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The Backyardigans
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The Backyardigans
Also known as
Backyardigans
Genre
Adventure
Musical
Children
Created by
Janice Burgess
Directed by
Bill Giggie (Season 1)
Mike Shiell (Season 1–2)
Dave Palmer (Season 3–4)
Voices of
LaShawn Tináh Jefferies
Jake Goldberg
Christopher Grant, Jr.
Gianna Bruzzese
Jonah Bobo
Composer(s)
Evan Lurie (score/songs: music)
Douglas Wieselman (songs: music)
Paul Smith (songs: lyrics) David Mansfield (one episode)
Country of origin
United States
Canada
Original language(s)
English
No. of seasons
4
No. of episodes
80 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
Janice Burgess
Robert Scull
Running time
21–23 minutes
Production company(s)
Nickelodeon Animation Studios
Nelvana
Guru Studios (S2–4)
Pipeline Studios (S3–4)
Distributor
Nelvana International[1]
FremantleMedia (home video)[2]
Release
Original network
Nickelodeon (US and CA)
Treehouse TV (Canada)
Picture format
480i (4:3 SDTV) (2004–2009)
1080i (16:9 HDTV) (2009–2010)
Original release
October 11, 2004 (2004-10-11) – May 31, 2010 (2010-05-31)
The Backyardigans is a CGI-animated musical TV series created by Janice Burgess. It is a co-production of animation studio Nelvana and Nickelodeon Animation Studios. The series debuted on October 11, 2004 and ended on May 31, 2010. The show airs on Treehouse TV in Canada. In 2015, the first season was included as part of Nick Jr.'s Noggin app, a mobile application featuring episodes of older Nick Jr. programs.[3]
The series was based upon a live-action pilot produced in 1998[4] titled Me and My Friends.[5]
Contents
1 Plot
2 Characters
2.1 Main
2.2 Recurring
3 Setting
4 Episodes
5 Production
6 Live shows
7 Video releases
7.1 DVD releases
7.2 VHS releases
7.3 iTunes releases
8 CD releases
8.1 The Adventures Begin...
8.2 The Backyardigans
8.3 Groove to the Music
8.4 Born To Play
8.5 Join in the Adventures...
9 Merchandise
10 References
11 External links
Plot[edit]
The series follows a ritualistic pattern and centers around an assortment and musical pop group of neighboring playmates depicted as bipedal, anthropomorphic animals: Uniqua, Pablo, Tyrone, Austin, and Tasha. Designed to encourage imaginative play, the characters communicate with the viewers by constantly breaking the fourth-wall, albeit the series rests particular focus on the role-playing games in which the friends participate varying with each episode, and said games are visualized through dream sequences lasting for a majority of the episode and serving as the primary focus of that certain episode. Usually, the group will visualize a unique scenario, ranging from prehistoric times to adventurous fantasies, and they are often presented with multiple dilemmas along the way to accomplishing a certain goal or priority, or may be challenged with a major single obstacle to defeat or problem to solve. After season one, there is usually a villain in the episode, mainly played by one of the Backyardigans (thus another Backyardigan plays the role of the hero), but the villain of the episode always reforms in the end. The program also follows a musical format, featuring multiple musical numbers sung throughout the course of an episode regarding whatever imaginary predicament in which the characters have situated themselves or perhaps a challenge that they have met, every episode opening and concluding with a particular song. The adventures get more advanced after the first season. When the Backyardigans have achieved their mission or defeated any disadvantages, the fantasy sequence fades, restoring actuality to the setting of the episodes as the closing song is sung, the characters scurrying to their houses for a snack. The main character or characters then opens the snack host's house door, fence, or around the corner, and shouts the main catchphrase for the final time and then closes the door. The picture then is lifeless with some background bird noises often heard as iris closes, ending the episode.
In one episode, "The Secret of Snow", the episode does not start off in the backyard, but on a floor that has a red storybook on it. Also, Austin, though never shown, is the only Backyardigan who makes a physical appearance in the episode; the other four appear only in the storybook. This is the only time only one of the real Backyardigans appears.
Characters[edit]
Each of the five characters on the show have two voice actors: one for speaking, and the other for singing.
The dancing on the show is first performed by live-action dancers, and their movements are later transported to animation. Choreographer, Beth Bogush, describes the process: "What we do is we film the live footage in the studio, send that off and they do a Leica, and then they send it to the animators. The animators watch, and were pretty precise. What we film for that day is pretty close to what you see in the character."[6] In season one, the Backyardigans usually wear their normal clothes while on an adventure, usually accompanied with accessories. They rarely wear their normal clothes in an adventure after the first season.
Main[edit]
Uniqua is a curious, self-confident, and high-spirited pink spotted character. The series uses the name "Uniqua" for both the character and her species. She wears pink polka-dotted overalls and has a pair of swirled antennae on top of her head. Uniqua is sweet and friendly, though her strong opinions and occasional stubbornness get in the way of her relationships. While imagining herself having the roles that require brains and fortitude (such as a scientist or pirate captain) and despite her love of books (as seen in episodes such as "The Masked Retriever"). Creator Janice Burgess describes Uniqua as the child she wishes she was like as a child.[7] She is the only main character to appear in every episode. Speaking voice: Lashawn Tináh Jefferies (seasons 1–4). Singing voice: Jamia Simone Nash (seasons 1–3) and Avion Baker (season 4). Dancer: Hattie Mae Williams (seasons 1–4).
Pablo is a yellow-beaked blue penguin who wears a blue bow tie and a blue-and-yellow propeller beanie. Pablo tends to be the most excitable of the group and is best friends with Tyrone. Due to his energy and impetuousness, he often goes into a "panic attack" when he faces an obstacle, running around in circles and telling everyone not to worry until someone interrupts him. The number of panic attacks decreased considerably after season 1, though in the episode The Flipper! his propensity for getting overexcited is a major plot point. Pablo does not appear one time: "Chichen-Itza Pizza". Speaking voice: Zach Tyler Eisen (season 1) and Jake Goldberg (seasons 2–4). Singing voice: Sean Curley (seasons 1–4). Dancer: Tasha Cooper (seasons 1–3), Jonathan Sandler (season 3), Steven Konopelski (seasons 3–4), Jacob Wimar (season 4), Paul Flanagan (season 4).
Tyrone is a good-natured, yet somewhat fearful, red-haired orange moose who wears a red-and-blue striped shirt. He is almost the complete opposite of his best friend Pablo in terms of personality, despite his laid-back and cool-headed character and being known for his sarcastic comments, one of them being "That certainly was convenient." At the end of most episodes, when he appears, "That was an excellent (type) adventure, don't you think?" (though Pablo, Austin, and Tasha recite the line when he does not appear). Despite not appearing to wear trousers (except on rare occasions), Tyrone somehow manages to put his hands in his pockets. Speaking voice: Reginald Davis Jr. (seasons 1–2), Jordan Coleman (seasons 2–3) and Christopher Grant, Jr. (season 4). Singing voice: Corwin C. Tuggles (season 1), Leon G. Thomas III (seasons 2–3), Damani Roberts (season 3) and Tyrel Jackson Williams (seasons 3–4). Dancer: Greg Sinacori (seasons 1–2, 4), Bradley Shelver (season 3), Andrew Cao (season 3).
Tasha is a strong-willed yellow hippo, Tasha wears an orange flowered dress and red Mary-Jane shoes. She is a sweet girl on the outside, but is more rational and likes to get her own way. She is the most serious of the major characters, although Tasha can be just as easygoing from time to time. She is more feminine than her friend Uniqua. In seasons 2-4, she has a more amiable personality, as well as a more muscular appearance their characters. She tends to be grumpy if not the boss. Her catchphrase is "Oh, for goodness sakes!" Speaking voice: Naelee Rae (seasons 1–2) and Gianna Bruzzese (seasons 3–4). Singing voice: Kristin Danielle Klabunde (seasons 1–3) and Gabriella Malek (seasons 3–4). Dancer: Darlene Dirstine (seasons 1–3), Amanda Ulibarri (season 4), Nancy Renee Braun (season 4).
Austin is a shy but fun-loving purple kangaroo. Though generally soft-spoken in Season 1, due to recently moving in the neighborhood, Austin starts to come out of his shell as the series progresses. He is revealed to be smart and imaginative. Austin rarely appears in the spotlight, but takes the role of the lead character in several episodes. Says Bogush: "Austin's usually the one pulling up the rear. He's kind of a get-along guy."[6] Austin has been shown to occasionally display a more villainous side, such as in the episodes "High Tea" and "The Magic Skateboard". Speaking voice: Jonah Bobo (seasons 1–4). Singing voice: Thomas Sharkey (seasons 1–3) and Nicholas Barasch (season 4). Dancer: Kristen Frost (seasons 1–4).
Recurring[edit]
Sherman – A small, orange-spotted yellow worm. Sherman is easily scared due to his small size. He plays a role who appears 3 times in "The Heart Of The Jungle", "Polka Palace Party". and "Attack of the 50 Foot Worman". His voice is provided by Oliver Wyman.
Wormans – A fictional species of colorful, worm-like creatures who speak in squeaks and gibberish. They appear in all the seasons of the show.
Dragon – A friendly, green-colored dragon who appears 3 times (the movie "Tale of the Mighty Knights" and the episode "The Tale of the Not-So-Nice Dragon"). He hatched from a spotted egg and lives in Dragon Mountain. His voice is provided by Oliver Wyman.
Aliens – Green-colored aliens appear 4 times: "Mission To Mars", "News Flash", "Los Galacticos", and "The Big Dipper Diner".
Giant clam – A clam who appears 2 times in "The Legend Of The Volcano Sisters" and "The Great Dolphin Race." It pants and acts like a dog.
Voices – Voices included in the episodes "Secret Mission" and "It's Great To Be A Ghost!" that do not come from any shown character.
Robot Roscoe – A robot owned by Austin who appears 3 times in season 4 (the movie "Robot Rampage" and the episode "Elephant on the Run"). His voice, as well as the other robots boys, is provided by Evan Mathew Weinstein.
Setting[edit]
The characters live in houses adjoining a large backyard common to the three central houses (Uniqua's, Pablo's and Tyrone's) that is transformed by imagination into various adventure settings. Each house roughly corresponds to the color scheme of the character: Uniqua in a pink house, Pablo lives in a blue one, and Tyrone in an orange one. Tasha's house, which is to the left of the three central houses, is yellow and Austin's, to the right, is partially obscured by a fence but what is visible is purple. The fence, which surrounds the combined properties of the three main characters (Uniqua, Pablo and Tyrone), has a gate in it which leads to Austin's house. The curve of the cul-de-sac allows the play area to be roughly equal in distance from each house's back door.
Not everything that appears in the imaginary world has a real-world counterpart. Often trees, boulders, brickwork, or similar objects appear where nothing originally existed. By the same token, even large trees in the real garden disappear completely when the imagination part of the story commences.
Episodes[edit]
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
First aired
Last aired
Pilots 2 1998 2001
1 20[8] October 11, 2004 (2004-10-11) June 19, 2006 (2006-06-19)
2 20[9] October 9, 2006 (2006-10-09) January 17, 2008 (2008-01-17)
3 20[10] January 14, 2008 (2008-01-14) June 5, 2009 (2009-06-05)
4 20[11] October 26, 2009 (2009-10-26) May 31, 2010 (2010-05-31)
Production[edit]
The series was based upon a live-action pilot titled "Me and My Friends," produced at Nickelodeon Studios in September 1998.[12][13] This pilot was rejected by Nickelodeon, and the concept was reworked into an animated short in 2002.[14] This pilot was greenlit by Nickelodeon to become a full-length series. The show is intended for children aged 2 to 5.[15]
Dave Palmer began directing the show in the middle of season one, and directed all subsequent episodes. Evan Lurie (of The Lounge Lizards) and Douglas Wieselman composed the music for the show with lyrics by McPaul Smith. The characters were designed by children's author and illustrator Dan Yaccarino.
A second season had been announced on April 30, 2006 by Nelvana and Nickelodeon.[16] The third season was first released in the United States in January 2008. A fourth season was produced in 2009, and aired in 2010.
Production was wrapped up in late 2009.[17]
Live shows[edit]
Several The Backyardigans theatrical performances have toured Canada and the United States.
In Canada, three different performances have toured: "Musical Playdate" (2006), "Quest for the Extra Ordinary Aliens" (2008) and "Sea Deep in Adventure" (2009).[18] The "Musical Playdate" performance had been promoted as "V.I.P. Appearance" and "Backyardigans Mini Performance" in earlier advertisements. All three tours were presented by Paquin Entertainment Group[19] and produced by Koba Entertainment,[20] both based in Winnipeg.
In the United States, two theatrical performances toured: 2008's "Tale of the Mighty Knights" and 2010's "Storytime Live!" (an event featuring four other Nick Jr. shows: Moose and Zee, Dora the Explorer, Wonder Pets! and Ni Hao, Kai-Lan).[21]
Video releases[edit]
DVD releases[edit]
In the United States, twenty-two DVDs featuring four episodes each (three episodes plus a bonus episode of The Fresh Beat Band on one DVD) were released from August 2005 until March 2011.
Season One
It's Great to Be a Ghost! (2005)
The Snow Fort (2005)
Polka Palace Party (2006)
Cave Party (2006)
Surf's Up (2006)
Season Two
Mission to Mars (2006)
The Legend of the Volcano Sisters (2007)
Movers and Shakers (2007)
Into the Deep (2007)
Super Secret Super Spy (2007)
Season Three
Tale of the Mighty Knights (2008)
High Flying Adventures (2008)
Mighty Match-Up (2008)
Escape from Fairytale Village (2008)
Robin Hood the Clean (2009)
Season Four
Robot Repairman (2009)
Join the Adventurer's Club (2010)
Escape From the Tower (2010)
Operation Elephant Drop (2010)
Christmas with the Backyardigans (2010)
We ARRRR Pirates! (2011)
Compilations
Nick Jr. Favorites 2 (2005)
Nick Jr. Favorites 3 (2006)
Nick Jr. Favorites 4 (2006)
Nick Jr. Favorites 5 (2006)
Nick Jr. Favorites Holiday (2006)
Nick Jr. Favorites 6 (2007)
Singing Sensation! (2009)
We ARRRR Pirates! (2011)
VHS releases[edit]
Five videotapes featuring two episodes each were released in 2005 and 2006; the titles were the same as the first five American DVDs.
VHS releases
It's Great to Be a Ghost! (August 30, 2005)
The Snow Fort (November 8, 2005)
Polka Palace Party (January 24, 2006)
Cave Party (March 7, 2006)
Surf's Up (May 30, 2006)
iTunes releases[edit]
All four seasons have been released on iTunes in Canada and the US; however, the US iTunes Store is missing three episodes from the first season: "Secret Mission," "It's Great To Be A Ghost!", and "The Tea Party" (also known as "High Tea").
CD releases[edit]
There were four The Backyardigans albums released in North America, and one album released in Europe. Each has approximately 20 tracks, while Born To Play has four bonus tracks only available on the iTunes Store.
The Adventures Begin...[edit]
Released September 2004, this CD promoted the series' debut. Because this was a promotional album sent via mail, it was not sold in stores. It contains four tracks from the first season, including the opening theme. The songs would later be included in the next album.
The Backyardigans Theme Song
Yeti Stomp
Secret Agent
Please and Thank You
Preview
The Backyardigans[edit]
Released on July 12, 2005, under Nick Records' label. This is the first album sold in stores. It contains nineteen tracks from the first season, including the opening theme. The CD also contains a bonus video track titled "Go, Go Go!"
The Backyardigans Theme Song
You and Me to the Rescue
Castaways
Questing, Questing
A Pirate Says Arr
Yeti Stomp!
Queens Are Never Wrong
Those Bones
Buffalo Girls and Boys
Trudge, Trudge, Trudge
Secret Agent
Laser Limbo Tango (Limbo Rock)
Row Your Boat
Into the Thick of It!
P.U.! (Stinky Swamp Song)
Flying Rock Song (II)
When I'm Booing
Please and Thank You
Rockabilly Lullaby
Go, Go, Go! (bonus music video)
Groove to the Music[edit]
This second CD was released on July 11, 2006, under Nick Records' label. It contains eighteen tracks from seasons one and two. Target sold an exclusive release including Astronauts Never Give Up, totaling nineteen tracks.
Hold Tight
Gotta Get the Job Done
Shake Your Body
Rad Moves
We're Going to Mars
Drumming Song
Eureka!
The Rules
Tree to Tree
What's So Scary 'Bout That?
The Ballad of the Brave Pink Knight (Hey, Uniqua!)
I Love Being a Princess
Aha!
Skate Ahead
Get Us What We Want
Ski Patrol to the Rescue
Superheroes vs. Supervillains
Oh, My Sherman
Astronauts Never Give Up (exclusive track)
Born To Play[edit]
The third and final The Backyardigans CD, was released on January 22, 2008, under Sony BMG's label. It contains songs from seasons 1-2, as well as all the songs from Tale of the Mighty Knights. There is a total of 22 tracks. There's also a special iTunes version of this album, containing 5 bonus tracks in addition to the 22 tracks, totaling 27 tracks. This album was released in a cardboard foldout case, rather than a jewel case like the previous two releases. Borders carried the jewel case release exclusively, which included a booklet. This booklet was also included on the iTunes release as a file with purchase of a digital download.
Ready for Anything
We Love a Luau
The Worman Polka
I Feel Good
Go, Go, Go
The Customer Is Always Right
Surf's Up, Ho Daddy
Almost Everything Is Boinga (feat. Alicia Keys)
Nothing Too Tough
W-I-O-Wa
I'm a Mountie
Racing Day
I Never Fail to Deliver the Mail
Lady In Pink (feat. Cyndi Lauper)
Nobody's Bigger Than a Giant
Hurry Home
A Challenge
Dragon Mountain
Goblin
I'm Not an Egg Anymore (feat. Adam Pascal)
Tweedily Dee
We're Knights
Bonus iTunes Tracks:
23. Betcha I Can
24. Phantom Footsteps
25. Do It Myself
26. The Call of the Mermaid
Join in the Adventures...[edit]
Released in 2006, as part of a series launch tour in the United Kingdom. The album is near identical to the American-released counterpart, with Please and Thank You replaced with Questing.
The Backyardigans Theme Song
Yeti Stomp
Secret Agent
Questing
Merchandise[edit]
Activision released a The Backyardigans PC game, "Mission to Mars," in October 2006. In addition, there are interactive Backyardigans games available for the LeapPad and VTech's V.Smile consoles. There is also a LeapFrog ClickStart game titled "Number Pie Samurai," teaching children basic computer skills.
From 2005 to 2007, Kohl's had a section devoted to the series' merchandise, including a clothing line and toys exclusively in store.
Over one hundred storybooks (both original stories and episode-based) were released throughout the series' run.[22] Most of these were released in both Canada and the United States; however, a 2006 series of educational books were exclusively sold in Canada under the license of Treehouse TV.[23]
Fisher-Price produced numerous plush toys and interactive character toys (mostly Uniqua, Pablo and Tyrone). There are also Beanie Babies of all the main characters available.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Nelvana Consumer Products/Distribution". Corus Entertainment. Retrieved 2015-08-10.
Jump up ^ "COMING SOON TO BACKYARDS AROUND THE WORLD -- THE BACKYARDIGANS ON DVD FROM FREMANTLE". Diana Pitt. Retrieved 2015-08-10.
Jump up ^ "Noggin Product Support Blog & App Updates". noggin.com.
Jump up ^ "Rick Lyon: Nickelodeon "Me and My Friends" Meercats". lyonpuppets.com.
Jump up ^ "Yvette Helin Studio - Credits". yvettehelinstudio.com.
^ Jump up to: a b Clarke, Eileen (October 4, 2006). "Who gets those 'toon-toed Backyardigans to dance?". Bring It On. Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2008-05-20.
Jump up ^ Burgess, Janice. "Meet the Creator of The Backyardigans!" (Interview). NickJr.com. Archived from the original on August 20, 2009. Retrieved 2008-12-27.
Jump up ^ Cuthbert, Wendy (May 1, 2004). "Scales even out at the kids upfront". Kidscreen. Brunico Communications.
Jump up ^ DeMott, Rick (April 3, 2006). "Nick Jr. Starts Production on Backyardigans Season Two". Animation World Network.
Jump up ^ "The Backyardigans: Season 3". iTunes. Apple Inc. September 3, 2007. Archived from the original on June 18, 2011. Retrieved July 23, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Nickelodeon Picks-Up Returning Animated Hits Including Seventh Seasons of Spongebob Squarepants and the Fairly Oddparents, Plus More Episodes of New Nicktoon Back at the Barnyard and the Preschool Favorite the Backyardigans". The Futon Critic. March 13, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Me and My Friends Pilot from Nickelodeon Studios". Yvette Helin Studio. Retrieved July 11, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Me and My Friends Pilot, Rick Lyon Puppeteer". Rick Lyon. Retrieved July 11, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Backyardigans, 2002". TMFile. Retrieved July 11, 2015.
Jump up ^ Nick Jr, "About the Backyardigans". Accessed November 28, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Nick Jr. And Nelvana Announce A Second Season Of The Backyardigans" (Press release). Cannes, France: Corus Entertainment. April 3, 2006. Archived from the original on 2008-01-27. Retrieved 2008-12-27.
Jump up ^ "Dave Palmer - Biography". Retrieved 2015-08-10.
Jump up ^ "The Backyardigans On Tour: Sea Deep in Adventure". Live On Stage Fall 2009. The Backyardigans on tour.
Jump up ^ Paquin Entertainment Group. "Paquin". Retrieved 30 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "The Backyardigans". Koba Entertainment. Retrieved 30 August 2010.
Jump up ^ "Storytime Live!". nicklivetour.com. Archived from the original on 6 March 2010.
Jump up ^ Barnes & Noble. "The Backyardigans - Barnes & Noble". Barnes & Noble.
Jump up ^ Busy Hands Education. "Treehouse TV Backyardigans Books". BusyHandsEducation.com.
External links[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to: The Backyardigans
Nelvana production page
The Backyardigans on IMDb
The Backyardigans at TV.com
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Business
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For other uses, see Business (disambiguation).
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A business (also known as an enterprise, a company, or a firm) is an organizational entity and legal entity made up of an association of people, be they natural, legal, or a mixture of both who share a common purpose and unite in order to focus their various talents and organize their collectively available skills or resources to achieve specific declared goals and are involved in the provision of goods and services to consumers.[1][2]A business can also be described as an organisation that provides goods and services for human needs.
A company or association of persons can be created at law as legal person so that the company in itself can accept limited liability for civil responsibility and taxation incurred as members perform (or fail) to discharge their duty within the publicly declared "birth certificate" or published policy.
Because companies are legal persons, they also may associate and register themselves as companies – often known as a corporate group. When the company closes it may need a "death certificate" to avoid further legal obligations.
Businesses serve as conductors of economic activity, and are prevalent in capitalist economies, where most of them are privately owned and provide goods and services allocated through a market to consumers and customers in exchange for other goods, services, money, or other forms of exchange that hold intrinsic economic value.
Businesses may also be social nonprofit enterprises or state-owned public enterprises operated by governments with specific social and economic objectives.
A business owned by multiple private individuals may form as an incorporated company or jointly organized as a partnership. Countries have different laws that may ascribe different rights to the various business entities.
The word "business" can refer to a particular organization or to an entire market sector (for example, "the finance business" is "the financial sector") or to all economic sectors collectively ("the business sector"). Compound forms such as "agribusiness" represent subsets of the concept's broader meaning, which encompasses all activity by suppliers of goods and services.
Typically private-sector businesses aim to maximize their profit, although in some contexts they may aim to maximize their sales revenue or their market share. Government-run businesses may aim to maximize some measure of social welfare.
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 Forms
3 Classifications
4 Activities
4.1 Accounting
4.2 Finance
4.3 Manufacturing
4.4 Marketing
4.5 Research and development
4.6 Sales
5 Management
5.1 Restructuring state enterprises
6 Organization and regulation
6.1 Commercial law
6.2 Capital
6.3 Intellectual property
6.4 Trade union
7 See also
8 References
Etymology[edit]
The English word company has its origins in the Old French military term compaignie (first recorded in 1150), meaning a "body of soldiers",[3] and originally from the Late Latin word companio "companion, one who eats bread [pane] with you", first attested in the Lex Salica as a calque of the Germanic expression *gahlaibo (literally, "with bread"), related to Old High German galeipo "companion" and Gothic gahlaiba "messmate". By 1303, the word referred to trade guilds. Usage of company to mean "business association" was first recorded in 1553,[citation needed] and the abbreviation "co." dates from 1769.
The Old English signs (Northumbrian) "care, anxiety, occupation," from being "careful, anxious, busy, occupied, diligent" (see busy (adj.)) + -ness. Middle English sense of "state of being much occupied or engaged" (mid-14c.) is obsolete, replaced by busyness.
The sense of "a person's work, occupation" is first recorded late 14c. (in late Old English big (adj.) appears as a noun in the sense "occupation, state of employment"). Meaning "what one is about at the moment" is from the 1590s. The sense of "trade, commercial engagements" is first attested 1727.
Forms[edit]
Main article: List of business entities
Forms of business ownership vary by jurisdiction, but several common entities exist:
Sole proprietorship: A sole proprietorship, also known as a sole trader, is owned by one person and operates for their benefit. The owner operates the business alone and may hire employees. A sole proprietor has unlimited liability for all obligations incurred by the business, whether from operating costs or judgments against the business. All assets of the business belong to a sole proprietor, including, for example, computer infrastructure, any inventory, manufacturing equipment, or retail fixtures, as well as any real property owned by the sole proprietor.
Partnership: A partnership is a business owned by two or more people. In most forms of partnerships, each partner has unlimited liability for the debts incurred by the business. The three most prevalent types of for-profit partnerships are: general partnerships, limited partnerships, and limited liability partnerships.[4]
Corporation: The owners of a corporation have limited liability and the business has a separate legal personality from its owners. Corporations can be either government-owned or privately owned. They can organize either for profit or as nonprofit organizations. A privately owned, for-profit corporation is owned by its shareholders, who elect a board of directors to direct the corporation and hire its managerial staff. A privately owned, for-profit corporation can be either privately held by a small group of individuals, or publicly held, with publicly traded shares listed on a stock exchange.
Cooperative: Often referred to as a "co-op", a cooperative is a limited-liability business that can organize as for-profit or not-for-profit. A cooperative differs from a corporation in that it has members, not shareholders, and they share decision-making authority. Cooperatives are typically classified as either consumer cooperatives or worker cooperatives. Cooperatives are fundamental to the ideology of economic democracy.
Limited liability companies (LLC), limited liability partnerships, and other specific types of business organization protect their owners or shareholders from business failure by doing business under a separate legal entity with certain legal protections. In contrast, unincorporated businesses or persons working on their own are usually not as protected.[5][6]
Franchises: A franchise is a system in which entrepreneurs purchase the rights to open and run a business from a larger corporation.[7] Franchising in the United States is widespread and is a major economic powerhouse. One out of twelve retail businesses in the United States are franchised and 8 million people are employed in a franchised business.[8]
A company limited by guarantee. Commonly used where companies are formed for noncommercial purposes, such as clubs or charities. The members guarantee the payment of certain (usually nominal) amounts if the company goes into insolvent liquidation, but otherwise, they have no economic rights in relation to the company. This type of company is common in England. A company limited by guarantee may be with or without having share capital.
A company limited by shares. The most common form of the company used for business ventures. Specifically, a limited company is a "company in which the liability of each shareholder is limited to the amount individually invested" with corporations being "the most common example of a limited company."[9] This type of company is common in England and many English-speaking countries. A company limited by shares may be a
publicly traded company or a
privately held company.
A company limited by guarantee with a share capital. A hybrid entity, usually used where the company is formed for noncommercial purposes, but the activities of the company are partly funded by investors who expect a return. This type of company may no longer be formed in the UK, although provisions still exist in law for them to exist.[10]
A limited liability company. "A company—statutorily authorized in certain states—that is characterized by limited liability, management by members or managers, and limitations on ownership transfer", i.e., L.L.C.[9] LLC structure has been called "hybrid" in that it "combines the characteristics of a corporation and of a partnership or sole proprietorship". Like a corporation, it has limited liability for members of the company, and like a partnership it has "flow-through taxation to the members" and must be "dissolved upon the death or bankruptcy of a member".[11]
An unlimited company with or without a share capital. A hybrid entity, a company where the liability of members or shareholders for the debts (if any) of the company are not limited. In this case doctrine of a veil of incorporation does not apply.
Less common types of companies are:
Companies formed by letters patent. Most corporations by letters patent are corporations sole and not companies as the term is commonly understood today.
Charter corporations. Before the passing of modern companies legislation, these were the only types of companies. Now they are relatively rare, except for very old companies that still survive (of which there are still many, particularly many British banks), or modern societies that fulfill a quasi-regulatory function (for example, the Bank of England is a corporation formed by a modern charter).
Statutory companies. Relatively rare today, certain companies have been formed by a private statute passed in the relevant jurisdiction.
Note that "Ltd after the company's name signifies limited company, and PLC (public limited company) indicates that its shares are widely held."[citation needed]
In legal parlance, the owners of a company are normally referred to as the "members". In a company limited or unlimited by shares (formed or incorporated with a share capital), this will be the shareholders. In a company limited by guarantee, this will be the guarantors. Some offshore jurisdictions have created special forms of offshore company in a bid to attract business for their jurisdictions. Examples include "segregated portfolio companies" and restricted purpose companies.
There are, however, many, many sub-categories of types of company that can be formed in various jurisdictions in the world.
Companies are also sometimes distinguished for legal and regulatory purposes between public companies and private companies. Public companies are companies whose shares can be publicly traded, often (although not always) on a stock exchange which imposes listing requirements/Listing Rules as to the issued shares, the trading of shares and future issue of shares to help bolster the reputation of the exchange or particular market of an exchange. Private companies do not have publicly traded shares, and often contain restrictions on transfers of shares. In some jurisdictions, private companies have maximum numbers of shareholders.
A parent company is a company that owns enough voting stock in another firm to control management and operations by influencing or electing its board of directors; the second company being deemed as a subsidiary of the parent company. The definition of a parent company differs by jurisdiction, with the definition normally being defined by way of laws dealing with companies in that jurisdiction.
Classifications[edit]
Main article: Industry classification
Agriculture, such as the domestication of fish, animals and livestock, as well as lumber, oil and mining businesses that extract natural resources and raw materials, such as wood, petroleum, natural gas, ores, plants or minerals.
Financial services businesses include banks, brokerage firms, credit unions, credit cards, insurance companies, asset and investment companies such as private equity firms, private equity funds, real estate investment trusts, sovereign wealth funds, pension funds, mutual funds, index funds, and hedge funds, stock exchanges, and other companies that generate profits through investment and management of capital.
Entertainment companies and mass media agencies generate profits primarily from the sale of intellectual property. They include film studios and production houses, mass media companies such as cable television networks, online digital media agencies, talent agencies, mobile media outlets, newspapers, book and magazine publishing houses.
Industrial manufacturers produce products, either from raw materials or from component parts, then export the finished products at a profit. They include tangible goods such as cars, buses, medical devices, glass, or aircraft.
Real estate businesses sell, invest, construct and develop properties, including land, residential homes, and other buildings.
Retailers, wholesalers, and distributors act as middlemen and get goods produced by manufacturers to the intended consumers; they make their profits by marking up their prices. Most stores and catalog companies are distributors or retailers.
Transportation businesses such as railways, airlines, shipping companies that deliver goods and individuals to their destinations for a fee.
Utilities produce public services such as water, electricity, waste management or sewage treatment. These industries are usually operated under the charge of a public government.
Service businesses offer intangible goods or services and typically charge for labor or other services provided to government, to consumers, or to other businesses. Interior decorators, beauticians, hairstylists, make-up artists, tanning salons, laundromats, dry cleaners, and pest controllers are service businesses.
Activities[edit]
Accounting[edit]
Main article: Accounting
Accounting is the measurement, processing and communication of financial information about economic entities[12][13] such as businesses and corporations. The modern field was established by the Italian mathematician Luca Pacioli in 1494.[14] Accounting, which has been called the "language of business",[15] measures the results of an organization's economic activities and conveys this information to a variety of users, including investors, creditors, management, and regulators.[16] Practitioners of accounting are known as accountants. The terms "accounting" and "financial reporting" are often used as synonyms.
Finance[edit]
Main article: Finance
Finance is a field that deals with the study of investments. It includes the dynamics of assets and liabilities over time under conditions of different degrees of uncertainty and risk. Finance can also be defined as the science of money management. Finance aims to price assets based on their risk level and their expected rate of return. Finance can be broken into three different sub-categories: public finance, corporate finance and personal finance.
Manufacturing[edit]
Main article: Manufacturing
Manufacturing is the production of merchandise for use or sale using labour and machines, tools, chemical and biological processing, or formulation. The term may refer to a range of human activity, from handicraft to high tech, but is most commonly applied to industrial production, in which raw materials are transformed into finished goods on a large scale.
Marketing[edit]
Main article: Marketing
Marketing is defined by the American Marketing Association as "the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large."[17] The term developed from the original meaning which referred literally to going to a market to buy or sell goods or services. Marketing tactics include advertising as well as determining product pricing.
Research and development[edit]
Main article: Research and development
Research and development refer to activities in connection with corporate or government innovation. Research and development constitute the first stage of development of a potential new service or product. Research and development are very difficult to manage since the defining feature of the research is that the researchers do not know in advance exactly how to accomplish the desired result.[citation needed]
Sales[edit]
Main article: Sales
Sales are activity related to selling or the amount of goods or services sold in a given time period.
Management[edit]
Main article: Management
See also: Outline of business management
The efficient and effective operation of a business, and study of this subject, is called management. The major branches of management are financial management, marketing management, human resource management, strategic management, production management, operations management, service management, and information technology management.[citation needed]
Owners may manage their businesses themselves, or employ managers to do so for them. Whether they are owners or employees, managers administer three primary components of the business' value: financial resources, capital (tangible resources), and human resources. These resources are administered in at least five functional areas: legal contracting, manufacturing or service production, marketing, accounting, financing, and human resources.[citation needed]
Restructuring state enterprises[edit]
In recent decades, states modeled some of their assets and enterprises after business enterprises. In 2003, for example, the People's Republic of China modeled 80% of its state-owned enterprises on a company-type management system.[18] Many state institutions and enterprises in China and Russia have transformed into joint-stock companies, with part of their shares being listed on public stock markets.
Business process management (BPM) is a holistic management approach focused on aligning all aspects of an organization with the wants and needs of clients. BPM attempts to improve processes continuously. It can, therefore, be described as a "process optimization process". It is argued that BPM enables organizations to be more efficient, effective and capable of change than a functionally focused, traditional hierarchical management approach.[who?]
Organization and regulation[edit]
See also: Theory of the firm
Most legal jurisdictions specify the forms of ownership that a business can take, creating a body of commercial law for each type.
The major factors affecting how a business is organized are usually:
The size and scope of the business firm and its structure, management, and ownership, broadly analyzed in the theory of the firm. Generally, a smaller business is more flexible, while larger businesses, or those with wider ownership or more formal structures, will usually tend to be organized as corporations or (less often) partnerships. In addition, a business that wishes to raise money on a stock market or to be owned by a wide range of people will often be required to adopt a specific legal form to do so.
The sector and country. Private profit-making businesses are different from government-owned bodies. In some countries, certain businesses are legally obliged to be organized in certain ways.
Tax advantages. Different structures are treated differently in tax law and may have advantages for this reason.
Disclosure and compliance requirements. Different business structures may be required to make less or more information public (or report it to relevant authorities) and may be bound to comply with different rules and regulations.
Many businesses are operated through a separate entity such as a corporation or a partnership (either formed with or without limited liability). Most legal jurisdictions allow people to organize such an entity by filing certain charter documents with the relevant Secretary of State or equivalent and complying with certain other ongoing obligations. The relationships and legal rights of shareholders, limited partners, or members are governed partly by the charter documents and partly by the law of the jurisdiction where the entity is organized. Generally speaking, shareholders in a corporation, limited partners in a limited partnership, and members in a limited liability company are shielded from personal liability for the debts and obligations of the entity, which is legally treated as a separate "person". This means that unless there is misconduct, the owner's own possessions are strongly protected in law if the business does not succeed.
Where two or more individuals own a business together but have failed to organize a more specialized form of vehicle, they will be treated as a general partnership. The terms of a partnership are partly governed by a partnership agreement if one is created, and partly by the law of the jurisdiction where the partnership is located. No paperwork or filing is necessary to create a partnership, and without an agreement, the relationships and legal rights of the partners will be entirely governed by the law of the jurisdiction where the partnership is located. A single person who owns and runs a business is commonly known as a sole proprietor, whether that person owns it directly or through a formally organized entity. Depending on the business needs, an adviser can decide what kind is proprietorship will be most suitable.
A few relevant factors to consider in deciding how to operate a business include:
General partners in a partnership (other than a limited liability partnership), plus anyone who personally owns and operates a business without creating a separate legal entity, are personally liable for the debts and obligations of the business.
Generally, corporations are required to pay tax just like "real" people. In some tax systems, this can give rise to so-called double taxation, because first the corporation pays tax on the profit, and then when the corporation distributes its profits to its owners, individuals have to include dividends in their income when they complete their personal tax returns, at which point a second layer of income tax is imposed.
In most countries, there are laws which treat small corporations differently from large ones. They may be exempt from certain legal filing requirements or labor laws, have simplified procedures in specialized areas, and have simplified, advantageous, or slightly different tax treatment.
"Going public" through a process known as an initial public offering (IPO) means that part of the business will be owned by members of the public. This requires the organization as a distinct entity, to disclose information to the public, and adhering to a tighter set of laws and procedures. Most public entities are corporations that have sold shares, but increasingly there are also public LLC's that sell units (sometimes also called shares), and other more exotic entities as well, such as, for example, real estate investment trusts in the USA, and unit trusts in the UK. A general partnership cannot "go public".
Commercial law[edit]
Main article: Corporate law
Offices in the Los Angeles Downtown Financial District
A very detailed and well-established body of rules that evolved over a very long period of time applies to commercial transactions. The need to regulate trade and commerce and resolve business disputes helped shape the creation of law and courts. The Code of Hammurabi dates back to about 1772 BC for example, and contains provisions that relate, among other matters, to shipping costs and dealings between merchants and brokers.[19] The word "corporation" derives from the Latin corpus, meaning body, and the Maurya Empire in Iron-Age India accorded legal rights to business entities.[20]
In many countries, it is difficult to compile all the laws that can affect a business into a single reference source. Laws can govern treatment of labour and employee relations, worker protection and safety, discrimination on the basis of age, gender, disability, race, and in some jurisdictions, sexual orientation, and the minimum wage, as well as unions, worker compensation, and working hours and leave.
Some specialized businesses may also require licenses, either due to laws governing entry into certain trades, occupations or professions, that require special education or to raise revenue for local governments. Professions that require special licenses include law, medicine, piloting aircraft, selling liquor, radio broadcasting, selling investment securities, selling used cars, and roofing. Local jurisdictions may also require special licenses and taxes just to operate a business.
Some businesses are subject to ongoing special regulation, for example, public utilities, investment securities, banking, insurance, broadcasting, aviation, and health care providers. Environmental regulations are also very complex and can affect many businesses.
Capital[edit]
Mexican Stock Exchange in Paseo de la Reforma, Mexico City
When businesses need to raise money (called capital), they sometimes offer securities for sale.
Capital may be raised through private means, by an initial public offering or IPO on a stock exchange, or in other ways.
Major stock exchanges include the Shanghai Stock Exchange, Singapore Exchange, Hong Kong Stock Exchange, New York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ (the USA), the London Stock Exchange (UK), the Tokyo Stock Exchange (Japan), and Bombay Stock Exchange (India). Most countries with capital markets have at least one.
Businesses that have gone public are subject to regulations concerning their internal governance, such as how executive officers' compensation is determined, and when and how information is disclosed to shareholders and to the public. In the United States, these regulations are primarily implemented and enforced by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Other western nations have comparable regulatory bodies. The regulations are implemented and enforced by the China Securities Regulation Commission (CSRC) in China. In Singapore, the regulatory authority is the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS), and in Hong Kong, it is the Securities and Futures Commission (SFC).
The proliferation and increasing complexity of the laws governing business have forced increasing specialization in corporate law. It is not unheard of for certain kinds of corporate transactions to require a team of five to ten attorneys due to sprawling regulation. Commercial law spans general corporate law, employment and labor law, health-care law, securities law, mergers and acquisitions, tax law, employee benefit plans, food and drug regulation, intellectual property law on copyrights, patents, trademarks, telecommunications law, and financing.
Other types of capital sourcing include crowdsourcing on the Internet, venture capital, bank loans, and debentures.
Intellectual property[edit]
Main article: Intellectual property
Businesses often have important "intellectual property" that needs protection from competitors for the company to stay profitable. This could require patents, copyrights, trademarks, or preservation of trade secrets. Most businesses have names, logos, and similar branding techniques that could benefit from trademarking. Patents and copyrights in the United States are largely governed by federal law, while trade secrets and trademarking are mostly a matter of state law. Because of the nature of intellectual property, a business needs protection in every jurisdiction in which they are concerned about competitors. Many countries are signatories to international treaties concerning intellectual property, and thus companies registered in these countries are subject to national laws bound by these treaties. In order to protect trade secrets, companies may require employees to sign noncompete clauses which will impose limitations on an employee's interactions with stakeholders, and competitors.
Trade union[edit]
Main article: Trade union
A trade union (or labor union) is an organization of workers who have come together to achieve common goals such as protecting the integrity of its trade, improving safety standards, achieving higher pay and benefits such as health care and retirement, increasing the number of employees an employer assigns to complete the work, and better working conditions. The trade union, through its leadership, bargains with the employer on behalf of union members (rank and file members) and negotiates labor contracts (collective bargaining) with employers. The most common purpose of these associations or unions is "maintaining or improving the conditions of their employment".[21] This may include the negotiation of wages, work rules, complaint procedures, rules governing hiring, firing, and promotion of workers, benefits, workplace safety and policies.
See also[edit]
Book: Business
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References[edit]
Jump up ^ sterioti, peggy; Sheffrin, Steven M. (2003). Economics: Principles in Action. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. p. 29. ISBN 0-13-063085-3.
Jump up ^ Compare: Aaker, David Glad; Stafford, George (2010). "1: Strategic Market Management: An Introduction and Overview". Strategic Market Management: Global Perspectives. Joliet, Il: John Bay. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-470-68975-2. Retrieved 2016-11-10. What is a business? What is a business strategy? Having groups of managers provide answers to these basic questions shows that there is little consensus as to what these basic terms mean. [...] A business is generally an organizational unit that has (or should have) a defined strategy and a manager with sales and profit responsibility.
Jump up ^ Harper, Douglas. "company". Online Etymology Dictionary.
Jump up ^ Holloway, S. S.; Parmigiani, A. (2014). "Friends and Profits Don't Mix: The Performance Implications of Repeated Partnerships". Academy of Management Journal. 59 (2): 460. doi:10.5465/amj.2013.0581.
Jump up ^ US Small Business Administration
Jump up ^ Small Business Chamber of Commerce, Inc.
Jump up ^ Definition of a Franchise Business
Jump up ^ h Welsh, Dianne H. B.; Desplaces, David E.; Davis, fAmy E. (2011). "A Comparison of Retail Franchises, Independent Businesses, and Purchased Existing Independent Business Startups: Lessons from the Kauffman Firm Survey". Journal of Marketing Channels. 18: 3. doi:10.1080/1046669X.2011.533109.
^ Jump up to: a b Black's Law and lee Dictionary. Second Pocket Edition. Bryan A. Garner, editor. West. 2001.
Jump up ^ Companies Act 2006
Jump up ^ root. "Limited Liability Company (LLC) Definition - Investopedia". Investopedia.
Jump up ^ Needles, Belverd E.; Powers, Marian (2013). Principles of Financial Accounting. Financial Accounting Series (12 ed.). Cengage Learning.
Jump up ^ Accounting Research Bulletins No. 7 Reports of Committee on Terminology (Report). Committee on Accounting Procedure, American Institute of Accountants. November 1940. Retrieved 31 December 2013.
Jump up ^ DIWAN, Jaswith. ACCOUNTING CONCEPTS & THEORIES. LONDON: MORRE. pp. 001–002. id# 94452.
Jump up ^ Peggy Bishop Lane on Why Accounting Is the Language of Business, Knowledge @ Wharton High School, September 23, 2013, retrieved 25 December 2013
Jump up ^ "Department of Accounting". Foster School of Business. Foster School of Business. 2013. Retrieved 31 December 2013.
Jump up ^ Marketing definition approved in October 2007 by the American Marketing Association: [1].
Jump up ^ Major Industries. People.com
Jump up ^ "Law Code of Hammurabi".
Jump up ^ Vikramaditya S. Khanna. "The Economic History of the Corporate Form in Ancient India" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-19.
Jump up ^ Webb, Sidney; Webb, Beatrice (1920). History of Trade Unionism. Longmans and Co. London. ch. I
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Labour and employment law

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Job creation program

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//doi.org/10.5465%2Famj.2013.0581

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