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Supreme Court of California
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Supreme Court of California
Seal of the Supreme Court of California
Established
1849
Country
United States
Location
San Francisco (Headquarters)
Sacramento
Los Angeles
Authorized by
California Constitution
Decisions are appealed to
Supreme Court of the United States
Judge term length
12 years
No. of positions
7
Website
Official website
Chief Justice
Currently
Tani Cantil-Sakauye
Since
January 3, 2011
Lead position ends
January 2, 2023
The Supreme Court of California is the court of last resort in the courts of the State of California. It is headquartered in San Francisco and regularly holds sessions in Los Angeles and Sacramento. Its decisions are binding on all other California state courts.[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Composition
1.1 Current membership
1.2 Structure
2 Operation
2.1 Jurisdiction
2.2 Operation
3 Ancillary responsibilities
4 Reputation
5 Important cases
6 Notable former justices
7 List of chief justices
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Composition[edit]
Under the original 1849 California Constitution, the Court started with a chief justice and two associate justices.[2] The Court was expanded to five justices in 1862. Under the current 1879 constitution, the Court expanded to six associate justices and one chief justice, for the current total of seven.[3] The justices are appointed by the Governor of California and are subject to retention elections.[4]
According to the California Constitution, to be considered for appointment, a person must be an attorney admitted to practice in California or have served as a judge of a California court for 10 years immediately preceding the appointment.[5]
To fill a vacant position, the Governor must first submit a candidate's name to the Commission on Judicial Nominees Evaluation of the State Bar of California, which prepares and returns a thorough, confidential evaluation of the candidate.[6] Next, the Governor officially nominates the candidate, who must then be evaluated by the Commission on Judicial Appointments, which consists of the Chief Justice of California, the Attorney General of California, and a senior presiding justice of the California Courts of Appeal.[7] The Commission holds a public hearing and if satisfied with the nominee's qualifications, confirms the nomination. The nominee can then immediately fill an existing vacancy, or replace a departing justice at the beginning of the next judicial term.
If a nominee is confirmed to fill a vacancy that arose partway through a judicial term, the justice must stand for retention during the next gubernatorial election. Voters then determine whether to retain the justice for the remainder of the judicial term. At the term's conclusion, justices must again undergo a statewide retention election for a full 12-year term.[8] If a majority votes "no," the seat becomes vacant and may be filled by the Governor.
The electorate has occasionally exercised the power not to retain justices.[9] Chief Justice Rose Bird and Associate Justices Cruz Reynoso and Joseph Grodin were staunchly opposed to capital punishment and were subsequently removed in the 1986 general election.[10] Newly reelected Governor George Deukmejian was then able to elevate Associate Justice Malcolm M. Lucas to Chief Justice and appoint three new associate justices (one to replace Lucas in his old post and two to replace Reynoso and Grodin).[11]
Current membership[edit]
Justices of the California Supreme Court: Standing, from left: Justice Mariano-Florentino Cuéllar, Justice Carol A. Corrigan, Justice Goodwin H. Liu, and Justice Leondra R. Kruger. Seated, from left: Justice Kathryn M. Werdegar (Retired August 31, 2017), Chief Justice Tani G. Cantil-Sakauye, and Justice Ming W. Chin
Position
Name
Born
Appt. by
Took office / Length of service
Term expires
Education, prior positions
Chief Justice
Cantil-Sakauye, TaniTani Cantil-Sakauye 000000001959-10-19-0000October 19, 1959
(age 7001580000000000000♠58) Schwarzenegger, ArnoldArnold Schwarzenegger 000000002011-01-03-0000January 3, 2011
6 years, 10 months 000000002023-01-01-0000January 1, 2023 UC Davis, UC Davis; California Court of Appeal (Sacramento, 2005–2011); Sacramento County Superior Court (1997–2005); Sacramento Municipal Court (1990–1997); Deputy Legislative Secretary (1989–1990); Deputy Legal Affairs Secretary (1988–1989); Sacramento County Deputy District Attorney (1984–1988).
Associate Justice
Chin, MingMing Chin 000000001942-08-31-0000August 31, 1942
(age 7001750000000000000♠75) Wilson, PetePete Wilson 000000001996-03-01-0000March 1, 1996
21 years, 8 months 000000002023-01-01-0000January 1, 2023 USF, USF; California Court of Appeal (San Francisco, 1990–1996); Alameda County Superior Court (1988-1990).
Associate Justice
Corrigan, CarolCarol Corrigan 000000001948-08-16-0000August 16, 1948
(age 7001690000000000000♠69) Schwarzenegger, ArnoldArnold Schwarzenegger 000000002006-01-04-0000January 4, 2006
11 years, 10 months 000000002019-01-06-0000January 6, 2019 Holy Names, UC Hastings; California Court of Appeal (San Francisco, 1994–2006); Alameda County Superior Court (1990–1994).
Associate Justice
Liu, GoodwinGoodwin Liu 000000001970-10-19-0000October 19, 1970
(age 7001470000000000000♠47) Brown, JerryJerry Brown 000000002011-09-01-0000September 1, 2011[12]
6 years, 2 months 000000002023-01-01-0000January 1, 2023 Stanford, Oxford, Yale; Associate Dean of UC Berkeley School of Law (2008–2011); Professor of Law, UC Berkeley School of Law (2003–2011).
Associate Justice
Cuéllar, Mariano-FlorentinoMariano-Florentino Cuéllar 000000001972-07-27-0000July 27, 1972
(age 7001450000000000000♠45) Jerry Brown 000000002015-01-05-0000January 5, 2015
2 years, 10 months 000000002027-01-03-0000January 3, 2027 Harvard, Yale, Stanford; Special Assistant to the President, Justice and Regulatory Policy, White House Domestic Policy Council (2009-2010); Professor, Stanford Law School (2001-2014); Institute Director, Center Co-Director, and Program Director, Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies at Stanford University (2004-2015).
Associate Justice
Kruger, LeondraLeondra Kruger 000000001976-07-28-0000July 28, 1976
(age 7001410000000000000♠41) Jerry Brown 000000002015-01-05-0000January 5, 2015
2 years, 10 months 000000002019-01-06-0000January 6, 2019 Harvard, Yale; Deputy Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legal Counsel, United States Department of Justice (2013-2014); Assistant to the Solicitor General and Acting Principal Deputy Solicitor General, Office of the Solicitor General, United States Department of Justice (2007-2013); Private practice (2004-2006).
Three current justices were appointed by Republicans (Cantil-Sakauye, Chin, and Corrigan) and three by a Democrat (Liu, Cuéllar, Kruger). There is one Filipino-American justice (Cantil-Sakauye), one Hispanic (Cuéllar), one African-American (Kruger), two East Asian-American justices (Chin and Liu), and one non-Hispanic white justice (Corrigan). The justices do not publicly discuss their religious views or affiliations.
Two justices earned undergraduate degrees from a University of California school, three from private universities in California, and two from out-of-state private universities. Two justices earned their law degrees from a University of California law school, one from a law school at a California private university, and four from law schools at out-of-state private universities.
Werdegar retired on August 31, 2017, [13] and her seat is currently unfilled and awaiting a nomination from Governor Jerry Brown.
Structure[edit]
Between 1879 and 1966, the court was divided into two three-justice panels, Department One and Department Two.[14] The chief justice divided cases evenly between the panels and also decided which cases would be heard en banc by the Court sitting as a whole.
The Court's headquarters in San Francisco at the Earl Warren Building and Courthouse, which it shares with the Court of Appeal for the First District
After a constitutional amendment in 1966, the Court currently sits as a whole (all seven together) when hearing all appeals. When there is an open seat on the court, or if a justice recuses himself or herself on a given case, justices from the California Courts of Appeal are assigned by the chief justice to join the court for individual cases on a rotational basis.
The procedure for when all justices recuse themselves from a case has varied over time.[15] For a 1992 case, the chief justice requested the presiding justice of a Court of Appeal district (different from the one where the case originated) to select six other Court of Appeal justices from his district, and they formed an acting Supreme Court for the purpose of deciding that one case.[16] However, in a more recent case where all members of the Court recused themselves when Governor Schwarzenegger sought a writ of mandate (Schwarzenegger v. Court of Appeal (Epstein)), seven justices of the Courts of Appeal were selected based on the regular rotational basis, not from the same district, with the most senior one serving as the acting chief justice, and that acting supreme court eventually denied the writ petition.[17]
Operation[edit]
The Ronald Reagan State Building, the Supreme Court's branch office in Los Angeles, which it shares with the Court of Appeal for the Second District
Jurisdiction[edit]
The Constitution of California gives the Court mandatory and exclusive appellate jurisdiction in all cases imposing capital punishment in California, although the Court has sponsored a state constitutional amendment to allow it to assign death penalty appeals to the California Courts of Appeal.[18] The Court has discretionary appellate jurisdiction over all cases reviewed by the Courts of Appeal; the latter were created by a 1904 constitutional amendment to relieve the Supreme Court of most of its workload so the Court could then focus on dealing with non-frivolous appeals that involved important issues of law.[19]
According to research by Justice Goodwin Liu, each year the Court has averaged 5,200 petitions for writs of certiorari and 3,400 petitions for habeas corpus, plus 40 additional petitions from inmates already on death row.[20] In an average year the Court will decide to hear 83 cases and will be required to hear appeals from 20 new inmates joining death row.[20] Each week, the Court votes on 150 to 300 petitions, paying special attention to a staff recommended “A list” as well as to certified questions from the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit.[20]
Operation[edit]
The Court is open for business year-round (as opposed to operating only during scheduled "terms" as is commonplace in jurisdictions that observe the legal year). The Court hears oral argument at least one week per month, 10 months each year (except July and August). Since 1878, it has regularly heard oral argument each year at San Francisco (four months), Los Angeles (four months), and Sacramento (two months).
According to Justice Liu, when a case is granted review, the Chief Justice assigns the case to a justice, who, after the parties finish briefing, then prepares a draft opinion.[20] Each justice writes a preliminary response to the draft opinion, and if the assigned justice is in the minority, she may ask the Chief Justice to reassign the case to someone in the majority.[20] The Court then hears oral arguments and, immediately afterwards, meet alone to vote.[20] The California Constitution requires suspension of the justices’ salaries if the Court fails to then file a decision within 90 days.[20][21] The Court issues unanimous opinions in 77% of cases, compared to 43% by the Supreme Court of the United States.[20]
Throughout the year (including July and August), the justices have a conference every Wednesday the Court is not hearing oral argument, with the exception of the last week, respectively, of November and December (Thanksgiving and New Year's). New opinions are published online on Monday and Thursday mornings at 10 a.m. Paper copies also become available through the clerk's office at that time.
The Court is one of the few U.S. courts apart from the U.S. Supreme Court that enjoys the privilege of having its opinions routinely published in three hardcover reporters. The Court's Reporter of Decisions contracts with a private publisher (currently LexisNexis) to publish the official reporter, California Reports, now in its fifth series; note that the series number changes whenever the publisher changes, although the most recent changeover to the fifth series did not involve a change in reporter. West publishes California decisions in both the California Reporter (in its second series) and the Pacific Reporter (in its third series). (The New York Court of Appeals opinions are similarly published in three reporters.)
Each justice has five assigned law clerks.[20] Since the late 1980s, the Court has turned away from the traditional use of law clerks, and has switched to permanent staff attorneys.[22] Justice Goodwin Liu, however, has returned to the traditional use of recent law school graduates as one-year clerks.[20] The Court has about 85 staff attorneys, some of whom are attached to particular justices; the rest are shared as a central staff.[23][24] The advantage to this system is that the reduced turnover of staff attorneys (versus the traditional system of rotating through new law clerks every year) has improved the efficiency of the court in dealing with complex cases, particularly death penalty cases.
During its first half-century of operation, the Court struggled to keep up with its soaring caseload and very frequently fell behind, until the California Courts of Appeal were created in 1904.[14] This resulted in provisions in the 1879 Constitution forcing the Court to decide all cases in writing with reasons given[25] (to get rid of minor cases, it had often given summary dispositions with no reasons given[14]) and requiring California judges to certify in writing every month that no matter submitted for consideration had been outstanding for more than 90 days, or else they will not be paid.[26][27] To comply with the latter provision, the Court does not schedule oral argument until the justices have already studied the briefs, formulated their respective positions, and circulated draft opinions. Then, after the matter is formally "argued and submitted", the justices can polish and release their opinions well before reaching the 90-day deadline.[clarification needed] This differs sharply from the practice in all other federal and state appellate courts, where judges can schedule oral argument not long after written briefing is finished, but then may take months (or even a year) after oral argument to release opinions.
Because the court was extremely overloaded with cases prior to 1904, its decisions in several hundred minor cases that should have been published were not published. A small group of lawyers eventually undertook the tedious task of plowing through the state archives to recover and compile those opinions, which were published in a separate seven-volume reporter called California Unreported Cases starting in 1913.[28] Despite its name, those cases are citable as precedent, since they would have been published but for the court's disorganized condition at the time they were issued.
Ancillary responsibilities[edit]
The Court supervises the lower courts (including the trial-level California superior courts) through the Judicial Council of California, and also supervises California's legal profession through the State Bar of California. All lawyer admissions and disbarments are done through recommendations of the State Bar, which then must be ratified by the Supreme Court. California's bar is the largest in the U.S. with 210,000 members, of whom 160,000 are practicing.[29][30]
Reputation[edit]
The Stanley Mosk Library and Courts Building, the Supreme Court's branch office in Sacramento, which it shares with the Court of Appeal for the Third District
As the Wall Street Journal said in 1972:
The state's high court over the past 20 years has won a reputation as perhaps the most innovative of the state judiciaries, setting precedents in areas of criminal justice, civil liberties, racial integration, and consumer protection that heavily influence other states and the federal bench.[31]
Statistical analyses conducted by LexisNexis personnel at the Court's request indicate that the decisions of the Supreme Court of California are by far the most followed of any state supreme court in the United States.[32] Between 1940 and 2005, 1,260 decisions of the Court were expressly followed by out-of-state courts (meaning that those courts expressly found the Court's reasoning persuasive and applied it to the cases before them).
Many important legal concepts have been pioneered or developed by the Court, including strict liability for defective products, fair procedure, negligent infliction of emotional distress, palimony, insurance bad faith, wrongful life, and market-share liability.
The major film studios in and around Hollywood and the high-tech firms of Silicon Valley both fall under the Court's jurisdiction. Thus, the Court has decided a number of cases by, between, and against such companies, as well as several cases involving Hollywood celebrities and high-tech executives.
The California Supreme Court and all lower California state courts use a different writing style and citation system from the federal courts and many other state courts. California citations have the year between the names of the parties and the reference to the case reporter, as opposed to the national standard (the Bluebook) of putting the year at the end. For example, the famous case Marvin v. Marvin, which established the standard for non-marital partners' ability to sue for their contributions to the partnership, is rendered Marvin v. Marvin (1976) 18 Cal.3d 660 [134 Cal.Rptr. 815, 557 P.2d 106] in California style, while it would be Marvin v. Marvin, 18 Cal. 3d 660, 557 P.2d 106, 134 Cal. Rptr. 815 (1976), in Bluebook style. The California citation style, however, has always been the norm of common law jurisdictions outside the United States, including England, Canada and Australia.
While the U.S. Supreme Court justices indicate the author of an opinion and who has "joined" the opinion at the start of the opinion, California justices always sign a majority opinion at the end, followed by "WE CONCUR," and then the names of the joining justices. California judges are traditionally not supposed to use certain ungrammatical terms in their opinions, which has led to embarrassing fights between judges and the editor of the state's official reporters. California has traditionally avoided the use of certain French and Latin phrases like en banc, certiorari, and mandamus, so California judges and attorneys use "in bank," "review," and "mandate" instead (though "in bank" has become quite rare after 1974).
Finally, the Court has the power to "depublish" opinions by the Courts of Appeal (as opposed to the federal practice of not publishing certain "unpublished" opinions at all in the federal case reporters).[33] This means that even though the opinion has already been published in the official state reporters, it will be binding only upon the parties.[34] Stare decisis does not apply, and any new rules articulated will not be applied in future cases. Similarly, the California Supreme Court has the power to "publish" opinions by the California Courts of Appeal which were initially not published.[33]
Important cases[edit]
The California Supreme Court has handed down important and influential decisions since 1850. Some of the most significant of these important and influential Court decisions are listed below in date descending order. Most of the Court decisions that follow were landmark decisions that were the first such decisions in the United States or the world.
Houston v. Williams,[35] a leading case on the separation of powers[36] under the California Constitution.
Escola v. Coca-Cola Bottling Co.,[37] then-Associate Justice Roger Traynor suggested in a now-famous concurring opinion that the Court should dispose of legal fictions like warranties and impose strict liability for defective products as a matter of public policy.
Perez v. Sharp,[38] the Court overturned the statutory ban on interracial marriage as unconstitutional. Perez directly influenced the landmark U.S. Supreme Court decision on this issue, Loving v. Virginia (1967).
Summers v. Tice,[39] the Court shifted the burden to the defense to disprove causation when it was clear that one of two defendants must have caused the plaintiff's injury, but it was not clear which one.
Dillon v. Legg,[40] the Court radically expanded the tort of negligent infliction of emotional distress (NIED) beyond its traditional form, which historically had been limited to plaintiffs standing in the same "zone of danger" as a relative who was killed.
Rowland v. Christian,[41] the Court abolished the old distinctions between different types of persons entering land and imposed a general duty of care in the context of the tort of negligence.
People v. Anderson,[42] the Court relied upon the state constitutional clause prohibiting "cruel or unusual punishment" (note the difference from the federal Constitution's "cruel and unusual punishment" clause) to abolish capital punishment in California. The state electorate promptly overruled Anderson that same year with a popular initiative, Proposition 17, that kept the "cruel or unusual" clause but declared the death penalty to be neither cruel nor unusual.
Pitchess v. Superior Court,[43] the Court held that criminal defendants have a right to access the arresting officer's personnel file when the defendant alleges in an affidavit that the officer used excessive force or lied about the circumstances of the arrest.
Li v. Yellow Cab Co.,[44] the Court embraced comparative negligence as part of California tort law and rejected strict contributory negligence.
Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California,[45] the Court held that mental health professionals have a duty to protect individuals who are being threatened with bodily harm by a patient. The original 1974 decision mandated warning the threatened individual, but a 1976 rehearing resulted in a decision calling for a "duty to protect" the intended victim, which did not necessarily require that a potential victim be informed of the threat.
Marvin v. Marvin,[46] the Court ruled in favor of the enforceability of non-marital relationship contracts, express or implied, to the extent that they are not founded purely upon meretricious sexual services. In other words, even though California does not recognize common law marriage, persons who cohabit for long periods of time and commingle their assets are allowed to plead and prove marriage-like contracts for support and division of property.
Robins v. Pruneyard Shopping Center,[47] the Court found that the broad right to freedom of speech in the state constitution included an implied right to freedom of speech in private shopping centers. The U.S. Supreme Court in turn held that the state supreme court's decision did not amount to a "taking" of the shopping center under federal constitutional law.
Sindell v. Abbott Laboratories,[48] the Court imposed market share liability on the makers of fungible hazardous products.
Thing v. La Chusa,[49] the Court withdrew from the expansive form of NIED set forth in Dillon and imposed a rigid bright-line test for recovery in bystander NIED cases. The Thing decision included extensive dicta hostile to plaintiffs which more generally limited the scope of recovery for both the tort of negligence and emotional distress damages in California.
Moore v. Regents of the University of California,[50] the Court held that patients do not have intellectual property rights in profits from medical discoveries made with their body parts.
Wendland v. Wendland,[51] the Court held that in the absence of a legally recognized method of determining who should make medical decisions on the behalf of an incompetent patient, the constitutional right to life and right to privacy granted special protection to the incompetent person.
Yount v. City of Sacramento,[52] the Court held that a criminal conviction does not limit an individual's right to bring civil action for deprivation of rights in cases of excessive use of force.
In re Marriage Cases,[53] the Court held that sexual orientation is a protected class which requires strict scrutiny and under such scrutiny, laws prohibiting same-sex marriage are unconstitutional under the state constitution. The state electorate overturned the marriage portion of the decision that same year by enacting a popular initiative, Proposition 8, but left in place the discrimination protections.
Silicon Valley Taxpayers’ Assn., Inc. v. Santa Clara County Open Space Authority,[54] the Court held in a Proposition 218 ("Right to Vote on Taxes Act") case that courts must exercise their independent judgment in reviewing local agency legislative decisions adopting special assessments. The highly deferential standard of review before Proposition 218 became law was grounded in separation of powers. Because the constitutional provisions of Proposition 218 were of equal dignity to the separation of powers doctrine, it no longer justified allowing a local agency to usurp the judicial function of interpreting and applying the constitutional provisions that governed assessments under Proposition 218.
People v. Diaz,[55] the Court held that the warrantless search of information in a cell phone was valid when incident to a lawful arrest. (The holding in Diaz was eventually repudiated by the United States Supreme Court in Riley v. California.)
Notable former justices[edit]
Main article: List of Justices of the Supreme Court of California
Serranus Clinton Hastings, Chief Justice (1850–1852) (First Chief Justice, founded Hastings College of the Law)
Solomon Heydenfeldt, Associate Justice (1852–1857) (First Jewish justice to be elected by direct vote of the people)[56]
David S. Terry, Chief Justice (1857–1859) (Killed while attempting to assassinate his successor, Stephen Field)
Stephen J. Field, Chief Justice (1859–1863) (Appointed by President Lincoln to the U.S. Supreme Court)
Addison Niles, Associate Justice (1872–1880)
Curtis D. Wilbur, Chief Justice (1923–1924) (Appointed by President Coolidge as U.S. Secretary of the Navy)
Mathew Tobriner, Associate Justice (1962–1982)
Roger J. Traynor, Chief Justice (1964–1970), Associate Justice (1940–1964) (Well-respected legal scholar; generally regarded as the greatest justice in the history of the Court)
Stanley Mosk, Associate Justice (1964–2001) (Longest serving justice)
Wiley W. Manuel, Associate Justice (1977–1981) (First African-American on the Court; well known for his pro bono work)
Rose E. Bird, Chief Justice (1977–1987) (First woman appointed to the Court; only Chief Justice ever not to be retained by the electorate)
Otto Kaus, Associate Justice (1981-1985)
Allen Broussard, Associate Justice (1981–1991)
Cruz Reynoso, Associate Justice (1982–1987) (First Latino on the Court)
Janice Rogers Brown, Associate Justice (1996–2005) (Appointed by President G.W. Bush to the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals)
Ronald M. George, Chief Justice (1996–2011), Associate Justice (1991–1996)
List of chief justices[edit]
#
Name
Term
1 Serranus Clinton Hastings (1850–1852)
2 Henry A. Lyons (1852)
3 Hugh C. Murray (1852–1857)
4 David S. Terry (1857–1859)
5 Stephen J. Field (1859–1863)
6 W.W. Cope (1863–1864)
7 Silas W. Sanderson (1864–1866)
8 John Currey (1866–1868)
9 Lorenzo Sawyer (1868–1870)
10 Augustus L. Rhodes (1870–1872)
11 Royal T. Sprague (1872)
12 William T. Wallace (1872–1879)
13 Robert F. Morrison (1879–1887)
14 Niles Searls (1887–1889)
15 William H. Beatty (1889–1914)
16 Matt I. Sullivan (1914–1915)
17 Frank M. Angellotti (1915–1921)
18 Lucien Shaw (1921–1923)
19 Curtis D. Wilbur (1923–1924)
20 Louis W. Myers (1924–1926)
21 William H. Waste (1926–1940)
22 Phil S. Gibson (1940–1964)
23 Roger J. Traynor (1964–1970)
24 Donald R. Wright (1970–1977)
25 Rose Elizabeth Bird (1977–1987)
26 Malcolm M. Lucas (1987–1996)
27 Ronald M. George (1996–2011)
28 Tani Cantil-Sakauye (2011–present)
See also[edit]
California portal
Law portal
Judiciary of California
Judicial Council of California
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Auto Equity Sales, Inc. v. Superior Court, 57 Cal. 2d 450 (1962). In Auto Equity Sales, the Court explained: "Under the doctrine of stare decisis, all tribunals exercising inferior jurisdiction are required to follow decisions of courts exercising superior jurisdiction. Otherwise, the doctrine of stare decisis makes no sense. The decisions of this court are binding upon and must be followed by all the state courts of California. Decisions of every division of the District Courts of Appeal are binding upon all the justice and municipal courts and upon all the superior courts of this state, and this is so whether or not the superior court is acting as a trial or appellate court. Courts exercising inferior jurisdiction must accept the law declared by courts of superior jurisdiction. It is not their function to attempt to overrule decisions of a higher court."
Jump up ^ "Records of the Constitutional Convention of 1849". California Secretary of State. Retrieved September 27, 2017. Art. VI, Sec. 3.
Jump up ^ "California Constitution". California Legislature. Retrieved September 27, 2017. Art. VI, Sec. 2, 16(a).
Jump up ^ Levinson, Jessica A. (May 8, 2014). "Op-Ed: Why voters shouldn't be electing judges". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Codes Display Text". leginfo.legislature.ca.gov. Retrieved 2016-02-07.
Jump up ^ "Commission on Judicial Nominees Evaluation". State Bar of California. Retrieved June 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Commission on Judicial Appointments". California Courts. Retrieved June 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ Article VI, Section 16 of the Constitution of California (1879)
Jump up ^ "Judicial Selection in the States". Judicialselection.us. National Center for State Courts. Retrieved June 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ "What Does California's Experience with Recall of Judges Teach Us?". SCOCAblog. UC Berkeley Constitution Law Center and Hastings Law Journal. November 10, 2016. Retrieved June 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ Braitman, Jacqueline R.; Uelmen, Gerald F. (2013). Justice Stanley Mosk: A Life at the Center of California Politics and Justice. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co. pp. 224–226. ISBN 9781476600710. Retrieved 24 December 2015.
Jump up ^ Thompson, Don (September 1, 2011). "Brown swears in new Calif. Supreme Court justice". The Sacramento Bee. Associated Press. Retrieved September 1, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Justice Kathryn Mickle Werdegar Announces Retirement from State Supreme Court". Judiciary of California. March 8, 2017.
^ Jump up to: a b c See People v. Kelly, 40 Cal. 4th 106, 113 (2006), which explains the 1879 constitutional convention's decision to create a seven-justice court with two three-justice departments.
Jump up ^ In a 1972 case, Mosk v. Superior Court, 25 Cal. 3d 479 (1979), judges were selected by lot to serve on the panel after all of the Supreme Court justices recused themselves: "The Chief Justice assigned six Court of Appeal justices, who were selected by lot pursuant to an order by the Supreme Court, to act on the petition."
Jump up ^ Carma Developers (Cal.), Inc. v. Marathon Development California, Inc., 2 Cal. 4th 342 (1992). All members of the Supreme Court recused themselves from the appeal of the First District's decision, so the Third District sat as an "acting" Supreme Court and gave the final opinion in the case.
Jump up ^ "California Courts - Appellate Court Case Information". Judicial Council of California. Retrieved January 3, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Press release: Supreme Court Proposes Amendments To Constitution in Death Penalty Appeals" (PDF). California Courts. November 19, 2007. Retrieved June 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ See Snukal v. Flightways Manufacturing, Inc., 23 Cal. 4th 754, 767-768 (2000).
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Justice Goodwin Liu (2014). "How the California Supreme Court Actually Works" (PDF). UCLA Law Review. 61: 1246. Retrieved 10 June 2016.
Jump up ^ "From the Bench: Supreme Justice Paterson Resigns". San Francisco Call (75 (139)). California Digital Newspaper Collection. April 28, 1894. Retrieved July 4, 2017. (Justice Van R. Paterson) grew weary of having to swear to affidavits to the effect that the hundred and one cases under his notice had been disposed of within the statutory ninety days after submission; a proceeding necessary among Supreme Court Justices before one cent of salary can be touched
Jump up ^ Itir Yakar, "Unseen Staff Attorneys Anchor State's Top Court: Institution's System of Permanent Employees Means Workers Can Outlast the Justices," San Francisco Daily Journal, 30 May 2006, 1.
Jump up ^ "Press release: State Judicial Staff Attorneys Can Now Help Bridge the Justice Gap". California Courts. May 9, 2016. Retrieved June 29, 2017. Collectively, California’s Supreme Court and Courts of Appeal employ over 400 staff attorneys.
Jump up ^ "Alumni News: Carin Fujisaki '85 Named Principal Attorney to Chief Justice of CA". University of California Hastings College of the Law. June 11, 2015. Retrieved June 29, 2017. The Supreme Court is a hive of activity, employing approximately 80 lawyers.
Jump up ^ California Constitution, Article 6, Section 14.
Jump up ^ California Constitution, Article 6, Section 19.
Jump up ^ Sloss, Frank H. (1958). "M. C. Sloss and the California Supreme Court". California Law Review. 46: 715, 718, fn 5. Retrieved June 27, 2017. The result was that the Department One justices soon became unable to make the monthly constitutional (Art. VI, Sec. 24) affidavit that no cases submitted longer than 90 days remained undecided, without which they could not draw their pay.
Jump up ^ Ross, Peter V. (1913). California Unreported Cases: Being Those Determined in the Supreme Court and the District Courts of Appeal of the State of California, But Not Officially Reported, with Annotations Showing Their Present Value as Authority. San Francisco, CA: Bender-Moss Company. Retrieved June 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ Flaherty, Kristina (September 2007). "State Bar celebrates its 80th anniversary". California Bar Journal. Retrieved June 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ Cooper, Cynthia L. (Winter 2008). "Women Bar Presidents: Changing the Picture and Focus of Leadership" (PDF). Perspectives Magazine. Chicago, IL: American Bar Association: 9. Retrieved June 29, 2017. The State Bar of California, a mandatory bar, is the largest in the nation, with 210,000 members— almost a quarter of the nation’s lawyers.
Jump up ^ Joann Lublin, "Trailblazing Bench: California High Court Often Points the Way for Judges Elsewhere," Wall Street Journal, 20 July 1972, 1.
Jump up ^ Jake Dear and Edward W. Jessen, " Followed Rates" and Leading State Cases, 1940-2005, 41 U.C. Davis L. Rev. 683, 694(2007).
^ Jump up to: a b "Rule 8.1105. Publication of appellate opinions". California Courts. Retrieved June 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Rule 8.1115. Citation of opinions". California Courts. Retrieved June 6, 2017.
Jump up ^ 13 Cal. 24 (1859)
Jump up ^ Lee, Blewett (1899). "The Constitutional Power of the Courts Over Admission to the Bar". Harv. L. Rev. 8 (234): 250. JSTOR 1323400. in which the Supreme Court said the legislature cannot require the court to issue opinions in writing.
Jump up ^ 24 Cal. 2d 453, 150 P.2d 436 (1944).
Jump up ^ 32 Cal.2d 711, 198 P.2d 17 (1948).
Jump up ^ 33 Cal. 2d 80, 199 P.2d 1 (1948).
Jump up ^ 68 Cal. 2d 728, 441 P.2d 912, 69 Cal. Rptr. 72 (1968).
Jump up ^ 69 Cal. 2d 108, 70 Cal. Rptr. 97, 443 P. 2d 561 (1968).
Jump up ^ 6 Cal. 3d 628, 100 Cal. Rptr. 152, 493 P.2d 880 (1972).
Jump up ^ 11 Cal. 3d 531, 113 Cal. Rptr. 897, 522 P.2d 305 (1974).
Jump up ^ 13 Cal. 3d 804, 119 Cal. Rptr. 858, 532 P.2d 1226 (1975).
Jump up ^ 17 Cal. 3d 425, 551 P.2d 334, 131 Cal. Rptr. 14 (1976).
Jump up ^ 18 Cal. 3d 660, 134 Cal. Rptr. 815, 557 P.2d 106 (1976).
Jump up ^ 23 Cal.3d 899, 592 P.2d 341 (1979), aff'd sub nomine Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins, 447 U.S. 74, 100 S. Ct. 2035, 64 L. Ed. 2d 741 (1980).
Jump up ^ 26 Cal. 3d 588, 607 P.2d 934, 163 Cal. Rptr. 132 (1980).
Jump up ^ 48 Cal.3d 644, 257 Cal.Rptr. 865, 771 P.2d 814 (1989).
Jump up ^ 51 Cal. 3d 120, 271 Cal. Rptr. 146, 793 P.2d 479 (1990).
Jump up ^ 26 Cal. 4th 519, 110 Cal. Rptr. 2d 4112, 28 P.3d 151 (2001).
Jump up ^ 43 Cal.4th 885 183 P.3d 471 (2008).
Jump up ^ 43 Cal. 4th 757, 183 P.3d 384, 76 Cal. Rptr. 3d 683 (2008).
Jump up ^ 44 Cal. 4th 431, 79 Cal. Rptr. 3d 312, 187 P. 3d 37 (2008).
Jump up ^ 51 Cal. 4th 84, 244 P.3d 501, 119 Cal. Rptr. 3d 105 (2011).
Jump up ^ Friedenberg, Albert M. (1902). "Solomon Heydenfeldt: A Jewish Jurist Of Alabama and California". Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society. 10: 129–140. JSTOR 43059669.
External links[edit]
Media related to Supreme Court of California at Wikimedia Commons
Supreme Court of California
California Supreme Court Historical Society
At the Lectern - California Supreme Court Practice Blog
Coordinates: 37°46′50″N 122°25′04″W / 37.780543°N 122.417902°W / 37.780543; -122.417902
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text:
78th Academy Awards
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
78th Academy Awards
Official poster
Date
March 5, 2006
Site
Kodak Theatre
Hollywood, Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Hosted by
Jon Stewart
Preshow hosts
Billy Bush,
Chris Connelly,
Cynthia Garrett, and
Vanessa Minnillo[1]
Produced by
Gil Cates
Directed by
Louis J. Horvitz
Highlights
Best Picture
Crash
Most awards
Brokeback Mountain, Crash, King Kong and Memoirs of a Geisha (3)
Most nominations
Brokeback Mountain (8)
TV in the United States
Network
ABC
Duration
3 hours, 33 minutes[2]
Ratings
38.94 million
23.0% (Nielsen ratings)
← 77th
Academy Awards
79th →
The 78th Academy Awards ceremony, presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), took place on March 5, 2006, at the Kodak Theatre in Hollywood, Los Angeles beginning at 5:00 p.m. PST / 8:00 p.m. EST. The ceremony was scheduled one week later than usual to avoid conflicting with the 2006 Winter Olympics.[3] During the ceremony, AMPAS presented Academy Awards (commonly referred to as Oscars) in 24 categories honoring films released in 2005. The ceremony, televised in the United States by ABC, was produced by Gil Cates and directed by Louis J. Horvitz.[4][5] Actor Jon Stewart hosted the show for the first time.[6] Two weeks earlier in a ceremony at The Beverly Hilton in Beverly Hills, California held on February 18, the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Rachel McAdams.[7]
Crash won three awards including Academy Award for Best Picture.[8] Other winners included Brokeback Mountain, King Kong and Memoirs of a Geisha also with three awards apiece, and Capote, The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, The Constant Gardener, Hustle & Flow, March of the Penguins, The Moon and the Son: An Imagined Conversation, A Note of Triumph: The Golden Age of Norman Corwin, Six Shooter, Syriana, Tsotsi, Walk the Line and Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit with one each. The telecast garnered nearly 39 million viewers in the United States.
Contents
[hide]
1 Winners and nominees
1.1 Awards
1.2 Academy Honorary Award
1.3 Multiple nominations and awards
2 Presenters and performers
2.1 Presenters
2.2 Performers
3 Ceremony information
3.1 Box office performance of nominated films
3.2 Critical reviews
3.3 Ratings and reception
4 In Memoriam
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
8 Bibliography
9 External links
Winners and nominees[edit]
The nominees for the 78th Academy Awards were announced on January 31, 2006, at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in the Academy's Beverly Hills headquarters by Sid Ganis, president of the Academy, and actress Mira Sorvino.[9] Brokeback Mountain earned the most nominations with eight total; Crash, Good Night, and Good Luck, and Memoirs of a Geisha tied for second with six nominations each.[10] All five Best Picture nominees received corresponding Best Director nominations (the fourth occurrence in Oscar history since the Best Picture nominees roster was limited to five films).[11]
The winners were announced during the awards ceremony on March 5, 2006.[12] Several notable achievements by multiple individuals and films occurred during the ceremony. Crash was the first Best Picture winner since 1976's Rocky to win only three Oscars.[13] Best Director winner Ang Lee became the first non-Caucasian winner of that category.[14] For this first time since the 34th ceremony held in 1962, all four acting winners were first-time nominees.[15][16] Best Supporting Actor winner George Clooney was the fifth person to receive acting, directing, and screenwriting nominations in the same year and the first person to achieve this feat for two different films.[17] By virtue of his nominations for both Memoirs of a Geisha and Munich, composer John Williams earned a total of 45 nominations tying him with Alfred Newman as the second most nominated individual in Oscar history.[a][18] "It's Hard out Here for a Pimp" became the second rap song to win Best Original Song and the first such song to be performed at an Oscars ceremony.[19]
Awards[edit]
Ang Lee, Best Director winner
Philip Seymour Hoffman, Best Actor winner
Reese Witherspoon, Best Actress winner
George Clooney, Best Supporting Actor winner
Rachel Weisz, Best Supporting Actress winner
Paul Haggis, Best Original Screenplay co-winner
Nick Park, Best Animated Feature winner
Gavin Hood, Best Foreign Language Film winner
Martin McDonagh, Best Live Action Short Film winner
Richard Taylor, Best Visual Effects co-winner
Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double dagger ( ).[20]
Best Picture
Crash – Paul Haggis and Cathy Schulman, producers
Brokeback Mountain – Diana Ossana and James Schamus, producers
Capote – Caroline Baron, William Vince and Michael Ohoven, producers
Good Night, and Good Luck – Grant Heslov, producer
Munich – Kathleen Kennedy, Steven Spielberg and Barry Mendel, producers
Best Director
Ang Lee – Brokeback Mountain
Bennett Miller – Capote
Paul Haggis – Crash
George Clooney – Good Night, and Good Luck
Steven Spielberg – Munich
Best Actor
Philip Seymour Hoffman – Capote as Truman Capote
Terrence Howard – Hustle & Flow as DJay
Heath Ledger – Brokeback Mountain as Ennis Del Mar
Joaquin Phoenix – Walk the Line as Johnny Cash
David Strathairn – Good Night, and Good Luck as Edward R. Murrow
Best Actress
Reese Witherspoon – Walk the Line as June Carter Cash
Judi Dench – Mrs Henderson Presents as Laura Henderson
Felicity Huffman – Transamerica as Sabrina "Bree" Osbourne / Stanley Schupak
Keira Knightley – Pride & Prejudice as Elizabeth Bennet
Charlize Theron – North Country as Josey Aimes
Best Supporting Actor
George Clooney – Syriana as Bob Barnes
Matt Dillon – Crash as Officer John Ryan
Paul Giamatti – Cinderella Man as Joe Gould
Jake Gyllenhaal – Brokeback Mountain as Jack Twist
William Hurt – A History of Violence as Richie Cusack
Best Supporting Actress
Rachel Weisz – The Constant Gardener as Tessa Quayle
Amy Adams – Junebug as Ashley Johnsten
Catherine Keener – Capote as Nelle Harper Lee
Frances McDormand – North Country as Glory Dodge
Michelle Williams – Brokeback Mountain as Alma Beers Del Mar
Best Original Screenplay
Crash – Paul Haggis and Robert Moresco
Good Night, and Good Luck – George Clooney and Grant Heslov
Match Point – Woody Allen
The Squid and the Whale – Noah Baumbach
Syriana – Stephen Gaghan
Best Adapted Screenplay
Brokeback Mountain – Larry McMurtry and Diana Ossana based on the short story by Annie Proulx
Capote – Dan Futterman based on the book by Gerald Clarke
The Constant Gardener – Jeffrey Caine based on the novel by John le Carré
A History of Violence – Josh Olson based on the graphic novel by John Wagner and Vince Locke
Munich – Tony Kushner and Eric Roth based on the book Vengeance: The True Story of an Israeli Counter-Terrorist Team by George Jonas
Best Animated Feature Film
Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit – Nick Park and Steve Box
Howl's Moving Castle – Hayao Miyazaki
Corpse Bride – Mike Johnson, Tim Burton
Best Foreign Language Film
Tsotsi (South Africa) in Afrikaans – Gavin Hood
Don't Tell (Italy) in Italian – Cristina Comencini
Joyeux Noël (France) in French – Christian Carion
Paradise Now (Palestine) in Arabic – Hany Abu-Assad[b]
Sophie Scholl – The Final Days (Germany) in German – Marc Rothemund
Best Documentary Feature
March of the Penguins – Luc Jacquet and Yves Darondeau
Darwin's Nightmare – Hubert Sauper
Enron: The Smartest Guys in the Room – Alex Gibney and Jason Kliot
Murderball – Henry-Alex Rubin and Dana Adam Shapiro
Street Fight – Marshall Curry
Best Documentary Short Subject
A Note of Triumph: The Golden Age of Norman Corwin – Corinne Marrinan and Eric Simonson
The Death of Kevin Carter: Casualty of the Bang Bang Club – Dan Krauss
God Sleeps in Rwanda – Kimberlee Acquaro and Stacy Sherman
The Mushroom Club – Steven Okazaki
Best Live Action Short Film
Six Shooter – Martin McDonagh
Ausreißer (The Runaway) – Ulrike Grote
Cashback – Sean Ellis and Lene Bausager
The Last Farm – Rúnar Rúnarsson and Thor S. Sigurjónsson
Our Time is Up – Rob Pearlstein and Pia Clemente
Best Animated Short Film
The Moon and the Son: An Imagined Conversation – John Canemaker and Peggy Stern
Badgered – Sharon Colman
The Mysterious Geographic Explorations of Jasper Morello – Anthony Lucas
9 – Shane Acker
One Man Band – Andrew Jimenez and Mark Andrews
Best Original Score
Brokeback Mountain by Gustavo Santaolalla
The Constant Gardener by Alberto Iglesias
Memoirs of a Geisha by John Williams
Munich by John Williams
Pride & Prejudice by Dario Marianelli
Best Original Song
"It's Hard out Here for a Pimp" from Hustle & Flow – Music and Lyrics by Jordan Houston, Cedric Coleman and Paul Beauregard
"In the Deep" from Crash – Music by Kathleen "Bird" York and Michael Becker; Lyrics by Kathleen "Bird" York
"Travelin’ Thru" from Transamerica – Music and Lyrics by Dolly Parton
Best Sound Editing
King Kong – Mike Hopkins and Ethan Van der Ryn
Memoirs of a Geisha – Wylie Stateman
War of the Worlds – Richard King
Best Sound Mixing
King Kong – Christopher Boyes, Michael Semanick, Michael Hedges and Hammond Peek
The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe – Terry Porter, Dean A. Zupancic and Tony Johnson
Memoirs of a Geisha – Kevin O'Connell, Greg P. Russell, Rick Kline and John Pritchett
Walk the Line – Paul Massey, Doug Hemphill and Peter Kurland
War of the Worlds – Andy Nelson, Anna Behlmer and Ron Judkins
Best Art Direction
Memoirs of a Geisha – Art Direction: John Myhre; Set Decoration: Gretchen Rau
Good Night, and Good Luck – Art Direction: Jim Bissell; Set Decoration: Jan Pascale
Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire – Art Direction: Stuart Craig; Set Decoration: Stephenie McMillan
King Kong – Art Direction: Grant Major; Set Decoration: Dan Hennah and Simon Bright
Pride & Prejudice – Art Direction: Sarah Greenwood; Set Decoration: Katie Spencer
Best Cinematography
Memoirs of a Geisha – Dion Beebe
Batman Begins – Wally Pfister
Brokeback Mountain – Rodrigo Prieto
Good Night, and Good Luck – Robert Elswit
The New World – Emmanuel Lubezki
Best Makeup
The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe – Howard Berger and Tami Lane
Cinderella Man – David Leroy Anderson and Lance Anderson
Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith – Dave Elsey and Nikki Gooley
Best Costume Design
Memoirs of a Geisha – Colleen Atwood
Charlie and the Chocolate Factory – Gabriella Pescucci
Mrs Henderson Presents – Sandy Powell
Pride & Prejudice – Jacqueline Durran
Walk the Line – Arianne Phillips
Best Film Editing
Crash – Hughes Winborne
Cinderella Man – Mike Hill and Dan Hanley
The Constant Gardener – Claire Simpson
Munich – Michael Kahn
Walk the Line – Michael McCusker
Best Visual Effects
King Kong – Joe Letteri, Brian Van’t Hul, Christian Rivers and Richard Taylor
The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe – Dean Wright, Bill Westenhofer, Jim Berney and Scott Farrar
War of the Worlds – Dennis Muren, Pablo Helman, Randal M. Dutra and Daniel Sudick
Academy Honorary Award[edit]
Robert Altman — In recognition of a career that has repeatedly reinvented the art form and inspired filmmakers and audiences alike.[21]
Multiple nominations and awards[edit]
The following 19 films received multiple nominations:
Nominations
Film
8 Brokeback Mountain
6 Crash
Good Night, and Good Luck
Memoirs of a Geisha
5 Capote
Munich
Walk the Line
4 King Kong
Pride & Prejudice
The Constant Gardener
3 Cinderella Man
The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe
War of the Worlds
2 A History of Violence
Hustle & Flow
Mrs Henderson Presents
North Country
Syriana
Transamerica
The following four films each received multiple awards:
Awards
Film
3 Brokeback Mountain
Crash
King Kong
Memoirs of a Geisha
Presenters and performers[edit]
The following individuals presented awards or performed musical numbers.[22][23][24]
Presenters[edit]
Name(s)
Role
Kane, TomTom Kane[25] Announcer for the 78th annual Academy Awards
Kidman, NicoleNicole Kidman Presenter of the award for Best Supporting Actor
Stiller, BenBen Stiller Presenter of the award for Best Visual Effects
Witherspoon, ReeseReese Witherspoon Presenter of the award for Best Animated Feature
Watts, NaomiNaomi Watts Introducer of the performance of Best Song nominee "Travelin' Thru"
Wilson, LukeLuke Wilson and
Owen Wilson Presenters of the award for Best Live Action Short Film
Chicken Little Chicken Little (voiced by Zach Braff) and
Abby Mallard (voiced by Joan Cusack) Presenters of the award for Best Animated Short Film
Aniston, JenniferJennifer Aniston Presenter of the award for Best Costume Design
Crowe, RussellRussell Crowe Presenter of the biographical films montage
Carell, SteveSteve Carell and
Will Ferrell Presenters of the award for Best Makeup
McAdams, RachelRachel McAdams Presenter of the segment of the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement and the Gordon E. Sawyer Award
Freeman, MorganMorgan Freeman Presenter of the award for Best Supporting Actress
Bacall, LaurenLauren Bacall Presenter of the film noir montage
Howard, TerrenceTerrence Howard Presenter of the award for Best Documentary Short Subject
Theron, CharlizeCharlize Theron Presenter of the award for Best Documentary Feature
Lopez, JenniferJennifer Lopez Introducer of the performance of Best Song nominee "In the Deep"
Bullock, SandraSandra Bullock and
Keanu Reeves Presenters of the award for Best Art Direction
Jackson, Samuel L.Samuel L. Jackson Presenter of the political films montage
Ganis, SidSid Ganis (AMPAS president) Special presentation regarding activities funded by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
Hayek, SalmaSalma Hayek Introducer of the special instrumental solo performance to the tune of Best Original Score nominees and presenter of the award for Best Original Score
Gyllenhaal, JakeJake Gyllenhaal Presenter of the epic films montage
Alba, JessicaJessica Alba and
Eric Bana Presenters of the award for Best Sound Mixing
Streep, MerylMeryl Streep and
Lily Tomlin Presenters of the Academy Honorary Award to Robert Altman
Ludacris, Ludacris Introducer of the performance of Best Song nominee "It's Hard out Here for a Pimp"
Latifah, QueenQueen Latifah Presenter of the award for Best Original Song
Garner, JenniferJennifer Garner Presenter of the award for Best Sound Editing
Clooney, GeorgeGeorge Clooney Presenter of the In Memoriam tribute
Smith, WillWill Smith Presenter of the award for Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film
Zhang, ZiyiZiyi Zhang Presenter of the award for Best Film Editing
Swank, HilaryHilary Swank Presenter of the award for Best Actor
Travolta, JohnJohn Travolta Presenter of the award for Best Cinematography
Foxx, JamieJamie Foxx Presenter of the award for Best Actress
Hoffman, DustinDustin Hoffman Presenter of the award for Best Adapted Screenplay
Thurman, UmaUma Thurman Presenter of the award for Best Original Screenplay
Hanks, TomTom Hanks Presenter of the award for Best Director
Nicholson, JackJack Nicholson Presenter of the award for Best Picture
Performers[edit]
Name(s)
Role
Performed
Conti, BillBill Conti Musical arranger and Conductor Orchestral
Parton, DollyDolly Parton Performer "Travelin' Thru" from Transamerica
York, KathleenKathleen York Performer "In the Deep" from Crash
Perlman, ItzhakItzhak Perlman Performer Performed musical selections for Best Original Score nominees
Three 6 Mafia, Three 6 Mafia and
Taraji P. Henson Performers "It's Hard Out Here for a Pimp" from Hustle & Flow
Ceremony information[edit]
Jon Stewart hosted the 78th Academy Awards.
Despite the negative reception from the preceding year's ceremony, the Academy rehired Gilbert Cates to oversee production of the awards gala.[4] However, in an article published in The New York Times, it was stated that 2005 host Chris Rock would not return to host the show.[26] According to a statement released by his publicist, "He didn't want to do it in perpetuity, He'd like to do it again down the road."[26] Furthermore, many media outlets speculated that several AMPAS members felt uncomfortable with Rock's disparaging comments about Colin Farrell, Jude Law, and Tobey Maguire.[27][28] Initially, Cates sought actor and veteran Oscar host Billy Crystal to host the ceremony again. However, Crystal declined the offer citing his commitment to his one-man comedy show 700 Sundays.[29][30]
In January 2006, Cates announced that actor, comedian, and talk show host Jon Stewart, who had previously hosted two consecutive Grammy Awards ceremonies in 2001 and 2002, was chosen as host of the 2006 telecast.[31] Cates explained the decision to hire him saying, "My wife and I watch him every night. Jon is the epitome of a perfect host — smart, engaging, irreverent and funny."[32] In a statement, Stewart expressed that he was honored to be selected to emcee the program, jokingly adding, "Although, as an avid watcher of the Oscars, I can't help but be a little disappointed with the choice. It appears to be another sad attempt to smoke out Billy Crystal."[33]
Several other people and companies participated in the production of the ceremony. Bill Conti served as musical supervisor for the telecast.[34] Media firm The Ant Farm produced a thirty-second trailer promoting the broadcast featuring clips highlighting past Oscar winners to the tune of the song "Our Lives" by The Calling.[35] Previous Oscar hosts such as Whoopi Goldberg and Steve Martin, and actors Mel Gibson, George Clooney, Halle Berry appeared in an opening comedic sketch.[36] Actor Tom Hanks participated in a pre-taped comedic sketch lampooning Oscar speeches.[37] Stephen Colbert narrated two different mock attack ads lampooning both the intense campaigning and lobbying during Oscar season put forth by film studios and political advertising during elections.[38] Violinist Itzhak Perlman performed excerpts from the five nominees for Best Original Score.[39]
Box office performance of nominated films[edit]
When the nominations were announced on January 31, the field of major nominees favored independent, low-budget films over blockbusters.[40][41] The combined gross of the five Best Picture nominees when the Oscars were announced was $186 million with an average gross of $37.3 million per film.[42] Crash was the highest earner among the Best Picture nominees with $53.4 million in domestic box office receipts. The film was followed by Brokeback Mountain ($51.7 million), Munich ($40.8 million), Good Night and Good Luck ($25.2 million), and finally Capote ($15.4 million).[42]
Of the top 50 grossing movies of the year, 35 nominations went to 13 films on the list. Only Walk the Line (19th), Cinderella Man (41st), Wallace and Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit (45th), and Crash (48th) were nominated for Best Picture, Best Animated Feature, or any of the directing, acting, or screenwriting.[43] The other top 50 box office hits that earned nominations were Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith (1st), Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2nd), The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, The Witch, and The Wardrobe (3rd), War of the Worlds (4th), King Kong (5th), Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (7th), Batman Begins (8th), March of the Penguins, (26th), and Memoirs of a Geisha (47th).[43]
Critical reviews[edit]
Some media outlets received the broadcast positively. St. Louis Post-Dispatch television critic Gail Pennington praised Stewart's performance as host writing that he "did the Oscars proud Sunday night, turning in a four-star hosting performance that unfortunately made the rest of the show seem sluggish by comparison."[44] Film critic Roger Ebert said that Stewart was "on target, topical and funny," and added, "He was as relaxed, amusing and at home as Johnny Carson."[45] Columnist Ray Richmond of The Hollywood Reporter commented, "He seemed at times nervous and self-conscious, but on the whole, Stewart delivered with just the right balance of reverence and smugness."[46]
Others media publications were more critical of the show. Television critic Rob Owen of the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette wrote that Stewart was more "amusing than funny". He added, "Many of his jokes fell flat with the stars in the Kodak Theatre, and his tendency to bow down before celebrities quickly grew tiresome."[47] Tom Shales from The Washington Post commented, "It's hard to believe that professional entertainers could have put together a show less entertaining than this year's Oscars, hosted with a smug humorlessness by comic Jon Stewart, a sad and pale shadow of great hosts gone by." Moreover, he derided the "piles and piles and miles and miles of clips from films present and past" writing that it "squandered the visual luster" of the ceremony.[48] Associated Press television critic Frazier Moore remarked, "Stewart, usually a very funny guy, displayed a lack of beginner's luck as first-time host...His usually impeccable blend of puckishness and self-effacement fell flat in the service of Oscar." He also criticized the decision to play music over the winner's acceptance speeches calling it "distracting and obnoxious."[49]
Ratings and reception[edit]
The American telecast on ABC drew in an average of 38.94 million people over its length, which was a 8% decrease from the previous year's ceremony.[50] Additionally, the show earned lower Nielsen ratings compared to the previous ceremony with 23.0% of households watching over a 35 share.[51] Furthermore, it garnered a lower 18–49 demo rating with a 13.9 rating among viewers in that demographic.[51]
In July 2006, the ceremony presentation received nine nominations at the 58th Primetime Emmys.[52] The following month, the ceremony won four of those nominations for Outstanding Art Direction (Roy Christopher and Jeff Richman), Outstanding Directing for a Variety, Music, or Comedy Program (Louis J. Horvitz), Outstanding Main Title Design (Renato Grgic, Alen Petkovic, Kristijan Petrovic, and Jon Teschner), and Outstanding Sound Mixing For A Variety, Music, or Animation Series or Special (Patrick Baltzell, Robert Douglass, Edward J. Greene, Jamie Santos, and Tom Vicari).[53]
In Memoriam[edit]
The annual In Memoriam tribute was presented by actor George Clooney. The montage featured an excerpt of the theme from Now, Voyager composed by Max Steiner.[54]
Teresa Wright
Pat Morita
Robert Newmyer
Dan O'Herlihy
Vincent Schiavelli
Joe Ranft
Moira Shearer
Fayard Nicholas
Stu Linder
Sandra Dee
John Fiedler
Anthony Franciosa
Joel Hirschhorn
Guy Green
Barbara Bel Geddes
Robert Knudson
Moustapha Akkad
Chris Penn
John Mills
Onna White
Debra Hill
Simone Simon
Robert Schiffer
Brock Peters
Ernest Lehman
Shelley Winters
Anne Bancroft
John Box
Eddie Albert
Ismail Merchant
Robert Wise
Richard Pryor
See also[edit]
Academy Award portal
12th Screen Actors Guild Awards
26th Golden Raspberry Awards
48th Grammy Awards
58th Primetime Emmy Awards
59th British Academy Film Awards
60th Tony Awards
63rd Golden Globe Awards
List of submissions to the 78th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film
Notes[edit]
a^ : Walt Disney has the most Oscar nominations for any individual with 64.[18]
b^ : Best Foreign Language Film nominee Paradise Now was initially nominated as a submission from Palestine.[55] However, following protests from pro-Israeli groups in the United States, the Academy decided to designate it as a submission from the Palestinian Authority, a move that was decried by the film's director Hany Abu-Assad.[56][57] During the awards ceremony, the film was eventually announced by presenter Will Smith as a submission from the Palestinian territories.[58]
References[edit]
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Bibliography[edit]
Osborne, Robert (2008). 80 Years of the Oscar: The Complete History of the Academy Awards. New York: Abbeville Publishing Group. ISBN 0-7892-0992-6.
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External links[edit]
Wikinews has related news:
Nominations announced for 78th Academy Awards
Oscar Winners 2006
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Oscars 2006 BBC News
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Oscars 2006 - The Academy Awards The New York Times
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Academy Awards, USA: 2006 Internet Movie Database
Other resources
The 78th Annual Academy Awards on IMDb
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values: List of Palestinian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film

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values: List of German submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film

values: Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature

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values: Academy Award for Best Documentary (Short Subject)

values: Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film

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values: Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film

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values: Academy Award for Best Production Design

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values: Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (film)

values: Academy Award for Best Makeup and Hairstyling

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values: Edit section: Multiple nominations and awards

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values: Edit section: Box office performance of nominated films

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values: List of films with the most Oscars per ceremony

values: Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay

values: Academy Award for Best Assistant Director

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values: حفل توزيع جوائز الأوسكار الثامن والسبعون – Arabic

values: 78ain seremoni wobrwyo yr Academi – Welsh

values: Βραβεία Αμερικανικής Ακαδημίας Κινηματογράφου 2005 – Greek

values: هفتاد و هشتمین دوره جوایز اسکار – Persian

values: 제78회 아카데미상 – Korean

values: Օսկարի 78-րդ մրցանակաբաշխություն – Armenian

values: ოსკარის 78-ე დაჯილდოება – Georgian

values: 78-oji Oskarų teikimo ceremonija – Lithuanian

values: 78. ceremonia wręczenia Oscarów – Polish

values: Оскар (кинопремия, 2006) – Russian

values: งานประกาศผลรางวัลออสการ์ ครั้งที่ 78 – Thai

values: Оскар (78-ма церемонія вручення) – Ukrainian

values: 第78届奥斯卡金像奖 – Chinese

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