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Orbit of the Moon
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Not to be confused with Lunar orbit (the orbit of an object around the Moon).
Orbit of the Moon
Diagram of the Moon's orbit with respect to the Earth
Property
Value
Semi-major axis[1] 384,748 km (239,071 mi)[2]
Mean distance[3] 385,000 km (239,000 mi)[4]
Inverse sine parallax[5] 384,400 km (238,900 mi)
Perigee
(i.e. min. distance from Earth) 362,600 km (225,300 mi) (avg.)
(356400–370400 km)
Apogee
(i.e. max. distance from Earth) 405,400 km (251,900 mi) (avg.)
(404000–406700 km)
Mean eccentricity 6998549006000000000♠0.0549006
(0.026–0.077)[6]
Mean obliquity 6.687° [7]
Mean inclination
of orbit to ecliptic 5.15° (4.99–5.30)[6]
of lunar equator to ecliptic 1.543°
Period of
orbit around Earth (sidereal) 27.321 days
orbit around Earth (synodic) 29.530 days
precession of nodes 18.5996 years
precession of line of apsides 8.8504 years
The Moon orbits Earth in the prograde direction and completes one revolution relative to the stars in about 27.323 days (a sidereal month) and one revolution relative to the Sun in about 29.530 days (a synodic month). Earth and the Moon orbit about their barycentre (common center of mass), which lies about 4,600 km (2,900 mi) from Earth's center (about 3/4 of the radius of Earth). On average, the distance to the Moon is about 385,000 km (239,000 mi) from Earth's center, which corresponds to about 60 Earth radii. With a mean orbital velocity of 1.022 km/s (2,290 mph),[8] the Moon covers a distance approximately its diameter, or about half a degree on the celestial sphere, each hour. The Moon differs from most satellites of other planets in that its orbit is close to the ecliptic plane instead of Earth's equatorial plane. The Moon's orbital plane is inclined by about 5.1° to the ecliptic plane, whereas the Moon's equatorial plane is tilted by only 1.5°.
Contents
[hide]
1 Properties
1.1 Elliptic shape
1.2 Elongation
1.3 Rotation
1.4 Inclination
1.4.1 Nodes
1.4.2 Lunar standstill
1.4.3 Scale model
2 History of observations and measurements
3 Lunar periods
4 Tidal evolution
5 Libration
6 Path of Earth and Moon around Sun
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
Properties[edit]
The properties of the orbit described in this section are approximations. The Moon's orbit around Earth has many irregularities (perturbations), of whose study (lunar theory) has a long history.[9]
Comparison of the Moon's apparent size at lunar perigee–apogee
Elliptic shape[edit]
The orbit of the Moon is distinctly elliptical, with an average eccentricity of 0.0549. The non-circular form of the lunar orbit causes variations in the Moon's angular speed and apparent size as it moves towards and away from an observer on Earth. The mean angular movement relative to an imaginary observer at the barycentre is 7001131760000000000♠13.176° per day to the east (Julian day 2000).
Elongation[edit]
The Moon's elongation is its angular distance east of the Sun at any time. At new moon, it is zero and the Moon is said to be in conjunction. At full moon, the elongation is 180° and it is said to be in opposition. In both cases, the Moon is in syzygy, that is, the Sun, Moon and Earth are nearly aligned. When elongation is either 90° or 270°, the Moon is said to be in quadrature.
Rotation[edit]
Apsidal precession—the Moon's orbit rotates once every 8.85 years.
Orbital inclination—the Moon's orbit is inclined by 5.14° to the ecliptic.
Earth's lunar orbit perturbations
The orientation of the orbit is not fixed in space, but rotates over time. This orbital precession is also called apsidal precession and is the rotation of the Moon's orbit within the orbital plane, i.e. the axes of the ellipse change direction. The Moon's major axis – the longest diameter of the orbit, joining its nearest and farthest points, the perigee and apogee, respectively – makes one complete revolution every 8.85 Earth years, or 3,232.6054 days, as it rotates slowly in the same direction as the Moon itself (direct motion). The Moon's apsidal precession is distinct from, and should not be confused with its axial precession.
For the moon to make a complete rotation on its axis it takes approximately 27.3 days. It takes the moon about this same time to orbit the earth.[10]
Inclination[edit]
The mean inclination of the lunar orbit to the ecliptic plane is 5.145°. The rotational axis of the Moon is also not perpendicular to its orbital plane, so the lunar equator is not in the plane of its orbit, but is inclined to it by a constant value of 6.688° (this is the obliquity). This does not mean that, as a result of the precession of the Moon's orbital plane, the angle between the lunar equator and the ecliptic would vary between the sum (11.833°) and difference (1.543°) of these two angles, but, as was discovered by Jacques Cassini in 1722, the rotational axis of the Moon precesses with the same rate as its orbital plane, but is 180° out of phase (see Cassini's Laws). Therefore, the angle between the ecliptic and the lunar equator is always 1.543°, even though the rotational axis of the Moon is not fixed with respect to the stars.[11]
Because of the inclination of the moon's orbit, the moon is above the horizon at the North and South Pole for almost two weeks every month, even though the sun is below the horizon for six months at a time. The period from moonrise to moonrise at the poles is quite close to the sidereal period, or 27.3 days. When the sun is the furthest below the horizon (winter solstice), the moon will be full when it is at its highest point.
Nodes[edit]
Main article: Lunar node
The nodes are points at which the Moon's orbit crosses the ecliptic. The Moon crosses the same node every 27.2122 days, an interval called the draconic or draconitic month. The line of nodes, the intersection between the two respective planes, has a retrograde motion: for an observer on Earth, it rotates westward along the ecliptic with a period of 18.60 years or 19.3549° per year. When viewed from the celestial north, the nodes move clockwise around Earth, opposite to Earth's own spin and its revolution around the Sun. Lunar and solar eclipses can occur when the nodes align with the Sun, roughly every 173.3 days. Lunar orbit inclination also determines eclipses; shadows cross when nodes coincide with full and new moon when the Sun, Earth, and Moon align in three dimensions.
In effect, this means that the "tropical year" on the moon is only 347 days long. This is called the draconic year or eclipse year. The "seasons" on the moon fit into this period. For about half of this draconic year, the sun is north of the lunar equator (but at most 1.543°), and for the other half, it is south of the lunar equator. Obviously, the effect of these seasons is minor compared to the difference between lunar night and lunar day. At the poles, there are no days and nights of about 15 Earth days, but rather the sun will be "up" for 173 days at a time. "Up" here means that the centre of the sun is above the horizon. The sunrise and sunset at the poles each take about 18 days.[12] These polar sunrises and sunsets occur around the time of eclipses (solar or lunar). For example, at the Solar eclipse of March 9, 2016, the moon was near its descending node, and the sun was near the point in the sky where the equator of the moon crosses the ecliptic. When the sun reached that point, the centre of the sun set at the north pole and rose at the south pole.
Lunar standstill[edit]
Main article: Lunar standstill
Every 18.6 years, the angle between the Moon's orbit and Earth's equator reaches a maximum of 28°36′, the sum of Earth's equatorial tilt (23°27′) and the Moon's orbital inclination (5°09′) to the ecliptic. This is called major lunar standstill. Around this time, the Moon's declination will vary from −28°36′ to +28°36′. Conversely, 9.3 years later, the angle between the Moon's orbit and Earth's equator reaches its minimum of 18°20′. This is called a minor lunar standstill.
When the inclination of the Moon's orbit to the Earth's equator is at its minimum of 18°20′, the centre of the Moon's disk will be above the horizon every day from latitudes less than 71°40' (90° − 18°20') north or south. When the inclination is at its maximum of 28°36', the centre of the Moon's disk will be above the horizon every day only from latitudes less than 61°24' (90° − 28°36') north or south.
At higher latitudes, there will be a period of at least one day each month when the Moon does not rise, but there will also be a period of at least one day each month when the Moon does not set. This is similar to the seasonal behaviour of the Sun, but with a period of 27.3 days instead of 365 days. Note that a point on the Moon can actually be visible when it is about 34 arc minutes below the horizon, due to atmospheric refraction.
Scale model[edit]
Scale model of the Earth–Moon system: Sizes and distances are to scale.
History of observations and measurements[edit]
About 1000 BC, the Babylonians were the first human civilization known to have kept a consistent record of lunar observations. Clay tablets from that period, which have been found over the territory of present-day Iraq, are inscribed with cuneiform writing recording the times and dates of moonrises and moonsets, the stars that the Moon passed close by, and the time differences between rising and setting of both the Sun and the Moon around the time of the full moon. Babylonian astronomy discovered the three main periods of the Moon's motion and used data analysis to build lunar calendars that extended well into the future.[9] This use of detailed, systematic observations to make predictions based on experimental data may be classified as the first scientific study in human history. However, the Babylonians seem to have lacked any geometrical or physical interpretation of their data, and they could not predict future lunar eclipses (although "warnings" were issued before likely eclipse times).
Ancient Greek astronomers were the first to introduce and analyze mathematical models of the motion of objects in the sky. Ptolemy described lunar motion by using a well-defined geometric model of epicycles and evection.[9]
Sir Isaac Newton was the first to develop a complete theory of motion, mechanics. The sheer wealth of humanity's observations of the lunar motion was the main testbed of his theory.[9]
Lunar periods[edit]
See also: Lunar month and Month
Name
Value (days)
Definition
Sidereal month 7001273216620000000♠27.321662 with respect to the distant stars (13.36874634 passes per solar orbit)
Synodic month 7001295305890000000♠29.530589 with respect to the Sun (phases of the Moon, 12.36874634 passes per solar orbit)
Tropical month 7001273215820000000♠27.321582 with respect to the vernal point (precesses in ~26,000 years)
Anomalistic month 7001275545500000000♠27.554550 with respect to the perigee (precesses in 3232.6054 days = 8.850578 years)
Draconic month 7001272122210000000♠27.212221 with respect to the ascending node (precesses in 6793.4765 days = 18.5996 years)
There are several different periods associated with the lunar orbit.[13] The sidereal month is the time it takes to make one complete orbit around Earth with respect to the fixed stars. It is about 27.32 days. The synodic month is the time it takes the Moon to reach the same visual phase. This varies notably throughout the year,[14] but averages around 29.53 days. The synodic period is longer than the sidereal period because the Earth–Moon system moves in its orbit around the Sun during each sidereal month, hence a longer period is required to achieve a similar alignment of Earth, the Sun, and the Moon. The anomalistic month is the time between perigees and is about 27.55 days. The Earth–Moon separation determines the strength of the lunar tide raising force.
The draconic month is the time from ascending node to ascending node. The time between two successive passes of the same ecliptic longitude is called the tropical month. The latter three periods are slightly different from the sidereal month.
The average length of a calendar month (a twelfth of a year) is about 30.4 days. This is not a lunar period, though the calendar month is historically related to the visible lunar phase.
The Moon's distance from Earth and moon phases in 2014.
Moon phases: 0 (1)—new moon, 0.25—first quarter, 0.5—full moon, 0.75—last quarter
Tidal evolution[edit]
See also: Tide, Tidal acceleration, and Axial tilt § Long term
The gravitational attraction that the Moon exerts on Earth is the cause of tides in the sea; the Sun has a lesser tidal influence. If Earth had a global ocean of uniform depth, the Moon would act to deform both the solid Earth (by a small amount) and the ocean in the shape of an ellipsoid with the high points roughly beneath the Moon and on the opposite side of Earth. However, because of the presence of the continents, Earth's much faster rotation and varying ocean depths, this simplistic visualisation does not happen. Although the tidal flow period is generally synchronized to the Moon's orbit around Earth, its relative timing varies greatly. In some places on Earth, there is only one high tide per day, whereas others such as Southampton have four, though this is somewhat rare.
The notional tidal bulges are carried ahead of the Earth–Moon axis by the continents as a result of Earth's rotation. The eccentric mass of each bulge exerts a small amount of gravitational attraction on the Moon, with the bulge on the side of Earth closest to the Moon pulling in a direction slightly forward along the Moon's orbit (because Earth's rotation has carried the bulge forward). The bulge on the side furthest from the Moon has the opposite effect, but because the gravitational attraction varies inversely with the square of distance, the effect is stronger for the near-side bulge. As a result, some of Earth's angular (or rotational) momentum is gradually being transferred to the rotation of the Earth–Moon pair around their mutual centre of mass, called the barycentre. This slightly faster rotation causes the Earth–Moon distance to increase at approximately 38 millimetres per year. Conservation of angular momentum means that Earth's axial rotation is gradually slowing, and because of this its day lengthens by approximately 23 microseconds every year (excluding glacial rebound). Both figures are valid only for the current configuration of the continents. Tidal rhythmites from 620 million years ago show that, over hundreds of millions of years, the Moon receded at an average rate of 22 mm (0.87 in) per year and the day lengthened at an average rate of 12 microseconds per year, both about half of their current values. See tidal acceleration for a more detailed description and references.
The Moon is gradually receding from Earth into a higher orbit, and calculations suggest that this would continue for about 50 billion years.[15][16] By that time, Earth and the Moon would be in a mutual spin–orbit resonance or tidal locking, in which the Moon will orbit Earth in about 47 days (currently 27 days), and both the Moon and Earth would rotate around their axes in the same time, always facing each other with the same side. This has already happened to the Moon—the same side always faces Earth—and is also slowly happening to the Earth. However, the slowdown of Earth's rotation is not occurring fast enough for the rotation to lengthen to a month before other effects change the situation: approximately 2.3 billion years from now, the increase of the Sun's radiation will have caused Earth's oceans to evaporate,[17] removing the bulk of the tidal friction and acceleration.
Libration[edit]
Main article: Libration
Animation of the Moon as it cycles through its phases. The apparent wobbling of the Moon is known as libration.
The Moon is in synchronous rotation, meaning that it keeps the same face toward Earth at all times. This synchronous rotation is only true on average, because the Moon's orbit has a definite eccentricity. As a result, the angular velocity of the Moon varies as it orbits Earth and hence is not always equal to the Moon's rotational velocity. When the Moon is at its perigee, its rotation is slower than its orbital motion, and this allows us to see up to eight degrees of longitude of its eastern (right) far side. Conversely, when the Moon reaches its apogee, its rotation is faster than its orbital motion and this reveals eight degrees of longitude of its western (left) far side. This is referred to as longitudinal libration.
Because the lunar orbit is also inclined to Earth's ecliptic plane by 5.1°, the rotational axis of the Moon seems to rotate towards and away from Earth during one complete orbit. This is referred to as latitudinal libration, which allows one to see almost 7° of latitude beyond the pole on the far side. Finally, because the Moon is only about 60 Earth radii away from Earth's centre of mass, an observer at the equator who observes the Moon throughout the night moves laterally by one Earth diameter. This gives rise to a diurnal libration, which allows one to view an additional one degree's worth of lunar longitude. For the same reason, observers at both of Earth's geographical poles would be able to see one additional degree's worth of libration in latitude.
Path of Earth and Moon around Sun[edit]
Section of the Earth–Moon system's trajectory around the Sun (to scale)[18]
Orbital path of the Earth
Orbital path of the Moon
When viewed from the north celestial pole (i.e., from the approximate direction of the star Polaris) the Moon orbits Earth anticlockwise and Earth orbits the Sun anticlockwise, and the Moon and Earth rotate on their own axes anticlockwise.
The right-hand rule can be used to indicate the direction of the angular velocity. If the thumb of the right hand points to the north celestial pole, its fingers curl in the direction that the Moon orbits Earth, Earth orbits the Sun, and the Moon and Earth rotate on their own axes.
In representations of the Solar System, it is common to draw the trajectory of Earth from the point of view of the Sun, and the trajectory of the Moon from the point of view of Earth. This could give the impression that the Moon orbits Earth in such a way that sometimes it goes backwards when viewed from the Sun's perspective. Because the orbital velocity of the Moon around Earth (1 km/s) is small compared to the orbital velocity of Earth about the Sun (30 km/s), this never happens. There are no rearward loops in the Moon's solar orbit.
Considering the Earth–Moon system as a binary planet, its centre of gravity is within Earth, about 4,624 km (2,873 mi) or 72.6% of the Earth's radius from the centre of the Earth. This centre of gravity remains on the line between the centres of the Earth and Moon as the Earth completes its diurnal rotation. The path of the Earth–Moon system in its solar orbit is defined as the movement of this mutual centre of gravity around the sun. Consequently, Earth's centre veers inside and outside the solar orbital path during each synodic month as the Moon moves in its orbit around the common centre of gravity.[19]
The Sun's gravitational effect on the Moon is more than twice that of Earth's on the Moon; consequently, the Moon's trajectory is always convex[19][20] (as seen when looking Sunward at the entire Sun–Earth–Moon system from a great distance outside Earth–Moon solar orbit), and is nowhere concave (from the same perspective) or looped.[18][19][21] That is, the region enclosed by the Moon's orbit of the Sun is a convex set.
See also[edit]
Moon portal
Ernest William Brown
Double planet
List of orbits
ELP2000
Ephemeris
Jet Propulsion Laboratory Development Ephemeris
Lunar distance (astronomy)
Lunar Laser Ranging Experiment
Lunar phase
Lunar theory
Milankovitch cycles
Orbital elements
Supermoon
References[edit]
Jump up ^ The geometric mean distance in the orbit (of ELP)
Jump up ^ M. Chapront-Touzé; J. Chapront (1983). "The lunar ephemeris ELP-2000". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 124: 54. Bibcode:1983A&A...124...50C.
Jump up ^ The constant in the ELP expressions for the distance, which is the mean distance averaged over time
Jump up ^ M. Chapront-Touzé; J. Chapront (1988). "ELP2000-85: a semi-analytical lunar ephemeris adequate for historical times". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 190: 351. Bibcode:1988A&A...190..342C.
Jump up ^ This often quoted value for the mean distance is actually the inverse of the mean of the inverse of the distance, which is not the same as the mean distance itself.
^ Jump up to: a b Jean Meeus, Mathematical astronomy morsels (Richmond, VA: Willmann-Bell, 1997) 11–12.
Jump up ^ Lang, Kenneth R. (2011), The Cambridge Guide to the Solar System, 2nd ed., Cambridge University Press.
Jump up ^ "Moon Fact Sheet". NASA. Retrieved 2014-01-08.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Martin C. Gutzwiller (1998). "Moon-Earth-Sun: The oldest three-body problem". Reviews of Modern Physics. 70 (2): 589–639. Bibcode:1998RvMP...70..589G. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.70.589.
Jump up ^ "The Solar System: Earth and Moon | The Institute for Creation Research". www.icr.org. Retrieved 2017-10-20.
Jump up ^ "View of the Moon". U. of Arkansas at Little Rock. Retrieved May 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Calculated from arcsin(0.25°/1.543°)/90° times 173 days, since the angular radius of the sun is about 0.25°.
Jump up ^ The periods are calculated from orbital elements, using the rate of change of quantities at the instant J2000. The J2000 rate of change equals the coefficient of the first-degree term of VSOP polynomials. In the original VSOP87 elements, the units are arcseconds(”) and Julian centuries. There are 1,296,000” in a circle, 36525 days in a Julian century. The sidereal month is the time of a revolution of longitude λ with respect to the fixed J2000 equinox. VSOP87 gives 1732559343.7306” or 1336.8513455 revolutions in 36525 days–27.321661547 days per revolution. The tropical month is similar, but the longitude for the equinox of date is used. For the anomalistic year, the mean anomaly (λ-ω) is used (equinox does not matter). For the draconic month, (λ-Ω) is used. For the synodic month, the sidereal period of the mean Sun (or Earth) and the Moon. The period would be 1/(1/m-1/e). VSOP elements from Simon, J.L.; Bretagnon, P.; Chapront, J.; Chapront-Touzé, M.; Francou, G.; Laskar, J. (February 1994). "Numerical expressions for precession formulae and mean elements for the Moon and planets". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 282 (2): 669. Bibcode:1994A&A...282..663S.
Jump up ^ Jean Meeus, Astronomical Algorithms (Richmond, VA: Willmann-Bell, 1998) p 354. From 1900–2100, the shortest time from one new moon to the next is 29 days, 6 hours, and 35 min, and the longest 29 days, 19 hours, and 55 min.
Jump up ^ C.D. Murray; S.F. Dermott (1999). Solar System Dynamics. Cambridge University Press. p. 184.
Jump up ^ Dickinson, Terence (1993). From the Big Bang to Planet X. Camden East, Ontario: Camden House. pp. 79–81. ISBN 0-921820-71-2.
Jump up ^ Caltech Scientists Predict Greater Longevity for Planets with Life
^ Jump up to: a b The reference by H. L. Vacher (2001) (details separately cited in this list) describes this as 'convex outward', whereas older references such as "The Moon's Orbit Around the Sun, Turner, A. B. Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada, Vol. 6, p. 117, 1912JRASC...6..117T"; and "H Godfray, Elementary Treatise on the Lunar Theory" describe the same geometry by the words concave to the sun.
^ Jump up to: a b c Aslaksen, Helmer (2010). "The Orbit of the Moon around the Sun is Convex!". Retrieved 2006-04-21.
Jump up ^ The Moon Always Veers Toward the Sun at MathPages
Jump up ^ Vacher, H.L. (November 2001). "Computational Geology 18 – Definition and the Concept of Set" (PDF). Journal of Geoscience Education. 49 (5): 470–479. Retrieved 2006-04-21.
External links[edit]
View of the Moon Good diagrams of Moon, Earth, tilts of orbits and axes, courtesy of U. of Arkansas
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Verizon Arena
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For the arena in Manchester, New Hampshire, see SNHU Arena. For the arena in Mankato, Minnesota, see Verizon Center (Mankato, Minnesota).
Verizon Arena
Former names
Alltel Arena (1999–2009)
Location
1 Verizon Arena Way
North Little Rock, Arkansas 72114
Owner
Pulaski County Multi-Purpose Civic Center Facilities Board
Operator
Pulaski County Multi-Purpose Civic Center Facilities Board
Capacity
Basketball: 18,000
Hockey: 17,000
Arena Football: 16,000
Surface
Multi-surface
Construction
Broke ground
August 22, 1997[1]
Opened
October 2, 1999[4]
Construction cost
$80 million
($118 million in 2017 dollars[2])
Architect
Civic Center Design Team (CCDT):
Burt Taggart & Associates, Architects/Engineers,
The Wilcox Group,
Garver & Garver Engineering and Rosser International of Atlanta
Structural engineer
Geiger Engineers PC
General contractor
Turner/Vratsinas[3]
Tenants
Arkansas–Little Rock Trojans (NCAA) (1999–2005)
Arkansas Riverblades (ECHL) (1999–2003)
Arkansas Twisters (AF2) (2000–2009)
Arkansas RimRockers (NBA D-League) (2004–2007)
Arkansas Diamonds (IFL) (2010)
Verizon Arena (formerly known as the Alltel Arena) is an 18,000-seat multi-purpose arena in North Little Rock, Arkansas, directly across the Arkansas River from downtown Little Rock. The arena opened in October 1999. It is Little Rock's main entertainment venue.
The Arkansas–Little Rock Trojans played home games at the arena from the time when the arena opened until the team moved in 2005 to a new arena, the Jack Stephens Center, on the school's campus in Little Rock. The Arkansas RiverBlades, a defunct ice hockey team of the ECHL, the Arkansas RimRockers, a defunct minor league basketball team of the NBA Development League, and the Arkansas Diamonds, a defunct Indoor Football League team, also played at the arena. The arena is also used for other events, including concerts, rodeos, auto racing, professional wrestling, and trade shows and conventions.
History[edit]
On August 1, 1995, Pulaski County, Arkansas, voters approved a one-year, one-cent sales tax for the purpose of building a multi-purpose arena, expanding the Statehouse Convention Center in Little Rock, and making renovations to the Main Street bridge between Little Rock and North Little Rock. $20 million of the sales tax proceeds went toward the Convention Center expansion, with the remainder used to build the arena.
That money, combined with a $20 million contribution from the State of Arkansas, $17 million from private sources and $7 million from Little Rock-based Alltel Corporation paid for the construction of a 377,000-square-foot (35,000 m2) arena, which cost nearly $80 million to build. When the doors opened in 1999, the facility was paid for and there was no public indebtedness.
Two sites in North Little Rock drew interest from county officials for the proposed arena. The first was a 19.5-acre (79,000 m2) commercial site west of Interstate 30, which contained a strip mall, a Kroger and an abandoned K-Mart storefront. The second site was an 11.6-acre (47,000 m2) plot at the foot of the Broadway Bridge.
The Pulaski County Multipurpose Civic Center Facilities Board selected the larger site for the arena in 1996 and paid $3.7 million for the land, some of which was acquired through eminent domain, a move protested in court by several landowners.
Although located in North Little Rock, Verizon Arena can be seen across the Arkansas River from a number of locations in Little Rock.
The second site later would be chosen for the new baseball stadium, Dickey-Stephens Park, constructed for the Arkansas Travelers. The Class AA minor-league baseball team moved from the then 73-year-old Ray Winder Field in Little Rock to a new $28 million home in North Little Rock at the start of the 2007 season.
The arena was the home of the 2003, 2006, and 2009 Southeastern Conference women's basketball tournament and the 2000 Sun Belt Conference men’s basketball tournament. The Arena holds the all-time attendance record for an SEC Women's Tournament when 43,642 people attended the event in 2003.
The arena hosted portions of the first and second rounds of the NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament in March 2008 and the SEC Gymnastics Championships in 2007.
The arena is also used for other events: concerts (seating capacity is between 15,000 and 18,000 for end-stage concerts; the arena has an 80-by-40-foot portable stage); rodeos and auto racing (seating capacity is 14,000); and trade shows and conventions (there are 28,000 square feet (2,600 m2) of arena floor space plus 7,050 square feet (655 m2) of meeting space and 2,580 square feet (240 m2) of pre-function space). As a concert venue, its location prompted Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band to play one of its most rarely performed numbers, 1973's "Mary Queen of Arkansas", during a March 2000 show on their Reunion Tour.
The arena is owned by the Multi-Purpose Civic Center Facilities Board for Pulaski County. The arena was designed by the Civic Center Design Team (CCDT), Burt Taggart & Associates, Architects/Engineers, The Wilcox Group, Garver & Garver Engineering and Rosser International of Atlanta.
The arena held the 2004, 2007 and 2009 American Idols LIVE! Tour concerts on August 13, 2004, July 13, 2007 and July 25, 2009, respectively.
Because of the $28.1 billion sale of Alltel to Verizon Wireless, as of June 30, 2009, the Alltel Arena was renamed Verizon Arena.[5]
Fleetwood Mac performed at Verizon Arena May 4, 2013 with surprise guests former President Bill Clinton and First Lady Hillary Clinton attending the show. Fleetwood Mac drummer Mick Fleetwood introduced the couple, who were seated in an arena suite, to the sold-out audience and dedicated the song "Don't Stop" to them, which was appropriately Bill Clinton's 1992 presidential election campaign song.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ Pierce, Ray (August 3, 1997). "Vote Gave a Penny Tax for a River Dream Pulaski County Supports Vision of Future of Downtown on LR, NLR Waterfronts". Arkansas Democrat-Gazette. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Retrieved January 2, 2018.
Jump up ^ Pierce, Ray (October 8, 1996). "Arena Board Settles on Lineup to Plan, Build, Manage Center". Arkansas Democrat-Gazette. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ McGuire, Kim (October 2, 1999). "$80 Million Alltel Arena Opens Today". Arkansas Democrat-Gazette. Retrieved July 3, 2012.
Jump up ^ Netterstrom, Kristin (April 13, 2009). "Arena Set to Take on Name of Verizon". Arkansas Democrat-Gazette. Retrieved April 13, 2009. [dead link]
External links[edit]
Verizon Arena
Coordinates: 34°45′18.40″N 92°15′51.98″W / 34.7551111°N 92.2644389°W / 34.7551111; -92.2644389
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Verizon_Arena&oldid=844380180"
Categories:
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Verizon Communications
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Verizon Arena

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Jeffrey Wright
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about the American actor. For other uses, see Jeffrey Wright (disambiguation).
Jeffrey Wright
Wright at the 2017 San Diego Comic-Con
Born
(1965-12-07) December 7, 1965 (age 52)
Washington, D.C., U.S.
Residence
Brooklyn, New York, U.S.
Alma mater
Amherst College
New York University
Occupation
Actor
Years active
1990–present
Spouse(s)
Carmen Ejogo
(m. 2000; div. 2014)
Children
2
Jeffrey Wright (born December 7, 1965) is an American actor. He is best known for his Tony and Emmy Award winning role as Belize in the Broadway production and HBO miniseries Angels in America. He starred as Jean-Michel Basquiat in Basquiat, Felix Leiter in the James Bond films Casino Royale and Quantum of Solace, Valentin Narcisse in the HBO series Boardwalk Empire, and Beetee in The Hunger Games films.
Wright currently stars as Bernard Lowe in the HBO series Westworld.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early life
2 Career
3 Personal life
4 Filmography
4.1 Film
4.2 Television
5 Awards
6 References
7 External links
Early life[edit]
Wright was born in Washington, D.C., to a mother who worked as a customs lawyer and a father who died when he was a child.[1] He graduated from St. Albans School and attended Amherst College, receiving a bachelor's degree in political science and planned to attend law school; however, he chose to study acting instead. After attending New York University for two months, he left to become a full-time actor.[1]
Career[edit]
Wright began appearing off-Broadway in New York City and Washington DC, and in 1990, he appeared in his first major film as an attorney in Presumed Innocent, which starred Harrison Ford. In 1991, Wright joined John Houseman's national touring repertory company The Acting Company with productions of A Midsummer Night's Dream and Athol Fugard's Blood Knot. In 1994, he was cast as Norman "Belize" Arriaga in Tony Kushner's award-winning play Angels in America. His portrayal of a gay nurse forced to take care of Roy Cohn as he dies of AIDS won him the Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Play.
In 1996, Wright portrayed painter Jean-Michel Basquiat in the film Basquiat, to critical acclaim. Throughout the 1990s and early 2000s, Wright appeared in both leading and supporting roles in such films as Celebrity (1998), Ride with the Devil (1999), Shaft (2000), and Boycott (2001), where he gave an AFI Award-winning performance as Martin Luther King, Jr.. In 2003, Wright reprised his role as Norman "Belize" Arriaga in HBO's award-winning adaptation of Angels in America. His performance garnered him an Emmy award as well as a Golden Globe award for Best Supporting Actor in a miniseries. In 2004, he appeared in Jonathan Demme's remake of The Manchurian Candidate. In February 2005, Wright returned to HBO Films in Lackawanna Blues. He also guest starred on The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles and Homicide: Life on the Street.
Among his other film roles was Washington attorney Bennett Holiday in Syriana (2005). The same year, he played Bill Murray's eccentric Ethiopian neighbor Winston in Broken Flowers. In 2005, he starred in the play This Is How It Goes. He also appeared as one of the tenants in Lady in the Water. In 2006, Wright was featured as Felix Leiter in the James Bond movie Casino Royale. He reprised the role in Quantum of Solace.[2]
Wright at the Tribeca Film Festival on April 28, 2007.
In 2007, Wright starred in the alien invasion suspense thriller The Invasion. In 2008, he portrayed Colin Powell in W. He portrayed Muddy Waters in Cadillac Records, a biopic, loosely about the rise and fall of Chess Records. In 2010, Wright played Jacques Cornet in the world premiere run of A Free Man of Color at the Vivian Beaumont Theater of the Lincoln Center for Performing Arts in New York City.
Wright plays Beetee in The Hunger Games film series, starting with The Hunger Games: Catching Fire, released in November 2013. He also landed the role of Dr. Valentin Narcisse in season 4 of Boardwalk Empire, starting in the fall of 2013.[3]
In March 2017, Wright appeared in a commercial for Dell Technologies where he showcases a very solid golf swing while demonstrating a Callaway driver.[4]
Personal life[edit]
Wright married actress Carmen Ejogo in August 2000. They have a son named Elijah and a daughter named Juno and lived in Brooklyn, New York.[5][6][7][8] They have since divorced.[9] In 2004, Wright received an honorary degree from his alma mater, Amherst College.[10]
Wright has been a longtime activist working to end resource-related conflicts. In 2011, Wright established Taia Lion Resources, a mineral exploration company focused on ethical and sustainable mining in Sierra Leone.[11] In August 2012, Wright's conflict-free mining philosophy was highlighted in a video by the Enough Project.[12]
Filmography[edit]
Film[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1990 Presumed Innocent Prosecuting Attorney
1992 Jumpin' at the Boneyard Derek
1996 Faithful Young Man
1996 Basquiat Jean-Michel Basquiat
1997 Critical Care Bed Two
1998 Too Tired to Die Balzac Man
1998 Celebrity Greg
1998 Meschugge Win
1998 Blossoms and Veils Ben
1999 Cement Ninny
1999 Ride with the Devil Daniel Holt
2000 Hamlet Gravedigger
2000 Crime and Punishment in Suburbia Chris
2000 Shaft Peoples Hernandez
2001 Ali Howard Bingham
2002 D-Tox Jaworski
2004 Sin's Kitchen Rex
2004 The Manchurian Candidate Al Melvin
2005 Broken Flowers Winston
2005 Syriana Bennett Holiday
2006 Lady in the Water Mr. Dury
2006 Casino Royale Felix Leiter
2007 The Invasion Dr. Stephen Galeano
2007 Blackout Nelson Also producer
2008 W. Colin Powell
2008 Quantum of Solace Felix Leiter
2008 Cadillac Records Muddy Waters
2009 One Blood Dan Clark Also producer
2011 Source Code Dr. Rutledge
2011 The Ides of March Senator Thompson
2011 Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close William Black
2013 Broken City Carl Fairbanks
2013 A Single Shot Simon
2013 The Hunger Games: Catching Fire Beetee
2013 The Inevitable Defeat of Mister and Pete Henry
2014 Ernest & Celestine Grizzly Judge (voice)
2014 Only Lovers Left Alive Dr. Watson
2014 The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1 Beetee
2015 The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2 Beetee
2015 The Good Dinosaur Poppa Henry (voice)
2018 Monster Mr. Harmon
2018 The Public Mr. Anderson
2018 Game Night FBI Agent Uncredited
2018 Hold the Dark Russell Core In post-production
2019 The Goldfinch Hobie In post-production
Television[edit]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1991 Separate but Equal William Coleman Television movie
1993 The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles Sidney Bechet 2 episodes
1994 New York Undercover Andre Foreman Episode: "Garbage"
1997 Homicide: Life on the Street Hal Wilson 3 episodes
2001 Boycott Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Television movie
2003 Angels in America Norman "Belize" Arriaga / Mr. Lies /
Homeless Man / The Angel Europa 6 episodes
2005 Lackawanna Blues Mr. Paul Television movie
2007 American Experience Narrator Episode: "New Orleans"
2012 House Dr. Walter Cofield Episode: "Nobody's Fault"
2013–14 Boardwalk Empire Dr. Valentin Narcisse 11 episodes
2016 The Venture Brothers Think Tank (voice) Episode: "Tanks for Nuthin"
2016 Confirmation Charles Ogletree Television movie
2016 BoJack Horseman Cuddlywhiskers / Father (voice) 3 episodes
2016–present Westworld Bernard Lowe / Arnold Weber[13] 14 episodes
2017 She's Gotta Have It Purple "ITIS" Voice (voice) Episode: "#NolasChoice (3 DA HARD WAY)"
Awards[edit]
Year
Award
Category
Work
Result
2002 AFI Awards AFI Actor of the Year – Male – Movie or Mini-Series Boycott Won
2005 Black Movie Awards Outstanding Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role Syriana Nominated
2002 Black Reel Awards Network/Cable - Best Actor Boycott Nominated
2004 Television: Best Supporting Actor Angels in America Won
2005 Best Supporting Actor The Manchurian Candidate Nominated
2006 Best Supporting Actor – Television Lackawanna Blues Won
Best Supporting Actor Syriana Nominated
2008 Best Supporting Actor Cadillac Records Won
Best Ensemble Won
2012 Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards Best Acting Ensemble The Ides of March Nominated
2007 Chicago International Film Festival Career Achievement Award Won
2004 Emmy Awards Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie Angels in America Won
2017 Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Westworld Nominated
2004 Golden Globe Awards Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role in a Series, Mini-Series or Motion Picture Made for Television Angels in America Won
2002 Image Awards Outstanding Actor in a Television Movie, Mini-Series or Dramatic Special Boycott Nominated
2006 Outstanding Actor in a Television Movie, Mini-Series or Dramatic Special Lackawanna Blues Nominated
2009 Outstanding Actor in a Motion Picture Cadillac Records Nominated
2012 Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture The Ides of March Nominated
1997 Independent Spirit Awards Best Debut Performance Basquiat Nominated
2006 Best Supporting Male Broken Flowers Nominated
2005 San Diego Film Critics Society Awards Best Supporting Actor Broken Flowers Won
2002 Satellite Awards Best Actor in a Miniseries or Television Film Boycott Nominated
2004 Best Supporting Actor in a Series, Miniseries or Television Film Angels in America Nominated
2004 Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie Angels in America Nominated
2017 Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Westworld Nominated
1994 Tony Awards Best Featured Actor in a Play Angels in America: Perestroika Won
2002 Best Actor in a Play Topdog/Underdog Nominated
2000 Toronto Film Critics Association Awards Best Supporting Performance, Male Shaft (tied with Tobey Maguire for Wonder Boys) Won
2017 Saturn Awards Best Supporting Actor on a Television Series Westworld Nominated
References[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b "Jeffrey Wright". The New York Times. 2010. Archived from the original on November 10, 2015. Retrieved June 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ Meza, Ed; Siegel, Tatiana (January 2, 2008). "'Bell' man takes on Bond". Variety. Retrieved January 2, 2008.
Jump up ^ Moaba, Alex (March 6, 2013). "Jeffrey Wright Joins 'Boardwalk Empire'". Huffington Post.
Jump up ^ Matyszczyk, Chris (March 26, 2017). "Is Dell claiming it's better than all that Apple magic?". CNET.
Jump up ^ "Jeffrey Wright Biography (1965?–)". Filmreference.com. Retrieved 2013-01-02.
Jump up ^ "Carmen Ejogo: 'There's some kind of trauma at play'", The Independent, 4 September 2009 (retrieved 2 July 2015).
Jump up ^ "Carmen, Elijah & Juno Wright" alittlemuse.com, 7 September 2011 (retrieved 2 July 2015).
Jump up ^ "Actor Jeffrey Wright and family". bck online. August 31, 2009. Retrieved June 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ Zahed, Ramin; "'Selma' allows Carmen Ejogo to play Coretta Scott King a second time", LATimes.com, 18 December 2014 (retrieved 26 December 2014).
Jump up ^ Amherst Magazine Summer 2004: College Row Archived 2011-10-04 at the Wayback Machine. Amherst Magazine, Summer 2004
Jump up ^ Wright, Jeffrey (2012-08-16). "Creating Conflict-Free Companies for the 21st Century". Huffingtonpost.com. Retrieved 2013-01-02.
Jump up ^ "Jeffrey Wright: Conflict-Free Philosophy". Enoughproject.org. August 14, 2012. Retrieved June 2, 2017.
Jump up ^ Wigert, Josh (November 30, 2016). "'Westworld': Jeffrey Wright on the Show's Second Major Bernard Twist". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved June 2, 2017.
External links[edit]
Jeffrey Wright at the Internet Broadway Database
Jeffrey Wright on IMDb
Jeffrey Wright at AllMovie
HBO cast page for Angels in America
Preceded by
David Hedison Felix Leiter actor
2006-present Succeeded by
TBA
show
Awards for Jeffrey Wright
show
v
t
e
Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Featured Actor in a Play
Frank Langella (1975)
Judd Hirsch (1976)
Bob Dishy (1977)
Jeffrey DeMunn (1978)
George Rose (1979)
David Rounds (1980)
Brian Backer (1981)
Željko Ivanek / Adolph Caesar (1982)
Alan Feinstein (1983)
John Malkovich (1984)
Barry Miller / Charles S. Dutton (1985)
Joseph Maher (1986)
John Randolph (1987)
B. D. Wong (1988)
Peter Frechette (1989)
Charles Durning (1990)
Kevin Spacey (1991)
Laurence Fishburne (1992)
Joe Mantello / Stephen Spinella (1993)
Jeffrey Wright (1994)
Nathan Lane (1995)
Martin Shaw (1996)
Brian Murray (1997)
Alfred Molina (1998)
Kevin Anderson (1999)
Roy Dotrice (2000)
Charles Brown (2001)
Frank Langella (2002)
Denis O'Hare (2003)
Ned Beatty (2004)
Michael Stuhlbarg (2005)
Samuel Barnett (2006)
Boyd Gaines (2007)
Conleth Hill (2008)
Pablo Schreiber (2009)
Santino Fontana (2010)
Brian Bedford (2011)
Tom Edden (2012)
Richard Kind (2013)
Reed Birney (2014)
K. Todd Freeman (2015)
Michael Shannon (2016)
Danny DeVito (2017)
Nathan Lane (2018)
show
v
t
e
Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Limited Series or Movie
Anthony Quayle (1975)
Ed Flanders (1976)
Burgess Meredith (1977)
Howard Da Silva (1978)
Marlon Brando (1979)
George Grizzard (1980)
David Warner (1981)
Laurence Olivier (1982)
Richard Kiley (1983)
Art Carney (1984)
Karl Malden (1985)
John Malkovich (1986)
Dabney Coleman (1987)
John Shea (1988)
Derek Jacobi (1989)
Vincent Gardenia (1990)
James Earl Jones (1991)
Hume Cronyn (1992)
Beau Bridges (1993)
Michael A. Goorjian (1994)
Donald Sutherland (1995)
Tom Hulce (1996)
Beau Bridges (1997)
George C. Scott (1998)
Peter O'Toole (1999)
Hank Azaria (2000)
Brian Cox (2001)
Michael Moriarty (2002)
Ben Gazzara (2003)
Jeffrey Wright (2004)
Paul Newman (2005)
Jeremy Irons (2006)
Thomas Haden Church (2007)
Tom Wilkinson (2008)
Ken Howard (2009)
David Strathairn (2010)
Guy Pearce (2011)
Tom Berenger (2012)
James Cromwell (2013)
Martin Freeman (2014)
Bill Murray (2015)
Sterling K. Brown (2016)
Alexander Skarsgård (2017)
show
v
t
e
Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Series, Miniseries or Television Film
James Brolin (1970)
Edward Asner (1971)
James Brolin (1972)
McLean Stevenson (1973)
Harvey Korman (1974)
Edward Asner/Tim Conway (1975)
Edward Asner (1976)
Norman Fell (1978)
Danny DeVito/Vic Tayback (1979)
Pat Harrington Jr./Vic Tayback (1980)
John Hillerman (1981)
Lionel Stander (1982)
Richard Kiley (1983)
Paul Le Mat (1984)
Edward James Olmos (1985)
Jan Niklas (1986)
Rutger Hauer (1987)
Barry Bostwick/John Gielgud (1988)
Dean Stockwell (1989)
Charles Durning (1990)
Louis Gossett, Jr. (1991)
Maximilian Schell (1992)
Beau Bridges (1993)
Edward James Olmos (1994)
Donald Sutherland (1995)
Ian McKellen (1996)
George C. Scott (1997)
Don Cheadle/Gregory Peck (1998)
Peter Fonda (1999)
Robert Downey Jr. (2000)
Stanley Tucci (2001)
Donald Sutherland (2002)
Jeffrey Wright (2003)
William Shatner (2004)
Paul Newman (2005)
Jeremy Irons (2006)
Jeremy Piven (2007)
Tom Wilkinson (2008)
John Lithgow (2009)
Chris Colfer (2010)
Peter Dinklage (2011)
Ed Harris (2012)
Jon Voight (2013)
Matt Bomer (2014)
Christian Slater (2015)
Hugh Laurie (2016)
Alexander Skarsgård (2017)
show
v
t
e
Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Play
Arthur Kennedy (1949)
Eli Wallach (1951)
John Cromwell (1952)
John Williams (1953)
John Kerr (1954)
Francis L. Sullivan (1955)
Ed Begley (1956)
Frank Conroy (1957)
Henry Jones (1958)
Charlie Ruggles (1959)
Roddy McDowall (1960)
Martin Gabel (1961)
Walter Matthau (1962)
Alan Arkin (1963)
Hume Cronyn (1964)
Jack Albertson (1965)
Patrick Magee (1966)
Ian Holm (1967)
James Patterson (1968)
Al Pacino (1969)
Ken Howard (1970)
Paul Sand (1971)
Vincent Gardenia (1972)
John Lithgow (1973)
Ed Flanders (1974)
Frank Langella (1975)
Edward Herrmann (1976)
Jonathan Pryce (1977)
Lester Rawlins (1978)
Michael Gough (1979)
David Rounds (1980)
Brian Backer (1981)
Zakes Mokae (1982)
Matthew Broderick (1983)
Joe Mantegna (1984)
Barry Miller (1985)
John Mahoney (1986)
John Randolph (1987)
B. D. Wong (1988)
Boyd Gaines (1989)
Charles Durning (1990)
Kevin Spacey (1991)
Laurence Fishburne (1992)
Stephen Spinella (1993)
Jeffrey Wright (1994)
John Glover (1995)
Ruben Santiago-Hudson (1996)
Owen Teale (1997)
Tom Murphy (1998)
Frank Wood (1999)
Roy Dotrice (2000)
Robert Sean Leonard (2001)
Frank Langella (2002)
Denis O'Hare (2003)
Brían F. O'Byrne (2004)
Liev Schreiber (2005)
Ian McDiarmid (2006)
Billy Crudup (2007)
Jim Norton (2008)
Roger Robinson (2009)
Eddie Redmayne (2010)
John Benjamin Hickey (2011)
Christian Borle (2012)
Courtney B. Vance (2013)
Mark Rylance (2014)
Richard McCabe (2015)
Reed Birney (2016)
Michael Aronov (2017)
Nathan Lane (2018)
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
BIBSYS: 4028514
BNF: cb14240176d (data)
GND: 140974644
ISNI: 0000 0001 0921 7810
LCCN: no99070657
MusicBrainz: 5c7e60e1-67d2-4357-a17a-5de8213c5a67
SUDOC: 076630978
VIAF: 85630944
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeffrey_Wright&oldid=844992481"
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Drama Desk Award winners
Living people
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values: Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g]

values: Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p]

values: portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label

values: جيفري رايت – Arabic

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ast
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-azb
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-da
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-de
display: none;

values: Τζέφρι Ράιτ – Greek

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-el
display: none;

values: جفری رایت (هنرپیشه) – Persian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
display: none;

values: 제프리 라이트 – Korean

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko
display: none;

values: जेफ्री राइट – Hindi

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
display: none;

values: ג'פרי רייט – Hebrew

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-he
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl
display: none;

values: ジェフリー・ライト – Japanese

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
display: none;

values: Райт, Джеффри – Russian

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr
display: none;

values:
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi
display: none;

values: 傑佛瑞·懷特 – Chinese

values: All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)

values: mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Jeffrey_Wright rootpage-Jeffrey_Wright skin-vector action-view