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Penny (United States coin)
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Penny
United States
Value
0.01 U.S. Dollars
Mass
2.5 g (0.08 troy oz)
Diameter
19.05 mm (0.75 in)
Thickness
1.52 mm (0.0598 in)
Edge
Plain
Composition
1982–present copper-plated zinc
97.5% Zn, 2.5% Cu
Years of minting
1793–present
Catalog number
–
Obverse
Design
Abraham Lincoln
Designer
Victor D. Brenner
Design date
1909
Reverse
Design
Union Shield
Designer
Lyndall Bass
Design date
2010–present
The United States one-cent coin, often called a penny, is a unit of currency equaling one-hundredth of a United States dollar. The cent's symbol is ¢. Its obverse has featured the profile of President Abraham Lincoln since 1909, the centennial of his birth. From 1959 (the sesquicentennial of Lincoln's birth) to 2008, the reverse featured the Lincoln Memorial. Four different reverse designs in 2009 honored Lincoln's 200th birthday and a new, "permanent" reverse – the Union Shield – was introduced in 2010. The coin is 0.75 inches (19.05 mm) in diameter and 0.0598 inches (1.52 mm) in thickness. Its weight has varied, depending upon the composition of metals used in its production (see further below).
The U.S. Mint's official name for the coin is "cent"[1] and the U.S. Treasury's official name is "one cent piece".[2] The colloquial term penny derives from the British coin of the same name, the pre-decimal version of which had a similar place in the British system. In American English, pennies is the plural form. (The plural form pence—standard in British English—is not used in American English, except in reference to British currency.)
Although the coin's abolition has been proposed because it is now worth very little, there are currently no firm plans to eliminate the penny.[3] As of 2015, based on the U.S. Mint Annual Report released for 2014, it costs the U.S. Mint 1.67 cents (down from 2.41 cents in 2011 and 1.83 cents in 2013) to make one cent because of the cost of materials, production, and distribution.[4] This figure includes the Mint's fixed components for distribution and fabrication, as well as Mint overhead allocated to the penny. Fixed costs and overhead would have to be absorbed by other circulating coins without the penny.[5] The loss from producing the one cent coin in the United States for the year of 2013 was $55,000,000. This was a slight decrease from 2012, the year before, which had a production loss of $58,000,000.[6]
Contents
[hide]
1 History of composition
2 Designs
3 Lincoln cent
3.1 History
3.1.1 Obverse design
3.1.2 Reverse design
3.1.2.1 Wheat cent (1909–1958)
3.1.2.2 Lincoln Memorial cent (1959–2008)
3.1.2.3 Lincoln Bicentennial cents (2009)
3.1.2.4 Union shield cent (2010–present)
3.1.3 "Capped cents"
3.1.4 Composition
3.2 Matte Proof Lincolns 1909 to 1916
3.3 Mint errors specific to Lincoln cents
4 Toxicity
5 Numismatics and regulations
6 Metal content and manufacturing costs
7 See also
7.1 Other denominations
8 References
9 External links
History of composition[edit]
Years
Material
Weight
(grains)
Weight
(grams)
1793–1795 ~100% copper 208 grains 13.48
1795–1857 ~100% copper 168 grains 10.89
1856–1864 88% copper, 12% nickel (also known as NS-12) 72 grains 4.67
1864–1942 bronze (95% copper, 5% tin and zinc) 48 grains 3.11
1943 zinc-coated steel (also known as 1943 steel cent) 42 grains 2.72
1944–1946 brass (shell case copper) (95% copper, 5% zinc) 48 grains 3.11
1947–1962 bronze (95% copper, 5% tin and zinc) 48 grains 3.11
1962–1981 brass (95% copper, 5% zinc) 48 grains 3.11
1982[7] brass (95% copper, 5% zinc) 48 grains 3.11
copper-plated zinc (97.5% zinc, 2.5% copper) 38.6 grains 2.5
1983–present copper-plated zinc (97.5% zinc, 2.5% copper) 38.6 grains 2.5
In honor of Lincoln's 200th anniversary, special 2009 cents were minted for collectors in the same composition as the 1909 coins.[8]
The isotope composition of early coins spanning the period 1828 to 1843 reflects that of copper from Cornish ores from England, while coins after 1850 that reflects that of Keweenaw Peninsula, Michigan ores, a finding consistent with historical records.[9]
In 1943, at the peak of World War II, zinc-coated steel cents were made for a short time because of war demands for copper. A few copper cents from 1943 were produced from the 1942 planchets remaining in the bins. Similarly, some 1944 steel cents have been confirmed. From 1944 through 1946, salvaged ammunition shells made their way into the minting process, and it was not uncommon to see coins featuring streaks of brass or having a considerably darker finish than other issues.
During the early 1970s, the price of copper rose to the point where the cent contained almost one cent's worth of copper. This led the Mint to test alternative metals, including aluminum and bronze-clad steel. Aluminum was chosen, and over 1.5 million of these pennies were struck and ready for public release before ultimately being rejected. The proposed aluminum pennies were rejected for two reasons: vending machine owners complained the coins would cause mechanical problems; and pediatricians and pediatric radiologists pointed out that the radiodensity of the metal inside the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts was close to that of soft tissue, and the coins would therefore be difficult to detect in X-ray imaging.[10] One aluminum cent was donated to the Smithsonian Institution.
The cent's composition was changed in 1982 because the value of the copper in the coin started to rise above one cent.[11] Some 1982 pennies used the 97.5% zinc composition, while others used the 95% copper composition. With the exception of 2009 bicentennial cents minted specifically for collectors, United States cents minted after 1982 have been zinc with copper-plating. In Fiscal Year 2013, the average one-cent piece minted cost the U.S. Mint 1.83 cents, down from 2.41 cents apiece in FY 2011.[12]
The bronze and copper cents can be distinguished from the newer zinc cents by dropping the coins on a solid surface. The predominantly copper coins produce a higher-pitched ringing sound, while the zinc coins make a lower-pitched "clunk".[13] In addition, a full 50-cent roll of pre-1982/3 coins weighs 5.4 oz compared to a post-1982–83 roll which weighs 4.4 oz.
Mintage figures for the Lincoln cent can be found at Lincoln cent mintage figures.
Designs[edit]
The coin has gone through several designs over its two-hundred-year time frame. Until 1857 it was about the size of the current U.S. dollar coins (Susan B. Anthony through present dollars).
A 1937 Wheat cent
Proof Lincoln cent with cameo effect, obverse
Obverse side of a cent after 17 years of circulation
Detail of reverse showing Lincoln statue inside the memorial
The following types of cents have been produced:
Large cents:
Flowing Hair Chain 1793
Flowing Hair Wreath 1793
Liberty Cap 1793–1796
Draped bust 1796–1807
Classic Head 1808–1814
Coronet 1816–1839
Braided Hair 1839–1857, 1868 (not a regular issue)
Small cents:
Flying Eagle cent (1856–1858)
Indian Head cent (1859–1909)
Lincoln cent (1909–present)
Lincoln Wheat (1909–1958)
Lincoln Memorial (1959–2008)
Lincoln Bicentennial 4 reverse designs (2009)
Lincoln Union Shield[14] (2010–present)
Throughout its history, the Lincoln cent has featured several typefaces for the date, but most of the digits have been old-style numerals, except with the 4 and 8 neither ascending nor descending. The only significant divergence is that the small 3 was non-descending (the same size as a 0, 1, or 2) in the early history, before switching to a descending, large 3 for just one year in 1934 and then permanently (as of 2014[update]) in 1943. Similarly, the digit 5 was small and non-descending up to 1945, then from 1950 and on, it became a large descending 5. From 1959 until 2008, the Lincoln Memorial was shown on the reverse of the United States cent. Because the Lincoln Memorial was shown in sufficient detail to discern the statue of Lincoln on the reverse of cent, Abraham Lincoln was at that time the only person to be depicted on both the obverse and reverse of the same United States coin. In 1999, the New Jersey state quarter was released, which depicts George Washington on both sides, crossing the Delaware River on the reverse side and in profile on the obverse. (The state quarter for South Dakota, released in 2006, also features Washington on both sides: the typical profile on the obverse, and Washington within Mount Rushmore on the reverse.) Some of the 2009 reverse design series no longer showed Abraham Lincoln, and the 2010 Lincoln Union Shield has removed the president from the coin reverse for the foreseeable future.
An additional design detail that is not readily visible to the naked eye is found on the obverse side of the 1918 onward United States cent. The letters "VDB" stamped on the bottom sleeve of Abraham Lincoln represent the initials of Victor David Brenner, the primary designer of the Wheat cent.
Lincoln cent[edit]
Main article: Lincoln cent
The Lincoln cent is the current one-cent coin of the U.S. It was adopted in 1909 (which would have been Lincoln's 100th birthday), replacing the Indian Head cent. Its reverse was changed in 1959 from a wheat-stalks design to a design which includes the Lincoln Memorial (to commemorate Lincoln's sesquicentennial) and was replaced again in 2009 with four new designs to commemorate Lincoln's bicentennial. There are more one-cent coins produced than any other denomination, which makes the Lincoln cent a familiar item. In its lifespan, this coin has weathered both world wars, one of which temporarily changed its composition as part of the war effort. The obverse is the longest design used for any circulating American currency.
History[edit]
Obverse design[edit]
When the Lincoln one-cent coin made its initial appearance in 1909, it marked a radical departure from the accepted styling of United States coinage, as it was the first regular coin to bear a portrait other than the mythical Liberty which appeared on most pre-1909 regular coins. Previously, a strong feeling had prevailed against using portraits on coins in the United States, but public sentiment stemming from the 100th anniversary celebration of Abraham Lincoln's birth proved stronger than the long-standing tradition.
A variety of privately minted tokens bearing Lincoln's image circulated as one-cent pieces during Lincoln's presidency; legitimate coinage had become scarce during the Civil War. These early tokens undoubtedly influenced the denomination, appearance, size, and composition of Lincoln cents.
Theodore Roosevelt, the 26th U.S. President, thought American coins were so common and uninspiring that he attempted to get the motto "In God We Trust" removed as offending religion. Roosevelt had the opportunity to pose for a young Lithuanian-born Jew, Victor David Brenner, who, since arriving nineteen years earlier in the United States had become one of the nation's premier medalists. Roosevelt had learned of Brenner's talents in a settlement house on New York City's Lower East Side and was immediately impressed with a bas-relief that Brenner had made of Lincoln, based on a Mathew Brady photograph. Roosevelt, who considered Lincoln the savior of the Union and the greatest Republican President, and who also considered himself Lincoln's political heir, ordered the new Lincoln cent to be based on Brenner's work and to be released just in time to commemorate Lincoln's 100th birthday in 1909. The likeness of President Lincoln on the obverse of the coin is an adaptation of a plaque Brenner created several years earlier which had come to the attention of President Roosevelt in New York.[15]
In addition to the prescribed elements on U.S. coins—LIBERTY and the date—the motto In God We Trust appeared for the first time on a coin of this denomination. The United States Congress passed the Act of March 3, 1865, authorizing the use of this motto on U.S. coins,[16] during Lincoln's tenure in office.
Even though no legislation was required for the new design, approval of the Secretary of the Treasury was necessary to make the change. Franklin MacVeagh gave his approval on July 14, 1909, and not quite three weeks later, on August 2, the new coin was released to the public.
In 1918, after the controversy over Brenner's name and initials on the reverse had died down, his initials were placed on the obverse with no further controversy. They are to be found in minute form on the rim of the bust, just under the shoulder of Lincoln.
In 1969, the design was revised to make Lincoln look more like Brenner's original sculptures.
U.S. coin collection featuring Lincoln cents from 1941 to 1974. Nearly complete set in a folder by Whitman Publishing, LLC. Also features two error coins and a description page.
Reverse design[edit]
Reverses of the
Lincoln cent
Wheat (1909–1958)
Lincoln Memorial (1959–2008)
Birth and early childhood in Kentucky (Lincoln Bicentennial, 2009)
Formative Years in Indiana (Lincoln Bicentennial, 2009)
Professional life in Illinois (Lincoln Bicentennial, 2009)
Presidency in DC (Lincoln Bicentennial, 2009)
Union shield (2010–present)
Wheat cent (1909–1958)[edit]
A study of three potential reverses resulted in the approval of a very simple design bearing two wheatheads in memorial style. Between these, in the center of the coin, are the denomination and UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, while curving around the upper border is the national motto, E Pluribus Unum, Latin for "From Many, One."
The original model bore Brenner's name on the reverse, curving along the rim below UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. Before the coins were issued, however, the initials "VDB" were substituted because officials at the United States Mint felt the name was too prominent. After the coin was released, many protested that even the initials were conspicuous and detracted from the design. Because the coin was in great demand, and because to make a change would have required halting production, the decision was made to eliminate the initials entirely.
Thus in 1909 the U.S. had six different cents: the 1909 and 1909-S Indian Head cents, and four Lincoln coins: 1909 VDB, 1909-S VDB, 1909 and 1909-S. In all cases the Philadelphia mintages far exceeded the San Francisco issues. While the smallest mintage is the '09-S Indian, the '09-S VDB is the key Lincoln date, and hence is most valuable. Its mintage of 484,000 is only 1.7% of the plain V.D.B.
Lincoln Memorial cent (1959–2008)[edit]
On February 12, 1959, a revised reverse design was introduced as part of the 150th anniversary of Lincoln's birth. No formal competition was held. Frank Gasparro, then Assistant Engraver at the Philadelphia Mint, prepared the winning entry, selected from a group of 23 models that the engraving staff at the Mint had been asked to present for consideration. Again, only the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury was necessary to make the change because the design had been in use for more than the required 25 years. The imposing marble Lincoln Memorial provides the central motif, with the legends E Pluribus Unum and UNITED STATES OF AMERICA completing the design, together with the denomination. The initials "FG" appear on the right, near the shrubbery.
Lincoln Bicentennial cents (2009)[edit]
The Presidential $1 Coin Act of 2005 required that the cent's reverse be redesigned in 2009. This resulted in the mintage of four different coins showing scenes from Abraham Lincoln's life in honor of the bicentennial of his birth.
These four designs, unveiled September 22, 2008 at a ceremony held at the Lincoln Memorial on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., are:
Birth and early childhood in Kentucky: this design features a log cabin and Lincoln's birth year 1809. It was designed by Richard Masters and sculpted by Jim Licaretz. This cent was released into circulation on Lincoln's 200th birthday, February 12, 2009, at a special ceremony at LaRue County High School in Hodgenville, Kentucky, Lincoln's birthplace.[17] The mintage was extremely low compared to prior years (see Lincoln cent mintage figures). It has been nicknamed the "Log Cabin Penny".
Formative years in Indiana: this design features a young Lincoln reading while taking a break from rail splitting. It was designed and sculpted by Charles Vickers. Nicknamed the "Indiana Penny", it was released on May 14, 2009.[18]
Professional life in Illinois: this design features a young professional Lincoln standing before the Springfield Illinois State Capitol. It was designed by Joel Iskowitz and sculpted by Don Everhart. Nicknamed the "Illinois Penny", it was released on August 13, 2009.[18]
Presidency in Washington, D.C.: this design features the half-completed Capitol dome. It was designed by Susan Gamble and sculpted by Joseph Menna. This fourth cent was released to the public on November 12, 2009.[18] U.S. Mint released collector's sets containing this design in copper prior to the public launch of this design in zinc.
Special 2009 cents struck for sale in sets to collectors had the metallic copper content of cents minted in 1909 (95% copper, 5% tin and zinc). Those struck for circulation retained the normal composition of a zinc core coated with copper.
Union shield cent (2010–present)[edit]
The 2005 act that authorized the redesign for the Bicentennial stated that another redesigned reverse for the Lincoln cent will be minted which "shall bear an image emblematic of President Lincoln's preservation of the United States of America as a single and united country".[19] Eighteen designs were proposed for the reverse of the 2010 cent.[20] On April 16, 2009 the Commission of Fine Arts (CFA) met and selected a design that showed 13 wheat sheaves bound together with a ring symbolizing American unity as one nation.[21] Later this design was withdrawn because it was similar to coinage issued in Germany in the 1920s.[22] The Citizens Coinage Advisory Committee later met and chose a design showing a Union shield with ONE CENT superimposed in a scroll; E Pluribus Unum was also depicted in the upper portion of the shield.[22][23] In June 2009 the CFA met again and chose a design featuring a modern rendition of the American flag.[24] As a part of the release ceremony for the last of the 2009 cents on November 12, the design for the 2010 cent was announced.[25] The design chosen was the one that was chosen earlier by the CCAC.[25] According to the Mint, the 13 stripes on the shield "represent the states joined in one compact union to support the Federal government, represented by the horizontal bar above."[26] The Mint also noted that a shield was commonly used in paintings in the Capitol hallways painted by Constantino Brumidi, an artist in the Capitol active during the Lincoln Presidency.[26] The obverse of the cent was also changed to a modern rendition of Brenner's design.[27][25] The new Union Shield design replaces the Lincoln memorial in use since 1959.[25] The coin was designed by artist Lyndall Bass and sculpted by U.S. Mint sculptor-engraver Joseph Menna.[28] In January 2010, the coins were released early in Puerto Rico;[29] this was caused by a shortage of 2009-dated pennies on the island.[27] The new design was released at a ceremony at the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library in Springfield, Illinois on February 11, 2010.[30]
"Capped cents"[edit]
To commemorate the Fire at the SS Morro Castle, local coin dealer Louis Werner made copper caps depicting the Morro Castle surrounded by the legend "The Morro Castle Fire" These would then be encased over one side of a Lincoln cent. According to "Mrs. Astor's Horse" by Stanley Walker:
Concessionaires inside the hall carried on a lively business. A man at a stamping machine put copper caps on pennies with the head of Lincoln on one side and the inscription ff Morro Castle Fire, September, 1934, Asbury Park" on the other. Postcard sellers in the hall disposed of 150,000 pictures of the burning ship during the first few days after the disaster. As soon as they came off the press, heart-rending poems and ballads about the fire were hawked about.[31]
Later, to commemorate the trial of Bruno Richard Hauptmann, Werner made another design depicting the Hunterdon County Courthouse, where the trial was held, and surrounded by the legend "HAUPTMANN TRIAL, Flemington, NJ."[32] Another part of the text in "Mrs. Astor's Horse" states:
A man with a metal press did a fair sort of business. He set up for business on the porch of the hotel. He had constructed a die depicting the Hunterdon County courthouse, surrounded by the legend, Hauptmann Trial, Flemington, N.J. On the stand beside the press lay several hundred bright new pennies and several fine strips of copper. By running the copper strips through the press, together with the pennies, he turned out Lincoln heads backed by the courthouse and the legend. The pieces sold for five cents each, three for a dime.[31]
Also, from 1935 to 1938, during the Christmas season, Werner made a design depicting Santa Claus. By donating 10 cents, shoppers in Manhattan would receive these. Additionally, if they donated an extra 5 cents, their cent would come in a greeting card holder.[33] Other capped cents by Werner include commemoratives for Admiral Richard E. Byrd's expedition to the South Pole and Joe Louis. There was also a design featuring the Lord's prayer.
Composition[edit]
Bronze, 1909–1942. Initially the alloy of the Lincoln cent followed that established for this denomination with the Indian Head design in 1864, 95% copper and 2.5% tin and 2.5% zinc.
Wartime zinc-plated steel, 1943. The composition of the Lincoln cent was changed in 1943.
Further information: 1943 steel cent
Production of the war-time cent was provided for in an Act of Congress approved on December 18, 1942, which also set as the expiration date of the authority December 31, 1946. Low-grade carbon steel formed the base of these coins, to which a zinc coating 0.0005-inch (0.013 mm) thick was deposited on each side electrolytically as a rust preventive. This coating was applied to the steel before the blanks were made, leaving the rims of these coins extremely susceptible to rust. The same size was maintained, but the weight was reduced from the standard 48 grains (3.1 g) to 42 grains (2.7 g), by using a lighter alloy. Production commenced on February 27, 1943, and by December 31 of that year, the three Mint facilities had produced 1,093,838,670 of the one-cent coins. The copper released for the war effort was enough to meet the combined needs of two cruisers, two destroyers, 1,243 Flying Fortresses, 120 field guns and 120 howitzers, or enough for 1,250,000 shells for large field guns.[34][35]
Wartime brass, 1944–1946. Numerous complaints about the gray color of the 1943 cents, especially that they could be mistaken for dimes, led to a change in composition of the wartime cent. On January 1, 1944, the Mint was able to adopt a modified alloy, the supply being derived from expended shell casings which, when melted, furnished a composition similar to the original, but with a much smaller trace of tin.[citation needed] The original weight of 48 grains (3.1 g) was also restored.
Bronze, 1947–1962. Shell casings were no longer used after 1946 and the original copper-tin-zinc "bronze" composition was again used.
Brass, 1962–1982. The composition of the coin was changed again slightly in 1962. Mint officials felt that deletion of the tin content would have no adverse effect on the wearing qualities of the coin, whereas the manufacturing advantages to be gained with the alloy stabilized at 95% copper and 5% zinc would be of much benefit. Congressional authority for this modification is contained in an Act of Congress approved on September 5, 1962.
Experimental aluminum cents, 1974. During the early 1970s, the price of copper rose to a point where the cent almost contained one cent's worth of copper. This led the Mint to test alternate metals, including aluminum and bronze-clad steel. Aluminum was chosen, and in 1973, a total of 1,579,324 such coins were struck (dated 1974) and ready for public release. A few were distributed to members of the U.S. Congress, but aluminum was ultimately rejected for a variety of reasons. About a dozen aluminum cents are believed to still be in the hands of collectors, although they are now considered illegal to own.[36] One aluminum cent was donated to the Smithsonian Institution. Another is in the hands of the family of a deceased U.S. Capitol police officer, known as the Toven Specimen, and was certified as authentic in 2005.[37]
Copper-plated zinc, 1982–present. In mid-1982, the coin's composition was changed again, this time to copper-plated zinc. The last mostly-copper cents (95% copper metal composition) were produced by the Denver Mint on October 22, 1982. The copper-plated zinc cent coins are still being produced today. They are composed of an inner core alloy of 99.2% zinc and 0.8% copper with an outer plating of pure copper, for an overall composition of 97.5% zinc and 2.5% copper, and are minted on blanks produced for the Mint by an outside manufacturer (Jarden Zinc Products). Except for the new lighter total coin weight of 2.5 grams each, these newer coins are identical in diameter and thickness, and nearly in appearance, to the mostly copper (95%) cents issued before mid-1982, which weighed 3.11 grams each. A few pennies were struck by error in brass dated 1983 and are extremely rare.[38]
Matte Proof Lincolns 1909 to 1916[edit]
When the Lincoln Cent was introduced in 1909, it was discovered that the coining dies and their curved fields were unable to be polished to proof coining condition by existing Mint equipment. To produce Proof coinage for collectors, the U.S. Mint adopted the French technique of the Matte Proof, which was thought to highlight the design, while leaving the details of the coin as the designer intended. This was done by a sandblasting of the dies prior to use. When struck by the high pressure hydraulic press of the Philadelphia Mint Medal Room, the result was a semi-rough surface, a gentle luster and strongly defined wide square rims. These coins were produced in very small numbers, and the dies quickly developed small marks, known as diagnostics. These marks are used today by Third Party Graders and Collectors to authenticate the coin. Sold for mere pennies over face during the years of production, they were not popular with collectors. When new, the coins were wrapped in a tarnish-proof tissue, which over time proved to be anything but. Since many of these coins sat for decades unsold, vivid colors and toning developed. It is not unusual to see vivid blues, greens, lavender, coppery orange, deep reds and purple hues on these coins. Eagerly collected by numismatists today, they are among the most valuable Lincoln cents. Unencapsulated coins are easily identified by wide, square outer rims, quite unlike the rounded edges of business strikes.
Mint errors specific to Lincoln cents[edit]
Through mint errors, a number of rare and valuable Lincoln Cents have been produced. Some random errors, such as an off-center strike, slightly increase the value of the coin, and are sought after by niche collectors. However some errors were systemic, and produced a number of coins with exactly the same problem in the same year. These have become recognized varieties that are often extremely valuable and sought after by mainstream collectors.
1909 VDB "US Lincoln Penny" – on the planet Mars – part of a calibration target on the Curiosity Rover (September 10, 2012) (3-D version) (also, image on October 2, 2013 – after 411 days on Mars)
The first Doubled Die error occurred during the production of the 1909 VDB. Not identified until the 1970s, it shows the RTY in Liberty and the 190 of the date slightly doubled. This coin is extremely rare in high grades.
In 1922, no one-cent coins were produced by the Philadelphia Mint. However, three of the four pairs of Denver Mint worn and overly polished dies then produced the Weak D and No D varieties, making them appear as if they had been produced in Philadelphia. These varieties are known as the 1922 plain cents or 1922 no "D" cents. Collectors must be wary of removed mint marks.
There are a few 1943 cents that were produced in bronze, as opposed to the steel/zinc composition used that year. There are 10 to 12 known to exist.[39] Likewise, a few 1944 cents were produced in steel/zinc.
In 1955, a hubbing error caused some cents to get struck with an obverse die which showed doubling in all of the obverse devices, producing a prominent doubling of the date, and to a less noticeable degree, the rest of the obverse. This is known as the 1955 doubled die cent. A similar die error occurred in 1969 on dies used at the San Francisco Mint. While the 1955 doubled die cent is well-known and widely collected, the 1969-S doubled die is far rarer, with an uncirculated specimen selling for as much as $126,500 in a 2008 Heritage auction.[40] The same mechanism produced 1972, 1983, 1984, and 1995 Doubled die cents. Doubled Dies are known for practically every date in the Lincoln cent series, but most are minor, and less impressive compared to the 1955 and the other Doubled Die varieties mentioned here.
In 1990, 3,055 proof cents were struck at the San Francisco Mint without the "S" mint mark, making them appear as if they had been struck at the Philadelphia Mint. However, as no proof cents were struck in Philadelphia that year, they are easily distinguishable as errors, and highly valuable.
The reverse of some Lincoln cents minted in 1992 at the Philadelphia and Denver mints and some of those minted in 1998 and 1999 at the San Francisco mint feature a smaller-than-normal gap between the first two letters of AMERICA. These coins, known as the Close AM variety are valued at $20,000 and $5,000 for the 1992 specimens in gem uncirculated condition and $3,000 and $1,000 for the San Francisco specimens in gem proof condition.
The reverse of some Lincoln cents minted in 1998, 1999, and 2000 in Philadelphia feature a larger-than-normal gap between the first two letters of AMERICA. These coins, known as the Wide AM variety are valued at $10, $500, and $5, respectively, in gem uncirculated condition. These reverse die errors are technically "mule" errors, as the reverse error dies were the same as normal proof coins of the same date.
Toxicity[edit]
Zinc, a major component of mid-1982-and-later U.S. cents, is toxic in large quantities. Swallowing such a coin, which is 97.5% zinc, can cause damage to the stomach lining because of the high solubility of the zinc ion in the acidic stomach.[41] Coins are the most commonly ingested foreign body in children but generally are allowed to pass spontaneously unless the patient is symptomatic.[42] Zinc toxicity, mostly in the form of the ingestion of U.S. pennies minted after 1982, is commonly fatal in dogs where it causes a severe hemolytic anemia.[43] It is also highly toxic in pet parrots and can often be fatal.[44]
Numismatics and regulations[edit]
Main article: Penny debate in the United States
It has been suggested that the cent should be eliminated as a unit of currency for several reasons including that many Americans do not actually spend them, but rather only receive them in change at stores and proceed to return them to a bank for higher denomination currencies, or cash them in at coin counting kiosks. Most modern vending machines do not accept pennies, further diminishing their utility, and the production cost (figured in U.S. Dollars) now exceeds the face value of the coin, caused by increasing inflation.[45] In 2001 and 2006, for example, United States Representative Jim Kolbe (R) of Arizona introduced bills which would have stopped production of pennies (in 2001, the Legal Tender Modernization Act, and in 2006, the Currency Overhaul for an Industrious Nation [COIN] Act).[46]
In anticipation of the business of melting down U.S. pennies and U.S. nickels for profit, the U.S. Mint, which is a part of the US Department of the Treasury, implemented new regulations[47] on December 14, 2006, which criminalize the melting of pennies and nickels and place limits on export of the coins. Violators can be punished with a fine of up to $10,000 USD and/or imprisoned for a maximum of five years.[48]
Metal content and manufacturing costs[edit]
The U.S. Mint reported that in fiscal year 2010 the unit cost of producing and shipping one-cent coins was 1.79 cents, which is more than the face value of the coin.[49] After reaching a peak cost of 2.41 cents in 2011 due to the significant rise in global metal demand and prices, recently the cost has declined to 1.83 cents for 2013.[6] In the 2014 fiscal year, the cost to produce a penny declined even further to 1.70 cents.[50]
When copper reached a record high in February 2011,[51] the melt value of a 95% copper penny was more than three times its face value. As of January 21, 2014, a pre-1982 penny contained 2.20325 cents' worth of copper and zinc, making it an attractive target for melting by people wanting to sell the metals for profit. In comparison, post-1982 copper-plated zinc cents have a metallurgical value of only 0.55152 cents.[52]
The Secretary of the Treasury has authority to alter the percentage of copper and zinc in the one-cent coin if needed due to cost fluctuations.[49]
See also[edit]
Numismatics portal
1943 steel cent
1955 doubled-die cent
1974 aluminum cent
Large cent (United States coin)
Legal Tender Modernization Act
Mill (currency)
Take a penny, leave a penny
Penny (Canadian coin)
United States Mint coin production
Other denominations[edit]
United States coinage
Nickel
Dime
Quarter
Half dollar
Dollar
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "The United States Mint Coin Specifications". Washington, D.C.: United States Mint. Retrieved 2009-11-09. Denomination:Cent; Nickel; Dime; Quarter Dollar.... (categories across the top of the specifications chart)
Jump up ^ "Denominations". Washington, D.C.: United States Department of the Treasury. Retrieved 2015-03-03. The proper term is "one cent piece," but in common usage this coins is often referred to as a penny or cent.
Jump up ^ http://time.com/money/4300975/get-rid-of-penny-jacob-lew/
Jump up ^ "US Mint Cost To Make Penny".
Jump up ^ Staff (April 17, 2012). "Statement of Rodney J. Bosco Navigant Consulting, Inc. on "The Future of Money: Coin Production"" Before the House Financial Services Subcommittee on Domestic Policy & Technology United States House of Representatives – April 17, 2012" (PDF). U.S. Congress. Retrieved September 10, 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "US Mint Cost To Make Penny and Nickel Declines in FY 2013". January 20, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Coin Specifications". Retrieved 2016-12-22.
Jump up ^ "U.S. Mint Online Product Catalog". Catalog.usmint.gov. Retrieved 2011-07-20.
Jump up ^ Mathur, R (2009). "The history of the United States cent revealed through copper isotope fractionation". Journal of Archaeological Science. 36 (2): 430–433. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2008.09.029.
Jump up ^ John P. Dorst MD, Thomas E. Reichelderfer MD, and Roger C. Sanders MA, BM, BCh, MRCP, FRCRP. Radiodensity of the Proposed New Penny, Pediatrics Vol. 69 No. February 2, 1982, pp. 224–225. Retrieved 2008-04-17.
Jump up ^ "1982 Lincoln Memorial Cents". Coins.thefuntimesguide.com. Retrieved 2011-07-20.
Jump up ^ UNITED STATES MINT – 2013 ANNUAL REPORT p.11
Jump up ^ "Is my Penny a Copper, or a Zinc Cent?". Retrieved 2008-06-16.
Jump up ^ "The United States Mint Coins and Medals Program". USMint.gov. Retrieved 2010-12-27.
Jump up ^ Margolick, David (2007-02-11). "Penny Foolish". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-05-22.
Jump up ^ "History of 'In God We Trust'". treasury.gov. Retrieved 2016-04-29.
Jump up ^ Kocher, Greg (February 13, 2009). "Lincoln's birthplace is launch site for new penny". Lexington Herald-Leader.
^ Jump up to: a b c O'Keefe, Ed (February 17, 2009). "Heads Abe, Tails New On Pennies Marking Lincoln Bicentennial". The Washington Post. p. A11.
Jump up ^ Pub.L. 109–145, 119 Stat. 2674, enacted December 22, 2005 – Presidential $1 Coin Act of 2005, Title VI, §303. "The design on the reverse of the 1-cent coins issued after December 31, 2009, shall bear an image emblematic of President Lincoln's preservation of United States of America as a single and united country." Retrieved 2009-11-30.
Jump up ^ Staff (2009-06-09). "2010 Lincoln Cent Design Proposals". 2010 Lincoln Cents. Retrieved 2009-11-30. There were initially 18 design proposals for the 2010 Lincoln Cent reverse.
Jump up ^ McAllister, Bill (2009-05-04). "Wheat Design may appear on the 2010 cent". Coin World. 50 (2560): 1.
^ Jump up to: a b McAllister, Bill (2009-05-18). "Mint withdraws 2010 'Wheat' cent design". Coin World. 50 (2562): 1.
Jump up ^ McAllister, Bill (2009-05-18). "Mint withdraws 2010 'Wheat' cent design". Coin World. 50 (2562): 1.
Jump up ^ McAllister, Bill (2009-05-18). "Commission votes for U.S. flag on 2010 1¢". Coin World. 50 (2565): 1.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Gilkes, Paul (2009-11-30). "Cent to bear Union Shield design in 2010". Coin World. 50 (2590): 1, 68.
^ Jump up to: a b "United States Mint Releases Fourth 2009 Lincoln Bicentennial One-Cent Coin" (Press release). United States Mint. 2009-11-12. Retrieved 2009-11-30.
^ Jump up to: a b Gilkes, Paul (2010-02-15). "Mint Returns to 1909 Galvano for Portrait". Coin World. 51 (2601): 1, 24.
Jump up ^ "United States Mint Launches 2010 Lincoln One-Cent Coin" (Press release). United States Mint. 2010-02-11. Retrieved 2010-02-11. The reverse of the 2010 and beyond Lincoln cent was designed by United States Mint Artistic Infusion Program Associate Designer Lyndall Bass and executed by United States Mint Sculptor-Engraver Joseph Menna.
Jump up ^ Gilkes, Paul (2010-02-08). "First Circulation Reports of 2010 Cents From Puerto Rico". Coin World. 51 (2600): 5.
Jump up ^ Ruston, Bruce (2010-02-11). [?url=http://www.sj-r.com/breaking/x228082611/New-Lincoln-penny-design-unveiled-in-Springfield "New Lincoln penny design unveiled in Springfield"] Check |archiveurl= value (help). State Journal-Register. Archived from the original on 2010-02-11. Retrieved 2010-02-11. The newest—and for now permanent—version of the Lincoln penny was unveiled this morning at the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Museum... CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link) (Archived by WebCite at )
^ Jump up to: a b "Full text of "Mrs Astor S Horse"". Archive.org. Retrieved 20 March 2016.
Jump up ^ Jaeger, Katherine, A Guide Book of United States Tokens and Medals, Whitman Publishing, 2008. ISBN 978-0794820602
Jump up ^ https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/107231433/
Jump up ^ "History of the Lincoln Cent". U.S. Department of the Treasury. 2011-01-04. Retrieved 2011-06-27.
Jump up ^ Herbert, Alan (September 2007). Deisher, Beth, ed. "1943 Cent in Steel – One Year Type Looked to Help With the War Effort". COINS Magazine: 14.
Jump up ^ Gibbs, William T. (September 26, 1994). Beth Deisher, ed. "1974 bronze-clad steel cents subject to federal confiscation" (PDF). Coin World: 1. Archived from the original on 2006-07-19. Retrieved 2011-06-27.
Jump up ^ Gilkes, Paul (October 17, 2005). Beth Deisher, ed. "Aluminum 1¢ 'changes' grade" (PDF). Coin World: 2. Archived from the original on 2006-07-19. Retrieved 2011-06-27.
Jump up ^ "The 1983 Copper Cent". www.pcgs.com. Retrieved 2014-01-03.
Jump up ^ "1943 Copper Cent". Coinfacts.com. Retrieved 2010-12-27.
Jump up ^ "1969-S 1C Doubled Die MS64 Red PCGS Lincoln Cents". Coins.ha.com. Retrieved 2010-12-27.
Jump up ^ Dawn N. Bothwell, M.D., and Eric A. Mair, M.D., FAAP. Chronic Ingestion of a Zinc-Based Penny, Pediatrics Vol. 111, No. March 3, 2003, pp. 689–691. Retrieved 2008-04-17.
Jump up ^ Mark L. Waltzman, M.D .[1] Current Opinion in Pediatrics Vol. 45, No. 1 Jan.–Feb., 2006, pp.71–3. Retrieved 2010-2-23.
Jump up ^ Stowe CM, Nelson R, Werdin R, et al.: Zinc phosphide poisoning in dogs. JAVMA 173:270, 1978
Jump up ^ See, for example, this list of common parrot illnesses and their causes
Jump up ^ Hagenbaugh, Barbara (2006-05-09). "Coins cost more to make than face value". USA Today. Retrieved 2006-10-04.
Jump up ^ Zappone, Christian (2006-07-18). "Kill-the-penny bill introduced". CNN Money. Retrieved 2006-10-04.
Jump up ^ "United States Mint Moves to Limit Exportation & Melting of Coins". Usmint.gov. Retrieved 2011-07-20.
Jump up ^ "CFR 2010 title31 vol1 part82" (PDF). U.S. Government Printing Office. Retrieved 2013-01-05.
^ Jump up to: a b United States Mint (2010-12-04). "U.S. Mint 2010 Annual Report" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-01-16.
Jump up ^ http://www.usmint.gov/about_the_mint/PDFs/2014-rd-biennial-report.pdf
Jump up ^ "METALS-Copper falls on euro zone disappointment, China worry". Reuters. Retrieved 2012-11-18.
Jump up ^ "Current Melt Value Of Coins – How Much Is Your Coin Worth?". Coinflation.com. Retrieved 2014-01-21.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States cents.
"Penny Foolish", by David Margolick, The New York Times, February 11, 2007 – a brief popular history of the penny.
Man tries to get rid of million pennies, USA Today, 7/1/2004
Examination of claim that "A U.S. penny costs more than a cent to manufacture" on Snopes.
Top 10 Things You Didn't Know About the Penny – slideshow by Time Magazine
U.S. Lincoln Penny on the Planet Mars – Curiosity Rover (September 10, 2012).
PennyFreeBiz Grass Roots effort by retailers and merchants to stop using the penny. (June 2007).
[show]
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text:
General classification in the Tour de France
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
See also: List of Tour de France general classification winners and Yellow jersey statistics
Yellow jersey
The 2013 yellow jersey, worn by Simon Gerrans
Sport
Road bicycle racing
Competition
Tour de France
Given for
Overall best time
Local name
Maillot jaune (French)
History
First award
1903
Editions
104 (as of 2017)
First winner
Maurice Garin (FRA)
Most wins
Jacques Anquetil (FRA)
Eddy Merckx (BEL)
Bernard Hinault (FRA)
Miguel Indurain (ESP)
5 wins
Most recent
Chris Froome (GBR)
The general classification is the most important classification, the one by which the winner of the Tour de France is determined. Since 1919, the leader of the general classification wears the yellow jersey (French: maillot jaune pronounced [majo ʒon]).
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Rules
3 More than one rider leading the general classification
4 No riders in yellow
5 Scandal in yellow
6 Record days in yellow
7 The man who refused the yellow jersey
8 "Elegance in yellow"
9 Sponsorship
10 References
11 External links
History[edit]
The winner of the first Tour de France wore a green armband, not a yellow jersey.[1] After the second Tour de France, the rules were changed, and the general classification was no longer calculated by time, but by points. This points system was kept until 1912, after which it changed back into the time classification. At that time, the leader still did not wear a yellow jersey.
There is doubt over when the yellow jersey began. The Belgian rider Philippe Thys, who won the Tour in 1913, 1914 and 1920, recalled in the Belgian magazine Champions et Vedettes when he was 67 that he was awarded a yellow jersey in 1913 when the organiser, Henri Desgrange, asked him to wear a coloured jersey. Thys declined, saying making himself more visible in yellow would encourage other riders to ride against him.[1][2]
He said:
"He then made his argument from another direction. Several stages later, it was my team manager at Peugeot, (Alphonse) Baugé, who urged me to give in. The yellow jersey would be an advertisement for the company and, that being the argument, I was obliged to concede. So a yellow jersey was bought in the first shop we came to. It was just the right size, although we had to cut a slightly larger hole for my head to go through." [2][3][4]
He spoke of the next year's race, when "I won the first stage and was beaten by a tyre by Bossus in the second. On the following stage, the maillot jaune passed to Georget after a crash."
The Tour historian Jacques Augendre called Thys "a valorous rider... well-known for his intelligence" and said his claim "seems free from all suspicion". But: "No newspaper mentions a yellow jersey before the war. Being at a loss for witnesses, we can't solve this enigma."[5]
According to the official history, the first yellow jersey was worn by the Frenchman Eugène Christophe in the stage from Grenoble to Geneva on July 18, 1919.[6] The colour was chosen either to reflect the yellow newsprint of the organising newspaper, L'Auto, or because yellow was an unpopular colour and therefore the only one available with which a manufacturer could create jerseys at late notice.[1]
The two possibilities have been promoted equally but the idea of matching the colour of Desgrange's newspaper seems more probable because Desgrange wrote: "This morning I gave the valiant Christophe a superb yellow jersey. You already know that our director decided that the man leading the race [de tête du classement général] should wear a jersey in the colours of L'Auto. The battle to wear this jersey is going to be passionate."[7]
Christophe disliked wearing it, anyway, and complained that spectators imitated canaries whenever he passed. It was a habit encouraged by his nickname of Cri-Cri (from "Christophe") which is French babytalk for a bird.[1] Christophe remembered riders and spectators teasing: "Ah, the yellow jersey! Isn't he beautiful, the canary? What are you doing, Madame Cri-Cri", adding, "And that lasted the whole course."[8]
There was no formal presentation when Christophe wore his first yellow jersey in Grenoble, from where the race left at 2am for the 325 km to Geneva. He was given it the night before and tried it on later in his hotel.[1]
In the next Tour de France in 1920, the yellow jersey was initially not awarded, but after the ninth stage, it was introduced again.[9]
Winner of the 1965 Tour's general classification Felice Gimondi wearing the yellow jersey with the initials of Henri Desgrange, the first organiser of the Tour de France
After Desgrange's death, his stylized initials were added to the yellow jersey,[6] originally on the chest. They moved in 1969 to the sleeve to make way for a logo advertising Virlux. A further advertisement for the clothing company Le Coq Sportif appeared at the bottom of the zip fastener at the neck, the first supplementary advertisement on the maillot jaune.
Desgrange's initials returned to the front of the jersey in 1972, some years on the left, others on the right. They were removed in 1984 to make way for a commercial logo but Nike added them again in 2003 as part of the Tour's centenary celebrations. One set of initials is now worn on the upper right chest of the jersey.[1]
In 2013, a nighttime finish on the Champs-Élysées for the final stage was done to commemorate the race's 100th edition. Race leader Chris Froome wore a special yellow jersey covered in small translucent sequins into Paris as well as on the podium to allow him to be more visible under the lights.
The original yellow jerseys were of conventional style. Riders had to pull them over their head on the rostrum. For many years the jersey was made in only limited sizes and many riders found it a struggle to pull one on, especially when tired or wet. The presentation jersey is now made with a full-length zip at the back and the rider pulls it on from the front, sliding his hands through the sleeves rather like a strait-jacket. He then receives three further jerseys each day, plus money (referred to as the "rent") for each day he leads the race.
There is no copyright on the yellow jersey and it has been imitated by many other races, although not always for the best rider overall: in the Tour of Benelux yellow is worn by the best young rider. In professional surf, the current male and female leaders of the World Surf League get to wear a yellow jersey on all the heats of a tour stop.
In American English it is sometimes referred to as the mellow johnny, a mispronunciation of its French name originally by Lance Armstrong, who wore it many times while riding in the 1999-2005 races. Armstrong also uses the name "Mellow Johnny" for his Texas-based bike shop. The Lance Armstrong Foundation donated the yellow jersey from Armstrong's fourth Tour de France win (2002) to the National Museum of American History.[10]
Rules[edit]
The Tour de France, and other bicycle stage races, are decided by totalling the time each rider takes on the daily stages. Time can be added or subtracted from this total time as bonuses or penalties for winning individual stages or being first to the top of a climb or for infractions of the rules. The rider with the lowest overall time at the end of each stage receives a ceremonial yellow bicycling jersey and the right to start the next stage, usually the next day, of the Tour in the yellow jersey.[11]
The rider to receive the yellow jersey after the last stage in Paris, is the overall (or ultimate) winner of the Tour.
Similar leader's jerseys exist in other cycling races, but are not always yellow (the color being chosen by the individual race organizers). The Tour of California uses gold, the Giro d'Italia uses pink and the Tour Down Under uses an ochre-coloured jersey, as ochre is a colour strongly associated with Australia, particularly its desert regions. Until 2009 the Vuelta a España used gold; since 2010 the leader's jersey is red.
More than one rider leading the general classification[edit]
In the early years of the Tour de France, the time was measured in minutes. Although usually cyclists were seconds apart, sometimes several cyclists shared the same time. In 1914, before the introduction of the yellow jersey, this had happened with the two leaders, Philippe Thys and Jean Rossius.[12]
After the introduction of the yellow jersey in 1919, the situation occurred twice. The first time was in 1929, when three riders had the same time when the race reached Bordeaux. Nicolas Frantz of Luxembourg and the Frenchmen Victor Fontan and André Leducq all rode in yellow, although none held it to the finish in Paris.[13][14] In 1931, Charles Pélissier and Rafaele di Paco were both leading with the same time.[15]
The problem of joint leaders was resolved in later Tours by giving the jersey to whichever rider had the best daily finishing places earlier in the race. The introduction of a short time trial at the start of the race in 1967 - the prologue time trial — meant riders have since been divided by fractions of seconds recorded in that race, excepting the 2008, 2011 and 2013 editions. According to the ASO rules[11]
"In the event of a tie in the general ranking, the hundredth of a second recorded by the timekeepers during the individual time trial stages will be included in the total times in order to decide the overall winner and who takes the yellow jersey. If a tie should still result from this, then the places achieved for each stage are added up and, as a last resort, the place obtained in the final stage is counted."
No riders in yellow[edit]
Riders who became race leader through the misfortune of others have ridden next day without the yellow jersey.[13]
In 1950, Ferdi Kubler of Switzerland rode in his national jersey rather than yellow when the race leader, Fiorenzo Magni abandoned the race along with the Italian team in protest at threats said to have been made by spectators.
Eddy Merckx declined the jersey in 1971 after its previous wearer, Luis Ocaña, crashed on the col de Mente in the Pyrenees.[16]
The Dutchman Joop Zoetemelk did not wear the yellow jersey that passed to him in 1980 when his rival, Bernard Hinault retired with tendonitis.[16]
In 1991, Greg LeMond rode without the jersey after a crash eliminated Rolf Sørensen of Denmark.[16]
In 2005, Lance Armstrong refused to start in the yellow jersey after the previous owner, David Zabriskie, was eliminated by a crash, but put it on after the neutral zone on request of the race organizers.[17]
In 2015, there was no yellow jersey in stage 7 after Tony Martin had crashed in the previous stage. Martin had finished the previous stage after the crash (and officially retained the yellow jersey as a result), but had broken his collarbone in the crash and did not start stage 7. Chris Froome became the overall leader with Martin's non-start.[18]
The yellow jersey on the first day of the Tour is traditionally permitted to be worn by the winner of the previous year's race; however, wearing it is a choice left to the rider, and in recent years has gone out of fashion. If the winner does not ride, the jersey is not worn. The previous year's winner traditionally has race number "1" (with his teammates given the other single-digit racing numbers), with subsequent sets of numbers determined by the highest classified riders for that team in the previous Tour. The lead riders for a particular team will often wear the first number in the series (11, 21, 31 and so forth), but these riders are not necessarily contenders for the general classification — teams led by sprinters will often designate the maillot vert contender as their lead rider.
In 2007 there was neither a yellow jersey at the start of the race nor a number 1; the previous winner, Floyd Landis of the United States failed a doping control after the race and organisers declined to declare an official winner pending arbitration of the Landis case. On September 20, 2007, Landis was officially stripped of his title following the arbitration court's guilty verdict, and the 2006 title passed to Óscar Pereiro; in 2008, the runner-up in 2007, Cadel Evans was given the race number "1" when the 2007 winner, Alberto Contador was unable to defend his title due to a dispute between the organisers ASO and his new team Astana barring that team from riding the Tour.
Scandal in yellow[edit]
In 1978 the Belgian rider Michel Pollentier became race leader after attacking on the Alpe d'Huez. He was disqualified the same day after trying to cheat a drug test.
In 1988, Pedro Delgado of Spain won the Tour despite a drug test showing he had taken a drug what could be used to hide the use of steroids. News of the test was leaked to the press by the former organiser of the Tour, Jacques Goddet.[19] Delgado was allowed to continue because the drug, probenecid, was not banned by the Union Cycliste Internationale.[1]
The 1996 winner Bjarne Riis of Denmark said, in 2007, that he used drugs during the race. He was asked to stay away from the 2007 Tour in his role as directeur sportif of the Danish Team CSC (now called Team Saxo-Tinkoff).
The 2006 winner Floyd Landis was disqualified more than a year after the race. After he failed a doping control test following his stunning Stage 17 victory, an arbitration panel declared him guilty of doping in September 2007; the official title for the 2006 Tour passed to Óscar Pereiro. Landis appealed his case to the Court of Arbitration for Sport, but lost this appeal at the end of June 2008[20] allowing Oscar Pereiro to start the 2008 edition of Le Tour de France as the unqualified 2006 Tour champion.
In 2007, the Danish rider Michael Rasmussen was withdrawn from the race by his team after complaints that he had not made himself available for drug tests earlier in the year. Rasmussen said that he was in Mexico but there were reports that he was seen training in Italy. He later admitted doping for more than a decade.[21]
Maurice Garin won the Tour de France before yellow jerseys were awarded; but in 1904, he was disqualified as winner after complaints that he and other riders cheated. The allegations disappeared with the Tour de France's other archives, when they were taken south in 1940 to avoid the German invasion. But a man, who knew Garin as a small boy, recalled that the Garin admitted catching a train part of the way.[22]
In 2012, Lance Armstrong was stripped of his seven Tour de France titles by UCI, following a report by the United States Anti-Doping Agency revealing that Armstrong had systematically used performance-enhancing drugs for much of his career, including all seven Tour victories.[23]
Record days in yellow[edit]
The rider who has most worn the yellow jersey is the Belgian Eddy Merckx, who wore it 96 days. The greatest number of riders to wear the jersey in a single edition of Le Tour de France is eight, which happened in 1958 and 1987.
The man who refused the yellow jersey[edit]
The yellow jersey was made for decades, like all other cycling jerseys, from wool. No synthetic fibres existed which had both the warmth and the absorption of wool. Embroidery was expensive and so the only lettering to appear on the jersey was the H.D. of Desgrange's initials. Riders added the name of the team for which they were riding or the professional team for which they normally rode (in the years when the Tour was for national rather than sponsored teams) by attaching a panel of printed cloth to the front of the jersey by pins.
While synthetic material didn't exist in a way to create whole jerseys, synthetic thread or blends were added in 1947, following the arrival of Sofil as a sponsor. Sofil made artificial yarn.[19] Riders, especially the Frenchman Louison Bobet (Louis Bobet as he was still known), believed in the pureness of wool. Bobet insisted that cyclists needed wool for their long days of sweating in the heat and dust. It was a matter of hygiene. Artificial fabrics made riders sweat too much. And, in his first Tour de France, he refused to wear the jersey with which he had been presented.
Goddet recalled:
"It produced a real drama. Our contract with Sofil was crumbling away. If the news had got out, the commercial effect would have been disastrous for the manufacturer. I remember debating it with him a good part of the night. Louison was always exquisitely courteous but his principles were as hard as the granite blocks of his native Brittany coast."[19]
No compromise was possible. Goddet had to get Sofil to produce another jersey overnight, its logo still visible but artificial fabric absent.
"Elegance in yellow"[edit]
For the veteran writer and television broadcaster Jean-Paul Ollivier, the woollen yellow jersey...
"...gave the riders a rare elegance, even if the way it caught the air left something to be desired. In wool, then in Rovyl — a material used for making underwear — it entered into legend for the quality of those who wore it. Those were the years of national teams. In 1930 Henri Desgrange, the organiser, decided that commercially-sponsored teams were contriving to spoil his race and opted instead for teams representing countries. The Tour de France stayed that way until 1962, when it reverted to commercial teams with the exception of 1967 and 1968 and the riders knotted on their jerseys a spare tyre [across the shoulders] A narrow slip of white cotton placed on the chest showed discreetly the name of the sponsor outside the Tour: La Perle, Mercier, Helyett..."[6]
The advent of printing by flocking, a process in which cotton fluff is sprayed on to stencilled glue, and then of screen printing, combined with the domination of synthetic materials to increase the advertising on jerseys: the domination which Ollivier regrets. "All sorts of fantasies such as fluorescent jerseys or shorts," he said.[6] Such was the quantity of advertising when Bernard Thévenet accepted the yellow jersey when the Tour finished for the first time on the Champs Elysées in 1975 that the French sports minister counted all the logos and protested to broadcasters. Since then the number of people with access to the podium has been restricted.[19]
Sponsorship[edit]
The French bank, Crédit Lyonnais, has sponsored the maillot jaune since 1987.[24] The company has been a commercial partner of the Tour since 1981. It awards a toy lion - le lion en peluche - to each day's winner as a play on its name. In 2007, sponsorship of the jersey was credited to LCL, the new name for Crédit Lyonnais following its takeover by another bank, Crédit Agricole.
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Woodland, Les (ed.) (2007). Yellow Jersey Companion to the Tour de France. Yellow Jersey, UK. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
^ Jump up to: a b Chany, Pierre (1997) La Fabuleuse Histoire du Tour de France, Ed. de la Martinière, France.
Jump up ^ Chany, Pierre: La Fabuleuse Histoire de Cyclisme, Nathan, France
Jump up ^ "C’était en 1913. J’étais leader du classement général. Une nuit, Desgrange rêva d’un maillot couleur or et me proposa de le porter. Je refusais, car je me sentais déjà le point de mire de tous. Il insista, mais je me montrais intraitable. Têtu, H.D. revint à la charge par la tangente. En effet, quelques étapes plus loin, ce fut mon directeur sportif de la marque Peugeot, M. Baugé, qui me conseilla de céder. On acheta donc dans le premier magasin venu, un maillot jaune. Il était juste aux dimensions nécessaires. Trop juste même, puisqu’il fallut découper une encolure plus grande pour le passage de la tête et c’est ainsi que je fis plusieurs étapes en décolleté de grande dame. Ce qui ne m’empêcha pas de gagner mon premier Tour!"
Jump up ^ Augendre, Jacques: Tour de France, panorama d'un siècle, Soc. du Tour de France, 1996
^ Jump up to: a b c d Ollivier, Jean-Paul (2001) L'ABCdaire du Tour de France, Flammarion, France.
Jump up ^ Desgrange, Henri, L'Auto, 1919
Jump up ^ Ollivier, Jean-Paul: Maillot Jaune, Selection Readers Digest, France, 1999
Jump up ^ McGann, Bill; McGann, Carol (2006). The Story of the Tour de France. Dog Ear Publishing. pp. 56–57. ISBN 1-59858-180-5. Retrieved 12 June 2009.
Jump up ^ "Lance Armstrong, The Healing Cyclist and Tour de France Champion". National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2008-07-08.
^ Jump up to: a b "Regulations of the race" (PDF). ASO/letour.fr. Retrieved 2009-09-28.
Jump up ^ "Tour de France 1914" (in German). www.radsport-seite.de. Retrieved 2008-03-17.
^ Jump up to: a b Velo-news online, US, June 29, 2003
Jump up ^ McGann, Bill; McGann, Carol (2006). The Story of the Tour De France. Dog Ear Publishing. p. 92. ISBN 1-59858-180-5. Retrieved 2008-03-17. Frantz, André Leducq and Victor Fontan, who were in that winning stage 17 break, were exactly tied in time. Today the judges would go back to the time trial and look at the fractions-of-a-second differences. If that doesn't resolve the tie, then a look at placings solves the problem. The Tour didn't have rules to take care of ties, so 3 Yellow Jerseys were awarded.
Jump up ^ McGann, Bill; McGann, Carol (2006). The Story of the Tour De France. Dog Ear Publishing. p. 118. ISBN 1-59858-180-5. Retrieved 2008-03-17. Leading up to the Pyrenees, Italy's ace sprinter Rafaelo di Paco dueled with France's Charles Pélissier for stage wins and the lead. After stage 5 they shared the lead for a single day.
^ Jump up to: a b c VeloNews.com (July 9, 2015). "Froome in yellow on Friday? It’s his choice". VeloNews. Competitor Group, Inc. Archived from the original on July 9, 2015. Retrieved July 9, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Tour de France 2011: Armstrong declines yellow jersey, organizers insist".
Jump up ^ "New Tour de France leader isn't wearing a yellow jersey on Friday". 10 July 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Goddet, Jacques, L'Équipée Belle, Laffont, France
Jump up ^ "Landis ban appeal is turned down". BBC News. June 30, 2008. Retrieved May 3, 2010.
Jump up ^ Magnay, Jacquelin (January 31, 2013). "Danish cyclist Michael Rasmussen admits doping for more than a decade and quits the sport". The Daily Telegraph. London.
Jump up ^ Woodland, Les: The Unknown Tour de France, van de Plas Publishing, US
Jump up ^ "Lance Armstrong stripped of all seven Tour de France wins by UCI". BBC. Retrieved 22 October 2012.
Jump up ^ Le maillot jaune LCL a 20 ans Archived 2007-11-01 at the Wayback Machine.. Retrieved December 2007.
External links[edit]
Media related to General classification in the Tour de France at Wikimedia Commons
[show]
v
t
e
Tour de France general classification winners
1903–1919
1903: Maurice Garin
1904: Henri Cornet
1905: Louis Trousselier
1906: René Pottier
1907–08: Lucien Petit-Breton
1909: François Faber
1910: Octave Lapize
1911: Gustave Garrigou
1912: Odile Defraye
1913–14: Philippe Thys
1915–18: World War I
1919: Firmin Lambot
1920–1939
1920: Philippe Thys
1921: Léon Scieur
1922: Firmin Lambot
1923: Henri Pélissier
1924–25: Ottavio Bottecchia
1926: Lucien Buysse
1927–28: Nicolas Frantz
1929: Maurice De Waele
1930: André Leducq
1931: Antonin Magne
1932: André Leducq
1933: Georges Speicher
1934: Antonin Magne
1935: Romain Maes
1936: Sylvère Maes
1937: Roger Lapébie
1938: Gino Bartali
1939: Sylvère Maes
1940–1959
1940–46: World War II
1947: Jean Robic
1948: Gino Bartali
1949: Fausto Coppi
1950: Ferdinand Kübler
1951: Hugo Koblet
1952: Fausto Coppi
1953–55: Louison Bobet
1956: Roger Walkowiak
1957: Jacques Anquetil
1958: Charly Gaul
1959: Federico Bahamontes
1960–1979
1960: Gastone Nencini
1961–64: Jacques Anquetil
1965: Felice Gimondi
1966: Lucien Aimar
1967: Roger Pingeon
1968: Jan Janssen
1969–72: Eddy Merckx
1973: Luis Ocaña
1974: Eddy Merckx
1975: Bernard Thévenet
1976: Lucien Van Impe
1977: Bernard Thévenet
1978–79: Bernard Hinault
1980–1998
1980: Joop Zoetemelk
1981–82: Bernard Hinault
1983–84: Laurent Fignon
1985: Bernard Hinault
1986: Greg LeMond
1987: Stephen Roche
1988: Pedro Delgado
1989–90: Greg LeMond
1991–95: Miguel Indurain
1996: Bjarne Riis
1997: Jan Ullrich
1998: Marco Pantani
2006–present
1999–2005: results voided because of doping
2006: Óscar Pereiro
2007: Alberto Contador
2008: Carlos Sastre
2009: Alberto Contador
2010: Andy Schleck
2011: Cadel Evans
2012: Bradley Wiggins
2013: Chris Froome
2014: Vincenzo Nibali
2015–2017: Chris Froome
[show]
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Tour de France
By year
1903
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1940 · 1941 · 1942 · 1943 · 1944 · 1945 · 1946
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1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
Classifications
("jerseys")
Current
General
(maillot jaune)
Points
(maillot vert)
Mountains
(maillot à pois)
Young rider
(maillot blanc)
Team
(classement d'équipes)
Combativity
(prix de combativité)
Former
Combination (maillot du combiné)
Intermediate sprints (maillot rouge)
Directors
1903–1935: Henri Desgrange
1936–1961: Jacques Goddet
1962–1986: Jacques Goddet and Félix Lévitan
1987: Jean-François Naquet-Radiguet
1988: Xavier Louy
1989–2006: Jean-Marie Leblanc
2007–present: Christian Prudhomme
Finish locations
1903–1967: Parc des Princes
1968–1974: Vélodrome de Vincennes
1975–present: Champs-Élysées
stage
Lists
General classification winners
Secondary classification winners
Grands Départs
Records and statistics
Mountain passes and hills
Articles and topics
During World War II
Yellow jersey statistics
Lanterne rouge
Doping
Hors catégorie
Souvenir Jacques Goddet
Souvenir Henri Desgrange
Related articles
Didi Senft
Géo Lefèvre
La Course by Le Tour de France
Tour de France Soundtracks
Tour de l'Avenir
[show]
v
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Grand Tour (cycling)
Races
Tour de France
General classification winners
Secondary classification winners
Records and statistics
Yellow jersey statistics
Giro d'Italia
General classification winners
Secondary classification winners
Records and statistics
Vuelta a España
General classification winners
Secondary classification winners
Records and statistics
GT winners
General classification winners
Points classification winners
Mountains classification winners
Stage winners at all three tours
See also
General classification
Mountains classification
Points classification
Young rider classification
Team classification
Triple Crown of Cycling
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values: Classificació general al Tour de França – Catalan

values: رده‌بندی اصلی در تور دو فرانس – Persian

values: Classement général du Tour de France – French

values: Classifica generale (Tour de France) – Italian

values: החולצה הצהובה – Hebrew

values: Генерален пласман на Тур де Франс – Macedonian

values: Żółta koszulka lidera Tour de France – Polish

values: Clasamentul general în Turul Franței – Romanian

values: Генеральная классификация Тур де Франс – Russian

values: Генерални пласман на Тур де Франсу – Serbian

values: 环法自行车赛总成绩榜 – Chinese

values:
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