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California
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For other uses, see California (disambiguation).
State of California
Flag Seal
Nickname(s): The Golden State
Motto(s): Eureka[1]
State song(s): "I Love You, California"
Official language
English
Spoken languages
Native languages as of 2007
English 57.4%[2]
Spanish 28.5%[3]
Chinese 2.8%[3]
Filipino 2.2%[3]
Demonym
Californian
Capital
Sacramento
Largest city
Los Angeles
Largest metro
Greater Los Angeles Area
Area
Ranked 3rd
• Total
163,696 sq mi
(423,970 km2)
• Width
250 miles (400 km)
• Length
770 miles (1,240 km)
• % water
4.7
• Latitude
32°32′ N to 42° N
• Longitude
114°8′ W to 124°26′ W
Population
Ranked 1st
• Total
39,536,653 (2017 est.)[4]
• Density
240/sq mi (92.6/km2)
Ranked 11th
• Median household income
$63,636[5] (13th)
Elevation
• Highest point
Mount Whitney[6][7][8][9]
14,505 ft (4,421.0 m)
• Mean
2,900 ft (880 m)
• Lowest point
Badwater Basin[10]
−279 ft (−85.0 m)
Before statehood
California Republic
Admission to Union
September 9, 1850 (31st)
Governor
Jerry Brown (D)
Lieutenant Governor
Gavin Newsom (D)[11]
Legislature
California State Legislature
• Upper house
California State Senate
• Lower house
California State Assembly
U.S. Senators
Dianne Feinstein (D)
Kamala Harris (D)
U.S. House delegation
39 Democrats
14 Republicans (list)
Time zones
Pacific Time Zone
• Standard time
PST (UTC−8)
• Summer time (DST)
PDT (UTC−7)
ISO 3166
US-CA
Abbreviations
CA, Calif., Cal.
Website
www.ca.gov
[show]California state symbols
The Flag of California
The Seal of California
Living insignia
Amphibian
California red-legged frog
Bird
California quail
Fish
Fresh water: Golden trout
Marine: Garibaldi
Flower
California poppy
Grass
Purple needlegrass
Insect
California dogface butterfly
Mammal
Land: California grizzly bear (State animal)[1]
Marine: Gray whale
Reptile
Desert tortoise
Tree
California redwood
Inanimate insignia
Colors
Blue & gold [12]
Dance
West Coast Swing
Folk dance
Square dance
Fossil
Sabre-toothed cat
Gemstone
Benitoite
Mineral
Native gold
Motto
Eureka[1]
Nickname
The Golden State
Rock
Serpentine
Soil
San Joaquin
Song
"I Love You, California"
Tartan
California State Tartan
State route marker
State quarter
Released in 2005
Lists of United States state symbols
California is a state in the Pacific Region of the United States. With 39.5 million residents, California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. The state capital is Sacramento. The Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation's second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, with 18.7 million and 8.8 million residents respectively.[13] Los Angeles is California's most populous city, and the country's second largest after New York City. California also has the nation's most populous county, Los Angeles County; its largest county by area, San Bernardino County; and its fifth most densely populated county, San Francisco.
California's $2.717 trillion economy is larger than that of any other state.[14] If it were a country, California would be the 5th largest economy in the world,[15] and the 36th most populous.[16] The Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation's second- and third-largest urban economies.[17] The San Francisco Bay Area combined statistical area has the nation's highest GDP per capita,[17] and is home to four of the world's ten largest companies by market capitalization[18] and four of the world's ten richest people.[19]
California is considered a global trendsetter in popular culture, innovation, and politics. It is the origin of the film industry, the hippie counterculture, the Internet,[20] and the personal computer, among others. The San Francisco Bay Area and the Greater Los Angeles Area are widely seen as centers of the global technology and entertainment industries, respectively. California has a very diverse economy: fifty-eight percent of the state's economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services.[21] Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the state's economy,[21] California's agriculture industry has the highest output of any U.S. state.[22]
California borders Oregon the north, Nevada and Arizona to the east, and the Mexican state of Baja California to the south. The state's diverse geography ranges from the Pacific Coast in the west to the Sierra Nevada mountain range in the east, and from the redwood–Douglas fir forests in the northwest to the Mojave Desert in the southeast. The Central Valley, a major agricultural area, dominates the state's center. Though California is well-known for its warm Mediterranean climate, the large size of the state results in climates that vary from moist temperate rainforest in the north to arid desert in the interior, as well as snowy alpine in the mountains.
What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries. The Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its successful war for independence but was ceded to the United States in 1848 after the Mexican–American War. The western portion of Alta California then was organized and admitted as the 31st state on September 9, 1850. The California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom.
Contents
[hide]
1 Etymology
2 History
2.1 The first inhabitants
2.2 Colonial and Spanish periods
2.3 California under Mexican rule
2.4 California Republic and American invasion
2.5 Early American statehood period
2.5.1 Indigenous peoples under early American administration
2.6 20th century
3 Geography
3.1 Climate
3.2 Ecology
3.3 Flora and fauna
3.4 Rivers
3.5 Regions
4 Demography
4.1 Population
4.2 Cities and towns
4.2.1 Migration
4.3 National origins
4.4 Languages
5 Culture
5.1 Religion
5.2 Sports
5.3 Education
5.4 Twin region
6 Economy
6.1 State finances
7 Infrastructure
7.1 Energy
7.2 Transportation
7.3 Water
8 Government and politics
8.1 State government
8.1.1 Local government
8.1.1.1 Counties
8.1.1.2 City and town governments
8.1.1.3 School districts and special districts
8.2 Federal representation
8.3 Armed forces
8.4 Ideology
9 See also
10 Notes
11 References
11.1 Works cited
12 Further reading
13 External links
Etymology
Main articles: Etymology of California and Island of California
The word California originally referred to the Baja California Peninsula of Mexico; it was later extended to the entire region composed of the current United States states of California, Nevada, and Utah, and parts of Arizona, New Mexico, Texas and Wyoming.[23]
The name California is surmised by some writers to have derived from the fictional paradise peopled by Black Amazons and ruled by Queen Calafia,[24][25] who fought alongside Muslims and whose name was chosen to echo the title of a Muslim leader, the Caliph, fictionally implying that California was the Caliphate.[26] The story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo.[27][28][29] The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a remote land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts, and rich in gold.
Know ye that at the right hand of the Indies there is an island called California, very close to that part of the Terrestrial Paradise, which was inhabited by black women without a single man among them, and they lived in the manner of Amazons. They were robust of body with strong passionate hearts and great virtue. The island itself is one of the wildest in the world on account of the bold and craggy rocks.
—  Chapter CLVII of The Adventures of Esplandián[30]
When Spanish explorer Francisco de Ulloa was exploring the western coast of North America, his initial surveys of the Baja California Peninsula led him to believe that it was an island rather than part of the larger continent, so he dubbed the "island" after the mythical island in Montalvo's writing.[31] This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, lasted as late as the 18th century.[32]
Shortened forms of the state's name include CA, Cal., Calif. and US-CA.
History
Main article: History of California
A map of California tribal groups and languages at the time of European contact.
The first inhabitants
Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years (although increasing numbers of pre-Clovis finds around the Americas indicates humans may have arrived up to 40,000 years earlier), California was one of the most culturally and linguistically diverse areas in pre-Columbian North America. Various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000.[33] The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. Most of these peoples were parts of larger ethno-linguistic groups spread across the modern Mexican-USA border and California's borders with other states, including speakers of Uto-Aztecan, Athabaskan, and Salishan languages. California groups also were diverse in their political organization with bands, tribes, villages, and on the resource-rich coasts, large chiefdoms, such as the Chumash, Pomo and Salinan. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups.
Colonial and Spanish periods
Mission San Diego de Alcalá drawn as it was in 1848. Established in 1769, it was the first of the California Missions.
The Russian Empire established their largest settlement in California at Fort Ross in 1812
The first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed an undefined portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their return trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565.[34] The first Asians to set foot on what would be the United States occurred in 1587, when Filipino sailors arrived in Spanish ships at Morro Bay.[35] Sebastián Vizcaíno explored and mapped the coast of California in 1602 for New Spain.
Despite the on-the-ground explorations of California in the 16th century, Rodríguez's idea of California as an island persisted. That depiction appeared on many European maps well into the 18th century.[36]
After the Portolà expedition of 1769–70, Spanish missionaries began setting up 21 California Missions on or near the coast of Alta (Upper) California, beginning in San Diego. During the same period, Spanish military forces built several forts (presidios) and three small towns (pueblos). The San Francisco Mission grew into the city of San Francisco, and two of the pueblos grew into the cities of Los Angeles and San Jose. Several other smaller cities and towns also sprang up surrounding the various Spanish missions and pueblos, which remain to this day.
The Spanish colonization began the genocide of the indigenous Californian peoples, decimating their numbers through epidemics of various diseases for which the indigenous peoples had no natural immunity, such as measles and diphtheria.[37] The establishment of the Spanish systems of government and social structure, which the Spanish settlers had brought with them, also technologically and culturally overwhelmed the societies of the earlier indigenous peoples.
During this same period, Russian ships also explored along the California coast and in 1812 established a trading post at Fort Ross. Russia's early 19th-century coastal settlements in California were positioned just north of the northernmost edge of the area of Spanish settlement in San Francisco Bay, and were the southernmost Russian settlements in North America. The Russian settlements associated with Fort Ross were spread over an area stretching from Point Arena to Tomales Bay.[38]
California under Mexican rule
Map showing Alta California in 1838 when it was a sparsely populated Mexican province.[39]
In 1821, the Mexican War of Independence gave Mexico (including California) independence from Spain. For the next 25 years, Alta California remained as a remote, sparsely populated, northwestern administrative district of the newly independent country of Mexico.
Cattle ranches, or ranchos, emerged as the dominant institutions of Mexican California. Soon after Mexican independence from Spain, the chain of missions became the property of the Mexican government and was secularized by 1834.[40] The ranchos developed under ownership by Californios (Spanish-speaking Californians) who had received land grants, and traded cowhides and tallow with Boston merchants.
From the 1820s, trappers and settlers from the United States and the future Canada arrived in Northern California. These new arrivals used the Siskiyou Trail, California Trail, Oregon Trail and Old Spanish Trail to cross the rugged mountains and harsh deserts in and surrounding California.
The early government of the newly independent Mexico was highly unstable, and in a reflection of this, from 1831 onwards, California also experienced a series of armed disputes, both between regional areas, and also revolts against the central Mexican government.[41] During this tumultuous political period Juan Bautista Alvarado was able to secure the governorship from 1836 - 1842.[42] The military action which first brought Alvarado to power had momentarily declared California to be an independent state, and had been aided by American and British residents of California,[43] including Isaac Graham.[44] In 1840, one hundred of those residents who did not have passports were arrested, leading to the Graham affair.[43]
One of the largest ranchers in California was John Marsh. After failing to obtain justice against squatters on his land from the Mexican courts, he determined that California should become part of the United States. Marsh conducted a letter-writing campaign espousing the California climate, soil and other reasons to settle there, as well as the best route to follow, which became known as "Marsh's route." His letters were read, reread, passed around, and printed in newspapers throughout the country, and started the first wagon trains rolling to California.[45] He invited immigrants to stay on his ranch until they could get settled, and assisted in their obtaining passports.[46]
After ushering in the period of organized emigration to California, Marsh helped end the rule of the last Mexican governor of California, thereby paving the way to California's ultimate acquisition by the United States.[47]
California Republic and American invasion
The original of Todd's Bear Flag, photographed in 1890
In 1846, a group of American settlers in and around Sonoma rebelled against Mexican rule during the Bear Flag Revolt. Afterwards, rebels raised the Bear Flag (featuring a bear, a star, a red stripe and the words "California Republic") at Sonoma. The Republic's only president was William B. Ide,[48] who played a pivotal role during the Bear Flag Revolt. This revolt by American settlers served as a prelude to the later American military invasion of California, and was closely coordinated with nearby American military commanders.
The California Republic was short lived;[49] the same year marked the outbreak of the Mexican–American War (1846–48).[50] When Commodore John D. Sloat of the United States Navy sailed into Monterey Bay and began the military occupation of California by the United States, Northern California capitulated in less than a month to the United States forces.[51] After a series of defensive battles in Southern California, the Treaty of Cahuenga was signed by the Californios on January 13, 1847, securing American control in California.[52]
Early American statehood period
Chinese gold miners in California
The US Congress admits California to the Union in the Compromise of 1850
Merchant ships fill San Francisco harbor in 1850 or 1851
Guidon of the California 100 Company (Company A) during the Civil War
Depiction of the 1869 completion of the first trans-continental railway. The Last Spike (1881) by Thomas Hill.
Following the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (February 2, 1848) that ended the war, the westernmost portion of the old Mexican territory of Alta California soon became the American state of California, and the remainder of the old territory was then subdivided into the new American Territories of Arizona, Nevada, Colorado and Utah. The lightly populated and arid lower region of old Baja California remained as a part of Mexico. In 1846, the total settler population of the western part of the old Alta California had been estimated to be no more than 8,000, plus about 100,000 Native Americans, down from about 300,000 before Hispanic settlement in 1769.[53]
In 1848, only one week before the official American annexation of the area, gold was discovered in California, this being an event which was to forever alter both the state's demographics and its finances. Soon afterward, a massive influx of immigration into the area resulted, as prospectors and miners arrived by the thousands. The population burgeoned with United States citizens, Europeans, Chinese and other immigrants during the great California Gold Rush. By the time of California's application to the US Congress for statehood in 1850, the settler population of California had multiplied to 100,000. By 1854 over 300,000 settlers had come.[54] Between 1847 and 1870, the population of San Francisco increased from 500 to 150,000.[55] California was suddenly no longer a sparsely populated backwater, but seemingly overnight it had grown into a major US population center.
The seat of government for California under Spanish and later Mexican rule had been located in Monterey from 1777 until 1845.[40] Pio Pico, last Mexican governor of Alta California, had briefly moved the capital to Los Angeles in 1845. The United States consulate had also been located in Monterey, under consul Thomas O. Larkin.
In 1849, a state Constitutional Convention was first held in Monterey. Among the first tasks of the Convention was a decision on a location for the new state capital. The first full legislative sessions were held in San Jose (1850–1851). Subsequent locations included Vallejo (1852–1853), and nearby Benicia (1853–1854); these locations eventually proved to be inadequate as well. The capital has been located in Sacramento since 1854[56] with only a short break in 1862 when legislative sessions were held in San Francisco due to flooding in Sacramento.
Once the state's Constitutional Convention had finalized its state constitution, it applied to the US Congress for admission to statehood. On September 9, 1850, as part of the Compromise of 1850, California was officially admitted into the United States as an undivided free state. Its status as a 'free state' prevented the expansion of slavery to the Pacific Coast, which question was then a foremost concern for the pre-Civil War US Congress. Within the state of California, Sep 9 remains as an annually celebrated legal holiday known as California Admission Day.
During the American Civil War (1861–1865), California was able to send gold shipments eastwards to Washington in support of the Union cause,[57] however due to the existence of a large contingent of pro-South sympathizers within the state, the state was not able to muster any full military regiments to send eastwards to officially serve in the Union war effort. Still, several smaller military units within the Union army were unofficially associated with the state of California, such as the "California 100 Company", due to a majority of their members being from California.
At the time of California's admission into the Union, travel between California and the rest of the continental United States had been a time consuming and dangerous feat. Nineteen years afterwards, in 1869, shortly after the conclusion of the Civil War, a more direct connection was developed with the completion of the First Transcontinental Railroad at Promontory Summit, Utah. Once completed, hundreds of thousands of United States citizens were enabled to easily migrate westwards into the state.
Upon their arrival in California, the new Californians were able to discover that if irrigated during the dry summer months, that much of California was extremely well suited to fruit cultivation and agriculture in general. Vast expanses of wheat, other cereal crops, vegetable crops, cotton, and nut and fruit trees were grown (including oranges in Southern California), and the foundation was laid for the state's prodigious agricultural production in the Central Valley and elsewhere.
Indigenous peoples under early American administration
Group of California indigenous people.
Under earlier Spanish and Mexican rule, California's original native population had precipitously declined, above all, from Eurasian diseases to which the indigenous people of California had not yet developed a natural immunity.[58] Under its new American administration, California's harsh governmental policies towards its own indigenous people did not improve. As in other American states, many of the native inhabitants were soon forcibly removed from their lands by incoming American settlers such as miners, ranchers, and farmers. Although California had entered the American union as a free state, the "loitering or orphaned Indians" were de facto enslaved by their new Anglo-American masters under the 1853 Act for the Government and Protection of Indians.[59] There were also massacres in which hundreds of indigenous people were killed.
Between 1850 and 1860, the California state government paid around 1.5 million dollars (some 250,000 of which was reimbursed by the federal government)[60] to hire militias whose purpose was to protect settlers from the indigenous populations. In later decades, the native population was placed in reservations and rancherias, which were often small and isolated and without enough natural resources or funding from the government to sustain the populations living on them.[59] As a result, the rise of California was a calamity for the native inhabitants. Several scholars and Native American activists, including Benjamin Madley and Ed Castillo, have described the actions of the California government as a genocide.[61]
20th century
Hollywood film studios, 1922
The "Birthplace of Silicon Valley" garage, where Stanford University graduates William Hewlett and David Packard developed their first product in the 1930s
Migration to California accelerated during the early 20th century with the completion of major transcontinental highways like the Lincoln Highway and Route 66. In the period from 1900 to 1965, the population grew from fewer than one million to become the most populous state in the Union. In 1940, the Census Bureau reported California's population as 6.0% Hispanic, 2.4% Asian, and 89.5% non-Hispanic white.[62]
To meet the population's needs, major engineering feats like the California and Los Angeles Aqueducts; the Oroville and Shasta Dams; and the Bay and Golden Gate Bridges were built across the state. The state government also adopted the California Master Plan for Higher Education in 1960 to develop a highly efficient system of public education.
Meanwhile, attracted to the mild Mediterranean climate, cheap land, and the state's wide variety of geography, filmmakers established the studio system in Hollywood in the 1920s. California manufactured 8.7 percent of total United States military armaments produced during World War II, ranking third (behind New York and Michigan) among the 48 states.[63] California however easily ranked 1st, in production of Military Ships during the war (transport, cargo, [Merchant Ships] such as Liberty ships, Victory ships, and Warships) at drydock facilities in San Diego, Los Angeles, and the San Francisco Bay Area.[64][65][66][67] After World War II, California's economy greatly expanded due to strong aerospace and defense industries,[68] whose size decreased following the end of the Cold War.[68][69] Stanford University and its Dean of Engineering Frederick Terman began encouraging faculty and graduates to stay in California instead of leaving the state, and develop a high-tech region in the area now known as Silicon Valley.[70] As a result of these efforts, California is regarded as a world center of the entertainment and music industries, of technology, engineering, and the aerospace industry, and as the United States center of agricultural production.[71] Just before the "Dot Com Bust" California had the 5th largest economy in the world among nations.[72] Yet since 1991, and starting in the late 1980s in Southern California, California has seen a net loss of domestic migrants most years. This is often referred to by the media as the California exodus.[73]
During the 20th century, two great disasters happened in California. The 1906 San Francisco earthquake and 1928 St. Francis Dam flood remain the deadliest in U.S history.[74]
Geography
Main article: Geography of California
A topographic map of California
A forest of redwood trees in Redwood National Park
Köppen climate types in California
Mount Shasta
Aerial view of the California Central Valley
Big Sur coast, south of Monterey at Bixby Bridge
Yosemite National Park
Snow on the Sierra Nevada in eastern California
Death Valley, in the Mojave Desert
Potato Harbor, named for its distinctive ovular and bumpy shape,[75] on Santa Cruz Island
The coastline along Laguna Beach in Southern California
Cylindropuntia bigelovii in the Joshua Tree National Park
Mojave National Preserve
The Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta viewed from above, with the Sacramento River above and San Joaquin River below
California is the 3rd largest state in the United States in area, after Alaska and Texas.[76] California is often geographically bisected into two regions, Southern California, comprising the 10 southernmost counties,[77][78] and Northern California, comprising the 48 northernmost counties.[79][80] It is bordered by Oregon to the north, Nevada to the east and northeast, Arizona to the southeast, the Pacific Ocean to the west and it shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California to the south.
In the middle of the state lies the California Central Valley, bounded by the Sierra Nevada in the east, the coastal mountain ranges in the west, the Cascade Range to the north and by the Tehachapi Mountains in the south. The Central Valley is California's productive agricultural heartland.
Divided in two by the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta, the northern portion, the Sacramento Valley serves as the watershed of the Sacramento River, while the southern portion, the San Joaquin Valley is the watershed for the San Joaquin River. Both valleys derive their names from the rivers that flow through them. With dredging, the Sacramento and the San Joaquin Rivers have remained deep enough for several inland cities to be seaports.
The Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta is a critical water supply hub for the state. Water is diverted from the delta and through an extensive network of pumps and canals that traverse nearly the length of the state, to the Central Valley and the State Water Projects and other needs. Water from the Delta provides drinking water for nearly 23 million people, almost two-thirds of the state's population as well as water for farmers on the west side of the San Joaquin Valley.
Suisun Bay lies at the confluence of the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers. The water is drained by the Carquinez Strait, which flows into San Pablo Bay, a northern extension of San Francisco Bay, which then connects to the Pacific Ocean via the Golden Gate strait.
The Channel Islands are located off the Southern coast, while the Farallon Islands lie west of San Francisco.
The Sierra Nevada (Spanish for "snowy range") includes the highest peak in the contiguous 48 states, Mount Whitney, at 14,505 feet (4,421 m).[6][7][8] The range embraces Yosemite Valley, famous for its glacially carved domes, and Sequoia National Park, home to the giant sequoia trees, the largest living organisms on Earth, and the deep freshwater lake, Lake Tahoe, the largest lake in the state by volume.
To the east of the Sierra Nevada are Owens Valley and Mono Lake, an essential migratory bird habitat. In the western part of the state is Clear Lake, the largest freshwater lake by area entirely in California. Though Lake Tahoe is larger, it is divided by the California/Nevada border. The Sierra Nevada falls to Arctic temperatures in winter and has several dozen small glaciers, including Palisade Glacier, the southernmost glacier in the United States.
About 45 percent of the state's total surface area is covered by forests,[81] and California's diversity of pine species is unmatched by any other state. California contains more forestland than any other state except Alaska. Many of the trees in the California White Mountains are the oldest in the world; an individual bristlecone pine is over 5,000 years old.[82][83]
In the south is a large inland salt lake, the Salton Sea. The south-central desert is called the Mojave; to the northeast of the Mojave lies Death Valley, which contains the lowest and hottest place in North America, the Badwater Basin at −279 feet (−85 m).[10] The horizontal distance from the bottom of Death Valley to the top of Mount Whitney is less than 90 miles (140 km). Indeed, almost all of southeastern California is arid, hot desert, with routine extreme high temperatures during the summer. The southeastern border of California with Arizona is entirely formed by the Colorado River, from which the southern part of the state gets about half of its water.
A majority of California's cities are located in either the San Francisco Bay Area or the Sacramento metropolitan area in Northern California; or the Los Angeles area, the Riverside-San Bernardino-Inland Empire, or the San Diego metropolitan area in Southern California. The Los Angeles Area, the Bay Area, and the San Diego metropolitan area are among several major metropolitan areas along the California coast.
As part of the Ring of Fire, California is subject to tsunamis, floods, droughts, Santa Ana winds, wildfires, landslides on steep terrain, and has several volcanoes. It has many earthquakes due to several faults running through the state, in particular, the San Andreas Fault. About 37,000 earthquakes are recorded each year, but most are too small to be felt.[84]
Climate
Main article: Climate of California
Although most of the state has a Mediterranean climate, due to the state's large size, the climate ranges from subarctic to subtropical. The cool California Current offshore often creates summer fog near the coast. Farther inland, there are colder winters and hotter summers. The maritime moderation results in the shoreline summertime temperatures of Los Angeles and San Francisco being the coolest of all major metropolitan areas of the United States and uniquely cool compared to areas on the same latitude in the interior and on the east coast of the North American continent. Even the San Diego shoreline bordering Mexico is cooler in summer than most areas in the contiguous United States. Just a few miles inland, summer temperature extremes are significantly higher, with downtown Los Angeles being several degrees warmer than at the coast. The same microclimate phenomenon is seen in the climate of the Bay Area, where areas sheltered from the sea experience significantly hotter summers than nearby areas that are close to the ocean.
Northern parts of the state have more rain than the south. California's mountain ranges also influence the climate: some of the rainiest parts of the state are west-facing mountain slopes. Northwestern California has a temperate climate, and the Central Valley has a Mediterranean climate but with greater temperature extremes than the coast. The high mountains, including the Sierra Nevada, have an alpine climate with snow in winter and mild to moderate heat in summer.
California's mountains produce rain shadows on the eastern side, creating extensive deserts. The higher elevation deserts of eastern California have hot summers and cold winters, while the low deserts east of the Southern California mountains have hot summers and nearly frostless mild winters. Death Valley, a desert with large expanses below sea level, is considered the hottest location in the world; the highest temperature in the world,[85][86] 134 °F (56.7 °C), was recorded there on July 10, 1913. The lowest temperature in California was −45 °F (−43 °C) in 1937 in Boca.
The table below lists average temperatures for August and December in a selection of places throughout the state; some highly populated and some not. This includes the relatively cool summers of the Humboldt Bay region around Eureka, the extreme heat of Death Valley, and the mountain climate of Mammoth in the Sierra Nevadas.
Average temperatures and precipitation for selected communities in California[87]
Location
August
(°F)
August
(°C)
December
(°F)
December
(°C)
Annual
Precipitation
(mm/in)
Downtown Los Angeles 84/64 29/18 67/47 20/8 377/15
LAX/LA Beaches 75/65 23/18 64/48 18/9 326/13
San Jose 82/58 27/14 58/42 14/5 401/16
San Francisco 68/55 20/12 57/46 14/8 538/21
San Diego 76/66 24/19 64/48 18/9 262/10
Oakland 73/57 23/14 58/44 14/7 588/23
Sacramento 91/58 33/14 54/38 12/3 469/18
Fresno 97/66 36/19 55/38 12/3 292/11
Riverside 96/64 35/18 68/41 21/5 260/10
Eureka 62/53 16/11 55/42 12/5 960/38
Ecology
Main article: Ecology of California
See also: Environment of California
Mount Whitney (top) is less than 90 miles (140 km) away from Badwater Basin in Death Valley (bottom)
California is one of the richest and most diverse parts of the world, and includes some of the most endangered ecological communities. California is part of the Nearctic ecozone and spans a number of terrestrial ecoregions.[88]
California's large number of endemic species includes relict species, which have died out elsewhere, such as the Catalina ironwood (Lyonothamnus floribundus). Many other endemics originated through differentiation or adaptive radiation, whereby multiple species develop from a common ancestor to take advantage of diverse ecological conditions such as the California lilac (Ceanothus). Many California endemics have become endangered, as urbanization, logging, overgrazing, and the introduction of exotic species have encroached on their habitat.
Flora and fauna
Main articles: Fauna of California and California Floristic Province
See also: List of California native plants
See also: List of invertebrates of California
California boasts several superlatives in its collection of flora: the largest trees, the tallest trees, and the oldest trees. California's native grasses are perennial plants.[89] After European contact, these were generally replaced by invasive species of European annual grasses; and, in modern times, California's hills turn a characteristic golden-brown in summer.[90]
Because California has the greatest diversity of climate and terrain, the state has six life zones which are the lower Sonoran (desert); upper Sonoran (foothill regions and some coastal lands), transition (coastal areas and moist northeastern counties); and the Canadian, Hudsonian, and Arctic Zones, comprising the state's highest elevations.[91]
Plant life in the dry climate of the lower Sonoran zone contains a diversity of native cactus, mesquite, and paloverde. The Joshua tree is found in the Mojave Desert. Flowering plants include the dwarf desert poppy and a variety of asters. Fremont cottonwood and valley oak thrive in the Central Valley. The upper Sonoran zone includes the chaparral belt, characterized by forests of small shrubs, stunted trees, and herbaceous plants. Nemophila, mint, Phacelia, Viola, and the California poppy (Eschscholzia californica) – the state flower – also flourish in this zone, along with the lupine, more species of which occur here than anywhere else in the world.[91]
The transition zone includes most of California's forests with the redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) and the "big tree" or giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum), among the oldest living things on earth (some are said to have lived at least 4,000 years). Tanbark oak, California laurel, sugar pine, madrona, broad-leaved maple, and Douglas-fir also grow here. Forest floors are covered with swordfern, alumnroot, barrenwort, and trillium, and there are thickets of huckleberry, azalea, elder, and wild currant. Characteristic wild flowers include varieties of mariposa, tulip, and tiger and leopard lilies.[92]
The high elevations of the Canadian zone allow the Jeffrey pine, red fir, and lodgepole pine to thrive. Brushy areas are abundant with dwarf manzanita and ceanothus; the unique Sierra puffball is also found here. Right below the timberline, in the Hudsonian zone, the whitebark, foxtail, and silver pines grow. At about 10,500 feet (3,200 m), begins the Arctic zone, a treeless region whose flora include a number of wildflowers, including Sierra primrose, yellow columbine, alpine buttercup, and alpine shooting star.[91][93]
Common plants that have been introduced to the state include the eucalyptus, acacia, pepper tree, geranium, and Scotch broom. The species that are federally classified as endangered are the Contra Costa wallflower, Antioch Dunes evening primrose, Solano grass, San Clemente Island larkspur, salt marsh bird's beak, McDonald's rock-cress, and Santa Barbara Island liveforever. As of December 1997[update], 85 plant species were listed as threatened or endangered.[91]
In the deserts of the lower Sonoran zone, the mammals include the jackrabbit, kangaroo rat, squirrel, and opossum. Common birds include the owl, roadrunner, cactus wren, and various species of hawk. The area's reptilian life include the sidewinder viper, desert tortoise, and horned toad. The upper Sonoran zone boasts mammals such as the antelope, brown-footed woodrat, and ring-tailed cat. Birds unique to this zone are the California thrasher, bushtit, and California condor.[91][94][95][96]
In the transition zone, there are Colombian black-tailed deer, black bears, gray foxes, cougars, bobcats, and Roosevelt elk. Reptiles such as the garter snakes and rattlesnakes inhabit the zone. In addition, amphibians such as the water puppy and redwood salamander are common too. Birds such as the kingfisher, chickadee, towhee, and hummingbird thrive here as well.[91][97]
The Canadian zone mammals include the mountain weasel, snowshoe hare, and several species of chipmunks. Conspicuous birds include the blue-fronted jay, Sierra chickadee. Sierra hermit thrush, water ouzel, and Townsend's solitaire. As one ascends into the Hudsonian zone, birds become scarcer. While the Sierra rosy finch is the only bird native to the high Arctic region, other bird species such as the hummingbird and Clark's nutcracker. Principal mammals found in this region include the Sierra coney, white-tailed jackrabbit, and the bighorn sheep. As of April 2003[update], the bighorn sheep was listed as endangered by the US Fish and Wildlife Service. The fauna found throughout several zones are the mule deer, coyote, mountain lion, northern flicker, and several species of hawk and sparrow.[91]
Aquatic life in California thrives, from the state's mountain lakes and streams to the rocky Pacific coastline. Numerous trout species are found, among them rainbow, golden, and cutthroat. Migratory species of salmon are common as well. Deep-sea life forms include sea bass, yellowfin tuna, barracuda, and several types of whale. Native to the cliffs of northern California are seals, sea lions, and many types of shorebirds, including migratory species.[91]
As of April 2003, 118 California animals were on the federal endangered list; 181 plants were listed as endangered or threatened. Endangered animals include the San Joaquin kitfox, Point Arena mountain beaver, Pacific pocket mouse, salt marsh harvest mouse, Morro Bay kangaroo rat (and five other species of kangaroo rat), Amargosa vole, California least tern, California condor, loggerhead shrike, San Clemente sage sparrow, San Francisco garter snake, five species of salamander, three species of chub, and two species of pupfish. Eleven butterflies are also endangered[98] and two that are threatened are on the federal list.[99][100] Among threatened animals are the coastal California gnatcatcher, Paiute cutthroat trout, southern sea otter, and northern spotted owl. California has a total of 290,821 acres (1,176.91 km2) of National Wildlife Refuges.[91] As of September 2010[update], 123 California animals were listed as either endangered or threatened on the federal list provided by the US Fish & Wildlife Service.[101] Also, as of the same year[update], 178 species of California plants were listed either as endangered or threatened on this federal list.[101]
Rivers
Main article: List of rivers of California
The vast majority of rivers in California are dammed as part of two massive water projects: the Central Valley Project, providing water to the agricultural central valley, and the California State Water Project diverting water from northern to southern California. The state's coasts, rivers, and other bodies of water are regulated by the California Coastal Commission.
The two most prominent rivers within California are the Sacramento River and the San Joaquin River, which drain the Central Valley and the west slope of the Sierra Nevada and flow to the Pacific Ocean through San Francisco Bay. Several major tributaries feed into the Sacramento and the San Joaquin, including the Pit River, the Tuolumne River, and the Feather River.
The Eel River and Salinas River each drain portions of the California coast, north and south of San Francisco Bay, respectively, and the Eel River is the largest river in the state to remain in its natural un-dammed state. The Mojave River is the primary watercourse in the Mojave Desert, and the Santa Ana River drains much of the Transverse Ranges as it bisects Southern California. Some other important rivers are the Klamath River and the Trinity River in the far north coast, and the Colorado River on the southeast border with Arizona.
Regions
Further information: List of regions of California and List of places in California
Coastal California
North Coast
Greater Bay Area
Central Coast
South Coast
Greater Los Angeles
Greater San Diego
Channel Islands
Northern California
Cascade Range
Klamath Mountains
North Coast
Greater Sacramento
Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta
Northern Sacramento Valley
Central California
North Coast (California)
Greater Bay Area
Northern Sierra
Central California
Greater Sacramento
Northern Sacramento Valley
San Joaquin Valley
Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta
Central Coast
Eastern California
Central Sierra
Inland Empire
Southern California
South Coast
Greater Los Angeles
Channel Islands
Inland Empire
Southern Border Region
Greater San Diego–Tijuana
Greater El Centro
Demography
Main article: Demography of California
Population
Historical population
Census
Pop.
%±
1850 92,597 —
1860 379,994 310.4%
1870 560,247 47.4%
1880 864,694 54.3%
1890 1,213,398 40.3%
1900 1,485,053 22.4%
1910 2,377,549 60.1%
1920 3,426,861 44.1%
1930 5,677,251 65.7%
1940 6,907,387 21.7%
1950 10,586,223 53.3%
1960 15,717,204 48.5%
1970 19,953,134 27.0%
1980 23,667,902 18.6%
1990 29,760,021 25.7%
2000 33,871,648 13.8%
2010 37,253,956 10.0%
Est. 2017 39,536,653 6.1%
Sources: 1790–1990, 2000, 2010, 2016[102][103][104]
Chart does not include Indigenous population figures.
Studies indicate that the Native American
population in California in 1850 was close to 150,000
before declining to 15,000 by 1900.[59][105]
Los Angeles is the second most populous city in the U.S. after New York City.
The population density of California
The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of California was 39,250,017 on July 1, 2016, a 5.4% increase since the 2010 United States Census. The population is projected to reach 40 million by 2018 and 50 million by 2055.[106]
Between 2000 and 2009, there was a natural increase of 3,090,016 (5,058,440 births minus 2,179,958 deaths).[107] During this time period, international migration produced a net increase of 1,816,633 people while domestic migration produced a net decrease of 1,509,708, resulting in a net in-migration of 306,925 people.[107] The state of California's own statistics show a population of 38,292,687 for January 1, 2009.[108] However, according to the Manhattan Institute for Policy Research, since 1990 almost 3.4 million Californians have moved to other states, with most leaving to Texas, Nevada, and Arizona.[109]
California is the 2nd-most populous subnational entity in the Western Hemisphere and the Americas, with a population second to that of the state of São Paulo in Brazil.[110] California's population is greater than that of all but 34 countries of the world.[111][112] The Greater Los Angeles Area is the 2nd-largest metropolitan area in the United States, after the New York metropolitan area, while Los Angeles, with nearly half the population of New York City, is the second-largest city in the United States. Also, Los Angeles County has held the title of most populous United States county for decades, and it alone is more populous than 42 United States states.[113][114] Including Los Angeles, four of the top 15 most populous cities in the U.S. are in California: Los Angeles (2nd), San Diego (8th), San Jose (10th), and San Francisco (13th). The center of population of California is located in the town of Buttonwillow, Kern County.[note 1]
Cities and towns
See also: List of cities and towns in California and List of largest California cities by population
The state has 482 incorporated cities and towns, of which 460 are cities and 22 are towns. Under California law, the terms "city" and "town" are explicitly interchangeable; the name of an incorporated municipality in the state can either be "City of (Name)" or "Town of (Name)".[116]
Sacramento became California's first incorporated city on February 27, 1850.[117] San Jose, San Diego and Benicia tied for California's second incorporated city, each receiving incorporation on March 27, 1850.[118][119][120] Jurupa Valley became the state's most recent and 482nd incorporated municipality on July 1, 2011.[121][122]
The majority of these cities and towns are within one of five metropolitan areas: the Los Angeles Metropolitan Area, the San Francisco Bay Area, the Riverside-San Bernardino Area, the San Diego metropolitan area, or the Sacramento metropolitan area.
v
t
e
Largest cities or towns in California
Source:[123]
Rank
Name
County
Pop.

Los Angeles

San Diego 1 Los Angeles Los Angeles 3,976,322
San Jose

San Francisco
2 San Diego San Diego 1,406,630
3 San Jose Santa Clara 1,025,350
4 San Francisco San Francisco 870,887
5 Fresno Fresno 522,053
6 Sacramento Sacramento 495,234
7 Long Beach Los Angeles 470,130
8 Oakland Alameda 420,005
9 Bakersfield Kern 376,380
10 Anaheim Orange 351,043
Migration
Starting in the year 2010, for the first time since the California Gold Rush, California-born residents make up the majority of the state's population.[124] Along with the rest of the United States, California's immigration pattern has also shifted over the course of the late 2000s-early 2010s.[125] Immigration from Latin American countries has dropped significantly with most immigrants now coming from Asia.[126] In total for 2011, there were 277,304 immigrants. 57% came from Asian countries vs. 22% from Latin American countries.[126] Net immigration from Mexico, previously the most common country of origin for new immigrants, has dropped to zero/less than zero since more Mexican nationals are departing for their home country than immigrating.[125] As a result it is projected that Hispanic citizens will constitute 49% of the population by 2060, instead of the previously projected 2050, due primarily to domestic births.[125][127]
The state's population of undocumented immigrants has been shrinking in recent years, due to increased enforcement and decreased job opportunities for lower-skilled workers.[128] The number of migrants arrested attempting to cross the Mexican border in the Southwest decreased from a high of 1.1 million in 2005 to 367,000 in 2011.[129] Despite these recent trends, illegal aliens constituted an estimated 7.3 percent of the state's population, the third highest percentage of any state in the country,[130][note 2] totaling nearly 2.6 million.[131] In particular, illegal immigrants tended to be concentrated in Los Angeles, Monterey, San Benito, Imperial, and Napa Counties – the latter four of which have significant agricultural industries that depend on manual labor.[132] More than half of illegal immigrants originate from Mexico.[131]
National origins
According to the United States Census Bureau in 2016 the population self-identifies as (alone or in combination):[133]
72.7% White (including Non-Hispanic whites/Anglos and Hispanics)
14.8% Asian
6.5% Black or African American
3.8% Two or More Races
1.7% Native American and Alaska Native
0.5% Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander
By ethnicity, in 2016 the population was 61.1% non-Hispanic (of any race) and 38.9% Hispanic or Latino (of any race).[133] Non-Hispanic whites constituted 37.7% of the state's population.[133]
As of 2011, 75.1% of California's population younger than age 1 were minorities, meaning that they had at least one parent who was not non-Hispanic white (white Hispanics are counted as minorities).[134]
In terms of total numbers, California has the largest population of White Americans in the United States, an estimated 22,200,000 residents. The state has the 5th largest population of African Americans in the United States, an estimated 2,250,000 residents. California's Asian American population is estimated at 4.4 million, constituting a third of the nation's total. California's Native American population of 285,000 is the most of any state.[135]
According to estimates from 2011, California has the largest minority population in the United States by numbers, making up 60% of the state population.[104] Over the past 25 years, the population of non-Hispanic whites has declined, while Hispanic and Asian populations have grown. Between 1970 and 2011, non-Hispanic whites declined from 80% of the State's population to 40%, while Hispanics grew from 32% in 2000 to 38% in 2011.[136] It is currently projected that Hispanics will rise to 49% of the population by 2060, primarily due to domestic births rather than immigration.[127] With the decline of immigration from Latin America, Asian Americans now constitute the fastest growing racial/ethnic group in California; this growth is primarily driven by immigration from China, India and the Philippines, respectively.[137]
California Racial Breakdown of Population[show]
Racial composition
1970[138]
1990[138]
2000[139]
2010[140]
White 89.0% 69.0% 59.5% 57.6%
Asian 2.8% 9.6% 10.9% 13.0%
Black 7.0% 7.4% 6.7% 6.2%
Native 0.5% 0.8% 1.0% 1.0%
Native Hawaiian and
other Pacific Islander – – 0.3% 0.4%
Some other race 0.7% 13.2% 16.8% 17.0%
Two or more races – – 4.8% 4.9%
Estimated ancestries of Californians[141][show]
Ancestry[fn 1]
2013 population
Margin of error (+/-)
Total 43,071,506 33,741
Afghan 38,136 3,075
Albanian 4,792 681
Alsatian 730 163
American 1,124,070 10,956
Arab: 277,573 6,191
Egyptian[fn 2] 45,540 2,737
Iraqi[fn 2] 20,551 1,969
Jordanian[fn 2] 14,142 1,731
Lebanese[fn 2] 57,008 2,372
Moroccan[fn 2] 8,953 959
Palestinian[fn 2] 16,340 1,571
Syrian[fn 2] 23,298 1,749
Arab[fn 2] 44,851 2,645
Arab other[fn 2] 48,890 2,692
Armenian 258,260 5,292
Assyrian/Chaldean/Syriac 35,690 2,687
Australian 18,803 1,253
Austrian 77,113 2,205
Basque 18,413 1,252
Belgian 25,581 1,354
Brazilian 34,776 1,964
British 146,221 3,425
Bulgarian 13,093 1,304
Cajun 3,752 858
Canadian 88,244 2,687
Carpatho Rusyn 462 151
Celtic 5,910 593
Croatian 48,160 1,859
Cypriot 557 204
Czech 88,563 2,557
Czechoslovakian 23,097 1,164
Danish 182,221 3,432
Dutch 392,589 6,088
Eastern European 66,301 2,688
English 2,330,057 15,509
Estonian 4,210 636
European 542,475 8,588
Finnish 50,937 2,012
French[fn 3] 726,569 8,629
French Canadian 111,298 2,978
German 3,315,493 16,348
German Russian 2,094 328
Greek 131,110 3,050
Guyanese 2,947 468
Hungarian 125,280 3,639
Icelander 6,169 777
Iranian 213,661 6,417
Irish 2,612,782 13,767
Israeli 28,639 1,889
Italian 1,525,214 12,309
Latvian 10,974 916
Lithuanian 48,883 1,811
Luxemburger 3,040 387
Macedonian 3,093 471
Maltese 7,883 1,035
New Zealander 5,047 763
Northern European 46,409 2,030
Norwegian 394,056 5,827
Pennsylvania German 6,217 609
Polish 504,770 7,165
Portuguese 354,823 5,044
Romanian 66,942 2,927
Russian 433,384 6,662
Scandinavian 64,166 2,299
Scotch-Irish 240,268 4,345
Scottish 520,575 7,414
Serbian 17,739 1,434
Slavic 11,335 948
Slovak 24,732 1,564
Slovene 8,628 727
Soviet Union 195 111
Subsaharan African: 269,781 7,329
Cape Verdean[fn 4] 2,549 532
Ethiopian[fn 4] 28,007 2,467
Ghanaian[fn 4] 3,392 647
Kenyan[fn 4] 4,713 970
Liberian[fn 4] 1,069 400
Nigerian[fn 4] 25,498 2,414
Senegalese[fn 4] 585 296
Sierra Leonean[fn 4] 537 223
Somalian[fn 4] 7,066 1,440
South African[fn 4] 10,095 917
Sudanese[fn 4] 2,095 510
Ugandan[fn 4] 1,694 516
Zimbabwean[fn 4] 585 244
African[fn 4] 174,347 6,255
Other Subsaharan African[fn 4] 7,549 1,148
Swedish 425,092 5,332
Swiss 103,574 2,660
Turkish 23,206 1,214
Ukrainian 99,583 4,046
Welsh 168,463 3,482
West Indian[fn 5] 79,125 727
Bahamian[fn 6] 596 215
Barbadian[fn 6] 1,362 308
Belizean[fn 6] 21,331 1,459
Bermudan[fn 6] 370 170
British West Indian[fn 6] 1,858 485
Dutch West Indian[fn 6] 1,960 329
Haitian[fn 6] 7,363 1,046
Jamaican[fn 6] 28,675 1,877
Trinidadian and Tobagonian[fn 6] 5,357 716
U.S. Virgin Islander[fn 6] 756 288
West Indian[fn 6] 9,221 1,247
Other West Indian[fn 6] 276 124
Yugoslavian 33,363 1,830
Other groups 24,394,120 29,987
footnotes =
Jump up ^ Underlined entries have sub-ancestries
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Arab sub-ancestry
Jump up ^ except Basque
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Subsaharan African sub-ancestry
Jump up ^ except Hispanic groups
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l West Indian sub-ancestry
Ancestry
2010 Population[142]
[show]Percentage of Total Population
White, not Hispanic or Latino 15,763,625 42.3%
Hispanic or Latino (of any race) 14,013,719 37.6%
Mexican 11,423,146 30.6%
Salvadoran 573,956 1.5%
Guatemalan 332,737 0.8%
Puerto Rican 189,945 0.5%
Colombian 164,416 0.4%
Spaniard 142,194 0.3%
Nicaraguan 100,790 0.2%
Peruvian 91,511 0.2%
Cuban 88,607 0.2%
Honduran 72,795 0.1%
Argentinean 44,410 0.1%
Ecuadorian 35,750 0.09%
Chilean 24,006 0.06%
Costa Rican 22,469 0.06%
Panamanian 17,768 0.04%
Bolivian 13,351 0.03%
Dominican 11,455 0.03%
Venezuelan 11,100 0.02%
Uruguayan 4,110 0.01%
Paraguayan 1,228 0.003%
Asian 5,556,592 14.9%
Filipino 1,474,707 3.9%
Chinese (except Taiwanese) 1,349,111 3.6%
Vietnamese 647,589 1.7%
Indian 590,445 1.5%
Korean 505,225 1.3%
Japanese 428,014 1.1%
Okinawan 1,377 0.003%
Taiwanese 109,928 0.2%
Cambodian 102,317 0.2%
Hmong 91,224 0.2%
Laotian 69,303 0.2%
Thai 67,707 0.1%
Pakistani 53,474 0.1%
Indonesian 39,506 0.1%
Sri Lankan 11,929 0.03%
Bangladeshi 10,494 0.02%
Nepalese 6,231 0.01%
Malaysian 5,595 0.01%
Mongolian 4,993 0.01%
Singaporean 1,513 0.004%
Black or African American 2,683,914 7.2%
Multiracial (two or more races) 1,815,384 4.8%
American Indian and Alaska Native 723,225 1.9%
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander 286,145 0.7%
Polynesian 157,104 0.4%
Native Hawaiian 74,932 0.2%
Samoan 60,876 0.1%
Tongan 22,893 0.06%
Micronesian 49,197 0.1%
Guamanian or Chamorro 44,425 0.1%
Melanesian 24,203 0.06%
Fijian 24,059 0.06%
Total 37,253,956 100%
Languages
Non-English Languages Spoken in California by more than 100,000 persons[show]
Language
Population
(as of 2016)[143]
Spanish 10,672,610 speakers
Chinese 1,231,425
Tagalog 796,451
Vietnamese 559,932
Korean 367,523
Persian 203,770
Armenian 192,980
Arabic 191,954
Hindi 189,646
Russian 155,746
Punjabi 140,128
Japanese 139,430
French 123,956
English serves as California's de jure and de facto official language. In 2010, the Modern Language Association of America estimated that 57.02% (19,429,309) of California residents age 5 and older spoke only English at home, while 42.98% spoke another primary language at home. According to the 2007 American Community Survey, 73% of people who speak a language other than English at home are able to speak English well or very well, with 9.8% not speaking English at all.[2] Like most U.S. states (32 out of 50), California law enshrines English as its official language, and has done so since the passage of Proposition 63 by California voters. Various government agencies do, and are often required to, furnish documents in the various languages needed to reach their intended audiences.[144][145][146]
In total, 16 languages other than English were spoken as primary languages at home by more than 100,000 persons, more than any other state in the nation. New York State, in second place, had 9 languages other than English spoken by more than 100,000 persons.[147] The most common language spoken besides English was Spanish, spoken by 28.46% (9,696,638) of the population.[127][125] With Asia contributing most of California's new immigrants, California had the highest concentration nationwide of Vietnamese and Chinese speakers, the second highest concentration of Korean, and the third highest concentration of Tagalog speakers.[2]
California has historically been one of the most linguistically diverse areas in the world, with more than 70 indigenous languages derived from 64 root languages in 6 language families.[148][149] A survey conducted between 2007 and 2009 identified 23 different indigenous languages of Mexico that are spoken among California farmworkers.[150] All of California's indigenous languages are endangered, although there are now efforts toward language revitalization.[note 3]
As a result of the state's increasing diversity and migration from other areas across the country and around the globe, linguists began noticing a noteworthy set of emerging characteristics of spoken American English in California since the late 20th century. This variety, known as California English, has a vowel shift and several other phonological processes that are different from varieties of American English used in other regions of the United States.[151]
Culture
Main article: Culture of California
The Hollywood Sign, a symbol of the American film industry
The culture of California is a Western culture and most clearly has its modern roots in the culture of the United States, but also, historically, many Hispanic influences. As a border and coastal state, Californian culture has been greatly influenced by several large immigrant populations, especially those from Latin America and Asia.[152][not in citation given]
California has long been a subject of interest in the public mind and has often been promoted by its boosters as a kind of paradise. In the early 20th century, fueled by the efforts of state and local boosters, many Americans saw the Golden State as an ideal resort destination, sunny and dry all year round with easy access to the ocean and mountains. In the 1960s, popular music groups such as The Beach Boys promoted the image of Californians as laid-back, tanned beach-goers.
The California Gold Rush of the 1850s is still seen as a symbol of California's economic style, which tends to generate technology, social, entertainment, and economic fads and booms and related busts.
Religion
Main article: Religion in California
Mission San Diego de Alcalá, one of the first Spanish missions in California
Religion in California (2014)[153]
religion percent
Protestantism
32%
Roman Catholicism
28%
No religion
27%
Judaism
2%
Buddhism
2%
Hinduism
2%
Islam
1%
Mormonism
1%
Other
5%
The largest religious denominations by number of adherents as a percentage of California's population in 2014 were the Catholic Church with 28 percent, Evangelical Protestants with 20 percent, and Mainline Protestants with 10 percent. Together, all kinds of Protestants accounted for 32 percent. Those unaffiliated with any religion represented 27 percent of the population. The breakdown of other religions is 1% Muslim, 2% Hindu and 2% Buddhist.[153] This is a change from 2008, when the population identified their religion with the Catholic Church with 31 percent; Evangelical Protestants with 18 percent; and Mainline Protestants with 14 percent. In 2008, those unaffiliated with any religion represented 21 percent of the population. The breakdown of other religions in 2008 was 0.5% Muslim, 1% Hindu and 2% Buddhist.[154] The American Jewish Year Book placed the total Jewish population of California at about 1,194,190 in 2006.[155] According to the Association of Religion Data Archives (ARDA) the largest denominations by adherents in 2010 were the Roman Catholic Church with 10,233,334; The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints with 763,818; and the Southern Baptist Convention with 489,953.[156]
The first priests to come to California were Roman Catholic missionaries from Spain. Roman Catholics founded 21 missions along the California coast, as well as the cities of Los Angeles and San Francisco. California continues to have a large Roman Catholic population due to the large numbers of Mexicans and Central Americans living within its borders. California has twelve dioceses and two archdioceses, the Archdiocese of Los Angeles and the Archdiocese of San Francisco, the former being the largest archdiocese in the United States.
A Pew Research Center survey revealed that California is somewhat less religious than the rest of the US: 62 percent of Californians say they are "absolutely certain" of their belief in God, while in the nation 71 percent say so. The survey also revealed 48 percent of Californians say religion is "very important", compared to 56 percent nationally.[157]
Sports
Main articles: Sports in California and List of professional sports teams in California
California has twenty major professional sports league franchises, far more than any other state. The San Francisco Bay Area has seven major league teams spread in its three major cities: San Francisco, San Jose, and Oakland. While the Greater Los Angeles Area is home to ten major league franchises. San Diego and Sacramento each have one major league team. The NFL Super Bowl has been hosted in California 11 times at four different stadiums: Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, the Rose Bowl, Stanford Stadium, and San Diego's Qualcomm Stadium. A twelfth, Super Bowl 50, was held at Levi's Stadium in Santa Clara on February 7, 2016.[158]
California has long had many respected collegiate sports programs. California is home to the oldest college bowl game, the annual Rose Bowl, among others.
California is the only US state to have hosted both the Summer and Winter Olympics. The 1932 and 1984 Summer Olympics were held in Los Angeles. Squaw Valley Ski Resort in the Lake Tahoe region hosted the 1960 Winter Olympics. Los Angeles will host the 2028 Summer Olympics, marking the fourth time California hosts the Olympic Games.[159] Multiple games during the 1994 FIFA World Cup took place in California, with the Rose Bowl hosting eight matches including the final, while Stanford Stadium hosted six matches.
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum hosted the Olympic Games in 1932 and 1984
Below is a list of major league sports teams in California:
Team
Sport
League
Los Angeles Rams American football National Football League (NFL)
Oakland Raiders American football National Football League
Los Angeles Chargers American football National Football League
San Francisco 49ers American football National Football League
Los Angeles Dodgers Baseball Major League Baseball (MLB)
Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim Baseball Major League Baseball
Oakland Athletics Baseball Major League Baseball
San Diego Padres Baseball Major League Baseball
San Francisco Giants Baseball Major League Baseball
Golden State Warriors Basketball National Basketball Association (NBA)
Los Angeles Clippers Basketball National Basketball Association
Los Angeles Lakers Basketball National Basketball Association
Sacramento Kings Basketball National Basketball Association
Los Angeles Sparks Basketball Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA)
Anaheim Ducks Ice hockey National Hockey League (NHL)
Los Angeles Kings Ice hockey National Hockey League
San Jose Sharks Ice hockey National Hockey League
Los Angeles Galaxy Soccer Major League Soccer (MLS)
San Jose Earthquakes Soccer Major League Soccer
Los Angeles Football Club Soccer Major League Soccer
Education
Torrance High School is one of the oldest high schools in continuous use in California and a popular location for television and motion picture production.
Main article: Education in California
See also: List of colleges and universities in California
Public secondary education consists of high schools that teach elective courses in trades, languages, and liberal arts with tracks for gifted, college-bound and industrial arts students. California's public educational system is supported by a unique constitutional amendment that requires a minimum annual funding level for grades K–12 and community colleges that grow with the economy and student enrollment figures.[160]
California had over 6.2 million school students in the 2005–06 school year. Funding and staffing levels in California schools lag behind other states. In expenditure per pupil, California ranked 29th (of the 50 states and the District of Columbia) in 2005–06. In teaching staff expenditure per pupil, California ranked 49th of 51. In overall teacher-pupil ratio, California was also 49th, with 21 students per teacher. Only Arizona and Utah were lower.[161]
A 2007 study concluded that California's public school system was "broken" in that it suffered from over-regulation.[162]
California's public postsecondary education offers three separate systems:
The research university system in the state is the University of California (UC), a public university system. As of fall 2011, the University of California had a combined student body of 234,464 students.[163] There are ten general UC campuses, and a number of specialized campuses in the UC system, as the UC San Francisco, which is entirely dedicated to graduate education in health care, and is home to the UCSF Medical Center, the highest ranked hospital in California.[164] The system was originally intended to accept the top one-eighth of California high school students, but several of the schools have become even more selective.[165][166][167] The UC system was originally given exclusive authority in awarding Ph.Ds, but this has since changed and the CSU is also able to award several Doctoral degrees.
The California State University (CSU) system has almost 430,000 students. The CSU was originally intended to accept the top one-third of California high school students, but several of the schools have become much more selective.[167][168] The CSU was originally set up to award only bachelor's and master's degrees, but has since been granted the authority to award several Doctoral degrees.
The California Community Colleges System provides lower division coursework as well as basic skills and workforce training. It is the largest network of higher education in the US, composed of 112 colleges serving a student population of over 2.6 million.
California is also home to such notable private universities as Stanford University, the University of Southern California, the California Institute of Technology, and the Claremont Colleges. California has hundreds of other private colleges and universities, including many religious and special-purpose institutions.
Twin region
California has a twinning arrangement with the region of Catalonia in Spain[169] Catalonia is made up of four Spanish provinces: Barcelona, Girona, Lleida, and Tarragona.
Economy
Main article: Economy of California
See also: California locations by per capita income
A tree map depicting the distribution of occupations across the state of California
The economy of California is large enough to be comparable to that of the largest of countries. As of 2016[update], the gross state product (GSP) is about $2.514 trillion, the largest in the United States.[170] California is responsible for 13.9 percent of the United States' approximate $18.1 trillion gross domestic product (GDP).[170] California's GSP is larger than the GDP of all but 5 countries in dollar terms (the United States, China, Japan, Germany, and the United Kingdom),[171][172] larger than Brazil, France, Russia, Italy, India, Canada, Australia, Spain and Turkey. In Purchasing Power Parity,[173] it is larger than all but 10 countries (the United States, China, India, Japan, Germany, Russia, Brazil, France, the United Kingdom, and Indonesia), larger than Italy, Mexico, Spain, South Korea, Saudi Arabia, Canada and Turkey.[174]
The five largest sectors of employment in California are trade, transportation, and utilities; government; professional and business services; education and health services; and leisure and hospitality. In output, the five largest sectors are financial services, followed by trade, transportation, and utilities; education and health services; government; and manufacturing.[175] As of September 2016[update], California has an unemployment rate of 5.5%.
California's economy is dependent on trade and international related commerce accounts for about one-quarter of the state's economy. In 2008, California exported $144 billion worth of goods, up from $134 billion in 2007 and $127 billion in 2006.[176] Computers and electronic products are California's top export, accounting for 42 percent of all the state's exports in 2008.[176]
Agriculture is an important sector in California's economy. Farming-related sales more than quadrupled over the past three decades, from $7.3 billion in 1974 to nearly $31 billion in 2004.[177] This increase has occurred despite a 15 percent decline in acreage devoted to farming during the period, and water supply suffering from chronic instability. Factors contributing to the growth in sales-per-acre include more intensive use of active farmlands and technological improvements in crop production.[177] In 2008, California's 81,500 farms and ranches generated $36.2 billion products revenue.[178] In 2011, that number grew to $43.5 billion products revenue.[179] The Agriculture sector accounts for two percent of the state's GDP and employs around three percent of its total workforce.[180] According to the USDA in 2011, the three largest California agricultural products by value were milk and cream, shelled almonds, and grapes.[181]
Per capita GDP in 2007 was $38,956, ranking eleventh in the nation.[182] Per capita income varies widely by geographic region and profession. The Central Valley is the most impoverished, with migrant farm workers making less than minimum wage. According to a 2005 report by the Congressional Research Service, the San Joaquin Valley was characterized as one of the most economically depressed regions in the United States, on par with the region of Appalachia.[183] California has a poverty rate of 23.5%, the highest of any state in the country.[184] Many coastal cities include some of the wealthiest per-capita areas in the United States. The high-technology sectors in Northern California, specifically Silicon Valley, in Santa Clara and San Mateo counties, have emerged from the economic downturn caused by the dot-com bust.
In 2010, there were more than 663,000 millionaires in the state, more than any other state in the nation.[185] In 2010, California residents were ranked first among the states with the best average credit score of 754.[186]
California GDP by sector in 2015.[187]
Had California been an independent country in 2008 its gross domestic product would have been ranked between eighth and eleventh in the world.[188]
California per capita personal income by county in 2016.[187]
State finances
Main articles: California state finances and 2008–12 California budget crisis
Economic regions of California
State spending increased from $56 billion in 1998 to $127 billion in 2011.[189][190] California, with 12% of the United States population, has one-third of the nation's welfare recipients.[191] California has the third highest per capita spending on welfare among the states, as well as the highest spending on welfare at $6.67 billion.[192] In January 2011 the California's total debt was at least $265 billion.[193] On June 27, 2013, Governor Jerry Brown signed a balanced budget (no deficit) for the state, its first in decades; however the state's debt remains at $132 billion.[194][195]
With the passage of Proposition 30 in 2012, California now levies a 13.3% maximum marginal income tax rate with ten tax brackets, ranging from 1% at the bottom tax bracket of $0 annual individual income to 13.3% for annual individual income over $1,000,000. California has a state sales tax of 7.5%, though local governments can and do levy additional sales taxes. Many of these taxes are temporary for a seven-year period (as stipulated in Proposition 30) and afterwards will revert to a previous maximum marginal income tax bracket of 10.3% and state sales tax rate of 7.25%.[196]
All real property is taxable annually; the tax is based on the property's fair market value at the time of purchase or new construction. Property tax increases are capped at 2% per year (see Proposition 13).
Infrastructure
Energy
Moss Landing Power Plant, the state's largest power production source (presently shut down)
Part of the 354 MW SEGS solar complex in northern San Bernardino County, California
Main article: Energy use in California
Because it is the most populous United States state, California is one of the country's largest users of energy. However because of its high energy rates, conservation mandates, mild weather in the largest population centers and strong environmental movement, its per capita energy use is one of the smallest of any United States state.[197] Due to the high electricity demand, California imports more electricity than any other state, primarily hydroelectric power from states in the Pacific Northwest (via Path 15 and Path 66) and coal- and natural gas-fired production from the desert Southwest via Path 46.[198]
As a result of the state's strong environmental movement, California has some of the most aggressive renewable energy goals in the United States, with a target for California to obtain a third of its electricity from renewables by 2020.[199] Currently, several solar power plants such as the Solar Energy Generating Systems facility are located in the Mojave Desert. California's wind farms include Altamont Pass, San Gorgonio Pass, and Tehachapi Pass. Several dams across the state provide hydro-electric power. It would be possible to convert the total supply to 100% renewable energy, including heating, cooling and mobility, by 2050.[200]
The state's crude oil and natural gas deposits are located in the Central Valley and along the coast, including the large Midway-Sunset Oil Field. Natural gas-fired power plants typically account for more than one-half of state electricity generation.
California is also home to two major nuclear power plants: Diablo Canyon and San Onofre, the latter having been shut down in 2013. Voters banned the approval of new nuclear power plants since the late 1970s because of concerns over radioactive waste disposal.[201][note 4] In addition, several cities such as Oakland, Berkeley and Davis have declared themselves as nuclear-free zones.
Transportation
Main article: Transportation in California
The Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco, one of California's most famous landmarks
Caltrans builds tall "stack" interchanges with soaring ramps that offer impressive views
California's vast terrain is connected by an extensive system of controlled-access highways ('freeways'), limited-access roads ('expressways'), and highways. California is known for its car culture, giving California's cities a reputation for severe traffic congestion. Construction and maintenance of state roads and statewide transportation planning are primarily the responsibility of the California Department of Transportation, nicknamed "Caltrans". The rapidly growing population of the state is straining all of its transportation networks, and California has some of the worst roads in the United States.[203][204] The Reason Foundation's 19th Annual Report on the Performance of State Highway Systems ranked California's highways the third-worst of any state, with Alaska second, and Rhode Island first.[205]
The state has been a pioneer in road construction. One of the state's more visible landmarks, the Golden Gate Bridge, was once the longest suspension bridge main span in the world at 4,200 feet (1,300 m) when it opened in 1937. With its orange paint and panoramic views of the bay, this highway bridge is a popular tourist attraction and also accommodates pedestrians and bicyclists. The San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge (often abbreviated the "Bay Bridge"), completed in 1936, transports about 280,000 vehicles per day on two-decks. Its two sections meet at Yerba Buena Island through the world's largest diameter transportation bore tunnel, at 76 feet (23 m) wide by 58 feet (18 m) high.[206] The Arroyo Seco Parkway, connecting Los Angeles and Pasadena, opened in 1940 as the first freeway in the Western United States.[207] It was later extended south to the Four Level Interchange in downtown Los Angeles, regarded as the first stack interchange ever built.[208]
Los Angeles International Airport (LAX), the 6th busiest airport in the world, and San Francisco International Airport (SFO), the 23rd busiest airport in the world, are major hubs for trans-Pacific and transcontinental traffic. There are about a dozen important commercial airports and many more general aviation airports throughout the state.
California also has several important seaports. The giant seaport complex formed by the Port of Los Angeles and the Port of Long Beach in Southern California is the largest in the country and responsible for handling about a fourth of all container cargo traffic in the United States. The Port of Oakland, fourth largest in the nation, also handles trade entering from the Pacific Rim to the rest of the country. The Port of Stockton is the easternmost port on the west coast of the United States.[209]
The California Highway Patrol is the largest statewide police agency in the United States in employment with over 10,000 employees. They are responsible for providing any police-sanctioned service to anyone on California's state-maintained highways and on state property.
The California Department of Motor Vehicles is by far the largest in North America. By the end of 2009, the California DMV had 26,555,006 driver's licenses and ID cards on file.[210] In 2010, there were 1.17 million new vehicle registrations in force.[211]
Inter-city rail travel is provided by Amtrak California; the three routes, the Capitol Corridor, Pacific Surfliner, and San Joaquin, are funded by Caltrans. These services are the busiest intercity rail lines in the United States outside the Northeast Corridor and ridership is continuing to set records. The routes are becoming increasingly popular over flying, especially on the LAX-SFO route.[212] Integrated subway and light rail networks are found in Los Angeles (Metro Rail) and San Francisco (MUNI Metro). Light rail systems are also found in San Jose (VTA), San Diego (San Diego Trolley), Sacramento (RT Light Rail), and Northern San Diego County (Sprinter). Furthermore, commuter rail networks serve the San Francisco Bay Area (ACE, BART, Caltrain, SMART), Greater Los Angeles (Metrolink), and San Diego County (Coaster).
The California High-Speed Rail Authority was created in 1996 by the state to implement an extensive 800-mile (1,300 km) rail system. Construction was approved by the voters during the November 2008 general election,[213] with the first phase of construction estimated to cost $64.2 billion.[214]
Nearly all counties operate bus lines, and many cities operate their own city bus lines as well. Intercity bus travel is provided by Greyhound, Megabus, and Amtrak Thruway Motorcoach.
Water
Main article: Water in California
An aerial view of the Delta–Mendota Canal (left) and the California Aqueduct (right), at the Interstate 205 crossing west of Tracy, conveying water from Northern to Southern California
California's interconnected water system is the world's largest, managing over 40,000,000 acre feet (49 km3) of water per year, centered on six main systems of aqueducts and infrastructure projects.[215] Water use and conservation in California is a politically divisive issue, as the state experiences periodic droughts and has to balance the demands of its large agricultural and urban sectors, especially in the arid southern portion of the state. The state's widespread redistribution of water also invites the frequent scorn of environmentalists.
The California Water Wars, a conflict between Los Angeles and the Owens Valley over water rights, is one of the most well-known examples of the struggle to secure adequate water supplies.[216] Former California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger said: "We've been in crisis for quite some time because we're now 38 million people and not anymore 18 million people like we were in the late 60s. So it developed into a battle between environmentalists and farmers and between the south and the north and between rural and urban. And everyone has been fighting for the last four decades about water."[217]
Government and politics
State government
Main article: Government of California
The California State Capitol building in Sacramento
Democrats Jerry Brown and Eric Garcetti, serving as Governor of California and Mayor of Los Angeles
The state's capital is Sacramento.
California is organized into three branches of government – the executive branch consisting of the Governor and the other independently elected constitutional officers; the legislative branch consisting of the Assembly and Senate; and the judicial branch consisting of the Supreme Court of California and lower courts. The state also allows ballot propositions: direct participation of the electorate by initiative, referendum, recall, and ratification. Before the passage of California Proposition 14 (2010), California allowed each political party to choose whether to have a closed primary or a primary where only party members and independents vote. After June 8, 2010, when Proposition 14 was approved, excepting only the United States President and county central committee offices,[218] all candidates in the primary elections are listed on the ballot with their preferred party affiliation, but they are not the official nominee of that party.[219] At the primary election, the two candidates with the top votes will advance to the general election regardless of party affiliation.[219] If at a special primary election, one candidate receives more than 50% of all the votes cast, they are elected to fill the vacancy and no special general election will be held.[219]
Executive branch
The California executive branch consists of the Governor of California and seven other elected constitutional officers: Lieutenant Governor, Attorney General, Secretary of State, State Controller, State Treasurer, Insurance Commissioner, and State Superintendent of Public Instruction. They serve four-year terms and may be re-elected only once.[220]
Legislative branch
The California State Legislature consists of a 40-member Senate and 80-member Assembly. Senators serve four-year terms and Assembly members two. Members of the Assembly are subject to term limits of three terms, and members of the Senate are subject to term limits of two terms.
Judicial branch
California's legal system is explicitly based upon English common law[221] (as is the case with all other states except Louisiana) but carries a few features from Spanish civil law, such as community property. California's prison population grew from 25,000 in 1980 to over 170,000 in 2007.[222] Capital punishment is a legal form of punishment and the state has the largest "Death Row" population in the country (though Oklahoma and Texas are far more active in carrying out executions).[223][224]
California's judiciary system is the largest in the United States (with a total of 1,600 judges, while the federal system has only about 840). At the apex is the seven Justices of the Supreme Court of California, while the California Courts of Appeal serve as the primary appellate courts and the California Superior Courts serve as the primary trial courts. Justices of the Supreme Court and Courts of Appeal are appointed by the Governor, but are subject to retention by the electorate every 12 years. The administration of the state's court system is controlled by the Judicial Council, composed of the Chief Justice of the California Supreme Court, 14 judicial officers, four representatives from the State Bar of California, and one member from each house of the state legislature.
Local government
Main article: Local government in California
Counties
See also: List of counties in California
California is divided into 58 counties. Per Article 11, Section 1, of the Constitution of California, they are the legal subdivisions of the state. The county government provides countywide services such as law enforcement, jails, elections and voter registration, vital records, property assessment and records, tax collection, public health, health care, social services, libraries, flood control, fire protection, animal control, agricultural regulations, building inspections, ambulance services, and education departments in charge of maintaining statewide standards.[225][226] In addition, the county serves as the local government for all unincorporated areas. Each county is governed by an elected board of supervisors.[227]
City and town governments
Incorporated cities and towns in California are either charter or general-law municipalities.[116] General-law municipalities owe their existence to state law and are consequently governed by it; charter municipalities are governed by their own city or town charters. Municipalities incorporated in the 19th century tend to be charter municipalities. All ten of the state's most populous cities are charter cities. Most small cities have a council-manager form of government, where the elected city council appoints a city manager to supervise the operations of the city. Some larger cities have a directly-elected mayor who oversees the city government. In many council-manager cities, the city council selects one of its members as a mayor, sometimes rotating through the council membership—but this type of mayoral position is primarily ceremonial.
The Government of San Francisco is the only consolidated city-county in California, where both the city and county governments have been merged into one unified jurisdiction. The San Francisco Board of Supervisors also acts as the city council and the Mayor of San Francisco also serves as the county administrative officer.
School districts and special districts
See also: List of school districts in California
About 1,102 school districts, independent of cities and counties, handle California's public education.[228] California school districts may be organized as elementary districts, high school districts, unified school districts combining elementary and high school grades, or community college districts.[228]
There are about 3,400 special districts in California.[229] A special district, defined by California Government Code § 16271(d) as "any agency of the state for the local performance of governmental or proprietary functions within limited boundaries", provides a limited range of services within a defined geographic area. The geographic area of a special district can spread across multiple cities or counties, or could consist of only a portion of one. Most of California's special districts are single-purpose districts, and provide one service.
Federal representation
See also: California's congressional districts
The state of California sends 53 members to the House of Representatives,[230] the nation's largest congressional state delegation. Consequently California also has the largest number of electoral votes in national presidential elections, with 55. California's U.S. Senators are Dianne Feinstein, a native and former mayor of San Francisco, and Kamala Harris, a native, former District Attorney from San Francisco and former Attorney General of California. In 1992, California became the first state to have a Senate delegation entirely composed of women.
Armed forces
In California, as of 2009[update], the U.S. Department of Defense had a total of 117,806 active duty servicemembers of which 88,370 were Sailors or Marines, 18,339 were Airmen, and 11,097 were Soldiers, with 61,365 Department of Defense civilian employees. Additionally, there were a total of 57,792 Reservists and Guardsman in California.[231]
In 2010, Los Angeles County was the largest origin of military recruits in the United States by county, with 1,437 individuals enlisting in the military.[232] However, as of 2002, Californians were relatively under-represented in the military as a proportion to its population.[233]
In 2000, California, had 2,569,340 veterans of United States military service: 504,010 served in World War II, 301,034 in the Korean War, 754,682 during the Vietnam War, and 278,003 during 1990–2000 (including the Persian Gulf War).[234] As of 2010[update], there were 1,942,775 veterans living in California, of which 1,457,875 served during a period of armed conflict, and just over four thousand served before World War II (the largest population of this group of any state).[235]
California's military forces consist of the Army and Air National Guard, the naval and state military reserve (militia), and the California Cadet Corps.
United States Armed Forces in California. From left to right: Fort Irwin, Camp Pendleton, NAS North Island, Beale Air Force Base, and Coast Guard Island
Ideology
Main articles: Politics of California and Elections in California
California registered voters as of January 5, 2016[236]
Party
Number of Voters
Percentage
Democratic 7,438,655 43.1%
Republican 4,767,259 27.62%
No Party Preference 4,141,860 24%
American Independent 472,019 2.73%
Libertarian 120,578 0.7%
Green 102,688 0.59%
Peace and Freedom 75,579 0.44%
Other 140,775 0.82%
Total
17,259,413
100%
Presidential elections results[237]
Year
Republican
Democratic
2016 31.62% 4,483,810 61.73% 8,753,788
2012 37.12% 4,839,958 60.24% 7,854,285
2008 36.91% 5,011,781 60.94% 8,274,473
2004 44.36% 5,509,826 54.40% 6,745,485
2000 41.65% 4,567,429 53.45% 5,861,203
1996 38.21% 3,828,380 51.10% 5,119,835
1992 32.61% 3,630,574 46.01% 5,121,325
1988 51.13% 5,054,917 47.56% 4,702,233
1984 57.51% 5,467,009 41.27% 3,922,519
1980 52.69% 4,524,858 35.91% 3,083,661
1976 49.35% 3,882,244 47.57% 3,742,284
1972 55.01% 4,602,096 41.54% 3,475,847
1968 47.82% 3,467,664 44.74% 3,244,318
1964 40.79% 2,879,108 59.11% 4,171,877
1960 50.10% 3,259,722 49.55% 3,224,099
California has an idiosyncratic political culture compared to the rest of the country, and is sometimes regarded as a trendsetter.[238] In socio-cultural mores and national politics, Californians are perceived as more liberal than other Americans, especially those who live in the inland states.
Among the political idiosyncrasies and trendsetting, California was the second state to recall their state governor, the second state to legalize abortion, and the only state to ban marriage for gay couples twice by voters (including Proposition 8 in 2008). Voters also passed Proposition 71 in 2004 to fund stem cell research, and Proposition 14 in 2010 to completely change the state's primary election process. California has also experienced disputes over water rights; and a tax revolt, culminating with the passage of Proposition 13 in 1978, limiting state property taxes.
The state's trend towards the Democratic Party and away from the Republican Party can be seen in state elections. From 1899 to 1939, California had Republican governors. Since 1990, California has generally elected Democratic candidates to federal, state and local offices, including current Governor Jerry Brown; however, the state has elected Republican Governors, though many of its Republican Governors, such as Arnold Schwarzenegger, tend to be considered moderate Republicans and more centrist than the national party.
The Democrats also now hold a majority in both houses of the state legislature. There are 56 Democrats and 24 Republicans in the Assembly; and 26 Democrats and 12 Republicans in the Senate.
The trend towards the Democratic Party is most obvious in presidential elections; Republicans have not won California's electoral votes since 1988.
In the United States House, the Democrats held a 34–19 edge in the CA delegation of the 110th United States Congress in 2007. As the result of gerrymandering, the districts in California were usually dominated by one or the other party, and few districts were considered competitive. In 2008, Californians passed Proposition 20 to empower a 14-member independent citizen commission to redraw districts for both local politicians and Congress. After the 2012 elections, when the new system took effect, Democrats gained 4 seats and held a 38–15 majority in the delegation.
Treemap of the popular vote by county, 2016 presidential election.
In general, Democratic strength is centered in the populous coastal regions of the Los Angeles metropolitan area and the San Francisco Bay Area. Republican strength is still greatest in eastern parts of the state. Orange County also remains mostly Republican. One study ranked Berkeley, Oakland, Inglewood and San Francisco in the top 20 most liberal American cities; and Bakersfield, Orange, Escondido, Garden Grove, and Simi Valley in the top 20 most conservative cities.[239]
In October 2012, out of the 23,802,577 people eligible to vote, 18,245,970 people were registered to vote.[240] Of the people registered, the three largest registered groups were Democrats (7,966,422), Republicans (5,356,608), and Decline to State (3,820,545).[240] Los Angeles County had the largest number of registered Democrats (2,430,612) and Republicans (1,037,031) of any county in the state.[240]
See also
Index of California-related articles
Outline of California – organized list of topics about California
California portal
USA portal
Notes
Jump up ^ The coordinates of the center of population are at 35°27′31″N 119°21′19″W / 35.458606°N 119.355165°W / 35.458606; -119.355165.[115]
Jump up ^ behind Nevada and Arizona
Jump up ^ The following are a list of the indigenous languages: Root languages of California: Athabaskan Family: Hupa, Mattole, Lassik, Wailaki, Sinkyone, Cahto, Tolowa, Nongatl, Wiyot, Chilula; Hokan Family: Pomo, Shasta, Karok, Chimiriko; Algonquian Family: Whilkut, Yurok; Yukian Family: Wappo; Penutian Family: Modok, Wintu, Nomlaki, Konkow, Maidu, Patwin, Nisenan, Miwok, Coast Miwok, Lake Miwok, Ohlone, Northern Valley Yokuts, Southern Valley Yokuts, Foothill Yokuts; Hokan Family: Esselen, Salinan, Chumash, Ipai, Tipai, Yuma, Halchichoma, Mohave; Uto-Aztecan Family: Mono Paiute, Monache, Owens Valley Paiute, Tubatulabal, Panamint Shoshone, Kawaisu, Kitanemuk, Tataviam, Gabrielino, Juaneno, Luiseno, Cuipeno, Cahuilla, Serrano, Chemehuevi
Jump up ^ Minnesota also has a moratorium on construction of nuclear power plants, which has been in place since 1994.[202]
References
^ Jump up to: a b c "Government Code Section 420-429.8". State of California Legislative Council. Archived from the original on March 25, 2014. Retrieved December 24, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b c Hyon B. Shin; Robert A. Kominski (April 2010). "Language Use in the United States: 2007" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. United States Department of Commerce. Retrieved May 27, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Appendix Table A for Figures 5A-5H. Percentage Speaking a Language Other Than English at Home by English-Speaking Ability by State: 2007". Language Use in the United States: 2007 (ACS-12): Appendix Tables. United States Census Bureau. 2007. Retrieved May 26, 2013.
Jump up ^ "California: Population estimates". U.S. Census Bureau. December 21, 2017. Retrieved December 21, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Median Annual Household Income". The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. Retrieved December 9, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Whitney". NGS data sheet. U.S. National Geodetic Survey. Retrieved October 20, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b "Elevations and Distances in the United States". United States Geological Survey. 2001. Archived from the original on October 15, 2011. Retrieved October 21, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988.
Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Whitney is the highest point in the Contiguous United States.
^ Jump up to: a b "USGS National Elevation Dataset (NED) 1 meter Downloadable Data Collection from The National Map 3D Elevation Program (3DEP) – National Geospatial Data Asset (NGDA) National Elevation Data Set (NED)". United States Geological Survey. September 21, 2015. Retrieved September 22, 2015.
Jump up ^ Coté, John (December 31, 2010). "Lt. Gov.-elect Gavin Newsom to be sworn in by Jan. 10". San Francisco Chronicle. Hearst Newspapers. Retrieved January 3, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Government Code Section 424". State of California Legislative Council. Retrieved July 25, 2014.
Jump up ^ Bureau, U.S. Census. "American FactFinder – Results". factfinder.census.gov. Retrieved October 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ Analysis, US Department of Commerce, BEA, Bureau of Economic. "Bureau of Economic Analysis". www.bea.gov. Retrieved October 24, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects". www.imf.org. Retrieved 2017-11-29.
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Jump up ^ "Country Comparison :: GDP (purchasing power parity)". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved January 31, 2010.
Jump up ^ Nunes, Devin (January 10, 2009). "California's Gold Rush Has Been Reversed". The Wall Street Journal. p. A9. Retrieved January 29, 2010.
Jump up ^ "California's Brown proposes 'painful' budget cuts". Reuters. January 10, 2011.
Jump up ^ "California's Greek Tragedy". The Wall Street Journal. March 13, 2012.
Del Beccaro, Thomas (August 19, 2014). "California's Economic Collision Course: Immigration and Water". Forbes. Retrieved August 21, 2014.
Jump up ^ Michael Gardner (July 28, 2012). "Is California the welfare capital?: Delving into why California has such a disproportionate share of the nation's recipients". U-T San Diego. Retrieved August 6, 2012.
Jump up ^ "How much does California owe?". San Francisco Chronicle. January 19, 2011.
Jump up ^ Gov. Brown proudly signs balanced state budget. SFGate (June 27, 2013). Retrieved July 29, 2013.
Jump up ^ "California's current debt load: $132 billion".
Jump up ^ "California Proposition 30, Sales and Income Tax Increase (2012)". Ballotpedia. Retrieved January 16, 2013.
Jump up ^ Mufson, Steven (February 17, 2007). "In Energy Conservation, Calif. Sees Light". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 28, 2010.
Jump up ^ "California – U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)". Tonto.eia.doe.gov. October 20, 2011. Retrieved October 28, 2011.
Jump up ^ California OKs new transmission for renewables Reuters, December 17, 2009.
Jump up ^ Mark Z. Jacobson et al.: A roadmap for repowering California for all purposes with wind, water, and sunlight. In: Energy 73 (2014), 875–889, doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.06.099.
Jump up ^ Doyle, Jim (March 9, 2009). "Nuclear power industry sees opening for revival". San Francisco Chronicle. Hearst Communications. p. A-1. Retrieved January 29, 2010.
Jump up ^ Brunswick, Mark (April 30, 2009). "Minnesota House says no to new nuclear power plants". Star Tribune. Minnesota: Chris Harte. Archived from the original on October 16, 2012. Retrieved January 29, 2010.
Jump up ^ Mieszkowski, Katharine (September 2, 2010). "California Is Tops in Worst Roads – Pulse of the Bay". The Bay Citizen. Retrieved April 22, 2011.
Jump up ^ "A bridge too far gone". The Economist. August 9, 2007.
Jump up ^ "19th Annual Report on the Performance of State Highway Systems (1984–2008)" (PDF).
Jump up ^ "The San Francisco – Oakland Bay Bridge Facts at a glance". California Department of Transportation. Retrieved April 5, 2012.
Jump up ^ Pool, Bob (June 25, 2010). "Pasadena Freeway getting a new look and a new name". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 5, 2012.
Jump up ^ "L.A.'s Famous Four-Level Freeway Interchange, 'The Stack,' Turns 58". KCET. September 22, 2011. Retrieved April 5, 2012.
Jump up ^ Chawkins, Steve (July 18, 2005). "Stockton Seeking to Capture Battleship". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 7, 2016.
Jump up ^ "State of California – DEPARTMENT OF MOTOR VEHICLES, STATISTICS FOR PUBLICATION, JANUARY THROUGH DECEMBER 2010" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on April 29, 2011. Retrieved February 13, 2011.
Jump up ^ "California new-car sales up 13.1 percent in 2010". San Jose Mercury News. Retrieved April 22, 2011.
Jump up ^ Cabanatuan, Michael (January 8, 2011). "Calif. Amtrak ridership rising on state trains". The San Francisco Chronicle.
Jump up ^ Cabanatuan, Michael (August 17, 2010). "Plan for high-speed rail system released". The San Francisco Chronicle.
Jump up ^ "2016 Draft Business Plan" (PDF). www.hsr.ca.gov. California High Speed Rail. Retrieved July 19, 2017.
Jump up ^ Hundley, N. (2001). The great thirst: Californians and water. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press.
Jump up ^ Reisner, Marc (1993). Cadillac Desert: The American West and its Disappearing Water. Penguin.
Jump up ^ "Why California Is Running Dry". CBS News. December 27, 2009.
Jump up ^ Bowen, Debra. "Voter-Nominated Offices Information" (PDF). California Secretary of State. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 24, 2013. Retrieved March 16, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bowen, Debra. "Voter-Nominated Offices Information". California Secretary of State. Archived from the original on June 26, 2014. Retrieved March 16, 2014.
Jump up ^ California Constitution. "Article 5". Archived from the original on January 8, 2011.
Jump up ^ "California Codes, Civil Code Section 22-22.2". California Civil Codes. Legislative Counsel of the State of California. Retrieved January 29, 2010.
Jump up ^ Thompson, Don (December 8, 2007). "Calif. Struggles with sentencing reform". USA Today. Retrieved January 29, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Death Row Inmates by State and Size of Death Row by Year | Death Penalty Information Center". deathpenaltyinfo.org. Retrieved May 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ "State Execution Rates | Death Penalty Information Center". deathpenaltyinfo.org. Retrieved May 8, 2017.
Jump up ^ Baldassare, Mark (1998). When Government Fails: The Orange County Bankruptcy. Public Policy Institute of California/University of California Press. pp. 67–68. ISBN 0-520-21486-2. LCCN 97032806.
Jump up ^ Janiskee, Brian P.; Masugi, Ken (2011). Democracy in California: Politics and Government in the Golden State (3rd ed.). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 105. ISBN 978-1-4422-0338-9. LCCN 2011007585.
Jump up ^ Baldassare 1998, p. 50.
^ Jump up to: a b Individual State Descriptions: 2007 (PDF), 2007 Census of Governments, United States Census Bureau, November 2012, pp. 25–26
Jump up ^ Mizany, Kimia; Manatt, April. What's So Special About Special Districts? A Citizen's Guide to Special Districts in California (PDF) (3 ed.). California Senate Local Government Committee.
Jump up ^ "Directory of Representatives". House.gov. Retrieved March 25, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Table 508. Military and Civilian Personnel in Installations: 2009" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. United States Department of Commerce. 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 17, 2011. Retrieved June 15, 2013.
Jump up ^ "Military recruitment 2010". National Priorities Project. June 30, 2011. Retrieved June 15, 2013.
Jump up ^ Segal, David R.; Segal, Mady Wechsler (2004). "America's Military Population" (PDF). Population Bulletin. Population Research Bureau. 59 (4): 10. ISSN 0032-468X. Retrieved June 15, 2013.
Jump up ^ "California – Armed forces". city-data.com. Retrieved December 26, 2009.
Jump up ^ "Table 7L: VETPOP2011 Living Veterans By State, Period Of Service, Gender, 2010–2040". Veteran Population. Department of Veterans Affairs. September 30, 2010. Retrieved June 15, 2013.
Jump up ^ "pdf Report of Registration as of January 5, 2016 Registration by County". Retrieved December 28, 2016. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Leip, David. "Presidential General Election Results Comparison – California". US Election Atlas. Retrieved November 22, 2016.
Jump up ^ "California Is A Political Trendsetter". CBS News. October 30, 2006. Retrieved February 22, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Study Ranks America's Most Liberal and Conservative Cities". Bay Area Center for Voting Research. August 16, 2005. Archived from the original on May 1, 2011. Retrieved February 20, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Voter Registration by County" (PDF). Elections. California Secretary of State. October 22, 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 17, 2013. Retrieved January 12, 2013.
Works cited
Cohen, Saul Bernard (2003). Geopolitics of the World System. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-8476-9907-0.
Starr, Kevin (2007). California: A History. Modern Library Chronicles. 23. Random House Digital, Inc. ISBN 978-0-8129-7753-0.
Further reading
Chartkoff, Joseph L.; Chartkoff, Kerry Kona (1984). The archaeology of California. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-1157-7. OCLC 11351549.
Fagan, Brian (2003). Before California: An archaeologist looks at our earliest inhabitants. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 0-7425-2794-8. OCLC 226025645.
Hart, James D. (1978). A Companion to California. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-502400-1.
Matthews, Glenna. The Golden State in the Civil War: Thomas Starr King, the Republican Party, and the Birth of Modern California. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
Moratto, Michael J.; Fredrickson, David A. (1984). California archaeology. Orlando: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-506182-X. OCLC 228668979.
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1973 documentary featuring aerial views of the California coastline from Mt. Shasta to Los Angeles
Time-Lapse Tilt-Shift Portrait of California by Ryan and Sheri Killackey
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[show]
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Mayors of cities with populations exceeding 100,000 in California
Eric Garcetti
(Los Angeles)
Kevin Faulconer
(San Diego)
Sam Liccardo
(San Jose)
London Breed (acting)
(San Francisco)
Lee Brand
(Fresno)
Darrell Steinberg
(Sacramento)
Robert Garcia
(Long Beach)
Libby Schaaf
(Oakland)
Karen Goh
(Bakersfield)
Tom Tait
(Anaheim)
Miguel A. Pulido
(Santa Ana)
Rusty Bailey
(Riverside)
Anthony Silva
(Stockton)
Mary Salas
(Chula Vista)
Don Wagner
(Irvine)
Lily Mei
(Fremont)
R. Carey Davis
(San Bernardino)
Garrad Marsh
(Modesto)
Acquanetta Warren
(Fontana)
Tim Flynn
(Oxnard)
Jesse Molina
(Moreno Valley)*
Mike Posey
(Huntington Beach)*
Paula Devine
(Glendale)*
Marsha McLean
(Santa Clarita)*
Jim Wood
(Oceanside)
Bao Nguyen
(Garden Grove)
L. Dennis Michael
(Rancho Cucamonga)
John Sawyer
(Santa Rosa)*
Paul S. Leon
(Ontario)
Gary Davis
(Elk Grove)
Eugene Montanez
(Corona)*
R. Rex Parris
(Lancaster)
James C. Ledford Jr.
(Palmdale)
Barbara Halliday
(Hayward)
Joe Gunter
(Salinas)
Elliot Rothman
(Pomona)
Jim Griffith
(Sunnyvale)
Sam Abed
(Escondido)
Patrick J. Furey
(Torrance)
Terry Tornek
(Pasadena)
Teresa Smith
(Orange)
Greg Sebourn
(Fullerton)*
Carol Garcia
(Roseville)
Steve Nelsen
(Visalia)
Al Adam
(Thousand Oaks)*
Tim Grayson
(Concord)*
Bob Huber
(Simi Valley)
Jamie L. Matthews
(Santa Clara)
Gloria Garcia
(Victorville)
Bob Sampayan
(Vallejo)
Jesse Arreguin
(Berkeley)
Andre Quintero
(El Monte)
Luis H. Marquez
(Downey)*
Matt Hall
(Carlsbad)
Stephen Mensinger
(Costa Mesa)*
Harry T. Price
(Fairfield)
Jeff Comerchero
(Temecula)
James T. Butts Jr.
(Inglewood)
Wade Harper
(Antioch)
Harry Ramos
(Murrieta)
Cheryl Heitmann
(Ventura)*
Tom Butt
(Richmond)
Fredrick Sykes
(West Covina)*
Luigi Vernola
(Norwalk)*
Raymond A. Buenaventura
(Daly City)
Bob Frutos
(Burbank)*
Alice Patino
(Santa Maria)
Nathan Magsig
(Clovis)*
Bill Wells
(El Cajon)
Maureen Freschet
(San Mateo)*
Judy Ritter
(Vista)
Brad Hancock
(Jurupa Valley)
^* Mayor selected from city council
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Antelope Valley Indian Museum
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Sonoma
Sutter's Fort
Tomo-Kahni
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Will Rogers
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Austin Creek
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Candlestick Point
Castaic Lake
Colusa-Sacramento River
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Franks Tract
George J. Hatfield
Harry A. Merlo
Kenneth Hahn
Kings Beach
Lake Del Valle
Lake Oroville
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Martial Cottle Park
McConnell
Millerton Lake
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Clay Pit
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Prairie City
Other
Burleigh H. Murray Ranch
California State Mining and Mineral Museum
California State Capitol Museum
California State Railroad Museum
Castro Adobe
Delta Meadows
Estero Bay
Hatton Canyon
Indio Hills Palms
Point Cabrillo Light Station
Point Lobos Ranch
Point Montara Light Station
Reynolds Wayside Campground
San Timoteo Canyon
Stone Lake
Verdugo Mountains
Ward Creek
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v
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Coordinates: 37°N 120°W / 37°N 120°W / 37; -120
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 147680367
LCCN: n79041717
GND: 4029307-5
SUDOC: 026363275
BNF: cb118625808 (data)
NDL: 00346206
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=California&oldid=819105133"
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State seal of California

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Seal of California

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List of U.S. state nicknames

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Greater Los Angeles Area

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List of U.S. states by elevation

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Pacific Standard Time

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U.S. state reptiles

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List of U.S. state trees

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List of U.S. state folk dances

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Serpentine group

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values: Template:Colorado cities and mayors of 100,000 population

values: Template:Connecticut cities and mayors of 100,000 population

values: Template:Florida cities and mayors of 100,000 population

values: Template:Georgia (U.S. state) cities and mayors of 100,000 population

values: Template:Illinois cities and mayors of 100,000 population

values: Template:Indiana cities and mayors of 100,000 population

values: Template:Iowa cities and mayors of 100,000 population

values: Template:Kansas cities and mayors of 100,000 population

values: Template:Louisiana cities and mayors of 100,000 population

values: Template:Massachusetts cities and mayors of 100,000 population

values: Template:Michigan cities and mayors of 100,000 population

values: Template:Minnesota cities and mayors of 100,000 population

values: Template:Missouri cities and mayors of 100,000 population

values: Template:Nevada cities and mayors of 100,000 population

values: Template:New Jersey cities and mayors of 100,000 population

values: Template:New York cities and mayors of 100,000 population

values: Template:North Carolina cities and mayors of 100,000 population

values: Template:Ohio cities and mayors of 100,000 population

values: Template:Oklahoma cities and mayors of 100,000 population

values: Template:Oregon cities and mayors of 100,000 population

values: Template:Pennsylvania cities and mayors of 100,000 population

values: Template:Tennessee cities and mayors of 100,000 population

values: Template:Texas cities and mayors of 100,000 population

values: Template:Utah cities and mayors of 100,000 population

values: Template:Virginia cities and mayors of 100,000 population

values: Template:Washington cities and mayors of 100,000 population

values: Template:Wisconsin cities and mayors of 100,000 population

values:
navbox-abovebelow hlist
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background: #FCC200

values: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner

values: Template talk:Protected areas of California

values: World War II Valor in the Pacific National Monument

values: Rosie the Riveter/World War II Home Front National Historical Park

values: San Francisco Maritime National Historical Park

values: Port Chicago Naval Magazine National Memorial

values: Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area

values: Whiskeytown–Shasta–Trinity National Recreation Area

values: nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup

values:
/wiki/Annadel_State_Park
mw-redirect
Annadel State Park

values: Arthur B. Ripley Desert Woodland State Park

values: McArthur–Burney Falls Memorial State Park

values:
/wiki/Sutter_Buttes_State_Park
mw-redirect
Sutter Buttes State Park

values: Washoe Meadows State Park (page does not exist)

values: Antelope Valley California Poppy Reserve

values: Armstrong Redwoods State Natural Reserve

values: Caspar Headlands State Natural Reserve (page does not exist)

values: John B. Dewitt State Natural Reserve (page does not exist)

values: Kruse Rhododendron State Natural Reserve (page does not exist)

values: Mailliard Redwoods State Natural Reserve (page does not exist)

values: Smithe Redwoods State Natural Reserve (page does not exist)

values: Tule Elk State Natural Reserve (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Albany_State_Marine_Reserve
mw-redirect
Albany State Marine Reserve

values: Big Creek State Marine Reserve and Marine Conservation Area

values: Emeryville Crescent State Marine Reserve

values: Estero de Limantour State Marine Reserve & Drakes Estero State Marine Conservation Area

values: Montara State Marine Reserve & Pillar Point State Marine Conservation Area

values: Point Sur State Marine Reserve and Marine Conservation Area

values: Russian River State Marine Reserve and Russian River State Marine Conservation Area

values: Stewarts Point State Marine Reserve & Stewarts Point State Marine Conservation Area

values: Antelope Valley Indian Museum State Historic Park

values: Chumash Painted Cave State Historic Park

values: Cowell Ranch/John Marsh State Historic Park (page does not exist)

values: Indian Grinding Rock State Historic Park

values: Leland Stanford Mansion State Historic Park

values: Marconi Conference Center State Historic Park

values: Marshall Gold Discovery State Historic Park

values: San Pasqual Battlefield State Historic Park

values: Tomo-Kahni State Historic Park (page does not exist)

values: Watts Towers of Simon Rodia State Historic Park

values: Weaverville Joss House State Historic Park

values: William B. Ide Adobe State Historic Park

values:
/wiki/Moonlight_State_Beach
mw-redirect
Moonlight State Beach

values:
/wiki/Point_Dume_State_Beach
mw-redirect
Point Dume State Beach

values:
/wiki/Silver_Strand_State_Beach
mw-redirect
Silver Strand State Beach

values:
/wiki/Sonoma_Coast_State_Beach
mw-redirect
Sonoma Coast State Beach

values: William Randolph Hearst Memorial State Beach

values: Admiral William Standley State Recreation Area

values: Colusa-Sacramento River State Recreation Area (page does not exist)

values: George J. Hatfield State Recreation Area

values: Harry A. Merlo State Recreation Area (page does not exist)

values: Kings Beach State Recreation Area (page does not exist)

values: Lake Del Valle State Recreation Area (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Lake_Perris_State_Recreation_Area
mw-redirect
Lake Perris State Recreation Area

values: Lake Valley State Recreation Area (page does not exist)

values: Martial Cottle Park State Recreation Area (page does not exist)

values: Millerton Lake State Recreation Area (page does not exist)

values: Providence Mountains State Recreation Area

values: San Luis Reservoir State Recreation Area

values: Standish-Hickey State Recreation Area (page does not exist)

values: Tahoe State Recreation Area (page does not exist)

values: Carnegie State Vehicular Recreation Area

values: Clay Pit State Vehicular Recreation Area (page does not exist)

values: Heber Dunes State Vehicular Recreation Area (page does not exist)

values: Hollister Hills State Vehicular Recreation Area (page does not exist)

values: Hungry Valley State Vehicular Recreation Area (page does not exist)

values: Oceano Dunes State Vehicular Recreation Area

values: Ocotillo Wells State Vehicular Recreation Area

values: Prairie City State Vehicular Recreation Area (page does not exist)

values: California State Mining and Mineral Museum

values:
/wiki/Point_Cabrillo_Light_Station
mw-redirect
Point Cabrillo Light Station

values:
/wiki/Point_Montara_Light_Station
mw-redirect
Point Montara Light Station

values: Reynolds Wayside Campground (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Inyo_Mountains_Wilderness
mw-redirect
Inyo Mountains Wilderness

values: North Fork Wilderness (page does not exist)

values: Sanhedrin Wilderness (page does not exist)

values: San Jacinto Wilderness (page does not exist)

values: Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains National Monument

values: Boggs Mountain Demonstration State Forest

values: Ellen Pickett State Forest (page does not exist)

values: Las Posadas State Forest (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Mount_Zion_State_Forest
mw-redirect
Mount Zion State Forest

values: Mountain Home Demonstration State Forest (page does not exist)

values: Coachella Valley National Wildlife Refuge

values: Don Edwards San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge

values: Ellicott Slough National Wildlife Refuge

values: Guadalupe-Nipomo Dunes National Wildlife Refuge

values: Hopper Mountain National Wildlife Refuge

values: Sacramento National Wildlife Refuge Complex

values: Sacramento River National Wildlife Refuge

values: San Joaquin River National Wildlife Refuge

values: Sonny Bono Salton Sea National Wildlife Refuge

values: California Department of Fish and Wildlife

values: Antelope Valley Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: Ash Creek Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: Bass Hill Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: Battle Creek Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: Big Lagoon Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: Big Sandy Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: Biscar Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: Butte Valley Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: Buttermilk Country Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: Cache Creek Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: Camp Cady Wilderness (page does not exist)

values: Cantara/Ney Springs Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: Cedar Roughs Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: Cinder Flats Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: Collins Eddy Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: Colusa Bypass Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: Coon Hollow Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: Cottonwood Creek Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: Crescent City Marsh Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: Crocker Meadows Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: Daugherty Hill Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: Decker Island Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: Doyle Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: Dutch Flat Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: Eastlker River Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: Eel River Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: Elk Creek Wetlands Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: Elk River Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: Fay Slough Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: Feather River Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: Fitzhugh Creek Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: Grass Lake Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: Gray Lodge Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: Green Creek Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: Grizzly Island Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: Hallelujah Junction Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: Heenan Lake Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: Hill Slough Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: Honey Lake Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: Hope Valley Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: Horseshoe Ranch Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: Imperial Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: Indian Valley Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: Kelso Peak and Old Dad Mountains Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: Kinsman Flat Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: Knoxville Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: Laguna Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: Lake Berryessa Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: Lake Earl Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: Lake Sonoma Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: Little Panoche Reservoir Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: Los Banos Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: Lower Sherman Island Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: Mad River Slough Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: Marble Mountains Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Mendota_Wildlife_Area
mw-redirect
Mendota Wildlife Area

values: Merrill's Landing Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: Miner Slough Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: Monache Meadows Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: Morro Bay Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: Mouth of Cottonwood Creek Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: Napa-Sonoma Marshes Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: North Grasslands Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: O'Neill Forebay Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: Oroville Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: Petaluma Marsh Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: Pickel Meadow Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: Pine Creek Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: Point Edith Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: Putah Creek Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: Rector Reservoir Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: Red Lake Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: Rhode Island Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: Sacramento River Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: San Felipe Valley Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: San Jacinto Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: San Luis Obispo Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: San Luis Reservoir Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: San Pablo Bay Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: Santa Rosa Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: Shasta Valley Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: Silver Creek Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: Slinkard/Little Antelope Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: Smithneck Creek Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: South Fork Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: Surprise Valley Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: Sutter Bypass Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: Tehama Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: Truckee River Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: Upper Butte Basin Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: Volta Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: Warner Valley Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: Waukell Creek Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: West Hilmar Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: Westlker River Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: White Slough Wildlife Area (page does not exist)

values: Willow Creek-Lurline Wildlife Management Area

values: Albany Mudflats Ecological Reserve (page does not exist)

values: Alkali Sink Ecological Reserve (page does not exist)

values: Allensworth Ecological Reserve (page does not exist)

values: Atascadero Creek Marsh Ecological Reserve (page does not exist)

values: Baldwin Lake Ecological Reserve (page does not exist)

values: Blue Sky Ecological Reserve (page does not exist)

values: Boden Canyon Ecological Reserve (page does not exist)

values: Butler Slough Ecological Reserve (page does not exist)

values: Butte Creek Canyon Ecological Reserve (page does not exist)

values: Butte Creek House Ecological Reserve (page does not exist)

values: Buttonwillow Ecological Reserve (page does not exist)

values: By Day Creek Ecological Reserve (page does not exist)

values: Calhoun Cut Ecological Reserve (page does not exist)

values: Carlsbad Highlands Ecological Reserve (page does not exist)

values: Carmel Bay Ecological Reserve (page does not exist)

values: Carrizo Canyon Ecological Reserve (page does not exist)

values: Carrizo Plains Ecological Reserve (page does not exist)

values: China Point Ecological Reserve (page does not exist)

values: Clover Creek Ecological Reserve (page does not exist)

values: Coachella Valley Ecological Reserve (page does not exist)

values: Coal Canyon Ecological Reserve (page does not exist)

values: Corte Madera Marsh Ecological Reserve (page does not exist)

values: Crestridge Ecological Reserve (page does not exist)

values: Dairy Mart Ponds Ecological Reserve (page does not exist)

values: Dales Lake Ecological Reserve (page does not exist)

values: Del Mar Landing Ecological Reserve (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Elkhorn_Slough_Ecological_Reserve
mw-redirect
Elkhorn Slough Ecological Reserve

values: Estelle Mountain Ecological Reserve (page does not exist)

values: Fall River Mills Ecological Reserve (page does not exist)

values: Fish Slough Ecological Reserve (page does not exist)

values: Fremont Valley Ecological Reserve (page does not exist)

values: Goleta Slough Ecological Reserve (page does not exist)

values: Indian Joe Spring Ecological Reserve (page does not exist)

values: Kaweah Ecological Reserve (page does not exist)

values: Kerman Ecological Reserve (page does not exist)

values: King Clone Ecological Reserve (page does not exist)

values: Laguna Laurel Ecological Reserve (page does not exist)

values: Loch Lomond Vernal Pool Ecological Reserve

values: Lokern Ecological Reserve (page does not exist)

values: Magnesia Spring Ecological Reserve (page does not exist)

values: Marin Islands Ecological Reserve (page does not exist)

values: Mattole River Ecological Reserve (page does not exist)

values: McGinty Mountain Ecological Reserve (page does not exist)

values: Morro Dunes Ecological Reserve (page does not exist)

values: Morro Rock Ecological Reserve (page does not exist)

values: Napa River Ecological Reserve (page does not exist)

values: Oasis Spring Ecological Reserve (page does not exist)

values: Panoche Hills Ecological Reserve (page does not exist)

values: Peytonia Slough Ecological Reserve (page does not exist)

values: Piute Creek Ecological Reserve (page does not exist)

values: Pleasant Valley Ecological Reserve (page does not exist)

values: Rancho Jamul Ecological Reserve (page does not exist)

values: Redwood Shores Ecological Reserve (page does not exist)

values: River Springs Lakes Ecological Reserve (page does not exist)

values: Saline Valley Ecological Reserve (page does not exist)

values: San Dieguito Lagoon Ecological Reserve (page does not exist)

values: San Joaquin River Ecological Reserve (page does not exist)

values: Springville Ecological Reserve (page does not exist)

values: Stone Corral Ecological Reserve (page does not exist)

values: Sycamore Canyon Ecological Reserve (page does not exist)

values: Sycuan Peak Ecological Reserve (page does not exist)

values: Thomes Creek Ecological Reserve (page does not exist)

values: Tomales Bay Ecological Reserve (page does not exist)

values: Watsonville Slough Ecological Reserve (page does not exist)

values: West Mojave Desert Ecological Reserve (page does not exist)

values: Woodbridge Ecological Reserve (page does not exist)

values: Yaudanchi Ecological Reserve (page does not exist)

values: Abalone Cove State Marine Conservation Area (page does not exist)

values: Albany Mudflats State Marine Park (page does not exist)

values: Anacapa State Marine Conservation Area (page does not exist)

values: Anacapa State Marine Reserve (page does not exist)

values: Año Nuevo State Marine Conservation Area

values: Atascadero Beach State Marine Conservation Area (page does not exist)

values: Batiquitos Lagoon State Marine Conservation Area

values: Big Creek State Marine Conservation Area (page does not exist)

values: Big Creek State Marine Reserve (page does not exist)

values: Big Sycamore Canyon State Marine Reserve (page does not exist)

values: Bodega State Marine Reserve (page does not exist)

values: Bolsa Chica Basin State Marine Conservation Area

values: Cardiff and San Elijo State Marine Conservation Area (page does not exist)

values: Carmel Bay State Marine Conservation Area

values: Carrington Point State Marine Reserve (page does not exist)

values: Catalina Marine Science Center State Marine Reserve (page does not exist)

values: Corte Madera Marsh State Marine Park (page does not exist)

values: Crystal Cove State Marine Conservation Area

values: Dana Point State Marine Conservation Area

values: Del Mar Landing State Marine Park (page does not exist)

values: Doheny State Marine Conservation Area (page does not exist)

values: Doheny State Marine Park (page does not exist)

values: Duxbury Reef State Marine Conservation Area

values: Edward F. Ricketts State Marine Conservation Area

values: Elkhorn Slough State Marine Conservation Area

values: Encinitas State Marine Conservation Area (page does not exist)

values: Estero de Limantour State Marine Conservation Area (page does not exist)

values: Fagan Marsh State Marine Park (page does not exist)

values: Farallon Islands State Marine Conservation Area (page does not exist)

values: Farnsworth Bank State Marine Conservation Area (page does not exist)

values: Fort Ross State Marine Conservation Area (page does not exist)

values: Goleta Slough State Marine Park (page does not exist)

values: Greyhound Rock State Marine Conservation Area

values: Gull Island State Marine Reserve (page does not exist)

values: Harris Point State Marine Reserve (page does not exist)

values: Heisler Park State Marine Reserve (page does not exist)

values: Hopkins State Marine Reserve (page does not exist)

values: Irvine Coast State Marine Park (page does not exist)

values: James V. Fitzgerald State Marine Park (page does not exist)

values: Judith Rock State Marine Reserve (page does not exist)

values: Julia Pfeiffer Burns State Marine Conservation Area (page does not exist)

values: La Jolla State Marine Conservation Area (page does not exist)

values: Lovers Cove (Catalina Island) State Marine Conservation Area (page does not exist)

values: MacKerricher State Marine Conservation Area (page does not exist)

values: Manchester and Arena Rock State Marine Conservation Area (page does not exist)

values: Marin Islands State Marine Park (page does not exist)

values: Mia J. Tegner State Marine Conservation Area (page does not exist)

values: Morro Bay State Marine Recreational Management Area (page does not exist)

values: Morro Bay State Marine Reserve (page does not exist)

values: Morro Beach State Marine Conservation Area (page does not exist)

values: Niguel State Marine Park (page does not exist)

values: Pacific Grove Marine Gardens State Marine Conservation Area

values: Painted Cave State Marine Conservation Area (page does not exist)

values: Peytonia Slough State Marine Park (page does not exist)

values: Piedras Blancas State Marine Conservation Area (page does not exist)

values: Piedras Blancas State Marine Reserve (page does not exist)

values: Pismo State Marine Conservation Area (page does not exist)

values: Pismo-Oceano Beach State Marine Conservation Area (page does not exist)

values: Point Buchon State Marine Conservation Area (page does not exist)

values: Point Buchon State Marine Reserve (page does not exist)

values: Point Cabrillo State Marine Conservation Area (page does not exist)

values: Point Fermin State Marine Park (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Point_Lobos_State_Marine_Reserve
mw-redirect
Point Lobos State Marine Reserve

values: Point Reyes Headlands State Marine Conservation Area (page does not exist)

values: Point Sur State Marine Conservation Area (page does not exist)

values: Point Sur State Marine Reserve (page does not exist)

values: Portuguese Ledge State Marine Conservation Area

values: Punta Gorda State Marine Reserve (page does not exist)

values: Redwood Shores State Marine Park (page does not exist)

values: Refugio State Marine Conservation Area (page does not exist)

values: Richardson Rock State Marine Reserve (page does not exist)

values: Robert E. Badham State Marine Park (page does not exist)

values: Robert W. Crown State Marine Conservation Area (page does not exist)

values: Russian Gulch State Marine Conservation Area (page does not exist)

values: Salt Point State Marine Conservation Area

values: San Diego-Scripps State Marine Conservation Area (page does not exist)

values: San Dieguito Lagoon State Marine Park (page does not exist)

values: San Elijo Lagoon State Marine Conservation Area

values: Santa Barbara Island State Marine Reserve (page does not exist)

values: Scorpion State Marine Reserve (page does not exist)

values: Skunk Point State Marine Reserve (page does not exist)

values: Sonoma Coast State Marine Conservation Area

values: Soquel Canyon State Marine Conservation Area

values: South Laguna Beach State Marine Conservation Area (page does not exist)

values: South Point State Marine Reserve (page does not exist)

values: Tomales Bay State Marine Park (page does not exist)

values: Upper Newport Bay State Marine Conservation Area

values: Van Damme State Marine Conservation Area (page does not exist)

values: White Rock (Cambria) State Marine Conservation Area

values: Berryessa Snow Mountain National Monument

values:
/wiki/Carrizo_Plain_National_Monument
mw-redirect
Carrizo Plain National Monument

values: California Desert Conservation Area (page does not exist)

values: Argus Range Wilderness (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Big_Maria_Mountains_Wilderness
mw-redirect
Big Maria Mountains Wilderness

values: Bighorn Mountain Wilderness (page does not exist)

values: Black Mountain Wilderness (page does not exist)

values: Bristol Mountains Wilderness (page does not exist)

values: Cadiz Dunes Wilderness (page does not exist)

values: Carrizo Gorge Wilderness (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Chemehuevi_Mountains_Wilderness
mw-redirect
Chemehuevi Mountains Wilderness

values:
/wiki/Chuckwalla_Mountains_Wilderness
mw-redirect
Chuckwalla Mountains Wilderness

values: Coso Range Wilderness (page does not exist)

values: Coyote Mountains Wilderness (California) (page does not exist)

values: Dead Mountains Wilderness (page does not exist)

values: Funeral Mountains Wilderness (page does not exist)

values: Golden Valley Wilderness (page does not exist)

values: Grass Valley Wilderness (page does not exist)

values: Hollow Hills Wilderness (page does not exist)

values: Jacumba Wilderness (page does not exist)

values: Kelso Dunes Wilderness (page does not exist)

values: Kingston Range Wilderness (page does not exist)

values: Little Chuckwalla Mountains Wilderness (page does not exist)

values: Machesna Mountain Wilderness (page does not exist)

values: Matilija Wilderness (page does not exist)

values: Malpais Mesa Wilderness (page does not exist)

values: Manly Peak Wilderness (page does not exist)

values: Mecca Hills Wilderness (page does not exist)

values: Mesquite Wilderness (page does not exist)

values: Newberry Mountains Wilderness (page does not exist)

values: Nopah Range Wilderness (page does not exist)

values: North Mesquite Mountains Wilderness (page does not exist)

values: Orocopia Mountains Wilderness (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Pahrump_Valley_Wilderness
mw-redirect
Pahrump Valley Wilderness

values: Palen/McCoy Wilderness (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Palo_Verde_Mountains_Wilderness
mw-redirect
Palo Verde Mountains Wilderness

values: Picacho Peak Wilderness (page does not exist)

values: Piute Mountains Wilderness (page does not exist)

values: Resting Spring Range Wilderness (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Riverside_Mountains_Wilderness
mw-redirect
Riverside Mountains Wilderness

values: Rodman Mountains Wilderness (page does not exist)

values: Saddle Peak Hills Wilderness (page does not exist)

values: Santa Lucia Wilderness (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Sheephole_Valley_Wilderness
mw-redirect
Sheephole Valley Wilderness

values: South Nopah Range Wilderness (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Stepladder_Mountains_Wilderness
mw-redirect
Stepladder Mountains Wilderness

values: Surprise Canyon Wilderness (page does not exist)

values: Trilobite Wilderness (page does not exist)

values:
/wiki/Turtle_Mountains_Wilderness
mw-redirect
Turtle Mountains Wilderness

values: Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary

values: Greater Farallones National Marine Sanctuary

values: Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve

values: San Francisco Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve

values: Tijuana River National Estuarine Research Reserve

values: University of California Natural Reserve System

values:
/wiki/A%C3%B1o_Nuevo_Island_Reserve
mw-redirect
Año Nuevo Island Reserve

values: Box Springs Reserve (page does not exist)

values: Philip L. Boyd Deep Canyon Desert Research Center

values: Carpinteria Salt Marsh Reserve (page does not exist)

values: Chickering American River Reserve (page does not exist)

values: Coal Oil Point Natural Reserve (page does not exist)

values: Dawson Los Monos Canyon Reserve (page does not exist)

values: Eagle Lake Field Station (page does not exist)

values: Elliott Chaparral Reserve (page does not exist)

values: Emerson Oaks Reserve (page does not exist)

values: Fort Ord Natural Reserve (page does not exist)

values: Hastings Natural History Reservation (page does not exist)

values: Jenny Pygmy Forest Reserve (page does not exist)

values: Jepson Prairie Reserve (page does not exist)

values: San Joaquin Freshwater Marsh Reserve (page does not exist)

values: Steele Burnand Anza-Borrego Desert Research Center (page does not exist)

values: Stunt Ranch Santa Monica Mountains Reserve

values: Sweeney Granite Mountains Desert Research Center

values: Valentine Eastern Sierra Reserve (page does not exist)

values: nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner

values: Denver-Aurora-Broomfield, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area

values:
/wiki/Las_Vegas_metropolitan_area
mw-redirect
Las Vegas metropolitan area

values:
/wiki/Template:New_Spain_topics
mw-redirect
Template:New Spain topics

values:
/wiki/Template_talk:New_Spain_topics
mw-redirect
Template talk:New Spain topics

values:
/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Santo_Domingo
mw-redirect
Royal Audiencia of Santo Domingo

values:
/wiki/General_Captaincy
mw-redirect
General Captaincy

values:
/wiki/Indendancies_of_New_Spain
mw-redirect
Indendancies of New Spain

values:
/wiki/History_of_Veracruz_(city)
mw-redirect
History of Veracruz (city)

values:
/wiki/History_of_Santo_Domingo
mw-redirect
History of Santo Domingo

values:
/wiki/Luis_de_Carabajal_y_Cueva
mw-redirect
Luis de Carabajal y Cueva

values: Francisco Hernández de Córdoba (Yucatán conquistador)

values: Francisco Hernández de Córdoba (founder of Nicaragua)

values:
/wiki/Thomas_Gage_(clergyman)
mw-redirect
Thomas Gage (clergyman)

values:
/wiki/Indian_Reductions
mw-redirect
Indian Reductions

values:
/wiki/Mixtec_people
mw-redirect
Mixtec people

values:
/wiki/Arawak_peoples
mw-redirect
Arawak peoples

values:
/wiki/Ciboney_people
mw-redirect
Ciboney people

values:
/wiki/Cahuilla_people
mw-redirect
Cahuilla people

values:
/wiki/Cupe%C3%B1o_people
mw-redirect
Cupeño people

values:
/wiki/Kumeyaay_people
mw-redirect
Kumeyaay people

values:
/wiki/Ohlone_people
mw-redirect
Ohlone people

values:
/wiki/Tongva_people
mw-redirect
Tongva people

values:
/wiki/Cocopah_people
mw-redirect
Cocopah people

values:
/wiki/Hopi_people
mw-redirect
Hopi people

values:
/wiki/Navajo_people
mw-redirect
Navajo people

values:
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