discussed in the press during the autumn of 1788. The people would nevertheless accept any national convention confident that enough members of the Nobility and the Clergy would be with them to sway the votes. A National Party was formed. It argued that France had never had a constitution and the proper function of the Convention was to establish one. The royalist defenders, however, accepted the absolute monarchy as the constitution. Just to be certain the press began to demand that the Commons be allocated twice as many delegates as each of the other two Estates. In an attempt to bolster his failing popularity the King acceded to this measure of "doubling the Third." He was confident of his influence over the Nobility and Clergy.[11]
Elections of early Spring 1789[edit]
The First Estate represented 100,000 Catholic clergy; the Church owned about 10 percent of the land and collected its own taxes (the tithe) on peasants. The lands were controlled by bishops and abbots of monasteries, but two-thirds of the 303 delegates from the First Estate were ordinary parish priests; only 51 were bishops.[12] The Second Estate represented the nobility, about 400,000 men and women who owned about 25 percent of the land and collected seigneurial dues and rents from their peasant tenants. About a third of the 282 deputies representing the Second Estate were nobles, mostly with minor holdings. The Third Estate representation was doubled to 578 men, representing 95 percent of the population of roughly 25 million. Half were well-educated lawyers or local officials. Nearly a third were in trades or industry; 51 were wealthy land owners.[13][14]
The Réglement that went out by post in January thus specified separate voting for delegates of each Estate. Each tax district (cities, boroughs, and parishes) would elect their own delegates to the Third Estate. The Bailliages, or judicial districts, would elect delegates to the First and Second Estates in separate ballots. Each voting assembly would also collect a Cahier, or "Notebook", of grievances to be considered by the Convocation. The election rules differed somewhat depending on the type of voting unit, whether city, parish or some other. Generally, the distribution of delegates was by population: the most populous locations had the greatest number of delegates. The City of Paris was thus dominant. The electorate consisted of males 25 years and older, property owners, and registered taxpayers. They could be native or naturalized citizens.[15]
The number of delegates elected was about 1,200, half of whom formed the Third Estate. The First and Second Estates had 300 each. But French society had changed since 1614, and these Estates-General were not identical to those of 1614. Members of the nobility were not required to stand for election to the Second Estate, and many of them were elected to the Third Estate. The total number of nobles in the three Estates was about 400. Noble representatives of the Third Estate were among the most passionate revolutionaries in attendance, including Jean Joseph Mounier and the comte de Mirabeau. Despite their status as elected representatives of the Third Estate, many of these nobles were executed by guillotine during the Terror.[16]
The Nobles in the Second Estate were the richest and most powerful in the kingdom. The King could count on them, but that was of little use to him in the succeeding course of history. He had also expected that the First Estate would be predominantly the noble Bishops. The electorate, however, returned mainly parish priests, most of whom were sympathetic to the Commons. The Third Estate elections returned predominantly magistrates and lawyers. The lower levels of society, the landless, working men, though present in large numbers in street gangs, were totally absent from the Estates-General, as the King had called for "the most notable persons".
The grievances returned were mainly about taxes, which the people considered a crushing burden.[17] Consequently, the people and the King were totally at odds from the very beginning. Aristocratic privilege was also attacked. The people resented the fact that nobles could excuse themselves from most of the burden of taxation and service that fell on the ordinary people. A third type complained that the ubiquitous tolls and duties levied by the nobility hindered internal commerce.[18]
Opening of the Convention[edit]
On 5 May 1789,[19] amidst general festivities, the Estates-General convened in an elaborate but temporary Île des États set up in one of the courtyards of the official Hôtel des Menus Plaisirs in the town of Versailles near the royal château. With the étiquette of 1614 strictly enforced, the clergy and nobility ranged in tiered seating in their full regalia, while the physical locations of the deputies from the Third Estate were at the far end, as dictated by the protocol. When Louis XVI and Charles Louis François de Paule de Barentin, the Keeper of the Seals of France, addressed the deputies on 6 May, the Third Estate discovered that the royal decree granting double representation also upheld the traditional voting "by orders", i.e. that the collective vote of each estate would be weighed equally.
The apparent intent of the King and of Barentin was for everyone to get directly to the matter of taxes. The larger representation of the Third Estate would remain merely a symbol while giving them no extra power. Director-General of Finance Jacques Necker had more sympathy for the Third Estate, but on this occasion he spoke only about the fiscal situation, leaving it to Barentin to speak on how the Estates-General was to operate.
Trying to avoid the issue of representation and to focus solely on taxes, the King and his ministers had gravely misjudged the situation. The Third Estate wanted the estates to meet as one body and for each delegate to have one vote. The other two estates, while having their own grievances against royal absolutism, believed – correctly, as history was to prove – that they stood to lose more power to the Third Estate than they stood to gain from the King. Necker sympathized with the Third Estate in this matter, but the astute financier lacked equal astuteness as a politician. He decided to let the impasse play out to the point of stalemate before he would enter the fray. As a result, by the time the King yielded to the demand of the Third Estate, it seemed to all to be a concession wrung from the monarchy, rather than a magnanimous gift that would have convinced the populace of the King's goodwill.[20]
Proceedings and dissolution[edit]
The Estates-General reached an impasse. The Second Estate pushed for meetings that were to transpire in three separate locations, as they had traditionally. The Comte de Mirabeau, a noble himself but elected to represent the Third Estate, tried but failed to keep all three orders in a single room for this discussion. Instead of discussing the King's taxes, the three estates began to discuss separately the organization of the legislature. These efforts continued without success until 27 May, when the nobles voted to stand firm for separate verification. The following day, the Abbé Sieyès (a senior member of the clergy, but, like Mirabeau, elected to represent the Third Estate) moved that the representatives of the Third Estate, who now called themselves the Communes ("Commons"), proceed with verification and invite the other two estates to take part, but not to wait for them.
On 13 June 1789, the Third Estate had arrived at a resolution to examine and settle the powers of the three orders. They invited the clergy and nobles to work with them on this endeavor. On 17 June, with the failure of efforts to reconcile the three estates, the Communes completed their own process of verification and almost immediately voted a measure far more radical: they declared themselves redefined as the National Assembly, an assembly not of the estates, but of the people. They invited the other orders to join them but made it clear that they intended to conduct the nation's affairs with or without them. As their numbers exceeded the combined numbers of the other estates, they could dominate any combined assembly.
The King tried to resist. Under the influence of the courtiers of his privy council, he resolved to go in state to the Assembly, annul its decrees, command the separation of the orders, and dictate the reforms to be effected by the restored Estates-General. On 20 June, he ordered the hall where the National Assembly met, closed.[21] The Assembly moved their deliberations to the nearby tennis court, where they proceeded to swear the 'Tennis Court Oath', by which they agreed not to separate until they had settled the constitution of France. Two days later, deprived of the use of the tennis court as well, the Assembly met in the Church of Saint Louis, where the majority of the representatives of the clergy joined them: efforts to restore the old order had served only to accelerate events.
In the séance royale of 23 June, the King granted a Charte octroyée, a constitution granted by royal favor, which affirmed, subject to the traditional limitations, the right of separate deliberation for the three orders, which constitutionally formed three chambers. This move failed; soon, that part of the deputies of the nobles who still stood apart joined the National Assembly at the request of the King. The Estates-General had ceased to exist, having become the National Assembly (and after 9 July 1789, the National Constituent Assembly).
See also[edit]
The French Revolution: A History
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Portalis, Roger; Béraldi, Henri (1881). Les Graveurs du Dix-Huitième Siècle. Tome Second. Paris: Damascène Morgand et Charles Fatout. p. 397.
Jump up ^ Carlyle 1902, p. 63
Jump up ^ Carlyle 1902, pp. 63–66
Jump up ^ Carlyle:1902, pp. 70–73
Jump up ^ Carlyle 1902, pp. 75–77
Jump up ^ Carlyle 1902, pp. 81–84
Jump up ^ Carlyle 1902, p. 85
Jump up ^ Carlyle 1902, pp. 86–95
Jump up ^ Carlyle 1902, pp. 95–97
Jump up ^ Louis XVI (1789). Lettre du Roi pour la Convocation des États-Généraux a Versailles, le 27 Avril, 1789, et Règlement y Annexé. Paris: L'Imprimerie Royale. p. 3. Nous avons besoin du concours de nos fidèles Sujets, pour nous aider à surmonter toutes les difficultés où nous nous trouvons relativement à l'état de nos finances .... Ces grands motifs nous ont déterminés à convoquer l'assemblée des États de toutes les Provinces de notre obéissance ....
Jump up ^ The analysis of the preceding two paragraphs is that of Neely 2008, pp. 55–58
Jump up ^ William Doyle, The Oxford History of the French Revolution (1989) p 59
Jump up ^ Doyle, The Oxford History of the French Revolution (1989) pp. 99–101
Jump up ^ Albert Soboul, The French Revolution 1787–1799 (1975) pp. 127–29.
Jump up ^ Boyer, John W.; Kirshner, Julius (1986). Baker, Keith Michael, ed. From Reform to Revolution. The Old Regime and the French Revolution. University of Chicago readings in Western civilization. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 180–84.
Jump up ^ von Guttner, Darius (2015). The French Revolution. Nelson Cengage. p. 225.
Jump up ^ Schwab, Gail M.; Jeanneney, John R. (1995-01-01). The French Revolution of 1789 and Its Impact. Greenwood Publishing Group.
Jump up ^ Elections results come from Neely 2008, pp. 61–63
Jump up ^ Dyer, Thomas Henry; Hassall, Arthur (1901-01-01). 1679-1789. G. Bell and sons.
Jump up ^ SparkNotes: the French Revolution (1789–1799): The Estates-General: 1789
Jump up ^ Palmer, Robert R. (2016-06-10). The World of the French Revolution. Routledge. ISBN 9781317189565.
Bibliography
Carlyle, Thomas (1902). The French Revolution: a History. New York: Thomas Nelson and Sons.
Doyle, William. The Oxford History of the French Revolution (2003)
Furet, Francois, and Mona Ozouf, eds. A Critical Dictionary of the French Revolution (1989) pp. 45–53
von Guttner, Darius (2015). The French Revolution. Melbourne: Nelson Cengage.
Neely, Sylvia (2008). A concise history of the French Revolution. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield.
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "France § History". Encyclopædia Britannica. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "French Revolution, The". Encyclopædia Britannica. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
This article incorporates text from the public domain History of the French Revolution from 1789 to 1814, by François Mignet (1824), as made available by Project Gutenberg.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to French States-General.
Wilde, Robert (2014). "The Estates General and the Revolution of 1789". about.com. Retrieved 1 March 2014.
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Comparison of California ski resorts
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Comparison table of California ski resorts
Resort name
Nearest city
Peak elevation (ft)
Base elevation (ft)
Vertical drop
Skiable acreage
Total trails
Total lifts
Avg annual snowfall
Adult single day
lift ticket price
Date statistics updated
Squaw Valley USA Truckee 9,050 6,200 2,850 4,000 170 33 460" $93 USD February, 2012
Mammoth Mountain Mammoth Lakes 11,053 7,953 3,500 3,100 150 28 420" $59 starting, then peaks at $100 November 14, 2012[1]
Heavenly Mountain Resort South Lake Tahoe 10,067 6,540 (California
7,200 feet (Nevada)
3,500 4,800 94 30 360" $73 November 14–20, 2012
Mount Shasta Ski Park Mount Shasta 9,200 7,800 1,435 425 32 4 275" $44 April 20, 2012
Alpine Meadows Truckee 8,637 6,835 1,802 2,400 14 365" $92 April 20, 2012
Boreal Soda Springs 7,700 7,200 500 380 41 8 400" $52 weekday, $58 holiday November 19, 2012
Donner Ski Ranch Norden 7,781 7,031 750 435 52 8 400" $45 April 20, 2012
Homewood Homewood 7,881 6,223 1,658 1,260 60 7 400" $57 April 20, 2012
Kirkwood Kirkwood 9,800 7,800 2,000 2,300 65 15 500" $79 April 20, 2012
Northstar at Tahoe Truckee 8,610 6,330 2,280 2,904 93 19 350" $72 November 14–20 November 19, 2012
Sierra-at-Tahoe Twin Bridges 8,852 6,640 2,212 2,000 46 12 480" $77 April 20, 2012
Sugar Bowl Norden 8,383 6,883 1,500 1,500 94 13 500" $80 daily and $85 holidays November 19, 2012
Soda Springs Soda Springs 7,325 6,673 652 200 15 2 400" $36 April 20, 2012
Tahoe Donner Truckee 7,350 6,750 600 120 10 3 400" $41 April 20, 2012
Badger Pass Yosemite National Park 8,000 7,200 800 90 10 5 300" $42 April 20, 2012
Bear Valley Angels Camp 8,500 6,600 (mid-mountain 7550) 1,900 1,680 67 10 359" $74 peak, $69 off peak Oct 1, 2015
Dodge Ridge Sonora 8,200 6,600 1,600 832 62 12 300" April 20, 2012
June Mountain June Lake 10,090 7,545 2,590 500 35 7 250" April 20, 2012
China Peak Lakeshore 8,709 7,030 1,673 1,200 45 11 300" April 20, 2012
Alta Sierra Wofford Heights 7,091 6,491 600 6 2 April 20, 2012
Buckhorn Ski and Snowboard Club Three Points 7,903 7,203 680 40 5 2 180" April 20, 2012
Bear Mountain Big Bear Lake 8,805 7,104 1,665 198 24 12 100" $59 weekday, $72 holiday and peak weekends November 14, 2012
Kratka Ridge 7,500 6,750 750 13 3 April 20, 2012
Mount Baldy Ski Lifts Mount Baldy 8,600 6,500 2,100 800 26 4 170" April 20, 2012
Mount Waterman Three Points 8,030 7,000 1,030 150 27 3 180" April 20, 2012
Mountain High Wrightwood 8,200 6,600 1,600 290 59 13 $59 weekday, $69 holiday and peak weekends November 14, 2012
Snow Summit Big Bear Lake 8,174 6,965 1,209 240 30 14 100" $89 weekday, $72 holiday and peak weekends February 27, 2018
Snow Valley Mountain Resort Running Springs 7,841 6,800 1,041 240 29 12 150" April 20, 2012
See also[edit]
Comparison of North American ski resorts
Comparison of Colorado ski resorts
List of ski areas and resorts in the United States
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Schaefer, Philip. "Mammoth Mountain Snow Reporter" (PDF). 760.934.2571 x 3145. Mammoth Mountain Ski Area. Retrieved December 11, 2011.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Comparison_of_California_ski_resorts&oldid=828007218"
Categories:
California sports-related lists
Ski areas and resorts in California
Lists of ski areas and resorts
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Truckee, CA

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Mammoth Lakes, CA

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Mount Shasta, CA

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Homewood, CA

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Kirkwood, CA

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Northstar at Tahoe

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Twin Bridges, CA

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Angels Camp, CA

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June Mountain

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Sierra Summit

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Wrightwood, CA

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Running Springs, CA

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