text:
Larryboy: The Cartoon Adventures
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Larryboy: The Cartoon Adventures
Also known as
Larryboy
Genre
Action
Slapstick
Christian
Created by
Phil Vischer
Tom Bancroft
Based on
VeggieTales
by Phil Vischer and Mike Nawrocki
Directed by
Larry Whitaker
Starring
Mike Nawrocki
Phil Vischer
Shari Belgaue
Lisa Vischer
Larry Whitaker
Kaleb Sizemore
Narrated by
Lee Marshall
Opening theme
He is That Hero
Ending theme
He is That Hero (Instrumental)
Composer(s)
Jesse Tewson
Christopher Davis
Country of origin
United States
Original language(s)
English
No. of episodes
4 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Phil Vischer
Terry Botwick
Running time
30 minutes
Production company(s)
Big Idea Entertainment
Cornerstone Animation
Distributor
DreamWorks Classics
NBCUniversal Television Distribution
Release
Picture format
1.33:1 (SDTV)
Original release
March 16, 2002 (2002-03-16) – June 10, 2003 (2003-06-10)
Larryboy: The Cartoon Adventures (also known as Larryboy) is an American 2D-animated children's direct-to-video series which is a spin-off of the computer animated series VeggieTales created by Big Idea Entertainment. The series premiere titled "Larryboy and the Angry Eyebrows", was released in March 16, 2002.[1] The series finale "The Good, The Bad and the Eggly!", was released on June 10, 2003 as it was affected by Big Idea's bankruptcy. Unlike its predecessor VeggieTales, which was animated in CGI using Autodesk Maya, LarryBoy was animated in 2D animation using Adobe Flash.[2] From September 2006 to September 2009, NBC aired the content of all four videos on its Qubo block alongside other VeggieTales episodes.[3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Premise
2 Characters
3 Videos
4 Reception
5 Home media
6 References
7 External links
Premise[edit]
The video series revolves around the character Larry's superhero alter-ego Larryboy as he tries to manage his life as a superhero while working as a janitor for the Daily Bumble newspaper in Bumblyburg.
Characters[edit]
The Larryboy: The Cartoon Adventures series only carry over four characters from VeggieTales: Larry the Cucumber, Bob the Tomato, Junior Asparagus, and Archibald Asparagus.
Voice actor
Role
Description
Mike Nawrocki Larry the Cucumber The janitor Larry and his superhero alter-ego, Larryboy.
Phil Vischer Archibald Asparagus Larryboy's butler. Unlike the previous Larryboy videos, Archibald is nicknamed Archie instead of Alfred.
Bob the Tomato Larry's boss, who works as the head of the Daily Bumble newspaper.
Lisa Vischer Junior Asparagus An editor of the Daily Bumble.
Shari Belgaue Vicky Cucumber One of the members of the Daily Bumble. She is the love interest of Larry.
Mother Pearl The Alchemist's evil sidekick and mother.
Greta Von Gruesome A villain with a German accent who appeared in the final videos.
Jerry Nelson Alchemist A villain who appeared in the second video.
Larry Whitaker Officer Olaf Bumblyburg's resident policemen.
Maurice LaMarche Chief Croswell
Marc Graue Bok Choy The wise teacher of the superhero class that Larryboy attends.
Larry Whitaker Awful Alvin A villain who first appeared in "Larryboy and the Angry Eyebrows". A running gag is when he does a dance called "The Villainous Dance of Villainy" To signify the imminent performance of the villainous duties.
Other Bumblyburg residents
Dee Bradley Baker Herbert and Wally The eggplant brothers (replaced Jimmy and Jerry Gourd)
Dallas McKennon Mr. Mahoney The baker who appeared in "Cuke of All Trades!"
Larry Whitaker Mr. Vandrahosenhegamerr The candlemaker who appeared in "Cuke of All Trades!"
Videos[edit]
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Produced by
Original release date
1
"Larryboy and the Angry Eyebrows" Larry Whitaker
Supervising director: Tom Bancroft Kent Redeker Jeff Holder and Jason VanBorssum March 16, 2002[4]
Awful Alvin releases a bunch of Angry Eyebrows all over Bumblyburg, which is someone holds on to their anger, an Angry Eyebrow sticks to their forehead.
Villain(s): Awful Alvin (Larry Whitaker)
Larryboy Super Short: Fly by Might: Larry tries to have a relaxing day, but an annoying fly gets in the way.
2
"Leggo My Ego!" Larry Whitaker
Supervising director: Tom Bancroft Leggo My Ego!
Story by: Brian Roberts
Script by: Sean Gaffney
Cuke of All Trades: Tod Carter Supervising producer: Jeff Holder
Produced by: Jason VanBorssum and Greg Chaiekian August 27, 2002[5]
The Alchemist sprays a chemical from his flower on LarryBoy, and if he brings someone down, they shrink. He captures the people who shrink in a box.
Villain(s): The Alchemist (Jerry Nelson) and Mother Pearl (Shari Belgaue)
Larryboy Super Short: Cuke of All Trades!: Larryboy is forced to watch two neighboring shops at the same time, which eventually leads to disaster.
3
"The Yodelnapper!" Larry Whitaker
Supervising director: Tom Bancroft The Yodelnapper!: Kent Redeker
A Polar Pickle: Bob Miller and Larry Whitaker Supervising producer: Jeff Holder
Produced by: Jason VanBorssum and Greg Chaiekian November 26, 2002[6]
Greta Von Gruesome, a fan of yodelers, kidnaps famous yodelers all over the world.
Villain(s): Greta Von Gruesome (Shari Belgaue)
Larryboy Super Short: A Polar Pickle!: Larryboy tries to save a little kids plush fish from two penguins thinking it's a real fish.
4
"The Good, The Bad and the Eggly" Larry Whitaker The Good, The Bad and the Eggly: Sean Roche
Merry-Go-Wreck: Sean Roche and Larry Whitaker Jason VanBorssum and Greg Chaiekian June 10, 2003[7]
Greta Von Gruesome and Awful Alvin steal Bumblyburg Science Labs' Over Easy Egg Ray, which turns any inanimate object into over easy eggs.
Villain(s): Awful Alvin (Larry Whitaker) and Greta Von Gruesome (Shari Belgaue)
Larryboy Super Short: Merry-Go-Wreck: Electro-Melon and Lemon Twist go to the amusement park, only to cause trouble because of their superpowers.
Reception[edit]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2016)
The series was nominated for a Golden Reel Award in 2003 for Best Sound Editing in Direct to Video, but lost to The Adventures of Tom Thumb & Thumbelina.[8] Furthermore, according to the creator Phil Vischer, fans of the original VeggieTales series criticized the series for its cheap-looking animation. Mixed with Big Idea's bankruptcy at the time, the series ended after the release of only four videos.[9]
Home media[edit]
All of the episodes were released in VHS and DVD formats. The four episodes were also released in one addition in the Bumblyburg Super-Hero Value Pack (2004)[10], The Larryboy: Power Pack (2009), and the Larryboy Super Hero Power Pack (2012).[11]
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Bloom, David (13 August 2002). "Cornerstone Animation Takes Hit". Animation World Network. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Vischer, Phil (9 January 2007). Me, Myself, and Bob: A True Story About Dreams, God, and Talking Vegetables. Thomas Nelson. p. 182. Retrieved 19 May 2016.
Jump up ^ DeMott, Rick (24 August 2006). "Qubo To Launch On NBC, Telemundo & The i Network This September". Animation World Network. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
Jump up ^ "Larryboy and the Angry Eyebrows". Big Idea. 5 March 2002. Archived from the original on 5 March 2002. Retrieved 20 May 2016. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ "Leggo My Ego!". 8 August 2002. Archived from the original on 8 August 2002. Retrieved 20 May 2016. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ "Larryboy - The Yodelnapper". Big Idea. 8 November 2002. Archived from the original on 8 November 2002. Retrieved 20 May 2016. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ "Welcome to BigIdea.com!". Big Idea. 4 June 2003. Archived from the original on 4 June 2003. Retrieved 21 May 2016. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ Martin, Denise (8 February 2003). "'Gangs,' 'Perdition' top Golden Reel nods". Variety. Retrieved 19 May 2016.
Jump up ^ Vischer, Phil (9 January 2007). Me, Myself, and Bob: A True Story About Dreams, God, and Talking Vegetables. Thomas Nelson. p. 184. Retrieved 19 May 2016.
Jump up ^ http://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/dvd-veggie-tales-bumblyburg-super-hero-value-pack/8674031
Jump up ^ http://www.christiancinema.com/catalog/product_info.php?products_id=4386
External links[edit]
Larryboy: The Cartoon Adventures at the Internet Movie Database
Official Announcement via Internet Archive
[hide]
v
t
e
VeggieTales
Created by Phil Vischer and Mike Nawrocki
Big Idea Entertainment, LLC.
Feature films
Jonah: A VeggieTales Movie (2002)
The Pirates Who Don't Do Anything: A VeggieTales Movie (2008)
Episodes
Where's God When I'm S-Scared? (1993)
God Wants Me to Forgive Them!?! (1994)
Are You My Neighbor? (1995)
Rack, Shack & Benny (1995)
Dave and the Giant Pickle (1996)
Josh and the Big Wall! (1997)
Madame Blueberry (1998)
King George and the Ducky (2000)
Esther... The Girl Who Became Queen (2000)
Lyle the Kindly Viking (2001)
The Ballad of Little Joe (2003)
An Easter Carol (2004)
A Snoodle's Tale (2004)
Sumo of the Opera (2004)
Duke and the Great Pie War (2005)
Lord of the Beans (2005)
Sheerluck Holmes and the Golden Ruler (2006)
Gideon: Tuba Warrior (2006)
Moe and the Big Exit (2007)
The Wonderful Wizard of Ha's (2007)
Tomato Sawyer and Huckleberry Larry's Big River Rescue (2008)
Abe and the Amazing Promise (2009)
Pistachio – The Little Boy That Woodn't (2010)
Sweetpea Beauty: A Girl After God's Own Heart (2010)
It's a Meaningful Life (2010)
Twas The Night Before Easter (2011)
Princess and the Popstar (2011)
Robin Good and His Not-So-Merry Men (2012)
The Penniless Princess (2012)
The Little House That Stood (2013)
MacLarry and the Stinky Cheese Battle (2013)
Veggies in Space: The Fennel Frontier (2014)
Celery Night Fever (2014)
Beauty and the Beet (2014)
Noah's Ark (2015)
Christmas
The Toy That Saved Christmas (1996)
The Star of Christmas (2002)
Saint Nicholas: A Story of Joyful Giving (2009)
The Little Drummer Boy (2011)
Merry Larry and the True Light of Christmas (2013)
Larryboy
Larry-Boy! And the Fib from Outer Space! (1997)
Larry-Boy and the Rumor Weed (1999)
LarryBoy and the Bad Apple (2006)
The League of Incredible Vegetables (2012)
Silly Songs with Larry
Very Silly Songs! (1997)
The End of Silliness? (1998)
The Ultimate Silly Song Countdown (2001)
Minnesota Cuke
Minnesota Cuke and the Coconut Apes (2003)
Minnesota Cuke and the Search for Samson's Hairbrush (2005)
Minnesota Cuke and the Search for Noah's Umbrella (2009)
Other
Jonah Sing-Along Songs and More! (2002)
The Wonderful World of Auto-Tainment! (2003)
Bob and Larry's How to Draw! (2004)
Video games
Spin-offs
Larryboy: The Cartoon Adventures (2002–03)
VeggieTales in the House (2014–16)
VeggieTales in the City (2017)
Lists
Compilation videos
Characters
Musical albums
Crew
Phil Vischer
Mike Nawrocki
Tim Hodge
Kurt Heinecke
Ron Smith
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Larryboy:_The_Cartoon_Adventures&oldid=835349904"
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text:
History of time in the United States
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
1913
Map of U.S. time zones between April 2, 2006 and March 11, 2007. The current situation is different only in that six Indiana counties have since been moved from the Central time zone to the Eastern time zone.
The history of standard time in the United States began November 18, 1883, when United States and Canadian railroads instituted standard time in time zones. Before then, time of day was a local matter, and most cities and towns used some form of local solar time, maintained by some well-known clock (for example, on a church steeple or in a jeweler's window). The new standard time system was not immediately embraced by all.
Use of standard time gradually increased because of its obvious practical advantages for communication and travel. Standard time in time zones was not established in U.S. law until the Standard Time Act of 1918 of March 19, 1918, also known as the Calder Act (15 USC 260).[1][2] The act also established daylight saving time, itself a contentious idea.
Daylight saving time was repealed in 1919, but standard time in time zones remained in law, with the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) having the authority over time zone boundaries. Daylight time became a local matter. It was re-established nationally early in World War II, and was continuously observed until the end of the war.
After the war its use varied among states and localities. The Uniform Time Act of 1966 provided standardization in the dates of beginning and end of daylight time in the U.S. but allowed for local exemptions from its observance. The act also continued the authority of the ICC over time zone boundaries. In subsequent years, the United States Congress transferred the authority over time zones to the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT), modified (several times) the beginning date of daylight time, and renamed the three westernmost time zones.
Time zone boundaries have changed greatly since their original introduction and changes still occasionally occur. DOT issues press releases when these changes are made. Generally, time zone boundaries have tended to shift westward. Places on the eastern edge of a time zone can effectively move sunset an hour later (by the clock) by shifting to the time zone immediately to their east.
If they do so, the boundary of that zone is locally shifted to the west; the accumulation of such changes results in the long-term westward trend. The process is not inexorable, however, since the late sunrises experienced by such places during the winter may be regarded as too undesirable. Furthermore, under the law, the principal standard for deciding on a time zone change is the "convenience of commerce". Proposed time zone changes have been both approved and rejected based on this criterion, although most such proposals have been accepted.
Contents
[hide]
1 War Time 1918 and 1942
2 Daylight Saving Time 1945 to 1966
3 DST 1966
4 DST 2007
5 Start and end dates of United States Daylight Saving Time
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
War Time 1918 and 1942[edit]
"War Time" redirects here. This usage refers to the changes of the US War Time Act, not a general period of war.
Daylight saving time was established by the Standard Time Act of 1918. The Act was intended to save electricity for seven months of the year, during World War I.[3] DST was repealed in 1919 over a Presidential veto,[4] but standard time in time zones remained in law, with the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) having the authority over time zone boundaries. Daylight time became a local matter.
During World War II, Congress enacted the War Time Act (56 Stat. 9) on January 20, 1942. Year-round DST was reinstated in the United States on February 9, 1942, again as a wartime measure to conserve energy resources.[5] This remained in effect until after the end of the war. The Amendment to the War Time Act (59 Stat. 537), enacted September 25, 1945, ended DST as of September 30, 1945. During this period, the official designation War Time was used for year-round DST. For example, Eastern War Time (EWT) would be the equivalent of Eastern Daylight Time during this period.
Daylight Saving Time 1945 to 1966[edit]
From 1945 to 1966 U.S. federal law did not address DST. States and cities were free to observe DST or not, and most places that did observe DST did so from the last Sunday in April to the last Sunday in September. In the mid-1950s many areas in the northeastern United States began extending DST to the last Sunday in October. The lack of standardization led to a patchwork where some areas observed DST while adjacent areas did not, and it was not unheard of to have to reset a clock several times during a short trip (e.g., bus drivers operating on West Virginia Route 2 between Moundsville, West Virginia, and Steubenville, Ohio had to reset their watches seven times over 35 miles).[6]
In summer 1960 April–October Daylight Time was nearly universal in Pennsylvania, Maryland, Delaware and states east and north of there. In Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Kentucky and Virginia and states north and east of there, some areas had it and some did not. Except for California and Nevada, which had April-Sept Daylight Time, 99% of the rest of the country used Standard Time year-round. (The Official Guide says "State law prohibits the observance of "Daylight Saving" time in Kentucky but Anchorage, Louisville and Shelbyville will advance their clocks one hour from Central Standard time for the period April 24 to October 29, inclusive.")
In the middle 1960s the airline and other transportation industries lobbied for uniformity of Daylight dates in the United States.
DST 1966[edit]
The U.S. federal Uniform Time Act became law on April 13, 1966 and it mandated that DST begin nationwide on the last Sunday in April and end on the last Sunday in October, effective in 1967. The act explicitly preempted all previously enacted state laws related to the beginning and ending of DST effective in 1966. Any state that wanted to be exempt from DST could do so by passing a state law, provided that it exempted the entire state, and Alaska, Arizona, Hawaii, Indiana, and Michigan chose to do so. However, Alaska, Indiana, and Michigan subsequently chose to observe DST. The law was amended in 1972 to permit states that straddle a time zone boundary to exempt the entire area of the state lying in one time zone. Indiana chose to exempt the portion of the state lying in the Eastern Time Zone; however, that exemption was eliminated in 2006 and the entire state of Indiana now observes DST, leaving Arizona (with the exception of the Navajo Nation) and Hawaii as the only two states not to observe DST. On July 8, 1986, President Ronald Reagan signed the Federal Fire Prevention and Control Act of 1986 into law that contained a daylight saving rider authored by Senator Slade Gorton (R-WA).[3] The starting date of DST was amended to the first Sunday in April effective in 1987. DST continued to end on the last Sunday in October. While the states retain the capability to exempt themselves from DST, they are forbidden by the 1966 federal law (15 USC 260a(b))[7] from increasing a state's time spent on DST, unless the United States Congress does this for the entire nation.
In response to the 1973 energy crisis, DST in the United States began earlier in both 1974 and 1975, commencing on the first Sunday in January (January 6) in the former year and the last Sunday in February (February 23) in the latter. The extension of daylight saving time was not continued due to public opposition to late sunrise times during the winter months. In 1976, the United States reverted to the schedule set in the Uniform Time Act.
DST 2007[edit]
Starting March 11, 2007, DST was extended another four to five weeks, from the second Sunday of March to the first Sunday of November. The change was introduced by Representatives Fred Upton (R-MI) and Edward Markey (D-MA) and added to the Energy Policy Act of 2005; the House had originally approved a motion that would have extended DST even farther from the first Sunday in March to the last Sunday in November, but Senators Jeff Bingaman (D-NM) and Pete Domenici (R-NM) agreed to scale back the proposal in conference committee due to complaints from farmers and the airline industry. Proponents claimed that the extension would save "the equivalent of" 10,000 barrels (1,600 m3) of oil per day, but this figure was based on U.S. Department of Energy information from the 1970s, the accuracy and relevance of which the DoE no longer stands by. Later studies by the U.S. Department of Energy and the California Energy Commission have predicted much smaller energy benefits.[8] There is very little recent research on what the actual positive effects, if any, might be.
Since DST moves sunrise one hour later by the clock, late sunrise times become a problem when DST is observed either too far before the vernal equinox or too far after the autumnal equinox. Because of this, the extension was greeted with criticism by those concerned for the safety of children who would have been forced to travel to school before sunrise, especially in the month of March. In addition, the airline industry was especially concerned if DST were to be extended through to the last Sunday in November, as this is very often (6 out of every 7 years) the Sunday after Thanksgiving. This is one of the busiest travel days at American airports, and could have resulted in much havoc among travelers who forgot that the clocks were changing that day.
If the original proposal to extend DST through the last Sunday in November had been adopted, the entire United States, with the exception of the states that exempted themselves, would have experienced the latest sunrises of the year during the month of November, which would have approached the extremely late sunrise times when DST went into effect on January 6, 1974 due to the 1973 energy crisis creeping after 9 am in places like New Salem, North Dakota at the northwestern edges of time zones.
Start and end dates of United States Daylight Saving Time[edit]
Key to colors
future date
2nd Sunday March 1st Sunday November
1st Sunday April last Sunday October
last Sunday April last Sunday October
Year
Begins (local)
Ends (local)
Notes
2020
Sun March 8 02:00 Sun November 1 02:00
2019
Sun March 10 02:00 Sun November 3 02:00
2018
Sun March 11 02:00 Sun November 4 02:00
2017
Sun March 12 02:00 Sun November 5 02:00
2016
Sun March 13 02:00 Sun November 6 02:00
2015
Sun March 8 02:00 Sun November 1 02:00
2014
Sun March 9 02:00 Sun November 2 02:00
2013
Sun March 10 02:00 Sun November 3 02:00
2012
Sun March 11 02:00 Sun November 4 02:00
2011
Sun March 13 02:00 Sun November 6 02:00
2010
Sun March 14 02:00 Sun November 7 02:00
2009
Sun March 8 02:00 Sun November 1 02:00
2008
Sun March 9 02:00 Sun November 2 02:00
2007
Sun March 11 02:00 Sun November 4 02:00 Energy Policy Act of 2005
2006
Sun April 2 02:00 Sun October 29 02:00 All of Indiana now on DST
2005
Sun April 3 02:00 Sun October 30 02:00
2004
Sun April 4 02:00 Sun October 31 02:00
2003
Sun April 6 02:00 Sun October 26 02:00
2002
Sun April 7 02:00 Sun October 27 02:00
2001
Sun April 1 02:00 Sun October 28 02:00
2000
Sun April 2 02:00 Sun October 29 02:00
1999
Sun April 4 02:00 Sun October 31 02:00
1998
Sun April 5 02:00 Sun October 25 02:00
1997
Sun April 6 02:00 Sun October 26 02:00
1996
Sun April 7 02:00 Sun October 27 02:00
1995
Sun April 2 02:00 Sun October 29 02:00
1994
Sun April 3 02:00 Sun October 30 02:00
1993
Sun April 4 02:00 Sun October 31 02:00
1992
Sun April 5 02:00 Sun October 25 02:00
1991
Sun April 7 02:00 Sun October 27 02:00
1990
Sun April 1 02:00 Sun October 28 02:00
1989
Sun April 2 02:00 Sun October 29 02:00
1988
Sun April 3 02:00 Sun October 30 02:00
1987
Sun April 5 02:00 Sun October 25 02:00 Federal Fire Prevention and Control Act of 1986
1986
Sun April 27 02:00 Sun October 26 02:00
1985
Sun April 28 02:00 Sun October 27 02:00
1984
Sun April 29 02:00 Sun October 28 02:00
1983
Sun April 24 02:00 Sun October 30 02:00 Alaska time zones changed Sun October 30 02:00
1982
Sun April 25 02:00 Sun October 31 02:00
1981
Sun April 26 02:00 Sun October 25 02:00
1980
Sun April 27 02:00 Sun October 26 02:00
1979
Sun April 29 02:00 Sun October 28 02:00
1978
Sun April 30 02:00 Sun October 29 02:00
1977
Sun April 24 02:00 Sun October 30 02:00
1976
Sun April 25 02:00 Sun October 31 02:00
1975
Sun February 23 02:00 Sun October 26 02:00 Emergency Daylight Time Act
Michigan exempted, began DST Sun April 27 02:00
1974
Sun January 6 02:00 Sun October 27 02:00 Emergency Daylight Time Act
Southern Idaho and eastern Oregon (Mountain time zone)
began DST Sun February 3 02:00
1973
Sun April 29 02:00 Sun October 28 02:00 All of Michigan now on DST
1972
Sun April 30 02:00 Sun October 29 02:00
1971
Sun April 25 02:00 Sun October 31 02:00 Indiana (Eastern time zone) opts out
1970
Sun April 26 02:00 Sun October 25 02:00
1969
Sun April 27 02:00 Sun October 26 02:00 All of Alaska and Indiana now on DST
1968
Sun April 28 02:00 Sun October 27 02:00 Arizona and Michigan opt out
1967
Sun April 30 02:00 Sun October 29 02:00 Uniform Time Act of 1966
Alaska, Hawaii, Indiana and territories opt out
1966
Sun April 24 02:00 Sun October 30 02:00 Uniform Time Act of 1966 required states that used DST in 1966 to conform to last Sunday in April to last Sunday in October
1946–65
Local decision, various dates
1945
Sun September 30 02:00 War Time ends
1944
War Time all year
Arizona War Time not observed Sat January 1 02:00–Sat April 1 02:00
Arizona War Time ends Sat September 30 02:00[9]
1943
War Time all year
1942
Mon February 9 02:00 War Time begins year round
1920–41
Local decision, various dates
1919
Sun March 30 02:00 Sun October 26 02:00 War Time ends
1918
Sun March 31 02:00 Sun October 27 02:00 War Time begins summer only
See also[edit]
Time in the United States
Time in Indiana
Daylight saving time in the United States - gives a list of future daylight saving dates
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ United States statutes at large: containing the laws and concurrent resolutions enacted during the second session of the one hundred fifth congress of the United States of America 1998 and proclamations. Government Printing Office. 1999. p. 599.
Jump up ^ History of Daylight Time in the U.S., United States Naval Observatory
^ Jump up to: a b A Time-Change Timeline, National Public Radio, March 8, 2007
Jump up ^ An Act For the repeal of the daylight-saving law, Pub.L. 66–40, 41 Stat. 280, enacted August 20, 1919
Jump up ^ 24/7: A Resource Guide to the Law of Time Standards" Archived 2006-06-18 at the Wayback Machine., June 3, 2002
Jump up ^ Daylight Saving Time: Early adoption in law
Jump up ^ 15 USC 260a
Jump up ^ Energy Concerns Push Clocks Forward this Weekend by Nell Boyce. Morning Edition, National Public Radio, 9 March 2007.
Jump up ^ Daylight Saving Time in Arizona
References[edit]
Prerau, David. Seize the Daylight: The Curious and Contentious Story of Daylight Saving Time (Thunder’s Mouth Press; ISBN 1-56025-655-9) Discusses the establishment of standard time and daylight saving time.
External links[edit]
U.S. Navy time zone page
Standard Time Zone Boundaries 49CFR71
U.S. Law 15USC260-267
History of Daylight Saving Time at WebExhibits
Congressional Research on Daylight Saving Time
History of DST in Arizona
A Resource Guide to the Law of Time Standards
1918 and 1942 Acts
Indiana Time Zone Article
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_time_in_the_United_States&oldid=840464747"
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United States obscenity law
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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United States obscenity law deals with the regulation or suppression of what is considered obscenity. In the United States, discussion of obscenity revolves around what constitutes pornography and of censorship, but also raises issues of freedom of speech and of the press, otherwise protected by the First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States. Issues of obscenity arise at federal and state levels. The States have a direct interest in public morality and have responsibility in relation to criminal law matters, including the punishment for the production and sale of obscene materials. State laws operate only within the jurisdiction of each state, and there are a wide differences in such laws. The federal government is involved in the issue indirectly, by making it an offense to distribute obscene materials through the post, to broadcast it,[1] as well as in relation to importation of such materials.
Most obscenity cases in the United States in the past century have revolved around images and films, but there have also been many cases that dealt with textual works as well, most infamously that of the 18th century novel Fanny Hill. Because censorship laws enacted to combat obscenity restrict freedom of expression, crafting a legal definition of obscenity presents a civil liberties issue.
Contents
[hide]
1 Legal issues and definitions
1.1 Definition of obscenity
1.2 Past standards
1.3 Court cases on obscenity
1.4 Application of test
1.5 Obscenity v. indecency
1.6 Non image-based obscenity cases in the USA
1.6.1 Obscene texts
1.6.2 Obscene devices
1.7 Criticism
1.8 Public funding/public places
1.9 Additional restrictions on sexual expression
1.10 State laws
1.11 Censorship in schools, universities, and libraries
1.12 Child pornography
1.13 Censorship of film
2 Possession of obscene material
3 See also
4 References
Legal issues and definitions[edit]
Further information: Sexuality in the United States
See also: First Amendment to the United States Constitution § Obscenity
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Cover of an undated American edition of Fanny Hill, ca. 1910
The 18th century book Fanny Hill has been subject to obscenity trials at various times (image: plate XI: The bathing party; La baignade)
The sale and distribution of obscene materials had been prohibited in most American states since the early 19th century, and by federal law since 1873. Adoption of obscenity laws in the United States at the federal level in 1873 was largely due to the efforts of Anthony Comstock, who created and led the New York Society for the Suppression of Vice. Comstock's intense lobbying led to the passage of an anti-obscenity statute known as the Comstock Act which made it a crime to distribute "obscene" material through the post. It also prohibited the use of the mail for distribution of birth control devices and information. Comstock was appointed postal inspector to enforce the new law.[2] Twenty-four states passed similar prohibitions on materials distributed within the states.[3] The law criminalized not only sexually explicit material, but also material dealing with birth control and abortion.[4] However, the legislation did not define "obscenity", which was left to the courts to determine on a case by case basis.
In the United States, the suppression or limitation of what is claimed to be an obscenity raises issues of rights to freedom of speech and of the press protected by the First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States. The Supreme Court has ruled that obscenity is not protected by the First Amendment, but the courts still need to determine whether material in question in each case is in fact obscene.
Legally, a distinction is made between socially permitted material and discussions that the public can access on the one hand and obscenity, access to which should be denied, on the other. There does exist a classification of those acceptable materials and discussions that the public should be allowed to engage in, and the access to that same permitted material—which in the areas of sexual materials ranges between the permitted areas of erotic art (which usually includes "classic nude forms" such as Michelangelo's David statue) and the generally less respected commercial pornography. The legal distinction between artistic nudity and permitted commercial pornography (which includes sexual penetration) deemed "protected forms of speech", versus "obscene acts", which are illegal acts and separate from those permitted areas, is usually predicated on cultural factors. However, no such specific objective distinction exists outside of legal decisions in federal court cases where a specific action is deemed to fit the classification of obscene and thus illegal. The difference between erotic art and (protected) commercial pornography, vs. that which is legally obscene (and thus not covered by 1st Amendment protection), appears to be subject to decisions within local US federal districts and contemporary moral standards.
In fact, federal obscenity law in the U.S. is highly unusual in that not only is there no uniform national standard, but rather, there is an explicit legal precedent (the "Miller test", below) that all but guarantees that something that is legally obscene in one jurisdiction may not be in another. In effect, the First Amendment protections of free speech vary by location within the U.S., and over time. With the advent of Internet distribution of potentially obscene material, this question of jurisdiction and community standards has created significant controversy in the legal community. (See United States v. Thomas, 74 F.3d 701 (6th Cir. 1996))
Even at the federal level, there does not exist a specific listing of which exact acts are to be classified as obscene outside of the legally determined court cases. Title 18, chapter 71 of the USC deals with obscenity, the workings out of the law described in this article, most notably the aforementioned Miller test.
Definition of obscenity[edit]
Although lower courts in the U.S. had used the Hicklin standard sporadically since 1868, it was not until 1879, when prominent federal judge Samuel Blatchford upheld the obscenity conviction of D. M. Bennett using the Hicklin test, that the constitutionality of the Comstock Law became firmly established.[5]
In Rosen v. United States (1896), the Supreme Court adopted the same obscenity standard as had been articulated in a famous British case, Regina v. Hicklin, [1868] L. R. 3 Q. B. 360. The Hicklin test defined material as obscene if it tended "to deprave or corrupt those whose minds are open to such immoral influences, and into whose hands a publication of this sort may fall."[6]
The Court ruled in Roth v. United States, 354 U.S. 476 (1957) that the Hicklin test was inappropriate. Instead, the Roth test for obscenity was
whether to the average person, applying contemporary community standards, the dominant theme of the material, taken as a whole, appeals to the prurient interest.[7]
In 1964, in Jacobellis v. Ohio, Justice Potter Stewart in applying the Roth test pointed out that "community standards" applicable to an obscenity are national, not local standards. He found that the material in question is "utterly without redeeming social importance". Also, in attempting to classify what material constituted exactly "what is obscene," infamously wrote, "I shall not today attempt further to define the kinds of material I understand to be embraced…[b]ut I know it when I see it..."[8] In Memoirs v. Massachusetts (1966) (dealing with the banning of the book Fanny Hill) the Court applied the Roth-Jacobellis test to determine that though the other aspects of the test were clear, the censor could not prove that Fanny Hill had no redeeming social value.[9]
In 1973, the Supreme Court in Miller v. California established the three-tiered Miller test to determine what was obscene (and thus not protected) versus what was merely erotic and thus protected by the First Amendment. Delivering the opinion of the court, Chief Justice Warren Burger wrote:
The basic guidelines for the trier of fact must be: (a) whether the average person, applying contemporary community standards would find that the work, taken as a whole, appeals to the prurient interest, (b) whether the work depicts or describes, in a patently offensive way, sexual conduct specifically defined by the applicable state law; and (c) whether the work, taken as a whole, lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value.[10]
Justice Douglas wrote a dissenting opinion that expressed his dissatisfaction with the ruling:
The idea that the First Amendment permits government to ban publications that are 'offensive' to some people puts an ominous gloss on freedom of the press. That test would make it possible to ban any paper or any journal or magazine in some benighted place. The First Amendment was designed 'to invite dispute,' to induce 'a condition of unrest,' to 'create dissatisfaction with conditions as they are,' and even to stir 'people to anger.' The idea that the First Amendment permits punishment for ideas that are 'offensive' to the particular judge or jury sitting in judgment is astounding. No greater leveler of speech or literature has ever been designed. To give the power to the censor, as we do today, is to make a sharp and radical break with the traditions of a free society. The First Amendment was not fashioned as a vehicle for dispensing tranquilizers to the people. Its prime function was to keep debate open to 'offensive' as well as to 'staid' people. The tendency throughout history has been to subdue the individual and to exalt the power of government. The use of the standard 'offensive' gives authority to government that cuts the very vitals out of the First Amendment. As is intimated by the Court's opinion, the materials before us may be garbage. But so is much of what is said in political campaigns, in the daily press, on TV, or over the radio. By reason of the First Amendment—and solely because of it—speakers and publishers have not been threatened or subdued because their thoughts and ideas may be 'offensive' to some.
[11]
Past standards[edit]
Symbol of the "New York Society for the Suppression of Vice", advocating book-burning
These standards were once used to determine exactly what was obscene. All have been invalidated, overturned, or superseded by the Miller Test.
Wepplo (1947): If material has a substantial tendency to deprave or corrupt its readers by inciting lascivious thoughts or arousing lustful desires. (People v. Wepplo, 78 Cal. App.2d Supp. 959, 178 P.2d 853).
Hicklin test (1868): the effect of isolated passages upon the most susceptible persons. (British common law, cited in Regina v. Hicklin, 1868. LR 3 QB 360 - overturned when Michigan tried to outlaw all printed matter that would 'corrupt the morals of youth' in Butler v. State of Michigan 352 U.S. 380 (1957)).
Under FCC rules and federal law, radio stations and over-the-air television channels cannot air obscene material at any time and cannot air indecent material between 6 a.m. and 10 p.m.: language or material that, in context, depicts or describes, in terms patently offensive as measured by contemporary community standards for the broadcast medium, sexual or excretory organs or activities.
Many historically important works have been described as obscene or prosecuted under obscenity laws, including the works of Charles Baudelaire, Lenny Bruce, William S. Burroughs, Allen Ginsberg, James Joyce, D. H. Lawrence, Henry Miller, Samuel Beckett, and the Marquis de Sade.
Court cases on obscenity[edit]
FCC v. Pacifica (1978) (external link) better known as the landmark "seven dirty words" case. In that ruling, the Court found that only "repetitive and frequent" use of the words in a time or place when a minor could hear can be punished.
In State v. Henry (1987), the Oregon Supreme Court ruled that the Oregon state law that criminalized obscenity was an unconstitutional restriction of free speech under the free speech provision of the Oregon Constitution, with the ruling making Oregon the "first state in the nation to abolish the offense of obscenity."[12]
In Reno v. ACLU (1997), the Supreme Court struck down indecency laws applying to the Internet.
Application of test[edit]
In U.S. legal texts, the question of "obscenity" presently always refers to the "Miller test obscenity". As articulated in several sections of 18 USC Chapter 71, the Supreme Court has ruled that it is constitutional to legally limit the sale, transport for personal use or other transmission of obscenity. However, it has ruled unconstitutional the passing of law concerning personal possession of obscenity per se. Federal obscenity laws at present apply to inter-state and foreign obscenity issues such as distribution; intrastate issues are for the most part still governed by state law. "Obscene articles... are generally prohibited entry" to the United States by U.S. Customs and Border Protection.[13]
At present, there are only two legally protected areas of explicit commercial pornography. The first is "mere nudity" as upheld in "Jenkins v. Georgia, 418 U.S. 153 (1974)" whereby the film Carnal Knowledge was deemed not to be obscene under the constitutional standards announced by Miller. As declared by the judge at trial "The film shows occasional nudity, but nudity alone does not render material obscene under Miller's standards." This was upheld time and again in later cases including "Erznoznik v. City of Jacksonville FL, 422 U.S. 205 (1975)" in which the city of Jacksonville stated that showing films containing nudity when the screen is visible from a public street or place is a punishable offense. The law was determined to be invalid as it was an infringement of First Amendment rights of the movie producer and theater owners. The second is single male to female vaginal-only penetration that does NOT show the actual ejaculation of semen, sometimes referred to as "soft-core" pornography wherein the sexual act and its fulfillment (orgasm) are merely implied to happen rather than explicitly shown.
In June 2006, the U.S. Federal government in the district of Arizona brought a case against JM Productions of Chatsworth, California in order to classify commercial pornography that specifically shows actual semen being ejaculated as obscene. The four films that were the subject of the case are entitled American Bukkake 13, Gag Factor 15, Gag Factor 18 and Filthy Things 6. The case also includes charges of distribution of obscene material (a criminal act under 18 USC § 1465 - "Transportation of obscene matters for sale or distribution") against Five Star DVD for the extra-state commercial distribution of the JM Productions films in question. The case was brought to trial on October 16, 2007. At the first date of trial, the US DoJ decided not to pursue the JM obscenity case any further, leaving the matter without resolution.[14] While the US DoJ decided to abandon its legal pursuit of the JM productions, U.S. District Court Judge Roslyn O. Silver has forced the legal case against Five Star DVD distributors to continue, whereby the legal classification of whether "sperm showing through ejaculation" is an obscene act and thus illegal to produce or distribute will be definitely answered in order to convict Five Star of being guilty of "18 USC 1465 - Transportation of obscene matters for sale or distribution".[15] The jury found that Five Star Video LC and Five Star Video Outlet LC were guilty of "18 USC 1465 - Transportation of obscene matters for sale or distribution" for having shipped JM Productions' film Gag Factor 18.[16] However, the specific content in that film that the jury deemed to actually fulfill the legal qualification of being "obscene" has not been specifically stated at this point.
Obscenity v. indecency[edit]
See also: Actionable indecency
The differentiation between indecent and obscene material is a particularly difficult one, and a contentious First Amendment issue that has not fully been settled. Similarly, the level of offense (if any) generated by a profane word or phrase depends on region, context, and audience.
Non image-based obscenity cases in the USA[edit]
Obscene texts[edit]
While most of the obscenity cases in the United States in the past century have revolved around images and films, there have been many cases that dealt with textual works as well.
The classification of "obscene" and thus illegal for production and distribution has been judged on printed text-only stories starting with "Dunlop v. U.S., 165 U.S. 486 (1897)" which upheld a conviction for mailing and delivery of a newspaper called the 'Chicago Dispatch,' containing "obscene, lewd, lascivious, and indecent materials", which was later upheld in several cases. One of these was "A Book Named "John Cleland's Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure" v. Attorney General of Com. of Massachusetts, 383 U.S. 413 (1966)" wherein the book Fanny Hill, written by John Cleland c. 1760, was judged to be obscene in a proceeding that put the book itself on trial rather than its publisher. Another was "Kaplan v. California, 413 U.S. 115 (1973)" whereby the court most famously determined that "Obscene material in book form is not entitled to any First Amendment protection merely because it has no pictorial content."
However, the book was labeled "erotica" in the 1965 case (206 NE 2d 403) and there a division between erotica and obscenity was made—not all items with erotic content were automatically obscene. Further, the 1965 "John Cleland's 'Memoirs'" case added a further qualification for the proving of "obscenity"—the work in question had to inspire or exhibit "prurient" (that is, "shameful or morbid") interest.
In 1964, the U.S. Supreme Court, in Grove Press, Inc. v. Gerstein, cited Jacobellis v. Ohio (which was decided the same day) and overruled state court findings of obscenity against Henry Miller's Tropic of Cancer. A copyright infringing "Medusa" edition of the novel was published in New York City in 1940 by Jacob Brussel; its title page claimed its place of publication to be Mexico. Brussel was eventually sent to jail for three years for the edition,[17] a copy of which is in the Library of Congress.
In 2005, the U.S. Department of Justice formed the Obscenity Prosecution Task Force in a push to prosecute obscenity cases.[18][19] Red Rose Stories (www.red-rose-stories.com, now defunct), a site dedicated to text-only fantasy stories, became one of many sites targeted by the FBI for shutdown.[20] The government alleged that Red Rose Stories contained depictions of child rape. The publisher pleaded guilty.[21]
Obscene devices[edit]
Many U.S. states have had bans on the sale of sex toys, regulating them as obscene devices. For instance, the 1999 Law and Government of Alabama (Ala. Code. § 13A-12-200.1) made it "unlawful to produce, distribute or otherwise sell sexual devices that are marketed primarily for the stimulation of human genital organs." Alabama claimed that these products were obscene, and that there was "no fundamental right to purchase a product to use in pursuit of having an orgasm." The ACLU challenged the statute, which was overturned in 2002. A federal judge reinstated the law in 2004. The matter was appealed to the US Supreme Court who in 2007 refused to hear the case, thus the decision of the lower court is enforceable within the state of Alabama.[22] In 2007, a federal appeals court upheld Alabama's law prohibiting the sale of sex toys.[23] The law, the Anti-Obscenity Enforcement Act of 1998, was also upheld by the Supreme Court of Alabama on September 11, 2009.[24]
But other states have seen their sex toy bans ruled unconstitutional in the courts. In 2008 the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit ruled a similar Texas statute violated the constitutional right to privacy that was recognized by the U.S. Supreme Court in the Lawrence v. Texas decision.[25] That ruling leaves only Mississippi, Alabama, and Virginia with current bans on the sale of obscene devices.[26] Alabama is the only state where a law prohibiting the sale of sex toys remains on the books.[27]
Criticism[edit]
Obscenity law has been criticized in the following areas:[28]
Federal law forbids obscenity in certain contexts (such as broadcast);[1] however, the law does not define the term.
The U.S. Supreme Court similarly has had difficulty defining the term. In Miller v. California, the court defers definition to two hypothetical entities, "contemporary community standards" and "hypothetical reasonable persons".
The courts and the legislature have had similar problems defining this term because it is paradoxical, and thus impossible to define.
Because the term "obscenity" is not defined by either the statutes or the case law, this law does not satisfy the Vagueness doctrine, which states that people must clearly be informed as to the prohibited behavior.
Because the determination of what is obscene (offensive) is ultimately a personal preference, alleged violations of obscenity law are not actionable (actions require a right).
Because no actual injury occurs when a mere preference is violated, alleged violations of obscenity law are not actionable (actions require an injury).
It should be noted that in light of the recent en banc decision of the Third Circuit Court of Appeals, as brought by Judge Lancaster in the original US vs. Extreme Associates case, only the US Supreme Court is allowed to revise its earlier decision that established the Miller decision.[why?]
The US Supreme Court refused to hear, effectively rejecting, such modification in August 2006 when the same en banc decision by the Third Circuit was sent to the US Supreme Court for review.[1] Thus the open ended conflicting notes above remain in effect for obscenity prosecutions.
Public funding/public places[edit]
Congress passed a law in 1990 that required such organizations such as the National Endowment of the Arts (NEA) and National Associations of Artists Organizations (NAAO) to abide by general decency standards for the "diverse beliefs and values of the American public."[29]
In 1998, Congress made a decision in the case of National Endowment for the Arts vs. Karen Finley, which upheld the general standards and decency law within the United States.
Government owned exhibition spaces are available under the Supreme Court's "public forum" doctrine. This doctrine explains that citizens within the United States have access to display in such public places such as lobbies of public buildings, theatrical productions, etc.
Even with this law in place it is hard for artists who have addressed sexually explicit work in work because of complaints which are generally in the form of "inappropriate for children" or seen as a form of "sexual harassment." Therefore, the arts works are removed and at times there are official "no nudity" policies that are put in place.[30]
When these decisions are taken to court on account of free expression the venues are often looked at to see if they are an actual "designated public forum." If it is then public officials have violated the First Amendment rights on the individuals. The other side is if the court finds that there is "no designated public forum" where government officials have the right to exclude and or censor the work.[30]
Additional restrictions on sexual expression[edit]
In the Miller decision the use of the words "contemporary community standards" means that the law evolves along with social mores and norms. This has been shown throughout the booming business of the pornography industry along with commercial pornography by people such as amateurs and publishers of personal websites on the World Wide Web. Indirect government control such as restrictive zoning of adult video stores and nude dancing were put in place because obscenity convictions were harder to come by and not protected by the First Amendment. Similarly a set of rules was put in place to control erotic dancing, where legal, so that all dancers must either wear "pasties" or "g-strings" as shown in the 1991 case of Barnes v. Glen Theatre.[29]
State laws[edit]
The laws on pornography are regulated by the state, meaning that there is not a national law for pornography. Many states[which?] have restrictions on buying books and magazines of pornography. Between 1995 and 2002, almost half of the states were considering bills to control internet pornography, and more than a quarter of states enacted such laws.[31] In many states,[which?] other laws controlling access to pornography exist, such as exposing minors to indecent material. However, the federal courts, in at least one case, have struck down anti-pornography laws as unconstitutional on first-amendment basis, because the restrictions at issue were based on viewpoint, and the state could not demonstrate enough harm to successfully overcome the traditional first-amendment jurisprudence.[32]
Censorship in schools, universities, and libraries[edit]
Schools, universities, and libraries receive government funds for many purposes, and some of these funds go to censorship of obscenity in these institutions. There are a few different ways in which this is done. One way is by not carrying pornographic or what the government deems obscene material in these places; another is for these places to purchase software that filters the internet activity on campus. An example is the federal Children's Internet Protection Act (CIPA). This mandates that all schools and libraries receiving federal aid for internet connections install a "technology protection measure" (filter) on all computers, whether used by children or adults. There are some states that have passed laws mandating censorship in schools, universities, and libraries even if they are not receiving government aid that would fund censorship in these institutions. These include Arizona, Kentucky, Michigan, Minnesota, South Carolina, and Tennessee. Twenty more states were considering such legislation in 2001–2002.[33]
Child pornography[edit]
Main article: Child pornography laws in the United States
Child pornography refers to images or films (also known as child abuse images[34][35][36]) and in some cases outside of the United States, writings[36][37][38] depicting sexually explicit activities involving a child; as such, child pornography is a record of child sexual abuse.[39][40][41][42][43][44] Abuse of the child occurs during the sexual acts which are recorded in the production of child pornography,[39][40][42][43][44][45][46] and several professors of psychology state that memories of the abuse are maintained as long as visual records exist, are accessed, and are "exploited perversely."[44][45]
Child pornography is widely considered extremely obscene.
Censorship of film[edit]
This is most notably shown with the "X" rating that some films are categorized as. The most notable films given an "X" rating were Deep Throat (1972) and The Devil in Miss Jones (1973). These films show explicit, non-simulated, penetrative sex that was presented as part of a reasonable plot with respectable production values. Some state authorities issued injunctions against such films to protect "local community standards"; in New York the print of Deep Throat was seized mid-run, and the film's exhibitors were found guilty of promoting obscenity.[47] This Film Is Not Yet Rated is a 2006 film which discusses disparities the filmmaker sees in ratings and feedback: between Hollywood and independent films, between homosexual and heterosexual sexual situations, between male and female sexual depictions, and between violence and sexual content. They found that films have also been further censored than their heterosexual, male, white counterparts due to gay sex (even if implied), African American sex, or female pleasure as opposed to male pleasure.
Possession of obscene material[edit]
In 1969, the Supreme Court held in Stanley v. Georgia that State laws making mere private possession of obscene material a crime are invalid,[48] at least in the absence of an intention to sell, expose or circulate the material.
See also[edit]
Freedom of speech portal
Censorship in the United States
Indecent exposure in the United States
Legality of pornography in the United States
Anti-Obscenity Enforcement Act (Alabama)
Texas obscenity statute
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b http://www.fcc.gov/guides/obscenity-indecency-and-profanity
Jump up ^ Michael J. Rosenfeld (2007). The age of independence: interracial unions, same-sex unions, and the changing American family. Harvard University Press. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-674-02497-7. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
Jump up ^ Kevles, Daniel J. (July 22, 2001). "The Secret History of Birth Control". The New York Times. Retrieved 2006-10-21.
Jump up ^ Joan Axelrod-Contrada (September 2006). Reno v. ACLU: Internet censorship. Marshall Cavendish. pp. 20–21. ISBN 978-0-7614-2144-3. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
Jump up ^ Janice Ruth Wood (2008). The struggle for free speech in the United States, 1872-1915: Edward Bliss Foote, Edward Bond Foote, and anti-Comstock operations. Psychology Press. pp. 43–45. ISBN 978-0-415-96246-9. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
Jump up ^ Rosen, at 43
Jump up ^ Roth, at 489
'Jump up to: ^ Jacobellis v. Ohio 378 U.S. 184 (1964)
Jump up ^ Memoirs v. Massachusetts 383 U.S. 413 (1966)
Jump up ^ Miller v. California, 413 U.S. 15, 24 (1972).
Jump up ^ FindLaw for Legal Professionals - Case Law, Federal and State Resources, Forms, and Code
Jump up ^ Hudson, David (1998-10-28). "Wisconsin high court could strike down obscenity law". First Amendment Center. Retrieved 2011-01-13.
Jump up ^ U.S. Customs and Border Protection Form 6059B, January 2004
Jump up ^ http://www.xbiz.com/news/85242
Jump up ^ http://www.avn.com/index.cfm?objectID=AED9F76F-9A7E-F9FE-EB1C05B752B5F153
Jump up ^ http://business.avn.com/articles/5859.html
Jump up ^ Brottman, Mikita (2004) Funny Peculiar: Gershon Legman and the psychopathology of humor. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Analytic Press, p. 6
Jump up ^ Abramson, Larry (September 27, 2005). "Federal Government Renews Effort to Curb Porn". Morning Edition. NPR. Retrieved April 11, 2012.
Jump up ^ Gellman, Barton (September 20, 2005). "Recruits Sought for Porn Squadn". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 11, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Red Rose Stories Closed by FBI". XBiz. October 7, 2005. Retrieved April 11, 2012.
Jump up ^ Ward, Paula Reed (2008-08-07) Woman pleads guilty to obscenity for child-sex story site. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette Retrieved 2011-05-08.
Jump up ^ Rawls, Phillip (October 1, 2007). "Court leaves Ala. sex toy ban intact". USA Today. Associated Press. Retrieved April 11, 2012.
Jump up ^ Rawls, Phillip. Court leaves Ala. sex toy ban intact, USA Today, Oct 1, 2007
Jump up ^ "Alabama's Bad Vibrations". Huffington Post. 17 Nov 2011.
Jump up ^ Kandyba, Slav (November 4, 2008). "Texas AG Drops Adult Toy Case Appeal". XBiz. Retrieved April 11, 2012.
Jump up ^ Samalin, Zach (February 14, 2008). "Court Lifts Ban on Sex Toys in Texas". Newser. Retrieved April 11, 2012.
Jump up ^ DISTRIBUTION, POSSESSION WITH INTENT TO DISTRIBUTE, PRODUCTION, ETC., OF OBSCENE MATERIAL PROHIBITED; PENALTIES; DISTRIBUTION OF FINES
Jump up ^ Huston, William: Under Color of Law, Obscenity vs. the First Amendment, Nexus Journal, Vol 10 (2005): 75:82."
^ Jump up to: a b http://www.fepproject.org
^ Jump up to: a b Christina Cho, Kim Commerato, & Marjorie Heins, Free Expression in Arts and Funding: A Public Policy Report (NY: FEPP, 2003), pp. 38–39,
Jump up ^ "State Laws". USLegal. Archived from the original on 17 July 2014. Retrieved 13 March 2015. State laws on Internet pornography have evolved rapidly. Prior to the rise in popularity of the Internet, most states already had laws on the books regulating age limits for purchasing pornography as well as statutes criminalizing child pornography. Many legislatures saw a need for legislation to respond to the vicissitudes of new technology. Between 1995 and 2002, nearly two dozen states considered bills that would control in some fashion access to Internet pornography. More than a dozen states enacted them.
Jump up ^ American Bookseller's Association v. Hudnut, 771 F. 2d 323,332 (7th Cir. 1985) Affirmed, 106 S. Ct. 1172 (1986).
Jump up ^ http://aclu.org/issues/cyber/hmcl.html
Jump up ^ Wortley, Richard; Stephen Smallbone (2006). Situational Prevention Of Child Sexual Abuse, Volume 19 of Crime prevention studies. Criminal Justice Press. p. 192. ISBN 1-881798-61-5.
Jump up ^ Sanderson, Christiane (2004). The seduction of children: empowering parents and teachers to protect children from child sexual abuse. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. p. 133. ISBN 1-84310-248-X.
^ Jump up to: a b Akdeniz, Yaman (2008). Internet child pornography and the law: national and international responses. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 11. ISBN 0-7546-2297-5.
Jump up ^ "Definition of 'Child Pornography'". Criminal Code of Canada, Section 163.1. Electronic Frontier Canada. 2004.
Jump up ^ "Sharpe Not Guilty of Possessing Written Child Pornography". CBC News. March 26, 2002.
^ Jump up to: a b Finkelhor, David. "Current Information on the Scope and Nature of Child Sexual Abuse". Future of Children. 4 n2 (Sum-Fall 1994): 31–53.
^ Jump up to: a b Hobbs, Christopher James; Helga G. I. Hanks; Jane M. Wynne (1999). Child Abuse and Neglect: A Clinician's Handbook. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 328. ISBN 0-443-05896-2. Child pornography is part of the violent continuum of child sexual abuse
Jump up ^ Claire Milner, Ian O'Donnel. (2007). Child Pornography: Crime, computers and society. Willan Publishing. p. 123. ISBN 1-84392-357-2.
^ Jump up to: a b Sheldon, Kerry; Dennis Howitt (2007). Sex Offenders and the Internet. John Wiley and Sons. p. 20. ISBN 0-470-02800-9. 'Child pornography is not pornography in any real sense; simply the evidence recorded on film or video tape - of serious sexual assaults on young children' (Tate, 1992, p.203) ... 'Every piece of child pornography, therefore, is a record of the sexual use/abuse of the children involved.' Kelly and Scott (1993, p. 116) ... '...the record of the systematic rape, abuse, and torture of children on film and photograph, and other electronic means.' Edwards(2000, p.1)
^ Jump up to: a b Klain, Eva J.; Heather J. Davies; Molly A. Hicks (2001). Child Pornography: The Criminal-justice-system Response. National Center for Missing & Exploited Children. Because the children depicted in child pornography are often shown while engaged in sexual activity with adults or other children,they are first and foremost victims of child sexual abuse.
^ Jump up to: a b c Wortley, Richard; Stephen Smallbone. "Child Pornography on the Internet". Problem-Oriented Guides for Police. No. 41: 17. The children portrayed in child pornography are first victimized when their abuse is perpetrated and recorded. They are further victimized each time that record is accessed.
^ Jump up to: a b Sheldon, Kerry; Dennis Howitt (2007). Sex Offenders and the Internet. John Wiley and Sons. p. 9. ISBN 0-470-02800-9. ...supplying the material to meet this demand results in the further abuse of children Pictures, films and videos function as a permanent record of the original sexual abuse. Consequently, memories of the trauma and abuse are maintained as long as the record exists. Victims filmed and photographed many years ago will nevertheless be aware throughout their lifetimes that their childhood victimization continues to be exploited perversely.
Jump up ^ Agnes Fournier de Saint Maur (January 1999). "Sexual Abuse of Children on the Internet: A New Challenge for INTERPOL" (PDF). Expert Meeting on Sexual Abuse of Children, Child Pornography and Paedophilia on the Internet: an international challenge. UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization).
Jump up ^ http://www.filmreference.com/encyclopedia/Academy-Awards-Crime-Films/Censorship-SEX-AND-VIOLENCE.html
Jump up ^ Sanley v. Georgia, 394 U. S. 557 (1969)
show
v
t
e
United States First Amendment case law
show
Establishment Clause
Public funding
Everson v. Board of Education (1947)
McCollum v. Board of Education (1948)
Walz v. Tax Commission of the City of New York (1970)
Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971)
Marsh v. Chambers (1983)
Mueller v. Allen (1983)
Aguilar v. Felton (1985)
Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet (1994)
Agostini v. Felton (1997)
Mitchell v. Helms (2000)
Zelman v. Simmons-Harris (2002)
Locke v. Davey (2004)
Arizona Christian School Tuition Organization v. Winn (2011)
Public displays
Stone v. Graham (1980)
Lynch v. Donnelly (1984)
Board of Trustees of Scarsdale v. McCreary (1985)
County of Allegheny v. ACLU (1989)
McCreary County v. ACLU of Kentucky (2005)
Van Orden v. Perry (2005)
Pleasant Grove City v. Summum (2009)
School prayer
Zorach v. Clauson (1952)
Engel v. Vitale (1962)
Abington School District v. Schempp (1963)
Stone v. Graham (1980)
Wallace v. Jaffree (1985)
Lee v. Weisman (1992)
Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe (2000)
Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow (2004)
Creationism
Epperson v. Arkansas (1968)
Edwards v. Aguillard (1987)
Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District (M.D. Pa. 2005)
Legislature prayer
Marsh v. Chambers (1983)
Town of Greece v. Galloway (2014)
Lund v. Rowan County (4th Cir., 2017)
Bormuth v. County of Jackson (6th Cir., 2017)
Other
McGowan v. Maryland (1961)
McDaniel v. Paty (1978)
Estate of Thornton v. Caldor, Inc. (1985)
Texas Monthly, Inc. v. Bullock (1989)
Hosanna-Tabor Evangelical Lutheran Church & School v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (2012)
show
Free Exercise Clause
Reynolds v. United States (1879)
Davis v. Beason (1890)
Schneider v. New Jersey (1939)
Cantwell v. Connecticut (1940)
Minersville School District v. Gobitis (1940)
Murdock v. Pennsylvania (1943)
United States v. Ballard (1944)
Braunfeld v. Brown (1961)
Torcaso v. Watkins (1961)
Sherbert v. Verner (1963)
Presbyterian Church v. Hull Church (1969)
Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972)
Harris v. McRae (1980)
Thomas v. Review Board of the Indiana Employment Security Division (1981)
United States v. Lee (1982)
Bob Jones University v. United States (1983)
Bowen v. Roy (1986)
Goldman v. Weinberger (1986)
Employment Division v. Smith (1990)
Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah (1993)
City of Boerne v. Flores (1997)
Watchtower Society v. Village of Stratton (2002)
Cutter v. Wilkinson (2005)
Trinity Lutheran Church of Columbia, Inc. v. Comer (2017)
Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission (2018)
National Institute of Family and Life Advocates v. Becerra (under consideration)
show
Freedom of speech (portal)
Sedition and
imminent danger
Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)
Masses Publishing Co. v. Patten (S.D.N.Y. 1917)
Schenck v. United States (1919)
Abrams v. United States (1919)
Gitlow v. New York (1925)
Whitney v. California (1927)
Dennis v. United States (1951)
Communist Party v. Subversive Activities Control Board (1955, 1961)
Yates v. United States (1957)
Bond v. Floyd (1966)
Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969)
Hess v. Indiana (1973)
False speech
Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc. (1974)
United States v. Alvarez (2012)
Fighting words and
the heckler's veto
Cantwell v. Connecticut (1940)
Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire (1942)
Terminiello v. Chicago (1949)
Feiner v. New York (1951)
Gregory v. Chicago (1969)
National Socialist Party of America v. Village of Skokie (1977)
R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul (1992)
Snyder v. Phelps (2011)
Elonis v. United States (2015)
Freedom of assembly
and public forums
Hague v. CIO (1939)
Schneider v. New Jersey (1939)
Thornhill v. Alabama (1940)
Martin v. City of Struthers (1943)
Marsh v. Alabama (1946)
Niemotko v. Maryland (1951)
Edwards v. South Carolina (1963)
Cox v. Louisiana (1965)
Brown v. Louisiana (1966)
Adderley v. Florida (1966)
Carroll v. Town of Princess Anne (1968)
Coates v. Cincinnati (1971)
Organization for a Better Austin v. Keefe (1971)
Lloyd Corp. v. Tanner (1972)
Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins (1980)
Widmar v. Vincent (1981)
Hill v. Colorado (2000)
McCullen v. Coakley (2014)
Packingham v. North Carolina (2017)
Symbolic speech
Stromberg v. California (1931)
United States v. O'Brien (1968)
Cohen v. California (1971)
Smith v. Goguen (1974)
Texas v. Johnson (1989)
United States v. Eichman (1990)
Virginia v. Black (2003)
Compelled speech
Minersville School District v. Gobitis (1940)
West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette (1943)
Wooley v. Maynard (1977)
Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System v. Southworth (2000)
Davenport v. Washington Education Association (2007)
Knox v. Service Employees International Union, Local 1000 (2012)
Agency for International Development v. Alliance for Open Society International, Inc. (2013)
Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission (under consideration)
National Institute of Family and Life Advocates v. Becerra (under consideration)
Loyalty oaths
American Communications Association v. Douds (1950)
Garner v. Board of Public Works (1951)
Speiser v. Randall (1958)
Keyishian v. Board of Regents (1967)
Communist Party of Indiana v. Whitcomb (1974)
School speech
Minersville School District v. Gobitis (1940)
West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette (1943)
Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969)
Island Trees School District v. Pico (1982)
Bethel School District v. Fraser (1986)
Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier (1988)
Rosenberger v. University of Virginia (1995)
Morse v. Frederick (2007)
Obscenity
Rosen v. United States (1896)
United States v. One Book Called Ulysses (S.D.N.Y. 1933)
Roth v. United States (1957)
One, Inc. v. Olesen (1958)
Smith v. California (1959)
Marcus v. Search Warrant (1961)
MANual Enterprises v. Day (1962)
Jacobellis v. Ohio (1964)
Quantity of Books v. Kansas (1964)
Freedman v. Maryland (1965)
Ginzburg v. United States (1966)
Memoirs v. Massachusetts (1966)
Redrup v. New York (1967)
Ginsberg v. New York (1968)
Stanley v. Georgia (1969)
Cohen v. California (1971)
United States v. Thirty-seven Photographs (1971)
Kois v. Wisconsin (1972)
Miller v. California (1973)
Paris Adult Theatre I v. Slaton (1973)
United States v. 12 200-ft. Reels of Film (1973)
Jenkins v. Georgia (1974)
Erznoznik v. City of Jacksonville (1975)
Young v. American Mini Theatres (1976)
New York v. Ferber (1982)
American Booksellers v. Hudnut (7th Cir., 1985)
Renton v. Playtime Theatres, Inc. (1986)
People v. Freeman (Cal. 1988)
Osborne v. Ohio (1990)
United States v. X-Citement Video (1994)
Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union (1997)
United States v. Playboy Entertainment Group (2000)
Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition (2002)
Ashcroft v. American Civil Liberties Union (2002)
Nitke v. Gonzales (S.D.N.Y., 2005)
United States v. Williams (2008)
FCC v. Fox Televisions Stations - 2 cases (2009 and 2012)
American Booksellers Foundation for Free Expression v. Strickland (6th Cir., 2009)
United States v. Kilbride (9th Cir., 2009)
United States v. Stevens (2010)
Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Association (2011)
Public employees
Pickering v. Board of Education (1968)
Perry v. Sindermann (1972)
Board of Regents of State Colleges v. Roth (1972)
Mt. Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle (1977)
Givhan v. Western Line Consolidated School District (1979)
Connick v. Myers (1983)
Rankin v. McPherson (1987)
Waters v. Churchill (1994)
Garcetti v. Ceballos (2006)
Borough of Duryea v. Guarnieri (2011)
Heffernan v. City of Paterson (2016)
Hatch Act
and similar laws
Ex parte Curtis (1882)
United Public Workers v. Mitchell (1947)
United States Civil Service Commission v. National Association of Letter Carriers (1973)
Broadrick v. Oklahoma (1973)
Licensing and
restriction of speech
Mutual Film Corporation v. Industrial Commission of Ohio (1915)
Joseph Burstyn, Inc. v. Wilson (1952)
Freedman v. Maryland (1965)
Virginia State Pharmacy Board v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council (1976)
Hoffman Estates v. The Flipside, Hoffman Estates, Inc. (1982)
Walker v. Texas Division, Sons of Confederate Veterans (2015)
Matal v. Tam (2017)
Commercial speech
Valentine v. Chrestensen (1942)
Rowan v. U.S. Post Office Dept. (1970)
Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Pittsburgh Commission on Human Relations (1973)
Bigelow v. Commonwealth of Virginia (1974)
Virginia State Pharmacy Board v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council (1976)
Bates v. State Bar of Arizona (1977)
Linmark Associates, Inc. v. Willingboro (1977)
Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public Service Commission (1980)
Consol. Edison Co. v. Public Serv. Comm'n (1980)
Pacific Gas & Electric Co. v. Public Utilities Commission of California (1986)
Posadas de Puerto Rico Associates v. Tourism Company of Puerto Rico (1986)
San Francisco Arts & Athletics, Inc. v. United States Olympic Committee (1987)
44 Liquormart, Inc. v. Rhode Island (1996)
Sorrell v. IMS Health Inc. (2011)
Campaign finance and
political speech
Buckley v. Valeo (1976)
First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti (1978)
Citizens Against Rent Control v. City of Berkeley (1981)
Brown v. Socialist Workers '74 Campaign Committee (1982)
Regan v. Taxation with Representation of Washington (1983)
FEC v. Massachusetts Citizens for Life (1986)
Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce (1990)
McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Commission (1995)
Colorado Republican Federal Campaign Committee v. FEC (1996)
Nixon v. Shrink Missouri Government PAC (2000)
Republican Party of Minnesota v. White (2002)
McConnell v. FEC (2003)
Randall v. Sorrell (2006)
FEC v. Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc. (2007)
Davis v. FEC (2008)
Citizens United v. FEC (2010)
McComish v. Bennett (2011)
American Tradition Partnership v. Bullock (2012)
McCutcheon v. Federal Election Commission (2014)
Williams-Yulee v. The Florida Bar (2015)
show
Freedom of the press
Prior restraints
and censorship
Near v. Minnesota (1931)
Lovell v. City of Griffin (1938)
Hannegan v. Esquire, Inc. (1946)
New York Times Co. v. United States (1971)
Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo (1974)
Nebraska Press Ass'n v. Stuart (1976)
Landmark Communications, Inc. v. Virginia (1978)
Loewen v. Turnipseed (N.D. Miss., 1980)
Tory v. Cochran (2005)
Privacy
Time, Inc. v. Hill (1967)
Cox Broadcasting Corp. v. Cohn (1975)
Florida Star v. B. J. F. (1989)
Taxation and
privileges
Grosjean v. American Press Co. (1936)
Branzburg v. Hayes (1972)
Minneapolis Star Tribune Co. v. Commissioner (1983)
Defamation
Beauharnais v. Illinois (1952)
New York Times Co. v. Sullivan (1964)
Curtis Publishing Co. v. Butts (1967)
Greenbelt Cooperative Publishing Ass'n, Inc. v. Bresler (1970)
Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc. (1974)
Time, Inc. v. Firestone (1976)
Bose Corp. v. Consumers Union of United States, Inc. (1984)
Dun & Bradstreet, Inc. v. Greenmoss Builders, Inc. (1985)
McDonald v. Smith (1985)
Hustler Magazine v. Falwell (1988)
Harte-Hanks Communications, Inc. v. Connaughton (1989)
Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co. (1990)
Obsidian Finance Group, LLC v. Cox (9th Cir., 2014)
Broadcast media
Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC (1969)
FCC v. Pacifica Foundation (1978)
Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. v. FCC (1994)
Bartnicki v. Vopper (2001)
Copyrighted materials
Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broadcasting Co. (1977)
Harper & Row v. Nation Enterprises (1985)
show
Freedom of association
Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee v. McGrath (1951)
Watkins v. United States (1957)
NAACP v. Alabama (1958)
Baggett v. Bullitt (1964)
In re Primus (1978)
Roberts v. United States Jaycees (1984)
Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, & Bisexual Group of Boston (1995)
Boy Scouts of America v. Dale (2000)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_obscenity_law&oldid=834075532"
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