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Sputnik 1
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Sputnik 1
Replica of Sputnik 1
Mission type
Technology demonstration
Operator
Soviet space program
Harvard designation
1957 Alpha 2
COSPAR ID
1957-001B
SATCAT no.
00002
Mission duration
21 days
Orbits completed
1440[1]
Spacecraft properties
Manufacturer
OKB-1
Ministry of Radiotechnical Industry
Launch mass
83.6 kg (184 lb)
Dimensions
58 cm (23 in) diameter
Power
1 watt
Start of mission
Launch date
4 October 1957, 19:28:34 (1957-10-04UTC19:28:34) UTC[2]
Rocket
Sputnik 8K71PS[3]
Launch site
Baikonur 1/5[3]
End of mission
Disposal
Orbital decay
Last contact
26 October 1957 (1957-10-27)[4]
Decay date
4 January 1958[3]
Orbital parameters
Reference system
Geocentric
Regime
Low Earth
Semi-major axis
6,955 km (4,322 mi)
Eccentricity
0.05201
Perigee
215 km (134 mi)
Apogee
939 km (583 mi)
Inclination
65.1°
Period
96.2 minutes
Epoch
4 October 1957, 15:12:00 UTC[2]
Sputnik 1 (/ˈspʊtnɪk/ or /ˈspʌtnɪk/; "Satellite-1", or "PS-1", Простейший Спутник-1 or Prosteyshiy Sputnik-1, "Elementary Satellite 1")[5] was the first artificial Earth satellite. The Soviet Union launched it into an elliptical low Earth orbit on 4 October 1957. It was a 58 cm (23 in) diameter polished metal sphere, with four external radio antennas to broadcast radio pulses. Its radio signal was easily detectable even by radio amateurs,[6] and the 65° inclination and duration of its orbit made its flight path cover virtually the entire inhabited Earth. This surprise success precipitated the American Sputnik crisis and triggered the Space Race, a part of the Cold War. The launch ushered in new political, military, technological, and scientific developments.[7][8]
Tracking and studying Sputnik 1 from Earth provided scientists with valuable information. The density of the upper atmosphere could be deduced from its drag on the orbit, and the propagation of its radio signals gave data about the ionosphere.
Sputnik 1 was launched during the International Geophysical Year from Site No.1/5, at the 5th Tyuratam range, in Kazakh SSR (now known as the Baikonur Cosmodrome). The satellite travelled at about 29,000 kilometres per hour (18,000 mph; 8,100 m/s), taking 96.2 minutes to complete each orbit. It transmitted on 20.005 and 40.002 MHz,[9] which were monitored by radio operators throughout the world. The signals continued for 21 days until the transmitter batteries ran out on 26 October 1957.[4] Sputnik burned up on 4 January 1958 while reentering Earth's atmosphere, after three months, 1440 completed orbits of the Earth,[1] and a distance travelled of about 70 million km (43 million mi).[10]
Contents
[hide]
1 Before the launch
1.1 Satellite construction project
1.2 Launch vehicle preparation and launch site selection
1.3 Observation complex
2 Design
3 Launch and mission
4 Reaction
4.1 Propaganda
5 Impact
5.1 Backup units and replicas
5.2 In media
6 See also
7 References
8 Bibliography
9 Further reading
9.1 Russian texts
10 External links
Before the launch[edit]
Satellite construction project[edit]
On 17 December 1954, chief Soviet rocket scientist Sergei Korolev proposed a developmental plan for an artificial satellite to Minister of Defence Industry Dimitri Ustinov. Korolev forwarded a report by Mikhail Tikhonravov with an overview of similar projects abroad.[11] Tikhonravov had emphasized that the launch of an orbital satellite was an inevitable stage in the development of rocket technology.[12]
On 29 July 1955, U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower announced through his press secretary that the United States would launch an artificial satellite during the International Geophysical Year (IGY).[13] A week later, on 8 August, the Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union approved the proposal to create an artificial satellite.[14] On 30 August Vasily Ryabikov – the head of the State Commission on R-7 rocket test launches – held a meeting where Korolev presented calculation data for a spaceflight trajectory to the Moon. They decided to develop a three-stage version of the R-7 rocket for satellite launches.[15]
This metal arming key is the last remaining piece of the first Sputnik satellite. It prevented contact between the batteries and the transmitter prior to launch. Currently on display at the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum.
On 30 January 1956 the Council of Ministers approved practical work on an artificial Earth-orbiting satellite. This satellite, named Object D, was planned to be completed in 1957–58; it would have a mass of 1,000 to 1,400 kg (2,200 to 3,100 lb) and would carry 200 to 300 kg (440 to 660 lb) of scientific instruments.[16] The first test launch of "Object D" was scheduled for 1957.[12] Work on the satellite was to be divided among institutions as follows:[17]
the USSR Academy of Sciences was responsible for the general scientific leadership and research instruments supply
the Ministry of Defence Industry and its primary design bureau OKB-1 were assigned the task of building the satellite
the Ministry of Radiotechnical Industry would develop the control system, radio/technical instruments and the telemetry system
the Ministry of Ship Building Industry would develop gyroscope devices
the Ministry of Machine Building would develop ground launching, refueling and transportation means
the Ministry of Defense was responsible for conducting launches
Preliminary design work was completed by July 1956 and the scientific tasks to be carried out by the satellite were defined. These included measuring the density of the atmosphere and its ion composition, the solar wind, magnetic fields, and cosmic rays. These data would be valuable in the creation of future artificial satellites. A system of ground stations was to be developed to collect data transmitted by the satellite, observe the satellite's orbit, and transmit commands to the satellite. Because of the limited time frame, observations were planned for only 7 to 10 days and orbit calculations were not expected to be extremely accurate.[18]
By the end of 1956 it became clear that the complexity of the ambitious design meant that 'Object D' could not be launched in time because of difficulties creating scientific instruments and the low specific impulse produced by the completed R-7 engines (304 sec instead of the planned 309 to 310 sec). Consequently, the government rescheduled the launch for April 1958.[12] Object D would later fly as Sputnik 3.[19]
Fearing the U.S. would launch a satellite before the USSR, OKB-1 suggested the creation and launch of a satellite in April–May 1957, before the IGY began in July 1957. The new satellite would be simple, light (100 kg or 220 lb), and easy to construct, forgoing the complex, heavy scientific equipment in favour of a simple radio transmitter. On 15 February 1957 the Council of Ministers of the USSR approved this simple satellite, designated 'Object PS'.[20] This version allowed the satellite to be tracked visually by Earth-based observers, and it could transmit tracking signals to ground-based receiving stations.[20] The launch of two satellites, PS-1 and PS-2, with two R-7 rockets (8K71) was approved, provided that the R-7 completed at least two successful test flights.[20]
Launch vehicle preparation and launch site selection[edit]
30k USSR miniature sheet depicting Sputnik 1 orbiting the Earth, the Earth orbiting the Sun and the Sun orbiting the centre of the Milky Way galaxy
Main articles: Sputnik (rocket) and R-7 Semyorka
The R-7 Semyorka was initially designed as an ICBM by OKB-1. The decision to build it was made by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the Council of Ministers of the USSR on 20 May 1954.[21] The R-7 was also known by its GRAU (later GURVO) designation 8K71.[22] At the time, the R-7 was known to NATO sources as the T-3 or M-104,[23] and Type A.[24] A special reconnaissance commission selected Tyuratam for the construction of a rocket proving ground (the 5th Tyuratam range, usually referred to as "NIIP-5", or "GIK-5" in the post-Soviet time). The selection was approved on 12 February 1955 by the Council of Ministers of the USSR, but the site would not be completed until 1958.[25] Actual work on the construction of the site began on 20 July by military building units. On 14 June 1956 Sergei Korolev decided to adapt the R-7 rocket to the 'Object D',[26] that would later be replaced by the much lighter 'Object PS'.
The first launch of an R-7 rocket (8K71 No.5L) occurred on 15 May 1957. A fire began in the Blok D strap-on almost immediately at liftoff, but the booster continued flying until T+98 seconds when the strap-on broke away and the vehicle crashed some 400 km downrange.[27] Three attempts to launch the second rocket (8K71 No.6) were made on 10–11 June, but an assembly defect prevented launch.[28] The unsuccessful launch of the third R-7 rocket (8K71 No.7) took place on 12 July.[27] An electrical short caused the vernier engines to put the missile into an uncontrolled roll which resulted in all of the strap-ons separating 33 seconds into the launch. The R-7 crashed about 7 km from the pad.[29]
The launch of the fourth rocket (8K71 No.8), on 21 August at 15:25 Moscow Time,[27] was successful. The rocket's core boosted the dummy warhead to the target altitude and velocity, reentered the atmosphere, and broke apart at a height of 10 km (6.2 mi) after traveling 6,000 km. On 27 August TASS issued a statement on the successful launch of a long-distance multistage ICBM. The launch of the fifth R-7 rocket (8K71 No.9), on 7 September[27] was also successful, but the dummy was also destroyed on atmospheric re-entry,[29] and hence needed a redesign to completely fulfill its military purpose. The rocket, however, was deemed suitable for satellite launches, and Korolev was able to convince the State Commission to allow the use of the next R-7 to launch PS-1,[30] allowing the delay in the rocket's military exploitation to launch the PS-1 and PS-2 satellites.[31][32]
On 22 September a modified R-7 rocket, named Sputnik and indexed as 8K71PS,[33] arrived at the proving ground and preparations for the launch of PS-1 began.[34] Compared to the military R-7 test vehicles, the mass of 8K71PS was reduced from 280 tonnes to 272 tonnes; its length with PS-1 was 29.167 metres (95 ft 8.3 in) and the thrust at lift off was 3.90 NM (7.22 km; 4.49 mi).[35] These weight reductions were accomplished by deleting the inertial guidance system, several telemetry measurements, and assorted hardware designed to support a warhead.
Observation complex[edit]
PS-1 was not designed to be controlled, it could only be observed. Initial data at the launch site would be collected at six separate observatories and telegraphed to NII-4.[31] Located back in Moscow (at Bolshevo), NII-4 was a scientific research arm of the Ministry of Defence dedicated to missile development.[36] The six observatories, designated IP-1 through IP-6, were clustered around the launch site, with the closest (IP-1) situated at a distance of 1 km (0.62 mi) from the launch pad.[31]
A second, nationwide observation complex was established to track the satellite after its separation from the rocket. Called the Command-Measurement Complex, it consisted of the coordination center in NII-4 and seven distant stations situated along the line of the satellite's ground track.[37] These tracking stations were located at Tyuratam; Sary-Shagan; Yeniseysk; Klyuchi; Yelizovo; Makat in Guryev Oblast; and Ishkup in Krasnoyarsk Krai.[31][37] Stations were equipped with radar, optical instruments, and communications systems. Data from stations were transmitted by telegraphs into NII-4 where ballistics specialists calculated orbital parameters. The complex became an early prototype of the Soviet Mission Control Center.[38]
The observatories used a trajectory measurement system called "Tral," developed by OKB MEI, by which they received and monitored data from transponders mounted on the R-7 rocket's core stage.[39] The data was useful even after the satellite's separation from the second stage of the rocket; Sputnik's location was calculated from the data on the second stage's location which followed Sputnik at a known distance.[40] Tracking of the booster during launch had to be accomplished through purely passive means such as visual coverage and radar detection. R-7 test launches demonstrated that the tracking cameras were only good up to an altitude of 200 km (120 mi) but radar could track it for almost 400 km (250 mi).
Outside the Soviet Union, the satellite was tracked by amateur radio operators in many countries.[41] The US government followed it from the Central Radio Propagation Laboratory of the National Bureau of Standards.[42] The booster rocket was located and tracked by the British using the Lovell Telescope at the Jodrell Bank Observatory, the only telescope in the world able to do so by radar.[41] Canada's Newbrook Observatory was the first facility in North America to photograph Sputnik 1.[43]
Design[edit]
A replica of Sputnik 1 at the U.S. National Air and Space Museum
The chief constructor of Sputnik 1 at OKB-1 was Mikhail S. Khomyakov.[44] The satellite was a 585-millimetre (23.0 in) diameter sphere, assembled from two hemispheres that were hermetically sealed with o-rings and connected by 36 bolts. It had a mass of 83.6 kilograms (184 lb).[45] The hemispheres were 2 mm thick,[46] and were covered with a highly polished 1 mm-thick heat shield[47] made of aluminium-magnesium-titanium AMG6T alloy ("AMG" is an abbreviation for "aluminium-magnesium" and "T" stands for "titanium"; the alloy is 6% magnesium and 0.2% titanium[48]). The satellite carried two pairs of antennas designed by the Antenna Laboratory of OKB-1 led by Mikhail V. Krayushkin.[17] Each antenna was made up of two whip-like parts: 2.4 and 2.9 meters (7.9 and 9.5 ft) in length,[49] and had an almost spherical radiation pattern,[50] so that the satellite beeps were transmitted with equal power in all directions, making reception of the transmitted signal independent of the satellite's rotation.
The power supply, with a mass of 51 kg (112 lb),[51] was in the shape of an octagonal nut with the radio transmitter in its hole.[52] It consisted of three silver-zinc batteries, developed at the All-Union Research Institute of Current Sources (VNIIT) under the leadership of Nikolai S. Lidorenko. Two of these batteries powered the radio transmitter and one powered the temperature regulation system.[51] The batteries had an expected lifetime of two weeks, and operated for 22 days. The power supply was turned on automatically at the moment of the satellite's separation from the second stage of the rocket.[53]
The satellite had a one-watt, 3.5 kg (7.7 lb)[31] radio transmitting unit inside, developed by Vyacheslav I. Lappo from NII-885, the Moscow Electronics Research Institute,[53][54] that worked on two frequencies, 20.005 and 40.002 MHz. Signals on the first frequency were transmitted in 0.3 sec pulses (under normal temperature and pressure conditions on-board), with pauses of the same duration filled by pulses on the second frequency.[55] Analysis of the radio signals was used to gather information about the electron density of the ionosphere. Temperature and pressure were encoded in the duration of radio beeps. A temperature regulation system contained a fan, a dual thermal switch, and a control thermal switch.[53] If the temperature inside the satellite exceeded 36 °C (97 °F) the fan was turned on and when it fell below 20 °C (68 °F) the fan was turned off by the dual thermal switch.[50] If the temperature exceeded 50 °C (122 °F) or fell below 0 °C (32 °F), another control thermal switch was activated, changing the duration of the radio signal pulses.[53] Sputnik 1 was filled with dry nitrogen, pressurized to 1.3 atm.[33] The satellite had a barometric switch, activated if the pressure inside the satellite fell below 130 kPa, which would have indicated failure of the pressure vessel or puncture by a meteor, and would have changed the duration of radio signal impulse.[56]
While attached to the rocket, Sputnik 1 was protected by a cone-shaped payload fairing, with a height of 80 cm (31.5 in).[31] The fairing separated from both Sputnik and the spent R-7 second stage at the same time as the satellite was ejected.[53] Tests of the satellite were conducted at OKB-1 under the leadership of Oleg G. Ivanovsky.[44]
Launch and mission[edit]
The control system of the Sputnik rocket was adjusted to an intended orbit of 223 by 1,450 km (139 by 901 mi), with an orbital period of 101.5 min.[57] The trajectory had been calculated earlier by Georgi Grechko, using the USSR Academy of Sciences' mainframe computer.[31][58]
Artist's impression of Sputnik 1 in orbit
The Sputnik rocket was launched on 4 October 1957 at 19:28:34 UTC (5 October at the launch site[1]) from Site No.1 at NIIP-5.[59] Telemetry indicated that the strap-ons separated 116 seconds into the flight and the core stage engine shut down 295.4 seconds into the flight.[57] At shut down, the 7.5 tonne core stage with PS-1 attached had attained an altitude of 223 km (139 mi) above sea level, a velocity of 7,780 m/s (25,500 ft/s) and velocity vector inclination to the local horizon of 0 degrees 24 minutes. This resulted in an initial orbit of 223 kilometres (139 mi) by 950 kilometres (590 mi), with an apogee approximately 500 kilometres (310 mi) lower than intended, and an inclination of 65.1 degrees and a period of 96.2 minutes.[57]
The launch came very close to failure—a postflight examination of telemetry data found that the Blok G strap-on had not attained full power at ignition and the resulting imbalanced thrust caused the booster to pitch over about 2° six seconds after liftoff. Two seconds later, the flight control system tried to compensate by rapidly moving the vernier engines and stabilizer fins. The Blok G strap-on finally reached 100% thrust only one second before the pitch angle would have been great enough to trigger an automatic shutdown command, which would have terminated the launch and sent the R-7 and Sputnik 1 crashing to the ground in a fireball only a short distance from the pad.
A fuel regulator in the booster also failed around 16 seconds into launch, which resulted in excessive RP-1 consumption for most of powered flight and engine thrust 4% above nominal. Core stage cutoff was intended for T+296 seconds, but the premature propellant depletion caused thrust termination to occur one second earlier when a sensor detected overspeed of the empty RP-1 turbopump. There were 375 kilograms (827 lb) of LOX remaining at cutoff.[60]
At 19.9 seconds after engine cut-off, PS-1 separated from the second stage[1] and the satellite's transmitter was activated. These signals were detected at the IP-1 station by Junior Engineer-Lieutenant V.G. Borisov, where reception of Sputnik 1's "beep-beep-beep" tones confirmed the satellite's successful deployment. Reception lasted for two minutes, until PS-1 fell below the horizon.[31][61] The Tral telemetry system on the R-7 core stage continued to transmit and was detected on its second orbit.[1]
The designers, engineers and technicians who developed the rocket and satellite watched the launch from the range.[62] After the launch they drove to the mobile radio station to listen for signals from the satellite.[62] They waited about 90 minutes to ensure that the satellite had made one orbit and was transmitting, before Korolev called Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev.[63]
On the first orbit the Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union (TASS) transmitted: "As result of great, intense work of scientific institutes and design bureaus the first artificial Earth satellite has been built".[64] The R-7 core stage, with a mass of 7.5 tonnes and a length of 26 meters, also reached Earth orbit and was visible from the ground at night as a first magnitude object following the satellite. Deployable reflective panels were placed on the booster in order to increase its visibility for tracking.[63] The satellite, a small, highly polished sphere, was barely visible at sixth magnitude, and thus more difficult to follow optically. A third object, the payload fairing, also achieved orbit.
The core stage of the R-7 remained in orbit for two months until 2 December 1957, while Sputnik 1 orbited for three months, until 4 January 1958, having completed 1,440 orbits of the Earth.[1]
Reaction[edit]
Further information: Sputnik crisis and Space Race
Our movies and television programs in the fifties were full of the idea of going into space. What came as a surprise was that it was the Soviet Union that launched the first satellite. It is hard to recall the atmosphere of the time.
—  John Logsdon[65]
The Soviets provided details of Sputnik 1 before the launch but few outside the Soviet Union noticed. After reviewing information publicly available before the launch, the science writer Willy Ley wrote in 1958:
If somebody tells me that he has the rockets to shoot — which we know from other sources, anyway — and tells me what he will shoot, how he will shoot it, and in general says virtually everything except for the precise date — well, what should I feel like if I'm surprised when the man shoots?[66]
Organized through the citizen science project Operation Moonwatch, teams of visual observers at 150 stations in the United States and other countries were alerted during the night to watch for the Soviet sphere at dawn and during the evening twilight through binoculars or telescopes as it passed overhead.[67] The USSR asked radio amateurs and commercial stations to record the sound of the satellite on magnetic tape.[67]
Listeners were both thrilled and terrified to hear Sputnik 1's steady beep.[68]
News reports at the time pointed out that "anyone possessing a short wave receiver can hear the new Russian earth satellite as it hurtles over this area of the globe".[69] Directions, provided by the American Radio Relay League were to "Tune in 20 megacycles sharply, by the time signals, given on that frequency. Then tune to slightly higher frequencies. The 'beep, beep' sound of the satellite can be heard each time it rounds the globe."[70] The first recording of Sputnik 1's signal was made by RCA engineers near Riverhead, Long Island. They then drove the tape recording into Manhattan for broadcast to the public over NBC radio. However, as Sputnik rose higher over the East Coast, its signal was picked up by W2AEE, the ham radio station of Columbia University. Students working in the university's FM station, WKCR, made a tape of this, and were the first to rebroadcast the Sputnik signal to the American public (or whoever could receive the FM station).
At first the Soviet Union agreed to use equipment "compatible" with that of the United States, but later announced the lower frequencies.[67] The White House declined to comment on military aspects of the launch, but said "it did not come as a surprise."[71] On 5 October the Naval Research Laboratory announced it had recorded four crossings of Sputnik 1 over the United States.[67] The USAF Cambridge Research Center collaborated with Bendix-Friez, Westinghouse Broadcasting Co., and the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory to obtain a motion picture of Sputnik's rocket body crossing the pre-dawn sky of Baltimore, broadcast on 12 October by WBZ-TV in Boston.[72] U.S. President Eisenhower obtained photographs of the Soviet facilities from Lockheed U-2 flights conducted since 1956.[73]
The success of Sputnik 1 seemed to have changed minds around the world regarding a shift in power to the Soviets.[74]
The USSR's launch of Sputnik 1 spurred the United States to create the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA, later DARPA) in February 1958 to regain a technological lead.[75][76][77]
In Britain the media and population initially reacted with a mixture of fear for the future, but also amazement about humankind's progress. Many newspapers and magazines heralded the arrival of the Space Age. However, when the Soviet Union launched a second craft containing the dog Laika, the media narrative returned to one of anti-communism and many people sent protests to the Russian embassy and the RSPCA.[78]
Propaganda[edit]
Soviet 40 kopeks stamp, showing satellite's orbit
Sputnik 1 was not immediately used for Soviet propaganda. The Soviets had kept quiet about their earlier accomplishments in rocketry, fearing that it would lead to secrets being revealed and failures being exploited by the West.[79] When the Soviets began using Sputnik in their propaganda, they emphasized pride in the achievement of Soviet technology, arguing that it demonstrated the Soviets' superiority over the West. People were encouraged to listen to Sputnik's signals on the radio[79] and to look out for Sputnik in the night sky. While Sputnik itself had been highly polished, its small size made it barely visible to the naked eye. What most watchers actually saw was the much more visible 26 meter core stage of the R-7.[79] Shortly after the launch of PS-1, Khrushchev pressed Korolev to launch another satellite in time for the 40th anniversary of the October Revolution on 7 November 1957.[80]
The launch of Sputnik 1 surprised the American public and shattered the perception, furthered by American propaganda, of the United States as the technological superpower and the Soviet Union as a backward country.[81] Privately, however, the CIA and President Eisenhower were aware of progress being made by the Soviets on Sputnik from secret spy plane imagery.[82] Together with the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), the Army Ballistic Missile Agency built Explorer 1, and launched it on 31 January 1958. Before work was completed, however, the Soviet Union launched a second satellite, Sputnik 2, on 3 November 1957. Meanwhile, the televised failure of Vanguard TV3 on 6 December 1957 deepened American dismay over the country's position in the Space Race. The Americans took a more aggressive stance in the emerging space race,[83] resulting in an emphasis on science and technological research and reforms in many areas from the military to education systems.[84] The federal government began investing in science, engineering and mathematics at all levels of education.[81][85] An advanced research group was assembled for military purposes.[81] These research groups developed weapons such as ICBMs and missile defense systems, as well as spy satellites for the U.S.[81]
Impact[edit]
On Friday, 4 October 1957, the Soviets had orbited the world's first artificial satellite. Anyone who doubted its existence could walk into the backyard just after sunset and see it.
—  Mike Gray, Angle of Attack[86]
Initially U.S. President Eisenhower was not surprised by Sputnik 1. He had been forewarned of the R-7's capabilities by information derived from U-2 spy plane overflight photos, as well as signals and telemetry intercepts.[87][88] The Eisenhower administration's first response was low-key and almost dismissive.[89] Eisenhower was even pleased that the USSR, not the U.S., would be the first to test the waters of the still-uncertain legal status of orbital satellite overflights.[90] Eisenhower had suffered the Soviet protests and shoot-downs of Project Genetrix (Moby Dick) balloons[91] and was concerned about the probability of a U-2 being shot down.[92] To set a precedent for "freedom of space" before the launch of America's secret WS-117L spy satellites,[93] the U.S. had launched Project Vanguard as its own "civilian" satellite entry for the International Geophysical Year.[94] Eisenhower greatly underestimated the reaction of the American public, who were shocked by the launch of Sputnik and by the televised failure of the Vanguard Test Vehicle 3 launch attempt. The sense of fear was inflamed by Democratic politicians and professional cold warriors, who portrayed the United States as woefully behind.[95] One of the many books that suddenly appeared for the lay-audience noted seven points of "impact" upon the nation: Western leadership, Western strategy and tactics, missile production, applied research, basic research, education, and democratic culture.[23]
The U.S. soon had a number of successful satellites, including Explorer 1, Project SCORE, and Courier 1B. However, public reaction to the Sputnik crisis spurred America to action in the Space Race, leading to the creation of both the Advanced Research Projects Agency (renamed the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency or DARPA in 1972),[96] and NASA (through the National Aeronautics and Space Act),[97] as well as an increase in U.S. government spending on scientific research and education.
Sputnik also contributed directly to a new emphasis on science and technology in American schools. With a sense of urgency, Congress enacted the 1958 National Defense Education Act, which provided low-interest loans for college tuition to students majoring in math and science.[98][99] After the launch of Sputnik, a poll conducted and published by the University of Michigan showed that 26% of Americans surveyed thought that Russian sciences and engineering were superior to that of the United States. (A year later, however, that figure had dropped to 10% as the U.S. began launching its own satellites into space.)[100]
One consequence of the Sputnik shock was the perception of a "missile gap."[101] This became a dominant issue in the 1960 Presidential campaign.
One irony of the Sputnik event was the initially low-key response of the Soviet Union. The Communist Party newspaper Pravda only printed a few paragraphs about Sputnik 1 on 4 October.[102] In the days following the world's startled response, the Soviets started celebrating their great accomplishment.
Sputnik also inspired a generation of engineers and scientists. Harrison Storms, the North American designer who was responsible for the X-15 rocket plane, and went on to head the effort to design the Apollo Command/Service Module and Saturn V launch vehicle's second stage was moved by the launch of Sputnik to think of space as being the next step for America.[103] Astronauts Alan Shepard, who was the first American in space, and Deke Slayton later wrote of how the sight of Sputnik I passing overhead inspired them to their new careers.[104] Homer Hickam's memoir Rocket Boys and the movie October Sky tell the story of how a coal miner's son, inspired by Sputnik, started building rockets in the mining town where he lived.
The launch of Sputnik 1 inspired United States writer Herb Caen to coin the term "beatnik" in an article about the Beat Generation in the San Francisco Chronicle on 2 April 1958[105].
The flag of Kaluga, featuring Sputnik 1.
The flag of the Russian city of Kaluga, which, due to its importance as Konstantin Tsiolkovsky's birthplace, is very focused on space, features a small Sputnik in the left section.
Backup units and replicas[edit]
Sputnik replica at the Cosmosphere in Hutchinson, Kansas
At least two vintage duplicates of Sputnik 1 exist, built apparently as backup units. One resides just outside Moscow in the corporate museum of Energia, the modern descendant of Korolev's design bureau, where it is on display by appointment only.[106][107] Another is in the Museum of Flight in Seattle, Washington. Unlike Energia's unit, it has no internal components, but it does have casings and molded fittings inside (as well as evidence of battery wear), which suggest it was built as more than just a model. Authenticated by the Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics in Moscow, the unit was auctioned in 2001 and purchased by an anonymous private buyer who donated it to the museum.[106] Two more Sputnik backups are said to be in the personal collections of American entrepreneurs Richard Garriott[106] and Jay S. Walker.[108]
In 1959, the Soviet Union donated a replica of Sputnik to the United Nations.[109] There are dozens of other full-size Sputnik replicas, more or less accurate, on display in locations around the world, including the National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C.;[106] the Frontiers of Flight Museum and the Fort Worth Museum of Science and History, both in Texas;[106][110] the Armstrong Air and Space Museum and the National Museum of the United States Air Force, both in Ohio; the Cosmosphere in Hutchinson, Kansas; the California Science Center in Los Angeles; the Science Museum, London; the World Museum in Liverpool; the Powerhouse Museum in Sydney, Australia and outside the Russian embassy in Madrid, Spain.
Three one-third scale student-built replicas of Sputnik 1 were deployed from the Mir space station between 1997 and 1999. The first, named Sputnik 40 to commemorate the fortieth anniversary of the launch of Sputnik 1, was deployed in November 1997.[73] Sputnik 41 was launched a year later, and Sputnik 99 was deployed in February 1999. A fourth replica was launched, but never deployed, and was destroyed when Mir was deorbited.[106][111]
In media[edit]
Sputnik 1 is mentioned in the 1999 film Toy Story 2 as the cause of the interest of kids to space toys instead of western toys.
Sputnik 1 appears in the 1999 film The Iron Giant.
Sputnik 1, or a replica of it, appears in the 2008 film WALL-E, as the titular character exits Earth's atmosphere, attached to EVE's rocket, and finds a subsized Sputnik, still transmitting its radio signal, on his face.
Sputnik appears in the 1999 film October Sky as the catalyst for real-life NASA engineer Homer Hickam's interest in amateur rocketry.
See also[edit]
Spaceflight portal
Soviet Union portal
-nik – words formed with the ending -nik
Explorer 1, the United States' first successfully launched orbital satellite
Donald B. Gillies – one of the first to calculate the Sputnik 1 orbit
ILLIAC I – First computer to calculate the orbit of Sputnik I
Kerim Kerimov – one of the lead architects behind Sputnik 1
Oleg Ivanovsky – deputy chief constructor of the first and second Sputniks
Sergei Korolev – chief designer of Sputnik 1
Space Race – the competition between the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States (USA) for supremacy in space exploration
Sputnik crisis – the American reaction to the success of the Sputnik program
Timeline of artificial satellites and space probes
Timeline of Russian innovation
Yuri Gagarin
References[edit]
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^ Jump up to: a b Lidorenko, Nikolai. "On the Launch of the First Earth's artificial satellite in the USSR" (in Russian). Retrieved 26 March 2008.
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^ Jump up to: a b c d e Anatoly Zak (2015). "Sputnik Design". RussianSpaceWeb.com. Anatoly Zak. Retrieved 27 December 2015.
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^ Jump up to: a b c Main Results of the Launch of the Rocket with the First ISZ Onboard on 4 October 1957 Archived 2 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine. – document signed by S.P. Korolev, V.P. Glushko, N.A. Pilyugin and V.P. Barmin, in the book by Vetrov "Korolev and His Job" (in Russian)
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^ Jump up to: a b "World's first satellite and the international community's response". VoR.ru. Archived from the original on 12 September 2007. Retrieved 22 January 2007.
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Bibliography[edit]
Ackmann, Martha (2004). The Mercury 13: The True Story of Thirteen Women and the Dream of Space Flight. New York: Random House. ISBN 9780375758935.
Bilstein, Roger E. (1980). Stages to Saturn: A Technological History of the Apollo/Saturn Launch Vehicles. Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration. OCLC 5891638.
Brezezinski, Matthew B. (2007). Red Moon Rising: Sputnik and the Hidden Rivalries That Ignited the Space Age. New York: Henry Holt and Co. ISBN 978-0-8050-8147-3.
Burrows, William E. (2001). By Any Means Necessary: America's Secret Air War in the Cold War. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux. ISBN 0-374-11747-0.
Cox, Donald; Stoiko, Michael (1958). Spacepower: What It Means To You. Philadelphia, PA: The John C. Winston Company. OCLC 2641757.
Divine, Robert A. (1993). The Sputnik Challenge. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-505008-8.
Golovanov, Yaroslav (1994). Korolev: fakty i mify [Korolev: Facts and Myths] (in Russian). Moscow: Nauka. ISBN 5-02-000822-2.
Gray, Mike (1992). Angle of Attack: Harrison Storms and the Race to the Moon. New York: W. W. Norton & Co. ISBN 0-393-01892-X.
Harford, James J. (1997). Korolev: How One Man Masterminded the Soviet Drive to Beat America to the Moon. New York: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-14853-9.
Lanius, Roger D.; Logsdon, John M.; Smith, Robert W. (2013). Reconsidering Sputnik: Forty Years Since the Soviet Satellite. London: Routledge. ISBN 9781134960330.
Lashmar, Paul (1996). Spy Flights of the Cold War. Annapolis, MD: U.S. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1557508372.
Lovell, Bernard (1968). The Story of Jodrell Bank. New York: Harper & Row. OCLC 439766.
McDougall, Walter A. (1985). ...The Heavens and the Earth: A Political History of the Space Age. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-02887-X.
Neal, Homer A.; Smith, Tobin L.; McCormick, Jennifer B. (2008). Beyond Sputnik: U.S. Science Policy in the Twenty-first Century. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0472114417.
Peebles, Curtis (1991). The Moby Dick Project: Reconnaissance Balloons Over Russia. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 1-56098-025-7.
Peebles, Curtis (1997). The Corona Project: America's First Spy Satellites. Annapolis, MD: U.S. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-688-4.
Peebles, Curtis (2000). Shadow Flight: America's Secret Air War Against the Soviet Union. Novato, CA: Presideo Press. ISBN 0-89141-700-1.
Prados, John (1982). The Soviet Estimate: U.S. Intelligence Analysis & Russian Military Strength. New York: Dial Press. ISBN 0-385-27211-1.
Shepard, Alan B.; Slayton, Donald K. (1994). Moon Shot: The Inside Story of America's Race to the Moon. Atlanta, GA: Turner Publishing. ISBN 1-57036-167-3.
Siddiqi, Asif A. (2003). Sputnik and the Soviet Space Challenge. Gainesville, FL: University of Florida Press. ISBN 0-8130-2627-X.
Swenson, Loyd S.; Grimwood, James M.; Alexander, Charles C. (1966). This New Ocean: A History of Project Mercury. Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration. OCLC 569889.
Zaloga, Steven J. (2002). The Kremlin's Nuclear Sword: The Rise and Fall of Russia's Strategic Nuclear Forces, 1945–2000. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 1-58834-007-4.
Zhao, Yong (2009). Catching Up Or Leading the Way: American Education in the Age of Globalization. ASCD. ISBN 1416608737.
Further reading[edit]
Dickson, Paul (2007). Sputnik: The Shock of the Century. Walker & Co. ISBN 978-0-8027-1365-0.
Green, Constance McLaughlin (1970). Vanguard: A History (NASA historical series). Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration. OCLC 204635.
Mieczkowski, Yanek (2013). Eisenhower's Sputnik Moment: The Race for Space and World Prestige. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0801467934.
Isachenkov, Vladimir (30 September 2007). "Sputnik at 50: An Improvised Triumph". USAToday.com. Associated Press. Retrieved 26 December 2015.
Russian texts[edit]
Chertok, B. E. (1999). Rakety i li︠u︡di: lunnai︠a︡ gonka [Rockets & People: The Moon Race] (in Russian). Moscow: Mashinostroenie. ISBN 5-217-02942-0.
Gerchik, Konstantin Vasilyevich (1994). Proryv v kosmos [A Breakthrough in Space] (in Russian). Moscow: Veles. ISBN 5-87955-001-X.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sputnik-1.
History of Sputnik 1 at MentalLandscape.com; includes authentic recordings of the satellite signal
Documents related to Sputnik 1 and the Space Race at the Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library
An interview with Sir Arthur C. Clarke on Sputnik 1
Satellite One: The story of the first man-made device in space Tass
NASA's 50th Anniversary of the Space Age & Sputnik – Interactive Media
Sputnik Program Page by NASA's Solar System Exploration
NASA on Sputnik 1
A joint Russian project of Ground microprocessing information systems SRC "PLANETA" and Space Monitoring Information Support laboratory (IKI RAN) dedicated to the 40th anniversary of Sputnik 1
A film clip "New Moon. Reds Launch First Space Satellite, 1957/10/07 (1957)" is available at the Internet Archive
[hide]
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Sputnik 1 | Sputnik 2 | Vanguard TV3
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text:
Norm Smith Medal
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Norm Smith Medal
Luke Shuey is the most recent recipient of the Norm Smith Medal, winning in 2018.[1]
Awarded for
The best on ground in the VFL/AFL Grand Final
Location
Melbourne Cricket Ground (MCG) (1979–1990, 1992–present)
Waverley Park (1991)
Country
Australia
Presented by
Australian Football League
First awarded
1979[2]
Currently held by
Luke Shuey (2018)
Most awards
Gary Ayres
Andrew McLeod
Luke Hodge (2 times)
The Norm Smith Medal is an Australian rules football award presented annually to the player adjudged the best on ground in the Victorian Football League/Australian Football League (VFL/AFL) Grand Final.[3] It was first presented in the 1979 VFL Grand Final, and was won by Wayne Harmes, playing in Carlton's premiership victory against Collingwood.[2] The award was named in honour of Norm Smith,[2] a former six-time premiership coach for Melbourne.[4]
The award is usually won by a player on the winning team in the Grand Final; only four players have received the award as members of the losing teams: Maurice Rioli in 1982, Gary Ablett Sr. in 1989, Nathan Buckley in 2002 and Chris Judd in 2005.[5] Three players, Gary Ayres (1986 and 1988), Andrew McLeod (1997 and 1998) and Luke Hodge (2008 and 2014), have each won the award twice.[6] The club with the most Norm Smith Medal wins is Hawthorn, with eight awards won by players representing the team. The most recent recipient of the award is West Coast's Luke Shuey, winning in 2018.[1]
Contents
1 Voting and presentation
2 Recipients
2.1 Players with multiple wins
2.2 Club totals
3 See also
4 Notes
5 References
6 Bibliography
7 External links
Voting and presentation[edit]
The winner is voted on by a five-member panel consisting of former players, journalists and media personalities, with one member designated as the chair.[7] Each panellist independently awards 3 votes, 2 votes and 1 vote to the players they regard as the best, second best and third best in the match respectively. These votes are tallied, and the highest number of combined votes wins the medal.[8]
There is no chance of a tie for the medal; if two players are tied for votes, the following countbacks will apply in order:
the player with the higher number of three-votes;
the player with the higher number of two-votes;
the player deemed best by the panel chair.[8]
Paul Chapman is the only player to win on a countback,[9] after he and Jason Gram tied with nine votes apiece in 2009.[10][11]
In some years judges were required to lodge their decisions prior to the completion of the match, to ensure votes were compiled in time for the ceremony.[12] This was changed following the 2002 AFL Grand Final, after Michael Voss had five crucial possessions in the last five minutes of the close game which could have swayed the voting, but eventually placed fourth behind Nathan Buckley.[12] After the match, three of the five judges suggested they would have voted differently if they had lodged their votes after the final siren.[12]
Prior to the 2016 season, if the Grand Final resulted in a draw, the game would be replayed the following week.[13] In such instances, a separate Norm Smith Medal was awarded in each game.[14] Since 2016, a drawn Grand Final would result in the use of extra time to determine the winner, rather than a full match replay.[13]
The medal is presented in a post-match ceremony held immediately after the conclusion of the match. Since 2004, former Norm Smith medallists have presented the award, in the order of the year in which they won;[15] as of 2017, Gary Ablett Sr. is the only former winner to decline presenting the award.[15]
Recipients[edit]
Andrew McLeod is the only player to have won consecutive Norm Smith Medals, winning in 1997 and 1998.[6]
Nathan Buckley is one of just four players to have received the Norm Smith Medal as a member of the losing Grand Final team.[5]
Chris Judd is the most recent player to receive the medal as a member of the losing Grand Final team, winning in 2005.[5]
Luke Hodge is one of just three players to have won multiple Norm Smith Medals, winning in 2008 and 2014.[6]
Paul Chapman is the only player to win the Norm Smith Medal on a countback, winning in 2009.[10]
Lenny Hayes is the only player to have won a Norm Smith medal in a drawn Grand Final, doing so in 2010.[14]
Table key
^ Player was member of losing team
Table of recipients
Year
Recipient
Club
Ref
1979
Wayne Harmes
Carlton [2]
1980
Kevin Bartlett
Richmond [16]
1981
Bruce Doull
Carlton [17]
1982
Maurice Rioli^
Richmond [18]
1983
Colin Robertson
Hawthorn [19]
1984
Billy Duckworth
Essendon [20]
1985
Simon Madden
Essendon [21]
1986
Gary Ayres
Hawthorn [22]
1987
David Rhys-Jones
Carlton [23]
1988
Gary Ayres (2)
Hawthorn [22]
1989
Gary Ablett Sr.^
Geelong [24]
1990
Tony Shaw
Collingwood [25]
1991
Paul Dear
Hawthorn [26]
1992
Peter Matera
West Coast [27]
1993
Michael Long
Essendon [28]
1994
Dean Kemp
West Coast [29]
1995
Greg Williams
Carlton [30]
1996
Glenn Archer
North Melbourne [31]
1997
Andrew McLeod
Adelaide [6]
1998
Andrew McLeod (2)
Adelaide [6]
1999
Shannon Grant
North Melbourne [32]
2000
James Hird
Essendon [15]
2001
Shaun Hart
Brisbane Lions [33]
2002
Nathan Buckley^
Collingwood [34]
2003
Simon Black
Brisbane Lions [35]
2004
Byron Pickett
Port Adelaide [36]
2005
Chris Judd^
West Coast [37]
2006
Andrew Embley
West Coast [38]
2007
Steve Johnson
Geelong [39]
2008
Luke Hodge
Hawthorn [40]
2009
Paul Chapman
Geelong [41]
2010[b]
Lenny Hayes
St Kilda [42]
Scott Pendlebury
Collingwood [43]
2011
Jimmy Bartel
Geelong [44]
2012
Ryan O'Keefe
Sydney [45]
2013
Brian Lake
Hawthorn [46]
2014
Luke Hodge (2)
Hawthorn [47]
2015
Cyril Rioli
Hawthorn [48]
2016
Jason Johannisen
Western Bulldogs [49]
2017
Dustin Martin
Richmond [50]
2018
Luke Shuey
West Coast [1]
Players with multiple wins[edit]
Table of multiple recipients
Player
Geelong
Medals
Years
Gary Ayres
Hawthorn 2 1986, 1988
Andrew McLeod
Adelaide 2 1997, 1998
Luke Hodge
Hawthorn 2 2008, 2014
Club totals[edit]
Table key
† Club no longer participates in the AFL
Table of clubs' totals
Club
Total
Years
Hawthorn
8 1983, 1986, 1988, 1991, 2008, 2013, 2014, 2015
West Coast
5 1992, 1994, 2005, 2006, 2018
Carlton
4 1979, 1981, 1987, 1995
Essendon
4 1984, 1985, 1993, 2000
Geelong
4 1989, 2007, 2009, 2011
Collingwood
3 1990, 2002, 2010[b]
Richmond
3 1980, 1982, 2017
Adelaide
2 1997, 1998
North Melbourne
2 1996, 1999
Brisbane Lions
2 2001, 2003
Port Adelaide
1 2004
St Kilda
1 2010[b]
Sydney
1 2012
Western Bulldogs
1 2016
Melbourne
0[c] —
Fremantle
0[d] —
Gold Coast
—[e] —
Greater Western Sydney
—[e] —
Fitzroy†
—[f] —
Brisbane Bears†
—[g] —
See also[edit]
Michael Tuck Medal
Clive Churchill Medal
Notes[edit]
a Due to military use from 1942 to 1945 during World War II,[51] Grand Finals were held at Princes Park in 1942, 1943 and 1945, and at Junction Oval in 1944.[52]
b Two medals were awarded in 2010 as the Grand Final was originally drawn, with the match replayed the following week as a result.[53] Lenny Hayes and Scott Pendlebury were awarded the Norm Smith Medal in the respective matches.[42][43]
c Melbourne has played in two Grand Finals (1988 and 2000) since the Norm Smith Medal was first awarded in 1979, and did not have a player win the medal in either match.[54]
d Fremantle has played in one Grand Final (2013) since the club joined the AFL in 1995, and did not have a player win the medal in that match.[55]
e Gold Coast and Greater Western Sydney joined the AFL in 2011 and 2012 respectively, with both clubs yet to participate in a Grand Final.[55]
f Fitzroy did not feature in a Grand Final from when the Norm Smith Medal was first awarded in 1979 to the club's final season in the VFL/AFL in 1996.[56][57]
g The Brisbane Bears participated in the VFL/AFL from 1987 to 1996, and did not qualify for a Grand Final during that time.[58]
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Blake, Martin (29 September 2018). "Shuey wins Norm Smith Medal". The Age. Fairfax Media. Archived from the original on 30 September 2018. Retrieved 30 September 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Bidmeade, Robert (30 September 1979). "Blues take flag by five points". The Canberra Times. Fairfax Media. pp. 17, 24–25. Archived from the original on 28 June 2018. Retrieved 28 June 2018 – via Trove.
Jump up ^ Lovett 2010, p. 521
Jump up ^ "Norm Smith made AFL Legend". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 20 July 2007. Archived from the original on 29 October 2016. Retrieved 22 July 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Grand final focus: Medal no comfort for Judd". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. AAP. 22 July 2018. Archived from the original on 24 June 2014. Retrieved 22 July 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Porter, Ashley (29 September 2016). "Greatest AFL finals heroes: Andrew McLeod, No.2". The Age. Fairfax Media. Archived from the original on 27 June 2018. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
Jump up ^ Harrington, Anna (23 August 2017). "David King says AFL coaches should take over the voting for the Norm Smith Medal on Grand Final day". news.com.au. News Corp Australia. Archived from the original on 25 August 2017. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Paton, Al (28 September 2012). "Former Carlton coach Brett Ratten heads Norm Smith Medal voting panel". news.com.au. News Corp Australia. Archived from the original on 27 June 2018. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
Jump up ^ Auciello, Michael (5 September 2014). "2009 Geelong Cats premiership: Paul Chapman wins Norm Smith Medal". Geelong Advertiser. News Corp Australia. Archived from the original on 22 July 2018. Retrieved 28 June 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Ralph, Jon (29 September 2011). "Does Jason Gram deserve a retrospective Norm Smith Medal?". The Advertiser. Adelaide: News Corp Australia. Archived from the original on 22 July 2018. Retrieved 28 June 2018.
Jump up ^ Lovett 2010, p. 18
^ Jump up to: a b c Quayle, Emma (1 October 2002). "AFL to delay medal vote until siren". The Age. Melbourne: Fairfax Media. Archived from the original on 12 July 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "AFL drops replays for drawn grand finals, extra time to decide level scores". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 19 April 2016. Archived from the original on 8 November 2016. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Green, Warwick (15 July 2014). "Humble Saint Lenny Hayes a true champion". news.com.au. News Corp Australia. Archived from the original on 27 June 2018. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c "James Hird to present Norm Smith Medal at AFL grand final, league confirms". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 10 August 2017. Archived from the original on 17 December 2017. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
Jump up ^ Connolly, Rohan (30 September 2016). "AFL finals heroes: Numbers don't lie on Richmond's Kevin Bartlett". The Age. Melbourne: Fairfax Media. Archived from the original on 28 June 2018. Retrieved 28 June 2018.
Jump up ^ De Bolfo, Tony (17 July 2012). "Bruce Doull in Carlton homecoming". carltonfc.com.au. Telstra Media. Archived from the original on 28 June 2018. Retrieved 28 June 2018.
Jump up ^ "50 years of MCG memories: Maurice Rioli wins the Norm Smith Medal". richmondfc.com.au. Telstra Media. 24 June 2015. Archived from the original on 24 December 2016. Retrieved 28 June 2018.
Jump up ^ Holmesby & Main 2009, p. 712
Jump up ^ Holmesby & Main 2009, p. 228
Jump up ^ Connolly, Rohan (27 February 2015). "Essendon's back-to-back premiership men reach milestone". The Age. Melbourne: Fairfax Media. Archived from the original on 28 June 2018. Retrieved 28 June 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Holmesby & Main 2009, p. 34
Jump up ^ Pierik, Jon (18 August 2017). "How the Carlton Blues won the 1987 premiership". The Age. Melbourne: Fairfax Media. Archived from the original on 6 March 2018. Retrieved 28 June 2018.
Jump up ^ Browne, Ashley (19 May 2014). "Ablett snr reminisces 1989 GF". geelongcats.com.au. Telstra Media. Archived from the original on 28 June 2018. Retrieved 28 June 2018.
Jump up ^ Holmesby & Main 2009, pp. 758–759
Jump up ^ Twomey, Callum (24 March 2014). "Son of Norm Smith medallist on Hawks' radar". AFL.com.au. Telstra Media. Archived from the original on 24 December 2014. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
Jump up ^ McGrath, John (18 March 2003). "Tears flow as Matera calls it quits". The Age. Melbourne: Fairfax Media. Archived from the original on 3 May 2004. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
Jump up ^ Holmesby & Main 2009, pp. 495–496
Jump up ^ "Draft steals: Dean Kemp". westcoasteagles.com.au. Telstra Media. 21 November 2017. Archived from the original on 27 June 2018. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
Jump up ^ Macgugan, Mark (24 February 2013). "Brownlow medallist Greg Williams 'can't remember large chunks of playing days'". AFL.com.au. Telstra Media. Archived from the original on 25 April 2018. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
Jump up ^ Little, Craig (28 September 2017). "How a player can cope with the madness of an AFL grand final". The Guardian. Guardian Media Group. Archived from the original on 18 June 2018. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
Jump up ^ Bowen, Nick (31 August 2016). "AFL names the presenters of major medals". AFL.com.au. Telstra Media. Archived from the original on 1 September 2016. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
Jump up ^ "Religion lifts Hart to football's heights". The Age. Melbourne: Fairfax Media. AAP. 30 September 2002. Archived from the original on 2 March 2003. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
Jump up ^ Saltau, Chloe (29 September 2002). "Decorated, devastated". The Age. Melbourne: Fairfax Media. Archived from the original on 9 January 2017. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
Jump up ^ Blake, Martin (28 September 2003). "Black right on the ball". The Age. Melbourne: Fairfax Media. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
Jump up ^ "Pickett claims Norm Smith medal". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 26 September 2004. Archived from the original on 27 October 2016. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
Jump up ^ "Victory to the Swans". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. AAP. 24 September 2005. Archived from the original on 3 January 2014. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
Jump up ^ "Norm Smith medallist Embley pulls the pin". AFL.com.au. Telstra Media. AAP. 28 August 2013. Archived from the original on 13 April 2016. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
Jump up ^ "Steve Johnson: GWS and former Geelong forward announces retirement at end of 2017". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. AAP. 10 August 2017. Archived from the original on 19 December 2017. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
Jump up ^ "Luke Hodge wins 2008 Norm Smith Medal". The Courier-Mail. Brisbane: News Corp Australia. AAP. 27 September 2008. Archived from the original on 20 August 2017. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
Jump up ^ Paine, Chris (26 September 2009). "Cats crowned 2009 AFL premiers". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 30 October 2016. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Hand, Guy (25 September 2010). "Hayes wins Norm Smith Medal". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. Archived from the original on 27 June 2018. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Pendlebury wins Norm Smith medal". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. 2 October 2010. Archived from the original on 27 June 2018. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
Jump up ^ Anderson, Jon (1 October 2011). "Jimmy Bartel wins Norm Smith Medal". Herald Sun. Melbourne: News Corp Australia. Archived from the original on 9 September 2017. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
Jump up ^ Stevens, Mark (29 September 2012). "Norm Smith Medal winner Ryan O'Keefe hard as a ROK". news.com.au. News Corp Australia. Archived from the original on 27 June 2018. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
Jump up ^ Ryan, Peter (28 September 2013). "Recruiting gamble pays off as Hawk defender Lake storms to Norm Smith Medal". AFL.com.au. Telstra Media. Archived from the original on 14 March 2017. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
Jump up ^ Schmook, Nathan (27 September 2014). "Luke Hodge joins Hawthorn greats by winning second Norm Smith Medal". AFL.com.au. Telstra Media. Archived from the original on 22 April 2018. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
Jump up ^ Quayle, Emma (3 October 2015). "A family affair: Cyril Rioli wins the Norm Smith Medal". The Age. Melbourne: Fairfax Media. Archived from the original on 27 June 2018. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
Jump up ^ Schmook, Nathan (1 October 2016). "Norm Smith: Bulldog Jason Johannisen springs a medal surprise". AFL.com.au. Telstra Media. Archived from the original on 6 November 2016. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
Jump up ^ Hytner, Mike (30 September 2018). "'A dream come true': Dustin Martin wins Norm Smith medal". The Guardian. Guardian Media Group. Archived from the original on 18 June 2018. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
Jump up ^ Casey, Brendan (17 November 2013). "The 25 most memorable moments in MCG history". Sunday Herald Sun. Melbourne: News Corp Australia. Archived from the original on 22 July 2018. Retrieved 22 July 2018.
Jump up ^ "VFL/AFL Grand Final results". mcg.org.au. Melbourne Cricket Ground. Archived from the original on 9 August 2017. Retrieved 22 July 2018.
Jump up ^ Spits, Scott (25 September 2010). "Collingwood and St Kilda in amazing grand final draw". The Age. Melbourne: Fairfax Media. Archived from the original on 22 July 2018. Retrieved 22 July 2018.
Jump up ^ "Flag droughts: How long has your club been waiting?". AFL.com.au. Telstra Media. 15 October 2016. Archived from the original on 5 December 2017. Retrieved 22 July 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b "Grand Finals: How your club has fared on the big stage". AFL.com.au. Telstra Media. 27 September 2017. Archived from the original on 29 September 2017. Retrieved 22 July 2018.
Jump up ^ Bailey, Scott (29 September 2016). "Bulldogs feature in top 10 Australian sporting droughts". AFL.com.au. Telstra Media. AAP. Archived from the original on 6 November 2016. Retrieved 22 July 2018.
Jump up ^ Rucci, Michelangelo (10 August 2011). "We're not Fitzroy, Duncanson says". The Advertiser. Adelaide: News Corp Australia. Archived from the original on 22 July 2018. Retrieved 22 July 2018.
Jump up ^ "Brisbane Bears overview". lions.com.au. Telstra Media. Archived from the original on 31 March 2018. Retrieved 22 July 2018.
Bibliography[edit]
Holmesby, Russell; Main, Jim (2009). The Encyclopedia of AFL Footballers: every AFL/VFL player since 1897 (8th ed.). Melbourne, Victoria: Bas Publishing. ISBN 978-1-921496-00-4.
Lovett, Michael, ed. (2010). AFL Record Season Guide 2010. ISBN 978-0-9806274-5-9.
External links[edit]
Norm Smith Medal - AFL.com.au
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Norm Smith Medal winners
1979: Harmes
1980: Bartlett
1981: Doull
1982: M. Rioli
1983: Robertson
1984: Duckworth
1985: Madden
1986: Ayres
1987: Rhys-Jones
1988: Ayres
1989: Ablett
1990: Shaw
1991: Dear
1992: Matera
1993: Long
1994: Kemp
1995: Williams
1996: Archer
1997: McLeod
1998: McLeod
1999: Grant
2000: Hird
2001: Hart
2002: Buckley
2003: Black
2004: Pickett
2005: Judd
2006: Embley
2007: Johnson
2008: Hodge
2009: Chapman
2010 draw: Hayes
2010 replay: Pendlebury
2011: Bartel
2012: O'Keefe
2013: Lake
2014: Hodge
2015: C. Rioli
2016: Johannisen
2017: Martin
2018: Shuey
italics denotes the player won the Norm Smith Medal in a losing side
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