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Currency of Ecuador
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The article provides a historical summary of the currency used in Ecuador. The present currency of Ecuador is the United States dollar.
Contents
1 1822–1830 Gran Colombia
2 1830–1850 Peso
2.1 1830–1836 State of Ecuador
2.1.1 Countermarked coin
2.1.2 Silver coin
2.1.3 Big Coin
2.2 1836–1843 Republic of Ecuador
2.2.1 History
2.2.2 Silver coin
2.2.3 Gold coin
2.3 1843 monetary law and coin
3 1846–1856 Peso fuerte
3.1 History
3.2 Silver coin
3.3 Gold coin
4 1856–1871 Franco
4.1 History
4.2 Paper
4.3 Coin
5 1871–1884 Peso
5.1 History
5.2 Paper
5.3 Coin
6 1884–1898 Sucre (silver standard)
6.1 History
6.2 Paper
6.3 Coin
7 1898–1914 Sucre (gold standard)
7.1 History
7.2 Paper
7.3 Coin
8 1914–1927 Sucre (unconvertible paper)
8.1 History
8.2 Coin
9 1927–1932 Sucre (gold exchange standard)
9.1 History
9.2 Paper
9.3 Coin
10 1932–2000 Sucre
11 2000 Dollarization
12 References
13 Bibliography
1822–1830 Gran Colombia[edit]
Main article: Currency of Colombia § 1821–1830 Gran Colombia
See also: Ecuadorian real
Peso = 8 Reales (silver)
Onza = 8 Escudos = 16 Pesos (diamonds)
Quito was part of Gran Colombia until 1830 as Departamento del Sur. Gran Colombia's monetary regulations retained the old Spanish colonial system, with both milled and hammered coin circulating. Gold and silver were minted at Popayán and Bogotá, copper at Caracas. On July 28, 1823, Bolívar authorized a mint at Quito, but almost a decade would pass before one opened there. Cobs (macuquina) were ordered withdrawn in 1826, but because of the lack of other coin, they continued to circulate. All kinds of foreign coin circulated on the coast as a result of foreign trade, but in the interior provinces only old Spanish colonial coin and macuquina circulated, mostly Peruvian.
1830–1850 Peso[edit]
See also: Ecuadorian peso
1830–1836 State of Ecuador[edit]
Countermarked coin[edit]
The 1832 countermark was intended solely for coin minted at Bogotá (Cundinamarca) between 1815 and 1821. But coins of below-standard fineness had been minted at Bogotá in 1823–1826, but dated 1821, and most were put into circulation in the Quito department during the Gran Colombia period.
Coins of Cundinamarca and Granada, dated 1818–1821, counterstamped 'MdQ' (quantities unknown):
1/4 real
1/2 real
real
2 reales
8 reales
Silver coin[edit]
Obv. arms of Colombia, rim inscription EL ECUADOR EN COLOMBIA and QUITO below the arms; rev. denomination, rim inscribed EL PODER EN LA CONSTITUCION; below the year and GJ (assayer's initials). A 1-real coin was authorized February 28, 1833. Minting of the medio real began September 30, 1832, before its characteristics had been established, which explains why some have the letter "M" (according to the law) while others have "1/2".
silver 666 fine dated 1833–1836
1/2 real 16 mm
real, 20 mm, 3.00–3.95 g
2 reales, 25 mm
Big Coin[edit]
Obv. Indian head with band reading LIBERTAD, the rim inscribed EL ECUADOR EN COLOMBIA, and under the head QUITO. The minting of 2-escudo pieces began in 1834. Some have their value expressed as 2-E (2 escudos), others as 1-D (1 doblóon).
gold 875 fine dated 1836–1838
escudo, 18 mm, 3.383 g
doblón, 22 mm, 6.766 g
1836–1843 Republic of Ecuador[edit]
History[edit]
See also: Moby Dick Coin
After Ecuador became "República del Ecuador" on June 28, 1835, the inscription (rev.) "EL ECUADOR EN COLOMBIA" was changed to "REPUBLICA DEL ECUADOR" (but the Colombian arms were retained). The minting of 1 and 2 escudo coins ceased because of an influx of counterfeits of these coins. In their place, President Vicente Rocafuerte authorized a media onza (4-escudo or doblón de a quatro).
After more minting equipment was obtained from Chile and installed at Quito, the minting of onzas (8-escudo pieces) was authorized (February 1838). A 4-real coin was authorized October 8, 1841, with the same features as the other denominations, but with the added inscription "MORAL INDUSTRIA" around the circumference, making the coin more difficult to counterfeit.
Poor quality and counterfeit coin from Colombia and Bolivia entered circulation in Ecuador, and the coins produced by the Quito mint had many flaws, so that currency standards were difficult to maintain. The use of merchant tokens became widespread. In an attempt to end the use of tokens, the government introduced a cuartillo (1/4 real) in 1842. The cuartillo was 333 fine and was called a calé (the name given in Spain to the 4-maravedí coin and which in Ecuador came to be applied to any small coin of low value).
Silver coin[edit]
silver 333 fine
cuartillo, 16 mm (1842)
silver 666 fine
1/2 real, 17 mm (1838, 1840)
real, 20 mm (1836–1841)
2 reales, 25 mm, 5.80–6.10 g (1836–1841)
4 reales, 31.5 mm (1841–1843)
Gold coin[edit]
gold 875 fine
1/2 onza (4 escudos), 28 mm, 13.500 (1836–1839, 1841)
onza (8 escudos), 34 mm, 27.064 g (1838–1843)
1843 monetary law and coin[edit]
Counterfeiting had reached alarming proportions during 1842. At this time, Ecuador was on the verge of bankruptcy.
The National Convention passed a new monetary law in June 1843, changing the coin type (design) in an effort to distinguish good money from bad. It adopted a new coat of arms for the obverse and placed a bust of Simón Bolívar on the reverse on both gold and silver. It authorized a gold onza (E.8), 1/2 onza (E.4), doblón (E.2), escudo, and 1/2 escudo (never minted). Silver coins were the peso fuerte (R.8), medio peso (R.4), peseta (R.2), real, medio (R.1/2), and cuarto (R.1/4). But the absurdly low quantities of coin minted in 1844–1845 resulted in an influx of worn coin and coin of inferior quality from neighboring countries.
medio peso (R.4), 33 mm (1844, 1845)
onza (E.8), 36 mm (1844, 1845)
1846–1856 Peso fuerte[edit]
History[edit]
On December 29, 1845, President Vicente Ramón Roca authorized a coin to compete with the fuertes (full-bodied coin) of other countries. This was the peso fuerte, 903 fine. The standard of 875 fine for gold was identical to that of Ecuador's neighbors and presented no problem. The standard of 903 fine for silver, however, resulted in a heavy export of the coin. It disappeared as soon as it entered circulation (Gresham's law), grabbed up by the merchants of Guayaquil. On July 7, 1846, the value of the fuerte was raised from 8 to 9 reales in a vain attempt to keep it in circulation.
The November 1846 monetary law adopted a new type with a bust of Bolívar for gold and a Liberty bust for silver. These appeared on coins dated 1847. The bulk of the circulating currency consisted of poor quality, worn coins. As soon as the new silver coins appeared, they were clipped and perforated in order to reduce their value to that of the circulating currency, while gold coins immediately disappeared abroad.
By the 1850s the Quito mint was not receiving enough precious metals to justify its operation. It had to coin a minimum of 6,000 pesos a year just to meet overhead. The mint was shut down during 1853 while the government considered the options of keeping it open or shutting it down. The mint equipment was worn and could not produce coin in sufficient quantity to compete with the foreign coin that entered Ecuador, especially through the port of Guayaquil.
Many coins in circulation were pierced with a hole, and this was causing problems in financial transactions. The governor of Pichincha Province proclaimed that anyone piercing a coin minted after 1855 would be punished according to existing penal regulations and that anyone receiving such a pierced coin had to make note of the person passing it.
Silver coin[edit]
silver 666 fine dated 1847–1852
1/4 real, 12 mm, 1849–1862
1/2 real, 17 mm, 1848–1849
2 reales, 27 mm, 1847–1852
silver 903 fine dated 1846
peso fuerte, 38 mm, 27.000 g (1,386 pieces)
Gold coin[edit]
gold, 875 fine dated 1847–1856
onza, 37 mm, 27.064 g
1856–1871 Franco[edit]
Peso = 5 Francos = 10 Reales
See also: Ecuadorian peso
History[edit]
Congress passed a new monetary law on December 5, 1856, adopting the French decimal system, a standard of 0.900 for silver, and the Ecuadorian Franco, equal to 4.500 g fine silver or 290.3225 mg fine gold. The peso remained a unit of account equal to 5 francos. This measure was intended to avoid the error committed with the peso fuerte of 1846. Only decimal standard coins were to be accepted after October 15, 1866.
The Ecuadorian silver coinage had been debased ever since 1833. The government wanted to produce coins of high silver content to finance foreign exchange, so the debased silver had to be withdrawn and replaced with 900 fine silver. This was the reason for the 5-Franco coin, but its appearance in October 1858 caused some confusion. The decimal system was quite unfamiliar to the public and, despite the Franco's introduction, the custom of counting in pesos of 8 reales or tostones of 4 reales continued.
Production of the 5 francos could not be sustained and it proved impossible to replace all the poor coin (moneda feble, i.e., coin 666 fine). The 1859 earthquake closed the Quito mint until 1861.
Banco Particular de Guayaquil obtained permission in June 1861 to have 200,000 pesos in coin 666 fine minted on the pre-1856 octal system (Sistema Octavario). Dies for the coins were engraved in Paris and arrived in Quito in October 1862. These were the last coins produced at the Quito mint. In February 1863 the mint equipment gave out and the government did not attempt to replace it. Besides, Banco de Guayaquil had no wish to continue minting: in minting 35,580 pesos, it had suffered a loss of 6,776 pesos (19%). Thus, after 1863, all Ecuadorian coin was minted abroad.
To keep coin in circulation, President Gabriel García Moreno prohibited the export of coin 666 fine. The circulation of various kinds of tokens became common. Imbabura Province, in the north, was authorized to allow the free circulation of Colombian francos.
Paper[edit]
Banco de Circulación y Descuento de Manuel Antonio de Luzarraga, Guayaquil, issued Ecuador's first banknotes in 1859 in denominations of 1, 4, 5, 10, and 20 pesos. All its notes were redeemed.
La Caja de Amortización, Guayaquil, opened in 1860, issuing notes for 5 and 10 pesos in the amount of 100,000 pesos. It closed in 1861.
Banco Particular de Descuento i Circulación de Guayaquil, founded in 1861 by an association of 50 merchants, began issuing notes in 1862 in denominations of 1, 5, 10, and 20 pesos, adding a 50 and 100 in 1864, and notes for 2 and 4 reales in 1865. This bank did much to popularize the use of paper money. It merged into Banco del Ecuador in 1870.
Banco de Circulacion y Descuento de Planas, Pérez y Obarrio opened at Guayaquil in 1865 and, without government authorization, issued 300,000 pesos in notes of 4 reales and 1, 5, 10, and 20 pesos. In 1867 it was obliged to recall its notes and close its doors.
Banco del Ecuador, founded in 1867, began operations at Guayaquil in 1868, issuing overprinted notes of the Luzarraga bank for 1, 4, 5, and 10 pesos. It issued new notes in 1870 for 2 and 4 reales and 1 peso.''
Coin[edit]
silver 666 fine
1/4 real, 12 mm (1855, 1856, 1862)
2 reales, 26 mm (1857, 1862)
4 reales, 33.5 mm (1855, 1857, 1862)
silver 900 fine
5 francos, 37.5 mm, 25.000 g (1858)
1871–1884 Peso[edit]
Peso = 10 Reales = 100 Centavos
Conversion: 1 peso = 5 francos
History[edit]
The silver peso of 25.000 g 900 fine was made the monetary unit on November 21, 1871, and it was decimalized November 21, 1873. The issue of 1 and 2 centavo copper coins (minted in Birmingham) was decreed June 8, 1872, and President García Moreno provided that the new coins would be received by the government at the rate of 10 centavos per real or 100 centavos per peso fuerte of 10 reales. This established a legal equivalence between the old money and the new. It was further arranged to have Banco del Ecuador import coin based on the French decimal system. García Moreno thus settled the basic problems of Ecuador's currency.
In 1877 President Ignacio de Veintimilla authorized the free circulation of coin less than 900 fine, with the immediate result that good quality coin disappeared from circulation, replaced by coin from Chile and Bolivia that was only 500 fine.
Paper[edit]
Banco del Ecuador issued notes for 2 & 4 reales and 1, 5, 10, 20, 100, 500 & 1000 pesos.
Banco Nacional, Guayaquil, issued notes briefly in 1871 for 2 and 4 reales and for 1, 5, 10, 20, and 100 pesos. It was taken over by Banco del Eduador, which began withdrawing Banco Nacional's notes in 1872.
Banco de Quito was the first Quito-based bank. It began issuing notes in 1874 for 2 reales and 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 pesos. A new series appeared in 1880 for 1, 5, 10, 20, and 100 pesos.
Banco de la Union, Quito, issued notes from 1882 for 1, 5, 10, 20, and 100 pesos. It handled the personal finances of President Veintimilla.
Banco Anglo-Ecuatoriano was established in 1884 at Montecristi, later moving to Guayaquil. It issued notes for 1, 5, and 10 pesos.
Coin[edit]
copper, Birmingham, dated 1872
centavo, 25.5 mm
2 centavos, 31 mm
1884–1898 Sucre (silver standard)[edit]
Sucre = 10 Décimos = 100 Centavos
Conversion: 1 sucre = 1 peso
History[edit]
Ecuador's monetary unit, the peso, was renamed Sucre (decree of March 22, 1884, effective April 1), equal to 22.500 g fine silver. The Sucre was named after the Latin American revolutionary Antonio José de Sucre. The 1884 monetary law permitted free circulation of gold coin of France, Italy, Belgium, Switzerland, Colombia, Peru, and the United States. As for silver, the law permitted the import of 5-franc pieces of France, Italy, Belgium, and Switzerland, of the pesos of Chile and Colombia, of the Peruvian sol, and of the United States dollar and its fractions. Copper (vellón) was made legal tender to 5 décimos. Bank reserves were in silver coin and banknotes were convertible solely into silver. Ecuador was on a de facto silver standard and did not coin any gold between 1884 and 1892. The government had silver coin minted abroad through the offices of the private banks, usually taking 25% of the profit.
The Government signed a contract, October 6, 1887, with Banco del Ecuador to withdraw Chilean coin and low-quality national coin and replace it with coin of standard fineness. A decree of April 12, 1889, made the Bolivian coin circulating in the southern part of Ecuador equal to other coin, since its holders had been losing 20% on exchange. Banco Internacional was entrusted with withdrawing the Bolivian coin, paying partly in good coin and partly in notes. In 1890 Colombian coin 835 fine was exchanged at its face value.
Between 1887 and 1892 over 1.75 million sucres worth of substandard coin was withdrawn, so that only high quality silver coin remained in circulation. President Antonio Flores Jijón (son of Presidente Juan José Flores) announced that from August 15, 1890, only national coin was allowed to circulate in Ecuador, and Ecuador's monetary system was finally unified. But the total face value of coin in circulation had been reduced. In order to alleviate the shortage of small change, the President authorized (June 14, 1890) the minting of 30,000 sucres in copper coins of 1/2 and 1 centavo.
The fall in the price of silver had been gradual in 1884–1890, but became very pronounced after 1893, and the government began looking at ways to adopt the gold standard. In 1897, the Monetary Commission reported that of the 4,790,730 sucres that had been minted up to then, 2,810,850 had been in 1-sucre coins and 2,079,000 in halves, tenths, and twentieths. It also reported that of the total, 2,931,081.15 was deposited with the banks and that half of the remainder was still in circulation, the other half either exported or used by industry.
Paper[edit]
Banco del Ecuador issued notes of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500 & 1000 sucres. It was one of the most powerful banks of the period.
Banco de la Union issued notes for 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 & 100 sucres until it closed in 1895.
Banco Anglo-Ecuatoriano issued notes for 1, 5 & 10 sucres until it was reorganized as Banco Internacional in 1887.
Banco de Londres y Ecuador, Quito, evidently issued notes for 1, 5, and 10 sucres. (No information about this bank is available.)
Banco Internacional was reorganized in 1885 from Banco Anglo-Ecuatoriano. It issued notes for 1, 5, 10, 20, 100, 500 & 1000 sucres. New designs of the 50 & 100 appeared in 1889. It was reorganized in 1894 as Comercial y Agricola.
Banco Comercial y Agricola, reorganized in 1894 from Banco Internacional, issued notes for 1, 5, 20, 100, 500 & 1000 sucres. The color of the 1-sucre note was changed in 1897,
Coin[edit]
copper-nickel, dated 1884–1886
centavo, 17.5 mm
medio décimo, 25 mm
silver 900 fine dated 1884–1916
medio décimo, 15 mm, 1.250 g
décimo, 18 mm, 2.500 g
2 décimos, 23 mm, 5.000 g
medio sucre, 30 mm, 12.500 g
sucre, 37 mm, 25.000 g
1898–1914 Sucre (gold standard)[edit]
Sucre (S/.) = 10 Décimos = 100 Centavos
History[edit]
The gold standard was adopted November 3, 1898, the gold coin to be called the cóndor ecuatoriano, 8.136 g, 900 fine, with a value of 10 sucres. This made the sucre equal to 732.22382 mg fine gold or 2 shillings sterling. Gold par was 10 sucres per pound sterling, 2.055 per US$1, and 2.522 francs per sucre. Silver pieces were the peseta (2 décimos), the real or décimo (10 centavos), and the medio (5 centavos). The 1898 law also made the sovereign legal tender. A subsequent decree (October 29, 1908) authorized a gold 1/5 cóndor and vellón coins (75% copper, 25% nickel) of 1/2, 1, 2, and 5 centavos.
Paper[edit]
Banco del Ecuador and Banco Comercial y Agricola continued issuing. They were joined by two new issuing banks.
Banco del Pichincha, Quito, issued notes for 1, 5, 10, and 20 sucres from 1906. A second issue was for 1, 5, 10, 20, 50 & 100 sucres.
Banco del Azuay, Cuenca, issued notes from 1913 for 1, 2, 5, and 10 sucres.
Coin[edit]
copper-nickel, Heaton mint, dated 1909
1/2 centavo, 15 mm (4 million)
centavo, 17 mm (3 million)
2 centavos, 19 mm (2.5 million)
5 centavos, 21 mm (2 million)
gold 900 fine dated 1899–1900 (Heaton mint)
10 sucres, 22 mm, 8.136 g (100,000 pieces)
To mint the cóndor, the government sold 3 million sucres in silver coin (all the half-sucre coins and all the foreign silver that it had taken from circulation in southern Ecuador). The cóndor was minted at Birmingham and issued through the private banks Banco Comercial y Agrícola and Banco del Ecuador.
1914–1927 Sucre (unconvertible paper)[edit]
History[edit]
The gold standard was suspended in 1914 and banknotes were declared unconvertible tender. The price of silver rose and its export was embargoed. The exchange rate remained at par (2.055 per US$1) until 1918, when progressive depreciation set in. The government established a complete monopoly on foreign bills of exchange. Late in 1922 the free market rate fell to 5.405 per dollar. The government took draconian measures, requiring exporters to surrender foreign exchange earnings at a rate set by the Exchange Commission (3.60/US$). The government struggled with the foreign exchange problem until the sucre was finally stabilized in 1926 at 5 sucres per US dollar.
The economic situation was disastrous, due in part to the fraud of the commercial banks, the most notorious of which was Banco Comercial y Agrícola's issue of notes in excess of the legal limit in the huge amount of 18 million sucres. The Junta de Gobierno produced by the July Revolution (Revolución Juliana, July 9, 1925) wished to create a central bank, despite violent opposition. There were then six banks of issue: del Ecuador, Commercial y Agricola, de Pichincha, Credito Agricola e Industrial, del Azuay, and the recently opened (1920) Banco de Descuento.
Coin[edit]
copper-nickel, Philadelphia mint, dated 1917, 1918
2½ centavos, 19 mm (1.60 million 1917)
5 centavos, 21 mm (1.20 million 1917, 1.98 million 1918)
10 centavos, 22 mm (1.00 million 1918)
copper-nickel, Providence mint, dated 1919
5 centavos, 20 mm (12.00 million)
10 centavos, 25 mm (2.00 million)
copper-nickel, Heaton mint, dated 1924
5 centavos, 16.5 mm (10.00 million)* 10 centavos, 19.5 mm (5.00 million)
1927–1932 Sucre (gold exchange standard)[edit]
Sucre = 100 Centavos
Cóndor = 25 Sucres
History[edit]
A government decree of October 9, 1925, authorized a central bank, and on June 23, 1926, President Isidro Ayora created the Caja Central de Emisión y Amortización (central office for note issue and withdrawal) in anticipation of the central bank. Its main task was to assume control of the notes and metallic reserves of the six private banks of issue, and to withdraw their notes in exchange for notes of its own. Caja began exchanging private banknotes for notes of its own in December 1926, continuing its operations until August 12, 1927.
The Kemmerer Financial Mission (Comisión de Expertos Financieros) arrived in 1926, and its report was the basis for the monetary reform of March 4, 1927, which created El Banco Central del Ecuador and put the sucre on the gold exchange standard, with devaluation (58.8%) to 300.933 mg Au (equivalent to US$0.20). The new cóndor was 8.35925 g 900 fine, valued at 25 sucres (equivalent to the US half eagle). Banco Central's statutes were approved June 3, it was formally inaugurated August 10, and it began operations October 1. Ecuadorian gold was recoined at Birmingham, silver at Philadelphia.
Paper[edit]
Private banknotes ceased to circulate after 1927.
Caja Central de Emisión y Amortización overprinted certain private banknotes of 1, 2, 5, and 10 sucres with its own name, domiciled them Quito, and put them into circulation in December 1926. This was a provisional series to prepare for a central bank of issue.
El Banco Central del Ecuador, Sociedad Anonima released notes for 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 sucres in 1928. These notes had a gold redemption clause, e.g., “Pagará al portador á la vista CINCO SUCRES en oro ó giros oro” (promises to pay the bearer at sight FIVE SUCRES in gold or gold exchange). The gold clause was retained on Banco Central's notes until 1939.
Coin[edit]
The great variety in type and size of the copper and nickel coins introduced between 1914 and 1925 was awkward and confusing, so they were all replaced by coins minted at Philadelphia and dated 1928.
bronze, Philadelphia mint, dated 1928
centavo, 20.5 mm (2.016 million)
copper-nickel, Philadelphia mint, dated 1928
2½ centavos, 18.5 mm (4 million)
5 centavos, 19.5 mm (16 million)
10 centavos, 21 mm (16 million)
silver 720 fine dated 1928, 1930, 1934 (Philadelphia)
50 centavos, 18 mm, 2.500 g
sucre, 23.5 mm, 5.000 g
2 sucres, 28.75 mm, 10.000 g
Banco Central sent 63,680 cóndores of the 1898 standard to Birmingham to be recoined into 20,000 new cóndores, the remainder to be sold as bullion.
gold 900 fine dated 1928 (Birmingham)
cóndor (25 sucres), 22 mm, 8.35925 g (20,000 pieces)
1932–2000 Sucre[edit]
Main article: Ecuadorian sucre
The gold exchange standard was suspended February 8, 1932. Exchange controls were adopted April 30 and the official rate was fixed at 5.95 (buying) per US dollar. After the price of silver rose above the nominal value of most silver coins in the 1930s, Ecuador embargoed the export of silver (May 17, 1935). This was followed by numerous adjustments to the foreign exchange system as the sucre continued to depreciate. Foreign exchange controls were finally lifted in September 1937 and the official rate was set at 13.50 per US dollar. The sucre was devalued to 14.77 per dollar on June 4, 1940, and exchange controls were reimposed. The official rate became 14.00 per in 1942 and 13.50 per in 1944.
Parity was registered with the International Monetary Fund on December 18, 1946, at 65.827 mg fine gold (13.50 per US$), but a system of multiple exchange rates was adopted in 1947. The sucre's IMF par was devalued to 15 per dollar in 1950, to 18 per in 1961, and to 25 per in 1970.
The sucre maintained a fairly stable exchange rate against the US dollar until 1983, when it was devalued to 42 per dollar and a crawling peg was adopted. Depreciation gained momentum and the free market rate was over 800 per dollar by 1990 and almost 3000 per in 1995.
The sucre lost 67% of its foreign exchange value during 1999, then in one week nosedived 17%, ending at 25,000/US$1 on January 7, 2000. On January 9, President Jamil Mahuad announced that the US dollar would be adopted as Ecuador's official currency. Protests led to his removal. Vice President Gustavo Noboa became president, only to confirm the government's commitment to dollarization.
On March 9, 2000, Noboa signed a law passed by Congress, replacing the sucre with the United States dollar at an official exchange rate of 25,000 sucres per US$1. Both currencies were to circulate, the dollar being used for all but the smallest transactions. Only coins would continue in the local currency.
2000 Dollarization[edit]
Main article: United States dollar
US Dollar
Conversion: 1 US dollar = 25,000 sucres
The US dollar became legal tender in Ecuador March 13, 2000, and sucre notes ceased being legal tender on September 11.[citation needed] Sucre notes remained exchangeable at Banco Central until March 30, 2001, at 25,000 sucres per dollar.[citation needed] Ecuador now only issues its own centavo coins.[citation needed]
References[edit]
Banco Central del Ecuador Museo Numismatico, Archivo base de numismática, archived from the original (– Scholar search) on January 24, 2016, retrieved May 7, 2008 (in Spanish) Digital publication of Banco Central del Ecuador Museo y biblioteca virtuales. Zipped PDF file, 220 pages.
Bruce II, Colin R., ed. (2007), 2008 Standard catalog of world coins 1901–2000 (35th ed.), Iola, WI: Krause, pp. 712–717, ISBN 978-0-89689-500-3 .
Cribb, Joe; Cook, Barrie; Carradice, Ian (1990), The coin atlas, New York: Facts on File, pp. 302–303, ISBN 0-8160-2097-3 .
Chester L. Krause and Clifford Mishler. (2001), Krause, Chester L.; Mishler, Clifford, eds., Standard catalog of world coins 1801–1900 (3rd ed.), Iola, WI: Krause, pp. 295–299, ISBN 0-87349-305-2 .
Sédillot, René (1955), Toutes les monnaies du monde, Paris: Recueil Sirey, pp. 166, 394, 502–504 .
based on the original writings of Albert Pick ; edited by Neil Shafer & George S. Cuhaj ; Randy Thern, numismatic cataloging supervisor ; special consultants Colin R. Bruce ... (2002), Shafer, Neil; Cuhaj, George S., eds., Standard catalog of world paper money: specialized issues, 1 (9th ed.), Iola, WI: Krause, pp. 554–565, ISBN 0-87349-466-0 CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) .
Las casas de moneda españolas en América del sur (in Spanish), archived from the original on April 5, 2008, retrieved May 7, 2008 On-line book detailing the history of the Spanish mints in South America.
Marr, Df (Oct 1987), "Numismática", Indian journal of leprosy (in Spanish), 59 (4): 463–7, ISSN 0254-9395, PMID 3330556, retrieved May 7, 2008 Historical information on Ecuadorian currency by Banco Central del Ecuador's Museo y biblioteca virtuales.
Bibliography[edit]
Hoyos Galarza, Melvin: La Moneda Ecuatoriana a través de los tiempos. Banco de Guayaquil, Editorial El Conejo, Quito, 1998, ISBN 9978-87-181-0 (173 pp, illus.).
Iza Terán, Carlos: Catálogo Museo Numismático Quito, Banco Central del Ecuador, Quito, 2000, ISBN 9978-72-336-6.
Ortuño, Carlos: Historia Numismatica del Ecuador. Banco Central del Ecuador, Quito, 1977 (234 pp. illus, some in colour).
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Humphreys (Unigate)
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The British milk company Unigate produced a series of TV advertisements in the 1970s featuring characters called the Humphreys. The Humphreys were milk thieves whose only visible presence was a red and white striped straw with which to suck up the milk. TV personalities of the time, including Barbara Windsor, Arthur Mullard and Rod Hull featured in the adverts, but the campaign is best known for the slogan: "Watch out, watch out – there's a Humphrey about!"
A merchandising campaign accompanied the adverts and the Humphrey-themed mugs, milk bottles and straws are now collectors items. The campaign was devised by John Webster of the Boase Massimi Pollitt advertising agency.[1]
Celebrities featuring in the Humphrey ads[edit]
Muhammad Ali
Benny Hill
Rod Hull
Sid James
Henry McGee
Spike Milligan
Frank Muir
Arthur Mullard
Barbara Windsor
Several campaign stickers were produced, of which the following are just three examples: "Watch Out, Watch Out, There's a Humphrey About" which features two red and white striped straws projecting from a pocket; "Watch Out for the Humphrey Patrol" which features a row of the tops of thirteen red and white striped straws; and "Drink it Quick, Humphreys are Slick" which features a red-and-white-striped straw projecting from a partially drunk glass of milk. Three different full sticker sheets can be seen here.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "49. Humphreys". http://www.campaignlive.co.uk/news/1161672/. Campaign. Retrieved 2015-03-22. External link in |website= (help)
External links[edit]
UK TV Commercials page featuring the lyrics to the Humphrey song.

This advertising-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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Semi-automatic firearm
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
A semi-automatic firearm, or self-loading firearm, is one that not only fires a bullet each time the trigger is pulled, but also performs all steps necessary to prepare it to discharge again—assuming cartridges remain in the firearm's feed device. Typically, this includes extracting and ejecting the spent cartridge case from the firing chamber, re-cocking the firing mechanism, and loading a new cartridge into the firing chamber. To fire again, the trigger is released and re-pressed.
Ferdinand Ritter von Mannlicher produced the first successful design for a semi-automatic rifle in 1885, and by the early 20th century, many manufacturers had introduced semi-automatic shotguns, rifles and pistols.
In military use, self-loading rifles were barely used in World War I, and most armies in World War II also still relied upon bolt-action rifles, with the exception of the Americans, who in 1937 had adopted the M1 Garand as the standard-issue infantry weapon.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early history (1885–1945)
1.1 Semi-automatic shotgun
1.2 Blowback semi-automatic
1.3 Notable early semi-automatic rifles
1.4 Notable gas-operated rifles
2 Types
3 Fully automatic compared to semi-automatic
4 Auto-loading
5 Examples
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Early history (1885–1945)[edit]
The Fusil Automatique Modele 1917 was the first semi-automatic rifle to be widely issued in the infantry in any nation's army.
The first successful design for a semi-automatic rifle is attributed to German-born gunsmith Ferdinand Ritter von Mannlicher, who unveiled the design in 1885.[1] The Model 85 was followed by the equally innovative Mannlicher Models 91, 93 and 95 semi-automatic rifles.[2] Although Mannlicher earned his reputation with his bolt-action rifle designs, he also produced a few semi-automatic pistols, including the Steyr Mannlicher M1894, which employed an unusual blow-forward action and held five rounds of 6.5 mm ammunition that were fed into the M1894 by a stripper clip.
Semi-automatic shotgun[edit]
Remington 1100 Tactical Shotgun in 12 gauge – an example of a semi-automatic shotgun
A few years later, American gunsmith John Moses Browning developed the first successful semi-automatic shotgun, the Browning Auto-5, which was first manufactured in 1902 by Fabrique Nationale de Herstal and sold in America under the Browning name. The Auto-5 relied on long recoil operation; this design remained the dominant form in semi-automatic shotguns for approximately 50 years. Production of the Auto-5 was ended in 1999.
Blowback semi-automatic[edit]
In 1903 and 1905, the Winchester Repeating Arms Company introduced the first semi-automatic rimfire and centerfire rifles designed especially for the civilian market. The Winchester Model 1903 and Winchester Model 1905 operated on the principle of blowback in order to function semi-automatically. Designed entirely by T.C. Johnson, the Model 1903 achieved commercial success and continued to be manufactured until 1932 when the Winchester Model 63 replaced it.
By the early 20th century, several manufacturers had introduced semi-automatic .22 sporting rifles, including Winchester, Remington, Fabrique Nationale and Savage Arms, all using the direct blow-back system of operation. Winchester introduced a medium caliber semi-automatic sporting rifle, the Model 1907 as an upgrade to the Model 1905, utilizing a blowback system of operation, in calibers such as .351 Winchester. Both the Models of 1905 and 1907 saw limited military and police use.
Notable early semi-automatic rifles[edit]
In 1906, Remington Arms introduced the "Remington Auto-loading Repeating Rifle." Remington advertised this rifle, renamed the "Model 8" in 1911, as a sporting rifle. This is a locked-breech, long recoil action designed by John Browning. The rifle was offered in .25, .30, .32, and .35 caliber models, and gained popularity among civilians as well as some law enforcement officials who appreciated the combination of a semi-automatic action and relatively powerful rifle cartridges. The Model 81 superseded the Model 8 in 1936 and was offered in .300 Savage as well as the original Remington calibers.
The first semi-automatic rifle adopted and widely issued by a major military power (France) was the Fusil Automatique Modele 1917. This is a locked breech, gas-operated action which is very similar in its mechanical principles to the future M1 Garand in the United States. The M1917 was fielded during the latter stages of World War I but it did not receive a favorable reception. However its shortened and improved version, the Model 1918, was much more favourably received during the Moroccan Rif War from 1920 to 1926. The Lebel bolt-action rifle remained the standard French infantry rifle until replaced in 1936 by the MAS-36 despite the various semi-automatic rifles designed between 1918 and 1935.
Other nations experimented with self-loading rifles between the two World Wars, including the United Kingdom, which had intended to replace the bolt-action Lee–Enfield with a self-loader, possibly chambered for sub-caliber ammunition, but discarded that plan as the imminence of the Second World War and the emphasis shifted from replacing every rifle with a new design to speeding-up re-armament with existing weapons. The Soviet Union and Nazi Germany would both issue successful self-loading and selective-fire rifles on a large scale during the course of the war, but not in sufficient numbers to replace their standard bolt-action rifles.
Notable gas-operated rifles[edit]
The SKS is a semi-automatic Russian rifle
In 1937, the American M1 Garand was the first semi-automatic rifle to replace its nation's bolt-action rifle as the standard-issue infantry weapon. The gas-operated M1 Garand was developed by Canadian-born John Garand for the U.S. government at the Springfield Armory in Springfield, Massachusetts. After years of research and testing, the first production model of the M1 Garand was unveiled in 1937. During World War II, the M1 Garand gave American infantrymen an advantage over their opponents, most of whom were issued slower firing bolt-action rifles.[3]
The Soviet AVS-36, SVT-38 and SVT-40, as well as the German Gewehr 43, were semi-automatic gas-operated rifles issued during World War II in relatively small numbers. In practice, they did not replace the bolt-action rifle as a standard infantry weapon.
Another gas-operated semi-automatic rifle developed toward the end of World War II was the SKS. Designed by Sergei Gavrilovich Simonov in 1945, it came equipped with a bayonet and could be loaded with ten rounds, using a stripper clip. However, the SKS was quickly replaced by the AK-47. It was the first widely issued weapon to use the 7.62×39mm cartridge.[citation needed]
Types[edit]
SIG Pro semi-automatic pistol
There are semi-automatic pistols, rifles, and shotguns designed and made as semi-automatic only. Selective-fire firearms are capable of both full automatic and semi-automatic modes. The M14, produced at the Springfield Armory in Springfield, Massachusetts, was the U.S. standard issue selective-fire weapon for eleven years (1957–1968).
Semi-automatic refers to a firearm which uses the force of recoil or gas to eject the empty case and load a fresh cartridge into the firing chamber for the next shot and which allows repeat shots solely through the action of pulling the trigger. A double-action revolver also requires only a trigger pull for each round that is fired but is not considered semi-automatic since the manual action of pulling the trigger is what advances the cylinder, not the energy of the preceding shot.
Fully automatic compared to semi-automatic[edit]
Walther P99, a semi-automatic pistol from the late 1990s
The usage of the term automatic may vary according to context. Gun specialists point out that the word automatic is sometimes misunderstood to mean fully automatic fire when used to refer to a self-loading, semi-automatic firearm not capable of fully automatic fire. In this case, automatic refers to the loading mechanism, not the firing capability.
The term "automatic pistol" almost exclusively refers to a semi-automatic (i.e. not fully automatic) pistol. With handguns, the term "automatic" is commonly used to distinguish semi-automatic pistols from revolvers. The term "auto-loader" may also be used to describe a semi-automatic handgun. However, to avoid confusion, the term "automatic rifle" is generally, conventionally and best restricted to a rifle capable of fully automatic fire. Both uses of the term "automatic" can be found; the exact meaning must be determined from context.
Auto-loading[edit]
The mechanism of semi-automatic (or autoloading) firearms is usually what is known as a closed-bolt firing system. In a closed-bolt system, a round must first be chambered manually before the weapon can fire. When the trigger is pulled, only the hammer and firing pin move, striking and firing the cartridge. The bolt then recoils far enough rearward to extract and load a new cartridge from the magazine into the firearm's chamber, ready to fire again once the trigger is pulled.
An open-bolt mechanism is a common characteristic of fully automatic firearms. With this system, pulling the trigger releases the bolt from a cocked, rearward position, pushing a cartridge from the magazine into the chamber, firing the gun. The bolt retracts to the rearward position, ready to strip the next cartridge from the magazine. The open-bolt system is often used in submachine guns and other weapons with a high rate of fire. It is rarely used in semi-automatic-only firearms, which can fire only one shot with each pull of the trigger. The closed-bolt system is generally more accurate, as the centre of gravity changes relatively little at the moment the trigger is pulled.
With fully automatic weapons, open-bolt operation allows air to circulate, cooling the barrel; with semi-automatic firearms, the closed-bolt operation is preferred, as overheating is not as critical, and accuracy is preferred. Some select-fire military weapons use an open bolt in fully automatic mode and a closed bolt when semi-automatic is selected.
Examples[edit]
M1911 pistol
Borchardt C-93 pistol
Dragunov sniper rifle
FN FAL
Fusil Automatique Modele 1917
Gewehr 43
Luger pistol
M1 Garand
MAS-49 rifle
Mondragón rifle
Meunier rifle
SVT-40
SKS
See also[edit]
Main articles
Semi-automatic pistol
Semi-automatic rifle
Semi-automatic shotgun
Related subjects
Assault weapon - certain semi-automatic firearms are classified as assault weapons in some jurisdictions
Assault rifle
Designated marksman rifle
Modern sporting rifle
Personal defense weapon
Repeating Rifle
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Jewison, Glenn; Steiner, Jörg C. (2010). "Ferdinand Ritter von Mannlicher". austro-hungarian-army.co.uk. Glenn Jewison.
Jump up ^ Smith, Walter H.B. (1947). Mannlicher Rifles and Pistols: Famous Sporting and Military Weapons. Military Service Publishing.
Jump up ^ "Firsts: Springfield 375". 2011. Archived from the original on March 14, 2012.
External links[edit]
NPR Audio Report: The Appeal of Semi-Automatic Weapons
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Semi-automatic_firearm&oldid=808924584"
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That's So Raven (season 1)
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That's So Raven (season 1)
Country of origin
United States
No. of episodes
21
Release
Original network
Disney Channel
Original release
January 17, 2003 (2003-01-17) – March 5, 2004 (2004-03-05)
Season chronology
Next →
Season 2
List of That's So Raven episodes
The first season of That's So Raven aired on Disney Channel from January, 2003 to March 2004. The season introduces the Baxter family, Raven (Raven-Symoné), Cory (Kyle Massey), Tanya Baxter (T'Keyah Crystal Keymáh), and Victor Baxter (Rondell Sheridan) as they manage with Raven and her ability to see into the future. Orlando Brown and Anneliese van der Pol co-stars as Raven's best friends, Eddie Thomas and Chelsea Daniels.
Guest stars for this season included: Rose Abdoo, Angell Conwell, Brian George, Joshua Harto, Amy Hill, Steven Anthony Lawrence, Jenifer Lewis, Wesley Mann, Niecy Nash, Ernie Sabella, Brenda Song, and Kirsten Storms.
Contents
[hide]
1 Production
2 Premise
3 Cast
4 Episodes
5 References
6 External links
Production[edit]
The series filmed its pilot episode on April 12, 2001 and was picked up in August.[citation needed] The rest of season was filmed from November 9, 2001 to June 2002.[citation needed] All episodes were filmed at Sunset Gower Studios.[citation needed]
Premise[edit]
The show is set in San Francisco and revolves around a teenager named Raven Baxter, played by Raven-Symoné, and how she gets herself, her friends Eddie and Chelsea, and her family members, such as her brother Cory, out of various situations, usually by using her psychic powers and a variety of disguises.
Cast[edit]
Raven-Symoné as Raven Baxter
Orlando Brown as Eddie Thomas
Anneliese van der Pol as Chelsea Daniels
Kyle Massey as Cory Baxter
T'Keyah Crystal Keymáh as Tanya Baxter
Rondell Sheridan as Victor Baxter
Episodes[edit]
Main article: List of That's So Raven episodes
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title [1]
Directed by
Written by
Original air date [1]
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)
1
1 "Mother Dearest" Lee Shallat-Chemel Bob Keyes & Doug Keyes January 17, 2003 (2003-01-17) 102 3.6[2]
Raven gets in trouble after she mouths off to a spiteful teacher, and the teacher demands a parent-teacher conference. After school, Raven's parents reward her with a new cell phone because of her responsibility. Raven feels guilty, but does not tell her parents about what happened at school. Instead, she ends up dressing up in Tanya's purple outfit and goes to the conference, which creates all sorts of chaos. Meanwhile, Eddie is being bullied by a jock who takes over his locker.
Absent: Anneliese van der Pol as Chelsea Daniels
2
2 "Party Animal" Rich Correll Dava Savel January 17, 2003 (2003-01-17) 109 3.3[3]
Raven and her brother Cory fight and tease each other regularly. But when Raven has a vision of her brother getting mad at her, she attempts to reconcile by throwing him an animal themed birthday party. However, circumstances make the day much harder for Raven, who has to save her relationship with Cory and her ambitious birthday plans.
3
3 "Test of Friendship" Rich Correll Bob Keyes & Doug Keyes January 17, 2003 (2003-01-17) 107 3.5[4]
After Raven has a vision of Eddie getting failing a Spanish test, which gets him to get kicked off the basketball team. she tries her best to keep it from happening. When Eddie finds out that Raven knows the answers there is a true test of friendship.
Absent: T'Keyah Crystal Keymáh as Tanya Baxter, Rondell Sheridan as Victor Baxter
4
4 "Wake Up, Victor" Ken Ceizler Susan Sherman & Edward C. Evans January 17, 2003 (2003-01-17) 119 3.4[5]
Cory and his friend Miles attempt to hypnotize Chelsea and Raven. Instead, they hypnotize Victor. However, Victor was supposed to appear on a prestigious cooking show with impatient host Kelly Bryant. Can Raven and her family save her dad from utter failure before it's too late?
5
5 "A Fish Called Raven" Fred Savage Dava Savel & Carla Banks Waddles January 24, 2003 (2003-01-24) 121 TBA
Raven's visions get the better of her when a malicious student reporter, Serena, plans to expose her secret to the whole of her school. Now, it is up to Raven to sabotage Eddie's big basketball game and keep her reputation intact.
6
6 "Smell of Victory" Lee Shallat-Chemel Laura Perkins-Brittain January 31, 2003 (2003-01-31) 101 TBA
Raven has been paired with Ben "Stinky" Sturkey for a science project. However, his unbearable body odor poses a big difficulty when it comes to completing their DNA model. Meanwhile, Eddie tries to charm a girl at his school, which proves hard when he wakes up with a massive zit on his chin.
Absent: Anneliese van der Pol as Chelsea Daniels
7
7 "Campaign in the Neck" Sean McNamara Beth Seriff & Geoff Tarson February 7, 2003 (2003-02-07) 114 TBA
Raven has a vision that her best friend Chelsea (who is running to be Student President) loses in a landslide vote. To prevent her vision from coming true, she enlists Eddie and Cory to help with her campaign by completing students' chores in return for votes for Chelsea. However, as Raven soon discover, things may not be as easy as they seem.
Absent: Rondell Sheridan as Victor Baxter
8
8 "Saving Psychic Raven" Sean McNamara Michael Feldman & Jeff Abugov February 21, 2003 (2003-02-21) 120 2.5[6]
After Raven loses a volleyball game for Bayside due to a vision she had on the court, she begins to find solace in a group of fellow Teen Psychics. Nevertheless, Eddie and Chelsea soon feel abandoned and it is up to Raven to choose which group of friends she will stick with.
9
9 "The Parties" Rich Correll Jeff Abugov & Michael Feldman February 28, 2003 (2003-02-28) 116 2.4[7]
Raven is extremely excited when she is hosting her first proper party. But when Raven's arch enemy, Nicki (Kirsten Storms), sabotages her plans and embarrasses Raven in front of her entire school, Rae, Chelsea and Eddie take revenge. However, Raven starts feeling guilty, so she doesn't send the video of Nicki looking like a disaster to Nicki's party. In the end, Raven still gets revenge with poison ivy covered flowers.
10
10 "Ye Olde Dating Game" Matthew Diamond Michael Feldman March 28, 2003 (2003-03-28) 113 TBA
After Raven's vision reveals her crush Gabriel saying he likes her, she makes sure he is her date to the Renaissance Ball, even though Raven is already going with Ben Sturkey.
Absent: T'Keyah Crystal Keymáh as Tanya Baxter, Rondell Sheridan as Victor Baxter
11
11 "Dissin' Cousins" Rich Correll Susan Sherman April 11, 2003 (2003-04-11) 108 2.3[8]
Raven's rich and boastful cousin Andrea comes to visit, leading to a major tiff between the two girls. However, with Chelsea and Eddie's help, the two soon begin to reconcile, and Eddie's dream comes true.
12
12 "Teach Your Children Well" Tony Singletary Beth Seriff & Geoff Tarson May 2, 2003 (2003-05-02) 111 2.1[9]
Raven is furious (and embarrassed) when her mom accepts a job teaching English at her school. But when a ruthless note finds its way into Tanya's grasp, it is up to Raven, Eddie and Chelsea to save the note before Raven gets in trouble.
Absent: Rondell Sheridan as Victor Baxter
13
13 "Driven to Insanity" Matthew Diamond Dava Savel May 30, 2003 (2003-05-30) 104 2.7[10]
Raven goes out with an older boy, against her parents' wishes. As always, the night turns into a disaster when Raven's date turns out to be a disgusting and rude slob, and her parents turn up at the restaurant. Meanwhile, Cory is doing everything in his power to spend some time with Chelsea. Also when Cory goes up stairs to the bathroom he replaces Eddies clothes with his pajamas.
14
14 "A Dog by Any Other Name" Gerren Keith Michael Poryes & Susan Sherman June 20, 2003 (2003-06-20) 103 TBA
Chelsea likes a boy named Sam, but soon discovers that her relationship won't be as easy as it seems as the boy has the same name as her dog.
Absent: T'Keyah Crystal Keymáh as Tanya Baxter
15
15 "Saturday Afternoon Fever" Matthew Diamond Chip Keyes July 11, 2003 (2003-07-11) 106 TBA
Raven is assigned to spend quality time with her mother at the movies, even though she is also going on a date to the movies with heartthrob Ricky. Raven tries to juggle both tasks with disastrous results.
Absent: Anneliese van der Pol as Chelsea Daniels
16
16 "A Fight at the Opera" David Kendall Beth Seriff & Geoff Tarson August 8, 2003 (2003-08-08) 118 TBA
Raven and Chelsea are both appearing in their school's Classical Arts Festival. However, they dispute over creative differences. Raven wants to do an opera on credit cards while Chelsea is leaning toward problems with acid rain, the during ensuing fight between Raven and Chelsea. The two split up and it is now up to MC Eddie to reconcile the lifelong friends.
17
17 "Psychics Wanted" Sean McNamara Maria Espada August 22, 2003 (2003-08-22) 117 TBA
Raven becomes infatuated with a jazz musician called Kwizz. To earn money to buy Jazz Festival tickets, she becomes a psychic for a phone line called Psychic Sidekicks. But she soon abuses her power by making Quizz like her.
18
18 "If I Only Had a Job" Rich Correll Laura Perkins-Brittain & Carla Banks Waddles September 12, 2003 (2003-09-12) 110 TBA
After having a vision that her dad was going to get fired, Raven attempts to rescue her dad's place, but instead, gets him fired. Now, it is up to her, Chelsea and Eddie to 'bring Victor back'. But, as always, disguise is needed.
Absent: T'Keyah Crystal Keymáh as Tanya Baxter
19
19 "Escape Claus" Matthew Diamond Carla Banks Waddles December 5, 2003 (2003-12-05) 105 4.7[11]
In this special Christmas episode, Raven opens her beautiful Christmas present early, but after wearing it at school, she breaks it. She must sacrifice all her favorite Christmas traditions to mend the trouble she caused, even if it means skipping school.
20
20 "Separation Anxiety" Rich Correll Dava Savel & Carla Banks Waddle December 19, 2003 (2003-12-19) 115 TBA
Raven is terrified when she has a vision that her parents will split up. To prevent it from happening, she reconstructs their first date at Rusty's Bar and Grill, a country western restaurant.
21
21 "To See or Not to See" Rich Correll Carla Banks Waddles March 5, 2004 (2004-03-05) 112 4.4[12]
Raven's visions cause embarrassing moments for both Eddie and Chelsea. She is miserable about her visions and being different from others. Instead, she finds solace in her Grandma Viv, who has a secret to tell her.
Absent: T'Keyah Crystal Keymáh as Tanya Baxter, Rondell Sheridan as Victor Baxter
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "That's So Raven Season 1 Episode Guide". Zap2it.
Jump up ^ 'Raven' ratings take wing for Disney 1x02
Jump up ^ 'Raven' ratings take wing for Disney 1x03
Jump up ^ State of the Disney Channel Dec 2 2004
Jump up ^ 'Raven' ratings take wing for Disney 1x04
Jump up ^ Cure for Cartoon Network? More Cartoons!
Jump up ^ Hollywood Reporter: Turner touts cable's gains
Jump up ^ Shaking Up the Magic Kingdom
Jump up ^ Disney Tops in Basic Cable
Jump up ^ Beacon Journal: Even Stevens, Lizzie McGuire, That's So Raven
Jump up ^ Raven Christmas episode ranks number one in tweens
Jump up ^ Raven finale viewing figures number one for Disney Channel
External links[edit]
List of That's So Raven (season 1) episodes at TV.com
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