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Money in the Bank (2018)
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Money in the Bank (2018)
Promotional poster featuring Nia Jax and Ronda Rousey
Information
Promotion
WWE
Brand(s)
Raw
SmackDown
Sponsor(s)
Gold Bond Ultimate
WWE Champions
Date
June 17, 2018
Attendance
15,214[1]
Venue
Allstate Arena
City
Rosemont, Illinois
WWE Network event chronology
NXT TakeOver: Chicago II Money in the Bank (2018) United Kingdom Championship Tournament (2018)
Money in the Bank chronology
Money in the Bank (2017) Money in the Bank (2018)
Money in the Bank (2018) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event and WWE Network event, produced by WWE for their Raw and SmackDown brands. It took place on June 17, 2018, at the Allstate Arena in the Chicago suburb of Rosemont, Illinois.[2] It was the ninth event under the Money in the Bank chronology.
The card comprised eleven matches, including one match on the pre-show. In the main event, Braun Strowman won the titular ladder match on the men's side, while Alexa Bliss won the women's ladder match. Bliss cashed in her contract later in the night to win the Raw Women's Championship from Nia Jax after causing a disqualification in the previous title match between Ronda Rousey and Jax. On the undercard, AJ Styles retained the WWE Championship against Shinsuke Nakamura in a Last Man Standing match and Carmella retained the SmackDown Women's Championship against Asuka with help from the returning James Ellsworth.
Contents
[hide]
1 Production
1.1 Background
1.2 Storylines
2 Event
2.1 Pre-show
2.2 Preliminary matches
2.3 Main event
3 Results
4 References
5 External links
Production
Background
WWE's Money in the Bank pay-per-view event centers around a match of the same name, in which multiple wrestlers use ladders to retrieve a briefcase hanging above the ring. The briefcase contains a contract that guarantees the winner a match for a world championship at any time within the next year.[3] The contracts for 2018 specifically granted the male and female winners a match for the world championship of their respective brand. The 2018 event included two ladder matches, one for male wrestlers and one for females, each having eight participants, evenly divided between the Raw and SmackDown brands. Male wrestlers competed for a contract to grant them a match for either Raw's Universal Championship or SmackDown's WWE Championship, while female wrestlers competed for a contract to grant them a match for either the Raw Women's Championship or SmackDown Women's Championship.
Storylines
The card originally comprised ten matches, including one on the pre-show, that resulted from scripted storylines with results predetermined by WWE on the Raw and SmackDown brands. An impromptu eleventh match was added during the show.[4][5][6] Storylines were produced on WWE's weekly television shows, Monday Night Raw and SmackDown Live.[7]
Qualification matches for the men's ladder match began on the May 7 episode of Raw. Braun Strowman defeated Kevin Owens to qualify while Finn Bálor qualified by defeating Sami Zayn and Roman Reigns in a triple threat match, after Jinder Mahal interfered and attacked Reigns.[8] The next night on SmackDown, The Miz and Rusev qualified for the match by defeating Jeff Hardy and Daniel Bryan, respectively.[9] The following Raw, further triple threat matches yielded two more participants: Bobby Roode defeated Baron Corbin and No Way Jose while Owens (standing in for Mahal, who had been injured by Reigns) defeated Elias and Bobby Lashley after Zayn interfered and attacked Lashley.[10] On the May 15 episode of SmackDown, Big E and Xavier Woods of The New Day defeated Cesaro and Sheamus in a tag team match, allowing one member of New Day to qualify.[11] Samoa Joe secured the final spot by defeating Big Cass and Daniel Bryan in a triple threat match on the May 29 episode of SmackDown.[12]
Big Cass and Daniel Bryan had begun feuding after Cass returned from injury during the 2018 WWE Superstar Shake-up. Cass had attacked Bryan on SmackDown and eliminated him from the Greatest Royal Rumble match.[13] Bryan then defeated Cass at Backlash, but was attacked by his opponent after the match.[14] Bryan returned the favor on the May 15 episode of SmackDown and a house show in Germany. By injuring Cass' leg, Bryan not only cost him his spot in an upcoming Money in the Bank qualifying match against Samoa Joe,[11][15] but secured that spot for himself by defeating Jeff Hardy on the May 22 episode of SmackDown.[16] However, when Cass returned from injury in time, the match was turned into the aforementioned triple threat match, won by Joe. After the match, Cass attacked Bryan again.[12] On June 2, another match between the two was made for Money in the Bank.[17]
Qualification matches for the women's ladder match also began on the May 7 episode of Raw, with Ember Moon defeating Sasha Banks and Ruby Riott in a triple threat match to qualify.[8] The next night on SmackDown, Charlotte Flair qualified over Peyton Royce.[9] The following Raw, Alexa Bliss defeated Bayley and Mickie James in a triple threat match to qualify.[10] On the May 15 episode of SmackDown, Becky Lynch defeated Mandy Rose and Sonya Deville in a triple threat match to qualify.[11] On the following episode of Raw, Natalya defeated Sarah Logan, Liv Morgan, and Dana Brooke in a fatal four-way match to qualify.[18] The next night on SmackDown, Lana and Naomi qualified for the match by defeating Billie Kay and Deville, respectively.[16] The final qualification match occurred on the May 28 episode of Raw, where Banks defeated Bayley, Brooke, James, Logan, Morgan, and Riott in a seven-woman gauntlet match to earn the final spot.[19]
At WrestleMania 34, AJ Styles defeated Shinsuke Nakamura to retain the WWE Championship. After the match, Nakamura attacked Styles with a low blow, turning heel in the process.[20] The two continued to feud through Greatest Royal Rumble and Backlash with their matches ending in draws.[13][14] SmackDown Commissioner Shane McMahon scheduled a fourth match for Money in the Bank and promised there would a decisive winner.[21] On the May 15 episode of SmackDown, Nakamura earned the right to choose a stipulation for the match by defeating Styles.[11] The following week, Nakamura attacked Styles with a Kinshasa at ringside and chose a Last Man Standing match.[16]
During the NBCUniversal Upfront event on May 14, Ronda Rousey was interviewed by Cathy Kelley. Raw Women's Champion Nia Jax interrupted the interview and challenged Rousey to a match at Money in the Bank, putting her title on the line. Rousey accepted the challenge.[10] The following week, both Rousey and Jax signed the contract for their match.[18]. The following week, Jax demonstrated on an amateur wrestler that she would counter Rousey's armbar and perform a powerbomb.
On the May 15 episode of SmackDown, SmackDown Women's Champion Carmella celebrated her championship reign. SmackDown General Manager Paige interrupted Carmella and scheduled a title match between her and Asuka for Money in the Bank.[11]
On the May 7 episode of Raw, Jinder Mahal cost Roman Reigns a chance to qualify for the Money in the Bank ladder match.[8] The following week, Reigns attacked Mahal backstage and speared him through a wall.[10] On the May 21 episode of Raw, after Reigns and Seth Rollins defeated Mahal and Kevin Owens, Mahal attacked Reigns with a chair. A match between the two was scheduled for Money in the Bank.[18]
On the May 22 episode of SmackDown, Luke Gallows and Karl Anderson defeated The Usos (Jey and Jimmy Uso) to become the number one contenders to face The Bludgeon Brothers (Harper and Rowan) for the SmackDown Tag Team Championship at Money in the Bank.[16] The match was scheduled for the Money in the Bank pre-show.[22]
During a tag team match on the April 23 episode of Raw, Bobby Lashley performed a one-handed suspended vertical suplex on Sami Zayn,[23] which Zayn claimed gave him vertigo and why he missed the Greatest Royal Rumble.[24] At Backlash, Lashley and Braun Strowman defeated Kevin Owens and Sami Zayn.[14] During an interview on the May 7 episode, Lashley spoke dearly about his family, including his three sisters.[8] In response, Zayn said that Lashley was not a nice guy[10] and promised to bring out Lashley's sisters to tell the truth. On the May 21 episode, three men dressed up as Lashley's sisters accused Lashley of violence. Lashley interrupted the segment and attacked the imposters along with Zayn.[18] The following week, a match between the two was made for Money in the Bank.[19]
On the May 28 episode of Raw, Seth Rollins interrupted Elias, who was once again trying to sing for the crowd, and forced him to leave. After Rollins's match, Elias smashed a guitar on his back.[19] On May 31, a match between the two for the Intercontinental Championship was made for Money in the Bank.[25]
Event
Other on-screen personnel
Role:
Name:
English commentators Michael Cole (Raw/Men's Money In The Bank Ladder Match)
Corey Graves (all matches)
Jonathan Coachman (Raw/Women's Money In The Bank Ladder Match)
Tom Phillips (SmackDown/Women's Money In The Bank Ladder Match)
Byron Saxton (SmackDown/Men's Money In The Bank Ladder Match)
Spanish commentators Carlos Cabrera
Marcelo Rodríguez
German commentators Tim Haber
Calvin Knie
Ring announcers Greg Hamilton (SmackDown/Men's Money In The Bank Ladder Match)
JoJo (Raw/Women's Money In The Bank Ladder Match)
Referees Danilo Anfibio
Jason Ayers
Mike Chioda
John Cone
Dan Engler
Chad Patton
Charles Robinson
Rod Zapata
Interviewers Charly Caruso
Pre-show panel Renee Young
Booker T
Peter Rosenberg
David Otunga
Pre-show
During the pre-show, The Bludgeon Brothers (Harper and Rowan) defended the SmackDown Tag Team Championship against Luke Gallows and Karl Anderson. Harper and Rowan performed The Reckoning on Gallows to retain the title.[26]
Preliminary matches
The actual pay-per-view opened with Daniel Bryan facing Big Cass. In the climax, Bryan performed a running high knee on Cass and forced him to submit with a heel hook.[27]
Next, Bobby Lashley faced Sami Zayn. In the climax, Lashley performed three delayed vertical suplexes on Zayn for the pinfall.[27]
After that, Seth Rollins defended the Intercontinental Championship against Elias. In the end, Rollins pinned Elias with a schoolboy whilst holding Elias's tights to retain the title.[27]
In the fifth match, Ember Moon, Charlotte Flair, Alexa Bliss, Becky Lynch, Natalya, Naomi, Lana, and Sasha Banks competed in the Women's Money in the Bank match. In the end, Lynch attempted to retrieve the briefcase only for Bliss to push the ladder causing Lynch to fall. Bliss ascended the ladder to retrieve the briefcase to win the match.[27]
Next, Roman Reigns faced Jinder Mahal, who was accompanied by an injured Sunil Singh in a wheelchair. Singh pushed Reigns into the ring post, proving his injury was fake. During the match, Reigns performed a superman punch and a spear on Singh. In the end, Reigns performed a spear on Mahal for the win.[27]
Next, Carmella defended the SmackDown Women's Championship against Asuka. In the end, Asuka was distracted by a person masquerading as her. The masked figure revealed as a returning James Ellsworth. Carmella took advantage of the distraction and performed a Princess Kick on Asuka to retain the title.[27]
After that, AJ Styles defended the WWE Championship against Shinsuka Nakamura in a Last Man Standing match. Early in the match, Nakamura countered Styles' Phenomenal Forearm by kicking Styles's leg. On top of a broadcast table, Nakamura performed a Kinshasa on Styles, however, Styles stood up at a nine count. Nakamura threw Styles through a table, which was positioned in the corner in the ring, only for Styles to stand at a nine count. Styles began to target Nakamura's leg and applied the Calf Crusher on Nakamura. Styles struck Nakamura with a chair, however, Nakamura retaliated with a low blow; Styles stood at an eight count. At ringside, Nakamura performed a Kinshasa on Styles, who stood at a nine count. Styles performed a Phenomenal Forearm off an announce table and a Styles Clash on Nakamura off the steel steps, with Nakamura standing at a nine count. In the end, Styles attacked Nakamura with a low blow and performed a Phenomenal Forearm on Nakamura through a broadcast table. Nakamura could not stand by a ten count, thus Styles won the match and retained the title.[27]
Next, Nia Jax defended the Raw Women's Championship against Ronda Rousey. In the end, as Rousey applied the armbar on Jax, Alexa Bliss appeared and attacked Rousey with her Money in the Bank briefcase causing a disqualification. Jax was disqualified, but retained her title. Bliss further attacked Rousey and Jax and then cashed in her Money in the Bank contract and performed a snap DDT and Twisted Bliss to win the title for a third time.[27]
Main event
The main event was the men's Money in the Bank ladder match involving Braun Strowman, Finn Bálor, The Miz, Rusev, Bobby Roode, Kevin Owens, Samoa Joe, and one member of The New Day, revealed to be Kofi Kingston. All of the participants attacked Strowman, and buried him underneath a pile of ladders. Strowman later recovered and attacked Bálor and Kingston. Joe, Owens, and Rusev placed Strowman on a table, with Owens climbing a large ladder to leap unto Strowman. Strowman broke free, climbed the ladder, and threw Owens through two tables. Joe attacked Strowman with a ladder. Bálor performed a Coup de Grâce on Roode off a ladder. Bálor ascended the ladder and attempted to retrieve the briefcase, only to be stopped by Strowman. Strowman then performed running powerslams on both Miz and Joe. In the end, as Bálor and Strowman ascended the ladder, Kingston jumped unto Strowman's back. Strowman pushed both opponents off and retrieved the briefcase to win the match.[27]
Results
No.
Results
Stipulations
Times[26][27]
1P
The Bludgeon Brothers (Harper and Rowan) (c) defeated Luke Gallows and Karl Anderson Tag team match for the WWE SmackDown Tag Team Championship[28] 7:00
2
Daniel Bryan defeated Big Cass by submission Singles match[29] 16:19
3
Bobby Lashley defeated Sami Zayn Singles match[30] 6:35
4
Seth Rollins (c) defeated Elias Singles match for the WWE Intercontinental Championship[31] 17:00
5
Alexa Bliss defeated Becky Lynch, Charlotte Flair, Ember Moon, Lana, Naomi, Natalya, and Sasha Banks Money in the Bank ladder match for a women's championship match contract[32] 18:30
6
Roman Reigns defeated Jinder Mahal (with Sunil Singh) Singles match[33] 15:44
7
Carmella (c) defeated Asuka Singles match for the WWE SmackDown Women's Championship[34] 11:10
8
AJ Styles (c) defeated Shinsuke Nakamura Last Man Standing match for the WWE Championship[35] 31:15
9
Ronda Rousey defeated Nia Jax (c) by disqualification Singles match for the WWE Raw Women's Championship[36] 11:05
10
Alexa Bliss defeated Nia Jax (c) Singles match for the WWE Raw Women's Championship[36]
This was Bliss' Money in the Bank cash-in match 0:35
11
Braun Strowman defeated Bobby Roode, Finn Bálor, Kevin Owens, Kofi Kingston, Rusev, Samoa Joe, and The Miz Money in the Bank ladder match for a world championship match contract[37] 19:53
(c) – refers to the champion(s) heading into the match
P – indicates the match took place on the pre-show
References
Jump up ^ "WWE Money In The Bank 2018 « Events Database « CAGEMATCH - The Internet Wrestling Database". www.cagematch.net. Retrieved 18 June 2018.
Jump up ^ "WWE Money in the Bank 2018 tickets available this Friday". WWE. March 5, 2018. Retrieved May 7, 2018.
Jump up ^ Shields, Brian; Sullivan, Kevin (2009). WWE: History of WrestleMania. p. 59.
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Jump up ^ "Live & Televised Entertainment". WWE. Archived from the original on February 26, 2009. Retrieved March 21, 2012.
Jump up ^ McMahon, Vince (November 30, 2016). "Vince McMahon on Twitter". Twitter. Archived from the original on January 21, 2017. Retrieved December 12, 2016.
Jump up ^ Steinberg, Brian (May 25, 2016). "WWE's 'Smackdown' Will Move To Live Broadcast On USA (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Archived from the original on May 26, 2016. Retrieved May 25, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Powell, Jason. "WWE Raw Live TV Review: Roman Reigns vs. Finn Balor vs. Sami Zayn in a Men's Money in the Bank qualifier, Sasha Banks vs. Ember Moon vs. Ruby Riott in a Women's Money in the Bank qualifier". Pro Wreslting Dot Net. Retrieved May 7, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Barnett, Jake. "5/8 Barnett's WWE Smackdown Live TV Review: Daniel Bryan vs. Rusev, Charlotte vs. Peyton Royce, and The Miz vs. Jeff Hardy in Money in the Bank qualifying matches". Pro Wrestling Dot Net. Retrieved May 8, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Powell, Jason. "WWE Raw Live TV Review: Seth Rollins vs. Kevin Owens for the Intercontinental Championship, Baron Corbin vs. Bobby Roode vs. No Way Jose in a Men's MITB qualifier, Alexa Bliss vs. Bayley vs. Mickie James in a Women's MITB qualifier". Pro Wreslting Dot Net. Retrieved May 14, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Powell, Jason. "5/15 Powell's WWE Smackdown Live TV Review: AJ Styles vs. Shinsuke Nakamura for the right to pick the stipulation for their match at MITB, Andrade Almas and Zelina Vega debut, New Day vs. Sheamus and Cesaro for a spot in the MITB match". Pro Wrestling Dot Net. Retrieved May 15, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Barnett, Jake. "5/29 Barnett's WWE Smackdown Live TV Review: Daniel Bryan vs. Samoa Joe in a Money in the Bank match qualifier, New Day vs. The Miz, Sheamus, and Cesaro, Shinsuke Nakamura vs. Tye Dillinger, Naomi and Lana dance contest". Pro Wrestling Dot Net. Retrieved May 29, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Powell, Jason. "Powell's WWE Greatest Royal Rumble live review: 50-man Royal Rumble match, Brock Lesnar vs. Roman Reigns in a cage match for the WWE Universal Championship, AJ Styles vs. Shinsuke Nakamura for the WWE Championship, John Cena vs. Triple H, Undertaker vs. Rusev in a casket match". Pro Wreslting Dot Net. Retrieved April 27, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c Powell, Jason. "Powell's WWE Backlash live review: AJ Styles vs. Shinsuke Nakamura in a No DQ match for the WWE Championship, Roman Reigns vs. Samoa Joe, Carmella vs. Charlotte Flair for the Smackdown Women's Championship, Daniel Bryan vs. Big Cass". Pro Wreslting Dot Net. Retrieved May 6, 2018.
Jump up ^ "Big Cass helped off by WWE officials in Munich, Germany during WWE Live". WWE. May 20, 2018. Retrieved June 5, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Barnett, Jake. "5/22 Barnett's WWE Smackdown Live TV Review: Daniel Bryan vs. Jeff Hardy for the right to face Samoa Joe in a MITB qualifier, Miz TV with New Day, Billie Kay vs. Lana, and Naomi vs. Sonya Deville in MITB match qualifiers". Pro Wrestling Dot Net. Retrieved May 22, 2018.
Jump up ^ Martin, Adam (June 2, 2018). "Daniel Bryan vs. Big Cass announced for MITB PPV, Updated card for PPV on June 17". WrestleView. Retrieved June 3, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Powell, Jason. "WWE Raw Live TV Review: Kurt Angle opens with "huge announcements", Sami Zayn and Bobby Lashley's sisters, WWE Money in the Bank build continues". Pro Wreslting Dot Net. Retrieved May 21, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c Powell, Jason (May 28, 2018). "WWE Raw Live TV Review: Seth Rollins vs. Jinder Mahal for the Intercontinental Championship, Gauntlet match for the final spot in the Women's Money in the Bank match". Pro Wrestling Dot Net. Retrieved May 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ Powell, Jason. "Powell's WrestleMania 34 live review: AJ Styles vs. Shinsuke Nakamura for the WWE Championship, Brock Lesnar vs. Roman Reigns for the WWE Universal Championship, Charlotte Flair vs. Asuka for the Smackdown Women's Championship, Ronda Rousey and Kurt Angle vs. Triple H and Stephanie McMahon". Pro Wreslting Dot Net. Retrieved April 8, 2018.
Jump up ^ Martin, Adam. "Shane McMahon books AJ Styles vs. Shinsuke Nakamura for the WWE Championship at MITB". WrestleView. Retrieved May 14, 2018.
Jump up ^ Martin, Adam. "MITB Title Match moved to Kickoff Show, WWE looks at Xavier Woods vs. Kenny Omega at E3". WrestleView. Retrieved June 13, 2018.
Jump up ^ Powell, Jason (April 23, 2018). "WWE Raw Live TV Review: WWE Universal Champion Brock Lesnar returns for the final push for the WWE Greatest Royal Rumble". Pro Wrestling Dot Net. Retrieved May 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ Powell, Jason (April 30, 2018). "WWE Raw Live TV Review: Roman Reigns addresses the controversy over the finish to his cage match with Brock Lesnar, the final Raw push for WWE Backlash". Pro Wrestling Dot Net. Retrieved May 28, 2018.
Jump up ^ Martin, Adam. "Seth Rollins vs. Elias for the Intercontinental Championship added to WWE MITB PPV". WrestleView. Retrieved May 31, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Powell, Jason. "Powell's WWE Money in the Bank 2018 Kickoff Show live notes: Bludgeon Brothers vs. Luke Gallows and Karl Anderson for the Smackdown Tag Titles". Pro Wreslting Dot Net. Retrieved June 17, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Powell, Jason. "Powell's WWE Money in the Bank live review: Two MITB ladder matches, AJ Styles vs. Shinsuke Nakamura in a Last Man Standing match for the WWE Championship, Nia Jax vs. Ronda Rousey for the Raw Women's Championship". Pro Wreslting Dot Net. Retrieved June 17, 2018.
Jump up ^ Benigno, Anthony (June 17, 2018). "SmackDown Tag Team Champions The Bludgeon Brothers def. Luke Gallows & Karl Anderson (Kickoff Match)". WWE. Retrieved June 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ Benigno, Anthony (June 17, 2018). "Daniel Bryan def. Big Cass". WWE. Retrieved June 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ Benigno, Anthony (June 17, 2018). "Bobby Lashley def. Sami Zayn". WWE. Retrieved June 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ Benigno, Anthony (June 17, 2018). "Intercontinental Champion Seth Rollins def. Elias". WWE. Retrieved June 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ Benigno, Anthony (June 17, 2018). "Alexa Bliss won the Women's Money in the Bank Ladder Match". WWE. Retrieved June 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ Benigno, Anthony (June 17, 2018). "Roman Reigns def. Jinder Mahal". WWE. Retrieved June 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ Benigno, Anthony (June 17, 2018). "SmackDown Women's Champion Carmella def. Asuka". WWE. Retrieved June 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ Benigno, Anthony (June 17, 2018). "WWE Champion AJ Styles def. Shinsuke Nakamura (Last Man Standing Match)". WWE. Retrieved June 18, 2018.
^ Jump up to: a b Benigno, Anthony (June 17, 2018). "Ronda Rousey def. Raw Women's Champion Nia Jax via Disqualification; Alexa Bliss cashed in her Money in the Bank contract on Nia to become the new Raw Women's Champion". WWE. Retrieved June 18, 2018.
Jump up ^ Benigno, Anthony (June 17, 2018). "Braun Strowman won the Men's Money in the Bank Ladder Match". WWE. Retrieved June 18, 2018.
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Red states and blue states
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Red state" and "Blue state" redirect here. For other uses, see Red State and Blue State.
Summary of results of the 2004, 2008, 2012, and 2016 presidential elections:
States carried by the Republicans in all four elections
States carried by the Republicans in three of the four elections
States carried by each party twice in the four elections
States carried by the Democrats in three of the four elections
States carried by the Democrats in all four elections
Average margins of victory in the five presidential elections from 1992 to 2008
R >20
R 10–20
R 3–10
R <3 to D <3
D 3–10
D 10–20
D >20
115th Congress Senate party membership by state. Vermont and Maine have one independent senator each, Bernie Sanders and Angus King respectively.
Since the 2000 United States presidential election, red states and blue states have referred to states of the United States whose voters predominantly choose either the Republican Party (red) or Democratic Party (blue) presidential candidates. Since then, the use of the term has been expanded to differentiate between states being perceived as liberal and those perceived as conservative.[not verified in body]
All states contain both liberal and conservative voters (i.e., are "purple") and only appear red/blue on the electoral map because of the winner-take-all system used by most states in the Electoral College.[1][2] However, the perception of some states as "red" and some as "blue" was reinforced by a degree of partisan stability from election to election—from the 2000 election to the 2004 election, only three states changed "color", and as of 2016 fully 38 out of 50 states have voted for the same party in every presidential election since the red/blue terminology was popularized in 2000.
The choice of colors reverses a long-standing convention of political colors whereby red symbols (such as the Red Flag or Red Star) are associated with left-wing politics, and right-wing movements often choose blue as a contrasting color.[3] Indeed, until the 1980s, Republicans were often represented by blue and Democrats by red. The current terminology of "red states" and "blue states" came into use in the United States presidential election of 2000 on an episode of the Today show on October 30, 2000. According to The Washington Post, the terms were coined by journalist Tim Russert, during his televised coverage of the 2000 presidential election.[4] That was not the first election during which the news media used colored maps to depict voter preferences in the various states, but it was the first time a standard color scheme took hold; the colors were often reversed or different colors used before the 2000 election.
Contents
[hide]
1 Origins of the color scheme
1.1 Contemporary use
2 Map interpretation
2.1 Critiques
3 Purple states
4 Polarization
5 Demographics
5.1 Rural/urban
5.2 Socioeconomics
5.3 Rate of union membership
5.4 Age, sex, and marital status
5.5 2016 Exit polls
5.6 Table of presidential elections by states since 1972
6 Reaction
6.1 United States
6.2 International
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
Origins of the color scheme[edit]
Before the 2000 presidential election, the traditional color-coding scheme was often "Blue for Republican, Red for Democrat,"[5] in line with European associations, where red is used for left-leaning parties, and blue for the right.[6] The colors red and blue also are featured on the U.S. flag. Traditional political mapmakers, at least throughout the 20th century, have used blue to represent the modern-day Republicans, as well as the earlier Federalist Party. This may have been a holdover from the American Civil War, during which the predominantly Republican north was considered "blue".[5] However, at that time, a maker of widely-sold maps accompanied them with blue pencils in order to mark Confederate force movements, while red was for the union.[7]
Even earlier, in the 1888 presidential election, Grover Cleveland and Benjamin Harrison used maps that coded blue for the Republicans, the color perceived to represent the Union and "Lincoln's Party", and red for the Democrats.[8] The parties themselves had no official colors, with candidates variously using either or both of the national color palette of red and blue (white being unsuitable for printed materials).
There was one historical use, associated with boss rule, of blue for Democrats and red for Republicans: in the late 19th century and early 20th century, Texas county election boards used color-coding to help Spanish speakers and illiterates identify the parties;[9] however, this system was not applied consistently in Texas and was not replicated in any other state. In 1908, The New York Times printed a special color map, using blue for Democrats and yellow for Republicans, to detail Theodore Roosevelt's 1904 electoral victory.[10] That same year, a color supplement included with a July issue of the Washington Post used red for Republican-leaning states, blue for Democratic-leaning states, yellow for "doubtful" states, and green for territories, which had no presidential vote.[11]
Contemporary use[edit]
The advent of color television prompted television news reporters to rely on color-coded electoral maps, though sources conflict as to the conventions they followed. One source claims that in the six elections prior to 2000 every Democrat but one had been coded red. It further claims that from 1976 to 2004, the broadcast networks, in an attempt to avoid favoritism in color-coding, standardized on the convention of alternating every four years between blue and red the color used for the incumbent party.[11][12]
According to another source, in 1976, John Chancellor, the anchorman for NBC Nightly News, asked his network's engineers to construct a large illuminated map of the United States. The map was placed in the network's election-night news studio. If Jimmy Carter, the Democratic candidate that year, won a state, it would light up in red; if Gerald Ford, the incumbent Republican president, carried a state, it would light up in blue. The feature proved to be so popular that, four years later, all three major television networks would use colors to designate the states won by the presidential candidates on Election Night, though not all using the same color scheme. NBC continued to use the color scheme employed in 1976 for several years. NBC newsman David Brinkley famously referred to the 1980 election map outcome showing Republican Ronald Reagan's 44-state landslide as resembling a "suburban swimming pool".[13]
CBS, from the 1984 election on, used the opposite scheme: blue for Democrats, red for Republicans. ABC used yellow for Republicans and blue for Democrats in 1976. However, in 1980 and 1984, ABC used red for Republicans and blue for Democrats. In 1980, when independent John B. Anderson ran a relatively high-profile campaign as an independent candidate, at least one network provisionally indicated that they would use yellow if he were to win a state. Similarly, in 1992 and 1996, at least one network would have used yellow to indicate a state won by Ross Perot; neither of them did claim any states in any of these years.
By 1996, color schemes were relatively mixed, as CNN, CBS, ABC, and The New York Times referred to Democratic states with the color blue and Republican ones as red, while Time and The Washington Post used an opposite scheme.[14][15][16] NBC used the colour blue for the incumbent party, which is why the Democrats were represented by Blue in 2000.
In the days following the 2000 election, whose outcome was unclear for some time after election day, major media outlets began conforming to the same color scheme because the electoral map was continually in view, and conformity made for easy and instant viewer comprehension. On Election Night that year, there was no coordinated effort to code Democratic states blue and Republican states red; the association gradually emerged. Partly as a result of this eventual and near-universal color-coding, the terms "red states" and "blue states" entered popular use in the weeks following the 2000 presidential election. After the results were final, journalists stuck with the color scheme, as The Atlantic's December 2001 cover story by David Brooks entitled, "One Nation, Slightly Divisible", illustrated.[17]
Thus, red and blue became fixed in the media and in many people's minds, despite the fact that no official color choices had been made by the parties.[18] Some Republicans argue the GOP should retain its historic link with blue, since most center-right parties worldwide are associated with blue. On March 14, 2014, the California Republican Party officially rejected Red and adopted Blue as its color. Archie Tse, The New York Times graphics editor who made the choice when the Times published its first color presidential election map in 2000, provided a nonpolitical rationale, explaining that "Both 'Republican' and 'red' start with the letter 'R.'"[19]
Map interpretation[edit]
The blue and red state color scheme when applied for U.S. state legislative upper house majorities as of 2015. (Nebraska, in black, has a nonpartisan unicameral legislature.)
There are several problems in creating and interpreting election maps that should be taken into account. Popular vote data is necessarily aggregated at several levels, such as counties and states, which are then colored to show election results. Maps of this type are called choropleth maps, which have several well-known problems that can result in interpretation bias. One problem arises when areal units differ in size and significance, as is the case with election maps. These maps give extra visual weight to larger areal units, whether by county or state. This problem is compounded in that the units are not equally significant. A large county or state may have fewer voters than a small one, for example. Some maps attempt to account for this by using cartogram methods, but the resulting distortion can make such maps difficult to read.[20][21] Another problem relates to data classification. Election maps often use a two-class color scheme (red and blue), which results in a map that is easy to read but is highly generalized. Some maps use more classes, such as shades of red and blue to indicate the degree of election victory. These maps provide a more detailed picture, but have various problems associated with classification of data. The cartographer must choose how many classes to use and how to break the data into those classes. While there are various techniques available, the choice is essentially arbitrary. The look of a map can vary significantly depending on the classification choices. The choices of color and shading likewise affect the map's appearance. Further, all election maps are subject to the interpretation error known as the ecological fallacy.[22]
Finally, there are problems associated with human perception.[23] Large areas of color appear more saturated than small areas of the same color.[23] A juxtaposition of differing colors and shades can result in contrast misperceptions. For example, due to the simultaneous contrast effect, the Bezold effect, and other factors, an area shaded light red surrounded by areas shaded dark red will appear even lighter. Differing shades of red and blue compound this effect.[24]
Cartographers have traditionally limited the number of classes so that it is always clear which class a color shade represents. Some election maps, however, have broken this tradition by simply coloring each areal unit with a red-blue mixture linked to voting ratio data—resulting in an "unclassified choropleth map". These "purple maps" are useful for showing the highly mixed nature of voting, but are extremely difficult to interpret in detail. The lack of clear classes make these purple maps highly prone to the problems of color perception described above. However, there are pros and cons to both classified and unclassified choropleth maps. Each tend to bring out some patterns while obscuring others.[24] All these points should be taken into account when looking at election maps.
Critiques[edit]
The paradigm has come under criticism on a number of fronts. Many argue that assigning partisanship to states is only really useful as it pertains to the Electoral College, primarily a winner-take-all system of elections (with the exceptions of Nebraska and Maine).
The Republican and Democratic parties within a particular state may have a platform that departs from that of the national party, sometimes leading that state to favor one party in state and local elections and the other in Presidential elections. This is most evident in the Southern United States, where the state Democratic Party organizations tend to be more conservative than the national party, especially on social issues. Likewise, Republicans have elected a number of statewide officeholders in states that are solidly blue at the presidential level, such as New York, Vermont, Illinois, and Hawaii.
Arkansas and West Virginia were won by George W. Bush in 2004, but the Democrats at the time held all four U.S. Senate seats and the majority of elected executive officeholders in those states; similarly, Tennessee went solidly for Bush in both 2000 and 2004, but going into 2004, its Governor was a Democrat and both chambers of the state legislature were controlled by Democrats. The converse can also be true, as in the case of Maine, which had two Republican U.S. Senators but voted for John Kerry in 2004. Likewise, Vermont, New York, Massachusetts, Maryland, and Hawaii voted for Kerry by wide margins, but all had Republican governors at the time of the election.
In his address before the 2004 Democratic National Convention, Barack Obama rejected the division of the United States into red states and blue states, saying: "The pundits like to slice-and-dice our country into red states and blue states—red states for Republicans, and blue states for Democrats. But I've got news for them, too. We worship an awesome God in the blue states, and we don't like federal agents poking around our libraries in the red states. We coach Little League in the blue states and have gay friends in the red states. … We are one people, all of us pledging allegiance to the stars and stripes, all of us defending the United States of America."[25]
In April 2008, Republican presidential nominee John McCain predicted that the 2008 presidential election would not follow the red state/blue state pattern, saying, "I'm not sure that the old red state, blue state scenario that prevailed for the last several elections works. I think most of these states that we have either red or blue are going to be up for grabs."[26] Arguably, this eventually proved to be somewhat true, although not in McCain's favor, as Barack Obama won three "red" states that had not voted Democratic in many years, namely Virginia, North Carolina, and Indiana. Obama also came close to winning Missouri, losing it by a 0.2% margin. Notably, however, the only deviations from the preexisting red-blue paradigm were all in Obama's favor.
Purple states[edit]
Further information: Purple America
2008 United States presidential election results by county, on a color spectrum from Democratic blue to Republican red.
A purple state refers to a swing state where both Democratic and Republican candidates receive strong support without an overwhelming majority of support for either party. Purple states are also often referred to as battleground states.
The demographic and political applications of the terms have led to a temptation to presume this arbitrary classification is a clear-cut and fundamental cultural division. Given the general nature and common perception of the two parties, "red state" implies a conservative region or a more conservative American, and "blue state" implies a more liberal region or a more liberal American. But the distinction between the two groups of states is less simplistic. The analysis that suggests political, cultural, and demographic differences between the states is more accurate when applied to smaller geographical areas.
Cartogram of the United States, showing each county with a size proportional to its population. The colors reflect the 2004 presidential election results.[27]
Traditionally, the practice of designating a U.S. state as "red" or "blue" is based on the "winner-take-all" system employed for presidential elections by 48 of the 50 U.S. states and the District of Columbia. (Electoral law in Maine and Nebraska makes it possible for those states to split their electoral votes.)
Despite the prevalent "winner-take-all" practice, the minority always gets a sizable vote. While the red/blue paradigm encourages hardening into ideological camps, political parties, candidates in those parties and individuals members of those parties have a variety of positions and outlooks—nearly every town, city and patch of farmland in the country is "purple", a mix of neighbors, friends and family, each of whose own mixed political preferences tip the scale to vote for one side or the other in a contest. Individually and collectively, they are not reducible to red or blue.[28]
An emerging area of science that includes network theory, complexity science and big data is changing the way we see and understand complex systems and massive amounts of information by allowing us to see and analyze massive detail. One example is Mark Newman's election results maps,[27] which change from a red/blue paradigm to one of shades of purple.[28]
All states were consistent in voting for George W. Bush or his Democratic Party opponent in the 2000 and 2004 presidential elections, except for three: New Mexico (Al Gore in '00 and Bush in '04); Iowa (Gore in '00 and Bush in '04); and New Hampshire (Bush in '00 and Kerry in '04). The 2004 election showed two of these three states to be true to the presidential preferences of their respective regions, creating a greater regional separation; thus, an argument that the country was more divided from the 2000 election. All three of those states were very close in both elections. In 2008, Obama carried Iowa and New Hampshire by more than nine percentage points, and New Mexico by double digits.
During the Bush administration, the red-blue map was criticized by some[citation needed] for exaggerating the perceived support for President Bush. In the 2000 election, Bush received a smaller share of the popular vote than Al Gore, and four years later defeated John Kerry in this count by less than two and a half percentage points. However, because of the large geographical size of many states in the Central and Southern United States, the color-coded map appeared to show a huge tide of support for Bush and the Republicans with thin outliers of Democratic support on the coasts and near the Great Lakes.[29]
In reality, many of the Great Plains and Rocky Mountain states which voted for Bush are relatively sparsely populated (Nebraska, for instance, has a population similar to the island of Manhattan). While the "blue states" represented a comparatively small geographic area, they contained large populations, which ended up making President Bush's national level of support slimmer than the red–blue map would seem to indicate. Various different maps, such as ones which coded states based on the strength of their support for one candidate or another, ones which gave results based on county, or ones which displayed states according to the size of their population, were proposed as correctives to this perceived flaw.
Polarization[edit]
Cartogram of Electoral College results (votes as of 2008) of four past Presidential elections (1996, 2000, 2004, 2008)
States carried by the Republican in all four elections
States carried by the Republican in three of the four elections
States carried by each party twice in the four elections
States carried by the Democrat in three of the four elections
States carried by the Democrat in all four elections
Feelings of cultural and political polarization between red and blue states, which have gained increased media attention since the 2004 election, have led to increased mutual feelings of alienation and enmity.[30] Polarization is more evident on a county scale. Nearly half of U.S. voters resided in counties that voted for Bush or Kerry by 20 percentage points or more in 2004. By comparison, only a quarter of voters lived in such counties in 1976.[31]
The polarization has been present for only three close elections (2000, 2004, and 2016). In the 1996 election, 31 U.S. states were "blue" (i.e., they voted for Democrat Bill Clinton) and 19 "red" (i.e., they voted for Republican Bob Dole) (though at the time the current color scheme was not as universal as today). One trend that has been true for several election cycles is that states that vote Republican tend to be more rural and more sparsely populated (thus having fewer electoral votes) than states that vote Democratic.
Demographics[edit]
Although the Electoral College determines the Presidential election, a more precise measure of how the country actually voted may be better represented by either a county-by-county or a district-by-district map. By breaking the map down into smaller units (including many "blue counties" lying next to "red counties"), these maps tend to display many states with a purplish hue, thus demonstrating that an ostensibly "blue" or "red" state may, in fact, be closely divided. Note that election maps of all kinds are subject to errors of interpretation.
Rural/urban[edit]
These county-by-county and district-by-district maps reveal that the true nature of the divide is between urban areas/inner suburbs and suburbs/rural areas. For example, in the 2008 elections, even in "solidly blue" states, the majority of voters in most rural counties voted for Republican John McCain (good examples would be Minnesota, New York, and Maryland), with some exceptions.
In "solidly red" states, a majority of voters in most urban counties voted for Democrat Barack Obama; good examples for this would be Dallas County, Texas and Fulton County, Georgia (the homes of major U.S. cities Dallas and Atlanta, respectively). Both provided Obama with double-digit margins of victory over McCain. An even more detailed precinct-by-precinct breakdown demonstrates that in many cases, large cities voted for Obama, but their suburbs were divided.
Red states and blue states have several demographic differences from each other. The association between colors and demographics was notably made in a column by Mike Barnicle, and reinforced in a controversial response from Paul Begala, though the association between demographics and voting patterns was well known before that.
Socioeconomics[edit]
In the 2008 elections, both parties received at least 40% from all sizable socioeconomic demographics, except that McCain (Republican) received 37% from voters earning $15,000–$30,000, and 25% from voters earning under $15,000, according to exit polling. In 2008, college graduates were split equally; those with postgraduate degrees voted for Obama by an 18% margin. By household income, Obama got a majority of households with less than $50,000 in annual income.
McCain got a slight majority (52% to 47%) of households consisting of married couples; Obama led almost 2–1 (65% to 33%) among unmarried voters. McCain held the more suburban and rural areas of both the red and blue states, while Obama received the large majority of the urban city areas in all the states. Independent candidate Ralph Nader did not win any electoral college votes, yet he received 2% of the vote of voters from high-income households and voters with graduate degrees.
Rate of union membership[edit]
Further information: Union affiliation by U.S. state
Age, sex, and marital status[edit]
In terms of age, sex, and marital status, it is thought young adults under age 40 went for Obama. More married men voted for McCain, but more single men voted for Obama. The same went for women, but a higher percentage of women voted for Obama than McCain. The main constituency for McCain was white middle-aged married males. In terms of religion, Catholics and Protestant Christians were more likely to vote for McCain than Obama, whereas a higher rate of secular atheists, agnostics and other religious votes went for Obama.[citation needed]
2016 Exit polls[edit]
Demographic
Household income
Under $30k
$30k–$50k
$50k–$100k
$100k–$200k
$200k–$250k
$250k or more
Trump 41% 42% 50% 48% 49% 48%
Clinton 53% 51% 46% 47% 48% 46%
Demographic
Age
Marital status
Sexual orientation
18-29
30-44
45-64
65 and over
Married
Unmarried
LGBT
Non-LGBT
Trump 37% 42% 53% 53% 53% 38% 14% 48%
Clinton 55% 50% 44% 45% 43% 55% 78% 47%
Demographic
Sex
Educational attainment
Male
Female
High school or less
Some College
College graduate
Postgraduate
Trump 53% 41% 51% 52% 45% 37%
Clinton 42% 54% 45% 43% 49% 58%
Demographic
Vote by race
Religion
White
Black
Hispanic
Asian
Other
Protestant
Catholic
Jewish
Other
Atheist
Trump 58% 8% 29% 29% 37% 58% 52% 24% 29% 26%
Clinton 37% 88% 65% 65% 56% 39% 45% 71% 62% 68%
Source: NYT exit polls: 24,537 surveyed[32]
Table of presidential elections by states since 1972[edit]
Republican win over 5% Republican win under 5% Democratic win over 5% Democratic win under 5% Electoral college winner
Year
1972
1976
1980
1984
1988
1992
1996
2000
2004
2008
2012
2016
Democratic candidate George McGovern Jimmy Carter Jimmy Carter Walter Mondale Michael Dukakis Bill Clinton Bill Clinton Al Gore John Kerry Barack Obama Barack Obama Hillary Clinton
Republican candidate Richard Nixon Gerald Ford Ronald Reagan Ronald Reagan George H. W. Bush George H. W. Bush Bob Dole George W. Bush George W. Bush John McCain Mitt Romney Donald Trump
National popular vote Nixon Carter Reagan Reagan Bush Clinton Clinton Gore Bush Obama Obama Clinton
Alabama Nixon Carter Reagan Reagan Bush Bush Dole Bush Bush McCain Romney Trump
Alaska Nixon Ford Reagan Reagan Bush Bush Dole Bush Bush McCain Romney Trump
Arizona Nixon Ford Reagan Reagan Bush Bush Clinton Bush Bush McCain Romney Trump
Arkansas Nixon Carter Reagan Reagan Bush Clinton Clinton Bush Bush McCain Romney Trump
California Nixon Ford Reagan Reagan Bush Clinton Clinton Gore Kerry Obama Obama Clinton
Colorado Nixon Ford Reagan Reagan Bush Clinton Dole Bush Bush Obama Obama Clinton
Connecticut Nixon Ford Reagan Reagan Bush Clinton Clinton Gore Kerry Obama Obama Clinton
Delaware Nixon Carter Reagan Reagan Bush Clinton Clinton Gore Kerry Obama Obama Clinton
District of Columbia McGovern Carter Carter Mondale Dukakis Clinton Clinton Gore Kerry Obama Obama Clinton
Florida Nixon Carter Reagan Reagan Bush Bush Clinton Bush Bush Obama Obama Trump
Georgia Nixon Carter Carter Reagan Bush Clinton Dole Bush Bush McCain Romney Trump
Hawaii Nixon Carter Carter Reagan Dukakis Clinton Clinton Gore Kerry Obama Obama Clinton
Idaho Nixon Ford Reagan Reagan Bush Bush Dole Bush Bush McCain Romney Trump
Illinois Nixon Ford Reagan Reagan Bush Clinton Clinton Gore Kerry Obama Obama Clinton
Indiana Nixon Ford Reagan Reagan Bush Bush Dole Bush Bush Obama Romney Trump
Iowa Nixon Ford Reagan Reagan Dukakis Clinton Clinton Gore Bush Obama Obama Trump
Kansas Nixon Ford Reagan Reagan Bush Bush Dole Bush Bush McCain Romney Trump
Kentucky Nixon Carter Reagan Reagan Bush Clinton Clinton Bush Bush McCain Romney Trump
Louisiana Nixon Carter Reagan Reagan Bush Clinton Clinton Bush Bush McCain Romney Trump
Maine Nixon Ford Reagan Reagan Bush Clinton Clinton Gore (at-large and ME-01) Kerry Obama Obama Clinton (at-large)
Clinton (ME-01)
Gore (ME-02) Trump (ME-02)
Maryland Nixon Carter Carter Reagan Bush Clinton Clinton Gore Kerry Obama Obama Clinton
Massachusetts McGovern Carter Reagan Reagan Dukakis Clinton Clinton Gore Kerry Obama Obama Clinton
Michigan Nixon Ford Reagan Reagan Bush Clinton Clinton Gore Kerry Obama Obama Trump
Minnesota Nixon Carter Carter Mondale Dukakis Clinton Clinton Gore Kerry Obama Obama Clinton
Mississippi Nixon Carter Reagan Reagan Bush Bush Dole Bush Bush McCain Romney Trump
Missouri Nixon Carter Reagan Reagan Bush Clinton Clinton Bush Bush McCain Romney Trump
Montana Nixon Ford Reagan Reagan Bush Clinton Dole Bush Bush McCain Romney Trump
Nebraska Nixon Ford Reagan Reagan Bush Bush Dole Bush Bush McCain (at-large, NE-01, NE-03) Romney Trump (at-large, NE-01, NE-03)
Obama (NE-02) Trump (NE-02)
Nevada Nixon Ford Reagan Reagan Bush Clinton Clinton Bush Bush Obama Obama Clinton
New Hampshire Nixon Ford Reagan Reagan Bush Clinton Clinton Bush Kerry Obama Obama Clinton
New Jersey Nixon Ford Reagan Reagan Bush Clinton Clinton Gore Kerry Obama Obama Clinton
New Mexico Nixon Ford Reagan Reagan Bush Clinton Clinton Gore Bush Obama Obama Clinton
New York Nixon Carter Reagan Reagan Dukakis Clinton Clinton Gore Kerry Obama Obama Clinton
North Carolina Nixon Carter Reagan Reagan Bush Bush Dole Bush Bush Obama Romney Trump
North Dakota Nixon Ford Reagan Reagan Bush Bush Dole Bush Bush McCain Romney Trump
Ohio Nixon Carter Reagan Reagan Bush Clinton Clinton Bush Bush Obama Obama Trump
Oklahoma Nixon Ford Reagan Reagan Bush Bush Dole Bush Bush McCain Romney Trump
Oregon Nixon Ford Reagan Reagan Dukakis Clinton Clinton Gore Kerry Obama Obama Clinton
Pennsylvania Nixon Carter Reagan Reagan Bush Clinton Clinton Gore Kerry Obama Obama Trump
Rhode Island Nixon Carter Carter Reagan Dukakis Clinton Clinton Gore Kerry Obama Obama Clinton
South Carolina Nixon Carter Reagan Reagan Bush Bush Dole Bush Bush McCain Romney Trump
South Dakota Nixon Ford Reagan Reagan Bush Bush Dole Bush Bush McCain Romney Trump
Tennessee Nixon Carter Reagan Reagan Bush Clinton Clinton Bush Bush McCain Romney Trump
Texas Nixon Carter Reagan Reagan Bush Bush Dole Bush Bush McCain Romney Trump
Utah Nixon Ford Reagan Reagan Bush Bush Dole Bush Bush McCain Romney Trump
Vermont Nixon Ford Reagan Reagan Bush Clinton Clinton Gore Kerry Obama Obama Clinton
Virginia Nixon Ford Reagan Reagan Bush Bush Dole Bush Bush Obama Obama Clinton
Washington Nixon Ford Reagan Reagan Dukakis Clinton Clinton Gore Kerry Obama Obama Clinton
West Virginia Nixon Carter Carter Reagan Dukakis Clinton Clinton Bush Bush McCain Romney Trump
Wisconsin Nixon Carter Reagan Reagan Dukakis Clinton Clinton Gore Kerry Obama Obama Trump
Wyoming Nixon Ford Reagan Reagan Bush Bush Dole Bush Bush McCain Romney Trump
^1 : Split their votes.
Reaction[edit]
United States[edit]
The "Democratic blue" and "Republican red" color scheme is now part of the lexicon of American journalism.
Neither party national committee has officially accepted these color designations, though informal use by each party is becoming common. Both parties have since adopted logos that use their respective colors (a blue "D" for Democrats,[33] and a white "GOP" with a red elephant for Republicans). National conventions for both major parties increasingly feature the parties' respective colors, from the colors emphasized on convention podiums to the color conventioneers can be seen wearing on the delegate floor. The Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee also alluded the color scheme when it launched a national "Red to Blue Program" in 2006.[34]
The scheme has found acceptance and implementation from the U.S. Federal Government, as the Federal Election Commission report for the 2004 presidential election uses the red-Republican, blue-Democratic scheme for its electoral map.[35]
International[edit]
The choice of colors in this divide may appear counter-intuitive to foreign observers, as in most countries, red is associated with left-of-center parties, while blue is associated with conservative parties. For example, the major center-right parties in the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Italy, Spain and France all use blue or its shades (whether officially or unofficially); whereas the major center-left parties in each country are associated with red. If the U.S. followed such a pattern, blue would be used for the Republicans and red for the Democrats. However, the current U.S. scheme has become so ingrained in the American election system that foreign sources who cover U.S. elections, such as the BBC, Der Spiegel and El Mundo follow with the red-Republican, blue-Democratic scheme for U.S. elections.[36][37][38]
See also[edit]
Politics portal
Blue wall (politics)
Jesusland map
The Nine Nations of North America
Political culture of the United States
Political ideologies in the United States
Purple America
Southernization
(Commons collection of) United States presidential election maps
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Most Americans live in Purple America, not Red or Blue America". Retrieved 9 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "America really looks like this - Chris Howard's Writing & Art". Retrieved 9 September 2016.
Jump up ^ "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections – FAQ". uselectionatlas.org. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "MSNBC.com About Meet the Press". Retrieved 2008-06-13.
^ Jump up to: a b Polidata (accessed 2008-11-25).
Jump up ^ Farhi, Paul (November 2, 2004). "Elephants Are Red, Donkeys Are Blue". Washington Post. p. C01. Archived from the original on May 9, 2008. Retrieved 2016-10-11. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ "news of the wired". Retrieved 2013-12-01.
Jump up ^ "The Political Game: The Red and Blue State Phenomenon". politicalgame.blogspot.com. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
Jump up ^ "Handbook of Texas Online – REDS AND BLUES". tshaonline.org. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
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^ Jump up to: a b Ben Zimmer (June 17, 2008). "Thinking about Tim Russert, Red States and Blue States". Visual Thesaurus. Retrieved 2010-11-04.
Jump up ^ Kevin Drum (November 14, 2004). "Red States and Blue States .... Explained!". The Washington Monthly. Retrieved 2010-11-04.
Jump up ^ Zeller, Tom (2004-02-08). "Ideas & Trends; One State, Two State, Red State, Blue State". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-05-22.
Jump up ^ [1] Archived November 22, 2006, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Goodman, Walter (1996-11-06). "Those Special Election Bells, Whistles and, Yes, Some Numbers, Too". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-05-22.
Jump up ^ Apple, Jr., R. W. (1996-11-07). "A Divided Government Remains, and With It the Prospect of Further Combat". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-05-22.
Jump up ^ Brooks, David (December 2001). "One Nation, Slightly Divisible". The Atlantic Monthly. Retrieved 2 November 2010.
Jump up ^ Brownstein, Ron (3 September 2001). "Learn the signs of your political colors". CNN. Archived from the original on 3 April 2013. Retrieved 3 November 2010.
Jump up ^ Published: February 08, 2004 (2004-02-08). "Ideas & Trends; One State, Two State, Red State, Blue StateΨ Page 2 – New York Times". Nytimes.com. Retrieved 2012-11-08.
Jump up ^ Ellen K. Cromley; Sara L. McLafferty (2011). GIS and Public Health, Second Edition. Guilford Press. p. 132. ISBN 978-1-60918-750-7. Retrieved 12 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Daniel Araya; Yana Breindl; Tessa J. Houghton (2011). Nexus: New Intersections in Internet Research. Peter Lang. p. 72. ISBN 978-1-4331-0970-6. Retrieved 12 June 2012.
Jump up ^ Martin, David (1996). Geographic Information Systems: Socioeconomic Applications. Routledge. p. 170. ISBN 0-415-12571-5.
^ Jump up to: a b Senay, Hikmet; Ignatius, Eve. "Rules and Principles of Scientific Data Visualization". Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The George Washington University. Retrieved 21 November 2010. Saturation may be affected by the size of a colored figure, with greater exponents for smaller areas. The same color placed in a smaller area appears "denser" and hence, more saturated.
^ Jump up to: a b Andrienko; Andrienko, Gennady (2006). Exploratory Analysis of Spatial and Temporal Data: A Systematic Approach. Birkhäuser. pp. 217–221. ISBN 978-3-540-25994-7. Retrieved 21 November 2010.
Jump up ^ Obama, Barack (July 27, 2004). "Keynote Address at the 2004 Democratic National Convention". BarackObama.com. Archived from the original (text or video) on April 3, 2008. Retrieved 2008-04-04.
Jump up ^ McCain, John (2008-04-06). "McCain Fox News interview". Fox News Sunday (Interview). Interview with Chris Wallace. Washington, D.C.: Fox News. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
^ Jump up to: a b Gastner, Michael; Shalizi, Cosma; Newman, Mark (2004). "Maps and cartograms of the 2004 U.S. presidential election results". University of Michigan. Retrieved 3 November 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b Rose, Phil Fox (7 November 2012). "We Are All Purple: The Destructive Lie of Red States and Blue States". Patheos. Retrieved 7 November 2012.
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Further reading[edit]
Starkey, David (2007). Living Blue in the Red States. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-6008-5.
"The Urban Archipelago: It's the Cities, Stupid". The Stranger. Retrieved 3 November 2010.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Red State-Blue State Divide.
Choosing colors based on incumbent vs. challenger victory from November, 2004
The Honky Tonk Gap: Country Music, Red State Identity, and the Election of 2004
McPherson, Tara. "Re-imagining the Red States: New Directions for Southern Studies." Southern Spaces, December 14, 2004, http://southernspaces.org/2004/re-imagining-red-states-new-directions-southern-studies.
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