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Methods to investigate protein–protein interactions
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There are many methods to investigate protein–protein interactions. Each of the approaches has its own strengths and weaknesses, especially with regard to the sensitivity and specificity of the method. A high sensitivity means that many of the interactions that occur in reality are detected by the screen. A high specificity indicates that most of the interactions detected by the screen are occurring in reality.
Contents
1 Biochemical methods
2 Biophysical and theoretical methods
3 Genetic methods
4 Computational methods
5 References
Biochemical methods[edit]
Co-immunoprecipitation is considered to be the gold standard assay for protein–protein interactions, especially when it is performed with endogenous (not overexpressed and not tagged) proteins. The protein of interest is isolated with a specific antibody. Interaction partners which stick to this protein are subsequently identified by Western blotting.[1] Interactions detected by this approach are considered to be real. However, this method can only verify interactions between suspected interaction partners. Thus, it is not a screening approach. A note of caution also is that immunoprecipitation experiments reveal direct and indirect interactions. Thus, positive results may indicate that two proteins interact directly or may interact via one or more bridging molecules. This could include bridging proteins, nucleic acids (DNA or RNA), or other molecules.
Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) is a new technique in observing the interactions of proteins. Combining with other new techniques, this method can be used to screen protein–protein interactions and their modulators,[2] DERB.[3]
Affinity electrophoresis as used for estimation of binding constants, as for instance in lectin affinity electrophoresis or characterization of molecules with specific features like glycan content or ligand binding.
Pull-down assays are a common variation of immunoprecipitation and immunoelectrophoresis and are used identically, although this approach is more amenable to an initial screen for interacting proteins.
Label transfer can be used for screening or confirmation of protein interactions and can provide information about the interface where the interaction takes place. Label transfer can also detect weak or transient interactions that are difficult to capture using other in vitro detection strategies. In a label transfer reaction, a known protein is tagged with a detectable label. The label is then passed to an interacting protein, which can then be identified by the presence of the label.
Phage display, used for the high-throughput screening of protein interactions
In-vivo crosslinking of protein complexes using photo-reactive amino acid analogs was introduced in 2005 by researchers from the Max Planck Institute[4] In this method, cells are grown with photoreactive diazirine analogs to leucine and methionine, which are incorporated into proteins. Upon exposure to ultraviolet light, the diazirines are activated and bind to interacting proteins that are within a few angstroms of the photo-reactive amino acid analog.[5]
Tandem affinity purification (TAP) method allows high throughput identification of protein interactions. In contrast to yeast two-hybrid approach the accuracy of the method can be compared to those of small-scale experiments[6] and the interactions are detected within the correct cellular environment as by co-immunoprecipitation. However, the TAP tag method requires two successive steps of protein purification and consequently it can not readily detect transient protein–protein interactions. Recent genome-wide TAP experiments were performed by Krogan et al. and Gavin et al. providing updated protein interaction data for yeast organism.[7][8]
Chemical cross-linking is often used to "fix" protein interactions in place before trying to isolate/identify interacting proteins. Common crosslinkers for this application include the non-cleavable NHS-ester cross-linker, bissulfosuccinimidyl suberate (BS3); a cleavable version of BS3, dithiobis(sulfosuccinimidyl propionate) (DTSSP); and the imidoester cross-linker dimethyl dithiobispropionimidate (DTBP) that is popular for fixing interactions in ChIP assays.
Chemical cross-linking followed by high mass MALDI mass spectrometry can be used to analyze intact protein interactions in place before trying to isolate/identify interacting proteins. This method detects interactions among non-tagged proteins and is available from CovalX.
SPINE (Strepprotein interaction experiment)[9] uses a combination of reversible crosslinking with formaldehyde and an incorporation of an affinity tag to detect interaction partners in vivo.
Quantitative immunoprecipitation combined with knock-down (QUICK) relies on co-immunoprecipitation, quantitative mass spectrometry (SILAC) and RNA interference (RNAi). This method detects interactions among endogenous non-tagged proteins.[10] Thus, it has the same high confidence as co-immunoprecipitation. However, this method also depends on the availability of suitable antibodies.
Proximity ligation assay (PLA) in situ is an immunohistochemical method utilizing so called PLA probes for detection of proteins, protein interactions and modifications. Each PLA probes comes with a unique short DNA strand attached to it and bind either to species specific primary antibodies or consist of directly DNA-labeled primary antibodies.[11][12] When the PLA probes are in close proximity, the DNA strands can interact through a subsequent addition of two other circle-forming DNA oligonucleotides. After joining of the two added oligonucleotides by enzymatic ligation, they are amplified via rolling circle amplification using a polymerase. After the amplification reaction, several-hundredfold replication of the DNA circle has occurred and flurophore or enzyme labeled complementary oligonucleotide probes highlight the product. The resulting high concentration of fluorescence or cromogenic signal in each single-molecule amplification product is easily visible as a distinct bright spot when viewed with either in a fluorescence microscope or a standard brightfield microscope.
Biophysical and theoretical methods[edit]
Bio-layer interferometry is a label-free technology for measuring biomolecular interactions[13][14] (protein:protein or protein:small molecule). It is an optical analytical technique that analyzes the interference pattern of white light reflected from two surfaces: a layer of immobilized protein on the biosensor tip, and an internal reference layer. Any change in the number of molecules bound to the biosensor tip causes a shift in the interference pattern that can be measured in real-time, providing detailed information regarding the kinetics of association and dissociation of the two molecule molecules as well as the affinity constant for the protein interaction (ka, kd and Kd). Due to sensor configuration, the technique is highly amenable to both purified and crude samples as well as high throughput screening experiments. The detection method can also be used to determine the molar concentration of analytes. Bio-layer interferometry was pioneered by the founders of ForteBio, an instrument manufacturer with headquarters in Menlo Park California.
Dual polarisation interferometry (DPI) can be used to measure protein–protein interactions. DPI provides real-time, high-resolution measurements of molecular size, density and mass. While tagging is not necessary, one of the protein species must be immobilized on the surface of a waveguide. As well as kinetics and affinity, conformational changes during interaction can also be quantified.
Static light scattering (SLS) measures changes in the Rayleigh scattering of protein complexes in solution and can characterize both weak and strong interactions without labeling or immobilization of the proteins or other biomacromolecule. The composition-gradient, multi-angle static light scattering (CG-MALS) measurement mixes a series of aliquots of different concentrations or compositions, measures the effect of the changes in light scattering as a result of the interaction, and fits the correlated light scattering changes with concentration to a series of association models in order to find the best-fit descriptor. Weak, non-specific interactions are typically characterized via the second virial coefficient. For specific binding, this type of analysis can determine the stoichiometry and equilibrium association constant(s) of one or more associated complexes,[15] including challenging systems such as those that exhibit simultaneous homo- and hetero-association, multi-valent interactions and cooperativity.
Dynamic light scattering (DLS), also known as quasielastic light scattering (QELS), or photon correlation spectroscopy, processes the time-dependent fluctuations in scattered light intensity to yield the hydrodynamic radius of particles in solution. The hydrodynamic radius is the radius of a solid sphere with the same translational diffusion coefficient as that measured for the sample particle. As proteins associate, the average hydrodynamic radius of the solution increases. Application of the Method of Continuous Variation, otherwise known as the Job plot, with the solution hydrodynamic radius as the observable, enables in vitro determination of Kd, complex stoichiometry, complex hydrodynamic radius, and the ΔH° and ΔS° of protein–protein interactions.[16] This technique does not entail immobilization or labeling. Transient and weak interactions can be characterized. Relative to static light scattering, which is based upon the absolute intensity of scattered light, DLS is insensitive to background light from the walls of containing structures. This insensitivity permits DLS measurements from 1 µL volumes in 1536 well plates, and lowers sample requirements into the femtomole range. This technique is also suitable for screening of buffer components and/or small molecule inhibitors/effectors.
Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is the most common label-free technique for the measurement of biomolecular interactions. SPR instruments measure the change in the refractive index of light reflected from a metal surface (the "biosensor"). Binding of biomolecules to the other side of this surface leads to a change in the refractive index which is proportional to the mass added to the sensor surface. In a typical application, one binding partner (the "ligand", often a protein) is immobilized on the biosensor and a solution with potential binding partners (the "analyte") is channelled over this surface. The build-up of analyte over time allows to quantify on rates (kon), off rates (koff), dissociation constants (Kd) and, in some applications, active concentrations of the analyte.[17] Several different vendors offer SPR-based devices. Best known are Biacore instruments which were the first commercially available.
Flow-induced dispersion analysis (FIDA), is a new capillary-based and immobilization-free technology used for characterization and quantification of biomolecular interaction and protein concentration under native conditions.[18] The technique is based on measuring the change in apparent size (hydrodynamic radius) of a selective ligand when interacting with the analyte of interest. A FIDA assay works in complex solutions (e.g. plasma [19]), and provides information regarding analyte concentration, affinity constants, molecular size and binding kinetics. A single assay is typically completed in minutes and only requires a sample consumption of a few µl.[18]
Fluorescence polarization/anisotropy can be used to measure protein–protein or protein–ligand interactions. Typically one binding partner is labeled with a fluorescence probe (although sometimes intrinsic protein fluorescence from tryptophan can be used) and the sample is excited with polarized light. The increase in the polarization of the fluorescence upon binding of the labeled protein to its binding partner can be used to calculate the binding affinity.
With fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, one protein is labeled with a fluorescent dye and the other is left unlabeled. The two proteins are then mixed and the data outputs the fraction of the labeled protein that is unbound and bound to the other protein, allowing you to get a measure of KD and binding affinity. You can also take time-course measurements to characterize binding kinetics. FCS also tells you the size of the formed complexes so you can measure the stoichiometry of binding. A more powerful methods is fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy (FCCS) that employs double labeling techniques and cross-correlation resulting in vastly improved signal-to-noise ratios over FCS. Furthermore, the two-photon and three-photon excitation practically eliminates photobleaching effects and provide ultra-fast recording of FCCS or FCS data.
Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) is a common technique when observing the interactions of only two different proteins.[20]
Protein activity determination by NMR multi-nuclear relaxation measurements, or 2D-FT NMR spectroscopy in solutions, combined with nonlinear regression analysis of NMR relaxation or 2D-FT spectroscopy data sets. Whereas the concept of water activity is widely known and utilized in the applied biosciences, its complement—the protein activity which quantitates protein–protein interactions—is much less familiar to bioscientists as it is more difficult to determine in dilute solutions of proteins; protein activity is also much harder to determine for concentrated protein solutions when protein aggregation, not merely transient protein association, is often the dominant process.[21]
Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), is considered as the most quantitative technique available for measuring the thermodynamic properties of protein–protein interactions and is becoming a necessary tool for protein–protein complex structural studies. This technique relies upon the accurate measurement of heat changes that follow the interaction of protein molecules in solution, without the need to label or immobilize the binding partners, since the absorption or production of heat is an intrinsic property of virtually all biochemical reactions. ITC provides information regarding the stoichiometry, enthalpy, entropy, and binding kinetics between two interacting proteins.[22]
Microscale thermophoresis (MST), is a new method that enables the quantitative analysis of molecular interactions in solution at the microliter scale. The technique is based on the thermophoresis of molecules, which provides information about molecule size, charge and hydration shell. Since at least one of these parameters is typically affected upon binding, the method can be used for the analysis of each kind of biomolecular interaction or modification. The method works equally well in standard buffers and biological liquids like blood or cell-lysate. It is a free solution method which does not need to immobilize the binding partners. MST provides information regarding the binding affinity, stoichiometry, competition and enthalpy of two or more interacting proteins.[23][24]
Rotating cell‑based ligand binding assay using radioactivity or fluorescence, is a recent method that measures molecular interactions in living cells in real-time, using radioactivity or fluorescence. This method allows the characterization of the binding mechanism, as well as Kd, kon and koff. This principle is being applied in several studies, mainly with protein ligands and living mammalian cells.[25][26][27][28]
Single colour reflectometry (SCORE) is a label-free technology for measuring all kinds of biomolecular interactions in real-time. Similar to BLI, it exploits interference effects at thin layers. However, it does not need a spectral resolution but rather uses monochromatic light. Thus, it is possible to analyse not only a single interaction but high-density arrays with up to 10,000 interactions per cm2.[29]
Genetic methods[edit]
The yeast two-hybrid and bacterial two-hybrid screen[30] investigate the interaction between artificial fusion proteins. They do not require to isolate proteins but rather use transformation to express proteins in bacteria or yeast. The cells are designed in a way that an interaction activates the transcription of a reporter gene or a reporter enzyme.[31]
Computational methods[edit]
Most PPI methods require some computational data analysis. The methods in this section are primarily computational although they typically require data generated by wet lab experiments.
Protein–protein docking, the prediction of protein–protein interactions based only on the three-dimensional protein structures from X-ray diffraction of protein crystals might not be satisfactory.[32][33]
Network analysis includes the analysis of interaction networks using methods of graph theory or statistical methods. The goal of these studies is to understand the nature of interactions in the context of a cell or pathway, not just individual interactions.[34]
References[edit]
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text:
2017 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
2017 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup
Tournament details
Host country
Malaysia
City
Ipoh
Dates
29 April 2017 (2017-04-29)–6 May 2017 (2017-05-06)
Teams
6
Venue(s)
Azlan Shah Stadium
Top three teams
Champions
Great Britain (2nd title)
Runner-up
Australia
Third place
India
Tournament statistics
Matches played
18
Goals scored
73 (4.06 per match)
Top scorer(s)
Tom Craig
Trent Mitton
Mandeep Singh (5 goals)
Best player
Tom Craig
Best goalkeeper
Suguru Shimmoto
All statistics are correct as of 6 May 2017
← 2016 (previous) (next) 2018 →
The 2017 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup was the 26th edition of the Sultan Azlan Shah Cup. It was held in Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia from 29 April – 6 May 2017.[1][2]
The number of teams for this year’s cup has decreased by one compared to last year’s tournament where seven teams competed. Pakistan and Canada, who competed previously, will not join this edition and Great Britain had been invited.
Great Britain defeated Australia 4–3 in the final to win the cup.
Contents
[hide]
1 Participating nations
2 Umpires
3 Squads
4 Results
4.1 Pool
4.2 Classification
4.2.1 Fifth and sixth place
4.2.2 Third and fourth place
4.2.3 Final
5 Goalscorers
6 Awards
7 Final standings
8 References
9 External links
Participating nations[edit]
Six countries are participating in this year's tournament:
Malaysia (Host)
Australia
Great Britain
India
Japan
New Zealand
Umpires[edit]
Sean Rapaport (RSA)
Napoleon Chanamthabam (IND)
Shigeki Kodama (JPN)
Eric Koh Kim Lai (MAS)
Nichol Bevan (NZL)
Steve Rogers (AUS)
Paul Walker (GBR)
Bruce Bale (ENG) - Video Umpire
Squads[edit]
Main article: 2017 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup squads
Results[edit]
All times are in Malaysia Standard Time (UTC+08:00).
Pool[edit]
Pos
Team
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification
1
Australia 5 3 1 1 14 7 +7 10 Advance to Final
2
Great Britain 5 3 1 1 12 9 +3 10
3
India 5 2 1 2 10 9 +1 7 Third place match
4
New Zealand 5 2 1 2 7 9 −2 7
5
Japan 5 1 1 3 12 15 −3 4 Fifth place match
6
Malaysia (H) 5 1 1 3 3 9 −6 4
Source: FIH
Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) goals scored; 4) head-to-head result.
(H) Host.
29 April 2017
16:05 MST
Great Britain
2–2
India
T. Carson 25'
Forsyth 52' Report 19' A. Singh
47' Mand. Singh
Umpires:
Eric Koh Kim Lai (MAS)
Sean Rapaport (RSA)
29 April 2017
18:05 MST
New Zealand
1–1
Australia
Newman 52' Report 32' T. Craig
Umpires:
Paul Walker (GBR)
Shigeki Kodama (JPN)
29 April 2017
20:35 MST
Malaysia
1–1
Japan
Razie 8' Report 40' Yamada
Umpires:
Nichol Bevan (NZL)
Steve Rogers (AUS)
30 April 2017
16:05 MST
India
3–0
New Zealand
Mand. Singh 23'
Harm. Singh 27', 47' Report
Umpires:
Eric Koh Kim Lai (MAS)
Steve Rogers (AUS)
30 April 2017
18:05 MST
Japan
3–5
Great Britain
Ke. Tanaka 14', 38'
Watanabe 49' Report 3' Middleton
12' Goodfield
15' Ward
32' T. Carson
52' Forsyth
Umpires:
Napoleon Chanamthabam (IND)
Nichol Bevan (NZL)
30 April 2017
20:35 MST
Australia
6–1
Malaysia
T. Craig 11', 38', 45'
Mitton 23', 27', 58' Report 42' Faizal
Umpires:
Sean Rapaport (RSA)
Paul Walker (GBR)
2 May 2017
16:05 MST
India
1–3
Australia
Harm. Singh 26' Report 30' Ockenden
34' T. Craig
51' Wickham
Umpires:
Eric Koh Kim Lai (MAS)
Paul Walker (GBR)
2 May 2017
18:05 MST
New Zealand
3–2
Japan
Russell 18', 32'
Lane 35' Report 9', 50' Yamada
Umpires:
Napoleon Chanamthabam (IND)
Steve Rogers (AUS)
2 May 2017
20:35 MST
Malaysia
0–1
Great Britain
Report 26' Forsyth
Umpires:
Shigeki Kodama (JPN)
Sean Rapaport (RSA)
3 May 2017
16:05 MST
Japan
3–4
India
Murata 10'
Yoshihara 43'
Mitani 45' Report 6' R. P. Singh
45', 51', 58' Mand. Singh
Umpires:
Nichol Bevan (NZL)
Steve Rogers (AUS)
3 May 2017
18:05 MST
Great Britain
1–2
Australia
Gleghorne 51' Report 44' Mitton
52' Dawson
Umpires:
Eric Koh Kim Lai (MAS)
Sean Rapaport (RSA)
3 May 2017
20:35 MST
New Zealand
1-0
Malaysia
Russell 25' Report
Umpires:
Paul Walker (GBR)
Napoleon Chanamthabam (IND)
5 May 2017
16:05 MST
Great Britain
3–2
New Zealand
Ward 9'
Roper 39'
Gleghorne 49' Report 30' Newman
58' Russell
Umpires:
Eric Koh Kim Lai (MAS)
Steve Rogers (AUS)
5 May 2017
18:05 MST
Australia
2–3
Japan
Kleinschmidt 7'
Mitton 31' Report 44' Yamada
56', 57' Yamasaki
Umpires:
Napoleon Chanamthabam (IND)
Sean Rapaport (RSA)
5 May 2017
20:35 MST
India
0–1
Malaysia
Report 51' Shahril
Umpires:
Shigeki Kodama (JPN)
Paul Walker (GBR)
Classification[edit]
Fifth and sixth place[edit]
6 May 2017
15:40 MST
Japan
1–3
Malaysia
Ka. Tanaka 28' Report 8' Haziq
11' Firhan
34' Faizal
Umpires:
Nichol Bevan (NZL)
Paul Walker (GBR)
Third and fourth place[edit]
6 May 2017
18:05 MST
India
4–0
New Zealand
R. P. Singh 17', 27'
Sunil 48'
T. Singh 60' Report
Umpires:
Shigeki Kodama (JPN)
Steve Rogers (AUS)
Final[edit]
6 May 2017
20:35 MST
Australia
3–4
Great Britain
Ockenden 28'
Pollard 34'
Wotherspoon 48' Report 8' Forsyth
11', 43' Goodfield
33' Willars
Umpires:
Eric Koh Kim Lai (MAS)
Sean Rapaport (RSA)
Goalscorers[edit]
Rank
Player
Team
MD1
MD2
MD3
MD4
MD5
CM
Total
1
Tom Craig Australia 1 3 1 0 0 0
5
Trent Mitton Australia 0 3 0 1 1 0
5
Mandeep Singh India 1 1 0 3 0 0
5
4
Alan Forsyth Great Britain 1 1 1 0 0 1
4
Shota Yamada Japan 1 0 2 0 1 0
4
Kane Russell New Zealand 0 0 2 1 1 0
4
7
David Goodfield Great Britain 0 1 0 0 0 2
3
Harmanpreet Singh India 0 2 1 0 0 0
3
Rupinder Pal Singh India 0 0 0 1 0 2
3
10
Eddie Ockenden Australia 0 0 1 0 0 1
2
Tom Carson Great Britain 1 1 0 0 0 0
2
Samuel Ward Great Britain 0 1 0 0 1 0
2
Mark Gleghorne Great Britain 0 0 0 1 1 0
2
Kenta Tanaka Japan 0 2 0 0 0 0
2
Koji Yamasaki Japan 0 0 0 0 2 0
2
Faizal Saari Malaysia 0 1 0 0 0 1
2
Dominic Newman New Zealand 1 0 0 0 1 0
2
18
Tom Wickham Australia 0 0 1 0 0 0
1
Matt Dawson Australia 0 0 0 1 0 0
1
Aaron Kleinschmidt Australia 0 0 0 0 1 0
1
Joshua Pollard Australia 0 0 0 0 0 1
1
Dylan Wotherspoon Australia 0 0 0 0 0 1
1
Barry Middleton Great Britain 0 1 0 0 0 0
1
Phil Roper Great Britain 0 0 0 0 1 0
1
Ollie Willars Great Britain 0 0 0 0 0 1
1
Akashdeep Singh India 1 0 0 0 0 0
1
S. V. Sunil India 0 0 0 0 0 1
1
Talwinder Singh India 0 0 0 0 0 1
1
Kota Watanabe Japan 0 1 0 0 0 0
1
Kazuma Murata Japan 0 0 0 1 0 0
1
Heita Yoshihara Japan 0 0 0 1 0 0
1
Genki Mitani Japan 0 0 0 1 0 0
1
Kaito Tanaka Japan 0 0 0 0 0 1
1
Razie Rahim Malaysia 1 0 0 0 0 0
1
Shahril Saabah Malaysia 0 0 0 0 1 0
1
Haziq Samsul Malaysia 0 0 0 0 0 1
1
Firhan Ashaari Malaysia 0 0 0 0 0 1
1
Sam Lane New Zealand 0 0 1 0 0 0
1
Total
8 18 10 11 11 15
73
As of matches played on 6 May 2017
Awards[edit]
Five awards were awarded during the tournament, they were:[3]
Fairplay: New Zealand
Best Player: Tom Craig
Man of the Match (Final): Alan Forsyth
Best Goalkeeper: Suguru Shimmoto
Top Scorer: Tom Craig, Trent Mitton, Mandeep Singh (5 goals)
Final standings[edit]
Rank
Team
1 Great Britain
2 Australia
3 India
4 New Zealand
5 Malaysia
6 Japan
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Sultan Azlan Shah Cup handed huge sponsorship boost".
Jump up ^ Fixtures
Jump up ^ Awards
External links[edit]
Official website
Sultan Azlan Shah Cup TV broadcaster
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text:
Vol. 3... Life and Times of S. Carter
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Vol. 3… Life and Times of S. Carter
Studio album by Jay-Z
Released
December 13, 1999 (Europe)
December 28, 1999 (US)
Genre
Hip hop
Length
71:05
Label
Roc-A-Fella
Def Jam
Producer
Shawn Carter (exec.)
Damon Dash (exec.)
Kareem "Biggs" Burke (exec.)
Darrell "Digga" Branch
Clue
DJ Premier
DURO
Irv Gotti
K Rob
Lil Rob
Chauncey Mahan
P. Skam
Rockwilder
Russell "Russ" Howard
Sean "SAF" Francis
Sam Sneed
Swizz Beatz
Timbaland
Lance "UN" Rivera
Jay-Z chronology
Vol. 2... Hard Knock Life
(1998) Vol. 3… Life and Times of S. Carter
(1999) The Dynasty: Roc La Familia
(2000)
Singles from Vol. 3... Life and Times of S. Carter
"Do It Again (Put Ya Hands Up)"
Released: December 14, 1999
"Things That U Do"
Released: February 11, 2000
"Big Pimpin'"
Released: April 11, 2000
Vol. 3… Life and Times of S. Carter is the fourth studio album by American rapper Jay-Z. It was released on December 28, 1999, by Roc-A-Fella Records and Def Jam Recordings. According to USA Today critic Steve Jones, the record marked a return to the street-oriented sound of Jay-Z's 1996 debut album, Reasonable Doubt.[1] Vol. 3... featured production from Swizz Beatz, Timbaland, K-Rob, DJ Clue, Rockwilder, DJ Premier, and Irv Gotti, among others.
The album was well received by critics and debuted at number one on the Billboard 200, selling 462,000 copies in its first week. It has since sold over three million copies and been certified triple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America.
Contents
[hide]
1 Release and reception
2 Track listing
3 Personnel
4 Charts
5 Certifications
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
Release and reception[edit]
Professional ratings
Review scores
Source
Rating
AllMusic [2]
Chicago Tribune [3]
Encyclopedia of Popular Music [4]
Entertainment Weekly A−[5]
Los Angeles Times [6]
NME 7/10[7]
Rolling Stone [8]
The Source 4/5[9]
USA Today [1]
The Village Voice A[10]
Vol. 3... was released on December 28, 1999, and sold 462,000 copies in its first week, while debuting at number one on the Billboard 200.[11] The sales week was thirty-percent more than the first-week sales of Jay-Z's previous album, Vol. 2... Hard Knock Life (1998).[12] On February 14, 2001, it was certified triple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).[13] In 2009, the album reached sales of 3,093,000 copies, according to Nielsen SoundScan.[14]
In a contemporary review, Rolling Stone critic Kris Ex wrote that Jay-Z "has become a better architect of songs" while hailing Vol. 3... as "his strongest album to date, with music that's filled with catchy hooks, rump-shaking beats and lyrics fueled by Jay's hustler's vigilance".[8] Richard Harrington from The Washington Post found the record to be "full of reputation-building swagger, cataloguing of lyrical skills and autobiographical perspective".[15] Reviewing the album in Entertainment Weekly, Anthony DeCurtis said it reconnects with Jay-Z's urban demographic, "with flair",[5] while Steve Jones of USA Today was particularly impressed by his lyrics and flow, finding both to be "razor-sharp as ever".[1] In The Village Voice, Robert Christgau argued that Jay-Z has too much at stake commercially to depart from "playing the now-a-rapper-now-a-thug 'reality' game with his customers, thugs and fantasists both", but he impresses with "a rugged, expansive vigor, nailing both come-fly-with-me cosmopolitanism and the hunger for excitement that's turned gangster hangouts into musical hotbeds from Buenos Aires to Kansas City".[10] Fellow Voice critic Miles Marshall Lewis called Jay-Z "the best MC in hip hop" and Vol. 3… "the quintessential 2000-model hip hop album".[16] Soren Baker was less impressed in the Los Angeles Times, writing that the record lacks the "biting humor and spectacular wordplay" of his previous albums.[6]
In The Rolling Stone Album Guide (2004), Jon Caramanica later wrote, "Life & Times of S. Carter took [Vol. 2's] combination of style and substance to its apotheosis. In addition to maintaining a strong lyrical presence, Jay also showcased his talents as a master of flow, changing cadences and rhyme patterns with impressive regularity and flexibility ... Nearly every track on this album was sonically unique, and Jay rode each one with aplomb and skill".[17] AllMusic's John Bush wrote in a retrospective review that a couple of overwrought productions ("Dope Man", "Things That U Do") keep it from being among Jay-Z's best albums.[2]
Track listing[edit]
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Producer(s)
Length
1. "Hova Song (Intro)"
Shawn Carter
K Rob
Jimi Hendrix
K Rob 2:21
2. "So Ghetto"
Carter
Christopher Martin
Steve Cropper
Buddy Miles
DJ Premier 4:01
3. "Do It Again (Put Ya Hands Up)" (featuring Beanie Sigel and Amil)
Carter
Dana Stinson
Dwight Grant
Kyambo Joshua
Amil Whitehead
Rockwilder 4:39
4. "Dope Man"
Carter
Ernesto Shaw
Ken Ifill
Darrell "Digga" Branch
Clue
DURO
Digga
Lance "UN" Rivera[a]
Chauncey Mahan[b]
4:03
5. "Things That U Do" (featuring Mariah Carey)
Carter
Kasseem Dean
Joshua
Swizz Beatz 4:52
6. "It's Hot (Some Like It Hot)"
Carter
Timothy Mosley
Timbaland 4:16
7. "Snoopy Track" (featuring Juvenile)
Carter
Mosley
Terius Gray
Timbaland 4:01
8. "S. Carter" (featuring Amil)
Carter
Russell "Russ" Howard
Sean "SAF" Francis
Whitehead
Russ
SAF
Mahan[b]
4:14
9. "Pop 4 Roc" (featuring Beanie Sigel, Memphis Bleek and Amil)
Carter
Shaw
Ifill
Grant
Malik Cox
Whitehead
Clue
DURO
4:36
10. "Watch Me" (featuring Dr. Dre)
Carter
Irving Lorenzo
Robert Mays
Irv Gotti
Lil Rob
4:34
11. "Big Pimpin'" (featuring UGK)
Carter
Mosley
Joshua
Chad Butler
Bernard Freeman
Timbaland 4:44
12. "There's Been a Murder"
Carter
Howard
Francis
Alana Davis
Russ
SAF
Mahan[b]
3:40
13. "Come and Get Me"
Carter
Mosley
Timbaland 6:09
14. "NYMP"
Carter
Stinson
Brian Russell
Brenda Russell
Rockwilder 4:03
15. "Hova Song (Outro)" (includes hidden tracks "Jigga My Nigga" and "Girl's Best Friend", both produced by Swizz Beatz)
Carter
K Rob
Hendrix
K Rob 11:01
[show]Europe version
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Producer(s)
Length
1. "Hova Song (Intro)"
Carter
K Rob
Hendrix
K Rob 2:22
2. "So Ghetto"
Carter
Martin
Cropper
Miles
DJ Premier 4:01
3. "Do It Again (Put Ya Hands Up)" (featuring Beanie Sigel and Amil)
Carter
Stinson
Grant
Joshua
Whitehead
Rockwilder 4:39
4. "Dope Man"
Carter
Shaw
Ifill
Branch
Clue
DURO
Digga
UN[a]
Mahan[b]
4:03
5. "Things That U Do" (featuring Mariah Carey)
Carter
Dean
Joshua
Swizz Beatz 4:52
6. "It's Hot (Some Like It Hot)"
Carter
Mosley
Timbaland 4:16
7. "Snoopy Track" (featuring Juvenile)
Carter
Mosley
Gray
Timbaland 4:01
8. "S. Carter" (featuring Amil)
Carter
Howard
Francis
Whitehead
Russ
SAF
Mahan[b]
4:14
9. "Pop 4 Roc" (featuring Beanie Sigel, Memphis Bleek and Amil)
Carter
Shaw
Ifill
Grant
Cox
Whitehead
Clue
DURO
4:36
10. "Hova Interlude"
Carter
K Rob
Hendrix
K Rob 1:33
11. "Big Pimpin'" (featuring UGK)
Carter
Mosley
Joshua
Butler
Freeman
Timbaland 4:43
12. "Is That Yo Bitch" (featuring Twista and Missy "Misdemeanor" Elliott)
Carter
Mosley
Carl Mitchell
Melissa Elliott
Timbaland 4:34
13. "Come and Get Me"
Carter
Mosley
Timbaland 6:43
14. "NYMP"
Carter
Stinson
Brian Russell
Brenda Russell
Rockwilder 4:03
15. "Hova Song (Outro)"
Carter
K Rob
Hendrix
K Rob 1:17
16. "Anything" (bonus track; includes hidden tracks "Jigga My Nigga" and "Girl's Best Friend", both produced by Swizz Beatz)
Carter
Sam Anderson
J. Wright
Lionel Bart
Sam Sneed
P. Skam
14:21
Notes
^[a] indicates a co-producer
^[b] indicates an additional producer
Personnel[edit]
Credits are adapted from AllMusic.[18]
Amil – performer
Darrell Branch – producer
Mariah Carey – performer
Drawing Board – art direction
Fingaz – keyboards
Kyledidthis – design
Jay-Z – performer
Jonathan Mannon – photography
Memphis Bleek – performer
Tatsuya Sato – assistant engineer
Beanie Sigel – performer
UGK – performer
Dr. Dre – performer, mixing
Charts[edit]
Chart (1999)
Peak
position
Canadian Albums Chart[19] 11
Swiss Albums Chart[20] 75
US Billboard 200[21] 1
US Top R&B/Hip Hop Albums[22] 1
Certifications[edit]
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales
Canada (Music Canada)[23]
Gold 50,000^
United Kingdom (BPI)[24]
Silver 60,000^
United States (RIAA)[25]
3× Platinum 3,000,000^
*sales figures based on certification alone
^shipments figures based on certification alone
See also[edit]
List of number-one albums of 2000 (U.S.)
List of number-one R&B albums of 2000 (U.S.)
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c Jones, Steve. "Review: Vol. 3… Life and Times of S. Carter". USA Today: 02.D. January 4, 2000. (Transcription of original review at talk page)
^ Jump up to: a b Bush, John. Review: Vol. 3… Life and Times of S. Carter. Allmusic. Retrieved on September 14, 2009.
Jump up ^ Kot, Greg. "Review: Vol. 3… Life and Times of S. Carter". Chicago Tribune: 3. January 9, 2000. (Transcription of original review at talk page)
Jump up ^ Larkin, Colin (2011). "Jay Z". The Encyclopedia of Popular Music (5th ed.). Omnibus Press. ISBN 0-85712-595-8.
^ Jump up to: a b DeCurtis, Anthony. Review: Vol. 3… Life and Times of S. Carter. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved on September 14, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b Baker, Soren. Review: Vol. 3… Life and Times of S. Carter. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved on September 14, 2009.
Jump up ^ Fadele, Dele. "Review: Vol. 3… Life and Times of S. Carter". NME: February 16, 2000. (Transcription of original review at talk page)
^ Jump up to: a b Ex, Kris (February 3, 2000). Vol. 3 Life And Times of S. Carter by Jay Z. Rolling Stone. Retrieved on June 29, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Review". The Source. March 2000. p. 256.
^ Jump up to: a b Christgau, Robert (February 29, 2000). Cleanup Time – Page 2. The Village Voice. Retrieved on June 29, 2011.
Jump up ^ Mancini, Robert. Jay Z Grabs Top Of Album Chart. MTV. Retrieved on February 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ Baker, Soren. Assault Case Won't Stop the Music—or the Sales. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved on February 22, 2010.
Jump up ^ Gold & Platinum: Searchable Database Archived 2007-06-26 at the Wayback Machine.. Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Retrieved on September 14, 2009.
Jump up ^ Trust, Gary (August 7, 2009). "Ask Billboard: Steve Vai, Jay Z, Radiohead". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved September 11, 2016.
Jump up ^ Harrington, Richard. "Z+Is+Leading+the+Rap+Pack--and+'Life+and+Times+of+S.+Carter'+Lets+Everyone+Know&pqatl=google Review: Vol. 3… Life and Times of S. Carter". The Washington Post: G.12. January 2, 2000.
Jump up ^ Lewis, Miles Marshall. Review: Vol. 3… Life and Times of S. Carter. The Village Voice. Retrieved on September 14, 2009.
Jump up ^ Caramanica, Jon (2004). "Jay Z". In Brackett, Nathan; Hoard, Christian. The Rolling Stone Album Guide. Simon and Schuster. pp. 424–25. ISBN 0-7432-0169-8.
Jump up ^ Credits: Vol. 3… Life and Times of S. Carter. Allmusic. Retrieved on September 14, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Canadian Albums Chart – January 15, 2000". Billboard.
Jump up ^ Z/Vol.-3:-Life-And-Times-Of-S.-Carter-3163 "Swedish Albums Chart – January 23, 2000" Check |url= value (help).
Jump up ^ "Billboard 200 – January 15, 2000". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums – January 15, 2000". Billboard.
Jump up ^ "Canadian album certifications – JAY Z – Vol. 3... Life and Times of S. Carter". Music Canada.
Jump up ^ "British album certifications – JAY Z – Vol. 3... Life and Times of S. Carter". British Phonographic Industry. Enter Vol. 3... Life and Times of S. Carter in the search field and then press Enter.
Jump up ^ "American album certifications – JAY Z – Vol. 3... Life and Times of S. Carter". Recording Industry Association of America. If necessary, click Advanced, then click Format, then select Album, then click SEARCH
External links[edit]
Vol. 3... Life and Times of S. Carter at Discogs (list of releases)
Preceded by
...And Then There Was X by DMX Billboard 200 number-one album
January 15–21, 2000 Succeeded by
Supernatural by Santana
[show]
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Albums
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