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Area code 920
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Wisconsin area codes.
North American telephone area code 920 is a state of Wisconsin area code which covers much of eastern Wisconsin. It was created on July 26, 1997, in a split from area code 414. Previously, 414 had covered the entire eastern third of the state. 920 will eventually be overlaid with area code 274 to bring ten-digit dialing into the area. However, 920 is not predicted to exhaust until 2032.
A mnemonic device which was utilized by many in the new area code when it was introduced, was to remember Green Bay Packer Reggie White's jersey number of 92 and then add a zero on the end.[1]
Counties served by this area code:
Brown, Calumet, Columbia, Dodge, Door, Fond du Lac, Green Lake, Jefferson, Kewaunee, Manitowoc, Marinette, Marquette, Oconto, Outagamie, Shawano, Sheboygan, Washington, Waupaca, Waushara, and Winnebago
Towns and cities served by this area code:
Abrams, Adell, Algoma, Appleton, Ashippun, Baileys Harbor, Beaver Dam, Berlin, Black Creek, Brandon, Brillion, Brownsville, Brussels, Burnett, Butte des Morts, Cambria, Campbellsport, Cascade, Casco, Cedar Grove, Chilton, Cleveland, Clyman, Coleman, Collins, Columbus, Combined Locks, Dale, Dalton, Darboy, De Pere, Denmark, Doylestown, Eden, Egg Harbor, Eldorado, Elkhart Lake, Ellison Bay, Ephraim, Erin, Eureka, Fairwater, Fall River, Fish Creek, Fond du Lac, Forest Junction, Forestville, Fort Atkinson, Fox Lake, Francis Creek, Freedom, Fremont, Friesland, Gillett, Glenbeulah, Green Bay, Green Lake, Greenbush, Greenleaf, Greenville, Hilbert, Hingham, Horicon, Hortonville, Hustisford, Iron Ridge, Ixonia, Jefferson, Johnson Creek, Juneau, Kaukauna, Kellnersville, Kewaunee, Kiel, Kimberly, Kingston, Kohler, Krakow, Lake Mills, Larsen, Lebanon, Lena, Little Chute, Little Suamico, Lomira, Lowell, Luxemburg, Malone, Manawa, Manitowoc, Maplewood, Maribel, Markesan, Marquette, Mayville, Menasha, Mishicot, Mount Calvary, Neenah, Neosho, Neshkoro, New Franken, New Holstein, New London, Newton, Nichols, Oakfield, Oconto, Oconto Falls, Ogdensburg, Omro, Oneida, Oostburg, Oshkosh, Pickett, Pine River, Plymouth, Potter, Pound, Poy Sippi, Princeton, Pulaski, Randolph, Random Lake, Readfield, Redgranite, Reedsville, Reeseville, Rio, Ripon, Rosendale, Rubicon, St. Cloud, St. Nazianz, Saxeville, Seymour, Sheboygan, Sheboygan Falls, Sherwood, Shiocton, Sister Bay, Sobieski, Stockbridge, Sturgeon Bay, Suamico, Suring, Theresa, Tisch Mills, Two Rivers, Valders, Van Dyne, Waldo, Washington Island, Waterloo, Watertown, Waukau, Waupun, Wautoma, Weyauwega, Whitelaw, Wild Rose, Winnebago, Winneconne, Woodland, and Wrightstown
See also[edit]
List of NANP area codes
North American Numbering Plan
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Morse, Rob (11 January 1998). "Deep-fried cheese curds? No whey". San Francisco Examiner. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
External links[edit]
NANPA Area Code Map of Wisconsin
List of exchanges from AreaCodeDownload.com, 920 Area Code
State dials up 2 new area codes qasim4565705
Wisconsin area codes: 262, 414, 608, 715, 920
North: 534/715, 906
West: 608 Area Code 920 East: Lake Michigan, 231
South: 262
Michigan area codes: 231, 248, 269, 313, 517, 586, 616, 734, 810, 906, 947, 989
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List of earthquakes in Australia
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This is a list of significant earthquakes recorded within Australia and its territories. The currency used is the Australian dollar (A$) unless noted otherwise.
Contents
1 List of earthquakes
2 Other earthquakes
3 See also
4 References
5 External links
List of earthquakes[edit]
State
Location
Date
M
MMI
Deaths
Injuries
Total damage / notes
Offshore Cape Schanck 1855-09-17 5.5 Minor damage in Melbourne and surroundings.[citation needed]
New South Wales Newcastle 1868-06-18 5.3 Damage in Hunter Street and the Newcastle suburbs of The Hill and Wallsend (then known as Pitt Town). [1]
Victoria Eastern Highlands 1869-08-30 5.4 Light building damage and smashed windows reported around the Mt Hotham region including in Benalla and Omeo. Felt widely across eastern Victoria and southern New South Wales, including Melbourne and Albury.
South Australia Dorset Vale 1883-07-07 4.7 IV 1 Felt strongly throughout southern South Australia including within Adelaide where one man was injured after jumping out through a window due to fright.
Queensland Gayndah 1883-08-28 5.9 Caused major damage in the Gayndah region. [2]
Tasmania Flinders Island 1884-07-13 6.4 VI Felt across Tasmania and in eastern Victoria (MMIII-IV). Extensive minor damage across eastern Tasmania including fallen plaster, cracked ceilings and walls, damaged chimneys in Launceston (MMV) and items knocked from shelves. Part of the 1883-1892 West Tasman Sea earthquake swarm.
Tasmania Flinders Island 1884-09-19 6.4 VI Felt across Tasmania and in eastern Victoria. Minor damage in northwest Tasmania. Part of the 1883-1892 West Tasman Sea earthquake swarm.
Western Australia Geraldton 1885-01-05 6.5 V 1 Minor damage to buildings. Epicentre estimated to be off Geraldton coast.
Tasmania Flinders Island 1885-05-13 6.8 VI Felt across Tasmania and large parts of Victoria, including in Melbourne and Geelong (MMIII), as well as in southeastern New South Wales (MMMIV-V). Extensive minor damage across eastern Tasmania including fallen plaster, cracked ceilings and walls, damaged chimneys, items knocked from shelves, and damage to church spires. Part of the 1883-1892 West Tasman Sea earthquake swarm.
Victoria Cape Liptrap 1885-07-02 5.7 Tied with the 1922 and 1965 events as Victoria's largest earthquake. Felt throughout Victoria, including Melbourne and Geelong. Minor damage around epicentre.
New South Wales/ACT Yass 1886-11-15 5.5 Damage caused in Yass, felt strongly in Queanbeyan. [3]
Tasmania Flinders Island 1892-01-27 6.9 VIII Felt across Tasmania (MMIV-VI), Victoria (MMIII-V), and southeastern New South Wales (MMV). Extensive minor damage across eastern Tasmania including fallen plaster, cracked ceilings and walls, damaged chimneys, and collapsed verandahs. Part of the 1883-1892 West Tasman Sea earthquake swarm.
South Australia Beachport - Robe 1897-05-10 6.5 UK IX 50 NGDC[4]
Victoria Portarlington 1899-11-23 4.7 V Minor damage reported around Portalington and nearby towns including large cracks, smashed windows, and items thrown from shelves. Felt widely across Melbourne, Geelong, and western Gippsland.
South Australia Warooka 1902-09-19 6.0 VIII 2 1 Widespread damage to the town's many stone buildings. Minor damage and panic in Adelaide. First earthquake in Australia to have caused fatalities.
Victoria Warrnambool 1903-07-14 5.3 VII Regarded as Victoria's most damaging earthquake, extensive minor damage occurred throughout Warrnambool and a few nearby towns. Minor damage also occurred by a magnitude 5.0 foreshock in April.
New South Wales Newcastle 1906-05-16 UK Damage in the suburb of The Hill. Ruptured water mains. Caused some cliff erosion [5][6]
New South Wales Taree - Newcastle 1916-06-11 UK Damage to the Seal Rocks lighthouse. Caused alarm along the Mid-North Coast. [7]
Queensland Bundaberg - Rockhampton 1918-06-07 6.0 VI Offshore. Caused "serious damage" to Rockhampton, Bundaberg and Gladstone. [8]
Victoria Offshore Ocean Grove 1922-04-10 5.7 V Chimney collapse in Glen Iris. Objects thrown from shelves in Cranbourne, East Malvern, Pakenham and Portalington. Felt as far north as Ivanhoe, as far west as Warnambool and as far south as Burnie, Tasmania. A magnitude 4.9 earthquake struck a few kilometres east of this earthquake back on the morning of 1 March 1922, which was felt throughout Melbourne, knocking picture frames off a wall in Cowes.
New South Wales Newcastle 1925-12-18 5.3 Damage and panic in Hunter Street (particularly at the Theatre Royal). [9]
Tasmania North East Tasmania 1929-12-29 5.6 Significant damage in Launceston, Tasmania; felt across Western Tasmania from Burnie to Hobart. [10][11]
Victoria Benalla 1931-04-17 4.5 VI Largest event in a series of earthquakes that occurred near Benalla during the 1930s. Damage included smashed windows, large cracks, collapsed chimneys, and items thrown from shelves.
Victoria Mornington Peninsula 1932-09-03 5.1 VI 3 Minor damage caused throughout the Mornington Peninsula. Recent analysis has relocated the epicentre to in-between the towns of Moorooduc, Somerville, and Tyabb.
New South Wales Gunning 1934-11-15 5.6 Damaged a majority of the buildings in Gunning. Felt strongly in Canberra. [3]
Queensland Gayndah 1935-04-12 5.4 VI 1 Caused considerable damage to the town of Gayndah. One fatality.[12] [13]
Victoria Monbulk 1937-06-18 3.6 V 1 Although a minor earthquake, recent newspaper analysis discovered that this earthquake may have triggered a mining related injury in Moorooduc where a loosened rock fell and struck a young man, resulting in a broken arm.
Western Australia Meeberrie 1941-04-29 6.3 VIII Severe shaking, burst water tanks and cracked ground at Meeberrie homestead. Minor damage reported in Perth, 500 kilometres (311 mi) away.
Victoria / Tasmania Bass Strait 1946-09-15 6.2 1 Minor damage reported in Tasmania from Burnie to Huonville, and in Gippsland, Victoria. Offshore earthquake [14][15][16]
New South Wales Dalton and Gunning 1949-03-10 5.5 Significant damage in Dalton and Gunning; minor cracks in some buildings in Canberra. Felt from Sydney in the north to Narooma and Cooma in the south. [3][17]
South Australia Adelaide 1954-03-01 5.5 VIII 16 Damage totaling $90 million. Widespread minor damage. Considerable damage to many buildings. [18]
Western Australia Gabalong 1955-08-30 5.8 V Felt in Perth. Epicentre near Gabalong, about 30 km east of Moora and 200 km NNE of Perth [19][20]
Victoria Cape Otway 1960-12-25 5.3 V No major damage reported.
New South Wales Robertson and Bowral 1961-05-21 5.5 ML VII $3.4 million
Victoria Mt Hotham 1966-05-04 5.5 V Broken Windows at Mt Hotham Ski Village. Felt across North-eastern Victoria, Gippsland and South-eastern New South Wales. Not felt in Melbourne.
Western Australia Meckering 1968-10-14 6.5 Mw IX 33 $2.2 million
Victoria Boolarra, Victoria 1969-06-20 5.3 VI 5.0 aftershock two days later. Cracked walls and stacked chimneys in and around epicentral area. Felt in central and eastern Victoria including Geelong, Benalla and Orbost and on Flinders Island. [21]
Western Australia Lake Mackay 1970-03-24 6.0 Little damage due to the remoteness of the area. Part of a sequence of c. 25 quakes of magnitude 5.0 or greater in the Canning Basin area of northern Western Australia between 1970 and 1982. [22]
Victoria Western Port 1971-07-07 5.0 VI Minor damage in Cowes, Flinders and Shoreham. Felt throughout Melbourne, Western Port Bay and Gippsland.
New South Wales Picton 1973-03-10 5.5 VI Damage totalling $2.8 million. Minor damage in Picton, Bowral and Wollongong [23]
Victoria Balliang 1977-12-02 4.7 V 1 Felt strongly in Geelong and across the suburbs of Melbourne, caused minor damage in the Anakie area. [24]
Western Australia Cadoux 1979-06-02 6.1 IX 5 25 buildings in Cadoux were damaged. Damage cost $3.8 million. Perth, 180 kilometres (112 mi) away experienced some swaying of tall buildings but no damage was reported. This was one of the largest onshore earthquakes recorded in Australia. [25]
Victoria Wonnangatta, Victoria 1982-11-21 5.4 V The epicentre was in the remote Wonnangatta Valley, along the Wonnangatta Fault; it was mostly felt widely in Eastern Victoria and South Eastern New South Wales and throughout Melbourne and its South Eastern suburbs but not in Geelong. Minor damage was reported in nearby towns. [26]
New South Wales Wyalong 1982-11-26 4.6 VI The largest event in a series of earthquakes that occurred near Wyalong during 1982. Extensive minor damage reported in Wyalong, West Wyalong, and surrounding towns. In Wyalong damage included cracking of external and internal walls, items thrown from shelves, and a partly collapsed shop awning.
New South Wales Oolong 1984-08-09 4.3 V Minor damage in and around the town of Oolong, including in the town of Dalton where the spire of St Matthews Anglican Church was permanently knocked side ways. Produced the highest Peak Ground Acceleration reading in Australian history.
New South Wales Lithgow 1985-02-13 4.3 V-VII Minor damage in and around the town of Lithgow including demolished chimneys, smashed windows, and cracked masonry walls. Power outages were also reported. The total damage came to $65,000.
Northern Territory Marryat Creek 1986-10-30 5.9 Damage was minor, cracked walls observed in DeRose Hill and Victory Downs stations. Felt in Alice Springs 300 kilometres (186 mi) to the north, and Coober Pedy 350 kilometres (217 mi) to the south. [27]
Northern Territory Tennant Creek 1988-01-22 6.2, 6.3, 6.6 VII Two buildings and 3 other structures damaged, damage caused to natural gas pipeline. Total damage $2.5 million. Three earthquakes of between 6.3 and 6.7 on the Richter scale. Remarkably caused little damage, despite the intensity of the quake. Felt in high-rise buildings as far away as Perth and Adelaide [28][29]
Northern Territory Uluru 1989-05-28 5.7 VII Minor damage was reported at Yulara resort [30]
New South Wales Newcastle, New South Wales 1989-12-28 5.6 ML VIII 13 160 $4 billion in damage
New South Wales Ellalong 1994-08-06 5.4 5 1,000 homes and 50 other buildings damaged. Total damage $36 million. [31]
Victoria Mount Baw Baw 1996-09-25 5.0 VI Despite the minor damage reported around the quake's epicentre, this event is noteworthy as it was the largest earthquake in a swarm triggered by the creation of the Thomson Dam, dating back to the late 1970s. [32]
South Australia Burra 1997-03-05 5.0 No major damage. Felt over a wide area.
Western Australia Collier Bay 1997-08-10 6.3 Mw No major damage. Felt from Broome to Halls Creek and Kununurra. Strongest earthquake recorded in Australia since the 1988 Tennant Creek earthquake.
New South Wales Appin, New South Wales, southwest of Sydney 1999-03-17 4.8 V 65 kilometres (40 mi) southwest of Sydney, New South Wales. Depth only 3.2 km. Felt in Sydney and caused 1000 homes to lose power. [33]
Victoria Boolarra, Victoria 2000-08-29 5.0 V Caused minor damage. Felt strongly throughout Gippsland and Melbourne.
Victoria Swan Hill, Victoria 2001-10-27 4.8 V Felt in Swan Hill near VIC–NSW border, Minor damage including fallen chimneys and fallen shelve items. Power disruptions.
Tasmania Beaconsfield, Tasmania 2006-04-25 2.2 1 2 This micro earthquake triggered the Beaconsfiled Mine Collapse.
Western Australia Kalgoorlie 2010-04-20 5.2 Mw V 2 Extensive damage to buildings throughout Kalgoorlie- Boulder.
Victoria Gippsland 2012-06-19 5.4 ML VI 1 Minor extensive damage reported around the Gippsland area, including smashed windows, items thrown from shelves, destroyed chimneys, and ceiling tile collapses. An indirect minor injury reported from a man who fell from a ladder in Melbourne's suburbs. Damage bill in the millions. Largest aftershock was a magnitude 4.4 just over a month later, and was too felt across Gippsland and Melbourne.
Queensland Coral Sea 2015-07-30 5.5 Mw V Slight building damage [34]
New South Wales Orange, NSW 2017-04-13 4.3 Mw IV 3 Slight damage to Cadia-Ridgeway Mine and was felt in Orange, Bathurst, Blayney, Millthorpe, Molong and surrounds. Caused damage to houses and farms 7 km around. [35]
The inclusion criteria for adding events are based on WikiProject Earthquakes' notability guideline that was developed for stand alone articles. The principles described are also applicable to lists. In summary, only damaging, injurious, or deadly events should be recorded. Mw = moment magnitude scale | Ms = surface wave magnitude | UK = Unknown
Other earthquakes[edit]
Broome, 16 August 1929, magnitude 6.6, offshore earthquake to the north-west of Broome, Western Australia.
Simpson Desert, 21 December 1937, magnitude 6.0, in a remote location of the Simpson Desert in the Northern Territory, south-east of Alice Springs.
Simpson Desert, 27 June 1941, magnitude 6.5, in a remote location of the Simpson Desert in the Northern Territory, south-east of Alice Springs.
See also[edit]
Australia portal
Geology portal
Earthquakes in Western Australia
Geology of Australia
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "NEWCASTLE". Trove. The Maitland Mercury. 23 June 1868. Retrieved 16 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "Gayndah, Qld: Earthquake". EMA Disasters Database. Emergency Management Australia. 13 September 2006. Archived from the original on 16 September 2008. Retrieved 5 April 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c Marion Leiba (December 2007). "Earthquakes in the Canberra Region" (PDF). Geoscience Australia. p. 22. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 March 2009. Retrieved 5 April 2009.
Jump up ^ Hoy, Tiffany (July 10, 2012), Australia's worst earthquakes, Australian Geographic
Jump up ^ ""EARTHQUAKE" AT NEWCASTLE". Trove. The Border Morning Mail and Riverina Times. 17 May 1906. Retrieved 11 Mar 2015.
Jump up ^ "A "CREEP" AT NEWCASTLE". Trove. The West Australian. 16 May 1906. Retrieved 11 Mar 2015.
Jump up ^ "Shock of Earthquake". Trove. The Wingham Chronicle and Manning River Observer. 14 June 1916. Retrieved 11 March 2015.
Jump up ^ "Bundaberg - Rockhampton, Qld: Earthquake". EMA Disasters Database. Emergency Management Australia. 13 September 2006. Archived from the original on 16 September 2008. Retrieved 5 April 2009.
Jump up ^ "Boolaroo (Hunter region) NSW: Earthquake". EMA Disasters Database. Emergency Management Australia. 13 September 2006. Archived from the original on 16 September 2008. Retrieved 5 April 2009.
Jump up ^ http://www.aees.org.au/Articles/McCue_TAS_EQs.pdf
Jump up ^ http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article51638653?
Jump up ^ 20 August 2011. Seismicity in Australia. University of Western Australia. Retrieved 20 June 2012.
Jump up ^ "Gayndah, Qld: Earthquake". EMA Disasters Database. Emergency Management Australia. 13 September 2006. Archived from the original on 16 September 2008. Retrieved 5 April 2009.
Jump up ^ "Bass Strait Earthquake".
Jump up ^ "Unknown". [dead link]
Jump up ^ "Launceston, Tas: Earthquake". EMA Disasters Database. Emergency Management Australia. 13 September 2006. Archived from the original on 16 September 2008. Retrieved 5 April 2009.
Jump up ^ "Dalton and Gunning, NSW: Earthquake". EMA Disasters Database. Emergency Management Australia. 13 September 2006. Archived from the original on 16 September 2008. Retrieved 5 April 2009.
Jump up ^ C. Kerr-Grant (10 November 1955). "The Adelaide Earthquake of 1st March 1954" (PDF). South Australian Museum. Retrieved 4 April 2009. [permanent dead link];
"Adelaide, SA: Earthquake". EMA Disasters Database. Emergency Management Australia. 13 September 2006. Archived from the original on 17 August 2008. Retrieved 5 April 2009.
Jump up ^ Gabalong WA: Earthquake details. Geoscience Australia. Retrieved 20 June 2012.
Jump up ^ "Seismicity of Western Australia - Large earthquakes of Western Australia". Seismicity.see.uwa.edu.au. Retrieved 20 June 2012.
Jump up ^ "Earthquakes @ GA — Earthquake Details". Ga.gov.au. Retrieved 20 June 2012.
Jump up ^ "Unknown". Archived from the original on 19 July 2008.
Jump up ^ "The big shake..." Sun-Herald. 11 March 1973.
Jump up ^ "Unknown". Archived from the original on 13 September 2009.
Jump up ^ "The Cadoux Earthquake, 2 June 1979". Seismicity of Western Australia. University of Western Australia. 28 March 2004. Retrieved 4 April 2009.
Jump up ^ "Earthquakes @ GA — Earthquake Details". Ga.gov.au. Retrieved 20 June 2012.
Jump up ^ "Unknown". Archived from the original on 13 September 2009.
Jump up ^ Bowman, J.R. (November 1992). "The 1988 Tennant Creek, northern territory, earthquakes: A synthesis". Australian Journal of Earth Sciences. 39 (5): 651–669. doi:10.1080/08120099208728056. Retrieved 10 June 2013.
Jump up ^ http://www.emknowledge.gov.au/resource/?id=465
Jump up ^ "Unknown". Archived from the original on 19 July 2008.
Jump up ^ "Ellalong - Cessnock (Hunter Valley), NSW: Earthquake". EMA Disasters Database. Emergency Management Australia. 13 September 2006. Archived from the original on 10 October 2007. Retrieved 4 April 2009.
Jump up ^ "Baw Baw Highlights". Archived from the original on 28 May 2007. Retrieved 4 April 2009. ;
"1996-09-25, Thomson Reservoir, Intensity Map". seismology research centre. Archived from the original on 13 September 2009. Retrieved 4 April 2009.
Jump up ^ "AEES Newsletter" (PDF). aees.org.au. February 2000. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 March 2012. Retrieved 20 June 2012.
Jump up ^ USGS. "M 5.5 - 128km ENE of Rainbow Beach, Australia". United States Geological Survey.
Jump up ^ Kathleen Calderwood. "NSW earthquake: Gold mine evacuated, residents in Orange woken up by shaking". ABC.
Sources
NGDC, Significant Earthquake Database, National Geophysical Data Center, NOAA, doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K
External links[edit]
Media related to Earthquakes in Australia at Wikimedia Commons
Seismicity in Australia
The 2012 Australian Earthquake Hazard Map – Geoscience Australia
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Earthquakes in Western Australia
Geology of Australia
South West Seismic Zone
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Cradle-to-cradle design
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Cradle to Cradle" redirects here. For the 2002 book, see Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the Way We Make Things.
Cradle-to-cradle design (also referred to as Cradle to Cradle, C2C, cradle 2 cradle, or regenerative design) is a biomimetic approach to the design of products and systems that models human industry on nature's processes viewing materials as nutrients circulating in healthy, safe metabolisms. The term itself is a play on the popular corporate phrase "Cradle to Grave," implying that the C2C model is sustainable and considerate of life and future generations (i.e. from the birth, or "cradle," of one generation to the next versus from birth to death, or "grave," within the same generation.)
C2C suggests that industry must protect and enrich ecosystems and nature's biological metabolism while also maintaining a safe, productive technical metabolism for the high-quality use and circulation of organic and technical nutrients.[1] It is a holistic economic, industrial and social framework that seeks to create systems that are not only efficient but also essentially waste free.[2] The model in its broadest sense is not limited to industrial design and manufacturing; it can be applied to many aspects of human civilization such as urban environments, buildings, economics and social systems.
The term Cradle to Cradle is a registered trademark of McDonough Braungart Design Chemistry (MBDC) consultants. Cradle to Cradle product certification began as a proprietary system; however, in 2012 MBDC turned the certification over to an independent non-profit called the Cradle to Cradle Products Innovation Institute. Independence, openness, and transparency are the Institute's first objectives for the certification protocols.[3] The phrase "cradle to cradle" itself was coined by Walter R. Stahel in the 1970s. The current model is based on a system of "lifecycle development" initiated by Michael Braungart and colleagues at the Environmental Protection Encouragement Agency (EPEA) in the 1990s and explored through the publication A Technical Framework for Life-Cycle Assessment.
In 2002, Braungart and William McDonough published a book called Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the Way We Make Things, a manifesto for cradle to cradle design that gives specific details of how to achieve the model. The model has been implemented by a number of companies, organizations and governments around the world, predominantly in the European Union, China and the United States. Cradle to cradle has also been the subject of many documentary films, including the critically acclaimed Waste=Food.[4]
The current economic system, the current solution (the 3Rs), and the C2C framework as an alternative solution
Contents
1 Introduction
1.1 Structure
1.2 Health
1.3 Economics
1.4 Definitions
1.5 Existing synthetic materials
2 Hypothetical examples
3 Finished products
4 Implementation
4.1 Major implementations
5 Coordination with other models
6 Constraints
7 Criticism and response
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Introduction[edit]
In the cradle to cradle model, all materials used in industrial or commercial processes—such as metals, fibers, dyes—fall into one of two categories: "technical" or "biological" nutrients. Technical nutrients are strictly limited to non-toxic, non-harmful synthetic materials that have no negative effects on the natural environment; they can be used in continuous cycles as the same product without losing their integrity or quality. In this manner these materials can be used over and over again instead of being "downcycled" into lesser products, ultimately becoming waste.
Biological Nutrients are organic materials that, once used, can be disposed of in any natural environment and decompose into the soil, providing food for small life forms without affecting the natural environment. This is dependent on the ecology of the region; for example, organic material from one country or landmass may be harmful to the ecology of another country or landmass.[1]
Biological and Technical Cycles
Biological and technical cycle
The two types of materials each follow their own cycle in the regenerative economy envisioned by Keunen and Huizing.
Structure[edit]
Initially defined by McDonough and Braungart, the Cradle to Cradle Products Innovation Institute's five certification criteria are:[5]
Material health, which involves identifying the chemical composition of the materials that make up the product. Particularly hazardous materials (e.g. heavy metals, pigments, halogen compounds etc.) have to be reported whatever the concentration, and other materials reported where they exceed 100 ppm. For wood, the forest source is required. The risk for each material is assessed against criteria and eventually ranked on a scale with green being materials of low risk, yellow being those with moderate risk but are acceptable to continue to use, and red for materials that have high risk and need to be phased out. Grey for materials with incomplete data. The method uses the term 'risk' in the sense of hazard (as opposed to consequence and likelihood).
Material reutilization, which is about recovery and recycling at the end of product life.
Assessment of energy required for production, which for the highest level of certification needs to be based on at least 50% renewable energy for all parts and subassemblies.
Water, particularly usage and discharge quality.
Social responsibility, which assesses fair labor practices.
The certification is available at several levels: basic, silver, gold, platinum, with more stringent requirements at each. Prior to 2012, MBDC controlled the certification protocol.
Health[edit]
Currently, many human beings come into contact or consume, directly or indirectly, many harmful materials and chemicals daily. In addition, countless other forms of plant and animal life are also exposed. C2C seeks to remove dangerous technical nutrients (synthetic materials such as mutagenic materials, heavy metals and other dangerous chemicals) from current life cycles. If the materials we come into contact with and are exposed to on a daily basis are not toxic and do not have long term health effects, then the health of the overall system can be better maintained. For example, a fabric factory can eliminate all harmful technical nutrients by carefully reconsidering what chemicals they use in their dyes to achieve the colours they need and attempt to do so with fewer base chemicals.[1]
Economics[edit]
The use of a C2C model often lowers the financial cost of systems. For example, in the redesign of the Ford River Rouge Complex, the planting of Sedum (stonecrop) vegetation on assembly plant roofs retains and cleanses rain water. It also moderates the internal temperature of the building in order to save energy. The roof is part of an $18 million rainwater treatment system designed to clean 20 billion US gallons (76,000,000 m3) of rainwater annually. This saved Ford $50 million that would otherwise have been spent on mechanical treatment facilities.[6] If products are designed according to C2C design principles, they can be manufactured and sold for less than alternative designs. They eliminate the need for waste disposal such as landfills.[citation needed]
Definitions[edit]
Cradle to Cradle a play on the phrase "Cradle to Grave", implying that the C2C model is sustainable and considerate of life and future generations.
Technical nutrients are basically inorganic or synthetic materials manufactured by humans—such as plastics and metals—that can be used many times over without any loss in quality, staying in a continuous cycle.
Biological nutrients and materials are organic materials that can decompose into the natural environment, soil, water, etc. without affecting it in a negative way, providing food for bacteria and microbiological life.
Materials are usually referred to as the building blocks of other materials, such as the dyes used in colouring fibers or rubbers used in the sole of a shoe.
Downcycling is the reuse of materials into lesser products. For example, a plastic computer case could be downcycled into a plastic cup, which then becomes a park bench, etc.; this may eventually lead to waste. In conventional understanding, this is no different from recycling that produces a supply of the same product or material.
Waste = Food is a basic concept of organic waste materials becoming food for bugs, insects and other small forms of life who can feed on it, decompose it and return it to the natural environment which we then indirectly use for food ourselves.
Existing synthetic materials[edit]
The question of how to deal with the countless existing technical nutrients (synthetic materials) that cannot be recycled or reintroduced to the natural environment is dealt with in C2C design. The materials that can be reused and retain their quality can be used within the technical nutrient cycles while other materials are far more difficult to deal with, such as plastics in the Pacific Ocean.
Hypothetical examples[edit]
One effective example is a shoe that is designed and mass-produced using the C2C model. The sole might be made of "biological nutrients" while the upper parts might be made of "technical nutrients". The shoe is mass-produced at a manufacturing plant that utilises its waste material by putting it back into the cycle; an example of this is using off-cuts from the rubber soles to make more soles instead of merely disposing of them (this is dependent on the technical materials not losing their quality as they are reused). Once the shoes have been manufactured, they are distributed to retail outlets where the customer buys the shoe at a fraction of the price they would normally pay for a shoe of comparable aspects; the customer is only paying for the use of the materials in the shoe for the period of time that they will be using the shoe. When they outgrow the shoe or it is damaged, they return it to the manufacturer. When the manufacturer separates the sole from the upper parts (separating the technical and biological nutrients), the biological nutrients are returned to the natural environment while the technical nutrients are used to create the sole of another shoe.
Another example of C2C design is a disposable cup, bottle, or wrapper made entirely out of biological materials. When the user is finished with the item, it can be disposed of and returned to the natural environment; the cost of disposal of waste such as landfill and recycling is eliminated. The user could also potentially return the item for a refund so it can be used again.
Ford Model U is a design concept of a car, made completely from cradle-to-cradle materials. It also uses hydrogen propulsion.
Finished products[edit]
Cradle-to-cradle shoes have been made through the Nike Considered project.[7]
The Edag light car
Rohner Textile AG Climatex-textile[8]
Biofoam; a cradle-to-cradle alternative to expanded polystyrene[9]
Sewage sludge processing plants are facilities that create fertiliser from sewage sludge. This approach is green retrofit for the current (inefficient) system of organic waste disposal; as composting toilets are a better approach in the long run.[citation needed]
Aquion Energy large scale batterys
Ecovative Design packaging and insulation made from waste by binding it together with Mycelium
Implementation[edit]
The C2C model can be applied to almost any system in modern society: urban environments, buildings, manufacturing, social systems. 5 steps are outlined in Cradle to Cradle – Remaking the way we make things:[1]
Get "free of" known culprits
Follow informed personal preferences
Create "passive positive" lists – lists of materials used categorised according to their safety level
The X List – substances that must be phased out, such as teratogenic, mutagenic, carcinogenic.
The Gray List – problematic substances that are not so urgently in need of phasing out
The P List – the "positive" list, substances actively defined as safe for use
Activate the positive list
Reinvent – the redesign of the former system
Products that adhere to all steps can generally be granted a certification. Two certifications used for cradle-to-cradle products include Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) and BRE Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM).[10]
C2C principles were first applied to systems in the early 1990s by Braungart's Hamburger Umweltinstitut (HUI) and The Environmental Institute in Brazil for biomass nutrient recycling of effluent to produce agricultural products and clean water as a byproduct.
In 2005, William McDonough helped found the Center for Eco-Intelligent Management at Instituto de Empresa Business School. The center's research produced the Biosphere Rules, a set of five implementation principles that facilitate the adoption of closed loop production approaches with a minimum of disruption for established companies.
In 2007, MBDC and the EPEA formed a strategic partnership with global materials consultancy Material ConneXion to help promote and disseminate C2C design principles by providing greater global access to C2C material information, certification and product development.[11]
As of January 2008, Material ConneXion's Materials Libraries in New York, Milan, Cologne, Bangkok and Daegu, Korea started to feature C2C assessed and certified materials and, in collaboration with MBDC and EPEA, the company now offers C2C Certification, and C2C product development.[12]
While the C2C model has influenced the construction or redevelopment of many smaller buildings, several large companies, organisations and governments have also implemented the C2C model and its ideas and concepts:
Major implementations[edit]
The Lyle Center for Regenerative Studies incorporates cradle to cradle systems throughout the center. The use of the term C2C is replaced with Regenerative.
The Chinese Government is constructing many cities like Huangbaiyu based on C2C principles, utilising the rooftops for agriculture.[13]
The Ford River Rouge Complex redevelopment.[14] Cleaning 20 billion US gallons (76,000,000 m3) of rainwater annually.
The Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW) will make its laboratory and office complex completely cradle to cradle compliant [15]
Several private houses and communal buildings in the Netherlands [16][17]
Fashion Positive, an initiative to assist the fashion world in implementing the cradle-to-cradle model in five areas: material health, material reuse, renewable energy, water stewardship and social fairness.[18][19]
Coordination with other models[edit]
The Cradle to Cradle model can be viewed as a framework that considers systems as a whole or holistically. It can be applied to many aspects of human society, and is related to Life cycle assessment. See for instance the LCA based model of the Eco-costs, which has been designed to cope with analyses of recycle systems.[20] The Cradle to Cradle model in some implementations is closely linked with the Car-free movement, such as in the case of large-scale building projects or the construction or redevelopment of urban environments. It is closely linked with passive solar design in the building industry and with permaculture in agriculture within or near urban environments. An earthship is a perfect example where different re-use models are used, cradle to cradle and permaculture.
In 2005, IE Business School in Madrid launched the Center for Eco-Intelligent Innovation in collaboration with William McDonough to study the implementation of Cradle to Cradle design approaches in pioneering businesses. The academic research of companies lead to the elaboration of the Biosphere Rules, a set of five principles derived from nature that guide the implementation of circular models in production.
Constraints[edit]
A major constraint in the optimal recycling of materials is that at civic amenity sites, products are not disassembled by hand and have each individual part sorted into a bin, but instead have the entire product sorted into a certain bin.
This makes the extraction of rare earth elements and other materials uneconomical (at recycling sites, products typically get crushed after which the materials are extracted by means of magnets, chemicals, special sorting methods, ...) and thus optimal recycling of, for example metals is impossible (an optimal recycling method for metals would require to sort all similar alloys together rather than mixing plain iron with alloys).
Obviously, disassembling products is not feasible at currently designed civic amenity sites, and a better method would be to send back the broken products to the manufacturer, so that the manufacturer can disassemble the product. These disassembled product can then be used for making new products or at least to have the components sent separately to recycling sites (for proper recycling, by the exact type of material). At present though, few laws are put in place in any country to oblige manufacturers to take back their products for disassembly, nor are there even such obligations for manufacturers of cradle-to-cradle products. One process where this is happening is in the EU with the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive.
Criticism and response[edit]
Criticism has been advanced[21][22] on the fact that McDonough and Braungart previously kept C2C consultancy and certification in their inner circle. Critics argued that this lack of competition prevented the model from fulfilling its potential. Many critics pleaded for a public-private partnership overseeing the C2C concept, thus enabling competition and growth of practical applications and services.
McDonough and Braungart responded to this criticism by giving control of the certification protocol to a non-profit, independent Institute called the Cradle to Cradle Products Innovation Institute. McDonough said the new institute "will enable our protocol to become a public certification program and global standard."[3] The new Institute announced the creation of a Certification Standards Board in June 2012. The new board, under the auspices of the Institute, will oversee the certification moving forward.[23]
Experts in the field of environment protection have questioned the practicability of the concept. Friedrich Schmidt-Bleek, head of the German Wuppertal Institute called his assertion, that the "old" environmental movement had hindered innovation with its pessimist approach "pseudo-psychological humbug".
I can feel very nice on Michael's seat covers[24] in the airplane. Nevertheless I am still waiting for a detailed proposal for a design of the other 99.99 percent of the Airbus 380 after his principles.
In 2009 Schmidt-Bleek stated that it is out of the question that the concept can be realized on a bigger scale.[25]
Some claim that C2C certification may not be entirely sufficient in all eco-design approaches. Quantitative methodologies (LCAs) and more adapted tools (regarding the product type which is considered) could be used in tandem. The C2C concept ignores the use phase of a product. According to the Variants of Life Cycle Assessment the entire life cycle of a product or service has to be evaluated, not only the material itself. For many goods e.g. in transport, the use phase has the most influence on the environmental footprint. E.g. the more lightweight a car or a plane the less fuel it consumes and consequently the less impact it has. Braungart fully ignores the use phase.[26][27]
It is safe to say that every production step or resource-transformation step needs a certain amount of energy.
The C2C concept foresees an own certification of its analysis[28] and therefore is in contradiction to international ISO standards 14040 and 14044 for Life Cycle Assessment whereas an independent and critical review is needed in order to obtain comparative and resilient results. Independent external review.[29]
See also[edit]
Appropriate technology
Circular economy
Downcycling
Ecodesign
Huangbaiyu
Life cycle assessment
List of environment topics
Permaculture
Planned obsolescence (the opposite of durable, no waste design)
Regenerative design
Sustainability
The Blue Economy
Upcycling
William McDonough
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the way we make things, 2002.
Jump up ^ Lovins, L. Hunter (2008). Rethinking production in State of the World 2008, pp. 38–40.
^ Jump up to: a b "Ask the Experts: Why Hasn't Cradle-to-Cradle Design Caught On Yet?". Retrieved 26 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Waste = Food". Retrieved 26 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Resources - Cradle to Cradle Products Innovation Institute". c2ccertified.org. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Architectural Record - News, Continuing Ed, Products, Green Bldg". archrecord.construction.com. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Design". Retrieved 26 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "IEHN — Case Studies: Rohner Textiles". www.iehn.org. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Biofoam" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "BREEAM : 404". www.breeam.org. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
Jump up ^ ""New Clout for Cradle to Cradle Design," BusinessWeek, September 2007". Retrieved 26 July 2017.
Jump up ^ ""Materials Innovators Engage Cradle to Cradle Protocol", GreenSource, January 2008". Archived from the original on 9 February 2009. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
Jump up ^ Article from The Age, August 2006
Jump up ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on May 5, 2007. Retrieved June 30, 2007.
Jump up ^ "NIOO KNAW cradle to cradle buildings". Retrieved 26 July 2017. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ "C2C house". Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Private C2C houses". Retrieved 26 July 2017. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Friedman, Arthur (15 November 2014). "Stella McCartney, Amber Valletta and Alysia Reiner on Fashion Positive". Women's Wear Daily.
Jump up ^ "Home". Fashion Positive. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
Jump up ^ J.G. Vogtländer, Ch. F. Hendriks, J.C. Brezet; Allocation in recycle systems: an integrated model for the analyses of environmental impact and economic value, Int. J. of LCA, Vol. 6 (6) , pp 344–355,
Jump up ^ ""Cradle to Cradle urgently needs a Dutch private partnership"". Archived from the original on 28 February 2010. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Green Guru William McDonough Must Change, Demand His Biggest Fans". 26 February 2009. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "Method, Steelcase Join New Standards Board at Cradle to Cradle - Sustainable Brands". sustainablebrands.com. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
Jump up ^ He is referring to Cradle-to-Cradle seat cushions Braungart developed for the Airbus 380.
Jump up ^ Unfried, Peter. "Ökologisch-industrielle Revolution: Der Umweltretter Michael Braungart". Retrieved 26 July 2017 – via taz.de.
Jump up ^ "Guidelines for critical review of life cycle assessments - 2.-0 LCA consultants". Retrieved 26 July 2017.
Jump up ^ ""Cradle to Cradle Certification"" (PDF). Retrieved 26 July 2017.
Jump up ^ "C2C Product Certification Overview - Get Certified - Cradle to Cradle Products Innovation Institute". c2ccertified.org. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
Jump up ^ ""ILCD Handbook Review schemes p6f"" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 August 2010. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cradle to Cradle.
Cradle to Cradle Products Innovation Institute
EPEA: The Cradle-to-Cradle Principle
William McDonough & Michael Braungart (2002): Cradle to Cradle. (book's synopsis)
William McDonough & Michael Braungart (1998): 'The Next Industrial Revolution' (article)
- Eco Friendly crade to cradle products
Cradle to Cradle – The emergence of the term
Waste = Food Documentary High Quality
Cradle to Cradle Architecture - Cradle to Cradle Architectural Design
Collected Video Clips – Talks to Cradle to Cradle, Michael Braungart and William McDonough video
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